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Chief Minister of Punjab, India

2026-05-08T09:06:29Z

Subhah Shirin: new data

{{Short description|Leader of the executive branch of Government of Punjab}}
{{for|the chief minister of Pakistani Punjab|Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)}}
{{Distinguish}}
{{upscaled images|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of the Government Of Punjab (Black On White).svg
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Punjab, India|Emblem of Punjab]]
| insigniasize = 125px
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| post = Chief Minister
| image = Bhagwant.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[Bhagwant Maan]]
| incumbentsince = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|03|16}}
| appointer = [[Governor of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
| reportsto = [[Governor of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]] [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| department = {{ubl|[[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister's Office]]|[[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]}}
| inaugural = [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]]
| abbreviation = CMoPunjab
| deputy = [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)|Deputy Chief Minister of Punjab]]
| precursor = '''[[Premier of the Punjab]]''' '''[[Patiala and East Punjab States Union|Chief Minister of PEPSU]]'''
| appointer_qualified = by [[Political convention|convention]] based on appointees ability to command [[confidence]] in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| style = [[The Honourable]] (formal) [[Mister|Mr. Chief Minister]] (informal)
| status = [[Head of government]]
| member_of = {{Hlist|[[Punjab Council of Ministers|State Cabinet]]|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]}}
| salary = *{{INRConvert|230000}}/monthly<ref>[https://paycheck.in/salary/salarycheckers/bhagwant-singh-mann Bhagwant Mann]. ''Pay Check''. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</ref>
*{{INRConvert|2760000}}/annually
| formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|br=y|1947|08|15}}
| seat = Punjab Civil Secretariat, Capitol Complex, [[Chandigarh]]
| residence = 7, Sector-2, [[Chandigarh]]
| body = Punjab
| type = Leader of the Executive
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly
| termlength_qualified = Chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Punjab as well.</ref>
}}

The '''chief minister of Punjab''' is the [[head of government|head]] of the [[Government of Punjab (India)|government of Punjab]]. As per the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governor of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]] is the state's head, but [[de facto]] executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]], the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1" />

==History==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Gopi_Chand_Bhargava1.jpg
| width1 = 500
| height1 = 600
| image2 = Gurmukh_Singh_Musafir._1899-1976._c_1970.jpg
| width2 = 500
| height2 = 600
| image3 = Justice Gurnam Singh (cropped).jpg
| width3 = 500
| height3 = 600
| image4 = Parkash_Singh_Badal_2014.jpg
| width4 = 500
| height4 = 600
| image5 = Rajinder_Kaur_Bhattal.jpg
| width5 = 500
| height5 = 600
| image6 = Bhagwant_Mann.png
| width6 = 500
| height6 = 600
| footer = {{bulleted list
|Top left: [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] was the first chief minister of Punjab after Independence.
|Top centre: [[Gurmukh Singh Musafir]] was the first chief minister after reorganization of Punjab in 1966.
|Top right: [[Gurnam Singh]] was the first non-congress chief minister of Punjab.
|Bottom left: [[Parkash Singh Badal]] is the longest serving chief minister of Punjab, served a period of more than 18 years.
|Bottom centre: [[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]] is the first and only female chief minister till now and shortest serving chief minister of Punjab
|Bottom right: [[Bhagwant Mann]] is the incumbent and the first chief minister from a party other than Congress and Akali Dal which won majority on its own in Punjab assembly.}}
}}
=== Punjab Province (1937-1947) ===
The province of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] was then headquartered in [[Lahore]].Under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council with a government headed by the Prime Minister. The [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] won the [[1937 Indian provincial elections#Punjab|Punjab Provincial Assembly elections, 1937]] and [[Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan]] became the [[Prime Minister of the Punjab|Premier of Punjab]] and hold the position up to his death in 1942. Khan was succeeded by [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana|Sir Khizar Tiwana]]. In [[1946 Indian provincial elections#Punjab|1946 elections]] were held the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] stood fourth place but with the support of [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] formed the government under [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana|Sir Khizar Tiwana]]. Tiwana later resigned on 2 March 1947 against the decision of [[Partition of India]].

=== Patiala and East Punjab States Union (1948-1956) ===
Patiala and East Punjab States Union or [[PEPSU]] was an Indian state formed by the union of the post-partition province of Punjab on the Indian side of the border with eight [[princely state]]s, which were allowed to maintain their native monarchs. The state was inaugurated on 15 July 1948 and formally became a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in 1950. Among these princely states, six were [[salute state]]s:- [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Jind State|Jind]], [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]], [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]] and [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]]. The other two states were Nalagarh and Kalsia. PEPSU was earlier headed by the Premier, from 1952 the chief minister become the head of the government. On 1 November 1956, PEPSU was merged mostly into [[East Punjab]] (Punjab from 1950) following the [[States Reorganisation Act|States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].

===East Punjab (1947-1966) ===
The state of East Punjab was formed in 1947 later it was renamed Punjab in 1950. It consisted of the parts of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] that went to India following the [[partition of India]]. Since 1947, Punjab has had fifteen chief ministers. The first was [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, who was sworn in on 15 August 1947, when India [[Indian Independence Act, 1947|gained independence]] from the [[British Raj|British]]. He was succeeded by fellow Congressman [[Bhim Sen Sachar]], who was then subsequently replaced after 188 days by former Chief Minister Gopi Chand Bhargava. After a brief term, [[President of India|President]] [[Rajendra Prasad]] placed the Punjab Legislative Assembly under suspension for nine months to help the state government gets its act together. In 1952, the first [[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|state elections]] took place for the Legislative Assembly. The results of the election saw the return of the Congress government with former Chief Minister Bhim Sen Sachar as its leader. After he resigned in 1956, [[Partap Singh Kairon]] became chief minister. Serving until 1964, Kairon remains one of Punjab's longest-serving chief ministers. He was followed by the returning Chief Minister Gopi Chand Bhargava, who briefly held office as acting chief minister for only 15 days. In July 1964, [[Ram Kishan]] assumed the office and served for two years. His tenure was followed by the President's rule which lasted for 119 days. On 1 November 1966, the state of [[Haryana]] was partitioned from Punjab and some other districts were given to the state of Himachal Pradesh.

===Punjab (Since 1966)===
The first chief minister of the newly re-configured state was [[Gurmukh Singh Musafir]] who led a Congress government from the Vidhan Parishad, one of only two to have done so. In the 1967 elections, he was voted out of power in favour of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Das Sant Fateh Singh Group]] whose leader [[Gurnam Singh]] became the first non-Congress chief minister. Gurnam Singh's government was succeeded by three short-lived Akali Dal governments—[[Lachhman Singh Gill]]'s government for less than a year and a little more than a year under the returning Gurnam Singh and [[Parkash Singh Badal]]. After 272 days under President's rule, the Congress party returned to power under the future President [[Zail Singh]]. In 1977, Parkash Singh Badal became the chief minister for the second time. [[Darbara Singh]] became chief minister in 1980 and remained in office for three years before a long period under President's rule. A brief interlude under [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] followed, after which three Congress-led governments took office—led by [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]] from 1992 to 1995, [[Harcharan Singh Brar]] from 1995 to 1996 and [[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]] from 1996 to 1997. Upon taking office, Rajinder Kaur Bhattal became the first female chief minister of Punjab and overall the [[List of female Indian chief ministers|8th female chief minister]] in India.

Parkash Singh Badal assumed office for the third time in 1997 and became the first chief minister, since Kairon's resignation in 1964, to serve a full term. Badal was succeeded by Congressman [[Amarinder Singh]], who also successfully served a full term. In 2017 he became CM for the second time but failed to complete his tenure due to internal political factionalism and [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] became the first [[Dalit]] chief minister of Punjab just 6 months before the expiry of the 15th assembly.

Since 1947, only 4 chief ministers had completed their five years term. Partap Singh Kairon, Zail Singh, Parkash Singh Badal and Amarinder Singh. No other chief minister had completed their single full term.

==Office==
The office of the chief minister of Punjab is located at Punjab Civil Secretariat, Sector – 1, Chandigarh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Minister, Punjab Office |url=https://punjab.gov.in/government/whos-who/chief-minister/ |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>
==Oath==
The chief minister is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the governor of Punjab before entering office, the oath of office and secrecy, as per the Third Schedule of the Constitution of India.

Oath of office:

{{Blockquote|I, <name>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, [that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India,] that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a (Chief) Minister for the State (of Punjab) and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will|[[Constitution of India]], Third Schedule, Part V|title=|source=}}

Oath of secrecy:
{{Blockquote|I, <name>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as (Chief) Minister for the State (of Punjab) except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister.|Constitution of India, Third Schedule, Part VI}}

Mostly the chief minister of Punjab takes oath in Punjabi language, which is also mentioned in the Punjabi version of Indian Constitution.

==Leader of the House==
{{main|Punjab Legislative Assembly}}
A Minister designated by the Government to supervise the management of government business in the Legislative Assembly is known as the Leader of the House. The Rules of Procedure of the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha define "Leader of the House". In both Houses, the leader of the house is a crucial official who directly affects how business is done. A House deputy leader may also be appointed by him. Government meeting scheduling and House business are under the purview of the Leader of the House. In addition, the Leader of the House serves as the legislative chair of the majority party. Rather than the Constitution, the Rules of the House specify the duties of the head of the house.
===Role and Function===
One important parliamentary official who has direct authority over the way the Legislative assembly operates is the Leader of the House. All of the government's policies are centered around him, particularly as they relate to the House's internal operations and measures pertaining to the conduct of its business. The Chief Whip resolves the specifics with the Leader of the House's agreement, although the Leader of the House is ultimately in charge of how government activity is organized. The Leader of the House suggests dates for the House's summons and prorogation with the Chair's approval. He is in charge of organizing the formal proceedings of the Parliamentary Session, including the introduction of legislation and motions.
===Leader of House of Punjab Assembly===
Since the formation of the Punjab Legislative assembly, the leader of the house of assembly is served by the Chief minister of Punjab. However there were two certain occasions when the Chief minister was the not the member of the house of legislative assembly and thus during that period of time, the role of the leader of house is served by person other than the chief minister. When [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] became the acting chief minister of the Punjab in the year of 1964 after the resignation of the then chief minister [[Partap Singh Kairon]], the role of the leader of the house was fulfilled by the Kairon even after his resignation. Second time, when [[Gurmukh Singh Musafir]] become the chief minister after the reorganization of Punjab in 1966, the predecessor chief minister [[Ram Kishan]] served as the leader of the house during the chief minister-ship of the Musaffir. In all other cases, the chief minister of Punjab also serves as the Leader of the House.

==Key==

* No.: Incumbent number
* {{note label|†|†|†}} Assassinated
* {{note label|d|d|d}} Died in Office
* {{note label|pd|pd|pd}} Position Dissolved
* {{note label|R|R|R}} Resigned

*{{legend|wheat|Acting Chief Minister|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

== Predecessors ==
===[[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] (1937-1947)===

'''Color key'''
* {{legend|blue|[[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] (2)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" id="pm list" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
! scope=col colspan=2 rowspan="2" style="width:5px;"|No
! scope=col rowspan="2" style="width:100px;"| Portrait
! scope=col rowspan="2" | Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}} {{small|(Constituency)}}
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" |Term of office<ref>[https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Punjab World statesman - British India]</ref>
! scope=col rowspan="2" |Time in office
! scope=col rowspan="2" | Party {{small|(Alliance/ Partner)}}
! scope=col rowspan="2" |Assembly (Election)
! scope=col rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" | Appointed by {{small|[[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|(Governor)]]}}
|-
!scope=col | Took office
!scope=col | Left office
|-
!scope=row | 1
|bgcolor=blue|
|[[File:Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan.png|75px]]
|[[Sikandar Hayat Khan]] {{small|(1882-1942)}} {{small|(West-Punjab Landlord)}}
|5 April 1937
|26 December 1942{{ref label|d|d|d}}
|{{ayd|1937|04|05|1942|12|26}}
|[[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] {{small|([[Khalsa National Party]])}}
|1st ([[1937 Punjab Provincial Assembly election|1937]])
|[[Herbert William Emerson]]
|-
!colspan=10|Vacant (26 - 30 December 1940) ({{age in years and days|26 December 1942|30 December 1942}})
|-
!scope=row | 2
|bgcolor=blue|
|[[File:Malik Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana.png|75px]]
|[[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]] {{small|(1900-1975)}} {{small|(Khushab)}}
|30 December 1942
|19 March 1945
|{{ayd|1942|12|30|1945|03|19}}
|[[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] {{small|([[Khalsa National Party]])}}
|1st ([[1937 Punjab Provincial Assembly election|1937]])
|[[Bertrand Glancy]]
|-
!scope=row colspan=2| (i)
|colspan=2|'''Governor Rule'''
|19 March 1945
|21 March 1946
|{{ayd|1945|03|19|1946|03|21}}
| colspan=2 | -
|''[[Viscount Wavell]]''
|-
!scope=row | (2)
|bgcolor=blue|
|[[File:Malik Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana.png|75px]]
|[[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]] {{small|(1900-1975)}} {{small|(Khushab)}}
|21 March 1946
|2 March 1947
|{{ayd|1946|03|21|1947|03|02}}
|[[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] {{small|([[Indian National Congress]]-[[Shiromani Akali Dal]])}}
|2nd ([[1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election|1946]])
|[[Bertrand Glancy]]
|-
!scope=row colspan=2| (ii)
|colspan=2|'''Governor Rule'''
|2 March 1947
|15 August 1947{{ref label|pd|pd|pd}}
|{{ayd|1947|03|02|1947|08|15}}
| colspan=2 | -
|''[[Earl Mountbatten]]''
|}
===[[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (1948-1956)===

'''Color key'''
* {{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] (2)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
*{{legend|#DDDDDD|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (1)||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" id="pm list" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="5px" |No
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" width="100px" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" | Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}} {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="2" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Time in office
! rowspan="2" | Party {{small|(Alliance/ Partner)}}
! rowspan="2" |Assembly (Election)
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" | Appointed by {{small|[[Patiala and East Punjab States Union#Rajpramukh and Uparajpramukh|(Rajpramukh)]]}}

|-
!Took office
!Left office
|-
!colspan=10|Interim Government (1948–1949)
|-
|bgcolor=wheat| '''-'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|bgcolor=wheat|[[File:Gian Singh Rarewala ex CM.png|75px]]
|bgcolor=wheat|[[Gian Singh Rarewala]] {{small|(1901-1979)}} {{small|( – )}} {{small|(Acting)}}
|bgcolor=wheat |15 July 1948
|bgcolor=wheat|13 January 1949
|bgcolor=wheat|{{ayd|1948|07|15|1949|01|13}}
|bgcolor=wheat|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|bgcolor=wheat|Interim Government
|[[Yadavindra Singh]]
|-
!colspan=10|Premier (1949-1952)
|-
!1
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[File:Gian Singh Rarewala ex CM.png|75px]]
|[[Gian Singh Rarewala]] {{small|(1901-1979)}} {{small|( – )}}
|13 January 1949
|23 May 1951{{ref label|R|R|R}}
|{{ayd|1949|01|13|1951|05|23}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|rowspan=2|Not Yet Created
|rowspan=2|[[Yadavindra Singh]]
|-
!2
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[File:Col. Raghbir Singh.jpg|75px]]
|[[Raghbir Singh (chief minister)|Raghbir Singh]] {{small|(1895-1955)}} {{small|( – )}}
|23 May 1951
|21 April 1952
|{{ayd|1951|05|23|1953|04|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!colspan=10|Chief Minister (1952–1956)
|-
!1
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[File:Col. Raghbir Singh.jpg|75px]]
|[[Raghbir Singh (chief minister)|Raghbir Singh]] {{small|(1895-1955)}} {{small|(Patiala Sadar)}}
|21 April 1952
|22 April 1952{{ref label|R|R|R}}
|{{ayd|1952|04|21|1952|04|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2|1st ([[1952 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election|1952]])
|rowspan=2|[[Yadavindra Singh]]
|-
!2
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD|
|[[File:Gian Singh Rarewala ex CM.png|75px]]
|[[Gian Singh Rarewala]] {{small|(1901-1979)}} {{small|(Amloh)}}
|22 April 1952
|5 March 1953
|{{ayd|1952|04|22|1953|03|05}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]] {{small|([[1952 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election#United Democratic Front|UDF]])}}
|-
!colspan=2|(i)
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|97x97px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR|''[[President's rule]]'' may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". [[Rediff.com]]. 15 March 2005.</ref>}} ([[President's rule]])
|5 March 1953
|8 March 1954
|{{ayd|1953|03|05|1954|03|08}}
| colspan=2 | -
|''[[Rajendra Prasad]]''
|-
!(1)
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[File:Col. Raghbir Singh.jpg|75px]]
|[[Raghbir Singh (chief minister)|Raghbir Singh]] {{small|(1895-1955)}} {{small|(Patiala Sadar)}}
|8 March 1954
|12 January 1955{{ref label|d|d|d}}
|{{ayd|1954|03|08|1955|01|12}}
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2|2nd ([[1954 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election|1954]])
|rowspan=2|[[Yadavindra Singh]]
|-
!3
|[[File:Brish Bhan.png|75px]]
|[[Brish Bhan]] {{small|(1908-1988)}} {{small|(Kalayat)}}
|12 January 1955
|1 November 1956{{ref label|pd|pd|pd}}
|{{ayd|1955|01|12|1956|11|01}}
|}

==Chief ministers of Punjab (1947-present)==

'''Color keys for the party of the chief minister'''
* {{legend|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|[[Aam Aadmi Party]] (1)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
* {{legend|#FF8000|[[Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group]] (1)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
* {{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] (12)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
* {{legend|#800000|[[Punjab Janata Party]] (1)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
* {{legend|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (3)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" id="pm list" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|S.No.
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Name {{small|(birth-death)}} {{small|(Constituency)}}
!colspan=3|Tenure
!rowspan=2|Party {{small|(Coalition)}}
!rowspan=2|Election
!rowspan=2|Assembly
!rowspan=2|Appointed by {{small|[[List of governors of Punjab, India|(Governor)]]}}
|-
!Took office
!Left office
!Term in office
|-
!colspan=11|Before reorganisation of Punjab (1947–1966)
|-
!1
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[File:Gopi Chand Bhargava1.jpg|75px]]
|[[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] {{small|(1889-1966)}} {{small|(University)}}
|15 August 1947
|13 April 1949{{ref label|R|R|R}}
| {{age in years and days|1947|08|15|1949|04|13}}
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3|[[1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election|1946]]
|rowspan=3|[[Interim East Punjab Assembly|Interim Assembly]]
|rowspan=3|[[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]]
|-
!2
| [[File:Bhim Sen Sachar.png|75px]]
|[[Bhim Sen Sachar]] {{small|(1894-1978)}} {{small|(Lahore City)}}
|13 April 1949{{efn|Bhargava resigned from the post of chief minister on 6 April 1949 but hold the office until Sachar succeeded him on 13 April.}}
|18 October 1949{{ref label|R|R|R}}
| {{age in years and days|1949|04|13|1949|10|18}}
|-
!{{small|(1)}}
| [[File:Gopi Chand Bhargava1.jpg|75px]]
|[[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] {{small|(1889-1966)}} {{small|(University)}}
|18 October 1949
|20 June 1951
|{{age in years and days|1949|10|18|1951|6|20}}
|-
!colspan=2|{{small|(i)}}
| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|75px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR}} ([[President's rule]]){{efn|name=dissolved|Assembly Dissolved prematurely}}
|20 June 1951
|17 April 1952
| {{age in years and days|1951|06|20|1952|04|17}}
|colspan=4| -
|-
!rowspan=2|{{small|(2)}}
|rowspan=7 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=2|[[File:Bhim Sen Sachar.png|75px]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bhim Sen Sachar]] {{small|(1894-1978)}} {{small|([[Ludhiana South Assembly Constituency|Ludhiana City South]])}}
|17 April 1952
|22 July 1953{{ref label|R|R|R}}
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|1952|04|17|1956|01|23}}
|rowspan=7|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3|[[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|rowspan=3|[[First Punjab Legislative Assembly|First]]
|[[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]]
|-
|22 July 1953{{efn|Sachar resigned from the post of Chief Minister due to the differences with cabinet minister Sri Ram Sharma, but on same day re-sworn as Chief Minister.}}
|23 January 1956{{ref label|R|R|R}}
|rowspan=3|[[Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |3
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Partap Singh Kairon.png|75px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Partap Singh Kairon]] {{small|(1901-1965)}} {{small|([[Sujanpur (Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]])}}
|23 January 1956
|9 April 1957
| rowspan="3" |{{age in years and days|1956|01|23|1964|06|21}}
|-
|9 April 1957
|11 March 1962
|[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Second Punjab Legislative Assembly|Second]]
|-
|12 March 1962
|21 June 1964{{ref label|R|R|R}}
|rowspan=3|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan=3|[[Third Punjab Legislative Assembly|Third]]
|[[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]]
|-
|bgcolor=wheat| '''Acting'''
|bgcolor=wheat|[[File:Gopi Chand Bhargava1.jpg|75px]]
|bgcolor=wheat|[[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] {{small|(1889-1966)}} {{small|([[Punjab Legislative Council|MLC]])}}
|bgcolor=wheat|21 June 1964{{efn|Bhargava's one of the three terms was as caretaker Chief Minister serving for 15 days due to the resignation of Partap Singh Kairon.}}
|bgcolor=wheat|6 July 1964
|bgcolor=wheat|{{age in years and days|1964|06|21|1964|07|06}}
|rowspan=2|[[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]]
|-
!4
| [[File:Ram Kishan panjab digital library (Cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Ram Kishan]] {{small|(1913-1971)}} {{small|([[Jalandhar North Assembly Constituency|Jalandhar North East]])}}
|7 July 1964
|5 July 1966
|{{age in years and days|1964|07|07|1966|07|05}}
|-
!colspan=2|{{small|(ii)}}
|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|75px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR}} ([[President's rule]]){{efn|name=suspended|Assembly suspended to facilitate state's bifurcation}}
|5 July 1966
|1 November 1966
| {{age in years and days|1966|07|05|1966|11|01}}
|colspan=4| -
|-
!colspan=11|[[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966|After reorganisation of Punjab (Since 1966)]]
|-
!5
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[File:Gurmukh Singh Musafir. 1899-1976. c 1970.jpg|75px]]
|[[Gurmukh Singh Musafir]] {{small|(1899-1976)}} {{small|([[Punjab Legislative Council|MLC]])}}
|1 November 1966
|8 March 1967
| {{age in years and days|1966|11|01|1967|03|08}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Third Punjab Legislative Assembly|Third]]
|rowspan=2|[[Dharma Vira]]
|-
!6
| style="background:#ff8000;" |
| [[File:Justice Gurnam Singh (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Gurnam Singh]] {{small|(1899-1973)}} {{small|([[Qila Raipur Assembly constituency|Qila Raipur]])}}
|8 March 1967
|25 November 1967{{ref label|R|R|R}}
|{{age in years and days|1967|03|08|1967|11|25}}
|[[Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group]] {{small|([[People's United Front (Punjab, India)|PUF]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2| [[Fourth Punjab Legislative Assembly|Fourth]]
|-
!7
| style="background:#800000;" |
| [[File:Lachhman Singh Gill.png|75px]]
|[[Lachhman Singh Gill]] {{small|(1917-1969)}} {{small|([[Dharamkot Assembly Constituency|Dharamkot]])}}
|25 November 1967
|23 August 1968{{ref label|R|R|R}}
|{{age in years and days|1967|11|25|1968|08|23}}
|[[Punjab Janata Party]] {{small|([[Indian National Congress|INC]])}}
|[[D. C. Pavate]]
|-
!colspan=2|{{small|(iii)}}
|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|75px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR}} ([[President's rule]]){{efn|name=dissolved}}
|23 August 1968
|17 February 1969
|{{age in years and days|1968|08|23|1969|02|17}}
|colspan=4| -
|-
!{{small|(6)}}
|rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}};"|
| [[File:Justice Gurnam Singh (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Gurnam Singh]] {{small|(1899-1973)}} {{small|([[Qila Raipur Assembly constituency|Qila Raipur]])}}
|17 February 1969
|27 March 1970{{ref label|R|R|R}}
|{{age in years and days|1969|02|17|1970|03|27}}
|rowspan=2|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] {{small|([[United Front (Punjab, India)|UFP]] till 1970)}} {{small|([[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] 1970-71)}}
| rowspan=2|[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan=2|[[Fifth Punjab Legislative Assembly|Fifth]]
|rowspan=2|[[D. C. Pavate]]
|-
!8
| [[File:Prakash Singh Badal 1977.jpg|75px]]
|[[Parkash Singh Badal]] {{small|(1927-2023)}} {{small|([[Gidderbaha Assembly Constituency|Gidderbaha]])}}
|27 March 1970
|14 June 1971
|{{age in years and days|1970|03|27|1971|06|14}}
|-
!colspan=2|{{small|(iv)}}
| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|75px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR}} ([[President's rule]]){{efn|name=dissolved}}
|14 June 1971
|17 March 1972
|{{age in years and days|1971|06|14|1972|03|17}}
|colspan=4| -
|-
!9
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[File:Giani Zail Singh 1995 stamp of India (cropped).png|75px]]
|[[Zail Singh]] {{small|(1916-1994)}} {{small|([[Ananadpur Sahib Assembly Constituency|Anandpur Sahib]])}}
| 17 March 1972
|30 April 1977
|{{age in years and days|1972|03|17|1977|04|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]] {{small|([[Communist Party of India|CPI]])}}
| [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Sixth Punjab Legislative Assembly|Sixth]]
|[[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
|-
!colspan=2|{{small|(v)}}
|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|75px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR}} ([[President's rule]]){{efn|name=dissolved}}
| style="height: 45px;" |30 April 1977
|20 June 1977
|{{age in years and days|1977|04|30|1977|06|20}}
|colspan=4| -
|-
!{{small|(8)}}
| bgcolor={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|
| [[File:Prakash Singh Badal 1977.jpg|75px]]
|[[Parkash Singh Badal]] {{small|(1927-2023)}} {{small|([[Gidderbaha Assembly Constituency|Gidderbaha]])}}
|20 June 1977
|17 February 1980
|{{age in years and days|1977|06|20|1980|02|17}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] {{small|([[Janata Party|JP]] & [[Communist Party of India|CPI]])}}
| [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Seventh Punjab Legislative Assembly|Seventh]]
| [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
|-
!colspan=2|{{small|(vi)}}
|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|75px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR}} ([[President's rule]]){{efn|name=dissolved}}
|17 February 1980
|6 June 1980
|{{age in years and days|1980|02|17|1980|06|06}}
|colspan=4| -
|-
!10
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
| [[File:Darbara Singh.png|75px]]
|[[Darbara Singh]] {{small|(1916-1990)}} {{small|([[Nakodar Assembly Constituency|Nakodar]])}}
|6 June 1980
|6 October 1983
|{{age in years and days|1980|06|06|1983|10|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Eighth Punjab Legislative Assembly|Eighth]]
|[[Jaisukh Lal Hathi]]
|-
!colspan=2|{{small|(vii)}}
|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|75px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR}} ([[President's rule]]){{efn|Assembly was under suspension from 6 October 1983 to 26 June 1985 and then dissolved on 26 June 1985.}}
|6 October 1983
|29 September 1985
|{{age in years and days|1983|10|06|1985|09|29}}
|colspan=4| -
|-
!11
|bgcolor={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|
| [[File:The Vice President, Shri Mohd. Hamid Ansari with the Governor of Tamil Nadu, Shri Surjit Singh Barnala and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi (cropped) (Surjit Singh Barnala).png|75px]]
|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]] {{small|(1925-2017)}} {{small|([[Barnala Assembly Constituency|Barnala]])}}
|29 September 1985
|11 June 1987
|{{age in years and days|1985|09|29|1987|06|11}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Ninth Punjab Legislative Assembly|Ninth]]
|[[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]]
|-
!colspan=2|{{small|(viii)}}
|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|75px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR}} ([[President's rule]]){{efn|Assembly was under suspension from 11 June 1987 to 6 March 1988 and then dissolve on 6 March 1988.}}
|11 June 1987
|25 February 1992
|{{age in years and days|1987|06|11|1992|02|25}}
|colspan=4| -
|-
!12
|rowspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|[[File:Beant Singh 2013 stamp of India (cropped).png|75px]]
|[[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]] {{small|(1922-1995)}} {{small|([[Jalandhar Cantt Assembly Constituency|Jalandhar Cantonment]])}}
|25 February 1992
|31 August 1995 {{ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{age in years and days|1992|02|25|1995|08|31}}
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3| [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|rowspan=3| Tenth
|[[Surendra Nath]]
|-
!13
| [[File:Harcharan Singh Brar ex CM enhanced Nero AI colorize.png|75px]]
| style="height: 45px;" |[[Harcharan Singh Brar]] {{small|(1922-2009)}} {{small|([[Muktsar Assembly Constituency|Muktsar]])}}
|31 August 1995
|21 November 1996{{ref label|R|R|R}}
|{{age in years and days|1995|08|31|1996|11|21}}
|rowspan=3|[[B. K. N. Chhibber]]
|-
!14
| [[File:Rajinder Kaur Bhattal.jpg|75px]]
|[[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]] {{small|(b. 1945)}} {{small|([[Lehra Assembly Constituency|Lehra]])}}
|21 November 1996
|11 February 1997
|{{age in years and days|1996|11|21|1997|02|11}}
|-
!{{small|(8)}}
|bgcolor={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|
| [[File:Parkash Singh Badal 2014.jpg|75px]]
|[[Parkash Singh Badal]] {{small|(1927-2023)}} {{small|([[Lambi Assembly Constituency|Lambi]])}}
|12 February 1997
|26 February 2002
|{{age in years and days|1997|02|12|2002|02|26}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] {{small|([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])}}
| [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| [[11th Punjab Assembly|Eleventh]]
|-
!15
|bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|[[File:Capt. Amarinder Singh.png|75px]]
|[[Amarinder Singh]] {{small|(b. 1942)}} {{small|([[Patiala Urban (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patiala Urban]])}}
|26 February 2002
|1 March 2007
|{{age in years and days|2002|02|26|2007|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[12th Punjab Assembly|Twelfth]]
|[[J. F. R. Jacob]]
|-
!rowspan=2|{{small|(8)}}
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Parkash Singh Badal 2014.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Parkash Singh Badal]] {{small|(1927-2023)}} {{small|([[Lambi Assembly Constituency|Lambi]])}}
|1 March 2007
|14 March 2012
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|2007|03|01|2017|03|16}}
|rowspan=2|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] {{small|([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])}}
| [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[13th Punjab Assembly|Thirteen]]
|[[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]]
|-
|14 March 2012
|16 March 2017
| [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[14th Punjab Assembly|Fourteenth]]
|[[Shivraj Patil]]
|-
!{{small|(15)}}
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|[[File:Amarinder Singh.jpg|75px]]
|[[Amarinder Singh]] {{small|(b. 1942)}} {{small|([[Patiala Urban (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patiala Urban]])}}
|16 March 2017
|20 September 2021{{ref label|R|R|R}}
|{{age in years and days|2017|03|16|2021|09|20}}
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2| [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan=2|[[15th Punjab Assembly|Fifteenth]]
|[[V. P. Singh Badnore]]
|-
!16
| [[File:Channi.jpg|75px]]
|[[Charanjit Singh Channi]] {{small|(b. 1963)}} {{small|([[Chamkaur Sahib Assembly Constituency|Chamkaur Sahib]])}}
|20 September 2021
|16 March 2022
|{{age in years and days|2021|09|20|2022|03|16}}
|rowspan=2|[[Banwarilal Purohit]]
|-
!17
|bgcolor={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|
|[[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|75px]]
|[[Bhagwant Mann]] {{small|(b. 1973)}} {{small|([[Dhuri Assembly Constituency|Dhuri]])}}
|16 March 2022
| ''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|2022|03|16}}
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[16th Punjab Assembly|Sixteenth]]
|}

==Statistics==
===List of chief minister by their tenure===
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style=text-align:center
|-
!Rank
! Chief Minister!!colspan=2| Party !! Start
!End
!Tenure length (term)!! Tenure length (total) !! Reason for exit
|-
!rowspan=4|1
|rowspan=4|[[Prakash Singh Badal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=4}}
|27 March 1970
|14 June 1971
|1 year, 79 days
|rowspan=4|18 years, 350 days
|Loss of majority
|-
|20 June 1977
|17 February 1980
|2 years, 242 days
|Government dismissed
|-
|12 February 1997
|26 February 2002
|5 years, 14 days
|Loss of election
|-
|1 March 2007
|16 March 2017
|10 years, 15 days
|Loss of election
|-
!rowspan=2|2
|rowspan=2|[[Amarinder Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|26 February 2002
|1 March 2007
|5 years, 3 days
|rowspan=2|9 years, 191 days
|Loss of election
|-
|16 March 2017
|20 September 2021
|4 years, 188 days
|Resigned
|-
!3
|[[Partap Singh Kairon]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|23 January 1956
|21 June 1964
|colspan=2|8 years, 150 days
|Resigned
|-
!4
|[[Zail Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|17 March 1972
|30 April 1977
|colspan=2|5 years, 44 days
|Government dismissed
|-
!rowspan=2|5
|rowspan=2|[[Bhim Sen Sachar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|13 April 1949
|18 October 1949
|188 days
|rowspan=2|4 years, 104 days
|Resigned
|-
|17 April 1952
|23 January 1956
|3 years, 281 days
|Resigned
|- bgcolor="ccccff"
!6
|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|16 March 2022
|Incumbent
|colspan=2|{{age in years and days|16 March 2022}}
|Incumbent
|-
!7
|[[Beant Singh (politician)|Beant Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|25 February 1992
|31 August 1995
|colspan=2|3 years, 187 days
|Assassinated
|-
!rowspan=3|8
|rowspan=3|[[Gopi Chand Bhargava]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|15 August 1947
|13 April 1949
|1 Year, 241 days
|rowspan=3|3 years. 136 days
|Resigned
|-
|18 October 1949
|20 June 1951
|1 year, 245 days
|Government dismissed
|-
|21 June 1964
|6 July 1964
|15 days
|Resigned
|-
!9
|[[Darbara Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|6 June 1980
|6 October 1983
|colspan=2|3 years, 122 days
|Government dismissed
|-
!10
|[[Ram Kishan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|7 July 1964
|5 July 1966
|colspan=2|1 year, 262 days
|Government dismissed
|-
!rowspan=2|11
|rowspan=2|[[Gurnam Singh]]
|style="background:#ff8000;" |
|style=text-align:left|[[Akali Dal - Sant Fateh Singh|Akali Dal Sant Fateh Singh Group]]
|8 March 1967
|25 November 1967
|262 days
|rowspan=2|1 year, 300 days
|Loss of majority
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|17 February 1969
|27 March 1970
|1 year, 38 days
|Resigned
|-
!12
|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|29 September 1985
|11 June 1987
|colspan=2|1 year, 255 days
|Government dismissed
|-
!13
|[[Harcharan Singh Brar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31 August 1995
|21 November 1996
|colspan=2|1 year, 82 days
|Resigned
|-
!14
|[[Lachhman Singh Gill]]
| style="background-color: brown;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Punjab Janata Party]]
|25 November 1967
|23 August 1968
|colspan=2|272 days
|Loss of majority
|-
!15
|[[Charanjit Singh Channi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|20 September 2021
|16 March 2022
|colspan=2|177 days
|Loss of election
|-
!16
|[[Gurmukh Singh Musafir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1 November 1866
|8 March 1967
|colspan=2|127 days
|Loss of election
|-
!17
|[[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21 November 1996
|11 February 1997
|colspan=2|82 days
|Loss of election
|-
!rowspan=8| -
|rowspan=8|[[President rule]]
|rowspan=8 colspan=2| N/A
|20 June 1951
|17 April 1952
|302 days
|rowspan=8|9 years, 223 days
|rowspan=8| N/A
|-
|5 July 1966
|1 November 1966
|199 days
|-
|23 August 1968
|17 February 1969
|178 days
|-
|14 June 1971
|17 March 1972
|277 days
|-
|30 April 1977
|20 June 1977
|51 days
|-
|17 February 1980
|6 June 1980
|110 days
|-
|6 October 1983
|29 September 1985
|1 year, 358 days
|-
|11 June 1987
|25 February 1992
|4 years, 259 days
|}

==Timeline==

{{#tag:timeline|ImageSize=width:1000 height:auto barincrement:15
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:200 left:20
AlignBars = late

Colors =

id:inc value:rgb(0,0.748,1) legend: INC
id:sad value:rgb(1,0.6,0.2) legend: SAD
id:adsfs value:rgb(0.925,0.117,0.148) legend: ADSFS
id:pjp value:rgb(0,0.496,1) legend: PJP
id:prule value:rgb(0.757,0.443,0.631) legend: PresidentRule
id:aap value:rgb(0.121,0.457,0.996) legend: AAP

id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1947 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
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pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text: Political Party

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bar:GCBhargava
bar:BSSachar
bar:Prule
bar:PSKairon
bar:RKishan
bar:GGSMusafir
bar:GSingh
bar:LSGill
bar:PSBadal
bar:ZSingh
bar:DSingh
bar:SSBarnala
bar:BSingh
bar:HSBrar
bar:RKBhattal
bar:ASingh
bar:CSChanni
bar:BMann

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:GCBhargava
from: 15/08/1947 till: 13/04/1949 color:inc
from: 18/10/1949 till: 20/06/1951 color:inc
from: 21/06/1964 till: 06/07/1964 color:inc text:"[[Gopi Chand Bhargava]]" fontsize:10

bar:BSSachar
from: 13/04/1949 till: 18/10/1949 color:inc
from: 17/04/1952 till: 23/01/1956 color:inc text:"[[Bhim Sen Sachar]]" fontsize:10

bar:Prule
from: 20/06/1951 till: 17/04/1952 color:prule
from: 05/07/1966 till: 01/11/1966 color:prule
from: 23/08/1968 till: 17/02/1969 color:prule
from: 14/06/1971 till: 17/03/1972 color:prule
from: 30/04/1977 till: 20/06/1977 color:prule
from: 17/02/1980 till: 06/06/1980 color:prule
from: 06/10/1983 till: 29/09/1985 color:prule
from: 11/06/1987 till: 25/02/1992 color:prule text:"[[President's rule]]" fontsize:10

bar:PSKairon
from: 23/01/1956 till: 21/06/1964 color:inc text:"[[Pratap Singh Kairon]]" fontsize:10

bar:RKishan
from: 07/07/1964 till: 05/07/1966 color:inc text:"[[Ram Kishan]]" fontsize:10

bar:GGSMusafir
from: 01/11/1966 till: 08/03/1967 color:inc text:"[[Gurmukh Singh Musafir]]" fontsize:10

bar:GSingh
from: 08/03/1967 till: 25/11/1967 color:adsfs
from: 17/02/1969 till: 27/03/1970 color:sad text:"[[Gurnam Singh]]" fontsize:10

bar:LSGill
from: 25/11/1967 till: 23/08/1968 color:pjp text:"[[Lachhman Singh Gill]]" fontsize:10

bar:PSBadal
from: 27/03/1970 till: 14/06/1971 color:sad
from: 20/06/1977 till: 17/02/1980 color:sad
from: 12/02/1997 till: 26/02/2002 color:sad
from: 01/03/2007 till: 14/03/2012 color:sad
from: 14/03/2012 till: 16/03/2017 color:sad text:"[[Parkash Singh Badal]]" fontsize:10

bar:ZSingh
from: 17/03/1972 till: 30/04/1977 color:inc text:"[[Zail Singh]]" fontsize:10

bar:DSingh
from: 06/06/1980 till: 06/10/1983 color:inc text:"[[Darbara Singh]]" fontsize:10

bar:SSBarnala
from: 29/09/1985 till: 11/06/1987 color:sad text:"[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]" fontsize:10

bar:BSingh
from: 25/02/1992 till: 31/08/1995 color:inc text:"[[Beant Singh (politician)|Beant Singh]]" fontsize:10
bar:HSBrar
from: 31/08/1995 till: 21/11/1996 color:inc text:"[[Harcharan Singh Brar]]" fontsize:10
bar:RKBhattal
from: 21/11/1996 till: 11/02/1997 color:inc text:"[[Rajinder Kaur Bhattal]]" fontsize:10

bar:ASingh
from: 26/02/2002 till: 01/03/2007 color:inc
from: 16/03/2017 till: 20/09/2021 color:inc text:"[[Amarinder Singh]]" fontsize:10

bar:CSChanni
from: 20/09/2021 till: 16/03/2022 color:inc text:"[[Charanjit Singh Channi]]" fontsize:10
bar: bmann
from: 16/03/2022 till: $today color:aap text:"[[Bhagwant Mann]]" fontsize:10}}

==See also==
* [[List of current Indian chief ministers]]
* [[List of governors of Punjab (India)]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Punjab, India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070213075808/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/members/showcm.asp assembly info]

{{Current Indian chief ministers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|Punjab]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Punjab, India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Punjab, India|Chief Ministers]]

List of zamindari estates in the Madras Presidency

2026-04-30T17:37:48Z

Subhah Shirin: Creating Initial Article Initial Version

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
'''Zamindaris were established in the Madras Presidency''' by the government of the [[British East India Company]] starting from 1799 onwards. These settlements were established in order to delineate authority to landlords and thereby relieve the ryot from the control of middlemen who often exploited them. Often, these [[zamindar]]s were Indian [[Native prince]]s who lost their sovereignty due to British expansion. The zamindari settlement was based on a similar settlement established in Bengal. The Zamindari settlement of Madras was largely unsuccessful and was wrapped up in 1852. However, a few Zamindaris remained till India's independence in 1947.

== Land proprietorship in Madras Presidency ==
The colonial [[Madras Presidency]] comprised an area of {{convert|148796|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|141705|sqmi|km2}} were under direct British rule, while the rest was distributed amongst the [[princely state]]s. In the areas administered by the British, three systems of land proprietorship existed: zamindaris, [[inam]]s and [[ryotwari]]s.

In 1911, zamindari estates covered {{convert|26|e6acre|km2}} and occupied over one-fourth of the total area of the presidency.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Madras (presidency) |volume=17 |page=290}}</ref> In 1945-46, there were {{convert|20945456|acre|km2}} of Zamindari estates which yielded a revenue of 97,83,167 Rupees and {{convert|58904798|acre|km2}} of ''ryotwari'' lands which yielded a revenue of Rs. 7,26,65,330.<ref name="statesmanp154">[[#Statesman|Statesman]], Pg 154</ref>

== Zamindaris from 1799 to 1852 ==
The zamindari system was introduced in the Madras Presidency in 1799 in the aftermath of the defeat of the [[Polygars]] in the [[Polygar Wars]].

== Zamindaris in 1877-1920 ==
In 1877, C. D.Maclean made a survey of the existing zamindaris under the jurisdiction of Madras Presidency. As per this survey, a few of these zamindaris were larger than some of the smaller princely states in the Presidency. The largest of these were [[Jeypore Estate]] which was the largest amongst all zamindaris in the Presidency with an area of {{convert|12000|sqmi|km2}}, [[Vizianagaram estate|Vizianagaram]] with {{convert|2970|sqmi|km2}}, [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad]], [[Ganapur]] and [[Sivaganga estate|Sivaganga]], Ramnad and Sivaganga being demoted princely states, were larger in size than the princely states of [[Cochin State|Cochin]] or [[Pudukkottai State|Pudukkottai]]. Ramnad, the larger of the two, covered an area of {{convert|2351|sqmi|km2}}, and was second only to [[Travancore]] amongst princely states in Madras Presidency. Karvatinuggur, Kalahasti, Nuzvid, Poonganur, Paralekhemidi and Podile and Darsi divisions of Venkatagiri were larger in size than the princely state of [[Banganapalle]] while Virasanapettah, [[Arni Jagir|Arni estate]] and Kanguni were larger than [[Sandur State|Sandur]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center"
! style="background-color:aqua" colspan="4"| List of ''zamindari''s in Madras Presidency in the year 1877
|-
! style="background-color:aqua" |Zamindari
! style="background-color:aqua" |Area (in square miles)
! style="background-color:aqua" |Population in 1877
! style="background-color:aqua" |Revenue paid to the Madras government in 1877 (in rupees)
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|Chengalpattu district
|-
| align="left"|Kayapakkam
| align="right"| 2
| align="right"| 670
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|Ellimbedu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,066
|-
| align="left"|Nemmili
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 848
|-
| align="left"|Karamthangal
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 148
|-
| align="left"|Bunanthangal
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 152
|-
| align="left"|Keevaloor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 530
|-
| align="left"|Belayanoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 159
|-
| align="left"|Palanallore
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 455
|-
| align="left"|Thathanur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 118
|-
| align="left"|Bhimapuram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 102
|-
| align="left"|Vayaloor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,085
|-
| align="left"|Periveli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 458
|-
| align="left"|Magayur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,752
|-
| align="left"|Isoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 658
|-
| align="left"|Irumbedu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 239
|-
| align="left"|Amayampattu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 28
|-
| align="left"|Vichoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 123
|-
| align="left"|Vilangansor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 132
|-
| align="left"|Perla Velikadu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 146
|-
| align="left"|Vettur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 320
|-
| align="left"|Saravabakam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 225
|-
| align="left"|Othevilakam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 235
|-
| align="left"|Karimbakam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 210
|-
| align="left"|Vembanur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 321
|-
| align="left"|Panayur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 244
|-
| align="left"|Vilangadu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 297
|-
| align="left"|Puthukuppam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 46
|-
| align="left"|Keelakandai
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 177
|-
| align="left"|Sinna Velikadu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 193
|-
| align="left" |Nungambakkam<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lydia Graham Astor |url=http://archive.org/details/zamins-of-south-india.pdf |title=Zamins Of South India.pdf |date=2011}}</ref>
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" |621
|-
| align="left"|Venmalagram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 102
|-
| align="left"|Sirulakatoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 44
|-
| align="left"|Pondur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,693
|-
| align="left"|Torayur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 147
|-
| align="left"|Sirumayllor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 446
|-
| align="left"|Andarkuppam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 363
|-
| align="left"|Chithur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 165
|-
| align="left"|Thundan Vellery
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 117
|-
| align="left"|Mambakam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 205
|-
| align="left"|Kalputtu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 121
|-
| align="left"|Agarum
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 565
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|Coimbatore district
|-
| align="left"|Oothocooly
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 4,393
|-
| align="left"|Samattur and Kottampatty
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|1683, 1860, 4200
|-
| align="left"|Avalappampatty
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2804
|-
| align="left"|Poravipolliem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1436
|-
| align="left"|Negamam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2480
|-
| align="left"|Metrathy
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1966
|-
| align="left"|Thoongary
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 848
|-
| align="left"|Myvady
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 561
|-
| align="left"|Jothampatty
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 146
|-
| align="left"|Vedapatty
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 146
|-
| align="left"|Andipatty
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 5,166
|-
| align="left"|Mooloor and Okinium
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,236
|-
| align="left"|Sattiagalam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| ....
|-

! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|Ganjam district
|-
| align="left"|Akkayavalasa
| align="right"| 1
| align="right"| 788
| align="right"| 278
|-
| align="left"|[[Asika]]
| align="right"| 3.56
| align="right"| 7,712
| align="right"| 4,857
|-
| align="left"|Athgarh
| align="right"| 149.37
| align="right"| 77,228
| align="right"| 60,000
|-
| align="left"|Baruva
| align="right"| 10.25
| align="right"| 8,454
| align="right"| 7,800
|-
| align="left"|Beddam
| align="right"| 1.75
| align="right"| 217
| align="right"| 89
|-
| align="left"|Belamarapalavalasa
| align="right"| 2.33
| align="right"| 855
|
|-
| align="left"|Beridi
| align="right"| 14.75
| align="right"| 10,960
| align="right"| 4,500
|-
| align="left"|Budharsinghi
| align="right"| 4.25
| align="right"| 3,244
| align="right"| 500
|-
| align="left"|Chackipalli
| align="right"| 0.75
| align="right"| 1,018
| align="right"| 869
|-
| align="left"|[[Chikiti]]
| align="right"| 64.5
| align="right"| 40,789
| align="right"| 34,000
|-
| align="left"|Chinnakemidi (Sana Khemundi)
| align="right"| 55.31
| align="right"| 29,849
| align="right"| 20,000
|-
| align="left"|Chinnatangam
| align="right"| 7.43
| align="right"| 395
| align="right"| 424
|-
| align="left"|[[Chittivalasa]]
| align="right"| 1
| align="right"| 5,698
| align="right"| 2,074
|-
| align="left"|Danta
| align="right"| 4.06
| align="right"| 3,220
| align="right"| 3,309
|-
| align="left"|[[Dharakot]] (Dharakote)
| align="right"| 50.25
| align="right"| 31,262
| align="right"| 25,000
|-
| align="left"|Davabhumi
| align="right"| 4
| align="right"| 3,539
| align="right"| 5,188
|-
| align="left"|[[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]]
| align="right"| 1,171
| align="right"| 5,165
| align="right"| 3,699
|-
| align="left"|Jalantar
| align="right"| 25.5
| align="right"| 18,450
| align="right"| 7,000
|-
| align="left"|Jarada
| align="right"| 9
| align="right"| 5,813
| align="right"| 1,002
|-
| align="left"|[[Jarangi]]
| align="right"| 2.75
| align="right"| 2,336
| align="right"| 1,002
|-
| align="left"|[[Jonnupada]]
| align="right"| 0.31
| align="right"| 138
| align="right"| 93
|-
| align="left"|[[Khallikot]]
| align="right"| 84
| align="right"| 42,589
| align="right"| 19,000
|-
| align="left"|[[Karakavalasa]]
| align="right"| 9.06
| align="right"| 7,795
| align="right"| 4,048
|-
| align="left"|[[Konsalacuttur]]
| align="right"| 0.33
| align="right"| 574
| align="right"| 393
|-
| align="left"|Kurla
| align="right"| 3.75
| align="right"| 5,457
| align="right"| 5,455
|-
| align="left"|[[Lusaram]]
| align="right"| 0.75
| align="right"| 320
| align="right"| 332
|-
| align="left"|[[Malgam]]
| align="right"| 1.56
| align="right"| 916
| align="right"| 572
|-
| align="left"|[[Mandasa]]
| align="right"|35.75
| align="right"| 34,508
| align="right"| 14,000
|-
| align="left"|[[Mungatavalasa]]
| align="right"| 5.75
| align="right"| 3,695
| align="right"| 4,048
|-
| align="left"|Palur
| align="right"| 16.31
| align="right"| 4,173
| align="right"| 553
|-
| align="left"|[[Paralakhemundi state|Paralekhemedi]]
| align="right"| 451.5
| align="right"| 252,391
| align="right"| 82,139
|-
| align="left"|[[Pedda Khimedi]] (Bada Khemundi)
| align="right"| 78.43
| align="right"| 40,810
| align="right"| 23,500
|-
| align="left"|[[Peddatangam]]
| align="right"| 0.31
| align="right"| 564
| align="right"| 424
|-
| align="left"|Rajapur
| align="right"| 0.18
| align="right"| 266
| align="right"| 76
|-
| align="left"|Santalaksimipur
| align="right"| 7.06
| align="right"| 485
| align="right"| 1,192
|-
| align="left"|Seddibeharakuttur
| align="right"| 0.25
| align="right"| 109
| align="right"| 103
|-
| align="left"|Seerghar ([[Sheragada]])
| align="right"| 20.75
| align="right"| 9,595
| align="right"| 5,500
|-
| align="left"|Srikurmana (part of Vizianagaram)
| align="right"| 17.75
| align="right"| 16,927
| align="right"| Included in Vizianagaram
|-
| align="left"|[[Soroda dynasty|Sorada]]
| align="right"| 46
| align="right"| 15,324
| align="right"| 4,000
|-
| align="left"|[[Surangi]]
| align="right"| 14.75
| align="right"| 12,919
| align="right"| 3,500
|-
| align="left"|[[Talasamudram]]
| align="right"| 1.37
| align="right"| 923
| align="right"| 2,383
|-
| align="left"|Takkali Estates
| align="right"| 61.56
| align="right"| 58,054
| align="right"| 49,088
|-
| align="left"|[[Tallavalasa]]
| align="right"| 0.37
| align="right"| 387
| align="right"| 424
|-
| align="left"|[[Tarla]]
| align="right"| 28.75
| align="right"| 24,639
| align="right"| 4,000
|-
| align="left"|[[Tarlepatta]]
| align="right"|0.75
| align="right"| 388
| align="right"| 256
|-
| align="left"|[[Tilaru]]
| align="right"|15.75
| align="right"| 6,180
| align="right"| 3,654
|-
| align="left"|[[Towdam]]
| align="right"| 2.5
| align="right"| 1,030
| align="right"| 686
|-
| align="left"|[[Urlam]]
| align="right"|14.5
| align="right"| 11,061
| align="right"| 13,582
|-
| align="left"|[[Yellamanchilli]]
| align="right"|1
| align="right"| 643
| align="right"| 654
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|Godavary district
|-
| align="left"|[[Pittapore]]
| align="right"| 188
| align="right"| 79,606
| align="right"| 3,41,627<ref>The rent for Pittapoor also included the rent for Cocanada and Coringa</ref>
|-
| align="left"|[[Polavaram estate|Polavaram]]
| align="right"| 292
| align="right"| 58,274<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wooZAAAAYAAJ Imperial Gazetteer of India, James Sutherland Cotton, Sir Richard Burn, Sir William Stevenson Meyer Clarendon Press, 1908 - Great Britain]</ref>

| align="right"| 43,210<ref>{{cite book|title=A Century of Politics in Andhra Pradesh: Ethnicity & Regionalism in Indian State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEhuAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Rationalist Voice Publications|year=2002}}</ref>
|-
| align="left"|Kolanka
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|14350
|-
| align="left"|[[Tuni]]
| align="right"| 376
| align="right"| 50,201
| align="right"|26429
|-
| align="left"|[[Dommeru]]
| align="right"| 240
| align="right"| 35,001
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Annavarapu Peta]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|3895
|-
| align="left"|[[Kapileswara Puram]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|8765
|-
| align="left"|[[Undrajavaram]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|630
|-
| align="left"|Kotipally
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|Peskash in the Vizianagaram Zamindari
|-
| align="left"|Uppada and Aminbada
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|673
|-
| align="left"|Nidadavolu and Barhajhally
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|1,19,346
|-
| align="left"|Ambarapet
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 16,097
|-
| align="left"|Vegayammapeta
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 8362
|-
| align="left"|Tangellmudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|5143
|-
| align="left"|Bhimolu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3031
|-
| align="left"|Anumullanka
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|611
|-
| align="left"|Singanagudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 46
|-
| align="left"|Vilasa
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1440
|-
| align="left"|Janupalle
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 218
|-
| align="left"|Jalimudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 277
|-
| align="left"|Telikicherla
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 962
|-
| align="left"|Gundepalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 962
|-
| align="left"|Panangipalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|737
|-
| align="left"|Sirasavilli Savaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 300
|-
| align="left"|Bantumilli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|200
|-
| align="left"|Mukkamala
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|107
|-
| align="left"|Jaggampet
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|33,072
|-
| align="left"|Dontamuru
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|3248
|-
| align="left"|Rayavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1998
|-
| align="left"|Viravaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|26876
|-
| align="left"|Palivela
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|19,240
|-
| align="left"|Kirlampudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|23,382
|-
| align="left"|Gopalapuram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 18,540
|-
| align="left"|Elamanchili
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|8,823
|-
| align="left"|Chinchinada
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1647
|-
| align="left"|China Mamidipalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 255
|-
| align="left"|Neredumilli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|445
|-
| align="left"|Vardhanani
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 532
|-
| align="left"|Dhumantigudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 142
|-
| align="left"|Gollaprolu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|11,567
|-
| align="left"|Kesanakuru
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|11,574
|-
| align="left"|Vasantavada
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 7,349
|-
| align="left"|Narayanapuram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,948
|-
| align="left"|Malakacherla
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|1,495
|-
| align="left"|Daddipudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|378
|-
| align="left"|Gutala
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 6,749
|-
| align="left"|Mungondapalem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 545
|-
| align="left"|Chidipi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,671
|-
| align="left"|Peddeham
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,628
|-
| align="left"|Tirugudumetta
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,856
|-
| align="left"|Injeram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,217
|-
| align="left"|Pattesam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,282
|-
| align="left"|Prakkilanka
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,822
|-
| align="left"|Vangalapudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,817
|-
| align="left"|Viravillipalem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,534
|-
| align="left"|Nadavapalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,129
|-
| align="left"|Tyajampudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,791
|-
| align="left"|Kurukuru
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,482
|-
| align="left"|Billumilli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,619
|-
| align="left"|Lakkavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,643
|-
| align="left"|Jangareddigudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 499
|-
| align="left"|Dharmavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2402
|-
| align="left"|Krapa
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,385
|-
| align="left"|Malakapalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,282
|-
| align="left"|Katavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,135
|-
| align="left"|Yadavolu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,161
|-
| align="left"|Konitivada
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,004
|-
| align="left"|Borrampalem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,038
|-
| align="left"|Vegavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 787
|-
| align="left"|Gavuripatnam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,853
|-
| align="left"|Murumanda
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,850
|-
| align="left"|Anatavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,763
|-
| align="left"|Magam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,746
|-
| align="left"|Yernagudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,725
|-
| align="left"|Vunkaramilli alias Ravimetta
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,630
|-
| align="left"|Kalavalapalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1346
|-
| align="left"|Pativala Gurajanapalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,296
|-
| align="left"|Mallavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 947
|-
| align="left"|Johurullabada alias Hukumpeta
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,401
|-
| align="left"|Buchampeta
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 738
|-
| align="left"|Gangolu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,264
|-
| align="left"|Vella
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,240
|-
| align="left"|Bayyanagudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,006
|-
| align="left"|Potukurru
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 210
|-
| align="left"|Bommuru
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 853
|-
| align="left"|Guttinadeevi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 776
|-
| align="left"|Kondagudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 753
|-
| align="left"|Petta
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 583
|-
| align="left"|Viravaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 554
|-
| align="left"|Dandangi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 551
|-
| align="left"|Surasaniyanam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 529
|-
| align="left"|Nilapalli
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 479
|-
| align="left"|Nandigudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 390
|-
| align="left"|Nallamillipadu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 203
|-
| align="left"|Gavaravaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 145
|-
| align="left"|jagannadhapuram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 117
|-
| align="left"|Pydimetta
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 110
|-
| align="left"|Vadlapattanam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 86
|-
| align="left"|Tirumanagudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 64
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="right"|Mansubdari of Godavari district
|-
| align="left"|[[Thotapalle Estate]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 6,310
|-
| align="left"|Bhadrachalam and Rakapalli
| align="right"|505
| align="right"| 27,695
| align="right"| 21,090
|-
| align="left"|Bollineni
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| .....
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|Kistna district
|-
| align="left"|[[Nuzvid Estate]]
| align="right"| 561
| align="right"| 107,465
| align="right"| 1,08,221
|-
| align="left"|[[Virsanapettah]]
| align="right"| 257
| align="right"| 55,662
| align="right"| 20,829
|-
| align="left"|[[Challapalli]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|Chintalapati Vantu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 17,500
|-
| align="left"|Chevendra
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 4,776
|-
| align="left"|Chanubanda
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1.357
|-
| align="left"|Mylavaram Muttah 1.25 vantu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 4,858
|-
| align="left"|Mylavaram Muttah 1 vantu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,887
|-
| align="left"|Vutukur Muttah
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,156
|-
| align="left"|Half of Tiruvur Muttah
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,117
|-
| align="left"|Yenagadapa Muttah
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,236
|-
| align="left"|Half og Gumpalagudem Muttah
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,295
|-
| align="left"|Western part of Gumpalagudem muttah
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,291
|-
| align="left"|Munagala Paragana
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 4,572
|-
| align="left"|Vallur South
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 20,493
|-
| align="left"|Gudur Paragana
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 35,988
|-
| align="left"|Pinagudur Lanka
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 319
|-
| align="left"|Kruttiventi South
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,910
|-
| align="left"|Balliparru
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 459
|-
| align="left"|Kuchipudy
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 229
|-
| align="left"|Narayanagudem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 138
|-
| align="left"|Other Half of Tiruur muttah
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2219
|-
| align="left"|Kalagara
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 812
|-
| align="left"|Putrela
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 510
|-
| align="left"|Kondur and Kmbhampad
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 507
|-
| align="left"|Kokilampad
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 75
|-
| align="left"|Pengollu
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,262
|-
| align="left"|Munukulla
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 71
|-
| align="left"|Komera Muttah
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 703
|-
| align="left"|Lingagiri Pragana
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 486
|-
| align="left"|Devarapally
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 451
|-
| align="left"|Rayavaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 908
|-
| align="left"|China Gollapalem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 238
|-
| align="left"|Chitti Gudur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 524
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|Madura district
|-
| align="left"|[[Ammayanayakkanur]]
| align="right"| 100
| align="right"|
| align="right"|11,606
|-
| align="left"|[[Ramnad estate|Ramnad]]
| align="right"| 2,351
| align="right"| 504,131
| align="right"| 3,38,686
|-
| align="left"|[[Sivaganga estate|Sivaganga]]
| align="right"| 1,557
| align="right"| 434,253
| align="right"| 2,88,317
|-
| align="left"|Paliembatti
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 13,544
|-
| align="left"|Pandalgudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 11,136
|-
| align="left"|Rettiembadi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 11,978
|-
| align="left"|Velur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 10,563
|-
| align="left"|Velliagundam Taluk
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,183
|-
| align="left"|Sirupaly
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 903
|-
| align="left"|Puliengolum
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,931
|-
| align="left"|Jotilanaikanoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,070
|-
| align="left"|Woodapanaiknoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,583
|-
| align="left"|Thoddappanaiknoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,179
|-
| align="left"|Keelacottai
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 480
|-
| align="left"|Nadukottai
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 773
|-
| align="left"|Melaycottai
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 910
|-
| align="left"|Perayoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 11,857
|-
| align="left"|Sappattor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 8,813
|-
| align="left"|Santhayoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,697
|-
| align="left"|Yeloomalai
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,612
|-
| align="left"|Bodinaiknoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 15,347
|-
| align="left"|Gantamanaiknoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 13,414
|-
| align="left"|Tevaram
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,100
|-
| align="left"|Yerasackanaiknoor
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,061
|-
| align="left"|Kannivady
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 38,120
|-
| align="left"|Ayagudy
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 16,785
|-
| align="left"|Yedayacottai
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 7,000
|-
| align="left"|Mambaray
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,500
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|Nellore district
|-
| align="left"|[[Venkatagiri estate|Venkatagiri]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,77,085
|-
| align="left"|Darsi division
| align="right"| 488
| align="right"| 73,139
| align="right"| Revenue included under Venkatagiri
|-
| align="left"|Podile division
| align="right"| 405
| align="right"| 62,934
| align="right"| Revenue included under Venkatagiri
|-
| align="left"|Chundi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 21,219
|-
| align="left"|Mutyalpad
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,000
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|North Arcot district
|-
| align="left"|[[Arni Jagir]](e)
| align="right"| 170
| align="right"| 77,679
| align="right"| 5,933
|-
| align="left"|[[Kalahasti estate|Kalahasti]]
| align="right"| 602
| align="right"| 135,104
| align="right"| 1,76,816
|-
| align="left"|[[Kangundi]]
| align="right"| 179
| align="right"| 52,047
| align="right"| 22,959
|-
| align="left"|[[Karvetinagar]]
| align="right"| 634
| align="right"| 289,894
| align="right"| 1,80,495
|-
| align="left"|[[Punganur Estate]]
| align="right"| 524
| align="right"| 109,282
| align="right"| 66,859
|-
| align="left"|Pulicherla Polliem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 5,580
|-
| align="left"|Bungari Polliem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 11,643
|-
| align="left"|Gudipati
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,849
|-
| align="left"|Thummba Polliem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,783
|-
| align="left"|Kallur Polliem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 4,097
|-
| align="left"|Naraganti Polliem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 6,553
|-
| align="left"|Karakambodi Polliem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| .....
|-
| align="left"|Krishnapuram Polliem
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| ...
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|Tanjore district
|-
| align="left"|[[Nadar estate|Poraiyar Nadar's estate]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Kabisthalam estate]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Kadalangudi estate]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Kunniyur estate]]
| align="right"| > 24
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Poondi estate]]
| align="right"| > 24
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Ukkadai estate]]
| align="right"| > 24
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Koonampatti]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Vadapadimangalam estate]]
| align="right"| > 24
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Gandharvakottai estate]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 6,577
|-
| align="left"|Sillathur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,165
|-
| align="left"|Palayavanam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,767
|-
| align="left"|Singavanam
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 3,261
|-
| align="left"|Mudukkur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,461
|-
| align="left"|Nedvasal
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,067
|-
| align="left"|Sandangudi
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 2,046
|-
| align="left"|Kallakottai
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,701
|-
| align="left"|Padaramkottai
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 1,309
|-
| align="left"|Attivette
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 913
|-
| align="left"|Konur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 433
|-
| align="left"|Punavasal
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 350
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|Tirunelveli district
|-
| align="left"|[[Alagapuri]]
| align="right"| 5.2
| align="right"| 2,452
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Avudyapuram]]
| align="right"| 13.36
| align="right"| 6,960
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Ettaiyapuram]]
| align="right"| 527.47
| align="right"| 140,108
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Kollapatti]]
| align="right"| 20.4
| align="right"| 7,530
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Jennalkudi]]
| align="right"| 11.34
| align="right"| 3,532
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Kadambur]]
| align="right"| 25.8
| align="right"| 7,590
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Kollakondan]]
| align="right"| 1.35
| align="right"| 9,021
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Kulattur, Tirunelveli|Kulattur]]
| align="right"| 15.27
| align="right"| 4,903
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|Mannarkottai
| align="right"| 21.16
| align="right"| 13,900
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|Maniachi
| align="right"| 15
| align="right"| 3,190
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|Melmandai
| align="right"| 34.1
| align="right"| 4,460
| align="right"|
|
|-
| align="left"|[[Pithapuram Estate|pithapuram]]
| align="right"| 101.48
| align="right"| 14,034
| align="right"|56789
|-
| align="left"|Setthur
| align="right"| 91.44
| align="right"| 11,916
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Singampatti]]
| align="right"| 110.38
| align="right"| 16,295
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Sivagiri, Tirunelveli|Sivagiri]]
| align="right"| 122.38
| align="right"| 49,531
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Surandei]]
| align="right"| 1.34
| align="right"| 2,580
| align="right"|
|-
|[[Sivagalai]]
| align="right"| 14.37
|
|
|-
| align="left"|[[Talavankottai]]
| align="right"| 6.14
| align="right"| 3,117
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Thenkalam]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| ....
|-
| align="left"|[[Uurkad]]
| align="right"| 3.32
| align="right"| 3,903
| align="right"|
|-
| align="left"|[[Uthumalai]]
| align="right"| 124.49
| align="right"| 31,541
| align="right"|
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|Trichinopoly district
|-
| align="left"|[[Poligar of Udayarpalayam|Udayarpalayam]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 642
|-
| align="left"|Thoriyur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 700
|-
| align="left"|Marungapuri
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 20,586
|-
| align="left"|Kadavur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 13,410
|-
| align="left"|[[kattuputhur|Kattuputtoor]]
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 15,901
|-
| align="left"|Ariyalur
| align="right"|
| align="right"|
| align="right"| 700
|-
! style="background-color:#99ccff" colspan="4" align="left"|Vizagapatam district
|-
| align="left"|[[Anakapalli]]
| align="right"| 597
| align="right"| 143,549
| align="right"| -
|-
| align="left"|[[Bheemili|Bimlipatam]]
| align="right"| 243
| align="right"| 113,079
| align="right"| -
|-
| align="left"|[[Bobbili Estate]]
| align="right"| 333
| align="right"| 140,739
| align="right"| -
|-
| align="left"|[[Chepudipalli]]
| align="right"| 615
| align="right"| 162,827
| align="right"| -
|-
| align="left"|[[Gajapathinagaram|Gajapatinagarum]]
| align="right"| 276
| align="right"| 121,758
| align="right"| -
|-
| align="left"|[[Golaconda]]
| align="right"| 874
| align="right"| 26,720
| align="right"| 1,02,374
|-
| align="left"|Hill tracts of Golconda and Viravalli
| align="right"| 500
| align="right"| 15,880
| align="right"| -
|-
| align="left"|[[Kingdom of Jeypore|Jeypore Estate]]
| align="right"| 12000
| align="right"| 405700
| align="right"| N. A.
|-
| align="left"|[[Kurupam]]
| align="right"| 800
| align="right"| 80,034
| align="right"| 2,50,000
|-
| align="left"|[[Salur]]
| align="right"| 222
| align="right"| 77,006
| align="right"| -
|-
| align="left"|[[Vavilavalasa and Siripuram]]
| align="right"| 440.30
| align="right"| 33,006
| align="right"| -
|-
| align="left"|[[Sarvasiddi]]
| align="right"|960
| align="right"| 129,185
| align="right"| 1,90,595
|-
| align="left"|[[Serungavarapukota]]
| align="right"|318
| align="right"| 130,362
| align="right"| -
|-
| align="left"|[[Viravalli]]
| align="right"|688
| align="right"| 166,184
| align="right"| -
|-
| align="left"|[[Vizagapatam|Visakhapatnam]]
| align="right"|216
| align="right"| 90,467
| align="right"| -
|-
| align="left"|[[Gubbi]] Samasthanam
| align="right"|94684
| align="right"|236,789
| align="right"|10,93,567
|-
| align="left"|[[Vizianagaram estate|Vizianagaram]]
| align="right"|2,970
| align="right"| 149,920
| align="right"| -
|-
|colspan="4"|Source:{{cite book|title=Standing Information regarding the Official Administration of Madras Presidency|last=MaClean|first=C. D.|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1877|pages=419–434}}
|}

== Other zamindaris ==
This is a list of other zamindaris which were either not included in MaClean's list or were non-existent at the time of the enumeration.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;"
! style="background-color:aqua" |Zamindari
! style="background-color:aqua" |District
|-
|[[Ammayanayakannur]]<ref name="a_zamindarilist">{{Cite web|url=http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/a/a.html|title=Indian princely states starting with A|publisher=Indian princely states website|access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Anegundi Raj]]<ref name="anegundi_zamindarilist">{{Cite web|url=http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/a/anegundi.html|title=Anegundi Zamindari|publisher=Indian princely states website|access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Amudala Kalva Estate]]
|
|-
|Bodinaickanur<ref name="b_zamindarilist">{{Cite web|url=http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/b.html|title=Indian princely states starting with B|publisher=Indian princely states website|access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Chinna Merangi]]<ref name="c_zamindarilist">{{Cite web|url=http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/c/c.html|title=Indian princely states starting with C|publisher=Indian princely states website|access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Panyam|Panyam estate]]<ref name="panyam_zamindarilist">{{Cite web|url=http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/a/a.html|title=Indian princely states starting with P|publisher=Indian princely states website|access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref>
|
|-
|Manchuru Estate
|
|-
|Nungambakkam Estate <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lydia Graham Astor |url=http://archive.org/details/zamins-of-south-india.pdf |title=Zamins Of South India.pdf |date=2011}}</ref>
|Chengalpattu
|-
|[[Gannavaram]]
|[[East Godavari]]
|-
|[[Kanchumarti Ramachandra Rao|Dharmavaram Estate]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwYBnQBJ2aUC&q=kanchumarti+narasayya&pg=PA458-IA31|title=Zamindar of Dharmavaram|last1=MacLean|first1=Charles Donald|year=1879}}</ref>
|[[West Godavari]]
|-
|[[RK Pet|Ramakrishnarajuvari Peta]]
|
|-
|[[Thotapalle Mansabdari]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwYBnQBJ2aUC&q=totapalli&pg=PA458-IA31|title=Zamindar of Totapalli|last1=MacLean|first1=Charles Donald|year=1879}}</ref>
|[[East Godavari]]
|-
|[[Rekapalle Estate]]
|[[East Godavari]]
|-
|[[Kalavalapalli]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwYBnQBJ2aUC&q=kanchumarti+subbayya&pg=PA458-IA31|title=Zamindar of Kavalapalli|last1=MacLean|first1=Charles Donald|year=1879}}</ref>
|[[West Godavari]]
|-
|[[Nandigama, Jaggampeta, Part thereof Annadevarapeta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83815?q=muttanji|title=Zamindar of Nandigama|date=30 January 2024 }}</ref>
|}

<gallery class="center">
File:Venkata Ranga Rao of Bobbili.jpg|His Highness [[Maharaja]] Sir [[Venkata Ranga Rao|Raja Sri Ravu Svetachalapati Venkatesh Srinivasa Ranga Rao]] Bahadur of [[Gubbi]] (1881-1921)
File:Vikram Deo IV of Jeypore.jpg|His Highness [[Maharaja]] Sir [[Vikram Dev III]] Bahadur of [[Jeypore]]
File:Bheemasena Rao.jpg|HH Raja P. V. Bheemasena Rao of [[Panyam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
File:Sri Rajah Vogeti Ramakrishnayya.png|[[Vogeti Ramakrishnayya|Raja Vogeti Ramakrishnayya]] of [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
File:Rao Venkata Kumara Mahipati Surya Rao.jpg|Portrait of Rao Venkata Kumara Maheepati SuryaRao
File:Raja Rangayya Apparao Zamindar of Kapileswarapuram.jpg|Raja Rangayya Apparao Zamindar of Kapileswarapuram
File:Photograph of Nungambakkam Zamindar Pari family (Thiruvallur district).png|HH Princess de Durgam des Trois Couronnes, Rani Muniamma Pillai Pari of Nungambakkam estate ([[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput]] district) <ref>{{Citation |last=FlaviusGrosnoverHemapopulous |title=English: Photograph of the former Palace built mid 19th centuary by the Zamin Pari family in Nungambakkm Village, Thiruvallur (destroyed by fire in late 1980s-90s) |date=2006 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nungambakkam_Village_(Thiruvallur_district)_Zamindari_Palace.png |access-date=2026-04-30}}</ref> (centre)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[List of Zaildars by Zail]]
* [[Indian feudalism]]
* [[Indian honorifics]]
* [[Maratha titles]]
* [[Jagirdar]]
* [[Mankari]]
* [[Lambardar]]
* [[Patwari]]
* [[Sarpanch]]
* [[Zamindar]]
* [[Princely state]]
* [[Zamindars of Bihar]]
* [[Zamindars of Bengal]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=The Statesman's Yearbook 1950| last=Steinberg| first=S. H.| date=1950| publisher=Macmillan and Co| location=London|ref=Statesman}}
* {{cite book | title=The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom| last= B. Dirks| first=Nicholas| date=1993| publisher=University of Michigan| pages=19–28|isbn=978-0-472-08187-5|ref=The Hollow Crown}}
* {{cite journal| author=Dr. R.C. Misro & S.K.Dash| title=SOME ASPECTS OF CULTURAL LIFE IN PARALAKHEMUNDI ZAMINDARI : A STUDY| journal=Orissa Human Resources Journal| volume=XLVII| issue=3| url=http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Journal/journalvol3/pdf/15-27.pdf| ref=Paralekhemundi| access-date=23 December 2008| archive-date=10 April 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410142433/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Journal/journalvol3/pdf/15-27.pdf| url-status=dead}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zamindari estates in Madras Presidency}}
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates|Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:India history-related lists]]

S. M. Isha

2026-04-24T18:04:27Z

Subhah Shirin: Created Info...

{{Short description|Former MLA of Ara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. M. Isha
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1980
| term_end = 1989
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor = [[Sumitra Devi (politician)|Sumitra Devi]]
| successor = [[Bashistha Narain Singh]]
| constituency = [[Ara Assembly constituency|Ara]]
}}

'''S. M. Isha''' was an Indian politician who had served as a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Ara Assembly constituency]] for two consecutive terms in 1980<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.M. Isha winner in Arrah, Bihar Assembly Elections 1980 |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1980/arrah/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> and 1985<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. M. Isha winner in Arrah, Bihar Assembly Elections 1985 |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1985/arrah/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> being associated with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arrah Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/arrah-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=आरा विधानसभा सीट: बिहार चुनाव 2020 में बदले समीकरण में फिर इस सीट पर होगी भाजपा की नजर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/assembly-elections/bihar-election-2020/story-ara-assembly-seat-bjp-eye-will-be-in-new-equation-again-in-bihar-assembly-elections-2020-on-this-seat-3439789.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Isha, S.M.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Attempted assassination of Julio Ribeiro

2026-04-23T23:19:27Z

Subhah Shirin: started post

{{Short description|1986 shooting in Jalandhar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title =
| location = Punjab Armored Police Headquarters, [[Jalandhar]], India
| date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1986|10|03}}
| partof = [[Insurgency in Punjab]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| coordinates =
| time = 6:45 a.m.
| timezone =
| target = [[Julio Ribeiro (police officer)]]
| type = Shooting
| weapons = [[Carbine]]s, [[machine gun]]s
| fatalities = 2 officers killed
| injuries = 4 officers, [[Julio Ribeiro]]
| perpetrator = [[Khalistan Commando Force]]
| motive =
| verdict =
| charges =
}}
On 3 October 1986, militants from the [[Khalistan Commando Force]], led by [[Labh Singh]], made an attempt on the life of [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] in [[Punjab, India]], [[Julio Ribeiro (police officer)|Julio Ribeiro]] in [[Jalandhar]] within the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Armored Police]] headquarters. Ribeiro was wounded in the attack along with his wife. Ribeiro's wounds were minor, but his wife was hospitalized. 2 officers were killed and 2 were seriously wounded in the attack. All the attackers escaped unhurt.<ref name="indiatoday.in3">{{Cite news |title=Punjab Police chief Julio Francis Ribeiro narrowly escapes terror attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19861031-punjab-police-chief-julio-francis-ribeiro-narrowly-escapes-terror-attack-801364-1986-10-30 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Manjit Singh v. The State Of Punjab And Ors., Punjab & Haryana High Court, Judgment, Law, casemine.com |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56b49483607dba348f00c921 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.casemine.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Ribeiro |first=Julio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89gqAAAACAAJ |title=Bullet for Bullet: My Life as a Police Officer |date=1999 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-027140-9 |pages=297–298 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The [[insurgency in Punjab, India]] began with [[Operation Blue Star]] which saw a military attack on the [[Golden Temple]] and numerous other [[Gurdwara]]s.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=India |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |editor-last=Wolpert |editor-first=Stanley A.}}</ref> The aim of the Operation was to flush out Sikh militants from Gurdwaras,<ref>{{Cite news |title=How the Akalis let Bhindranwale take over the Golden Temple |url=https://scroll.in/article/666329/how-the-akalis-let-bhindranwale-take-over-the-golden-temple |work=Scroll.in |quote=The SGPC president, Mr Tohra and the moderate leadership of the Akalis helped Bhindranwale; otherwise nobody can live in the premises of the Golden Temple without the permission of the SGPC president. After all, Bhindranwale did not just walk in.}}</ref> but it caused great damage to the Golden Temple and, according to independent estimates, 5,000 civilians were killed in the operation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |author1-link=J. S. Grewal |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India II.3) |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1316025338 |edition=Revised |location=Cambridge |pages=205–241 |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Afsir |title=Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor |date=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-8170621270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqwQb38SQEC|page=35}}</ref><ref name="whathappenedbluestar">{{cite news | title=What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/1984-operation-blue-star-amritsar-1251681-2018-06-06 |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |quote=Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army at 83 and the number of civilian deaths at 492, though independent estimates ran much higher.}}</ref> The Operation was viewed by a large amount of Sikhs as an attack on the faith some of whom became [[kharku]]s (militant insurgents) and joined the [[Khalistan movement]] and began an insurgency.<ref name="Kiss_Khalistan">{{cite book |last1=Kiss |first1=Peter A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIY6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |title=Winning Wars amongst the People: Case Studies in Asymmetric Conflict |date=2014 |publisher=Potomac Books |isbn=978-1612347004 |edition=Illustrated |page=100}}</ref> Ribeiro was made the chief of Punjab Police in late 1985 to bring an end to the insurgency. He was created with making the "bullet for bullet" policy to combat Kharkus in reaction to Labh Singh's breaking out of prison.<ref name="nytenvoy">{{cite news |last=GARGAN |first=EDWARD |date=10 October 1991 |title=ENVOY OF ROMANIA ABDUCTED IN INDIA |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/10/world/envoy-of-romania-abducted-in-india.html |access-date=2009-05-31 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

In early 1986 Khalistan Commando Force was founded by the [[Sarbat Khalsa]] and Panthic Committee. It was the "official" army of the Khalistan movement.<ref name="Pettigrew 1995 822">{{Cite book |last=Pettigrew |first=Joyce J. M. |url=http://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjabunh0000pett |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab : unheard voices of State and guerrilla violence |date=1995 |publisher=London; Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Zed Books |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-85649-355-0 |pages=82}}</ref> [[Manbir Singh Chaheru]] was made the leader in February 1986.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stephen E. Atkins |author-link=Stephen E. Atkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C&pg=PA242 |title=Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32485-7 |page=242}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Cynthia Keppley Mahmood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wA3yjdgyY9kC&pg=RA2-PA153 |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=November 1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=0-8122-1592-3 |pages=152–153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Birinder Pal Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saGFAAAAMAAJ |title=Violence as Political Discourse |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |year=2002 |isbn=9788179860069}}</ref> After his disappearance in police custody Labh Singh took over.<ref name="encycloextreme">{{Cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C |title=Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=9780313324857 |edition=illustrated |page=242 |access-date=26 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Another key leader dies but terrorism survives in Punjab |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880815-another-key-leader-dies-but-terrorism-survives-in-punjab-797572-1988-08-14 |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=India Today |date=15 August 1988 |language=en}}</ref> The earlies goal of KCF was the killing of Ribeiro.<ref name=":14">Asi Attwadi Nahi by Harjinder Singh Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha page 100-103</ref>

=== Planning ===
According to [[Harjinder Singh Jinda]] he and fellow members of KCF had always aspired to assassinate Ribeiro, but planning for such did not begin until Labh Singh took over KCF in August 1986.<ref name=":14" /> Wassam Singh and Dhanna Singh of the Panthic Committee were key members in the planning of the assassination. Labh Singh was said to be the mastermind.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=1986-11-15 |title=Assassination attempt on Julio Ribeiro a clear indictment of intelligence agencies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19861115-assassination-attempt-on-julio-ribeiro-a-clear-indictment-of-intelligence-agencies-801457-1986-11-14 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Multiple officers working at Punjab Armored Police headquarters in Jalandhar had joined KCF and began plotting with Labh Singh on how to kill Ribeiro. Gurcharan Singh, [[Constable]] Sardul Singh, Constable Balwinder Singh, Constable Dalwinder Singh, Constable Kewal Singh, [[Head constable|Head Constable]] Ajit Singh, and Head Constable Kulwant Singh of the Punjab Police along with Labh Singh offered an [[Ardās|ardas]] on 15 September for their goal of killing Ribeiro in revenge for Ribeiro's role in [[Encounter killing|fake encounters]] which targeted Sikh youth.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":15" /> The kharkus would usually meet at Ajit Singh's home planning escape routes and details of the attack. Balwinder Singh acquired the weapons for the attack a few days before.<ref name=":15" />

== Attack ==
On 3 October 1986, 6 Kharkus<ref name="indiatoday.in3"/> attacked Ribeiro as he walked in the Punjab Armored Police's headquarters' garden along with wife. At 6:45 am Dalwinder Singh, Balwinder Singh, Sardul Singh and Ajit Singh armed with [[Carbine]]s and Dhanna Singh, with a machine gun, drove to the gate of the headquarters in a police jeep, numbering 471 PAT, driven by Vijaypal Singh.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":15" /> All were in police uniform. One of them exited the jeep and asked an officer for their weapon to inspect it. Upon getting it he and 3 other Kharkus scaled a mound and opened fire on Ribeiro who ducked in cover. They further shot dead a sentry and injured another one. Over 50 rounds were fired. While fleeing they killed another officer and wounded one more. The Kharkus abandoned the jeep near the headquarters and fled in a truck.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-29 |title=Gunmen Miss Police Chief In Attack |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/03/gunmen-miss-police-chief-in-attack/3b97b7cf-5258-4d6a-b990-d1b2041f727a/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Punjab Police chief Julio Francis Ribeiro narrowly escapes terror attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19861031-punjab-police-chief-julio-francis-ribeiro-narrowly-escapes-terror-attack-801364-1986-10-30 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=India Today |date=31 October 1986 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Tempest |first=Rone |date=4 October 1986 |title=Aide Battling Sikh Terrorism Survives Attack |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-04-mn-4029-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tempest |first=Rone |date=1986-10-04 |title=Aide Battling Sikh Terrorism Survives Attack |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-04-mn-4029-story.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> No officer fired a shot in return or attempted to chase the Kharkus.<ref name=":16" /> In the attack 2 officers were killed. Ribeiro escaped wounded, and his wife was hospitalized. 4 other officers were wounded.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatnagar |first=Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Challenges to India's Integrity: Terrorism, Casteism, Communalism |date=1998 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-442-2 |pages=207 |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The attack led to criticism on Punjab Police's readiness.<ref name=":16" /> [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister of Punjab]] [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] said, 'The complex should have been the best protected place in Punjab. There has been a definite, serious security lapse. The guards were not trained, they were not cautious. Somebody inside knew the entire set-up. The terrorists knew which side they should go, even the passage through the barbed wire. Since our increased onslaught on the terrorists, they have been eager for actions that will give them publicity mileage."<ref name=":16" />

==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{Khalistan movement}}

[[Category:Khalistan movement]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:Failed assassination attempts in India]]
[[Category:1986 in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Victims of the insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:1980s in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Crime in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:October 1986 in India]]
[[Category:1986 murders in India]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorist incidents]]

Howrah–Sahibganj Intercity Express

2026-04-21T12:40:52Z

Subhah Shirin: created place - done

{{Infobox rail service
| name = Howrah–Sahibganj Intercity Express
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = 11 October 2024
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| start = [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] (HWH)
| end = [[Sahibganj Junction railway station|Sahibganj]] (SBG)
| stops = 8
| distance = 351km (218 mi)
| journeytime = 6 hours 50 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 13427/13428
| line_used =
* [[Howrah–Barddhaman main line]]
* [[Barddhaman–Rampurhat section]]
* [[Sahibganj loop|Rampurhat–Sahibganj section]]
class = Unreserved, second class reservation
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = No
| observation = Large windows
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| speed = 51 km/h
| maintenance = {{stnlnk|Sahibganj Junction}}
| sharing = No RSA
}}
The 13427/28 '''Howrah–Sahibganj Intercity Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|Express]] train of the [[Indian Railways]] connecting [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] in [[West Bengal]] and {{stnlnk|Sahibganj Junction}} in [[Jharkhand]] via {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}. It is currently being operated with 13427/28 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sahibganj-Howrah Intercity Express launched – Know stoppages, fare, schedule and daily timings | date=11 October 2024 | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-sahibganj-howrah-intercity-express-launched-know-stoppages-fare-schedule-and-daily-timings-3637150/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2063945|title=Inaguration of SBG HWH Intercity Express}}</ref>

== Service ==
The 13427/HWH SBG IC has an average speed of 52 km/h and covers 351 km in 6h 50m . The 13428/SBG HWH IC has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 351 km in 6h 55m.

== Schedule halt ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="5" |''SBG-HWH-SBG Intercity Express''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''13428'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Stations'''
| colspan="2" |'''13427'''
|-
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|-
|SRC
|05.20 AM
|'''{{stnlnk|Sahibganj Junction}}'''
|08.35 PM
|DSTN
|-
|05.23 AM
|05.24 AM
|{{stnlnk|Sakrigali}}
|08.07 PM
|08.08 PM
|-
|05.45 AM
|05.47 AM
|{{stnlnk|Tinpahar Junction}}
|07.24 PM
|07.26 PM
|-
|06.25 AM
|06.27 AM
|{{stnlnk|Barharwa Junction}}
|07.05 PM
|07.07 PM
|-
|06.47 AM
|06.49 AM
|{{stnlnk|Pakur}}
|06.15 PM
|06.17 PM
|-
|07.48 AM
|07.50 AM
|'''{{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}'''
(Watering)
|05.30 PM
|05.32 PM
|-
|08.31 AM
|08.33 AM
|{{stnlnk|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}
|04.26 PM
|04.31 PM
|-
|09.37 AM
|09.39 AM
|{{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}
|03.40 PM
|03.42 PM
|-
|10.40 AM
|10.42 AM
|{{stnlnk|Bandel Junction}}
|02.25 PM
|02.27 PM
|-
|12.15 PM
|DSTN
|{{stnlnk|Howrah}}
|SRC
|01.45 PM
|}

== Coach composition ==
The train has standard single [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] rakes with max permissible speed of 110kmph. The train consists of 11 coaches:

* 2 SLRD
* 6 Unreserved coach
* 3 Reserved coach (D1, D2, D3)

== Traction ==
Both trains are hauled by a [[Howrah Loco Shed]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] electric locomotive from {{stnlnk|Howrah}} to {{stnlnk|Sahibganj Junction}} and vice versa.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]

Bihar Mahila Samaj

2026-04-19T23:29:55Z

Subhah Shirin: started details

{{Short description|Women's organisation based in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Bihar Mahila Samaj
| type = Women's organisation
| founded = 1967
| founder = Urmila Prasad, Nalini Rajimwale, Neelima Sarkar, Professor Gauri Ganguli<ref name="BBC"/>

| headquarters = Kedar Bhawan, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| key_people = [[Nivedita Jha]] (President)
| region_served = [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| focus = Women's rights, social justice, gender equality
| logo = Bihar_Mahila_Samaj_logo.jpg
| logo_caption = Logo of Bihar Mahila Samaj
}}
'''Bihar Mahila Samaj''' is a women's organisation based in [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news
|last=Shahbaz
|first=S.M.
|title=Heat on CM
|work=The Telegraph India
|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/heat-on-cm/cid/1443930
|date=2018-06-20
|access-date=2026-03-10
}}</ref> The organisation works on issues related to [[women's rights]], [[social justice]], and [[gender equality]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |title=50 years of an organization fighting for women|work=BBC News Hindi |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-41213247 |access-date=2026-03-09}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Women seek 50% political representation |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/women-seek-50-political-representation/articleshow/119493130.cms |access-date=2026-03-09}}</ref> Its headquarters is located at Kedar Bhawan, [[Patna]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Centre took decision under pressure on Women's Reservation Bill, Nivedita Jha remembered Comrade Geeta Mukherjee |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/centre-took-decision-under-pressure-on-womens-reservation-billnivedita-jha-remembered-comrade-geeta-mukherjee-said-her-contribution-is-important-131863735.html |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref>

The organisation was founded in 1967 by Urmila Prasad, Nalini Rajimwale, Neelima Sarkar, and Professor Gauri Ganguli. It has been involved in campaigns related to women's empowerment and social reforms in Bihar.<ref name="BBC"/>

Bihar Mahila Samaj has been associated with advocacy on issues such as women's safety, dowry prohibition, and legal accountability in cases concerning women's rights.<ref>{{cite news |title=Women speak out against liquor bill |work=The Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/women-speak-out-against-liquor-bill/cid/1361983 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Social integration policy sought for home inmates |work=The Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/social-integration-policy-sought-for-home-inmates/cid/1310892 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Women on protest path |work=The Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/women-on-protest-path/cid/1445565 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> The organisation is affiliated with the [[National Federation of Indian Women]].

Journalist and social activist [[Nivedita Jha]] has served as the president of the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Opposition Slams Nitish For Removing Hijab of AYUSH Doctor, Raises Questions About His Mental Health |work=The Wire |url=https://www.thewire.in/politics/opposition-slams-nitish-for-removing-hijab-of-ayush-doctor-raises-questions-about-his-mental-health |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Patna NEET aspirant’s death puts Bihar Police under scanner after post‑mortem flags sexual violence |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/patna-neet-aspirants-death-puts-bihar-police-under-scanner-after-post-mortem-flags-sexual-violence |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Patna: Three hospital staff accused of sexually assaulting critical COVID‑19 patient |work=The Caravan |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/crime/patna-three-hospital-staff-accused-sexually-assaulting-critical-covid-patient |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref>

The organisation has participated in awareness campaigns and advocacy programmes related to women's rights and social justice in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Program organized on 52nd foundation day of Bihar Mahila Sangh |work=ETV Bharat |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/program-organized-on-52nd-foundation-day-of-bihar-mahila-sangh/bh20190831153544914 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar Mahila Samaj launches free sewing training school for poor girls |work=ETV Bharat |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/patna/bihar-mahila-samaj-launches-free-sewing-training-school-for-poor-girls/bh20201219032754215 |access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nivedita Jha]]
* [[National Federation of Indian Women]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1967]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Patna]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]

Kumarkhand Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:47Z

Subhah Shirin: created a bio

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kumarkhand
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1977
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Kumarkhand Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Madhepura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes]].

As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Kumarkhand Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

It was part of [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Results==
===1977-2005===
In the [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]] state assembly election, Ramesh Rishidev of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] won the Kumarkhaand (SC) assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Amit Kumar Bharti of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Amit Kumar Bharti of RJD defeated Nepali Rajak of JD(U) in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. Bhupendra Rishideo of RJD defeated Amit Kumar Bharti representing JD(U) in 2000. Upendra Narayan Hazra of [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated Janak Ram of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1995. Nawal Kishore Bharti of JD defeated Domi Ram of Congress in 1990. Nawal Kishore Bharti of [[Lok Dal|LD]] defeated Yashoda Devi of Congress in 1985. Nawal Kishore Bharti of Janata Party (Secular – Charan Singh) defeated Jaikrishna Hazara of Congress in 1980. Nawal Kishore Rishideo of [[Janata Party|JP]] defeated Janak Ram of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp115.htm |title = 115 - Kumarkhand (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|26.0048200|N|86.9774300|E|display=title|format=dms|}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhepura district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]

Periyannan Arasu

2026-04-11T15:55:36Z

Subhah Shirin: Created New Entry...

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Only primary sources|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Periyannan Arasu
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1968|5|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Melakkottai, Pudukkottai District
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = [[V. R. Karthik Thondaiman]]
| successor1 = [[V. Muthuraja]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''Periyannan Arasu''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembl]]y (MLA).

==Hometown==
Arasu hails from Pudukkottai town in [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai District]].

==Education==
Periyannan Arasu completed his [[Master of Science]] (M.Sc.) degree at Poondi Pushpam College in [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=514 |title=Tamil Nadu 2011 |access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>

==Political career==
Periyannan Arasu belongs to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). He contested and won the election for the [[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], subsequently becoming its Member of Legislative Assembly.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 528-530.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Pudukkottai<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Periyannan Arassu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,739 |percentage=39.19% |change=-5.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. R. Karthik Thondaiman]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,655 |percentage=37.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chokkalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=22,973 |percentage=13.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jahir Hussain |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,810 |percentage=4.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,637 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arunmozhichozhan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,625 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kumar |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,061 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Radhakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=913 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,084 |percentage=1.22% |change= -0.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=170,282 |percentage=74.75% |change= -4.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,802 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arasu, Periyannan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Mohadi taluka

2026-04-05T03:21:13Z

Subhah Shirin: Creating Initial Article Basic Info

{{one source|date=July 2021}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohadi taluka
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption = Location in [[Bhandara district]] ([[Maharashtra|MH]]), [[India]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhandara district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Mohadi]] City
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| population_total = 1,50,611
| population_as_of =2011
| population_urban = 13,058
|population_rural = 1,37,553
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 488.61
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics1_info1 = 74.67
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 978
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mohadi Taluka''', is a [[taluka]] in Tumsar subdivision of [[Bhandara district]] in [[Maharashtra]] State of [[India]].<ref>[https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/bhandara/mohadi-population.html Mohadi Taluka Population, Caste, Religion Data – Bhandara district, Maharashtra].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bhandara.gov.in/tehsil/ |title=Bhandara district - Tehsils |access-date= 11 September 2021}}</ref>

==Geographic Boundaries==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mohadi Taluka
|North = [[Tumsar Taluka]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Tiroda Taluka]], [[Gondiya district]]
|Southeast = [[Sakoli Taluka]]
|South = [[Bhandara Taluka]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Mauda Taluka]], [[Nagpur district]]
|Northwest = [[Ramtek Taluka]], [[Nagpur district]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bhandara district]]

{{Bhandara-geo-stub}}

16 Vayathinile

2026-04-04T11:58:44Z

Subhah Shirin: started a stub

{{short description|1977 film by Bharathiraja}}
{{for|the album|Pathinaru Vayathinile (album)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 16 Vayathinile.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bharathiraja]]a
| screenplay = Bharathirajaa
| producer = S. A. Rajkannu
| starring = [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Sridevi]] [[Rajinikanth]]
| cinematography = [[P. S. Nivas]]
| editing = R. Bhaskaran
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Sri Amman Creations
| distributor = Sri Amman Creations
| released = {{Film date|1977|09|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=433}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}5 [[lakh]]<ref name="SifyKamalRajini" />
}}

'''''16 Vayathinile'''''{{efn|The title was alternatively spelt as ''16 Vayathinile!''<ref name="Vikatan Review" />}} ({{translation|At age 16}}; read as ''Pathinaaru Vayathinile'') is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film co-written and directed by [[Bharathiraja]]a in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sridevi]], and [[Rajinikanth]], with [[Gandhimathi]], [[Sathyajith (Tamil actor)|Sathyajith]] and [[Goundamani]] in supporting roles. It focuses on the strengths and vulnerabilities of Mayil (Sridevi), a 16-year-old schoolgirl, and the challenges she faces and overcomes.

The film was originally titled ''Mayil'', and set to be funded by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. When they backed out, it was picked up by S. A. Rajkannu who produced it under his banner Shri Amman Creations, and eventually retitled. ''16 Vayathinile'' became the first Tamil film to be shot predominantly outdoors; Tamil films were primarily filmed in [[Chennai|Madras]] studios. Its soundtrack album and background score were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with cinematography by [[P. S. Nivas]]. [[P. Kalaimani]] wrote the film's dialogue.

''16 Vayathinile'' was released on 15 September 1977, and was distributed by Rajkannu himself since no distributor was willing to buy it. Although written off by the media as an [[experimental film]] that would fail, the film received critical praise for Bharathiraja's script, Ilaiyaraaja's music and the performances of Haasan, Sridevi and Rajinikanth. It was commercially successful, with a 175-day theatrical run. It won numerous awards, including the [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for [[S. Janaki]]; the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Tamil)]] for Haasan and [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Commendation Award for Performance]] for Sridevi; and four [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|State Awards]], including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Bharathiraja and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Haasan.

''16 Vayathinile'' attained [[cult film|cult]] status in Tamil cinema and is considered a trendsetter of films depicting realistic portrayals of rural life. Making stars of its director and lead actors, it was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Padaharella Vayasu]]'' (1978), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Solva Sawan]]'' (1979), and in [[Malay language|Malay]] as ''{{ill|Melati Putih|ms|Melati Putih}}'' (1984).

== Plot ==
Mayil is a 16-year old schoolgirl who lives in a village with Guruvammal, her mother. Guruvammal also takes care of a limping orphan who is dismissively called "Chappani" (Lame) by the villagers and does whatever he can to earn a living. Mayil's ambition is to become a teacher, and she hopes to marry a sophisticated, educated man; although Chappani is in love with her, she does not reciprocate his love.

Sathyajith, an urban veterinarian, arrives in the village to work and falls in love with Mayil. Believing that Sathyajith is the right person for her, Mayil falls in love with him, to the point of refusing an opportunity to attend a teacher-training course in [[Chennai|Madras]] to remain with him. Despite loving Sathyajith, she does not allow him to exploit her sexually, which disappoints him. Never intending a serious relationship with Mayil, he proceeds to his native place to marry another woman. When Mayil begs Sathyajith not to leave her, he says he befriended her for pleasure—not marriage.

A dejected Mayil confesses about her relationship with Sathyajith to Guruvammal, who quickly plans to betroth her to someone else. The village ruffian Parattaiyan—who lusts for Mayil—spreads rumours about her relationship with Sathyajith. Because of this, Mayil's engagement plans are halted and the village becomes hostile to her. Unable to bear the shame, Guruvammal dies and leaves Chappani to take care of Mayil.

Chappani takes good care of Mayil, cheering her up when she needs it. She warms to Chappani, making him more confident and assertive and grooming him and his manners, to the surprise of many in the village. Mayil tells him to slap anyone calling him "Chappani" and to respond only to those addressing him by his name, Gopalakrishnan. When Sathyajith and Parattaiyan dismissively call him "Chappani", Gopalakrishnan slaps them. Mayil and Gopalakrishnan celebrate his newfound courage. An insulted Parattaiyan later beats Gopalakrishnan badly. Mayil saves him and spits on Parattaiyan in revenge.

Mayil decides to marry Gopalakrishnan, and sends him to the nearby town for buying wedding supplies. Learning of Gopalakrishnan's absence, Parattai goes to Mayil's house and tries to rape her. Gopalakrishnan returns to Mayil's house and pleads with Parattaiyan to leave her. When Parattaiyan refuses, Gopalakrishnan kills him with a rock and is arrested. He promises Mayil that he will return, and she waits every day for him.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Gopalakrishnan (Chappani)
* [[Sridevi]] as Mayil
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Parattaiyan
* [[Gandhimathi]] as Kuruvammal
* [[Sathyajith (Tamil actor)|Sathyajith]] as Sathyajith
* [[Goundamani]] as Koothu<ref name="adampidikkum" />
* ''Gemini'' Rajeshwari as Mayil's neighbor<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pannerselvam |first=Kanimozhi |date=27 June 2021 |title=பிரபல பழம்பெரும் நடிகை காலமானார்... சோகத்தில் மூழ்கிய திரையுலகம்...! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/veteran-actress-gemini-rajeshwari-passed-away-qvcxqp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007051948/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/veteran-actress-gemini-rajeshwari-passed-away-qvcxqp |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Bharathiraja]] planned to write and direct a black-and-white film titled ''Mayil'' that would be funded by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] (NDFC),<ref name="40years" /> but according to him, the NFDC withdrew "at the last minute" without specifying a reason.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilangovan |first=R. |date=18 October 2013 |title=Man behind the 1970s wave |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/man-behind-the-1970s-wave/article5189324.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523102633/http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/man-behind-the-1970s-wave/article5189324.ece |archive-date=23 May 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref> The project was eventually picked up by S. A. Rajkannu who produced it under his banner Sri Amman Creations.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=433}} ''Mayil'' was eventually re-titled ''16 Vayathinile'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=4 February 2016 |title=Censoring, I think, should not be done in the modern world |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Censoring-I-think-should-not-be-done-in-the-modern-world/articleshow/50836289.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161127163625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Censoring-I-think-should-not-be-done-in-the-modern-world/articleshow/50836289.cms |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=15 February 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and marked Bharathirajaa's screenwriting and directorial debut. Its dialogue was written by [[P. Kalaimani]].{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=433}} [[P. S. Nivas]] was signed as cinematographer and R. Bhaskaran as editor.<ref name="Vikatan Review" /> [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] and [[K. Bhagyaraj]] worked as assistant directors.<ref name="KamalSalary" /> The latter provided suggestions for scenes and dialogues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=M. |date=28 January 2017 |title=Young guns |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Young-guns/article17107898.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412170446/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Young-guns/article17107898.ece |archive-date=12 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>



=== Casting ===
When the film was in development in black-and-white, Bharathiraja envisioned [[Nagesh]] in the role of Chappani.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2018 |title=சப்பாணி வேடத்தில் நாகேஷ் |trans-title=Nagesh as Chappani |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/sep/16/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D-3000912.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709032233/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/sep/16/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D-3000912.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=9 July 2021 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> After it was changed to colour, he wanted Lakshmanan to sign [[Kamal Haasan]] for the role of Chappani, expecting to pay Haasan {{INR}}{{formatnum:15000}}{{efn|name=exchange1977}} since the actor had received {{INR}}{{formatnum:17000}}{{efn|The exchange rate in 1975 was 8.3759 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="Werner" />}} for ''[[Aayirathil Oruthi]]'' (1975). When Haasan asked for {{INR}}{{formatnum:30000}},{{efn|name=exchange1977}} Lakshmanan suggested that Bharathiraja offer the role to [[Sivakumar]] since the production unit could not afford Haasan's request; however, Bharathiraja saw Haasan as the ideal choice and agreed to pay him {{INR}}{{formatnum:27000}}.<ref name="KamalSalary" />{{efn|name=exchange1977}} In 2017, Haasan recalled, "Years ago, a man sporting a soiled [[dhoti]] and shirt came to my office to narrate a script. Had I turned the offer down on the basis of his dirty clothes, I wouldn't have been here talking to you. After listening to the script, I realised that he was such a genius and the movie was the cult classic [''16 Vayathinile''], and he was none other than ace Bharathiraja sir".<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2017 |title=I am a Tamil porukki for whatever it is worth: Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/240117/i-am-a-tamil-porukki-for-whatever-it-is-worth-kamal-haasan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220072215/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/240117/i-am-a-tamil-porukki-for-whatever-it-is-worth-kamal-haasan.html |archive-date=20 February 2017 |access-date=20 February 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

[[Rajinikanth]] was cast as the village ruffian Parattaiyan.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=66}} Bharathiraja stated in 2013 that although had finalised {{INR}}{{formatnum:3000}} as the salary for Rajinikanth after the actor initially charged {{INR}}{{formatnum:5000}}, he was ultimately paid {{INR}}{{formatnum:2500}}.<ref name="SifyKamalRajini" />{{efn|name=exchange1977}} Some years later, he stated that Rajinikanth's salary was lower than Haasan's due to him not being an established star then, but claimed uncertainty about the exact salary details.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=18 September 2017 |title=40 Years Of '16 Vayathinile': A Look Back at Bharathiraja's Daring Directorial Debut |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/40-years-16-vayathinile-look-back-bharathirajas-daring-directorial-debut-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170922143523/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/40-years-16-vayathinile-look-back-bharathirajas-daring-directorial-debut-2/ |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=3 December 2017 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref> However, in another interview, he said {{INR}}{{formatnum:3000}} was the actor's final pay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2022 |title=Rajinikanth got Rs. 3000 for his role in '16 Vayathinile', reveals Bharathiraja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-got-rs-3000-for-his-role-in-16-vayathinile-reveals-bharathiraja/articleshow/96254524.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250111024434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-got-rs-3000-for-his-role-in-16-vayathinile-reveals-bharathiraja/articleshow/96254524.cms |archive-date=11 January 2025 |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''16 Vayathinile'' marked Rajinikanth's first appearance in a colour film.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=66}} Since the actor was not fluent in Tamil at the time, Bhagyaraj read him his lines and Rajinikanth repeated them until he mastered them.<ref name="Bhagyaraj" /> For the role of Mayil, Bharathiraja initially wanted a 16-year-old girl, but after meeting 14-year old [[Sridevi]], offered her the role, which he said would be down-to-earth and de-glamourised; to his surprise, Sridevi readily accepted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2018 |title=Kollywood remembers its own 'Mayil' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/02/25230512/1063132/Kollywood-remembers-its-own-Mayil.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827062456/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/02/25230512/1063132/Kollywood-remembers-its-own-Mayil.vpf |archive-date=27 August 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2018 |title=Remembering late Superstar Sridevi on her birthday: Her 5 Filmfare Award-winning performances |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2018/feb/25/remembering-late-superstar-sridevi-on-her-birthday-her-5-filmfare-award-winning-performances-101287.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031003533/http://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2018/feb/25/remembering-late-superstar-sridevi-on-her-birthday-her-5-filmfare-award-winning-performances-101287.html |archive-date=31 October 2019 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Bharathiraja said Sridevi's eyes had the "dreamy sparkle" that he envisioned the character Mayil with.{{Sfn|Nayak|2019|pp=30–31}}

For the role of Mayil's mother Kuruvammal, Bharathiraja wanted someone who could speak the village dialect fluently and chose [[Gandhimathi]] for her acting style.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2011 |title=Actor Kanthimathi dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-kanthimathi-dead/article2438936.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523143048/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-kanthimathi-dead/article2438936.ece |archive-date=23 May 2015 |access-date=12 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Receiving a salary of {{INR}}{{formatnum:150}},<ref name="Bhagyaraj" />{{efn|name=exchange1977}} Bhagyaraj was initially considered for the veterinarian's role but declined as he wanted to concentrate on directing;<ref name="BhagyarajMarch2007" /> despite that, he still made a cameo appearance in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=13 February 2017 |title=From ADs to actors in their guru's films |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-ads-to-actors-in-their-gurus-films/articleshow/57120245.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170215082510/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/from-ads-to-actors-in-their-gurus-films/articleshow/57120245.cms |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=15 February 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The role of the veterinarian went to newcomer Shabbir Ahmed, who was given the screen name [[Sathyajith (Tamil actor)|Sathyajith]] during post-production. His scenes were shot in ten days.<ref name="SathyajithIsShabbir" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2013 |title=16 வயதினிலே புது டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு - ஒரே மேடையில் கமல், ரஜினி |trans-title=''16 Vayathinile'' new trailer release – Kamal and Rajini on the same stage |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/14840/cinema/Kollywood/16-vathinile-new-trailor-release---Kamal,-Rajini-in-same-stage.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119151245/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/14840/cinema/Kollywood/16-vathinile-new-trailor-release---Kamal%2C-Rajini-in-same-stage.htm |archive-date=19 January 2017 |access-date=19 January 2017 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Sathyajith was not well-versed in Tamil at the time of auditioning but dubbed in his own voice, even though Bharathiraja offered to have someone else dub for him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandirajan |first=M. |date=27 February 2018 |title=''என்னோட 'மயில்ல்ல்ல்' மாடுலேஷனுக்கு தீவிர ரசிகை ஸ்ரீதேவி..!'' – '16 வயதினிலே' டாக்டர் சத்யஜித் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/117575-16-vayathinile-doctor-character-artist-sathyajith-shares-his-experience-of-working-with-sridevi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412080324/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/117575-16-vayathinile-doctor-character-artist-sathyajith-shares-his-experience-of-working-with-sridevi.html |archive-date=12 April 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Haasan, Sridevi, Rajinikanth and Gandhimathi were credited by their character names in the opening credits, rather than their actual names.<ref name="adampidikkum" />

=== Filming ===

Shot mainly in [[Mysore]] and [[Kollegal]],<ref name="BhagyarajMarch2007" /><ref name="SathyajithIsShabbir" /> ''16 Vayathinile'' was the first Tamil film made predominantly outdoors and no sets were used.{{Sfn|Nayak|2019|p=31}}{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=67}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=26 January 2013 |title=Rustic tone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rustic-tone/article4348016.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524050946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rustic-tone/article4348016.ece |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Due to budgetary constraints the crew could not afford a camera which could film slow motion and Sridevi had to run in slow motion for the song "Chendoora Poove".<ref name="40years" /><ref name="spat" /> For his character, Haasan grew his curly hair long and wore [[lungi]]s and [[khadi]] high-buttoned shirts.<ref name="SoSc" /> Bharathiraja also recalled that he showed a "handsome Kamal Haasan in an ugly way" as he wanted to prove that characters need not always be attractive, and to break this stereotype in the film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=22 May 2017 |title=Yesteryear films had more heart; the present ones have more brain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yesteryear-films-had-more-heart-the-present-ones-have-more-brain/articleshow/58776151.cms? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170531112425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yesteryear-films-had-more-heart-the-present-ones-have-more-brain/articleshow/58776151.cms? |archive-date=31 May 2017 |access-date=31 May 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2017 at a [[Indian cinematographers#Southern India Cinematographers Association (SICA)|SICA]] function, Haasan recalled that he and Bharathiraja desired to take the film's cinematography like ''[[Ryan's Daughter]]'' (1970), but they did not have the required budget.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2017 |title='வெப் வேர்ல்ட்-டின் பலத்தை உலகம் உணர்கிறது!' – SICA விழாவில் கமல் |trans-title='The world feels the strength of the Web World!' – Kamal at the SICA Function |url=https://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/78437-kamalhassan-speech-in-sica-funtion.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217071334/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/78437-kamalhassan-speech-in-sica-funtion.html |archive-date=17 February 2017 |access-date=17 February 2017 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Bharathiraja wanted a speckled hen for a scene, but as Bhagyaraj could not find one, he coloured a white hen with ink.{{Sfn|Nayak|2019|p=32}} The scene where Mayil spits on Parattai required several takes before Rajinikanth insisted that Sridevi actually spit on him for real.<ref name="spat" />

While Bharathiraja wanted the film to follow a linear narration, it was Bhagyaraj's idea to begin the film with a [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]] sequence. After the film completed its shoot, it was screened at least 20 times for the distributors and the narrative switched every time between the linear and [[Nonlinear narrative|non-linear]] versions. Eventually, Rajkannu himself released the film, with the flashback narrative.<ref name="Bhagyaraj" /> A sequence featuring faulty [[lip sync]] was retained in the final cut after going unnoticed.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=26 April 1981 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20654/page/n429/mode/2up |magazine=Sunday |page=51 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=8 |issue=34}}</ref>

== Themes ==
''16 Vayathinile'' focuses on rural Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=2009 |title=Tamil Cinema – Diary of a Society on Celluloid |url=http://www.embassyindia.es/archives/documents/indiaperspectives/IP_Eng_Jan-Mar.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926121703/http://www.embassyindia.es/archives/documents/indiaperspectives/IP_Eng_Jan-Mar.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2016 |access-date=15 July 2016 |publisher=India Perspectives |pages=24–27}}</ref> and the vulnerabilities of Mayil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |date=17 July 2016 |title=Happy 75th Birthday Bharathiraja: Remembering the iconoclasts best films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/happy-birthday-director-bharathiraja-tamil-films-329678-2016-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926121906/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/happy-birthday-director-bharathiraja-tamil-films/1/716925.html |archive-date=26 September 2016 |access-date=12 August 2016 |url-status=live |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Film critic [[Naman Ramachandran]] compared Parattaiyan to Rajinikanth's character Kondaji from ''[[Katha Sangama (1976 film)|Katha Sangama]]'' (1975), stating, "Like in that film, Rajinikanth is a card-playing wastrel with henchmen in tow. Just like the Thimmaraya character in ''Katha Sangama'' runs errands for Kondaji, here Chappani/Gopalakrishnan performs services for [Parattaiyan], but the similarity ends there because Thimmaraya is evil and Chappani is good." He also described ''16 Vayathinile'' as the first film when a villainous character played by Rajinikanth does not have a change of heart or get away without being punished: "Here he pays for his deeds with his life."{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=68}} Saraswathy Srinivas of [[Rediff.com]] called Parattaiyan an "extension" of Rajinikanth's negative character from ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]'' (1976), but said that "the villainy is more pronounced and transparent here."<ref name="rediff2007" />

Film scholar Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai noted that the film was marked by "ambiguous and dark protagonists, new subjectivity, [and] avoidance of clichéd and cathartic closures".<ref name="pillai" /> Kumuthan Maderya, writing for ''[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]]'', described ''16 Vayathinile'' as a "neo-nativity" film {{mdash}} a story set in rural Tamil Nadu, valorising the rustic and foregrounding the lives of villagers.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=2010 |title=Rage against the state: historicizing the "angry young man" in Tamil cinema |url=https://ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926121543/http://ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |archive-date=26 September 2016 |access-date=12 August 2016 |magazine=[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]] |issue=52}}</ref> Ashis Nandy, in his 1998 book ''The Secret Politics of Our Desires'', noted that doctors in Tamil films like ''16 Vayathinile'' are always viewed with "a bit of suspicion" and remain complete outsiders "capable of seducing women and polluting the community".{{sfn|Nandy|1998|p=209}}

== Music ==
{{Main|16 Vayathinile (soundtrack)}}
The [[soundtrack album]] and background score for ''16 Vayathinile'' were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]], [[Gangai Amaran]] and [[Alangudi Somu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathinaru Vayathunilae (1977) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000137 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815234254/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000137 |archive-date=15 August 2014 |access-date=1 October 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The soundtrack consisted of four songs, that blends [[Music of Tamil Nadu#Folk music|folk]] and [[Classical music|Western classical]] music, and released under the [[EMI Records]] label.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=http://img26.imageshack.us/img26/1176/16vayathinileback.jpg |title=16 Vayathinile |last=Ilaiyaraaja |author-link=Ilaiyaraaja |type=[[liner notes]] |language=ta |publisher=[[EMI Records]] |year=1977 |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524063529/http://img26.imageshack.us/img26/1176/16vayathinileback.jpg |archive-date=24 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=67}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===

''16 Vayathinile'' was released on 15 September 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=16 வயதினிலே (1977) |trans-title=At age 16 (1977) |url=http://cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=16+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87+%281977%29&artid=111016&SectionID=142&MainSectionID=142&SectionName=Review&SEO= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160714122214/http://cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=16+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87+(1977)&artid=111016&SectionID=142&MainSectionID=142&SectionName=Review&SEO= |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=14 July 2016 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=ta}}</ref> Rajkannu released the film himself after no distributors were willing to buy it.<ref name="SifyKamalRajini" /> Although written off by the media as an [[experimental film]] that would fail, it became a commercial success,<ref name="SifyKamalRajini" /> running for over 175 days in theatres,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=23 October 2013 |title=Yesterday, once more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/oct/23/yesterday-once-more-529483.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524120138/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Yesterday-once-more/2013/10/23/article1849874.ece |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=12 December 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].<ref name="pillai" />{{efn|A silver jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 175 days (25 weeks).<ref name="pillai" />}} The film earned $1 million at the box office according to a 2010 estimate by the magazine ''[[South Scope]]'', and Rajkannu went into hiding to avoid income-tax raids.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 2010 |title=Love Reels |url=https://issuu.com/southscope/docs/feb2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820103857/https://issuu.com/southscope/docs/feb2010 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=13 July 2016 |magazine=[[South Scope]] |page=57 |via=[[Issuu]] |volume=1 |issue=5}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The film received critical acclaim, with praise for Bharathiraja's script, Ilaiyaraaja's music and the performances of Haasan, Sridevi and Rajinikanth.<ref name="pillai" /><ref name="rediff2007" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Surendran |first=Anusha |last2=Venkatraman |first2=Janane |last3=Radhakrishnan |first3=Sruthi |date=21 July 2016 |title=Rajini: the actor before the hero |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Rajini-the-actor-before-the-hero/article14501031.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215090321/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Rajini-the-actor-before-the-hero/article14501031.ece |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=15 February 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in its review dated 9 October 1977, gave the film 62.5 marks out of 100,<ref name="Vikatan Review" /> their highest rating for a Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2016 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் விமர்சனக் குழுவின் இரண்டாவது அதிகபட்ச மதிப்பெண்கள் 'விசாரணை'க்கு! |trans-title=''Visaranai'' is the ''Ananda Vikatan'' review board's second highest rated film! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/58778-anandha-vikatan-review-team-brakes-visaranai-mark.art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170119152954/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/58778-anandha-vikatan-review-team-brakes-visaranai-mark.art |archive-date=19 January 2017 |access-date=27 June 2016 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The reviewer praised the film for representing village life with realism, and for avoiding the cliché of (studio) court and police station in its climax, but criticised the error in focusing.<ref name="pillai" /> After seeing the film, Rajinikanth's mentor, the director [[K. Balachander]] wrote in a letter of appreciation to Bharathiraja, "You have hit the bull's eye".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=22 April 2010 |title=Another avatar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/Another-avatar/article16371793.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524135612/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/another-avatar/article407697.ece |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The writer of a ''Film Focus'' article in ''Tribune'' stated in 1983, "[Kamal Haasan] by his youthfulness alone has many years ahead of him to adorn the Tamil and Hindu screens, and going by his brilliance in ''Pathinaru Vayathinile'', could even, displace [Sivaji Ganesan] with the passage of time" The reviewer concluded by describing "Sendhoora Poove" as a "silver lined melody that paced the film and added to its brilliance. Do not miss it at any cost."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 February 1983 |title=FILM FOCUS {{!}} Kamalahasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=displace |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827063143/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=displace |archive-date=27 August 2021 |access-date=14 October 2020 |magazine=Tribune |publisher=Ceylon News Service |pages=52–53}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
In addition to the [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for S. Janaki,<ref name="NFA" /> ''16 Vayathinile'' won Haasan the [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award]] in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Tamil Actor]] category, and Sridevi won the [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Commendation Award for Performance]] at the same ceremony.<ref name="filmfare" /> The film won four [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]],{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=68}} and Rajinikanth won the ''Arima Sangam'' Award for Best Actor.<ref name="rediff2007" />

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Award
! Ceremony
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| [[National Film Awards]]
| [[25th National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[S. Janaki]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="NFA" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" | 6th Filmfare Awards South
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="filmfare" />
|-
|[[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Commendation Award for Performance]]
|[[Sridevi]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |4th Tamil Nadu State Film Awards
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Bharathiraja]]
| rowspan="4" |{{center|{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=68}}}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| [[S. Janaki]]
|}

== Remakes ==
''16 Vayathinile'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] as ''[[Padaharella Vayasu]]'' (1978) and in [[Hindi]] by Bharathiraja as ''[[Solva Sawan]]'' (1979), with Sridevi reprising her role in both.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2013 |title=We've slowed down: Kamal Haasan on competition with Rajinikanth |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-we-ve-slowed-down-kamal-haasan-on-competition-with-rajinikanth-1898329 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521051001/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-we-ve-slowed-down-kamal-haasan-on-competition-with-rajinikanth-1898329 |archive-date=21 May 2016 |access-date=21 May 2016 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><ref name="empress" /> It was also remade by M. Raj in [[Malay language|Malay]] as ''{{ill|Melati Putih|ms|Melati Putih}}'' (1984).{{sfn|Khorana|2013|p=|pp=161, 166}} In October 2009, actor [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] revealed that he and his wife bought the remake rights of ''16 Vayathinile'' for [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinidhi |first=Sharadha |date=23 October 2009 |title=I want to return to big screen: Ganesh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/i-want-to-return-to-big-screen-ganesh/articleshow/5148372.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024101101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/i-want-to-return-to-big-screen-ganesh/articleshow/5148372.cms |archive-date=24 October 2009 |access-date=24 January 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{Quote box
| quote="I am [Bharathiraja's] very first fan ... These are not empty words. Before ''16 Vayathinile''{{'s}} release, when he showed me the film, I wrote him a letter of appreciation. That's why I say that I'm his first fan and proud to be so."
| source = - Director [[K. Balachander]], on Bharathiraja{{Sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=68}}
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
''16 Vayathinile'' is considered a [[cult film]] and a landmark in Tamil cinema, diverging from traditional Tamil films of the time.<ref name="MSS" />{{efn|Tamil films were mostly made in studios in Chennai till then.{{Sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=67}}}} With ''[[Annakili]]'' (1976), the film was a trendsetter for realistic portrayals of rural life,{{Sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=67}} and made [[superstar]]s of Sridevi, Haasan, and Rajinikanth,{{sfn |Swaminathan |2003 |p=22}} as well as boosting Goundamani's popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=21 May 2016 |title=Return of the counter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/goundamanis-upcoming-film-is-titled-enakku-veru-engum-kilaigal-kidaiyathu/article8629877.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624095833/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/goundamanis-upcoming-film-is-titled-enakku-veru-engum-kilaigal-kidaiyathu/article8629877.ece |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=24 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Outdoor shooting of films slowly started to increase after the release of ''16 Vayathinile'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2019 |title=ஒருதலை ராகம் - அப்பவே அப்படி கதை!: ரிலீசாகி இன்றுடன் 39 வருடங்கள்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/163688-39.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509120242/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/163688-39.html |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> but also led to decline of films shot in studios.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=23 August 1985 |title=Firmly in showbiz |url=https://x.com/sshivu/status/1997266970094473476/photo/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260326121732/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/G7e3uYCboAAg8gh?format=jpg&name=medium |archive-date=26 March 2026 |access-date=4 April 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> According to Naman Ramachandran and S. Shiva Kumar of ''The Hindu'', Haasan's performance was considered a ''[[wikt:tour de force|tour de force]]'' by critics since he was [[Typecasting|typecast]] as a romantic hero at that time.{{Sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=68}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=27 August 2009 |title='I'm a limelight moth' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/im-a-limelight-moth/article10126.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524141328/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/im-a-limelight-moth/article10126.ece |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The dialogue ''"Idhu Eppadi Irukku?"'' (How's this?), spoken by Parattaiyan, became very popular;{{Sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=68}} [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] and Rediff included it on their lists of lines popularised by Rajinikanth.<ref name="rediff2007" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2013 |title=Rajinikanth's punchnama |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/rajinikanths-punchnama/article5453029.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524140648/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/rajinikanths-punchnama/article5453063.ece |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=14 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Manisha Lakhe, writing for ''[[Forbes India]]'', noted that ''16 Vayathinile'' "paved the way for unkempt villains who had a singularly disgusting laugh."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakhe |first=Manisha |date=27 September 2010 |title=Why Rajinikanth Rocks |url=http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/17592 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010104701/http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/17592 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=19 January 2016 |website=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref> A digitally remastered version of the film was being planned for a late 2013 release; although its trailer was released in October that year,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |last2=Vijayakumar |first2=Sanjay |date=5 October 2013 |title=Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan bring back 35-year-old 'Ninaithale Inikkum' |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-bring-back-35-year-old-ninaithale-inikkum/articleshow/23553234.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170218052755/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/rajinikanth-kamal-haasan-bring-back-35-year-old-ninaithale-inikkum/articleshow/23553234.cms |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=25 January 2016 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> the version failed to see a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Neeraja |date=14 July 2016 |title=With '16 Vayathinile' slated for re-release, we look at Bharathiraja's failed heroes |url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/why-his-main-men-were-also-rans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927054106/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/why-his-main-men-were-also-rans/ |archive-date=27 September 2016 |access-date=14 July 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''The Hindu'' asked eight Tamil directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; seven–[[C. V. Sridhar]], K. Balachander, [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]], K. Bhagyaraj, [[Mani Ratnam]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]] and [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]–named ''16 Vayathinile''. According to Ratnam, the film was "memorable for its script, high standard and realism."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=24 May 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''South Scope'' included Haasan's performance on its list of "Kamal's best performances" in July 2010.<ref name="SoSc" /> S. Shiva Kumar of ''The Hindu'' included the film on his December 2010 list of "Electrifying Rajinikanth-Kamal Haasan films" with ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]'' (1976), ''[[Avargal]]'' (1977) and ''[[Aval Appadithan]]'' (1978).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=31 December 2010 |title=Immortality ode |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/immortality-ode/article1019422.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120063529/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/immortality-ode/article1019422.ece |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=24 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In April 2013 [[News18]] included the film on its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time", saying that it was a "decisive move away from the studio-bound productions and paved the way for successful integration of subaltern themes and folk arts into mainstream commercial cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065-77.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226001756/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-85.html |archive-date=26 December 2013 |access-date=6 May 2013 |website=[[News18]] |pages=77}}</ref> In August 2015, News18 included the film in its list of "10 performances that make [Sridevi] the 'Last Empress' of Indian cinema".<ref name="empress" /> In November the same year, ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' included the film in its list of "Films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2015 |title=Birthday special: Films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-films-you-must-watch-to-grasp-the-breadth-of-kamal-haasan-s-repertoire-2143008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111657/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-films-you-must-watch-to-grasp-the-breadth-of-kamal-haasan-s-repertoire-2143008 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=4 March 2016 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>

In Bharathiraja's second directorial venture ''[[Kizhakke Pogum Rail]]'' (1978), a character named "Mayil" and her husband "Chappani" are mentioned, which journalists interpreted as the ''16 Vayathinile'' characters, making this the first attempt in Tamil cinema to launch a [[shared universe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=சுகுமாறன் |date=14 March 2024 |title=Cinematic Universe: தமிழில் முதன் முதலில் சினிமாட்டிக் யுனிவர்ஸ் எடுத்தவர் யார்? எப்படி தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/director-bharathiraja-cinematic-universe-16-vayathinile-kizhakke-pogum-rail-lcu-lokesh-kanagaraj-172542 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314062921/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/director-bharathiraja-cinematic-universe-16-vayathinile-kizhakke-pogum-rail-lcu-lokesh-kanagaraj-172542 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''16 Vayathinile'' was spoofed in ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' (2012) by [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], whose character Saroja is called "Mayil" by [[Cell Murugan]]'s character (a veterinarian similar to Sathyajith's character in the film).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=17 June 2012 |title='Murattu Kaalai' (Tamil) |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article544240.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524143540/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article544240.ece |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=14 December 2013 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 June 2012 |title=Murattu Kaalai – Not as raging ... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/murattu-kaalai-not-as-raging/article3536437.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908041504/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/murattu-kaalai-not-as-raging/article3536437.ece |archive-date=8 September 2016 |access-date=24 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (2007), Vivek's character delivers one of Rajinikanth's catchphrases and concludes with ''"Idhu eppadi irukku?"'' ({{translation|How is it?}}).<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Sivaji: The Boss |date=2007 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[AVM Productions]]}}</ref> The film's title and characters have inspired other film titles such as ''[[Parattai Engira Azhagu Sundaram]]'' (2007),<ref name="MSS" /> ''[[Mayilu]]'' (2012)<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 October 2012 |title=Mayilu Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Mayilu/movie-review/17015816.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122185350/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Mayilu/movie-review/17015816.cms |archive-date=22 November 2012 |access-date=20 May 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Nivedita |date=20 March 2015 |title=36 Vayathinile: Watch Jyothika's emotional journey to self discovery |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/36-vayathinile-first-look-jyothika-is-back-and-how/article1-1328208.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525054909/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/36-vayathinile-first-look-jyothika-is-back-and-how/article1-1328208.aspx |archive-date=25 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> ''16 Vayathinile'' was also used as the title of Bharathiraja's son [[Manoj Bharathiraja|Manoj]]'s [[Pathinaru Vayathinile (album)|debut studio album]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1999 |title=Multi-talented Manoj |url=http://www.newtamilfilms.com/news/archive/may1999.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306122607/http://www.newtamilfilms.com/news/archive/may1999.html |archive-date=6 March 2001 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=New Tamil Films Online}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=exchange1977|The exchange rate in 1977 was 8.7386 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$)<ref name="Werner" />}}
}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Vikatan Review">{{Cite magazine |date=9 October 1977 |title=16 வயதினிலே! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2008-jul-23/vikatan-pokkisham/44703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527043937/https://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2008-jul-23/vikatan-pokkisham/44703.html |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="KamalSalary">{{Cite web |date=29 April 2013 |title=ரஜினியைவிட கமலுக்கு அதிக சம்பளம்! |trans-title=Kamal's salary was higher than Rajini's! |url=https://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5248&id1=67&issue=20130429 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170215102552/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5248&id1=67&issue=20130429 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=15 February 2017 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="SoSc">{{Cite magazine |last=Raj |first=Maya |date=July 2010 |title=Style Sutra: Kamal Haasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115171730/https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=18 August 2019 |magazine=[[South Scope]] |page=51}}</ref>
<ref name="SifyKamalRajini">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2013 |title=Rajini & Kamal come together to promote '16 Vayathinile' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-kamal-come-together-to-promote-16-vayathinile-news-tamil-nkfkRIecigjsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012045626/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-kamal-come-together-to-promote-16-vayathinile-news-tamil-nkfkRIecigjsi.html |archive-date=12 October 2015 |access-date=21 May 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Bhagyaraj">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=12 June 2010 |title=K.Bhaagya Raj – Chitchat – Slide 1 |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230234821/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_bhagyaraj_2010.php |archive-date=30 December 2010 |access-date=23 May 2015 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="BhagyarajMarch2007">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=29 March 2007 |title=A good feature film must be remembered for time to come |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1817490.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523140907/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1817490.ece |archive-date=23 May 2015 |access-date=12 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="SathyajithIsShabbir">{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Sameera |date=14 January 2015 |title=Remember that doctor from the movie 16 Vayithinile? |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/entertainments/580 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170215053443/http://www.thenewsminute.com/entertainments/580 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=15 February 2017 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
<ref name="adampidikkum">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2014 |title=அடம்பிடிக்கும் மயிலு! |trans-title=The tantrum-making Mayil! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/26086-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116114733/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/26086-.html |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="40years">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=N. Vinoth |date=15 September 2017 |title=16 வயதினிலே - 40 ஆண்டுகள்: என்றும் வாழும் 'மயில்!' |trans-title=16 Vayathinile – 40 Years: Everlasting 'Mayil'! |url=https://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/article19689649.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922150647/http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/article19689649.ece |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=22 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="spat">{{Cite news |date=5 October 2013 |title=When Sridevi spat on Rajinikanth! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/When-Sridevi-spat-on-Rajinikanth/articleshow/23525928.cms? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523134656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/When-Sridevi-spat-on-Rajinikanth/articleshow/23525928.cms |archive-date=23 May 2015 |access-date=12 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="rediff2007">{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Saraswathy |date=21 May 2007 |title=Rajnikath, the villain |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/21slid3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524124133/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/21slid3.htm |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=14 December 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="pillai">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |date=31 January 2012 |title=The 1970s Tamil Cinema and the Post – classical Turn |url=http://www.cla.temple.edu/chat/india/documents/Pillai.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926121258/http://www.cla.temple.edu/chat/india/documents/Pillai.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2016 |access-date=15 July 2016 |publisher=[[Temple University]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NFA">{{Cite web |date=1978 |title=25th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119143000/http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2017 |access-date=19 January 2017 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
<ref name="filmfare">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8kQAQAAMAAJ&q=+sridevi |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1979 |pages=303 |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827063143/https://books.google.com/books?id=w8kQAQAAMAAJ&q=+sridevi |archive-date=27 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MSS">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=26 April 2007 |title=Mother-son sentiment |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2244251.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524130428/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2244251.ece |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=12 December 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}} *{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-kamal-come-together-to-promote-16-vayathinile-news-tamil-nkfkRIecigj.html | title=Rajini & Kamal come together to promote '16 Vayathinile' | website=[[Sify]] | date=5 October 2013 | access-date=12 December 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524130900/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-kamal-come-together-to-promote-16-vayathinile-news-tamil-nkfkRIecigj.html | archive-date=24 May 2015}} *{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/20sli3.htm | title=The best of Kamal Haasan | website=[[Rediff.com]] | date=20 May 2008 | access-date=12 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524130643/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/20sli3.htm | archive-date=24 May 2015 | first=Pavithra | last=Srinivasan}}</ref>
<ref name="empress">{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=21 May 2016 |title=Happy Birthday Sridevi: 10 performances that make her the 'Last Empress' of Indian cinema |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-sridevi-10-performances-that-make-her-the-last-empress-of-indian-cinema-1038973.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521051226/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-sridevi-10-performances-that-make-her-the-last-empress-of-indian-cinema-1038973.html |archive-date=21 May 2016 |website=[[News18]] |access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Werner">{{Cite web |last=Antweiler |first=Werner |year=2015 |title=Foreign Currency Units per 1 U.S. Dollar, 1948–2014 |url=http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512095429/http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 |publisher=PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Khorana |first=Sukhmani |title=Crossover Cinema: Cross-Cultural Film from Production to Reception |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-63092-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nandy |first=Ashis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-mFd5pfgNsC&q=vayadhinile&pg=PA209 |title=The Secret Politics of Our Desires: Innocence, Culpability and Indian Popular Cinema |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=1998 |isbn=1-85649-516-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nayak |first=Satyarth |author-link=Satyarth Nayak |title=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess |title-link=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2019 |isbn=9789353056780 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |edition=2nd |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Swaminathan |first=Roopa |title=Kamalahasan, the consummate actor |publisher=Rupa & Co. |year=2003 |isbn=9788129103031}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Bharathiraja}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:1977 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Mir Sadiq

2026-03-29T14:51:30Z

Subhah Shirin: cleanup article as per guidelines and improved wording to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Short description|Minister of Tipu Sultan}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mir Sadiq
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = Minister in the Cabinet
| term_start1 = 1780s/1790s
| term_end1 = 1799
| monarch1 = [[Tipu Sultan]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1799
| death_place =
| father =
| mother =
}}
'''Mir Sadiq gujjar''' was a courtier who held the post of a minister in the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] of [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Mysore]] and is famous for his betrayal of Tipu Sultan to the British.<ref name=":0" />

== Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ==
In the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1798–99, he betrayed Tipu Sultan during the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Srirangapatana]], paving the way for a British victory. During the siege, although the invading English troops were starving, Sadiq withdrew his troops, allowing the British to commence their attack on the fort.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hasan |first1=Mohibbul |title=History of Tipu Sultan |date=1971 |publisher=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD |location=Calcutta |page=313}}</ref> He betrayed Tipu, killing Tipu loyalist Ghazi Khan and later arranged to have Tipu trapped behind locked doors.<ref name="Sunderlal 2018 p. 364">{{cite book | last=Sunderlal | first=Pandit | title=How India Lost Her Freedom | publisher=SAGE Publications | year=2018 | isbn=978-93-5280-642-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4lIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364 | access-date=20 January 2022 | page=364}}</ref> Sadiq was killed by some of the dismayed Mysorean troops immediately following the defeat as he attempted to go over to welcome the British.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kingdom of Mysore|url=http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/mysoreans.html|website=lib.mq.edu.au|access-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311110226/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/mysoreans.html|archive-date=11 March 2014}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Following his death, Sadiq's body was mutilated, exhumed and defiled for over two weeks by the angered general public, including women and children, dismayed at his betrayal of Tipu Sultan,{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} forcing the administration to impose "strong measures". Even today, tourists pelt the spot where Mir Sadiq was killed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohibbul |first1=Hasan |title=History of Tipu Sultan |date=1971 |publisher=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD |location=Calcutta |page=328-329 |edition=2nd}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2023}}

Mir Sadiq's mausoleum, also located in Srirangapatna, has regularly been assaulted by shoes thrown by visitors over the years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiJE46h28Dg |title=Real Grave of Mir Sadiq and Ghulam Ali {{!}} टिपु सुल्तान के गद्दार |publisher=The Tiger of Mysore |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who Was Mir Sadiq? {{!}}{{!}} Why Do People Throw Shoes On The Grave of Mir Sadiq? {{!}}{{!}} Story Of Traitor |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ss3u2MSMrxU |via=YouTube}}</ref> Presently, it is in a severe state of disrepair, rarely visited,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real Grave of Mir Sadiq and Ghulam Ali {{!}} टिपु सुल्तान के गद्दार |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiJE46h28Dg |via=YouTube}}</ref> and its lands have been encroached.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recalling the forgotten legacy of Mir Sadiq |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/sep/16/recalling-the-forgotten-legacy-of-mir-sadiq-187276.html#:~:text=Mir%20Sadiq's%20body%20was%20also,are%20under%20the%20Waqf%20Board. |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

[[Muhammad Iqbal]], the notable poet of [[Indian subcontinent]], had condemned [[Mir Jafar]] and Mir Sadiq as follows:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmXVAAAAMAAJ&q=Mir+Jaffar%E2%80%93e%E2%80%93Bengal,+o+Mir+Sadiq%E2%80%93e%E2%80%93Deccan.+iqbal |title=The Pakistan Review |publisher=Ferozsons Limited |year=1967 |edition=Volume 15 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Mubarak |date=2022-05-20 |title=Why Mir Jafar and Mir Sadiq are vilified in Pakistan's political discourse |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1690133 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|{{lang|fa|{{Nastaliq|جافر از بنگال، و صادق از دکن ننگِ آدم، ننگِ دین، ننگِ وطن}}}}}}

Translation:

{{blockquote|''Jafar of Bengal and Sadiq of the Deccan: A stigma on humanity, on religion, and the country.''|title=Muhammad Iqbal}}

==See also==
* [[Mir Jafar]]
* [[Mir Qasim]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadiq, Mir}}
[[Category:1799 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

Magnolia champaca

2026-03-26T08:12:03Z

Subhah Shirin: Creating First Stub First Draft

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Champac|Champak}}
{{Speciesbox
| name =
| image = Michelia champaca Blanco1.191-cropped.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn |last=Khela |first=S. |date=2014 |title=''Magnolia champaca'' |volume=2014 |article-number=e.T191869A15267603 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T191869A15267603.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Magnolia
| display_parents = 3
| parent = Magnolia subsect. Michelia
| species = champaca
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]] ex [[Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre|Pierre]]<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:554657-1 |title=''Magnolia champaca'' (L.) Baill. ex Pierre |date=2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew |access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list| {{Species list
|Champaca michelia|Noronha
|Magnolia membranacea|P.Parm.
|Michelia aurantiaca|Wall.
|Michelia blumei|Steud.
|Michelia champaca|L.
|Michelia euonymoides|Burm.f.
|Michelia rheedei|Wight
|Michelia rufinervis|DC.
|Michelia sericea|Pers.
|Michelia suaveolens|Pers.
|Sampacca euonymoides|(Burm.f.) Kuntze
|Sampacca suaveolens|(Pers.) Kuntze
}} }}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO"/>
}}

'''''Magnolia champaca''''', known in English as '''champak''' ({{IPAc-en|'|tʃ|ʌ|m|p|ə|k}}),<ref>{{OED| CHAMPAK}}</ref> is a large evergreen tree in the family [[Magnoliaceae]].<ref name=efloras>{{cite web |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008479 |title=''Michelia champaca'' Linnaeus |date=n.d. |website=Flora of China |publisher=eFloras |access-date= 7 December 2015}}</ref> It was previously classified as '''''Michelia champaca'''''.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=pachort/> It is known for its fragrant flowers, and its timber used in woodworking.

==Etymology==
The species epithet, ''champaca'', comes from the [[Sanskrit]] word "चम्पक" {{IAST|campaka}} ({{IPA|sa|tɕɐmpɐkɐ|pron}}).<ref>{{cite dictionary |year=1981 |title=चम्प ''campa'' |dictionary=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |place=Delhi, Varanasi, Patna |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=388 |author-link=Monier Monier-Williams |page=388 |last1=Monier-Williams |first1=Monier}}</ref>

===Vernacular names===
Other vernacular names in [[English language|English]] include joy perfume tree,<ref name=pachort>[http://www.pacifichorticulture.org/articles/striving-for-diversity-fragrant-champaca/ Pacific Horticulture Society: "Striving for Diversity: Fragrant Champaca"] . accessed 7.12.2015</ref> yellow jade orchid tree and fragrant Himalayan champaca.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53529/ |title=PlantFiles |author= |website=Dave's Garden |access-date=2015-08-02 }}</ref><ref name=monrovia />

==Distribution and habitat==
The tree is native to the [[Indomalayan realm]], consisting of South Asia, Southeast Asia−Indochina, and southern China.<ref>{{GRIN | access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref>

It is found in [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] ecoregions, at elevations of {{convert|200|-|1600|m|ft}}.<ref name=efloras/> It is native to the [[Maldives]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], the [[Philippines]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=efloras/> In China it is native to southern [[Tibet]] and southern/southwestern [[Yunnan]] Provinces.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=nepal>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=20000847 efloras.org: Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal − ''Michelia (Magnolia) champaca'']</ref> In 2021, an isolated, presumably native population of ''M. champaca'' was identified in [[Yemen]], making ''M. champaca'' the only species in the [[Magnoliaceae]] known to inhabit the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Al-Sagheer |first=Nageeb A. |date=2021-05-01 |title=''Magnolia champaca'' (L.) Baill. ex Pierre (Magnoliaceae): A first report and a new record in the Arabian Peninsula (Yemen) |journal=Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1016/j.jssas.2021.02.003 |issn=1658-077X |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Description ==

In its native range ''Magnolia champaca'' grows to {{convert|50|m|ft}} or taller. Its trunk can be up to {{convert|1.9|m|ft}} in diameter. The tree has a narrow umbelliform [[tree crown|crown]].<ref name=efloras/>

It has strongly fragrant flowers in varying shades of cream to yellow-orange which bloom during June to September.<ref name="efloras" /> The obovoid-ellipsoid [[carpel]]s produce 2−4 seeds during September to October.<ref name="efloras" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="160px">
File:White champak flower.jpg|White champak flower
File:Inflorescence of Champak flower.jpg|Base of champak flower
File:Champak flower parts.jpg|Single champak petal
</gallery>

==Varieties and hybrids==
[[File:Magnolia1.jpg|thumb|Orange coloured variety flower at over bloom]]
''Magnolia champaca'' [[variety (botany)|varieties]] and [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s include:
*''Magnolia (Michelia) champaca'' var. ''champaca'' — ''Huang lan (yuan bian zhong)'', (黄兰(原变种)) in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. To {{convert|30|m|ft}} tall, documented in China.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250090232 efloras.org: Flora of China treatment of ''Michelia (Magnolia) champaca'' var. ''champaca'']</ref>
*''Magnolia (Michelia) champaca'' var. ''pubinervia'' — ''Mao ye mai huang lan'' (毛叶脉黄兰) in Chinese. To {{convert|50|m|ft}} tall or taller, documented in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242332307|title=Flora of China FOC Vol. 7 pg 51, 80. — ''Michelia (Magnolia) champaca'' var. ''pubinervia''}}</ref>
*[[Magnolia × alba|''Magnolia'' × ''alba'']] — white-flowered hybrid of ''Magnolia champaca'' and ''[[Magnolia montana]]''.<ref name=pachort/>

In Thailand, there are other purported hybrids cultivated with other species, including with ''[[Magnolia liliifera]]'' and ''[[Magnolia coco]]''.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Cultural aspects==
[[File:Stamp_of_Indonesia_-_1993_-_Colnect_252642_-_Flora_and_Fauna_-_Michelia_champaca.jpeg|thumb|Indonesian Stamp of 1993, featuring the ''Jeumpa'' flower of Aceh.]]
[[File:Kathalichapa or Kanthali Champa flower in West Bengal 04.jpg|left|thumb|Magnolia champaca in India]]
In [[Theravada Buddhism]], champaca is said to have been used as the tree for achieving enlightenment, or Bodhi, by the fourteenth [[Buddha]] called "Aththadassi – අත්ථදස්සි". According to Tibetan beliefs, the Buddha of the next era will find enlightenment under the white flower canopy of the champaca tree.<ref name=monrovia>{{cite web | title = Fragrant Himalayan Champaca | url = http://www.monrovia.com/plant-catalog/plants/1850/fragrant-himalayan-champaca/ | publisher = Monrovia Nurseries | access-date = 12 July 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150713171342/http://www.monrovia.com/plant-catalog/plants/1850/fragrant-himalayan-champaca/ | archive-date = 13 July 2015}}</ref> It also has importance in [[Hindu]] culture.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In the province of [[Aceh]], [[Indonesia]], the champak flower ({{Langx|ace|bungong jeumpa}}) is highly revered in [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] culture, being seen as the flower of Aceh as a whole.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Redaksi |date=2022-12-26 |title=Bungong Jeumpa dalam Budaya Aceh |url=https://leughok.com/bungong-jeumpa-aceh/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=LEUGHOK.COM |language=id}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Serambi |first=Wahana News |date=2021-11-26 |title=Cempaka Kuning Flora Khas dari Provinsi Aceh |url=https://serambi.wahananews.co/khas/cempaka-kuning-flora-khas-dari-provinsi-aceh/1 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=Wahana News Serambi |language=id}}</ref> It's used as a symbol of beauty,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lissafrina |date=28 June 2024 |title=Mengenal Bungong Jeumpa yang Jadi Kebanggaan Masyarakat Aceh |trans-title=Getting to Know the Pride of the Acehnese People, the Champak Flower |url=https://rri.co.id/daerah/786512/mengenal-bungong-jeumpa-yang-jadi-kebanggaan-masyarakat-aceh |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=rri.co.id}}</ref> commonly seen in rituals or used as [[Ornamental plant|ornaments]].<ref name=":32"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=2 September 2023 |title=Tari Bungong Jeumpa: Asal-usul, Makna, Lirik, dan Gerakan |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/edukasi/20230824143207-569-990018/tari-bungong-jeumpa-asal-usul-makna-lirik-dan-gerakan |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=www.cnnindonesia.com |place=Jakarta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LindungiHutan |first=Magang Alam |date=2023-07-31 |title=Bunga Cempaka: Tanaman Hijau Abadi Khas Aceh |url=https://lindungihutan.com/blog/mengenal-bunga-cempaka/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> An Acehnese [[Folk music|folk song]] titled {{Lang|ace|[[Bungong Jeumpa]]}} ({{Literal translation|Champak Flower}}) sings about its beauty and characteristics.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Uses==

===Fragrance===
The flowers are used in South Asia, especially India, for several purposes. They are primarily used in worship ceremonies, whether at home or out in temples, they are also more generally worn in hair by girls and women as a means of beauty ornament as well as a natural perfume. Flowers are floated in bowls of water to scent the room, as a fragrant and colourful decoration for bridal beds, and for garlands.<ref>{{cite book |last=Minter |first=Sue |chapter=Fragrant Plants |editor-last1=Prance |editor-first1=Ghillean |editor-last2=Nesbitt |editor-first2=Mark |date=2005 |title=The Cultural History of Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ejo63Wk5rgC |location=London, England, UK |publisher=Routledge |page=242 |isbn=978-0-415-92746-8}}</ref>

The tree was traditionally used to make fragrant hair and massage oils. [[Jean Patou]]'s famous perfume, '[[Joy (perfume)|Joy]]', the second best selling perfume in the world after [[Chanel No. 5]], is derived in part from the essential oils of champaca flowers. The vernacular name "Joy perfume tree" comes from this.<ref name=pachort/>

A scent similar to the scent of this plant is said to be emitted by a [[civet]] in [[Sri Lanka]], ''[[Paradoxurus montanus]]''. Because all the other civets are known to emit very unpleasant odours, this species is renowned for emitting a pleasant odour similar to this plant's scent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wizzley.com/sri-lankan-brown-palm-civets-paradoxurus-montanus-non-ringtails-of-sri-lanka/|title=Sri Lankan Brown Palm Civets (Paradoxurus montanus): Non-Ringtails of Sri Lanka}}</ref>

===Timber===
[[File:Champak fruits.jpg|thumb|Fruits of the champak tree]]
In its native India and Southeast Asia, champaca is logged for its valuable [[timber]].<ref name=pachort/> It has a finely textured, dark brown and olive-colored wood, which is used in furniture making, construction, and cabinetry.<ref name=pachort/>

The species is protected from logging in some states of India, especially in the Southwestern region, where certain groves are considered sacred by Hindus and Buddhists.<ref name=pachort/>

===Cultivation===
''Magnolia champaca'' is cultivated by specialty [[plant nursery|plant nurseries]] as an [[ornamental plant]], for its form as an ornamental tree, as a dense screening [[hedge]], and for its fragrant flowers.<ref name=monrovia/> It is planted in the ground in tropical and in [[subtropical climate]] gardens, such as in coastal Southern and Central California.<ref name=pachort/><ref name=monrovia/> It is planted in containers in cooler temperate climates.<ref name=pachort/> It requires full sun and regular watering.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== Ecology ==
The fragrant flowers attract butterflies and [[hummingbird]]s.<ref name=monrovia/> Its [[aril]]-covered seeds are highly attractive to birds.<ref>FRISCH, J.D. & FRISCH, C.D. - ''Aves Brasileiras e Plantas que as atraem'', São Paulo, Dalgas Ecotec, 3rd. edition, 2005, {{ISBN|85-85015-07-1}}, page 374</ref>

==Alkaloids==
[[Ushinsunine]] (aka [[Micheline A]]) [3175-89-1] is an [[aporphine]] alkaloid contained in ''Magnolia champaca''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Yang, T.-H.)), ((Hsiao, C.-Y.)) | journal=Yakugaku Zasshi | title=Studies on the Alkaloids of Magnoliaceous Plants. XXXVI: Alkaloids of Michelia Champaca LINN | volume=83 | issue=2 | pages=216–218 | date= 1963 | doi=10.1248/yakushi1947.83.2_216}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Fernando, M. Thilina R., et al. "Identifying dormancy class and storage behaviour of champak (Magnolia champaca) seeds, an important tropical timber tree." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 41.2 (2013): 141–146.

==External links==
{{commons category|Magnolia champaca}}
* [http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2004-03-15.2835/file Chittagong University, Bangladesh: ''Michelia champaca'' - detailed information]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q167027}}

[[Category:Magnolia|champaca]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Henri Ernest Baillon]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre]]

Soordelu Hill Station

2026-03-23T14:32:19Z

Subhah Shirin: Done

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Soordelu Hill Station
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hill Station
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.645|N|75.132|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 350
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Soordelu Hill Station top.jpg|thumb|Soordelu Hill Station top]]

'''Soordelu Hill Station''' is a [[hill station]] in [[Kasaragod district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Akash |date=2018-09-10 |title=Must-visit Summer Destinations In The Kasargod District Of Kerala |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/must-visit-summer-destinations-in-the-kasargod-district-of-kerala-004881.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Native Planet |language=en}}</ref> It lies 250 to 300 metres above sea level. It has two approaches, an easier one from Soordelu Junction and a difficult one from Swarga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vushii.com |title=Soordelu Hill Station, Kasaragod, Kerala - Vushii.com |url=http://vushii.com/place.php?name=Soordelu+Hill+Station |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=vushii.com |language=en}}</ref>

Sri Subraya Temple Katukukke is the nearest temple to this place.<ref name=":0" />

It is located 22 km north of the District headquarters in Kasaragod. It is 25 km from [[Manjeshwar]] and 593 km from state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. It is surrounded by Kasargod Taluk (south), Manjeshwar Taluk (west), Bantval Taluk (north) and Suliya Taluk (east).

==Climate==
The temperature remains, on an average, around 25 °C - 35 °C.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

==Transportation==
Local roads have access to [[NH 66|National Highway No.66]] which connects to [[Mangalore]] in the north and [[Calicut]] in the south. The nearest railway station is [[Manjeshwaram railway station|Manjeshwar]] on Mangalore-[[Palakkad]] line. There is an airport at [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]].

==Languages==
This locality is an essentially multi-lingual region. The people speak [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Beary bashe]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. Migrant workers also speak [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages.

==Administration==
This village is part of Manjeswaram assembly constituency which is again part of [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==Gallery==
<gallery caption="Photos related to Soordelu Hill Station" widths="120px" perrow="5">
File:Soordelu Hill Station top.jpg|Soordelu Hill Station top
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kasaragod district}}

[[Category:Manjeshwar area]]

Labpur (community development block)

2026-03-20T11:24:03Z

Subhah Shirin: further improve page per standard format additionally and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Labpur
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline = Fullara 1.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Fullara temple
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map = File:Labpur in Birbhum (West Bengal).svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =right
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Labpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Labpur]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 267.98
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 201,901
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|23|48|37|N|87|47|44|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 71.20 per cent
|website = http://birbhum.nic.in/
|footnotes =
}}
'''Labpur''' (also spelled Labhpur) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Bolpur subdivision]] district of [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
Birbhum district is physiographically a part of the ancient [[Rarh region]]. The western portion of the district is basically an extension of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The area has mostly loose reddish [[laterite|lateritic]] low fertility soil. In the east, the flood plains of the major rivers, such as the [[Ajay River|Ajay]], [[Bakreshwar River|Bakreshwar]], [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] and [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]], have soft [[alluvium|alluvial]] soil. The forest cover is only 3.5% of the total district. Although coal is found in the district and [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] has a capacity of 2,010 MW, the economic condition of Birbhum is dominated by agriculture.<ref name=land>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Page 15: Physiography, Page 21: Tenancy, Agriculture | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> From 1977 onwards major[[Land reform in India|land reforms]] took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In Birbhum district, 19,968 hectares of vested agricultural land has been distributed amongst 161,515 beneficiaries, till 2011. However, more than 38% of the operational land holding is marginal or less than 1 acre.<ref name=land/> The proportion of agricultural labourers amongst total workers in Birbhum district is 45.9%, the highest amongst all districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B |work = Page 17 : District Highlights – 2011 census | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> Culturally rich Birbhum, with such traditional landmarks as [[Jaydev Kenduli]] and [[Nanoor|Chandidas Nanoor]], is home to [[Visva-Bharati University]] at [[Santiniketan]], having close association with two Nobel laureates – [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Amartya Sen]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Pages 102-105: Bolpur-Satiniketan, Visva Bharati | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

==Notable people==
[[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]], the noted author, was born at [[Labhpur]] on 23 July 1898.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Devi |first1=Mahashweta |title=Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay |edition=2nd |series=Makers of Indian Literature |year=1983 |orig-year= 1975 |publisher= Sahitya Akademi |location= New Delhi }}</ref><ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), (1976/1998), ''Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{in lang|bn}}, Kolkata: Sahitya Samsad, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}, p 195</ref>

[[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]], [[President of Bangladesh]], 1981–82, was born at Daraka in 1906.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sattar,_Justice_Abdus | title = Sattar, Justice Abdus| first= Mofakkhar Hossain| last= Khan| publisher = Banglapedia |access-date = 1 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120723/jsp/siliguri/story_15760318.jsp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131616/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120723/jsp/siliguri/story_15760318.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = February 6, 2018| title = First President from Birbhum not Pranab - Close to Mirati is former Bangla President Abdus Sattar's home| first= Soumi| last=Bhattacharya| publisher = The Telegraph, 23 July 2012|access-date = 1 February 2018}}</ref>

[[Pranab Mukherjee]], [[President of India]], 2012–2017, was born on 11 December 1935 and spent his childhood at [[Mirati]].<ref name="GOVT">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4195|title=Shri Pranab Mukherjee|publisher=Government of India|access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514145924/http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4195 |archive-date=2011-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3681618.ece?homepage=true | title=Pranab Mukherjee sworn-in 13th President | date= 25 July 2012 |work=The Hindu | first=Smita | last=Gupta | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Birbhum district map.svg|400px|thumb|left|Map of Birbhum district showing CD blocks and municipal areas. Click on the map to view larger map.]]

Labpur is located at {{coord|23.8104|N|87.7956|E|format=dms|}}.

Labpur CD Block is part of the Suri-Bolpur Plain, one of the four sub-micro physiographic regions of Birbhum district. It covers the [[interfluve]]s of the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] and [[Ajay River|Ajay]] rivers, in the south-eastern part of the district. This area exhibits somewhat upland topography sloping from north-west to south-east.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 15: Physiography | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

Labpur CD Block is bounded by [[Mayureswar II]] CD Block and [[Burwan (community development block)|Burwan]] CD Block, in Murshidabad district, on the north, [[Ketugram I (community development block)|Ketugram I]] CD Block, in Purba Bardhaman district, on the east, [[Nanoor (community development block)|Nanoor]] CD Block on the south, and [[Bolpur Sriniketan]] CD Block on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/birbhum.html |title = Tehsil Map of Birbhum |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

Labpur CD Block has an area of 267.98 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 11 [[gram panchayat]]s, 113 gram sansads (village councils), 180 [[mouza]]s and 161 inhabited villages, as per District Statistical Handbook Birbhum 2008. [[Labhpur#Police station|Labhpur]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf|title = District Statistical Handbook 2008 Birbhum |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 December 2017}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Labhpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 December 2017 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Labpur block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Bipratikuri, Chowhatta-Mohodari I, Chowhatta-Mohodari II, Dwarka, Hatia, Indus, Jamna, Kurumnahar, Labpur I, Labpur II and Thiba.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Birbhum - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 December 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Labpur CD Block had a total population of 201,901, of which 196,482 were rural and 5,419 were urban. There were 103,777 (51%) males and 98,124 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 23,750. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 61,649 (30.53%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 9,507 (4.71%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 6 December 2017}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Labpur block had a total population of 176,803, out of which 90,948 were males and 85,855 were females. Labpur block registered a population growth of 15.15 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Birbhum district was 17.88 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Birbhum District (8) |access-date=2011-10-10 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040904/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]] in Labpur CD Block is (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Labhpur]] (5,419).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Labpur CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Hatia (5,193), Chauhata (7,969), Kurumba (6,507), Shekhampur (6,561), Madhugram (5,608), Danrka (10,897), Ganutia (4,696) and Kurnahar (4,058).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Labpur CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Laghosa (3,980, Jamna (1,446), Thiba (2,776), Bipratikuri (2,060), Indas (3,448), Mahodari (947) and [[Mirati]] (1,098).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Labpur CD Block was 126,842 (71.20% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 70,914 (77.32% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 55,928 (64.70% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 12.62%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Birbhum district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Labpur CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|69.24}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|30.54}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.22}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 139,793 and formed 69.24% of the population in Labpur CD Block. Muslims numbered 61,655 and formed 30.54% of the population. Christians numbered 208 and formed 0.10% of the population. Others numbered 245 and formed 0.12% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The proportion of Hindus in Birbhum district has declined from 72.2% in 1961 to 62.3% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in Birbhum district has increased from 27.6% to 37.1% during the same period. Christians formed 0.3% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 47: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Labpur CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 95.90 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 3.68 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.42 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 95.90% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 3.68% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the BPL household survey carried out in 2005, the proportion of [[Below Poverty Line (India)|BPL]] households in Labpur CD Block was 28.3%, against 42.3% in Birbhum district. In six CD Blocks – Murarai II, Nalhati II, Rampurhat II, Rampurhat I, Suri II and Murarai I – the proportion of BPL families was more than 50%. In three CD Blocks – Rajnagar, Suri I and Labpur – the proportion of BPL families was less than 30%. The other ten CD Blocks in Birbhum district were placed in between. According to the District Human Development Report, Birbhum, “Although there is no indication that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with higher share of agricultural labourer, there is a clear pattern that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with disadvantaged population in general and Muslim population in particular.” (The disadvantaged population includes SCs, STs and Muslims.)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum |work = Table 4.5 + Analytical Text: Number and percentage of BPL households, 2005, page 83-85 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 28 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf |archive-date = 11 June 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Labpur CD Block'''
|value1 = 22.78
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 52.74
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.90
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 20.58
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Labpur CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 16,604 and formed 22.78%, agricultural labourers numbered 38,433 and formed 52.74%, household industry workers numbered 2,840 and formed 3.90% and other workers numbered 14,999 and formed 20.58%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref> Total workers numbered 72,876 and formed 36.09% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 129,025and formed 63.91% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teacher
s, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 160 inhabited villages in Labpur CD Block, as per District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 159 villages (99.38%) have drinking water supply. 33 villages (20.62%) have post offices. 152 villages (95.00%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 44 villages (27.50%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 74 villages (46.25%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 13 villages (8.12%) have agricultural credit societies and 12 villages (7.50%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 80 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 January 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2004-05 (the agricultural labourer data is for 2001), persons engaged in agriculture in Labpur CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 8,107 (16.69%), patta (document) holders 8,613 (17.73%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 1,817 (3.74%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 5,765 (11.87%) and agricultural labourers 24,282 (48.98%).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Table 4A1: Population Features of Farmers in the blocks of Birbhum for the year 2004-05| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Birbhum is a predominantly paddy cultivation-based agricultural district. The area under paddy cultivation in 2010-11 was 249,000 hectares of land. Paddy is grown in do, suna and sali classes of land. There is double to triple cropping system for paddy cultivation. Other crops grown in Birbhum are gram, masuri, peas, wheat, linseed, khesari, til, sugarcane and occasionally cotton. 192,470 hectares of cultivable land is under irrigation by different sources, such as canals, tanks, river lift irrigation and different types of tubewells. In 2009–10, 158,380 hectares were irrigated by canal water. There are such major irrigation projects as Mayurakshi and Hijli. Other rivers such as Ajoy, Brahmani, Kuskurni, Dwaraka, Hingla and Kopai are also helpful for irrigation in the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 21-22: Agriculture, Irrigation | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.5: Expansion of economic opportunities, Page 95| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 75 fertiliser depots, 15 seed stores and 47 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Labhpur CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Birbhum | work = 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 July 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Labhpur CD block produced 66,899 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 21,089 hectares, 332 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 149 hectares, 27,243 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 7,802 hectares, 2,472 tonnes of wheat from 1,114 hectares, 11,537 tonnes of potatoes from 759 hectares and 3,537 tonnes of sugar cane from 69 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Labhpur CD block was 20,311 hectares, out of which 12,398 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 1,450 hectares by tank water, 450 hectares by river lift irrigation, 1,820 hectares by deep tube wells and 3,643 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Labhpur CD block had offices of 4 commercial banks and 6 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Other sectors===
According to the District Human Development Report, 2009, Birbhum is one of the most backward districts of West Bengal in terms of industrial development. Of the new industrial projects set-up in West Bengal between 1991 and 2005, only 1.23% came to Birbhum. [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] is the only large-scale industry in the district and employs about 5,000 people. There are 4 medium-scale industries and 4,748 registered small-scale industries.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.4: Opportunities in Industries, Page 93| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The proportion of workers engaged in agriculture in Birbhum has been decreasing. According to the District Human Development Report, “more people are now engaged in non-agricultural activities, such as fishing, retail sales, vegetable vending, selling milk, and so on. As all these activities are at the lower end of the spectrum of marketable skills, it remains doubtful if these activities generate enough return for their family’s sustenance.”<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.2: Structure of Employment, Page 78| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| archive-date = 11 June 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Birbhum district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Labhpur CD block has 14 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|SH 6]], running from Rajnagar (in Birbhum district) to Alampur (in Howrah district), passes through Labpur CD Block.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Culture==
[[Fullara]], near [[Labhpur]], is one of the [[Shakti Peethas]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 100: Brief Description of Places of Religious, Historical or Archaeological Importance and Places of Tourist Interest of the District | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> A 10-day fair is organized near Fullara temple during [[Magha Purnima|Magh Purnima]].<ref name = "Government">{{cite web | url = http://birbhum.gov.in/birtour2.htm | title = Labhpur| access-date = 2007-08-24 | publisher = Birbhum District administration}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Labhpur CD block had 159 primary schools with 12,092 students, 15 middle schools with 747 students, 16 high schools with 9,314 students and 10 higher secondary schools with 13,914 students. Labhpur CD Block had 1 general degree college with 3,286 students, 4 technical/ professional institutions with 197 students and 305 institutions for special and non-formal education with 9,319 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Labpur CD Block, amongst the 160 inhabited villages, 17 villages did not have a school, 40 villages had more than 1 primary school, 40 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 26 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. 12 villages had senior secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 936-937, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, Page 933, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

[[Sambhunath College]] was established at [[Labhpur]] in 1963.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sambhunathcollege.ac.in/ |title = Sambhu Nath College | publisher= SNC | access-date = 9 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SambhunathCollege/Sambhunath_College.shtml#! | title = Sambhunath College | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 9 February 2018 | archive-date = 10 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002859/http://www.collegeadmission.in/SambhunathCollege/Sambhunath_College.shtml#! | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Labhpur CD block had 1 rural hospital and 5 primary health centres with total 64 beds and 9 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 31 family welfare subcentres. 6,257 patients were treated indoor and 73,948 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per 2011 census, in Labpur CD Block, 3 villages had community health centres, 2 villages had primary health centres, 34 villages had primary health subcentres, 6 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 2 villages had veterinary hospitals, 15 villages had medicine shops and out of the 160 inhabited villages 107 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 933-34, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

Labpur Rural Hospital at [[Labhpur]] has 30 beds. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Bipratikuri (6 beds), Dwaraka (6 beds), Ramkrishnapur (PO Brahamanigram) (6 beds), Thiba (10 beds) and Abhadanga (6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =26 January 2018 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =26 January 2018 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 January 2018 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Labhpur}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Fullara}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Birbhum district]]

Muthuswami Dikshitar

2026-03-19T01:50:57Z

Subhah Shirin:

{{short description|Composer of Carnatic Music (1776–1835)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muthuswami Dikshitar (Mudduswamy Dikshitar)<ref name="TKG1">{{cite book |last1=Rao T K |first1=Govinda |title=Compositions of Mudduswamy Dikshitar |date=1997 |publisher=Ganamandir Publication |isbn=0-965 1871-2-8 |page=Page VIII (Introduction) |edition=2nd}}</ref>
| image = Muthuswami Dikshitar 1976 stamp of India.jpg
| other_names = Guruguha
| birth_date = {{birth date|1776|3|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvarur]],<ref name="Thiruvaiyaru Thyagaraja Aradhana">{{cite web|title=Thiruvaiyaru Thyagaraja Aradhana|url=http://thiruvaiyaruthyagarajaaradhana.org/biography.html|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114185914/http://thiruvaiyaruthyagarajaaradhana.org/biography.html|archive-date=14 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> near [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1835|10|21|1776|3|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ettayapuram]], [[India]]
| father = [[Ramaswami Dikshitar]]
| occupation = [[Carnatic music]] [[composer]], Vainika
}}
'''Muthuswami Dikshitar'''<ref name="TKG1" /> ({{IAST3|muttusvāmi dīkṣitar}}, 24 March 1776 – 21 October 1835), mononymously known as '''Dikshitar''',{{efn|1=The -r suffix is a [[Tamil honorific]].}} was a [[South India]]n, [[Hindu]] poet, singer, [[veena]] player, and prolific composer of [[Indian classical music]]. He was the youngest member of the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]], alongside [[Tyagaraja]] and [[Syama Sastri|Shyama Sastri]]. Dikshitar was born on 24 March 1776 in [[Thiruvarur]] near [[Thanjavur]], in [[Tamil Nadu]]. His family traditionally traced its lineage to [[Virinchipuram Assembly constituency|Virinchipuram]] in the northern part of the state.<ref name=":0">{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Muttuswami-Dikshitar-and-the-British-Raj/article15789561.ece| title = Muttuswami Dikshitar and the British Raj| work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Dikshitar is credited with around 500 compositions, renowned for their elaborate, poetic descriptions of [[Hindu deities]], and detailed architectural depictions of temples.<ref>{{Cite news |last=V |first=Sriram |date=2020-12-26 |title=Knowing the real Dikshitar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/knowing-the-real-dikshitar/article33423041.ece |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His music is notable for capturing the essence of [[Raga|ragas]] in the vainika ([[veena]]) style, which highlights the use of [[Gamaka (music)|gamakas]]. His works are usually composed in a slower tempo (chowka kala), often incorporating using middle tempo stanzas (madhyama kala sahitya). Dikshitar used the signature name '''Guruguha''' (as a [[mudra]]) in all his compositions, which continue to be widely performed in Carnatic music concerts.

The musical trinity consists of Dikshitar, [[Tyagaraja]] (1767–1847), and [[Syama Sastri]] (1762–1827). Unlike the predominantly [[Telugu language|Telugu]] compositions of [[Tyagaraja]] and [[Syama Sastri]], Dikshitar's works are mostly in [[Sanskrit]]. He also composed a few [[Kriti (music)|kritis]] in [[Manipravalam]], a literary style combining [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

There are two schools of thought regarding the pronunciation of his name.<ref name=":0" /> It is generally pronounced ''Muthuswami Dikshitar''. ''Muthu'' means "[[pearl]]" in Tamil, cognate to ''Mutya'' in Sanskrit. It may also be linked to Selvamuthukumaraswamy, a deity of the [[Vaitheeswaran Koil|Vaideeswaran]] temple in [[Mayiladuthurai]]. However, T. K. Govinda Rao explains in ''Compositions of [[List of compositions by Muthuswami Dikshitar|Muthuswami]] Dikshitar''<ref name="TKG1" /> that "Muddayya" is an epithet of [[Hanagal Kumaraswamiji|Kumaraswami]] or Guha. In the 1904 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] publication of ''Sangita Sampradaya Pradarshini'', Sri Subbarama Dikshitar refers to him as Muthuswami. In his composition ''Bhajare re Chitha''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carnatic Songs - bhajarE rE ciththa cittha chittha |url=https://www.karnatik.com/c1123.shtml |access-date=2023-01-19|website=www.karnatikaku.com}}</ref> in raga Kalyani, the mudra appears as "Guruguha Roopa Muddu Kumara Jananeem".

==Early life==
Muthuswami Dikshitar was born in an Auttara [[Vadama]] [[Tamil Brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-24|title=Muthuswami Deekshitar Day at Ganabharathi on Nov. 25|url=https://starofmysore.com/muthuswami-deekshitar-day-ganabharathi-nov-25/|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref> on 24 March 1776,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar: composer per excellence|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/sri-muthuswami-dikshitar-composer-excellence|access-date=2021-12-11|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref> in [[Tiruvarur]] near [[Thanjavur]], in what is now the state of Tamil Nadu, India. He was educated by his father, [[Ramaswami Dikshitar]], in several subjects, including the [[Vedas]], poetry, [[music]], and [[astronomy]].{{sfn|OEMI:MD}} Muthuswami had two brothers, Chinnaswami ({{IAST|Cinnasvāmi}}) and Balaswami ({{IAST|Bālāsvāmi}}),{{efn|1=He is also named Baluswami in some sources.}} and a sister, {{IAST|Balāmba}}.{{sfn|OEMI:DMF}} Muthuswami's father, Ramaswami Dikshitar, born circa 1735, from an Auttara Vadama family in Virinchipuram and relocated south due to the politically turbulent environment surrounding Kanchipuram and Virinchipuram region. Ramaswamy Dikshitar trained in the veena under Venkata Vaidyanatha Dikshitar, of the lineage of [[Govinda Dikshita]]r and Venkatamakhin, an influence reflected in Muthuswami's works, which follow the [[Venkatamakhin]] raga system.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Muthuswami later moved to [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]], near Madras (now [[Chennai]]), with support of Venkatakrishna Mudaliar, a local ''[[zamindar]]''. The Dikshitar brothers accompanied the ''zamindar'' to [[Fort St. George]], where they were introduced to Western [[orchestral music]] and the violin. An [[ascetic]] named Chidambaranatha Yogi then took Muthuswami under his wing, and they went to the city of Benares (now [[Varanasi]], in Uttar Pradesh). There he was instructed in music, [[Eastern esotericism|esotericism]], philosophy, and [[yoga]]. He was also exposed to [[Hindustani classical music]], particularly the [[Dhrupad]] style, which some scholars believe influenced his later compositions.{{efn|1=Those holding this view list works such as {{IAST|Rangapura vihāra}} and {{IAST|Śri saundara rājam}} (both in [[Brindabani Sarang|Vrindāvani Sārang]]), {{IAST|Śri Satyanārāyaṇam}} and {{IAST|Paśupatīśwaram}} ([[Shubhapantuvarali|{{IAST|Śubha Pantuvarāḷi}}]]), {{IAST|Jamboopaté pāhimām}} ([[Kalyani (raga)|Yamuna Kalyāṇi]]), etc., in support of their position.}}{{sfn|OEMI:MD}}

==Career==
{{Carnatic}}
According to hagiographical tradition,{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} [[Murugan]], the deity of the temple at [[Tiruttani]], is said to have placed a piece of sugar candy in Dikshitar's mouth and commanded him to sing. This marked the beginning of his music career and also led him to adopt the [[Mudra (music)|mudra]], "''Guruguha''," one of the many names of Murugan.{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|loc=Muthusvami Dikshitar, p. 236}} His first composition was "''{{IAST|Śrināthādi guruguho jayati jayati}}''" in the raga [[Maya Malavagaula]] and [[Adi tala]].{{sfn|OEMI:MD}}

The song addressed the Lord (and/or the [[guru]]) in the first [[declension]] (Vibhakthi) in Sanskrit. Dikshitar later composed Kritis in all eight declensions on the Lord. These are with [[epithet]]s glorifying Muruga in the ascetic form and have few references to the deity in the [[saguna brahman|saguna]] form, as at [[Thiruthani]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2007/12/01/stories/2007120150180600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204070422/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2007/12/01/stories/2007120150180600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 December 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Songs, moving and intellectual | date=1 December 2007}}</ref>

He then went on a pilgrimage visiting and composing at the temples at [[Kanchi]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupathi]] and [[Kalahasthi]], [[Srirangam]], before returning to [[Tiruvarur]].

Muthuswami Dikshitar attained proficiency in the veena, and the influence of veena playing is evident in his compositions, particularly the [[gamaka (music)|gamaka]]s. In his Kriti ''Balagopala'', he introduces himself as a ''{{IAST| vainika gāyaka}}'', "a player of the veena".{{sfn|Pesch|2006|loc=Dīkshitar, Muttusvāmi, p. 337}} He experimented with the [[violin]], and among his disciples, Vadivelu of the [[Thanjavur Quartet]], and his brother Balaswami Dikshitar pioneered the use of violin in Carnatic music, now an integral part of most Carnatic ensembles.

On his return to Tiruvarur, he composed on every deity in the Tiruvarur temple complex, including Tyagaraja (an amsham of Lord Shiva), the presiding deity, Nilotpalambal, his consort, and the Goddess Kamalambal, an independent deity of high [[Tantra|tantric]] significance in the same temple complex. This is when he composed the famous [[Kamalamba Navavarna Kritis]], filled with exemplary [[Sanskrit literature|sahitya]]s on the deities of the Sri Chakra. These ''navavarnams'' were in all eight declensions of the Sanskrit language and are sung as a highlight of Guruguha Jayanti, celebrated every year. He continued to display his prowess by composing the [[Navagraha Kritis]] in praise of the nine planets. The [[Sanskrit literature|sahitya]] of the songs reflects a profound knowledge of the [[Mantra]] and [[Jyotisha]] [[Shastra|sastras]]. The Nilotpalamba Kritis is another classic set of compositions which revived dying ragas like Narayanagaula, Purvagaula, and Chayagaula.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-14 |title=A peek at Dikshitar's philosophy |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/a-peek-at-dikshitars-philosophy/article4508157.ece |access-date=2023-01-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Subbarāma_Dīkṣita.png|thumb|Subbarama Dikshitar (1839–1906)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sangita Sampradaya Pradarsini (PDF) |url=http://ibiblio.org/guruguha/ssp.htm |website=ibiblio.org |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref>]]
Muthuswami Dikshitar died on 21 October 1835 in [[Ettayapuram]]. He had no children. A [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] was erected at Ettayapuram in his memory, which attracts musicians and admirers of his art.{{sfn|OEMI:MD}}

Muthuswami Dikshitar's brothers Chinnaswami (1778–{{circa|1823}}) and Balaswami Dikshitar (1786–1858) were also noted musicians. Chinnaswami composed some [[Kriti (music)|Kritis]]{{sfn|OEMI:CD}} while Balaswami adapted and pioneered the use of the Western [[violin]] in Carnatic music. The two of them were primarily vocalists and performed together as a duo singing Muthuswami's compositions. Balaswami's grandson{{efn|1=Sources differ on their exact relationship. Balaswami is stated to have adopted Subbarama as his son. He is also named as his grandson, presumably due to the difference in their ages.}} was the composer and scholar, [[Subbarama Dikshitar]] (1839–1906).{{sfn|OEMI:DMF}}{{sfn|OEMI:BD}} In his ''Sangeeta Sampradaya Pradarshini'' ({{IAST3|Saṅgīta sampradāya pradarśini}}), Subbarama records 229 of Muthuswami Dikshitar's Kritis.{{sfn|OEMI:SSP}}

Dikshitar's disciples included several artists who carried forward his tradition. They included the [[Tanjore quartet]] brothers, Ponnayya Pillai, Vadivelu, Chinnayya and Sivanandam, the [[mridangam]] player Tambiyappa, the [[veena]] player Venkatarama Ayyar of [[Avudaiyarkoil|Avudayarkoil]], Tiruvarur Kamalam, Vallalarkoil Ammani, [[Kornad]] Ramaswamy, [[Thirukkadaiyur|Tirukkadeyur]] Bharati, Thevvoor Subrahmania Ayyar, and the son of [[Shyama Shastri|Shyama Sastri]], [[Subbaraya Shastri|Subbaraya Sastri]].{{sfn|OEMI:MD}}

Dikshitar is considered one of the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]] alongside his two contemporaries from Tiruvarur, Tyagaraja and Shyama Sastri.{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|loc=Muthusvami Dikshitar, p. 236}}{{sfn|Peterson|1986|p=184}} The Carnatic musician [[M. Balamuralikrishna|M Balamuralikrishna]] had composed a song in his honour in the [[Raga]] [[Sucharitra]], 'Cintayāmi Satatam Śrī Mudduswāmi Dīkṣitam'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ragde |first=Lakshman |title=Carnatic Songs - cintayAmi satatam |url=https://karnatik.com/c8951.shtml |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=karnATik}}</ref> Koteeswara Iyer has composed a song in his honour in the [[Raga]] Devamanohari, 'Sāmi Dīkṣita'.

==Compositions==
{{main|List of compositions by Muthuswami Dikshitar}}{{Copy edit section|date=March 2025}}

Dikshitar's compositions show scholarly depth and complex rhythmic patterns. He incorporated philosophical concepts into his music and often employed a structured style, compared with later Carnatic music composers such as Tyagaraja. His works, including the ''Abhayāmbā Vibhakti-kṛtis'' demonstrate a careful integration of spiritual themes with musical techniques. Dikshitar tried different ragas and talas, including the ''Raga-malika'' format. His work are more concise than the extended compositions of his father, Ramaswamy Dikshitar.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

Muthuswami Dikshitar is credited with composing roughly 450 to 500 works, many of which remain part of the active Carnatic concert repertoire. Most of these compositions are in Sanskrit and follow the [[Krithi]] format, in which poetry is set to music.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

Throughout his early life, Dikshitar traveled extensively to numerous sacred temples across India, composing Krithis in honor of the deities enshrined at these sites. Many of his works praise the presiding deities of temples and incorporate references to specific characteristics and traditions of each [[Pancha Bhuta Sthalam|sthalam]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Barathi |date=14 June 2016 |title=Decoding Dikshitar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/decoding-dikshitar/article4202989.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

Dikshitar composed extensively throughout his time in [[Kanchipuram]], a city traditionally described as containing more than [[List of Hindu temples in Kanchipuram|108 temples]], representing both [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] traditions. He is said to have worked under the guidance of the saint [[Brahma Upanishad]].<ref>{{cite web |last=NARAYANASWAMI |first= P. P. |title=kSEtra k.rtis of muttusvAmi dIkSitar, part 3 |url=http://www.carnatica.net/special/md-kshetra-iii.htm |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref> His compositions encompass a uniquely wide range of deities, broader than those referred to by most composers in the Carnatic tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-03-17 |title=Muthuswami Dikshitar |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/compilation/triveni-journal/d/doc67846.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> They are noted for their depth, melodic sophistication, and structural precision. His interpretations of several ragas are regarded as authoritative references for their melodic form. While the lyrics are primarily devotional, addressed to specific temple deities, they also integrate concepts from Advaita Vedanta, blending devotional expression with non-dualistic philosophical ideas.

=== Technical contributions ===
Dikshitar composed Krithis in all 72 [[Melakartha]] [[raga]]s, under his unique [[Asampurna Melakarta|Asampurna Mela]] scheme, thereby preserving and showcasing several rare and nearly forgotten ragas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada |title=India through the ages |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/218 218–9]}}</ref> He is also credited with pioneering the Samashti Charanam format—compositions that include only one stanza after the Pallavi, unlike the conventional two.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4carnaticmusic - Music of Dikshitar-(Shodhganga) |url=https://sites.google.com/site/4carnaticmusic/home/13-muthuswami-dikshithar/music-of-dikshitar--shodganga |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=sites.google.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shodasha Ganapathi kritis of Muthuswamy Dikshitar |url=https://www.carnaticcorner.com/articles/shodasha_kritis.htm? |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.carnaticcorner.com}}</ref>

Dikshitar was a master of [[Tala (music)|Tala]] and is the only recorded composer to have Krithis in all seven basic Talas of the Carnatic scheme. His compositions are known for proficient rhyming and intricate use of Sanskrit grammar, including the use of all eight grammatical declensions.

=== Grouped compositions and notable works ===
Muthuswami Dikshitar composed many Kritis in groups. ''[[Vatapi Ganapatim]]'' is regarded as his best-known work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-03-17 |title=Musical Compositions of Muthuswami Dikshitar on Planets |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/compilation/triveni-journal/d/doc70939.html? |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Shri Nilotpala Nayike, rendered on the Veena by L Ramakishnan.ogg|thumb|Shri Nilotpala Nayike, in the raga Reethigowlai. A composition by Muthuswamy Dikshitar. The rendition was part of the Smt Kalpakam Swaminathan memorial concert at Naada Inbam, Chennai.]]

Muthuswami Dikshitar composed one song (Shri Kantimatim Shankara Yuvatim Shri Guruguhajananim Vandeham. Samashti Charanam Hrîmkâra Bîjâkâra vadanâm Hiranya manimaya Shôbhâ Sadanâm) on the [[Nellaiappar Temple]] for goddess Kanthimathi Amman. This song is set in a rare raga.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/rare-kriti-on-a-famous-temple/article6725927.ece Rare kriti on a famous temple – Tirunelveli]. The Hindu (26 December 2014). Retrieved on 2018-12-13.</ref> He is also said to have composed a Rama Ashtapathi along with Upanishad Brahmendral at Kanchipuram, which has been lost.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sramadoss |date=2019-04-21 |title=Upanishad Brahmendra Mutt-Kancheepuram |url=https://karaikudiexpress.wordpress.com/2019/04/21/upanishad-brahmendra-mutt-kancheepuram/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=karaikudi express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Influence of Western music ===
At a young age, Dikshitar was exposed to the music of Western bands at Fort St. George. Later, Dikshitar composed some forty songs to several (mostly western folk) tunes loosely adapted to ragas such as [[Sankarabharanam (raga)|Shankarabharanam]]. This corpus is now known as ''[[Nottuswara|nottusvara sahitya]]'' (etym. ''nottusvara'' = "notes" swara). The influence of [[Celtic music|Celtic]] and [[Baroque music|Baroque]] styles in these compositions is evident (e.g., ''Sakthi Sahitha Ganapatim'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayasri |title=NOTTU SWARAS by MUTHUSWAMY DIKSHITAR |url=http://sapthaswaras.blogspot.com/2009/05/nottu-swaras-by-muthuswamy-dikshitar.html |access-date=2025-09-22}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=September 2018}} to the tune of ''voulez-vous dancer'',<ref>{{cite web |author=Durga, S.A.K. |title=Homage to the Great Composer – SRI MUTHUSWAMI DIKSHITAR |url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/columns/ethnomusic/durga16.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212031301/http://archives.chennaionline.com/columns/Ethnomusic/durga16.asp |archive-date=12 December 2009 |access-date=4 July 2010 |work=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Varashiva Balam''). A common misconception is that these compositions were commissioned by CP Brown, the Collector of Cuddappah. However, this is improbable, as historical records indicate that Dikshitar had left Madras by the year 1799,<ref>Raghavan's monograph published by the NCPA.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}} while Brown did not arrive in Madras until by August 3, 1817, where he studied at the [[Fort St. George|Fort St. George College]], and was being taught of Marathi and Telugu.<ref name="CPBrownTeam" /> He would then pass his Telugu Proficiency and Civil Service Tests by June 1820. In a quote from his English translation of the Telugu Reader, about his own writing initiations into Telugu studies "This Brahmin (Velagapudi Kodandarama Panthulu) taught me the Telugu alphabet when I entered the [[Madras College]]".<ref name="CPBrownTeam">{{cite web |last=Brown Team |first=CP |date=1 February 2023 |title=About CP Brown (English) |url=https://cpbrown.yvu.edu.in/cpbrown-english/ |website=C.P. Brown Library and Language Research Centre |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[List of Carnatic composers]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Muthuswāmi Dīkshitar |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195650983 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-3366 |access-date=18 September 2018 |ref={{harvid|OEMI:MD}} |language=en |url-access=subscription |year=2011}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Dīkshitar Musical Family |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195650983 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-1442 |access-date=18 September 2018 |ref={{harvid|OEMI:DMF}} |language=en |url-access=subscription |year=2011}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Chinnaswāmi Dīkshitar |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195650983 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-1153 |access-date=18 September 2018 |ref={{harvid|OEMI:CD}} |language=en |url-access=subscription |year=2011}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Bālāswāmi Dīkshitar |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195650983 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-0601 |access-date=18 September 2018 |ref={{harvid|OEMI:BD}} |language=en |url-access=subscription |year=2011}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Sangeeta Sampradāya Pradarśini |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195650983 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-4384 |access-date=18 September 2018 |ref={{harvid|OEMI:SSP}} |language=en |url-access=subscription |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pesch |first1=Ludwig |editor1-last=Wolpert |editor1-first=Stanley |editor1-link=Stanley Wolpert |title=Encyclopedia of India |date=2006 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |isbn=9780684313498 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAP7rQEACAAJ }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Indira V. |title=Sanskrit in Carnatic Music: The Songs of Muttusvāmi Dīkṣita |journal=[[Indo-Iranian Journal]] |date=1986 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=183–199 |jstor=24654620 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Ramaswamy|first1=Vijaya|title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|date=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=9780810864450 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Muthuswami Dikshitar}}
*[http://www.medieval.org/music/world/carnatic/dikshitar.html Compositions of Dikshitar, with meanings.]
*[https://dhvaniohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/sr47-49.pdf Sruti Magazine, Mar 2013]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120407003557/http://guruguha.org/wiki/Alphabetical.html Compositions of Dikshitar with meanings.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120320105416/http://www.srithiyagarajatemple.org/deekshidar.asp Muthusamy Dikshithar – A Creative Genius] by [[Chitravina N Ravikiran]]
*[http://carnatica.net/special/dik-stats-ppn.htm Statistics on Dikshitar's Compositions]
*[https://routemybook.com/author_details/Valayapettai-RKrishnan-571 Sri Muthuswamy Dheekshidhar Adichuvatil Isaipayanam by Valayapettai R. Krishnan]
*{{IMSLP|id=Muttusvāmi Dīkṣita}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dikshitar, Muthuswami}}
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
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[[Category:1835 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
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[[Category:19th-century composers]]

Communist Pacha Adhava Appa

2026-03-19T00:08:28Z

Subhah Shirin: new a post

{{Short description|2025 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Shamim Moideen
| writer = Ashif Kakkodi
| producer = Salwan
| released = {{Film date|2025|01|03|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''Communist Pacha Adhava Appa''' is a 2025 Indian Malayalam-language comedy-drama film directed by Shamim Moideen and written by Ashif Kakkodi. It stars Zakariya in his first leading role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2024-12-02 |title=Zakariya-starrer Communist Pacha Adhava Appa confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/02/zakariya-starrer-communist-pacha-adhava-appa-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story follows Wahid, who returns to his rural hometown during the COVID-19 lockdown and reconnects with his community and love of cricket. As neighborhood cricket matches become a focal point for local tensions, Wahid navigates personal and societal conflicts, discovering that meaningful change often begins from within.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Communist Pacha Adhava Appa {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/communist_pacha_adhava_appa |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Zakariya
* [[Sajin Cherukayil]]
* Nazlin Jameela Saleem
* [[Althaf Salim]]
* [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]]
* Sarasa Balussery
* Ranji Kankol

== Production ==
Filming began in [[Kozhikode|Kozhikode, Kerala]], with Zakariya taking on his debut lead acting role. The screenplay was written by Ashif Kakkodi, known for the collaborations with Zakariya on [[Halal Love Story]] and [[Momo in Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-11-23 |title=Zakariya turns lead actor with 'Communist Pacha Adhava Appa' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Nov/23/zakariya-turns-lead-actor-with-communist-pacha-adhava-appa-2521031.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
The film's music is composed by Sreehari K Nair, with cinematography by Shafi Koroth and editing by Shafeeque VB. It was produced by Salwan under the banner of Haritha Entertainments LLP. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-12-11 |title='Arikilaayi' song from Zakariya-starrer Communist Pacha Adhava Appa out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/11/arikilaayi-song-from-zakariya-starrer-communist-pacha-adhava-appa-out |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
Communist Pacha Adhava Appa was released in Indian theatres on 3 January 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBFC {{!}} BBFC |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/communist-pacha-adhava-appa-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3mdky |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[The New Indian Express]] described the film as a "sluggish narrative" that fails to build on its promising premise, criticizing the pacing and lack of cohesion in its themes. The review concluded that despite its ambitions, the film "fumbles heavily with its execution," giving it 1.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-04 |title='Communist Pacha Adhava Appa' movie review: A lockdown innings that tiringly meanders |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Jan/04/communist-pacha-adhava-appa-movie-review-a-lockdown-innings-that-tiringly-meanders |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[Samayam Malayalam]] rated 3/5, noting that while the film attempts to explore political and social themes through its rural setting and cricket backdrop, its execution and messaging may not fully resonate with all viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=അടിമുടി രാഷ്ട്രീയമാണ്; പക്ഷേ ലക്ഷ്യം തൊട്ടില്ല |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/communist-pacha-adhava-appa-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/116919046.cms |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

== Reference ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=34870395}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Shivkar Bapuji Talpade

2026-03-18T11:12:43Z

Subhah Shirin:

{{Short description|Indian aviation enthusiast}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

'''Shivkar Bāpuji Talpade''' ({{audio|Shivkar Bapuji Talpade pronunciation.ogg|pronunciation}}) was an Indian instructor with an interest in [[Sanskrit]] and aviation. He lived in [[Mumbai]], and is claimed to have constructed and flown an [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|unmanned]], [[Aircraft#Heavier than air|heavier-than-air aircraft]] in 1895. Contemporary accounts of a successful flight do not exist, and no reliable historical records document its existence.<ref name="Ganesan" /><ref name="Deb" /><ref name="Doniger2023"/> [[Hindutva pseudohistory#Examples|Pseudo-historical narratives about Talpade]] proliferated in India in the early 2000s among adherents of the [[Hindutva|Hindu-nationalist]] [[right-wing]]. These included the false claim that Talpade had "invented the modern aircraft".<ref name=PseudoScience/><ref name="Deb" /><ref name="Ganesan" /><ref name="Doniger2023"/>

== Talpade's aircraft ==
Talpade is claimed to have constructed an [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|unmanned]], [[Aircraft#Heavier than air|heavier-than-air]] aircraft, named ''Marutsakhā'' ("friend of the air"), and flown it above Bombay's [[Chowpatty Beach]] in 1895.<ref name="Ganesan" /><ref name="Deb" /> Contemporary accounts of a successful flight do not exist, and no reliable historical records document its existence.<ref name="Ganesan" /><ref name="Deb" /><ref name="Doniger2023">{{cite encyclopedia| editor-last1=Mazur | editor-first1=E.M. | editor-last2=Taylor | editor-first2=S.M.F. | last=Doniger| first = Wendy | title= The Myth of Ancient Indian Airplanes | encyclopedia = Religion and Outer Space | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-000-90469-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBi-EAAAQBAJ| pages=25–33}}</ref>

Talpade's aircraft was reputed to have flown to a height of {{convert|1500|ft|m}}. Pratap Velkar, a local architect who has researched Talpade's life and written a book about him, denies this, stating that it rose to a small height before crashing.<ref name="Bhutia" /> The aircraft has been described as a cylinder of [[bamboo]], with claims it used [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] or urine as a fuel.<ref name="Bhutia" /> Some of Talpade's drawings were said to have been sent to [[Hindustan Aeronautics]] (HAL), but Anuradha Reddy, a historian of aviation, was unable to trace them.<ref name="Ganesan" /> The aircraft itself has been described as being sold to [[Rallis Brothers]], or to HAL.<ref name="Bhutia" /> Some accounts of the event stated that the flight was watched by [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], then the [[Maharaja of Baroda]], but direct evidence for this is scant. Velkar states that no royals attended, as it was not well-publicized.<ref name="Ganesan" />

Some versions of the story say that Talpade had advice from Subbaraya Shastry (1866 - 1940), who later wrote ''[[Vaimānika Shāstra]]'' ("Science of Aeronautics"), a text that is frequently associated with descriptions of aircraft in the [[Vedas]].<ref name="Ganesan" /><ref name="Bhutia" /> Shastry claimed the text was delivered to him psychically and was thousands of years old.<ref name="Doniger2023"/> A 1974 paper by scientists from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] declared that the designs in the ''Vaimānika Shāstra'' itself were technologically unfeasible,<ref name="Mukunda 1974 5–12" /><ref name="Deb" /> stating that the text showed a "complete lack of understanding of the dynamics of the flight of heavier-than-air craft". The study also stated that elements of the text were "entirely modern", and that it was definitively not vedic in origin.<ref name="Doniger2023"/> Shastry himself in his autobiography states that Talpade attempted to construct models of aircraft under Shastry's guidance but was unsuccessful in making any of them fly.<ref name="Mukunda 1974 5–12" />

==Cultural legacy==
Narratives about the event proliferated in the early 2000s among adherents of the nationalist [[right-wing]].<ref name="Deb" /> The absence of evidence of its construction is attributed to censorship by the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Deb" /> Talpade developed a reputation as the "first man to fly an aircraft", given that his achievement was supposed to have taken place eight years before the [[Wright Brothers]] flew their plane in 1903.<ref name="Ganesan" /> The aircraft attributed to Talpade was unmanned: unmanned aircraft were already in existence at that time, and were flown successfully decades before Talpade's birth. The first such flight was by English engineer [[John Stringfellow]], whose craft flew about thirty yards in 1848.<ref name="Ganesan" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flyingmachines.org/strng.html|title = FLYING MACHINES - John Stringfellow}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zrpb67qFXUIC&pg=PT63&dq=1857+Temple+flight&lr=&sig=ATn3GzC4AWgNah5AWjodngzkSeUoV8gL9F ''First to Fly'' By Thomas C Parramore, p.46]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1591057.stm|title = High hopes for replica plane|date = 10 October 2001}}</ref>

A film based on life of Talpade, ''[[Hawaizaada]]'', starring [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], was released on 30 January 2015. The government of [[Uttar Pradesh]] exempt the film from taxes in that state.<ref name=TOI/> The film states that Talpade had accomplished in 1895 what the Wright Brothers did in 1903.<ref name="Deb" /> The [[Hindi]] News channel [[Zee News]] aired a piece titled "''Wright brothers wrong {{notatypo|thhe}}''" (the Wright brothers were wrong).<ref name="Ganesan" /><ref name="Deb" /> The segment claimed that Talpade's craft was the first modern aircraft in the world, and that it was the first [[Drone (aircraft)|drone]].<ref name="Deb" /> Also in 2015, a [[2015 Indian Science Congress ancient aircraft controversy|controversial paper presented at the Indian Science Congress]] claimed that Talpade had "invented the modern aircraft".<ref name="Ganesan" /><ref name="Deb" /> Ram Prasad Gandhiraman, a scientist working for [[NASA]], described the paper as [[pseudoscience]].<ref name=PseudoScience>{{cite news|title=Pseudo-science must not figure in Indian Science Congress|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Pseudo-science-must-not-figure-in-Indian-Science-Congress/articleshow/45698353.cms|access-date=25 January 2015|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=31 December 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Claims to the first powered flight]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Ganesan">{{cite news |last1=Ganesan |first1=Ranjita |title=The aviator? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-aviator-115010901145_1.html |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=Business Standard India |date=10 January 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Bhutia">{{cite magazine |author=Lhendup G Bhutia |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/the-myth-of-the-indian-aviator |magazine=OPEN Magazine |title=The Myth of the Indian Aviator |date=2015-01-30 |publisher=Open Media Network Pvt. Ltd. |quote=Talpade is believed to have been born in 1864 in the Pathare Prabhu community in a South Mumbai home}}</ref>

<ref name="Mukunda 1974 5–12">{{cite journal |author=H.S. Mukunda |author2=S.M. Deshpande |author3=H.R. Nagendra |author4=A. Prabhu |author5=S.P. Govindraju |year=1974 |title=A critical study of the work "Vyamanika Shastra" |journal=[[Scientific Opinion]] |pages=5–12 |url=http://cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/site/Portals/0/Publications/ReferedJournal/ACriticalStudyOfTheWorkVaimanikaShastra.pdf |access-date=2007-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122104051/http://cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/site/Portals/0/Publications/ReferedJournal/ACriticalStudyOfTheWorkVaimanikaShastra.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2022 }}</ref>

<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hawaizaada-declared-tax-free-in-Uttar-Pradesh/articleshow/46050475.cms|title=Hawaizaada declared tax free in Uttar Pradesh|work=The Times of India|date=29 January 2015|access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Deb">{{cite magazine |last1=Deb |first1=Siddhartha |title=Those Mythological Men and Their Sacred, Supersonic Flying Temples |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/121792/those-mythological-men-and-their-sacred-supersonic-flying-temples |access-date=26 August 2020 |magazine=The New Republic |date=15 May 2015}}</ref>
</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talpade, Shivkar Bapuji}}
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:1895 in British India]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:History of Vadodara]]
[[Category:Discovery and invention controversies]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Historical revisionism]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Fake news in India]]
[[Category:Propaganda in India]]

Battles of the Mughal Empire

2026-03-15T23:40:14Z

Subhah Shirin:

{{see also|List of battles involving the Mughal Empire}}

Battles raged throughout the period of the [[Mughal Empire]]. Like many Central Asian armies, the Mughal army of [[Babur]] was horse-oriented. The ranks and pay of the officers were based on the horses they retained. Babur's army was small and inherited the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] military traditions of Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rachel Dwyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUWCgAAQBAJ&dq=babur%20timurid%20military%20tradition&pg=PA176 |title=Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies |date=2016 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-4798-4869-0}}</ref> Babur did not introduce a gunpowder warfare system, instead relying on mounted archery.{{sfn|Roy|2015|pp=65–66}} Babur's empire did not last long{{Quantify|date=November 2025|reason=for how long?}} and the Mughal Empire collapsed with the expulsion of [[Humayun]]. The Mughal Empire founded by Akbar in 1556 proved more stable and enduring{{Quantify|date=November 2025}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sita Ram Goel |url=https://archive.org/details/the-story-of-islamic-imperialism-in-india-by-sita-ram-goel/page/n93/mode/2up?q=1556 |title=The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India |date=1994}}</ref> Although the Mughals originated as a nomadic civilization, they grew more sedentary.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pius Malekandathil |author1-link=Pius Malekandathil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEPDQAAQBAJ |title=The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1351997454 |edition=Illustrated |page=194 |quote=...Mughal army shed most of its post-nomadic.. |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref>

The armies of the Mughals were known for their high level of discipline and diverse personnel.{{sfn|Melo|2022|p=54}} They had absorbed almost all of Northern and Central South Asia.<ref>{{harvtxt|Manjeet S. Pardesi|2017}}</ref> During the height of their military domination, their adversaries rarely fought frontal battles; the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha confederation]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]s,<ref name="The State at War in South Asia Studies in War, Society, and the Military; Pradeep Barua2">{{cite book |author1=Pradeep Barua |url=https://epdf.tips/the-state-at-war-in-south-asia-5ea6a52742153.html |title=The State at War in South Asia Studies in War, Society, and the Military |date=2005 |publisher=[[Ohio State University]]; [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] |editor1-last=Grimsley |editor1-first=Mark |page=47 |language=En |quote=Stephen Rosen's calculations show that even the most conservative figures for Indian soldiers per capita are at least as high as those for Europe at the end of the Thirty Years' War (1650), that is, 550,000, or 0.5 percent of a population of some 105 million (Europe west of the Urals, including Scandinavia, Britain, European Russia, Spain, and the Balkans). He also states that the actual numbers may be closer to ten times the incidence of soldiers per captain Europe during that war. Furthermore, in sharp contrast to European states, the Mughals controlled only a small proportion of the total military forces in India. The Ain-i-Akbari gives the empire's total number of soldiers in the 1590s as 4.4 million, which includes local militia, consisting mainly of foot soldiers outside of Mughal control. This represents 3 percent of an estimated population of 135 million in 1600. |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>{{rp|38}} or the [[Rajput kingdoms]] were generally powerless against the Mughals ' cities and camps.<ref name="Abdul Sabahuddin 2003 1992">{{harvtxt|Abdul Sabahuddin|Rajshree Shukla|2003|p=199}}</ref> They usually resorted to [[guerilla warfare]] or the [[Fabian strategy]].<ref name="The Mughal Empire at War Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500-16052">{{harvtxt|Andrew de la Garza|2016|p=48}}</ref>{{rp|56}} By the reign of [[Aurangzeb]], the Mughal army was mainly composed of native Indian Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stephen Meredyth Edwardes, Herbert Leonard Offley Garrett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aqU9Zu7mFoC&dq=aurangzeb+armies+indian+muhammadans&pg=PA355 |title=Mughal rule in India |date=1995 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-551-1}}</ref>

== Babur to Humayun era ==
In 1520, Babur raided western [[Punjab]] and subdued [[Lahore]] by 1524.<ref name="CentralAsiaCiv2">{{cite book |author1=Madhavan K. Palat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |author2=Anara Tabyshalieva |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1 |editor1=Ahmad Hasan Dani |volume=5 |page=300 |editor2=Chahryar Adle |editor2-link=Chahryar Adle |editor3=Irfan Habib |editor3-link=Irfan Habib}}</ref> He laid the foundation of the army during the [[First Battle of Panipat]], where he employed ''Tulugma'', encircling [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi|Ibrahim Lodi]]'s army and forced it to face direct artillery fire, terrifying its [[war elephant]]s.<ref name="RSCHMI2">{{cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&q=babur%20receiving%20invitations%20from%20Daulat%20Khan%20Lodi&pg=PA89 |title=History of medieval India : from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic Publ. |year=2002 |isbn=81-269-0123-3 |location=New Delhi |pages=89–90}}</ref> He achieved his final subjugation of the [[Rajputs]] in the [[Battle of Chanderi]].<ref name="History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D2">{{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526–1707 A.D.2">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopi Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526–1707 A.D.) |date=1954 |publisher=S.L. Agarwala |language=en}}</ref> In 1527, Babur again used muskets at [[Khanwa]], where he defeated the alliance of [[Rana Sanga|Rana Sangram Singh]] of [[Mewar]] and other local rulers, and in 1529 won the [[Battle of Ghaghra]] against the remnants of the Afghan resistance.<ref name="CentralAsiaCiv2" />

The reign of Babur's successor Humayun was characterized by conflicts with the [[Sur Empire]] under [[Sher Shah Suri]]. After securing his throne, Humayun neutralized the threat of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmed Shah]] and annexed [[Gujarat]], [[Malwa]], [[Champaner]], and the great fort of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]].<ref name="Keay2">{{cite book |last1=Keay |first1=John |title=India : A History |date=2000 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-255717-7 |location=London |page=298}}</ref> Sher Shah, who at first remained in Agra and observed the Mughal military organization and administration, recorded how the Mughal empire military functioned.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=17-18}}{{sfn|Mehta|2019|p=164-165}} In conversation with his friend, Sher Shah remarked:

{{blockquote|If luck and fortune favor me I will very shortly expel the Mughals from Hind, for the Mughals are not superior to the Afghans in battle or single combat, but the Afghans have let the Empire of Hindo slip from their hands on account of their internal dissensions. Since I have been amongst the Mughals, and know their conduct in action, I see that they have no order or discipline and that their kings from pride of birth and station do not personally superintend the government and leave all the affair and business of the state to their nobles and ministers, in whose sayings and doings they put perfect confidence. These grandees act on corrupt motives in every case whether it be of a soldier or a cultivator, or of a rebellious zamindar.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=18-19}}}}

In 1535, Humayun became aware that the sultan of Gujarat was planning an assault on Mughal territories in Bayana with Portuguese aid. Humayun gathered an army and marched on Bahadur.<ref name="History of Indian Nation; Muzaffar Syed2">{{Cite book |author=Muzaffar H. Syed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ&q=siege+of+orchha+1635 |title=History of Indian Nation : Medieval India |publisher=K. K. Publications |year=2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|107}} However, instead of pressing his attack, Humayun ceased the campaign and consolidated, as Sultan Bahadur escaped and took up refuge with the Portuguese.<ref name="Banerji19382">{{harvnb|Banerji|1938}}</ref> Shortly after Humayun had marched on Gujarat, [[Sher Shah Suri]] saw an opportunity to wrest control of Agra from the Mughals .<ref name="History of Indian Nation; Muzaffar Syed2" />{{rp|107}} Humayun, faced with the rising threat of the Afghans in the east led by [[Lodi dynasty|Mahmud Lodi]],<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia2">{{Cite web |title=Rule of Afghans |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rule_of_Afghans |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> defeated their force at Dadrah in 1532, and besieged Chunar in September that year, then under Sher Shah's control. The siege continued for over four months to no avail. Sher Shah offered his loyalty to the Mughals on the condition that he remained in control of Chunar, and sent one of his sons as a hostage. Humayun accepted, lifting the siege in December 1532 and returning to [[Agra]] due to the rising threat of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], the ruler of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. He refused to split his army, believing it would split his strength.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=212-213}}{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=33}}{{sfn|Mehta|2019|p=167}}
[[File:The_Sur_Empire_at_its_height.png|right|thumb|Map of the Sur Empire at its greatest extent under [[Sher Shah Suri]] (1538/1540–1545).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=081 |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-19-506869-6 |page=44}}</ref>]]
Sher Shah's hostility towards [[Bengal Sultanate]] prompted its ruler to request aid from [[Humayun]], who in turn mobilized a Mughal army in July 1537, and advanced to [[Chunar]]. Humayun reached the fort in November 1537 and laid siege. The siege continued over six months until the fort fell, despite attempts from Rumi Khan to conquer the city. Sher Shah then led a second invasion into Bengal, seizing [[Rohtas Fort, India|Rohtasgarh]] in March 1538, which he used to situate Afghan families and keep loot from the war. Sher Shah followed his victory at Rohtasgarh by besieging [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], which fell to Afghan forces in April 1538.{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=41}}<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia2" />{{sfn|Puri|Das|2003|p=113}} With these victories, Sher Shah held his first coronation.{{sfn|Jenkins|2015|p=64}}{{sfn|Bhattacherje|2009|p=52}} Humayun refused to leave Bengal in the hands of a hostile state.{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=215-216}}{{sfn|Mehta|2019|p=168}} Therefore, he began a march to Bengal against Sher Shah, but the march lost to poor weather conditions, with rains causing the loss of his baggage between [[Patna]] and [[Munger|Monghyr]].<ref name="A New History of India; Ishwari Prasad2">{{cite book |author1=Ishwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uq-xbnWFjEcC |title=A New History of India |date=1942 |publisher=Indian Press |page=244 |language=En |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> Humayun eventually reached Gauda and seized it without opposition on 8 September 1538.<ref name="Rule of Afghans - Banglapedia2" /> Humayun remained at Gaur for months, stuck there due to the weather, as he restored order in the city.

At the same time, Sher Shah drove deep into his territory, seizing [[Bihar]] and [[Varanasi]], while also recovering Chunar, and laying siege to Jaunpur with other detachments of the Afghan army, extending as far as [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Mehta|2019|p=168}}

On June 26, 1539, Humayun fielded an army of 200,000 to face Sher Shah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=chausa+sher+mughal&pg=RA2-PA40 |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |page=40 |language=en}}</ref> Humayun crossed the [[Karmanasa River]], where he was vulnerable to the Afghans. Sher Shah, seeing the fragile state, attacked the force led by Humayun at the [[Battle of Chausa]]. The Afghans surprised and routed the Mughals . Humayun escaped with his life, and the Mughals suffered over 7,000 dead, including many prominent noblemen.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=34-36}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=216-217}}{{sfn|Mahajan|1968|p=42}}

Following his defeat, Humayun returned to [[Agra]], and restored order after disturbances by his brother, [[Hindal Mirza]]. Humayun then mobilized a large force, and advanced with an army of 40,000, while Sher Shah amassed 15,000. Humayun met Sher Shah at [[Kannauj]], with their armies mirroring each other across the [[Ganges]] river. Humayun crossed the river and began skirmishing. Amidst the fighting, many nobles hid their insignia to prevent them from being recognized, while many fled the battle. The Mughal army was defeated, and Humayun fled to [[Sindh]]. Following this victory, Sher Shah was crowned a second time on 17 May 1540 as Sher Shah, Emperor of Northern India.{{sfn|Ali Khan|1925|p=38-41}}{{sfn|Chandra|2007|p=217}}{{sfn|Mehta|2019|p=169}}

After Sher Shah Suri's successor Islam Shah died in 1554, Humayun gathered a vast army with the help of Safavids. The vast majority of the army was [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] faith. Shaikh Ahmad described to Humayun, ''"My king, I see the whole of your army are [[Rafida|Rafizi]]...Everywhere the names of your soldiers are of this kind. I find they are all Yar Ali or Kashfi Ali or Haider Ali and I have, not found a single man bearing the names of the other [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]]."''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Afzal Husain and Afzal Husan |year=1981 |title=LIBERTY AND RESTRAINT—A STUDY OF SHIAISM IN THE MUGIAL NOBILITY |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141140 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=42 |page=276 |jstor=44141140}}</ref>

Humayun placed the army under [[Bairam Khan]], who led the army through the Punjab virtually unopposed. His only major battle came against [[Sikandar Shah Suri]] in [[Sirhind]], where Bairam Khan engaged his enemy in open battle, but then quickly retreated in apparent fear. When the enemy followed, they were surprised by entrenched defensive positions and were annihilated.{{cn|date=March 2026}} At the [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)|Battle of Sirhind]] on 22 June 1555, Sikandar Shah Suri's armies were decisively defeated and the Mughal Empire was reestablished.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-18 |title=Battles for India at Sirhind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/shooting-straight/battles-for-india-at-sirhind/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> After Sirhind, most towns and villages welcomed the invading army as it rode to the capital. On 23 July 1555, Humayun once again sat on Babur's throne in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toler |first=Pamela D. |date=February 2011 |title=An Untimely Death |url=https://search-ebscohost-com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mat&AN=57855763&site=eds-live&scope=site. |journal=Calliope |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=3 |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref>

== Akbar era ==
During the last stage of the conflict against [[Sur Empire]], Akbar faced [[Hemu]], a minister and general of one of the Sur rulers, who had proclaimed himself Hindu emperor and expelled the Mughals from the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]s.<ref name="Eraly12">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|pp=118–124}}</ref> Urged by Bairam Khan, who re-marshalled the Mughal army before Hemu could consolidate his position, Akbar marched on Delhi to reclaim it.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chandra|2007|pp=226–227}}</ref> His army, led by Bairam Khan, defeated Hemu and the Sur army on 5 November 1556 at the [[Second Battle of Panipat]], {{convert|50|mi|km}} north of Delhi.<ref name="Panipat2">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=227}}</ref> Soon after, Mughal forces occupied Delhi and then Agra. Akbar made a triumphant entry into Delhi, staying for one month. He and Bairam Khan then returned to Punjab to deal with Sikandar Shah Suri, who had again become active.<ref name="Richards22">{{harvnb|Richards|1996|pp=9–13}}</ref> In the next six months, the Mughals won another major battle against Sikander, who fled east to [[Bengal]]. Akbar and his forces occupied [[Lahore]] and seized [[Multan]] in the Punjab.<ref name="Richards22" />

From 1556 to 1558,<ref name="AjmerBritannica2">{{Cite web |title=Ajmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ajmer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906032724/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ajmer |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=21 October 2020 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> the Mughals conquered the city of [[Ajmer]], the aperture to [[Rajputana]], after the defeat and flight of its Muslim ruler.<ref name="Richards22" /> The city became the capital of [[Ajmer Subah]] who used it as a base for campaigns against Rajput rulers and, as the site of celebration when a campaign bore success.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521267281 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=24 September 1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |pages=118–122 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521267281 |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=24 September 1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |pages=170 & 174–178 |doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281}}</ref> In the same year, the Mughals besieged and defeated the Sur forces in control of [[Gwalior Fort]], a stronghold north of the [[Narmada]] river.<ref name="Richards22" />

By 1559, the Mughals drove into Rajputana and [[Malwa Sultanate]].<ref name="Richards32">{{harvnb|Richards|1996|pp=14–15}}</ref> However, Akbar's disputes with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily halted the expansion.<ref name="Richards32" /> Akbar dismissed Bairam Khan following a dispute at court in 1560 and ordered him to undertake the [[Hajj]].<ref name="expansion2">{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=339}}</ref> He was defeated by the Mughal army in the Punjab. Akbar gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage; Bairam chose the latter.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=228}}</ref>

In 1560, Akbar resumed military operations.<ref name="Richards32" /> A Mughal army under the command of his foster brother, [[Adham Khan]], and a Mughal commander, Pir Muhammad Khan, began the conquest of Malwa. The Afghan ruler, [[Baz Bahadur]], was defeated at the Battle of Sarangpur and fled to [[Sultanate of Khandesh|Khandesh]], leaving behind his harem, treasure, and war elephants.<ref name="Richards32" /> Despite initial success, Akbar was ultimately displeased with the aftermath; his foster brother retained the spoils and followed the Central Asian practice of slaughtering the surrendered garrison, their wives and children, including many Muslim theologians and [[Sayyids]], who were descendants of [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Richards32" />

In 1564, Mughal forces began the [[Mughal conquest of Garha|conquest of Garha]], a thinly populated, hilly area in central India that was of interest for its wild elephants.<ref name="Richards42">{{harvnb|Richards|1996|pp=17–21}}</ref> Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was preoccupied with the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] rebellion, putting the campaign in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal governor of Kara.<ref name="Chandra2">{{harvnb|Chandra|2005|pp=105–106}}</ref> [[Rani Durgavati|Durgavati]] committed suicide after her defeat at the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Vir Narayan was slain at the Fall of Chauragarh, the mountain fortress of the [[Gondi people|Gonds]].<ref name="Chandra2" /> The Mughals seized immense wealth, including gold and silver, jewels, and 1,000 elephants. Kamala Devi, a younger sister of Durgavati, was sent to the Mughal harem.<ref name="Chandra2" />

In 1568, Akbar besieged Ranthambore Fort, a Hada Rajput stronghold in Rajasthan led by [[Rao Surjan Singh|Rao Surjan Hada]]. After conquering Chittorgarh, Akbar aimed to solidify his rule of eastern Rajasthan. Employing cannon and tunneling, the Mughals overwhelmed the defenses, leading to Surjan Hada's surrender in March 1568. He swore allegiance to Akbar, joining the Mughal court as a noble.<ref>{{cite web |year=2023 |title=Ranthambore Fort |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ranthambore-Fort |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |ref={{harvid|Britannica Ranthambore|2023}}}}</ref>{{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=112–114}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Abu'l-Fazl |url=https://archive.org/details/akbarnama02abuluoft |title=Akbarnama |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1907 |volume=II |pages=441–445 |translator-last=Blochmann |translator-first=H. |access-date=2025-09-14}}</ref>

In 1570, a deviant [[Sufism]] movement preaching Wahdat al-Wujud grew in [[Peshawar]], founded by their charismatic leader [[Pir Roshan]].<ref name="Bosin20092">{{cite book |last1=Bosin |first1=Yury V |url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/uid=3/tocnode?id=g9781405184649_yr2011_chunk_g97814051846491281 |title=International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest |date=2009 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=9781405184649 |editor1-last=Ness |editor1-first=Immanuel |page=2869 |chapter=Roshaniya movement and the Khan Rebellion |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Muslim Deviant Thought And Reform Efforts By Muslim Scholars In Mughal Era.2">{{cite journal |author1=Alam, Nadia |author2=Al-Azhari, Ali Akbar |author3=Ghani, Hafiz Abdul |author4=Riaz, Muhammad |date=2023 |title=Muslim Deviant Thought And Reform Efforts By Muslim Scholars In Mughal Era. |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/articles/edb__163977411 |journal=Journal of Positive School Psychology |publisher=Academic Social Research Research India |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=1280 |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref> The [[Roshani movement]] played an important part in politically in resisting the increasing influence of Mughals in the Afghan region as they gained popular support.<ref name="Muslim Deviant Thought And Reform Efforts By Muslim Scholars In Mughal Era.2" /> Pir Roshan spent his life in conflict with the Mughals .<ref name="Muslim Deviant Thought And Reform Efforts By Muslim Scholars In Mughal Era.2" /> His successors continued his struggle, capturing [[Ghazni]] city, prompting then emperor [[Jahangir]] to address the rebellion. After constant battles, the movement eventually weakened and ended.<ref name="Muslim Deviant Thought And Reform Efforts By Muslim Scholars In Mughal Era.2" />

In 1572, the Mughals annexed [[Gujarat]] and acquired its first access to the sea. Local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the [[Indian Ocean]]. Akbar obtained a ''[[cartaz]]'' (permit) from the Portuguese to sail in the [[Persian Gulf]] region.<ref>{{Harvnb|Habib|1997|pp=256–257}}</ref> At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the [[Siege of Surat]], the Portuguese, recognising the superior strength, chose to pursue diplomacy. The Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent an ambassador to establish friendly relations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Habib|1997|p=259}}</ref> Next year at the close of 1573, Akbar sent an armed forces under [[Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana]] to pacify the rebellion in Gujarat. The rebels under viceroy Muzaffar soundly defeated and fled to Cambay (Khambhat), as Abdúr-Rahím Khán had been joined by Naurang Khán and other nobles with the Mughal army from Málwa, Thus prompting Muzaffar to fled to Rajpipla.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|p=271}}<ref name="Mitra20052">{{cite book |author=Sudipta Mitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0rME6RjC1sC&pg=PA14 |title=Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7387-183-2 |page=14}}</ref> As the conquest of Gujarát was completed in 1573, Akbar returned to [[Agra]] with the last Gujarat Sultán [[Muzaffar Shah III]] as a captive.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|p=266–267}}

In 1575–1576, the Mughal general Mu'nim Kha ln successfully annexed the ports of l'ipli and Satgaon in Bengal, allowing the creation of the Mughal sulu (province) of Bengal.<ref name="Sanjay Subrahmanyam Mughal2">{{harvtxt|Sanjay Subrahmanyam|2012|pp=14, 23–24, 135, 156, 175, 198, 225}}</ref>

In 1576, the Mughal army led by [[Man Singh I]] fought the Rajput [[kingdom of Mewar]] in the [[Battle of Haldighati]]. In this battle, the Mughal infantry routed the Mewar's war elephants.<ref name="Andrew de la Garza 2016 49–502">{{harvtxt|Andrew de la Garza|2016|pp=49–50}}</ref>

By the end of 1577, as Wazír Khán's management was not successful, Shaháb-ud-dín Áhmed Khán was made viceroy. The governor of [[Malwa]]. Shaháb-ud-dín's first step was to create new military posts and strengthen the existing posts.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|p=269}}
[[File:Isa_Khan.jpg|right|thumb|Depiction of [[Isa Khan]], Chief of Baro-Bhuiyans of Bengal who fought Mughal empire from 1578 to 1597.]]
From 1578, the Mughals engaged in prolonged conflict against local [[Bengal]] warlord [[Isa Khan]],<ref name="bpedia2">{{cite Banglapedia|author=Chisti, AA Sheikh Muhammad Asrarul Hoque|article=Isa Khan}}</ref> which continued until 1597.<ref name="Shahnaj Husne Jahan2">{{cite web |author=Shahnaj Husne Jahan |title=Katrabo |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Katrabo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416021218/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Katrabo |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015 |website=Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka}}</ref> Isa Khan was previously an ally of Mughal enemy, the [[Karrani dynasty]], which helped Isa Khan in his expedition to [[Chittagong]] against [[Udai Manikya]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Tripura]].<ref name="bpedia2" />

In 1583, Mughal General [[Shahbaz Khan Kamboh]] razed the palace of Isa Khan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Dineshchandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpVUKSilrFYC&pg=PA322 |title=The Ballads of Bengal |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1988 |volume=2 |page=322}}</ref> In September 1584,<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA63 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5 |page=63 |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226012712/https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA63 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> the then-''subahdar'' Shahbaz crossed the [[Ganges]] near Khizirpur and attacked Sonargaon, Katrabo and Egarasindhur<ref name="bpedia2" /> and pursued the defeated Pathan forces under Masum Kabuli up to Bikrampur in Dhaka. Isa Khan avoided surrender and delayed the Mughal attack for several months. However, in 1584, Isa and Masum Khan Kabuli, deploying musket and gunpowder artilleries, launched a counterattack that defeated Shahbaz Khan in the naval and land battles of Egarasindur and Bhawal,<ref name="Sengupta 2011 1292">{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA129 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4 |page=129}}</ref> and killed one of the Mughal generals,<ref name="isbn978-0-8108-8024-52">{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Kunal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA257 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shubhra |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5 |pages=257–258}}</ref> forcing Shahbaz Khan to retreat into Tandah.<ref name="Sengupta 2011 1292" />

In late 1585, Emperor Akbar sent military expedition under [[Zain Khan Koka]] and [[Birbal]] to pacify the rebellion of Afghani tribes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA50 |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=9780521566032 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |pages=50–51}}</ref>

In February 1586 the Mughal suffered heavy losses in the [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)|Battle of the Malandari Pass]] near the [[Karakar Pass]] between [[Swat District|Swat]] and [[Buner]].{{sfn|Richards|1993|pp=50–51}} The Afghan tribe confederacy under [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai]] inflicted 8,000-40,000 casualties on the Mughal forces,<ref>{{cite web |year=1940 |title=Mughal Empire in India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511766/page/279/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ops5AAAAIAAJ |title=Central Asia |publisher=Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar |year=1981 |issn=1729-9802}}</ref> and their commander, [[Birbal]], was slain in battle.{{sfn|Richards|1995|pp=49–51}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=S. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511766 |title=Mughal Empire In India |date=1940 |page=278}}</ref> Akbar learned about the disaster 2 days after the battle, and dispatched an army under Rajah Todar Mal on 19 February to exact retribution, killing a large number of Yusufzais and selling many survivors as slaves to [[Turan]] and [[Persia]].{{sfnp|Sarkar|1948|p=275}} In the same year, Mughal general Man Singh defeated Isa Khan in the battle of Egarasindhur. Mughal Subahdar Shahbaz Khan again sent his forces against Isa to the south.<ref name="jbbpedia2">{{cite web |author=Shahnaj Husne Jahan |title=Jangalbari Fort |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jangalbari_Fort |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416021740/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jangalbari_Fort |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015 |website=Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}</ref>

In 1591, Akbar faced another rebellion in Gujarat, where he faced the alliance of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], [[Nawanagar State]], [[Cutch State]], and [[Muli State]].<ref name="GSLJM12">{{cite web |last=Jadav |first=Joravarsinh |date=29 April 2012 |title=આશરા ધર્મને ઉજાગર કરતી સૌરાષ્ટ્રની સૌથી મોટી ભૂચર મોરીની લડાઇ - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી |url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120429/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510180850/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120429/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html |archive-date=10 May 2016 |access-date=10 May 2016 |website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] |language=gu}}</ref><ref name="Dosábhai18942">{{cite book |author=Edalji Dosábhai |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorygujartf00dosgoog |title=A History of Gujarát: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time |publisher=United Print. and General Agency |year=1894 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorygujartf00dosgoog/page/n175 133]–147}}</ref><ref name="DB20152">{{cite web |date=3 September 2015 |title=ગૌરવ ગાથા: ક્ષાત્રધર્મના પાલન માટે ખેલાયું ભૂચર મોરીનું યુધ્ધ |url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-RJK-HMU-bhuchar-mori-war-history-in-rajkot-latest-news-5102199-NOR.html |access-date=10 May 2016 |website=divyabhaskar |language=gu}}</ref> Akbar then sent [[Mirza Aziz Koka]] to engage them in the [[Battle of Bhuchar Mori]].<ref name="GSLJM12" /><ref name="TS18822">{{cite book |author=Ranchhodji Diwan |author-link=Ranchhodji Diwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbsOAAAAQAAJ |title=Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd |publisher=Education Society Press, & Thacker |year=1882 |pages=247–252 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dosábhai18942" /><ref name="De20152">{{cite web |author=DeshGujarat |date=3 September 2015 |title=A memorial dedicated to the battle of Bhuchar Mori ready to open |url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2015/09/03/a-memorial-dedicated-to-the-battle-of-bhuchar-mori-ready-to-open/ |access-date=10 May 2016 |website=DeshGujarat}}</ref><ref name="Bombay19692">{{cite book |author=Asiatic Society of Bombay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UMQAAAAIAAJ |title=Journal |year=1969 |page=153}}</ref> Mughal forces defeated the allied force, and Mirza Aziz plundered Nawanangar.<ref name="PHI2">{{cite web |last=Fazl |first=Abu |title=Victory Of The K. Azim M. Koka And The Disgrace Of Mozaffar Gujrati in ''The Akbarnama'' |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714022016/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 |archive-date=14 July 2018 |access-date=14 May 2016 |website=Packard Humanities Institute |pages=902–911}}</ref> He sent an army to conquer lower Sindh from the [[Tarkhan dynasty]]. Jani Beg put up resistance but was defeated and his principality was annexed.<ref name="Davies, p. 6282">{{cite book |author=Davies, C. Collin |title=''The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume I.'' New edition |publisher=E. J. Brill |year=1960 |isbn=90-04-08114-3 |location=Leiden |page=628 |chapter="Arghun."}}</ref>

In 1593, the Mughals annexed the Tarkhan dynasty after defeating the last Tarkhan ruler, Mirza Jani Beg; Jani Beg and his son [[Mirza Ghazi Beg]] continued to rule as Governors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Museum |first1=Victoria and Albert |date=1610 |title=Mirza Ghazi Manohar V&A Explore The Collections |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O109866/portrait-of-mirza-ghazi-painting-manohar/mirza-ghazi-painting-manohar/ |website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SS2">{{cite book |last1=Shoro |first1=Shahnaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8I3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |title=Honour Killing in the Second Decade of the 21st Century |date=21 August 2017 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-0065-5 |pages=48–49 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1594, Jahangir was dispatched by his father [[Akbar]], alongside Asaf Khan, also known as Mirza Jafar Beg and [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], to defeat the renegade Raja [[Vir Singh Deo]] [[Bundela]] and to capture the city of [[Orchha]], which was considered the centre of the revolt.<ref>{{harvnb|Muzaffar H. Syed|1905|p=141}}</ref> Jahangir arrived with a force of 12,000 after many encounters. He subdued the Bundela and ordered Vir Singh Deo to surrender. After tremendous casualties and the start of negotiations between the two, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry. He feared Mughal retaliation and remained a fugitive until his death.<ref name="Muzaffar H. Syed 1905 1662">{{harvnb|Muzaffar H. Syed|1905|p=166}}</ref> The victorious Jahangir, at 26 years old, ordered the completion of the [[Jahangir Mahal]], a famous Mughal citadel in Orchha, to commemorate his victory.<ref name="Muzaffar H. Syed 1905 1662" />

In August 1597 the Mughals engaged Isa Khan and his ally, Masum Khan Kabuli, in the final battle of their long conflict.<ref name="Eaton19932">{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |year=1993 |access-date=15 November 2019 |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220060508/https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato |archive-date=20 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> At first Isa faced defeat with the Mughals attacking Katrabo, one of Isa's [[Pargana|''pargana'']] (administrative unit).<ref name="Shahnaj Husne Jahan2" /> However, on 5 September, Durjan Singh was killed and the Mughal forces were defeated. Both the army and navy of the Mughal-Koch Bihar alliance were either routed or captured.<ref name="bpedia2" /> After the battle, Akbar put 22 ''parganas'' administrative units under his control.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Dineshchandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpVUKSilrFYC&pg=PA328 |title=The Ballads of Bengal |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1988 |volume=2 |page=328}}</ref>

== Jahangir to Shah Jahan era ==
[[File:The_Padshahnama,_imperial_court_guards_and_nobles.jpg|right|thumb|[[Man Singh I]] Imperial court guards of Shah Jahan]]From 1602 to 1604, [[Man Singh I]] established a Mughal coastal navy with assistance from Portuguese pirates. He successfully repelled the [[Mrauk U]] kingdom's amphibious invasion into [[Bengal Subah]]. In 1609 and 1612, [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] and [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] were subsequently annexed by the Mughals .<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bhattacharya|2020|p=43}}</ref>

In 1608, Jahangir sent [[Islam Khan I]] to subdue the rebellious son of Isa Khan, [[Musa Khan (Bengal Ruler)|Musa Khan]], the Masnad-e-Ala<ref>{{cite book |author=Pawan singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDBdEAAAQBAJ&dq=isa+khan+dynasty+bengal&pg=PA12 |title=Bangladesh and Pakistan Flirting with Failure in South Asia |date=2022 |publisher=gaurav book center |page=21 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404123156/https://books.google.com/books?id=IDBdEAAAQBAJ&dq=isa+khan+dynasty+bengal&pg=PA12 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> of the [[Baro-Bhuyan|Baro-Bhuyan confederacy]] in [[Bengal]].<ref name="bpedia2" /> Islam Khan manage to subdue and imprisoned Musa Khan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Feroz |first=M A Hannan |title=400 years of Dhaka |publisher=Ittyadi |year=2009 |pages=12}}</ref><ref name="sen22">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=165}}</ref>

In 1612 the Mughals invaded the [[Greater Sylhet]] region. [[Bayazid of Sylhet|Bayazid Karrani II]], a member of the [[Karrani dynasty]] of Bengal,{{sfnp|Ali|1965|pp=67–69}} was among the most powerful leaders of the Eastern Afghani Confederates, independently ruling its eastern half with his capital in [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]].{{sfnp|Tripathi|1960|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Uc8BAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Anwarkhan+of+Baniachang;+and+Bayazid+Karrani+of+Sylhet+were+the+more+powerful+leaders+of+the+Afghans%22 367]}}{{sfnp|Ali|1954|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66554/page/n293/mode/2up 278]}} He continued the struggle against Mughal expansion of the previous generation under Isa Khan.{{sfnp|Roy|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532589/page/n75/mode/2up 62]}} Bayazid had been granted lands as part of the maintenance of this alliance by Musa Khan.{{sfnp|Rizvi|1969|p=61}} Bayazid allied with [[Khwaja Usman]] from [[Kamalganj Upazila|Usmangarh]] (and [[Taraf Kingdom|Taraf]]) and Anwar Khan of [[Baniachong Upazila|Baniachong]].{{sfnp|Rizvi|1970|p=61}} This alliance led [[Islam Khan I]], the Mughal governor of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] to dispatch an imperial force against Bayazid.{{sfnp|Roy|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532589/page/n115/mode/2up 103]}}{{sfnp|Sarkar|1948|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56807/page/n291/mode/2up 275]}} Ghiyas Khan was initially appointed to lead the expedition, although command was later entrusted to [[Shaikh Kamal]]. He was assisted by officers such as [[Mubariz Khan (Bengal)|Mubariz Khan]], Tuqmaq Khan, [[Mirak Bahadur Jalair]] and Mir Abdur Razzaq Shirazi. Mir Ali Beg was made the [[Bakshi|''bakhshi'' (paymaster)]] of this Mughal command.<ref name="borah2">{{cite book |author=M. I. Borah |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84864/page/n201 |title=Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume 1 |year=1936 |page=163}}</ref> The host consisted of four thousand [[Matchlock|matchlock-men]], one thousand cavalry of Islam Khan I, one hundred imperial war elephants and the fleet of Musa Khan and his confederates, who had surrendered to the Mughals the previous year.{{sfnp|Roy|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532589/page/n103/mode/2up 92]}}{{sfnp|Khan|2012}} Bayazid's side consisted of the forces sworn to him and his brother Yaqub, as well as several hill-tribe chieftains (likely [[Kuki people|Kukis]]).{{sfnp|Ali|1965|p=67}} The conflict raged{{sfnp|Roy|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532589/page/n115/mode/2up 103–04]}}{{sfnp|Rizvi|1970|p=67}} until Khwaja Usman was slain.<ref name="khabor2">{{cite news |last=Islam |first=Nazrul |date=16 Apr 2018 |title=Bangladesher Khabor |script-title=bn:খাজা উসমান |url=http://www.bangladesherkhabor.net/History-Heritage/11610 |newspaper=Bangladesher Khabor |language=bn}}</ref> His death demoralized the Afghan, prompting Bayazid to surrender.{{sfnp|Roy|1968|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532589/page/n115/mode/2up 104–05]}} Soon after, Anwar Khan also submitted,{{sfnp|Rizvi|1969|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GntCAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Soon+after+Anwar+Khan+and+Hussain+Khan+of+Baniachong+also+surrendered+after+the+submission+of+Bayazid+of+Sylhet%22 60]}} thus bringing Sylhet for the first time under Mughal control.{{sfnp|Ali|1954|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66554/page/n293/mode/2up 278]}}
[[File:The_capture_of_Orchha_by_imperial_forces_(October_1635).jpg|right|thumb|The [[Mughal Army]] under the command of prince Aurangzeb depicted in [[Siege of Daulatabad (1633)]].]]
In 1613, Jahangir imposed a draconian law to extirpate the [[Koli people]]s, who were notorious robbers and plunderers living in the most inaccessible parts of [[Gujarat]]. Many Koli chieftains were massacred and the rest were hunted into the mountains and deserts. 169 heads of Koli chiefs were killed in battle by Nur-ul-llah Ibrahim, commander of ollodo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanif |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXH4RHYwkEsC |title=Islamic Concept of Crime and Justice: Political justice and crime |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-7625-063-4 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=73–74 |language=en |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128111814/https://books.google.com/books?id=CXH4RHYwkEsC |archive-date=28 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Herbert |first=Sir Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46NMAQAAMAAJ |title=Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great : Some Years Travels Into Africa and Asia the Great, Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Hindustan, as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Oriental Indies, 1627-30, the 1677 Version |publisher=ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies) |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-86698-475-1 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=180 |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, after the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] seized the Mughal ship [[Rahīmī|''Rahimi'']], which had set out from Surat with a cargo of 100,000 rupees and Pilgrims on the [[Hajj]].<ref name="From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India2">{{cite book |author=Sekhara Bandyopadhyaya |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2 |page=37}}</ref> The Portuguese officially refused to return the ship and its passengers, Jahangir and his court were outraged and ordered the seizure of the Portuguese town [[Daman, India|Daman]]. He ordered the apprehension of all Portuguese within the Mughal Empire; he further confiscated [[Jesuits]] churches.<ref name="From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India2" /> Due to this conflict, trading activities of the Portuguese ended, while the British gained favor.<ref name="EllisonBanks2">{{cite book |author1=Ellison Banks Findly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C |title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India |publisher=[[Oxford University]] press |year=1993 |isbn=9780195360608 |pages=130–131}}</ref>

In response to the Portuguese seizure, Mughal forces, led by Khwaja Jahan, launched a combined land and naval campaign in early 1614 against Portuguese outposts in Surat and Cambay. Capitalizing on their numerical strength and control over Gujarat, the Mughals besieged fortifications, disrupted trade routes, and captured goods and personnel, using local garrisons and coastal vessels to blockade Portuguese supply lines. By mid-1615, the Portuguese surrendered, releasing the Rahimi's passengers and cargo and accepting Mughal trade terms, solidifying Mughal authority along the Gujarat coast and further reducing Portuguese influence.<ref name="JASB18962">{{Cite journal |last=Anonymous |year=1896 |title=The Mughal-Portuguese Conflict in Gujarat |url=https://www.hathitrust.org/ |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=54–56 |access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref>{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=165}}

Later, after a year-long [[war of attrition]] in the same year, Rana [[Amar Singh I]] surrendered conditionally to the Mughal forces and became a [[vassal state]] of the Mughals as a result of Mughal expedition of Mewar.<ref>{{harvnb|Prasad|1930|p=239}} "Constant skirmishes were thinning the Rajput ranks ... [Amar Singh] offered to recognize Mughal supremacy ... Jahangir gladly and unreservedly accepted the terms."</ref> In 1615, Khurram presented Kunwar Karan Singh, Amar Singh's heir to Jahangir. Khurram was sent to pay homage to his mother and stepmothers and was later rewarded by Jahangir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Emperor |first=Jahangir |title=The Jahangirnama |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution and Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/116 116]}}</ref> His ''mansab'' was increased from 12,000/6,000 to 15,000/7,000, practically making his rank equal with his brother Parvez. It was further increased to 20000/10000 in 1616.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Emperor |first=Jahangir |title=The Jahangirnama |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution and Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/175 175]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Emperor |first=Jahangir |title=The Jahangirnama |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution and Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/192 192]}}</ref>

Between 1614 and 1616, Mughal Subahdar of Bengal [[Qasim Khan Chishti]] faced a combined attack of Arakanese and Portuguese forces. Because of a rift between these forces, Qasim Khan thwarted the expedition.<ref name="bpediaQasimKhan2">{{cite book |last=Karim |first=KM |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=Qasim Khan Chisti |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Qasim_Khan_Chisti}}</ref> In February 1616, Qasim Khan built an army and sent an expedition to take [[Chittagong]] back from Arakan. However, dissent in the ranks emerged because the commander was a personal officer of the ''subhadar,'' leading mostly imperial forces. The Arakanese recovered the strength with reinforcements who defended the city and cut off food supply lines, failing Qasim Khan's effort to subdue Chittagong.<ref name="BARchow2">{{cite book |last=Chowdhury |first=Mohammaed Ali |title=Bengal-Arakan Relations |date=2004 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |isbn=81-7102-118-2 |location=Kolkata |pages=106–107}}</ref>

In 1620, the [[Maghs]] of Arakan attacked the Bengali capital of [[Jahangirnagar]] (Dhaka). In response, [[Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang]] defeated them and captured 400 Magh war boats.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Maghbazar|author=Fazilatun Nessa}}</ref> During his term, he freed [[Baro-Bhuiyan]] chief [[Musa Khan (Bengal)|Musa Khan]] and his allies. It is said that Ibrahim Khan appointed [[Dilal Khan]] as Dhaka's naval commander.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Syed Murtaza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3909AAAAMAAJ |title=History of Chittagong |publisher=Standard Publications, Incorporated |year=1964 |pages=49–50 |access-date=2025-11-21}}</ref>

In the same year, Jahangir conquered [[Kangra district|Kangra]].<ref name="sen22" /> His presence was observed by Mughal scholar [[Ahmad Sirhindi]], who reported that Mughal forces had the Idols broken, a cow slaughtered, [[Khutbah]] sermon read, and other Islamic rituals performed.{{sfn|Malik|Zubair|Parveen|2016|p=159-161}} Jahangir's departure from Akbar was recorded by Terry, a traveller, who observed India between 1616 and 1619. He reported the mosques to be full of worshippers, the exaltation of Quran and Hadith practical teaching, and the complete observance of [[Fasting during Ramadan]] and [[Eid al-Fitr]] celebrations.{{sfn|Malik|Zubair|Parveen|2016|p=159-161}} [[Aurangzeb]], son of Shah Jahan, led the Mughals in military campaigns, including the pacification of the [[Bundela]] Rajputs in Siege of Orchha in 1635.<ref name="History of Indian Nation; Muzaffar Syed2" /><ref name="Orchha, Travel Guide2">{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Swati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLLHrrD8KrUC&q=mughal+orchha |title=Orchha, Travel Guide |date=2009 |publisher=Goodearth Publications |isbn=978-81-87780-91-5 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1630, under the leadership of [[Pir Roshan]]'s great-grandson, Abdul Qadir, a Pashtun tribal alliance consisted of the Yusufzai, Mandanrs, [[Kheshgi]], [[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]], [[Afridi]], [[Bangash]], and other tribes who launched an attack on the Mughal Army in [[Peshawar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Misdaq |first=Nabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHmTAgAAQBAJ |title=Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1135990174}}</ref>

In 1646, [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]], led the Mughal army of Shah Jahan to Balkh to fight against [[Safavid Iran]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foltz |first=Richard |date=1996 |title=The Mughal Occupation of Balkh 1646–1647 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195477 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=49–61 |doi=10.1093/jis/7.1.49 |issn=0955-2340 |jstor=26195477 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Aurangzeb era ==
[[File:Aurangzeb_au_siège_de_Satara.jpg|right|thumb|Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the [[battle of Satara]].]]
In March 1657 [[Marathi people|Maratha]] forces under [[Shivaji]] looted the Mughal army's barracks and made away with battle-hardened Arabian horses. Aurangzeb responded by sending general Nasiri Khan to administer a punitive campaign, defeating Shivaji's forces in [[Ahmednagar]].<ref name="Pradeep Chakravarthy; Mughal Aurangzeb2">{{cite book |author1=Pradeep Chakravarthy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCyWEAAAQBAJ |title=Leadership Shastras: Lessons from Indian History |date=2022 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-9354927652 |language=En |quote=Aurangzeb responded to these raids by sending Nasiri Khan, who defeated the forces of Shivaji at Ahmednagar |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> Later, Aurangzeb and his army advanced towards Bijapur and besieged [[Bidar]].<ref>{{harvnb|Prasad|1974|p=524|ps=: "[Aurangzeb] marched in the direction of Bijapur and on reaching Bidar laid siege to it.}}</ref> Aurangzeb's forces used rockets and [[grenade]]s while scaling the walls. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting, the Mughals captured Bidar .<ref name="Yazdani152">{{cite book |author1=Ghulam Yazdani |title=Bidar: Its History and Monuments |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1995 |isbn=8120810716 |edition=1 |page=15}}</ref> Thus, Mughals annexed the wealthy city of Bidar.<ref>{{harvnb|Prasad|1974|p=526|ps=: "Peace was made with the Sultan. He agreed ... to surrender to the Mughals the forts of Bidar, ..."}}</ref>

In 1659, Aurangzeb sent general [[Jai Singh I|Raja Jai Singh]] to besiege the [[Purandar fort|fort of Purandar]], who fought off all attempts to relieve it. Foreseeing defeat, Shivaji agreed to terms.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=1999 |edition=1st |volume=2 |location=New Delhi |page=321 |oclc=36806798}}</ref> Jai Singh persuaded Shivaji to visit Aurangzeb at Agra, giving him a personal guarantee of safety. The meeting at the Mughal court did not go well, however. Shivaji felt slighted and insulted Aurangzeb by refusing imperial service. For this affront he was detained, but escaped.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=1999 |edition=1st |volume=2 |location=New Delhi |pages=323–324 |oclc=36806798}}</ref> Shivaji returned to Deccan and crowned himself ''Chhatrapati,'' the ruler of the Maratha Kingdom in 1674.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kincaid |first=Dennis |title=The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire |publisher=Collins |year=1937 |location=London |page=283}}</ref> The Mughal's punitive campaign against the Marathas was interrupted by the civil war between Aurangzeb and his brothers due to the succession issue of the Mughal emperor after the death of Shah Jahan.<ref name="Pradeep Chakravarthy; Mughal Aurangzeb2" />

In 1662, the Mughals [[Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam|subdued the Ahom kingdom]] under [[Mir Jumla II]], who conquered its capital, [[Garhgaon]], and captured 100 elephants, 300000 coins, 8000 shields, 1000 ships, and 173 rice stores.<ref name="Muzaffar H. Syed 1905 1662" />
[[File:Pomp_and_Ceremony_of_the_March_of_the_Great_Mogol.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the Mughal military march under Aurangzeb]]
In 1665, the Mughals won the [[Battle of Purandar]] against the Marathas,{{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=316}} where a Mughal general [[Diler Khan]] engaging in battle and personally killed [[Murarbaji]], the military general of [[Shivaji]] who defends [[Purandar Fort]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DK7ZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Diler+Khan%22+-wikipedia |title=The Mughul Empire, 1526-1803 A.D. |publisher=S. L. Agarwala |year=1969 |language=en |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Aiyangar |first1=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Diler+Khan%22+-wikipedia |title=Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture: Papers on Indian History and Culture; India to A.D. 1300 |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |year=1941 |page=35 |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]], signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June, Shivaji agreed to relinquish 23 forts, pay 400,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|hun]],{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=258}} and become a Mughal vassal, while sending Sambhaji, along with 5,000 cavalry, to become a ''[[''mansabdar'']]''.{{sfn|Sarkar|1920|p=77}}{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=74}}

In 1667, the [[Yusufzai]] tribe again revolted against the Mughals, with one of their chiefs in Swat proclaiming himself as the ruler. Muhammad Amin Khan brought a 9,000 strong Mughal Army from [[Delhi]] to suppress the revolt.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=yusufzai&pg=PA50 |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780521566032}}</ref> Although [[Aurangzeb]] conquered the southern Yusufzai plains within the northern [[Kabul River|Kabul valley]], he failed to wrest Swat and the adjoining valleys from their control.<ref name="gommans2">{{cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos J.L. |author-link=Jos Gommans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC |title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780 |publisher=BRILL |year=1995 |isbn=9004101098 |pages=219}}</ref>

In 1669, [[Hindu Jats]] organised a rebellion led by [[Gokula]], a rebel landholder from [[Tilpat]]. By 1670 20,000 Jat rebels were quelled and the Mughal Army took control of Tilpat. Gokula's personal fortune amounted to 93,000 gold coins and hundreds of thousands of silver coins.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|p=290}} In the end, Gokula was caught and executed. But the Jats rebelled again. Gokula's son [[Raja Ram Jat]], in order to avenge his father's death, plundered Akbar's tomb of its gold, silver, and fine carpets, opened Akbar's grave and dragged his bones and burned them.<ref name="jats5">Vīrasiṃha, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=81-88629-52-9 "The Jats: Their Role & Contribution to the Socio-economic Life and Polity of North & North-west India, Volume 2"], Delhi: Originals, pp. 100–102.</ref><ref name="jats12">Edward James Rap;son, Sir Wolseley Haig and Sir Richard, 1937, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ "The Cambridge History of India"], Cambridge University Press, Volume 4, pp. 305.</ref><ref name="jats22">Waldemar Hansen, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=812080225X "The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India"], p. 454.</ref><ref name="jats32">Reddy, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0-07-060447-9 "General Studies History for UPSC"], [[Tata McGraw-Hill]], p. B-46.</ref><ref name="jats42">Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0-521-26728-5 "Architecture of Mughal India – Part 1"], Cambridge university Press, Vol. 4, p. 108.</ref> Jats also shot the tops of the minarets on the gateway to Akbar's Tomb and melted down two silver doors from the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref name="jattomb12">{{cite book |last=Peck |first=Lucy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtFbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 |title=Agra: The Architectural Heritage |publisher=Roli Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7436-942-0}}</ref><ref name="jattomb22">Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston, Leslie Haden Guest, 1937, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SvkqAAAAIAAJ The World of To-day: The Marvels of Nature and the Creations of Man], Vol. 2, p. 510</ref><ref name="jattomb32">{{cite book |last=Havell |first=Ernest Binfield |author-link=Ernest Binfield Havell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmgLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA75 |title=A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company |year=1904 |isbn=978-1-4219-8341-7 |page=75}}</ref><ref name="jattomb42">{{cite book |last=Penfield |first=Frederic Courtland |author-link=Frederic Courtland Penfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7X9Q_rOFzZIC&pg=PA179 |title=East to Suez Ceylon, India, China, and Japan |year=1907 |page=179}}</ref> Aurangzeb appointed Mohammad Bidar Bakht as commander to crush the rebellion. On 4 July 1688, Raja Ram Jat was captured and beheaded, his head sent to Aurangzeb as proof.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.48871/2015.48871.Maasir---I---Alamgiri#page/n199/mode/2up/search/ellora |title=Maasir – I – Alamgiri |year=1947}}</ref>

In 1679, the Mughals fought the [[Battle of Bhupalgarh]] (also spelled Bhupalgad) against the [[Maratha Kingdom]], near present-day [[Khanapur]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=BHUPALGAD |url=https://durgbharari.in/bhupalgad/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Durgbharari |language=en-US}}</ref> in a leadup to the [[Deccan wars]]. The Maratha were led by [[Shivaji]]. The battle resulted in the razing of the fort of Bhupalgarh and a decisive victory for the Mughals under general Diler Khan. Shivaji's son [[Sambhaji]], who would later become the second king of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]], fought on the Mughal side after defecting from his father.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aadeesh |first=Aanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZMkBQAAQBAJ&q=Battle+of+Bhupalgarh&pg=PA164 |title=Shivaji the Great Liberator |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=9788184301021 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Vatsal2">{{cite book |last=Vatsal |first=Tulsi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kygKAQAAIAAJ |title=Indian political history, from the Marathas to modern times |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1982 |page=29}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=November 2025}}

Until his death in 1680 Shivaji continued defying the Mughals ; he was succeeded by his son Sambhaji.<ref>{{cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Ashvini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA42 |title=Studies in Mughal History |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publication |year=1983 |isbn=978-81-208-2326-6 |pages=162–163}}</ref> Aurangzeb's third son [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar|Akbar]] left the Mughal court along with a few Muslim ''mansabdar'' supporters and joined Muslim rebels in the Deccan. In response, Aurangzeb moved his court to Aurangabad and took command of the Deccan campaign. The rebels were defeated and Akbar fled south to seek refuge with Sambhaji, Shivaji's successor. More battles ensued. Akbar fled to [[Safavid Iran|Persia]] and never returned.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gascoigne |first1=Bamber |author-link1=Bamber Gascoigne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ryFAAAAIAAJ |title=The Great Moghuls |last2=Gascoigne |first2=Christina |publisher=Cape |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-224-00580-7 |pages=228–229}}</ref>
[[File:Malik_E_Maidan.jpg|right|thumb|The legendary "[[Malik-i-Maidan]]" cannon is stated to be the largest piece of cast bronze ordnance in the world.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=927}}]]
In 1683, Maratha Emperor [[Sambhaji]] launched a campaign to take [[Goa]], which almost eliminated the Portuguese presence in that region.<ref name="The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825; Charles Ralph Boxer;1362">{{cite book |author1=Charles Ralph Boxer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tyDwgEACAAJ |title=The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 |date=1969 |publisher=Hutchinson |page=136 |language=En |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> However, the sudden appearance of Mughal forces prevented their annihilation.<ref name="The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825; Charles Ralph Boxer;1362" />

In 1685, the Mughals [[Siege of Bijapur|besieged Bijapur Fort]], which was defended by 30,000 men led by Sikandar Adil Shah and his commander Sarza Khan. At first, the Mughal cannon batteries were overcome by the large and heavy Bijapur guns,<ref name="Handbook for Travellers2">{{cite book |author1=Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkr3PrlyCQC |title=Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon Including AllBritish India, the Portuguese and French Possessions, and the Indian States |date=1929 |publisher=J. Murray |page=579 |language=En |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> such as the famous "''[[Malik-i-Maidan]]''", which fired cannonballs 69 cm in diameter. Instead of capturing territories on open ground, the Mughals dug long trenches and carefully placed their artillery, but made no further advancements. The Mughals could not cross the deep 10-ft [[moat]] surrounding Bijapur Fort. Moreover, the 50-ft high 25-ft wide fine [[granite]] and lime mortar walls were almost impossible to breach. The situation for the Mughals worsened when [[Maratha Army|Maratha forces]] led by Melgiri Pandit under Maratha Emperor Sambhaji blocked food, gunpowder and weapon supplies arriving from the Mughal garrison at [[Solapur]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1919|pp=264–265}} The Mughals were struggling on both fronts and became overburdened by the siege and the roving Maratha forces. Things worsened when a Bijapuri cannonball struck a Mughal gunpowder position causing a massive explosion into the trenches that killed 500 infantrymen.{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=37}} After 18 months, in 1686, the Mughals annexed Bijapur, after the [[Siege of Bijapur]], abd after Aurangzeb paid every soldier gold coins for each bucket of mud thrown into the moat, including the corpses of men and animals, finally allowing the Mughal forces to storm the fortress.<ref name="A Comprehensive History of Medieval India Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century; Salma Ahmed Farooqui2">{{cite book |author1=Salma Ahmed Farooqui |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson India Education Services |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |page=177 |language=En |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> To celebrate this victory, Aurangzeb spread his coins, mounted the throne of Adil Shahi, and inscribing the great cannon with ''Malik-e-Maidan''.<ref name="A Comprehensive History of Medieval India Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century; Salma Ahmed Farooqui2" /> This event annulled the commercial treaty between the Portuguese with the Sultanate of Bijapur.<ref name="Essays in Goan history: The Portuguese Commercial Relations with Bijapur in the Seventeenth Century; B. D. Shastry2">{{cite book |author1=B. D. Shastry |title=Essays in Goan history: The Portuguese Commercial Relations with Bijapur in the Seventeenth Century |author2=Teotonio R. De Souza |date=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd |isbn=817022263X |pages=39–48 |language=En}}</ref>

in 1687, Aurangzeb attacked the Golconda.<ref name="Robinson, Japan language Mughal 2422">{{harvtxt|Francis Robinson|2009|publisher=創元社|p=242}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hiroyuki Kotani (小谷汪之) |url=https://www.yamakawa.co.jp/product/46209 |title=世界歴史大系南アジア史2 ―中世・近世― |publisher=山川出版社 |year=2007 |language=Ja |trans-title=World History Series: South Asian History 2 -Middle Ages and Early Modern}}</ref> In January, the Mughals [[Siege of Golconda|besieged]] [[Golconda Fort]] , containing the [[Kollur Mine]], for eight months.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sajjad Shahid |date=Nov 22, 2011 |title=Mystic forces of Golconda Fort {{!}} Hyderabad News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mystic-forces-of-golconda-fort/articleshow/10823441.cms |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> At the end of the siege, Aurangzeb and the Mughals entered Golconda victorious; the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and the ruler Abul Hasan Qutb Shah submitted to Aurangzeb and handed over several precious gems to the latter including the [[Nur-Ul-Ain Diamond]], [[Orlov (diamond)]], [[Black Orlov]], [[Darya-e-Nur]], the [[Hope Diamond]], the [[Wittelsbach Diamond]] and the [[Regent Diamond]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Muzaffar H. Syed|2022|p=161}}</ref> The Golconda Sultanate was incorporated as a ''[[subah]]'', or province of the Empire called [[Hyderabad Subah]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=J. F. |date=1975 |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687-1707 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |issn=0026-749X |jstor=311962 |s2cid=142989123 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In February 1689, Aurangzeb's forces captured and executed Shivaji's successor, [[Sambhaji]]. Aurangzeb then drove the Maratha forces south, and expanded into the Deccan and southern India.<ref name="Robinson, Japan language Mughal 2432">{{harvtxt|Francis Robinson|2009|publisher=創元社|p=243}}</ref> The Maratha leader's successor [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] and later Rajaram's widow [[Tarabai]] and their Maratha forces fought Mughal forces. Territory changed hands repeatedly during these years (1689–1707). As no central authority ruled the Marathas, Aurangzeb was forced to contest every inch of territory, at great cost in lives and treasure. Even as Aurangzeb drove west, deep into Maratha territory – notably conquering [[Satara district|Satara]] – the Marathas expanded eastwards into Mughal lands – [[Malwa]] and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. The Marathas also expanded into Southern India, defeating the independent local rulers there and capturing [[Gingee|Jinji]] in Tamil Nadu. In 1690, Mughal general [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]], cooperating with the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]] undergoing the [[Siege of Jinji]] in conflict against Maratha, after 8 years, they finally conquered the fort.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mughal Empire 1526-1707 by Sanderson Beck |url=http://www.san.beck.org/2-9-MughalEmpire1526-1707.html |access-date=2012-08-01 |publisher=San.beck.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=Tony |date=2015-06-26 |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges |url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=2022-03-31 |page=395}}</ref>

Aurangzeb faced a rebellion of the Sikhs in 1701.<ref name="History of Medieval India; V. D. Mahajan2">{{cite book |author1=V. D. Mahajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |page=215 |language=En |format=ebook |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> At first, the Sikh were incited by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] to form [[Khalsa|''khalsa'']] groups of militant movements.<ref name="History of Medieval India; V. D. Mahajan2" /> The Sikh Khalsas defeated those hill chiefs in the [[Battle of Anandpur (1700)]], they immediately appealed to Aurangzeb for assistance, who responded by sending instructions to Mughal officials in [[Punjab]] to take action against the Sikh.<ref name="History of Medieval India; V. D. Mahajan2" /> Wazir Khan, the governor of [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]], immediately sent his forces, who subdued the Sikhs in the second battle of Anandpur in 1703–1704.<ref name="History of Medieval India; V. D. Mahajan2" /> Another battle was fought in [[Chamkaur Sahib]], where two sons of Guru Gobind were slain.<ref name="History of Medieval India; V. D. Mahajan2" /> Then in 1706, another military operation in Khidrana or Muktsar attempted to suppress the rebellion, which followed with Guru Gobind's move to Talwandi Sabo or Dam Dama.<ref name="History of Medieval India; V. D. Mahajan2" />

Aurangzeb waged continuous war in the Deccan for more than two decades without resolution.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gascoigne |first1=Bamber |author-link1=Bamber Gascoigne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ryFAAAAIAAJ |title=The Great Moghuls |last2=Gascoigne |first2=Christina |publisher=Cape |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-224-00580-7 |pages=239–246}}</ref>{{page range too broad|date=July 2020}} He lost about one fifth of his army fighting Maratha rebellions in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan India]]. He travelled a long distance to the Deccan to conquer the Marathas before he died of natural causes at age 88, while fighting.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=aurangzeb+1707&pg=PR9 |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |edition=1. publ. |location=New York |pages=101–105 |access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>

== After Aurangzeb ==
On 24 February 1739 at the [[battle of Karnal]] against [[Nader Shah]], the Mughal involved an army of 75,000 combatants,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1McKAQAAIAAJ&q=battle+of+karnal+%2275%2C000%22 |title=A Comprehensive History of India |date=1977 |publisher=People's Publishing House |editor-last=Roy |editor-first=Atul Chandra |volume=5: The Maratha Supremacy |location=New Delhi |page=69 |access-date=2025-11-28}}{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=N. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_G1AAAAIAAJ&q=battle+of+karnal+%2275%2C000%22 |title=History of India |last2=Bannerjee |first2=A. C. |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1981 |page=458 |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref> 300,000 camp followers,<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century |date=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 |page=512}}{{cite book |last=Marvi |first=Mohammad Kazem |title=عالم آراي نادري (Ālam-ārā-ye Nāderī) |date=1995 |publisher=Intishārāt-i Ṭūs |editor-last=Riahi |editor-first=Amin |edition=3rd |volume=3 vols. |location=Tehran |language=fa |trans-title=Rare Views of the World}}{{cite book |last=Esterabadi |first=Mirza Mehdi Khan |title=تاريخ جهانگشاي نادري (Tārīkh-i Jahāngushā-yi Nādirī) |date=1759 |location=Tehran (manuscript) |language=fa |trans-title=History of Nadir Shah's Wars}}</ref> and 2,000 elephants.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107791/page/n47/mode/1up |title=Nadir Shah in India |publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons |year=1925 |location=Calcutta |language=en |access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=32}}

On 11 March 1748, the [[battle of Manupur]] took place between the forces of the rising [[Durrani Empire]] and Mughal armies led by [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Mughal Vizier]] [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar ud-Din]], in which the Mughals mobilized around 270,000 personnel.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=139}}

Historian Pradeep P. Barua claimed that the successful takeover of Mughal-ruled India by the [[British Raj]] did not stem from the British Empire's sophisticated military, technology, or fighting skill, but rather the Raj's ability to offer political stability with their civil administration after the decline of Mughal authority.<ref name="The State at War in South Asia Studies in War, Society, and the Military; Pradeep Barua2" />{{rp|119}} Adapted to fighting pitched battles in the northern Indian plains,<ref name="pers">{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFXVDwAAQBAJ&dq=mughals+heavy+cavalry&pg=PT349 |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |date=2019 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-97423-4}}</ref> the Mughal army was based on cavalry, sustaining itself with huge volumes of nutritious grass supplied by its vast territories.<ref name="Mughal hoofprint of empire2">{{cite journal |last1=Arha |first1=Abhimanyu Singh |year=2016 |title=Hoofprint of Empire: An Environmental History of Fodder in Mughal India (1650–1850) |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0257643016645721 |journal=Studies in History |language=En |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=186–208 |doi=10.1177/0257643016645721 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

However, the administrative positions of the Mughal central government continued at the provincial level.<ref>{{Citation |last=Conermann |first=Stephan |title=Mughal Empire |date=2015-08-04 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-early-modern-history-online/*-COM_024206 |access-date=2022-03-28 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/2352-0272_emho_com_024206 |url-access=subscription |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Army of the Mughal Empire]]
*[[List of battles involving the Mughal Empire]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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* {{cite book |author1=Atul Chandra Roy |url=https://www.amazon.com/history-Mughal-navy-naval-warfares/dp/B0006C8KUY |title=A history of Mughal navy and naval warfares |date=1972 |publisher=World Press |pages=XII |language=En |access-date=6 April 2024}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ali |first=Syed Murtaza |author-link=Syed Murtaza Ali |title=A chronology of Muslim Faujdars of Sylhet |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66554/page/n3/mode/2up |journal=Proceedings of the Pakistan History Conference |year=1954 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society. |location=Karachi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=S. N. H. |title=Chittagong District Gazetteer |publisher=Dhaka |year=1970 |ref=none |pages=82–84 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304141335/https://www.scribd.com/doc/150840424/Chittagong-District-Gazetteer |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/150840424/Chittagong-District-Gazetteer |archive-date=2024-03-04 |access-date=2024-03-04}}
* {{Cite Banglapedia|article=Musa Khan|last=Khan|first=Muazzam Hussain}}
* {{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Beni |year=1930 |orig-year=1922 |title=History of Jahangir |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281009 |edition=2nd |location=Allahabad |publisher=The Indian Press }}
* {{citation |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |year=1920 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar }}
* {{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-79087-4|edition=Volume 3 Asian States and Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC}}
& {{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |author-link= |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=October 6, 2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-32128-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ |format=ebook}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Bijapur|volume=3|page=927}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire| ]]

Rohit Shetty

2026-03-14T14:01:53Z

Subhah Shirin: reworked details also and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Indian film director, screenwriter, stuntman, producer, and host (born 1974)}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohit Shetty
| image = Rohit Shetty snapped during Simmba interviews at JW Marriott in Juhu.jpg
| caption = Shetty at JW Marriott, Juhu in 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|03|14}}
| birth_place = [[Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| parents = [[M. B. Shetty]] (father)
| relatives = [[Hriday Shetty]] (half-brother)
| spouse = {{Marriage|Maya Shetty|2005}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|producer|stuntman|writer|host<ref name="Unnikrishnan">{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-rohit-shetty-to-host-zee-cine-awards-2567401|title=Rohit Shetty to host Zee Cine Awards|date=14 December 2017|first=Chaya|last=Unnikrishnan|publisher=DNA|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102806/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-rohit-shetty-to-host-zee-cine-awards-2567401|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| works = [[#Filmography|Full List]]
| years_active = 1991–present
}}

'''Rohit Shetty''' (born 14 March 1974) is an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter, stuntman, producer and television personality who works in [[Hindi cinema]]. A notable director of Hindi cinema,<ref name="Unnikrishnan"/><ref name="timesofindia.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rohit-Shetty-opts-for-working-birthday/articleshow/18927242.cms|title=Rohit Shetty opts for working birthday|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rohit-Shetty-opts-for-working-birthday/articleshow/18927242.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/lifestyle/entertainment/rohit-shetty-man-hit-formula | title=Rohit Shetty, the Man with the Hit Formula | date=24 October 2017 | access-date=24 September 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924102350/https://www.mansworldindia.com/entertainment/cinema/rohit-shetty-man-hit-formula/amp/ | url-status=live }}</ref> his movies often mix the genres of [[action comedy]] and [[masala film]]s.

His breakthrough came with the first installment of the comedy film franchise [[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited|''Golmaal'']] (2006), starring [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Arshad Warsi]], which became a sleeper hit. Further subsequent successful films in the franchise included ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008) and ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (2010), which became one of the [[List of Hindi films of 2010|highest-grossing films of the year]].

Shetty returned to the action genre with ''[[Singham]]'' (2011) after eight years of his debut action thriller ''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]'' (2003). It also starred Ajay Devgn in the lead; the film turned out to be one of the [[List of Hindi films of 2011|highest grossers of the year]]. Later on, it expanded into the ''[[Cop Universe]]'' with other successful films such as ''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014), ''[[Simmba]]'' (2018),''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021) and ''[[Singham Again]]'' (2024). His other notable successes include ''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]'' (2009), ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' (2012), and ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2013), starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]], which became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest grossing Hindi film]], surpassing ''[[3 Idiots]]'' at that time.

Apart from film directing, he has also hosts the stunt-based adventure show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'' since 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-14 |title=Exclusive - Rohit Shetty: I was initially scared when Khatron Ke Khiladi was offered to me, 'Jab first episode ki TRP aayi main bahut worried tha' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-rohit-shetty-i-was-initially-scared-when-khatron-ke-khiladi-was-offered-to-me-jab-first-episode-ki-trp-aayi-main-bahut-worried-tha/articleshow/101762534.cms#:~:text=I%20feel%20if%20I've,even%20bigger,%20better%20and%20entertaining.&text=No,%20I%20didn't%20have,this%20show%20and%20me%20big. |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Rohit is identified for his one-liners and comic timing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Chaya |title=Rohit Shetty to host Zee Cine Awards |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-rohit-shetty-to-host-zee-cine-awards-2567401 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shetty was born to [[M. B. Shetty]], an [[action choreographer]] and Ratna, a [[Extra (acting)|junior artist]].<ref>{{cite news |title=18th from the left in the seventh row |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/18th-from-the-left-in-the-seventh-row/articleshow/11671837.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/18th-from-the-left-in-the-seventh-row/articleshow/11671837.cms%20 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=20 November 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 November 2009 |title=I can't act: Rohit Shetty |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/nov/131109-rohit-shetty-cannot-act.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714131857/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/nov/131109-rohit-shetty-cannot-act.htm |archive-date=14 July 2011 |access-date=16 March 2011 |publisher=Mid-Day}}</ref> His father belonged to the [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking community from [[Mangalore]], while his mother was from [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2013 |title=Rohit Shetty: My first salary was Rs 35 a day |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-rohit-shetty-my-first-salary-was-rs-35-a-day/20130814.htm |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en}}</ref> His grandmother is from [[Afghanistan]]. Shetty speaks Hindi at home.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==

=== 1991–2002: Early work ===

Shetty began his career at the age of 17 as an assistant director in [[Ajay Devgn|Ajay Devgn's]] first film ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pereira|first=Priyanka|title=Action Reloaded|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/action-reloaded/806859/0|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=20 August 2011|date=22 June 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133556/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/action-reloaded/806859/0|url-status=live}}</ref> He then worked with Devgn in ''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]'' (where he was a body double for [[Akshay Kumar]], who was its second main hero) and ''[[Haqeeqat (1995 film)|Haqeeqat]]'', and with Kumar in ''[[Zulmi]]''. He then joined the Devgn starrers ''[[Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha]]'', ''[[Hindustan Ki Kasam (1999 film)|Hindustan Ki Kasam]]'' and ''[[Raju Chacha]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/director-rohit-shetty-was-akshay-kumar-s-body-double-in-suhaag-we-re-as-shocked-as-you-331679.html |title=Director Rohit Shetty Was Akshay Kumar's Body Double In 'Suhaag' |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 August 2018 |date=14 October 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133547/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/director-rohit-shetty-was-akshay-kumar-s-body-double-in-suhaag-we-re-as-shocked-as-you-331679.html%20/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2003–2009: Directorial debut and breakthrough ===

Shetty debuted as an independent director in 2003 with the Devgn starrer ''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]'', an average grosser, before he rose to fame in 2006 when he directed the [[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited|first part]] of Devgn's cult comedy series ''[[Golmaal (film series)|Golmaal]]'' that became his first hit.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Box Office Business Talks: 'Zameen' Did The Navratri Festival Affect Its Business? |last = Adarsh | first = Taran | work = Bollywood Hungama | date = 2 October 2003 | access-date = 1 September 2016 | url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/business-talk/id/88 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160901170756/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/business-talk/id/88 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 1 September 2016 }}</ref> His next two directorials—the comic thriller ''[[Sunday (2008 film)|Sunday]]'' and the successful sequel of ''Golmaal'' named ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (both featuring Devgn)–were released theatrically in 2008 followed by ''[[All the Best: Fun Begins]]'' in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Rohit Shetty Filmography | publisher = Box Office India | access-date = 1 September 2016 | url = http://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=124 | archive-date = 27 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102303/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=124 | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== 2010–2021: Commercial success ===
[[File:Ajay Devgn and Rohit Shetty.jpg|thumb|left|Shetty (left) and [[Ajay Devgn]] in 2010. They have worked together in 10 films since 2003]]
The third part of ''Golmaal'' series titled ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (again starring Devgn) that opened theatrically in 2010 ended up as Shetty's first and an surprising [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] that entered [[100 Crore Club]] domestically.<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|title=Singham|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/542574|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403153531/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/542574|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref> Continuing his collaborations with Devgn, Shetty begun his [[Cop Universe]] in 2011 through his action film ''[[Singham]]'' (that saw Devgn portray a police inspector fighting against [[corruption]]) and directed the comedy ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' (also featuring [[Abhishek Bachchan]]) in 2012; both films were super hits and crossed 100 Crore Club domestically.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bol Bachchan makes big noise at box-office|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Bol-Bachchan-makes-big-noise-at-box-office/articleshow/14770201.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=22 March 2014|archive-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118180729/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Bol-Bachchan-makes-big-noise-at-box-office/articleshow/14770201.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shetty's ''[[Chennai Express]]'', starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]], was released on 9 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRK-Rohit-film-sold-for-for-105-crore/articleshow/15339396.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805230346/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-04/news-interviews/33021003_1_bol-bachchan-bollywood-badshah-trade-buzz |url-status=live |archive-date=5 August 2012 |title=SRK-Rohit film sold for 105 crore |date=4 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Rohit-Shetty-open-to-Bol-Bachchan-sequel/Article1-885873.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709160042/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Rohit-Shetty-open-to-Bol-Bachchan-sequel/Article1-885873.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 July 2012 | title=Rohit Shetty open to Bol Bachchan sequel|work=Hindustan Times | date= 10 July 2012}}</ref> ''Chennai Express'' became the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood film]] in the domestic market.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai Express worldwide box office collections top Rs 314 crore|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lifestyle/off-track/chennai-express-worldwide-box-office-collections-2nd-week/story/197866.html|access-date=23 September 2020|website=businesstoday.in|date=19 August 2013|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711231510/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/chennai-express-worldwide-box-office-collections-2nd-week/1/197866.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-india-bollywood-100-crore-club/ |title=Bollywood's 100 Crore Club | Bollywood's Fastest 100 Crores |publisher=Koimoi.com |date=9 January 2015 |access-date=1 April 2015 |archive-date=27 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327064609/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-india-bollywood-100-crore-club/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film earned over US$17.4 million to become the [[List of Bollywood highest-grossing films in overseas markets|third-highest-grossing Bollywood film overseas]].<ref>[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5959&nCat= Chennai Express Has Extraordinary Weekend Overseas] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817055307/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5959&nCat= |date=17 August 2013 }}</ref> The film also set a number of box office records, for the highest opening-day gross, highest paid preview, highest single-day gross, biggest opening weekend, highest opening week and the fastest film to reach {{INR}}100 crore and {{INR}}2 billion in the domestic market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/box-office/Chennai-Express-breaks-multiple-records/articleshow/21800046.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817052536/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-14/box-office/41376007_1_crore-chennai-express-jawaani-hai-deewani |url-status=live |archive-date=17 August 2013 |title='Chennai Express' breaks multiple records |date=14 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>

Shetty has played the judge of the television show ''[[Comedy Circus]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kotwani|first=Hiren|title=I slash points for double meaning statements|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/i-slash-points-for-double-meaning-statements/article1-547397.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095718/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/i-slash-points-for-double-meaning-statements/article1-547397.aspx|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014, Shetty directed ''[[Singham Returns]]'' with Ajay Devgn, a sequel to his 2011 film ''Singham''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1830692/Ajay-Devgn-Rohit-Shetty-team-up-for-Singham-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707001039/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1830692/Ajay-Devgn-Rohit-Shetty-team-up-for-Singham-2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2013 |title=Ajay Devgn, Rohit Shetty team up for Singham 2 | Hindi Movies News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 June 2013 |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> He was also a part of the fifth season of television stunt game show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'' in 2014 as the host taking over from the previous host [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Khatron Ke Khiladi 5' is mix of stunts and entertainment: Rohit Shetty|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-khatron-ke-khiladi-5-is-mix-of-stunts-and-entertainment-rohit-shetty-1958722|work=DNA|access-date=22 March 2014|archive-date=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322212121/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-khatron-ke-khiladi-5-is-mix-of-stunts-and-entertainment-rohit-shetty-1958722|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, he turned into a producer with ''[[Singham Returns]]'', co-producing the film under his banner Rohit Shetty Productions. He directed ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' with [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]], which was a moderate box-office success. He reprised his role as host in season 6 and 8–11 of ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''.

Shetty next directed ''[[Golmaal Again]]'', the fourth film of the Golmaal series. The film, starring Ajay Devgn and [[Parineeti Chopra]] in the lead roles, was released in October 2017, and received mixed reviews. It became the highest grossing Hindi film in 2017, the first Hindi [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] of 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3372|title=Golmaal Again Emerges First BLOCKBUSTER of 2017|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=31 October 2017|archive-date=31 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031055605/http://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3372|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3375|title=Golmaal Again Will Be Highest Ever Diwali Nett Grosser|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=31 October 2017|archive-date=31 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031050938/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3375|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the highest grossing [[Diwali]] release of all time. He directed then directed the 2018 action comedy, ''[[Simmba]]'', starring [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Sara Ali Khan]] and [[Sonu Sood]] in the lead roles, with [[Ajay Devgn]] in a guest appearance as Bajirao Singham.

Shetty directed another feature in the ''[[Cop Universe]]'', ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'', starring [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Jackie Shroff]], which was released during Diwali in 2021. It was the first major release from [[Hindi Cinema]] after [[lockdown]] due to COVID-19, the film became [[List of Hindi films of 2021|highest grossing Hindi film]] of the year. Shetty has made his OTT debut with ''[[Indian Police Force]]'', starring [[Sidharth Malhotra]] for [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/bollywood/indian-police-force-announcement-teaser-sidharth-malhotra-looks-suave-in-uniform-for-rohit-shettys-amazon-prime-cop-series-watch-video-3610984.html|title=Indian Police Force Announcement Teaser: Sidharth Malhotra Looks Suave in Uniform for Rohit Shetty's Amazon Prime Cop Series (Watch Video)|work=LatestLY|date=20 April 2022|access-date=20 April 2022|archive-date=20 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420060316/https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/bollywood/indian-police-force-announcement-teaser-sidharth-malhotra-looks-suave-in-uniform-for-rohit-shettys-amazon-prime-cop-series-watch-video-3610984.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2022–present: Career fluctuations ===
In 2022, Shetty took break from action films and directed period comedy drama ''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]'', loosely adapted from [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]''. It stars [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Varun Sharma]], both in double roles, alongside [[Pooja Hegde]] and [[Jacqueline Fernandez]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranveer Singh to play double role for Angoor remake by Rohit Shetty {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ranveer-singh-to-play-double-role-for-angoor-remake-by-rohit-shetty-44198.html |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> The film was both a major critical and commercial failure, holding a 0% rating on ''[[Rotten Tomatoes]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cirkus {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cirkus |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> and emerged as one of the biggest flops of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=BIGGEST FLOPS Bollywood 2022 Movie List: Samrat Prithviraj, Cirkus, Shamshera, films that FLUNKED at box office |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/biggest-flops-bollywood-2022-movie-list-samrat-prithviraj-cirkus-shamshera-films-that-flunked-at-box-office-article-96613454 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

The following year, Shetty marked his [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film debut by producing the coming-of-age romantic film ''[[School College Ani Life]]'' (2023), directed by Vihan Suryavanshi and starring Karan Parab, [[Tejasswi Prakash]], and [[Jitendra Joshi]]. Shetty had been planning to do a Marathi film from a long time on the demand of his regional fans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Shetty's debut Marathi venture 'School College Ani Life' starring Tejasswi Prakash |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/rohit-shettys-debut-marathi-venture-school-college-ani-life-starring-tejasswi-prakash20230320184729/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> Anub George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote a mixed review, criticizing the slow second act and clichéd plot, but praised the cast performances and cinematography, writing, "the film offers multiple moments of pure joy and emotion in a visual treat of an experience."<ref>{{Cite news |title=School College Ani Life Movie Review : School College Ani Life' is definitely worth a trip to the theatres this weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/school-college-ani-life/movie-review/99498215.cms#:~:text=School%20College%20Ani%20Life%20Movie,to%20the%20theatres%20this%20weekend&text=We've%20detected%20your%20location,Do%20you%20want%20to%20switch |access-date=2025-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He returned to directing with ''[[Singham Again]]'' (2024), the fifth installment of Shetty's ''[[Cop Universe]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title=Rohit Shetty says no work was taking place when Singham Again was being shot in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rohit-shetty-says-no-work-was-taking-place-when-singham-again-was-being-shot-in-hyderabad/articleshow/112443823.cms |access-date=2025-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Ajay Devgn]] stars the film, reprising his title role of Bajirao Singham, alongside an ensemble star cast that includes [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Tiger Shroff]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Jackie Shroff]]. The film released on [[Diwali]] to mixed to negative reviews, with vital criticism focused on its clichéd storyline, illogical scenes, lack of originality, and poor adaptation of ''[[Ramayana]]'''s plot,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=Singham Again movie review: Ajay Devgn film is loud, tedious and instantly forgettable |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/singham-again-movie-review-ajay-devgn-film-is-loud-tedious-and-instantly-forgettable-9648358/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=Singham Again Review: An entertainer that leaves logic at the door |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-singham-again-review-an-entertainer-that-leaves-logic-at-the-door-3653912/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> while some critics praised its action sequences and mass appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=Singham Again movie review: Ajay Devgn & team give a perfect Diwali treat to audience |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/singham-again-movie-review-ajay-devgn-kareena-kapoor-khan-akshay-kumar-ranveer-singh-deepika-padukone-tiger-shroff-arjun-kapoor-jackie-shroff-ravi-kishan-rohit-shetty-diwali-13831059.html |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=Singham Again Movie Review: Rohit Shetty Cooks Up Family-Sized Entertainer With Mix Of Action, Drama, Comedy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/singham-again-movie-review-rohit-shetty-cooks-up-family-sized-entertainer-with-mix-of-action-drama-comedy-review-114832061 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The film was made on a high budget of {{INR}}375 crore, making it one of [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian films of all time]], but underperformed theatrically, earning {{INR}}389 crore globally, despite being one of the [[List of Indian films of 2024|highest grossing Indian films of 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 vs Singham Again box office collection Day 8: So who is winning the race? |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-vs-singham-again-box-office-collection-day-8-so-who-is-winning-the-race-kartik-aaryan-ajay-devgn-453132-2024-11-09 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singham Again Box Office Collection till Now {{!}} Box Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/singham-again/box-office/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> However, ''Singham Again'' made profit through the sale of its satellite, music, and streaming rights, earning around {{INR}}180-{{INR}}200 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-10-03 |title=Singham Again rakes in Rs. 130 crores from Amazon Prime in historic OTT deal for Rohit Shetty and Ajay Devgn : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/singham-rakes-rs-130-crores-amazon-prime-historic-ott-deal-rohit-shetty-ajay-devgn/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |language=en}}</ref> It eventually emerged as a moderate success financially.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=Singham Again Final Box Office Collections Worldwide: Ajay Devgn, Rohit Shetty's cop universe film ends theatrical run at Rs 367 crore; emerging Semi-Hit |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/singham-again-final-box-office-collections-worldwide-ajay-devgn-rohit-shettys-cop-universe-film-ends-theatrical-run-at-rs-367-crore-emerging-semi-hit-1361017 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Directed feature films ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Producer
! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
|
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2008 || ''[[Sunday (2008 film)|Sunday]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
| Remake of ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]''
|-
| ''[[Golmaal Returns]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
| Based on {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Ki Taaza Khabar]]}}
|-
| 2009 || ''[[All The Best: Fun Begins|All The Best]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
| Based on the English play ''Right Bed, Wrong Husband''
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Golmaal 3]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
|
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Singham]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
| Remake of ''[[Singam (film)|Singam]]''
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Bol Bachchan]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
| Based on ''[[Gol Maal]]''
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Chennai Express]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
|
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Singham Returns]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| Remake of ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]''
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Golmaal Again]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Simmba]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| Remake of ''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]''
|-
| 2021
|''[[Sooryavanshi]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| Remake of ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/cirkus-ranveer-singh-rohit-shetty-to-collaborate-again-after-simmba-film-to-star-pooja-hegde-and-jacqueline-fernandez/story-04J6Tu5laeDDfvXJyZyPGI.html|title=Cirkus: Ranveer Singh, Rohit Shetty to collaborate again after Simmba, film to star Pooja Hegde and Jacqueline Fernandez|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 October 2020|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020004355/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/cirkus-ranveer-singh-rohit-shetty-to-collaborate-again-after-simmba-film-to-star-pooja-hegde-and-jacqueline-fernandez/story-04J6Tu5laeDDfvXJyZyPGI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[School College Ani Life]]''
|
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|Debut in [[Marathi cinema]] as producer
|-
|2024
|''[[Singham Again]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Golmaal 5}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
| 2009–2011
| {{no wrap |''[[Comedy Circus]]''}}
| Judge
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rohit-Shetty-quits-Comedy-Circus/articleshow/7564501.cms|title=Rohit Shetty quits Comedy Circus|website=The Times of India|date=24 February 2011|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726030141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rohit-Shetty-quits-Comedy-Circus/articleshow/7564501.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
| 2012 || ''[[Big Switch]]'' || Host ||<ref name="Harshikaa Udasi">{{cite news |author=Harshikaa Udasi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mentoring-the-penniless-richie-rich/article2736420.ece |title=Mentoring the penniless Richie Rich |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 December 2011 |access-date=1 April 2015 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133539/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mentoring-the-penniless-richie-rich/article2736420.ece%20/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
| 2012 || ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' || Guest ||<ref name="Harshikaa Udasi"/>
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
| 2014–2015, 2017, 2019–2024 || ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (TV series)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'' ||Host ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/meet-the-contestants-of-fear-factor-khatron-ke-khiladi-5/photostory/29602507.cms |title=Meet the contestants of Fear Factor-Khatron Ke Khiladi 5 |work=The Times of India |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=1 April 2015 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/meet-the-contestants-of-fear-factor-khatron-ke-khiladi-5/Khatron-Ke-Khiladi-season-5-Khatron-Ke-Khiladi-5-Fear-Factor/photostory/29602736.cms%20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 February 2015|title=Rohit Shetty reveals his 13 contestants of Khatron Ke Khiladi – Darr Ka Blockbuster Returns|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/jaipur/Rohit-Shetty-reveals-his-13-contestants-of-Khatron-Ke-Khiladi-Darr-Ka-Blockbuster-Returns/articleshow/46067613.cms|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/jaipur/Rohit-Shetty-reveals-his-13-contestants-of-Khatron-Ke-Khiladi-Darr-Ka-Blockbuster-Returns/articleshow/46067613.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="express">{{cite web|date=23 July 2017|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi season 8: Rohit Shetty's entry with a Tiger to Nia Sharma and Lopamudra Raut raising temperatures. Here's what first look of the show was like|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-8-first-episode-rohit-shetty-nia-sharma-hina-khan-lopamudra-raut-manveer-gurjar-see-photos-watch-videos-4763319/lite/|access-date=7 August 2017|website=THE INDIAN EXPRESS|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133558/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-8-first-episode-rohit-shetty-nia-sharma-hina-khan-lopamudra-raut-manveer-gurjar-see-photos-watch-videos-4763319/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=10 March 2019|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 9 grand finale highlights: Punit J Pathak lifts trophy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-9-finale-live-updates-5619422/|website=THE INDIAN EXPRESS|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517211701/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-season-9-finale-live-updates-5619422/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rohit-shetty-kick-starts-khatron-ke-khiladi-10-in-bulgaria-see-leaked-pics-videos-2259587.html|title=Rohit Shetty Kick-starts Khatron Ke Khiladi 10 in Bulgaria, See Leaked Pics-Videos|website=News18|date=6 August 2019|access-date=28 December 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228054542/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rohit-shetty-kick-starts-khatron-ke-khiladi-10-in-bulgaria-see-leaked-pics-videos-2259587.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohit Shetty to Host India Edition of Khatron Ke Khiladi|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rohit-shetty-to-host-india-edition-of-khatron-ke-khiladi-2732341.html|access-date=27 July 2020|website=www-news18-com.cdn.ampproject.org|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727054857/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/rohit-shetty-to-host-india-edition-of-khatron-ke-khiladi-2732341.html?usqp=mq331AQIKAGwASDYAQE=&amp_js_v=0.1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 June 2021|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 11 promo: Rohit Shetty sets the stage for battle between 'Darr and Dare'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-11-promo-rohit-shetty-sets-the-stage-for-battle-between-darr-and-dare-7356153/|website=THE INDIAN EXPRESS|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726041425/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-11-promo-rohit-shetty-sets-the-stage-for-battle-between-darr-and-dare-7356153/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 shoot begins! Rohit Shetty is a daredevil hanging out from a helicopter|date=6 June 2022|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-contestants-south-africa-shoot-begins-rohit-shetty-daredevil-stunt-video-2022-06-06-782287|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611153438/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-contestants-south-africa-shoot-begins-rohit-shetty-daredevil-stunt-video-2022-06-06-782287|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohit Shetty begins filming for Khatron Ke Khiladi 13 in South Africa|date=21 May 2023|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/rohit-shetty-begins-filming-for-khatron-ke-khiladi-13-in-south-africa-2382114-2023-05-21|access-date=3 June 2023|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602070243/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/reality-tv/story/rohit-shetty-begins-filming-for-khatron-ke-khiladi-13-in-south-africa-2382114-2023-05-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohit Shetty shares pics from 'KKK 14' sets: Makes me relive my teen as a stuntman|date=20 June 2024|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/rohit-shetty-khatron-ke-khiladi-14-romania-relive-teen-as-stuntman-2555668-2024-06-20}}</ref>
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
|2015
| {{no wrap |''[[Bigg Boss Halla Bol]]''}}
| Guest
|
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
| 2018 || ''[[India's Next Superstars]]'' || Judge ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Rohit Shetty makes his acting debut with India's Next Superstars finale|work=MUMBAI MIRROR|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rohit-shetty-makes-his-acting-debut-with-indias-next-superstars-finale/articleshow/63472111.cms|access-date=27 March 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133518/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rohit-shetty-makes-his-acting-debut-with-indias-next-superstars-finale/articleshow/63472111.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
| 2018–present || ''[[Little Singham]]'' || Producer ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Discovery, Reliance Animation to produce new kids' series|work=Business Line|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/discovery-reliance-animation-to-produce-new-kids-series/article10047884.ece|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133553/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/discovery-reliance-animation-to-produce-new-kids-series/article10047884.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
| 2019–present || ''[[Golmaal Jr.]]'' || Producer || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/golmaal-for-kids/cid/1690587|title=Golmaal for kids|website=The Telegraph (India)|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517202215/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/golmaal-for-kids/cid/1690587|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
|2019
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
|Guest
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 13: Rohit Shetty turns taskmaster, Weekend Ka Vaar to air on Sunday-Monday|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-rohit-shetty-salman-khan-weekend-ka-vaar-6187505/|date=28 December 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=10 May 2020|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228142136/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-rohit-shetty-salman-khan-weekend-ka-vaar-6187505/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane 3]]''
|Guest
|
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
| ''[[Bigg Boss 15]]''
|rowspan="3"|Guest
|
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2"|2022
| ''[[Hunarbaaz: Desh Ki Shaan]]''
|<ref>{{cite news|title=hunarbaaz-rohit-shetty-teases-mithun-da|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 February 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hunarbaaz-rohit-shetty-teases-mithun-da-saying-full-red-ho-gaye-ho-aap-after-seeing-contestants-love-filled-gesture-for-him-watch/articleshow/89620172.cms}}</ref>
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
| ''[[India's Got Talent (season 9)]]''
|
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 17)|Bigg Boss 17]]''
|Guest
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-17-day-103-update-munawar-faruqui-rohit-shetty-2494031-2024-01-26|date=26 Jan 2024|title=BB 17' Day 103: Rohit Shetty enters the house, grills the finalists|access-date=12 Feb 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213163714/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-17-day-103-update-munawar-faruqui-rohit-shetty-2494031-2024-01-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-- style="text-align:center;"
|''[[Indian Police Force (web series)|Indian Police Force]]''
|Director and producer
|
|-
|}

===Short films===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Producer
! Notes
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ranveer Ching Returns]]''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Made In India''
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{y}}
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{|Class="wikitable"
|+[[Filmfare Awards]]
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''[[59th Filmfare Awards|2014]]'''
|Best Director
|''Chennai Express''
|{{no2|Nominated}}
|<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/chennai-express-collections-blockbuster-man-rohit-shetty/1165495|title=Chennai Express collections: Blockbuster man Rohit Shetty|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225133545/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/chennai-express-collections-blockbuster-man-rohit-shetty/1165495/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
{|Class="wikitable"
|+[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''2014'''
|Best Director
|''[[Chennai Express]]''
|{{no2|Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/6028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117182833/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/6028|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2014|title=Nominations for 9th Renault Star Guild Awards – Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|date=15 January 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/2358464/Salman+to+host+Producer%27s+Guild+awards|title=Latest Bollywood News – Hindi Movie News – Hindi Cinema News – Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|}
{|Class="wikitable"
|+[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''2013'''
|Most Entertaining Director
|''Chennai Express''
|{{no2|Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web|date=17 December 2013|title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013: Nominations List|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/big-star-entertainment-awards-2013-nominations-list/|access-date=17 December 2018|website=koimoi.com|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055647/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/big-star-entertainment-awards-2013-nominations-list/|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=12 December 2013|title=Nominations for 4th Big Star Entertainment Awards|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-4th-big-star-entertainment-awards/|access-date=12 December 2013|website=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102306/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-4th-big-star-entertainment-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

{|Class="wikitable"
|+Bollywood Hungama Surfers' Choice Movie Awards
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''2014'''
|Best Director
|''Chennai Express''
|{{no2|Nominated}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-bollywood-hungama-surfers-choice-movie-awards-2013/|title=Winners: Bollywood Hungama Surfers Choice Movie Awards 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=5 March 2014|access-date=5 March 2014|archive-date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102193409/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/winners-bollywood-hungama-surfers-choice-movie-awards-2013/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
{|Class="wikitable"
|+[[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India]]
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''2013'''
|Best Film
|''Chennai Express''
|{{yes2|Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Nick India To Hold First Ever Local Version Of The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards In November 2013! |url=http://nickalive.blogspot.in/2013/10/nick-india-to-hold-first-ever-local.html |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234233/http://nickalive.blogspot.in/2013/10/nick-india-to-hold-first-ever-local.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Shahrukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Deepika Padukone, Serah Singh and Jaqueline at Kids Choice Award 2013|work=PARDA PHASH|url=http://www.pardaphash.com/news/shahrukh-khan-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-serah-singh-and-jaqueline-at-kids-choice-award-2013/725278.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004738/http://www.pardaphash.com/news/shahrukh-khan-hrithik-roshan-deepika-padukone-serah-singh-and-jaqueline-at-kids-choice-award-2013/725278.html|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
|}
{|Class="wikitable"
|+Star Box Office India Awards
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''2014'''
|Mr Box Office India Blockbuster
|''[[Singham Returns]]''
|{{yes2|Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|date=22 December 2014|title=Star Box Office India Awards 2014 Winners List: Aamir Khan's 'Dhoom 3' Leads with 5 Honours [VIDEO]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/star-box-office-india-awards-2014-winners-list-aamir-khans-dhoom-3-leads-5-honours-video-617930|access-date=22 December 2014|website=ibtimes.co.in|archive-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223031858/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/star-box-office-india-awards-2014-winners-list-aamir-khans-dhoom-3-leads-5-honours-video-617930|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
{|Class="wikitable"
|+[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''2013'''
|Power Club – Box Office Award
|''[[Bol Bachchan]]''
|{{yes2|Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/zee-cine-awards-2013-list-of-winners-532687.html|title=Zee Cine Awards 2013: List of winners|date=20 January 2013|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603013020/https://www.news18.com/news/india/zee-cine-awards-2013-list-of-winners-532687.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|'''2014'''
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Action|Best Action Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''Chennai Express''
|rowspan="4" {{no2|Nominated}}
|<ref name=ZeeCine>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-complete-list-of-nominations_150384.html#_|title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Complete list of nominations|author=Aparna Mudi|access-date=6 February 2014|date=6 February 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222065411/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2014/zee-cine-awards-2014-complete-list-of-nominations_150384.html#_|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|<ref name=ZeeCine />
|-
|rowspan="3"|'''2018'''
|rowspan="3"|''[[Golmaal Again]]''
|<ref name="Shetty">{{cite web|title=Zee Cine Awards 2018 -Complete List of Winners and Nominees|url=https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/|website=|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501090052/http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film (Viewers' Choice Award)]]
|<ref name=GolmaalAgain /> <ref name=Shetty />
|-
|[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Jury's Choice Award)]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|<ref name=GolmaalAgain>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2018-check-out-the-nominations-list/1184074|title=Zee Cine Awards 2018: Check out the nominations list|newspaper=The Free Press Journal|author=FPJ Web Desk|access-date=8 December 2017|date=8 December 2017|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214071427/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/zee-cine-awards-2018-check-out-the-nominations-list/1184074|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=Shetty />
|}
{|Class="wikitable"
|+[[IIFA Awards]]
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''[[15th IIFA Awards|2014]]'''
|Best Director
|''Chennai Express''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=IIFA Awards 2014: The list of nominees|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/iifa-awards-2014-the-list-of-nominees-669986.html|access-date=22 February 2014|website=NEWS 18|date=22 February 2014|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184211/https://www.news18.com/news/india/iifa-awards-2014-the-list-of-nominees-669986.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm1460159}}
* {{Instagram|itsrohitshetty}}

{{Rohit Shetty}}
{{Indian Telly Award Best Television Personality}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Rohit}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telstra People's Choice Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tulu filmmakers]]
[[Category:Action film directors]]

Krishna Mishra

2026-03-14T13:04:39Z

Subhah Shirin: refined page for clarity additionally and corrected details to improve readability

{{short description|Indian social activist and Yoga teacher}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Guru Ji
| image =
| caption = Krishna Mishra
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Yoga teacher, Social Activist
| known_for =
}}

'''Krishna Mishra''' (known as '''Krishna Guruji''') is an indian international [[Activism|social activist]], [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] and yoga instructor.

On [[International Day of Yoga|international yoga day]] 2023 he performed [[yoga]] on the [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat]] train from [[Bhopal]] to [[Delhi]]. Previously he had performed on international yoga day with porter at the [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station, Delhi|Nizamuddin railway station]],

He has worked in different sectors of communities to spread the message of Humanity, in 2022 he organised a global prayer in [[Seattle]] for all [[religion]]s of humanity and to advocate for world peace.

He transforms in a unique way the way different [[List of festivals in India|festivals]] connect to humans and transforms festivals into messages for [[youth]].

He is also well known to be a healer, using [[touch therapy]] and divine [[astro-healing]], a unique concept of self healing to nullify effects of planets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=इंदौर: सर्वधर्म ऑनलाइन ग्लोबल प्रार्थना में जुटे देश-विदेश से भक्त, विजयवर्गीय ने सुनाई चौपाई|url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/all-religion-online-prayaer-meet-in-indore-kailash-vijayvargiya-also-participated|access-date=2021-02-04|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Webdunia|title=स्प्री‍चुअल हीलिंग : फोन पर समस्याओं का समाधान...|url=http://hindi.webdunia.com/religious-article/spiritual-healing-master-krishna-guruji-116070400067_1.html|access-date=2021-04-06|website=hindi.webdunia.com|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=कैलाश मानसरोवर यात्रियों ने भी किया योगाभ्यास|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/video/international-yoga-day-kailash-mansarovar-yatri-yog-celebration-india-china-border-623015-2018-06-21|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

14 https://hindi.webdunia.com/regional-hindi-news/yoga-day-with-porters-in-delhi-122062500093_1.html

15 https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/india-independence-day-was-celebrated-with-pomp-in-america

16 https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/madhya-pradesh/state/ujjain/ujjain-shani-temple-father-son-day-celebrate-ujjain-brahmin-son-wash-father-feet-and-worship/mp20230115175347159159374

17 https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/indore/nris-also-deposited-funds-in-krishna-mishra-s-campaign-do-for-nation-donation-of-indore-2023-01-27

18 https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/indore/valentine-day-guru-krishna-gave-this-special-message-to-the-youth-on-valentine-day-2023-02-14

19. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/toi-original/international-yoga-day-2023-passengers-perform-yoga-inside-vande-bharat-express-from-bhopal-to-delhi/videoshow/101166927.cms

20. https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/international-yoga-day-passengers-practice-yoga-on-bhopal-delhi-vande-bharat-express/101158184

21. https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/international-yoga-day-passengers-practice-yoga-on-bhopal-delhi-vande-bharat-express/101158184

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Krishna}}
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Border (2018 Bhojpuri film)

2026-03-12T21:10:51Z

Subhah Shirin: adjusted citations as per guidelines and added references for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Border
| image = Border(2018BhojpuriFilm)poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Santosh Mishra]]
| producer = Pravesh Lal Yadav
| writer = [[Santosh Mishra]]
| screenplay = [[Santosh Mishra]]
| story = [[Santosh Mishra]]
| based_on = 
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Amrapali Dubey]]
*[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]
* [[Shubhi Sharma]]
* Gaurav Jha
* [[Sanjay Pandey]]
* [[Awdhesh Mishra]]
* [[Vikrant Singh Rajpoot]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = Aslam Surty
| cinematography = {{ubl|Surya Prakash|Siddharth Singh}}
| editing = Jitendra Singh (Jeetu)
| layout_artist =
| studio = Nirahua Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| distributor = Nirahua Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|06|15|India}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}19 crore<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/bhojpuri-movie-highest-box-office-collection/articleshow/66311325.cms|title=भोजपुरी सिनेमा की सबसे ज्यादा कमाई करने वाली फिल्में|work=[[Navbharat Times]]|accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref>
}}
'''''Border''''' is a 2018 [[India]]n, [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]-language [[war film]] directed by [[Santosh Mishra]] and produced by Pravesh Lal Yadav under banner of Nirahua Entertainment Pvt Ltd. The stars [[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Dinesh Lal Yadav "Nirahua"]] in lead role along with [[Amrapali Dubey]]. While [[Awdhesh Mishra]], [[Sanjay Pandey]], [[Sunil Thapa]], [[Subhi Sharma]], [[Vikrant Singh Rajpoot]], [[Seema Singh]], [[Santosh Mishra]], Manoj Tiger, Kiran Yadav, Sushil Singh, Vishal Singh, Pravesh Lal Yadav, Maya Yadav, Kajal Yadav, Aditya Ojha, Avinash Dwivedi and Gaurav Jha are in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Shetty recommends watching Bhojpuri film 'Border' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-rohit-shetty-recommends-watching-bhojpuri-film-border-447995 |author=India TV News Desk|date=2018-06-18 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |publisher=[[India TV]] |location=India |access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khesari Lal Yadav turns singer for 'brother' Nirahua, lends voice to song in Bhojpuri film Border :Bhojpuri News :Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/khesari-lal-yadav-turns-singer-for-brother-nirahua-lends-voice-to-song-in-bhojpuri-film-border-2110527.html/amp |website=zeenews.india.com |publisher=[[Zee News]] |location=India |access-date=2020-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528061332/http://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/khesari-lal-yadav-turns-singer-for-brother-nirahua-lends-voice-to-song-in-bhojpuri-film-border-2110527.html/amp |archive-date=2018-05-28 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri Superstar Dinesh Lal Yadav Aka Nirahua and Bhojpuri Bombshell Amrapali Dubey Starrer Border Crosses 10 Million Views on YouTube |url=https://www.india.com/viral/bhojpuri-superstar-dinesh-lal-yadav-aka-nirahua-and-bhojpuri-bombshell-amrapali-dubey-starrer-border-crosses-10-million-views-on-youtube-3155539/ |last1=Ganguly |first1=Aakriti |last2=July 09 |date=2018 |website=India.com |publisher=[[India.com]] |access-date=2020-05-20 |last3=2018 10:19am}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinesh Lal Yadav aka Nirahua's Border garners over 8 million views on YouTube in four days :Bhojpuri News :Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/dinesh-lal-yadav-aka-nirahuas-border-garners-over-8-million-views-on-youtube-in-four-days-2145363.html/amp |website=zeenews.india.com |publisher=[[Zee News]] |location=India |access-date=2020-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003125211/http://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/dinesh-lal-yadav-aka-nirahuas-border-garners-over-8-million-views-on-youtube-in-four-days-2145363.html/amp |archive-date=2018-10-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Border is the story of Abhay Shastri, an [[Indian Army|Indian army]] officer seeking revenge against [[Pakistan]]. Originally a farmer, his elder brother Vijay is an army captain. Abhay falls in love with Nagma, a Muslim girl from the village. However, their father, Dinanath, disapproves of the marriage, prompting Abhay to rebel and marry Nagma anyway. Captain Vijay Shastri invites Abhay and Nagma to explore the border. They go to offer a chadar at a dargah. Upon hearing this, terrorists call Vijay and give him false information about an impending attack on the dargah. Vijay arrives at the dargah with the army. Seeing that there are fewer soldiers on the border, the terrorists attack and kill them all. They capture Arjun Singh and take him to Pakistan. Due to negligence, Vijay Shastri and his team were court-martialed by the army. Unable to bear the shock, Vijay committed suicide. Abhay's mother, Janaki Maa, was devastated by the deaths of her two sons and the kidnapping of a third by Pakistan. She was hospitalised as a result. Dr Sahay suggested to Abhay that having a third son might help them recover from the deaths of their two sons.

Following Dr Sahay's advice, Abhay enlisted in the army after completing his training. Impressed by his bravery, the army asked him to carry out 'Mission Border'. In order to complete this mission, he requested that the army include the previously dismissed commandos Amit Singh, Aditya Singh, Abdul Hameed, Vinod Pandey, Rajesh Yadav and Baljit Singh in his team. This request was approved. The army approved the request. After preparing, Abhay and his soldiers attacked Pakistan, killing all the terrorists, including Arjun. During the operation, two soldiers, Amit Singh and Abdul Hameed, were killed. Janaki Maa recovered after seeing her son Arjun alive, and Pandit Deenanath Shastri accepted Nagma as his daughter-in-law.

==Cast==
*[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] as Abhay Shashtri
*[[Amrapali Dubey]] as Nagma (Abhay's wife)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Amrapali playing a Muslim woman in Nirahua's multi-starrer Border?|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/is-amarapali-playing-a-muslim-woman-in-nirahua-s-multi-starrer-border-2093460.html|date=2018-03-25|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401045747/http://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/is-amarapali-playing-a-muslim-woman-in-nirahua-s-multi-starrer-border-2093460.html|archive-date=2018-04-01|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sanjay Pandey]] as Dev Dingh
* [[Sunil Thapa]] as Hafiz Khan
* [[Awdhesh Mishra]] as Indrajeet Singh (Home Minister)
* Gaurav Jha as Rajesh Yadav<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhojpuri superstar Dinesh Lal Yadav aka Nirahua starrer Border is winning hearts, says Gaurav Jha|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-superstar-dinesh-lal-yadav-aka-nirahua-starrer-border-is-winning-hearts-says-gaurav-jha-2117476.html|date=2018-06-17|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607124941/https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-superstar-dinesh-lal-yadav-aka-nirahua-starrer-border-is-winning-hearts-says-gaurav-jha-2117476.html|archive-date=2020-06-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Vikrant Singh Rajpoot]] as Vinod Pandey
*[[Shubhi Sharma]] as Vinod's wife
* Maya Yadav as Vinod's mother
* Brijesh Tripathi as Deenanath Shashtri (Abhay's father)
* Pravesh Lal Yadav as Amit Singh
* Sushil Singh as Karan Singh
* Vijay Lal Yadav as Vijay Shashtri
* Aditya Ojha as Aditya Singh
* Kajal Yadav as Aditya's wife
* Kiran Yadav as Jaanki Maa
* Vishal Singh as Arjun Singh
* Richa Dixit as Nandini
* Avinash Dwivedi as Hameed
* Anshuman Rajpoot as Baljit Singh
*[[Manoj Tiger]] as Mithai Lal Yadav
* Ananya Mishra as Manpreet (Baljit's love interest)
* [[Seema Singh]] as Aadhey Maa
* Sanjay Verma as Parsadi
* Ashish Shendre as Sharad Kelkar
* Amit Shukla as Belal Khan
* Rajnish Jhanjhi as Masood Miyan
* [[Santosh Mishra]] as Teeka Pandey
* Pradeep Sharma as Jumman (Nagma's father)
* Upashna Vaishnav as Rajiya (Nagma's mother)
* Lalit Upadhyay as Amit's father

==Release==
The film was theatrically released on 15 June 2018 on occasion of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] across all [[India]] and gets bumper opening at Box office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhojpuri superstar Dinesh Lal Yadav aka Nirahua and Amrapali Dubey's 'Border' to release on Eid—Posters inside|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-superstar-dinesh-lal-yadav-aka-nirahua-and-amrapali-dubeys-border-to-release-on-eid-posters-inside-2113106.html|date=2018-06-01|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217184039/http://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-superstar-dinesh-lal-yadav-aka-nirahua-and-amrapali-dubeys-border-to-release-on-eid-posters-inside-2113106.html|archive-date=2018-12-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dinesh Lal Yadav's Border gets bumper opening at Box Office—See pics|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/dinesh-lal-yadavs-border-gets-bumper-opening-at-box-office-see-pics-2116934.html|date=2018-06-15|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106143816/http://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/dinesh-lal-yadavs-border-gets-bumper-opening-at-box-office-see-pics-2116934.html|archive-date=2019-01-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Border
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Rajnish Mishra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2018||}}
| recorded =
| venue = Mumbai
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 38:13
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| label = Nirahua Music World
| producer = Pravesh Lal Yadav
| prev_title = [[Mehandi Laga Ke Rakhna 2]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Nirahua Hindustani 3]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

The soundtrack of "Border" was composed by [[Rajnish Mishra]] with lyrics penned by Pyare Lal Yadav (Kavi Ji) and Azad Singh. It was produced under the Nirahua's own music company "Nirahua Music World" label.
{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics1 = Pyare Lal Yadav
| extra1 = [[Kalpana Patowary]]
| title1 = Siyaji Ke Ram
| length1 = 5:42
| total_length = 38:13
| lyrics2 = Pyare Lal Yadav
| extra2 = [[Alok Kumar (singer)|Alok Kumar]]
| title2 = Maula Tere Sahar Mein
| length2 = 4:59
| lyrics3 = Pyare Lal Yadav
| extra3 = [[Kalpana Patowary]], [[Indu Sonali]], [[Rajnish Mishra]]
| title3 = Gharva Bhail Ba Kargil
| length3 = 3:45
| lyrics4 = Azad Singh
| extra4 = [[Khesari Lal Yadav]], [[Alok Kumar (singer)|Alok Kumar]], Pravesh Lal Yadav, [[Rajnish Mishra]]
| title4 = Bol Yarwa Bol Bol
| length4 = 5:24
| lyrics5 = Pyare Lal Yadav
| extra5 = [[Alok Kumar (singer)|Alok Kumar]]
| title5 = Maai Ho Lalanwa De Da
| length5 = 4:51
| lyrics6 = Azad Singh
| extra6 = [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]], [[Kalpana Patowary]]
| title6 = Betauwa Tohar Gor Hoyee Ho
| length6 = 4:04
| lyrics7 = Azad Singh
| extra7 = [[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
| title7 = Deewani Bhaili Nagma
| length7 = 4:14
| lyrics8 = Pyare Lal Yadav
| extra8 = [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]], Vijay Lal Yadav, [[Kalpana Patowary]], [[Pamela Jain]], Pravesh Lal Yadav
| title8 = Hamar Bhaiya Watan Ke Sipahi
| length8 = 5:14
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
}}

== Production ==
"The film was shot over a period of 50 days and was completed a day before [[Navaratri|Navratri]] end", according to [[Zee News]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Nirahua reveal Amrapali Dubeys look in their upcoming film Border? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/did-nirahua-reveal-amrapali-dubeys-look-in-their-upcoming-film-border-2093942.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' called it a "patriotic" film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Patna Se Pakistan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/from-border-to-kashi-amarnath-bhojpuri-hit-films-directed-by-santosh-mishra/photostory/68205730.cms?picid=68205845 |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bhojiwood]], Indian Bhojpuri language film industry

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt11007024}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2010s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:Indian war films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 war films]]

Salt N' Pepper

2026-03-06T21:23:32Z

Subhah Shirin: Details

{{short description|2011 Indian romantic comedy film}}
{{About|the 2011 Indian film|the American hip hop trio|Salt-N-Pepa|the 1968 comedy film|Salt and Pepper (film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Salt N' Pepper
| image = [[File:Salt N'Pepper 01.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Aashiq Abu]]
| producer = [[Sadanandan Rangorath]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
* [[Syam Pushkaran]]
* [[Dileesh Nair]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
* [[Shwetha Menon]]
* [[Mythili]]
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
}}
| music = {{plainlist|
* [[Bijibal]]
* [[Avial (band)|Avial]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Shyju Khalid]]
| editing = V. Saajan
| studio = Lucsam Creations
| distributor = Remya Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|07|08}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|2.5|C|year=2011}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/2011-was-troublesome-for-malayalam-films-434144.html|title=2011 was troublesome for Malayalam films|work=[[News18]]|date=4 January 2012|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319151405/https://www.news18.com/news/india/2011-was-troublesome-for-malayalam-films-434144.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Salt N' Pepper''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2011|2011]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Aashiq Abu]] and produced for Lucsam Creations. The film stars [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Shwetha Menon]], and [[Mythili]] in the lead roles, while [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] and [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] play supporting roles.

The film follows the love stories of two couples. The main characters are: Kalidasan, an archaeologist; Maya, a dubbing artist; Meenakshi, an IELTS student; Manu, a happy-go-lucky management graduate; and Babu, Kalidasan's cook. Food plays an important role in the story, and the tagline of the film is ''oru [[Dosa (food)|dosa]] undaakkiya kadha'' ("a story made by dosa", or "a story about making a dosa").<ref name="Express 16 July"/>

The film has an original score by [[Bijibal]], with three songs composed by Bijibal and the song "Aanakkallan" written and sung by Malayalam rock band [[Avial (band)|Avial]]. The film was produced by Lucsam Cinema and released by Lal. Principal production started on 3 January 2011 and the film was released in theatres on 8 July 2011 to positive reviews and good initial viewing figures.<ref>Dinas. (15 July 2011).[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713224823/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/68506.html "Salt N'Pepper opens good."]. Indiaglitz. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</ref> It is widely regarded as one of the defining movies of the [[New Wave (Malayalam film movement)|Malayalam New Wave]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=19 December 2019|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|access-date=11 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110115120/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Salt N' Pepper's [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] remake rights have been bought by actor–director [[Prakash Raj]].<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/tamil/243093/ "സാള്‍ട്ട് ആന്‍ഡ് പെപ്പറുമായി പ്രകാശ് രാജ് മൂന്നുഭാഷകളിലേക്ക്‌"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109055112/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/tamil/243093/ |date=9 January 2012 }} (in Malayalam) ''Mathrubhumi''. 8 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.</ref> It was remade in Tamil as ''[[Un Samayal Arayil]]'' and shot simultaneously in Telugu and Kannada as ''Ulavacharu Biriyani'' and ''Oggarane'', respectively. Prakash Raj directed the remakes and appeared in the lead role, playing Lal's character, while [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] took on the role of Shweta Menon's character. Prakash directed a Hindi remake, titled ''[[Tadka (film)|Tadka]]''. In 2019, Baburaj announced the shooting of a sequel titled ''[[Black Coffee (2021 film)|Black Coffee]]'', written and directed by him,<ref>{{cite news |title=Baburaj comes up with 'Black Coffee', sequel to 'Salt and Pepper' |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/baburaj-comes-up-with-black-coffee-sequel-to-salt-and-pepper--1.3902121 |access-date=17 December 2020 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226043917/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/baburaj-comes-up-with-black-coffee-sequel-to-salt-and-pepper--1.3902121 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the movie was released on 19 February 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title='Black Coffee' trailer: The film seems like a revamp of Aashiq Abu's 'Salt N' Pepper' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/black-coffee-trailer-the-film-seems-like-a-revamp-of-aashiq-abus-salt-n-pepper/articleshow/79774207.cms |access-date=17 December 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217070510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/black-coffee-trailer-the-film-seems-like-a-revamp-of-aashiq-abus-salt-n-pepper/articleshow/79774207.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Kalidasan works in the state archaeological department in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and is a food lover. His only companion is his cook, Babu. Manu Raghav is Kalidasan's nephew, who comes to stay with him, while looking for a job. Kalidasan has a normal life until he gets a misdialled phone call from Maya, a dubbing artist living with her friend Meenakshi. Maya rings to order a special dosa (named "Thattil Kutty Dosa" in the film) from a restaurant, but gets Kalidasan instead. Their conversations do not go well at first, but a long-distance romance develops due to their common interests—cooking and food. Kalidasan is a born gourmet while Maya is indulging in culinary activities in memory of her deceased mother. Kalidasan starts to let Maya into the secrets of baking with a multilayered cake called "Joan's Rainbow".

Kalidasan and Maya both get the jitters before their first face-to-face meeting, as each becomes conscious of their own physical appearances, and both decide to send younger and better-looking substitutes instead, Manu and Meenakshi. When they meet, neither Manu nor Meenakshi realise that the other person is a substitute, since they introduce themselves as Kalidasan and Maya, respectively. Manu thinks that Kalidasan is actually in love with Meenakshi, while Meenakshi thinks that Maya is in love with Manu. They attempt to sabotage their older counterpart's relationship by telling Kalidasan and Maya that the person they met would be unsuitable for them. Kalidasan and Maya try to forget each other but fail, and they decide to call each other and meet anyway. Manu and Meenakshi, who by this time have started to develop feelings for each other, are dejected upon hearing this and decide to leave the city so that their older counterparts may have a good relationship. However, they discover the truth and each other's real identities during a chance encounter with a common acquaintance, Pooja, at the railway station. Thus, Manu and Meenakshi call Kalidasan and Maya, respectively, and narrate all the incidents unknown to them. Kalidasan and Maya meet, and their relationship begins. It is also shown that Manu and Meenakshi are in a relationship.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Kalathil Parambil Kalidasan, an archaeologist by profession and a food lover<ref>[http://saltnpepper.moviebuzz.org/salt-n-pepper-lal/ "Salt n’ Pepper-Lal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809133925/http://saltnpepper.moviebuzz.org/salt-n-pepper-lal/ |date=9 August 2011 }}. Official website. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</ref>
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Manu Raghav, a carefree youngster<ref>[http://saltnpepper.moviebuzz.org/asif-ali-about-salt-n-pepper-movie/ "Asif Ali about Salt n’ Pepper Movie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809131759/http://saltnpepper.moviebuzz.org/asif-ali-about-salt-n-pepper-movie/ |date=9 August 2011 }}. Official website. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</ref> Asif Ali says, "It's the one character among all that I have {{sic|essayed}} that's closest to my real-life persona."<ref>Vijay George. (30 June 2011). [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2147222.ece "Bright expectations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702035020/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2147222.ece |date=2 July 2011 }}. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 28 July 2011.</ref>
* [[Shwetha Menon]] as Maya Krishnan, a single woman who works as a dubbing artist, also a "foodie"
* [[Mythili]] as Meenakshi, a bubbly young girl<ref>[http://saltnpepper.moviebuzz.org/interview-with-mythili-salt-n-pepper/ "Interview with Mythili"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327164128/http://saltnpepper.moviebuzz.org/interview-with-mythili-salt-n-pepper/ |date=27 March 2012 }}. Official website. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</ref>
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Babu, professional chef<ref>[http://saltnpepper.moviebuzz.org/baburaj-about-his-role-in-salt-n-pepper/ "Baburaj about his role in Salt n' Pepper"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206115941/http://saltnpepper.moviebuzz.org/baburaj-about-his-role-in-salt-n-pepper/ |date=6 February 2011 }}. Official website. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</ref>
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Balakrishnan, Kalidasan's friend and colleague
* [[Ahmed Sidhique]] as K. T. Mirash, Manu's friend and Meenakshi's teacher
* Kelu Mooppan as Mooppan, a tribal member whom Kalidasan brings to the city
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Mary, owner of the house where Maya and Meenakshi live
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Itha, a regular customer at Mary's beauty parlour
* [[Archana Kavi]] as Pooja Nair, a girl whom Manu meets on a train
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as a film director who tries to woo Maya
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Bhaskaran Nair, Pooja's father.
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as dubbing director
* Munshi Venu as Driving instructor
* Deepa Jayan as Serial actress
}}

==Themes==
The film centres around food, and Aashiq Abu says: "For a society that is so fond of food, this genre of cinema has not been really explored much in Mollywood [Malayalam cinema], save for a few films. As a foodie, I was inspired to make a film centred on food when I came across this interesting script by [[Syam Pushkaran]] and [[Dileesh Nair]]."<ref name="Feast on romance"/>

The type of dosa specifically featured in the film, Thattil Kutty Dosa, is a local speciality.<ref name="Express 16 July">Shibu B. S. (16 July 2011). [http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article419930.ece "Made in Mollywood, Salt n' Pepper dosa a hot hit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073317/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article419930.ece |date=4 March 2016 }}. ''[[The New Indian Express]]''. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</ref> The relationship that develops between Kalidasan and Maya centres around the secrets of baking a multilayered cake known as Joan's Rainbow.<ref name="Feast on romance">Nita Sathyendran. (7 July 2011). [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2207536.ece "Feast on romance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709104317/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2207536.ece |date=9 July 2011 }}. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</ref> According to Abu, "''Salt N' Pepper'' is meant to be a light-hearted entertainer; it's nothing serious—no big plots, no big twists—but plain old common sense and dollops of good ol' fun".<ref name="Feast on romance"/>

==Production==
The film was scripted by first-time writers Syam Pushkaran and [[Dileesh Nair]].<ref name="script">Nita Sathyendran. (13 July 2011). [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2224082.ece "Recipe for success"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715232945/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2224082.ece |date=15 July 2011 }}. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</ref>

''Salt N' Pepper'' is Aashiq Abu's second directorial venture. He was assisted by Abhilash S. Kumar. Technicians such as music director Bijibal, costume designer [[Sameera Saneesh]], and V. Saajan had already collaborated with Aashiq in his first film, ''Daddy Cool''. Cinematographer Shyju Kahlid had previously worked with Sameer Thahir on ''Daddy Cool''.<ref name="director's interview">{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0J27GTYGKM|title=Director Aashiq Abu about his upcoming Malayalam movie Salt n Pepper|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=13 July 2011}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Mumbai]]-based [[Sadanandan Rangorath]] under the banner Name Lucsam Creations. ''Salt N' Pepper'' is their first project in the Malayalam film industry.<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxHZ75iSidY|title=Lucsam Creations on New malayalm Movie Salt n' Pepper|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=15 July 2011}}</ref> Casting was finalised by December 2010. The original cast included [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], and [[Mythili]]. [[Nedumudi Venu]] was also reported to be cast during the original announcement.<ref>Shekhar H Hooli. 30 December 2010. [https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2010/lal-essay-hero-role-saltnpepper-301210.html "Lal to essay hero role in Salt 'N' Pepper"] . [[Oneindia.in]]. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</ref>

Filming began eight months after the script was submitted<ref name="script"/> and was launched on 5 January 2011 with a blessing held at BTH Sarovaram, [[Kochi]]. The ceremony also included film producer Naushad making a dosa onstage.<ref>[http://saltnpepper.moviebuzz.org/salt-n-pepper-pooja-ceremony/ "Salt n’ Pepper Pooja Ceremony"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713224741/http://saltnpepper.moviebuzz.org/salt-n-pepper-pooja-ceremony/ |date=13 July 2011 }}. Official website. 10 January 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</ref> Principal production for the film started on 3 January 2011 and it was shot entirely in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2011/salt-n-pepper-shoot-thiruvananthapuram-240111-aid0062.html "Salt N Pepper is being shot at Thiruvananthapuram"] . 24 January 2011. [[Oneindia.in]]. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
The film received generally positive reviews, although some critics felt that certain scenes were far from convincing. In the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', Keerthy Ramachandran gave the film a three-star rating, writing, "This is a movie which weaves together taste, flavor and love to make an exquisite recipe for good cinema. A must watch for all gourmets, ''Salt N' Pepper'' is sweet humour interspersed in a light plot." She also described the film as "one of the most enjoyable films of recent times" and praised the cast performances, stating, "Shwetha Menon has acted brilliantly in the movie, proving that she has more to her than meets the eye. Lal has done complete justice to the role and appears likeable throughout the movie. But, the major share of credit should go to Baburaj – the stereotypical villain in Malayalam cinema. The role of Kalidasan's cook is a milestone in his career. Asif Ali and Mythili appear perfect in their roles. Actor Vijaya Raghavan in a cameo has made a commendable appearance."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/salt-n-pepper-treat-gourmets-845 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011130004/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/salt-n-pepper-treat-gourmets-845 | archivedate=11 October 2012 | title=Salt n' Pepper: A treat to the gourmets | newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]| date=July 2011 | accessdate=18 July 2011 | author=Keerthy Ramachandran}}</ref>

Navamy Sudhish of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' said, "A delightful addition to GenY fun flicks, ''Salt N' Pepper'' is an out-and-out entertainer. It gives two hoots to time-tested tricks and indulges you with a stimulating storyline and unfeigned artistry." He labelled the script "smart", Shyju Khalid's appearances "rich" and "peachy", and Bijibal's background score "superb". Sudhish also praised Abu, saying, "[his] narrative technique is unpretentious and devoid of any jaded gimmickry."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article417199.ece|title=Salt N Pepper|author=Navamy Sudhish|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 July 2011|accessdate=18 July 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220058/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article417199.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> Paresh C. Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] said, "Director Aashiq Abu has put together the right ingredients in his new film ''Salt N' Pepper'' and come up with quite an interesting dish" and that the film will meet the tastes of all who watch it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-salt-n-pepper/20110711.htm|title=Review: Good sprinkling of Salt N' Pepper|author=Paresh C. Palicha|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=11 July 2011|accessdate=18 July 2011|archive-date=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714004245/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-salt-n-pepper/20110711.htm|url-status=live}}({{Rating|3|5}})</ref> Veeyen of Nowrunning.com said, "Aashiq Abu and his team adhere to the golden rules of good cooking, and see to it that the griddle is all hot, before they gently spread out a light hearted Dosa story on it." The critic also praised the cast performances and Shyju Kahlid's cinematography.<ref name="Veeyen review">{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8396/malayalam/salt-n-pepper/3195/review.htm|title=Salt n' Pepper Review|author=Veeyen|publisher=Nowrunning.com|date=9 July 2011|accessdate=18 July 2011|archive-date=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712085948/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8396/malayalam/salt-n-pepper/3195/review.htm|url-status=live}}({{Rating|3|5}})</ref> A reviewer from [[Sify.com]] said, "''Salt N' Pepper'' may have its own share of shortcomings, but the sincerity with which it has been made is there to be seen in the film. It's a young film which oozes lots of freshness and it is enjoyable for people of all ages, especially if you love your food."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/salt-n-pepper-review-taste-this-review-malayalam-14974234.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719122057/http://www.sify.com/movies/salt-n-pepper-review-taste-this-review-malayalam-14974234.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2013|title=Salt n' Pepper review: Taste this|website=[[Sify]]|date= July 2011|accessdate=18 July 2011}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film became a [[sleeper hit]] at the box office, completing a run of 100 days at many centres in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanscinema.com/2011/11/salt-n-pepper-malayalam-film-completes-100-days/|title=Salt N' Pepper Completes 100 Days|publisher=Sanscinema.com|date=3 November 2011|access-date=4 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104150911/http://www.sanscinema.com/2011/11/salt-n-pepper-malayalam-film-completes-100-days/|archive-date=4 November 2011}}</ref> Its 100th-day celebration was held in [[Dubai]] on 27 October, with a concert by Avial. Bijibal also performed at the event.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110186737&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=144141 |title=Malayalam film's success to be celebrated in Dubai |publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=25 October 2011 |access-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711215759/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110186737&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=144141 |archive-date=11 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/malayalam-film-salt-n-pepper-completes-100-days/196352-8-70.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028000920/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/malayalam-film-salt-n-pepper-completes-100-days/196352-8-70.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2011|title=Malayalam film 'Salt N' Pepper' completes 100 days|publisher=[[CNN IBN]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=25 October 2011|accessdate=7 November 2011}}</ref>

The film collected {{INR}} 5.1 crore from fifty days of its release at the Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.sify.com/movies/salt-pepper-is-a-blockbuster-news-malayalam-li1mv0jdeebsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321063140/http://m.sify.com/movies/salt-pepper-is-a-blockbuster-news-malayalam-li1mv0jdeebsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2018|title=Salt & Pepper is a blockbuster|website=[[Sify]]|date=1 September 2011}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack to the film features three songs composed by [[Bijibal]], two romantic melodies and a folk tune, as well as a song written by Malayalee [[rock music|rock]] band [[Avial (band)|Avial]], "Aanakkallan".<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iEU6UsNTX8|title=Bijibal |publisher=YouTube|accessdate=15 July 2011}}</ref> It is the band's first release since their self-titled debut album, released in 2008. Avial singer Tony John says that "this song is more or less like a teaser for our second album". A music video, which appears at the end of the film, was also produced. John said: "We had loads of fun shooting the video, which is very kind of like what you would see in a music video rather than a filmy number".<ref>Nita Sathyendran. (9 June 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614135113/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/06/09/stories/2011060951900400.htm "Rock on, Avial"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 9 July 2011.</ref><ref>Ria Shah. (15 June 2011). [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2106391.ece "Shoot it!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719065422/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2106391.ece |date=19 July 2011 }}. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 18 July 2011.</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Salt N' Pepper<ref>{{cite web | url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/salt-n-pepper-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/901822020 | title=Salt & Pepper (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Bijibal & Avial Band }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bijibal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 May 2011
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:20
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Manorama Music]]
| producer = [[Bijibal]]
| prev_title = [[Arjunan Saakshi]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Violin (2011 film)|Violin]]
| next_year = 2011
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Salt N' Pepper
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Kaanamullal
| music1 = [[Bijibal]]
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length1 = 3:43
| lyrics1 = Santhosh Varma
| title2 = Chembavu
| music2 = Bijibal
| extra2 = Pushpavathy
| length2 = 3:39
| lyrics2 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| title3 = Premikkumbol
| music3 = Bijibal
| extra3 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Neha Nair]]
| length3 = 3:14
| lyrics3 = Rafeeq Ahammed
| title4 = Aanakkallan
| music4 = [[Avial (band)|Avial]]
| extra4 = [[Avial (band)|Avial]]
| length4 = 4:00
| lyrics4 = [[Avial (band)|Avial]]
| title5 = Kaanamullal(Female)
| music5 = Bijibal
| extra5 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length5 = 3:44
| lyrics5 = Santhosh Varma
}}

==Awards==
'''[[Kerala State Film Award]]s'''
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Popular Film with Aesthetic value]] – [[Sadanandan Rangorath]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Shwetha Menon]]

'''Asiavision Awards'''
* Best Family Movie
* Best Music Director – [[Bijibal]]
* Best Lyricist – [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
* Best Second Actress – Shwetha Menon
* Best Comedy Artist – [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
* Special Mention – [[Mythili]]

'''Asianet Film Awards 2011'''
* Best Star Pair – [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] & [[Mythili]]

'''Vanita Film Awards 2011'''
* Best Music Director – [[Bijibal]]
* Best Comedy Artist – [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
* Best Pair – [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] & Shwetha Menon

'''Mathrubhumi Film Awards 2011'''
* Best Path Breaking Movie of the Year

'''Amrita Film Awards'''
* Best Film

==Sequel==
A loose sequel, ''[[Black Coffee (2021 film)|Black Coffee]]'', was released on 19 February 2021.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1988774}}

{{Aashiq Abu}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Cooking films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about food and drink]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Syam Pushkaran]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Dileesh Nair]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aashiq Abu]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series]]

Moheener Ghoraguli

2026-03-04T04:49:48Z

Subhah Shirin: reworked section based on references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian rock band}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Fan POV|date=January 2026}} }}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Moheener Ghoraguli
| image = MoheenerGhoraguli-group.jpg
| image_size = 250
| landscape = yes
| alt =
| caption = Moheener Ghoraguli in concert at [[Rabindra Sadan]], 1979, left to right: [[Raja Banerjee]], [[Pradip Chatterjee]], [[Tapas Das]], [[Pranab Sengupta]], [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]] and [[Ranjon Ghoshal]]. Not shown also present were [[Abraham Mazumdar]] and [[Biswanath Bishu Chattopadhyay]]
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Kolkata]], India
| genre = {{Flatlist|
* [[Bengali folk rock]]
* [[Blues rock]]
* [[Psychedelic rock]]
* [[Rock music of West Bengal|Bengali rock]]
* [[Jazz music|Jazz]]
}}
| years_active = {{start date|1975}}–{{end date|1981}};
| label = {{Flatlist|
* [[Gathani]]
* [[Hindusthan Records]]
* [[Bharati Records]]

}}
| associated_acts = 
| website =
| current_members =
| past_members =
* [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Bishu (Biswanath) Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Pradip Chatterjee]]
* [[Ranjon Ghoshal]]
* [[Abraham Mazumdar]]
* [[Tapas Das]]
* [[Tapesh Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Raja Banerjee]]
}}

'''Moheener Ghoraguli''' ({{Langx|bn|মহীনের ঘোড়াগুলি}}, literally "Ocean's horses" or Seahorses) was an Indian rock group from [[Kolkata]], established in 1975.{{r|Pattanayak}} Their music drew from a wide variety of influences, including Bengali folk, [[Baul]], urban American folk, and [[jazz]].{{r|Pattanayak}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-177439|title=Wild Horses of Musical Conviction|last=Rokanuzzaman|first=Md.|date=2011-03-13|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-09-14|language=en}}</ref> They sometimes described their style as "Baul jazz."<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080105/jsp/calcutta/story_8729275.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108194937/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080105/jsp/calcutta/story_8729275.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2008|title=Blast From the Past|date=5 January 2008|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Song-of-the-stallion/articleshow/4681928.cms|title=Song of the stallion - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref>

Established in the 1970s during a period of stagnation in Bengali music, when commercial film songs were the dominant market force, the lyrics and music (and to some extent the compositions) of Moheener Ghoraguli with its leader [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]] were radically new. They were of a very personal or social nature, similar to the urban folk movement led by [[Bob Dylan]] in the 60s.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-krDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT180|title=Much Ado Over Coffee: Indian Coffee House Then And Now|last=Bhattacharya|first=Bhaswati|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=9781351383158|location=Oxon|pages=180|language=en}}</ref> Though they were almost unknown in their time, in recent years they have undergone a critical re-evaluation. The band disbanded in 1981.

In the 1990s, Gautam released a compilation of "Moheener Ghoraguli Sampadito" albums, including songs that were written and composed by Gautam Chattopadhyay himself and by other contemporary artistes and a few old songs of Moheener Ghoraguli. The albums were ''[[Aabaar Bochhor Kuri Pore]]'' in 1995, ''[[Jhora Somoyer Gaan]]'' (1996), Maya in 1998 and [[Khyapar Gaan]] in 1999.

==Later years==

In the early years Moheener Ghoraguli, the band, performed in and around Kolkata and produced three albums until 1981 and then dissolved.<ref name=":3" /> In the late 1980s Subrata Ghosh a student of Presidency College, Kolkata, an ardent music lover, heard a song ''bhalo bashi jotsnay kash boney chhut tey'' and learned of Gautam Chattopadhay. Immediately he became a die-hard fan of Moni da and excavated information about him. In a few days, Subrata reached Monida's residence at Naktala. After a few days of jamming with Subrata, the 2nd innings of Moheener Ghoraguli started. It was days after days, night after night, month after month gradually new generation music lovers, who wanted to break the traditional tide of Bengali music started jamming in at Monida's small drawing room and sometimes they used to gather at Salt Lake BE Park at Salt Lake Welfare Association's tent to create innovative music. This was the time when the most revolutionary compositions like "Prithibi", "Telephone", "Bangalee Korechoo" by Gautam were created.

In the mid-1990s, a decade and a half after Moheener Ghoraguli's dissolution, Gautam Chattopadhyay decided to revive the movement of Moheener Ghoraguli. In 1994 Gautam was awarded from Kolkata Doordarshan to make a first ever Bengali Music Video with a budget. The budget was too little to make a quality product, so after the video songs got recorded and televised for the Doordarshan, Gautam decided to come out with an audio cassette with the support of Sourish and A. Mukherjee. The cassette album Abar Bochhor Kuri poray – compiled by Moheener Ghoraguli: Moheener Ghoraguli shompadita Bengali Gaan.

''Abar Bochhor Kuri Porey'' ("Again, After Twenty Years", a quotation from [[Jibanananda Das]]), released at the [[Kolkata Book Fair]]. It included Gautam Chattopadhyay's own compositions, a few original Moheener Ghoraguli classics from the 1970s, as well as songs recorded by selected music makers of the 90s. Although listeners were initially slow to catch on, the album proved to be a hit, and it introduced the MG movement to a new generation of music-lovers. Gautam Chattopadhyay finally saw Moheener Ghoraguli music gaining the popularity and critical recognition that had eluded their band in the 1970s. Several other successful compilations have followed since the first one. Both in their native West Bengal and in Bangladesh, Moheener Ghoraguli is now a much-admired movement.

Gautam's death in 1999 was sudden.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Directors-cut-Man-with-the-Midas-touch/articleshow/4681929.cms|title=Director's cut: Man with the Midas touch|date=21 Jun 2009|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref>

After returning from a location shooting of his last film ''Rong Bin'', which was never completed, the next day he went to the ''Indropuri Studio'' to meet his longtime cinematographer friend and colleague, Vivek Banerjee and there he collapsed and died of a heart attack. An entire generation of old and new musicians who had been popularised by Gautam [[Kolkata]] mourned his untimely death and a tribute album "Moni Chara Shunno Laage" was released; Moni was not Gautam's nickname, but his siblings would call him Moni-da, moni, defining that he was the third of the brothers. His nickname was Manik.

==Meaning of the band's name==

The literal meaning of ''Moheen'er Ghora-guli'' is "Moheen's horses". While this obscure phrase puzzles many of the band's fans, it is actually taken from a poem ''Ghora'' ('Horses') from the poetry book ''Shatti Tarar Timir'' (Bengali: সাতটি তারার তিমির) by the great modernist Bengali poet [[Jibanananda Das]]. The second line of the poem is:

: ''"মহীনের ঘোড়াগুলো ঘাস খায় কার্তিকের জ্যোৎস্নার প্রান্তরে;"''

loosely translated as:

: ''"Moheen's horses graze on the horizon, in the Autumn moonlight"''

One of the band's most popular songs, ''Bhalobashi Jyotsnay'' (Bengali: ভালোবাসি জ্যোৎস্নায়), is a tribute to the natural beauty of the Bengali countryside; the influence of Jibanananda's pastoral poetry is evident throughout the song.

There are other parallels: Jibanananda broke with the literary tradition of his time and introduced modernist themes and diction to [[Bengali poetry]]. He is often considered the first Bengali poet to truly break free of [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath]]'s imposing presence. To some extent, Moheener Ghoraguli attempted to do the same for Bengali popular music.

==Band members==
Original line-up:
*[[Gautam Chattopadhyay]]<ref name=":1" /> (Manik a.k.a. Moni-da to his younger siblings) – voice, lead guitar, saxophone, folk instruments, [[lyrics]]
*[[Pradip Chatterjee]]<ref name=":1" /> (Bula Chattopadhyay)- bass guitar, [[flute]]{{r|Pattanayak}}
*[[Tapas Das]]<ref name=":1" /> – [[lyrics]], voice, guitar{{r|Pattanayak}}
*[[Ranjon Ghoshal]] – [[lyrics]], [[emcee]], [[visuals]], [[media relations]]{{r|Pattanayak}}<ref name=":1" />
*[[Biswanath Bishu Chattopadhyay]]<ref name=":1" /> – drums, [[bass violin]]
*[[Abraham Mazumdar]]<ref name=":1" /> – piano, violin{{r|Pattanayak}}
*[[Tapesh Bandopadhyay]] (Bhanu)<ref name=":1" /> – voice, guitar,
(till 1978)

Later members:
* [[Raja Banerjee]]{{r|Pattanayak}} – (1978 onwards – voice, guitar)
After Tapesh Bandopadhyay left the band in 1978, he was replaced by Raja Banerjee. Raja went on to record the third Moheener Ghoraguli album Drishyomaan Moheener Ghoraguli with the band and performed in numerous concerts till the band was disbanded. For a brief period Pranab Sengupta and Christopher Vaz appeared with the band.

==Discography==
===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of extended plays
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Album details
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Shangbigno Pakhikul O Kolkata Bishayak]]''
|
* Released: 1977
* Label: Gathani
* Formats: [[LP record|LP]]
|}

===Collaboration albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of collaboration albums
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Album details
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aabaar Bochhor Kuri Pore]]''
|
* Released: 1995
* Label: Asha Audio
* Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Cassette tape|cassette]], [[Music download|digital download]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jhora Somoyer Gaan]]''
|
* Released: 1996
* Label: Asha Audio
* Formats: CD, cassette, digital download
|-
! scope="row"| ''Maya''
|
* Released: 1997
* Label: Asha Audio
* Formats: CD, cassette, digital download
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Khyapar Gaan]]''
|
* Released: 1999
* Label: Asha Audio
* Formats: CD, cassette, digital download
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of singles
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Ajaana UDonto bostu ba Aw-Oo-Baw]]"
| rowspan="2" | 1978
| rowspan="2" | ''Ajaana UDonto bostu ba Aw-Oo-Baw''
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Shudhijon Shono]]"
|-
! scope="row" | "Ayee Surey Bohudurey"
| rowspan="2" | 1979
| rowspan="2" | ''Drishyomaan Moheener Ghoraguli''
|-
! scope="row" | "Chaitrer Kafan" (Je Gechhe Bonomajhe)
|}

==Musicianship==

===Style===

This group was formed by a group of Kolkata musicians led by [[Gautam Chatterjee|Gautam Chattopadhyay]] towards the end of 1974. Initially, they called themselves 'Saptarshi', and finally settled on the name 'Moheener Ghoraguli' proposed by [[Ranjon Ghoshal]].{{r|Pattanayak}}<ref name=":1" /> The name was borrowed from a poem 'Ghora' by [[Jibanananda Das]].<ref name=":1" />

In such a conservative climate, Moheener Ghoraguli, with its unorthodox musical compositions and strange choice of song themes, failed to gain much of a fan base. Its songs dealt with everyday topics—politics, poverty, injustice, revolution, love, loneliness, even begging and prostitution. Gautam Chattopadhyay had strong political beliefs; in common with many intelligent and idealistic young men of his generation, he was involved in socialist/communist politics during the 1960s and 1970s, and may have been involved in the [[Naxalite]] movement.<ref name=":3" /> This political outlook was reflected in the musical output of the band.

The type of music that Moheener Ghoraguli pioneered, though debatably, had the seeds of now very popular ''[[Jibonmukhi gaan]]'' or 'Songs of ordinary life'. Two decades after Moheen, singers like [[Kabir Suman]], [[Nachiketa Chakraborty|Nochiketa]] and [[Anjan Dutt]] took ''Jibonmukhi gaan'' to a new level of popularity, but the origins of the genre can be found in the songs of Moheener Ghoraguli.

The band recorded with Western and Bengali folk instruments and also experimented in a variety of musical styles, created baul-jazz, some of which must have jarred with the sensibilities of its audience. Today, these compositions sound quite contemporary, leading many to conclude that Moheener Ghoraguli was indeed ahead of its time. The band freely borrowed elements from ''[[baul|baul shongeet]]'', the [[folk music]] of rural Bengal. It can therefore lay claim to being the original Bengali folk-rock band. Many bands since Moheen have adopted similar innovations.

===Live performances===
The original Moheener Ghoraguli line-up performed consistently over the period 1976–1981 throughout the city of [[Kolkata]]. Some of their notable performances were at:
* Jogesh Mime Academy (1977 and 1978)
* Star Theater (1978)
* Max Mueller Bhavan (1979)
* [[Rabindra Sadan]] (1977 and 1979)
* [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata]] (1980)
* Kolkata International Jazz Festival (1980)
* [[Calcutta School of Music]] (1981)
* [[Tollygunge Club]] (1981)

Abar Bochhor Kuri Pore concert: All the new generation musicians who performed in the ''[[Aabaar Bochhor Kuri Pore ]]'' album artists were given the opportunity to perform. While the singers and musicians were performing on the stage, at the backside, six huge canvas was kept and drawn by one of Bengal's most famous contemporary painters, depicted the meaning of the songs live on the canvas.

Each of the Canvas later was donated to [[Jadavpur University]] Student's Union with an autograph of Gautam and Rathin.

In this concert, a few members of Original Moheener Ghoraguli were also present like Abraham Majumder with his young students of Kolkata Music Academy, Tapas Das, Pradip Chattopadhyay, and Raja Banerjee.

Monida's last live performance was at Kalyani University in January 1999, along with Subrata Ghosh of Garer Math, Neel, Bonny & Dwide of the then Krosswindz and the live sound mixing was done by Chhoton (founder member of Chandrabindo), a die-hard follower and inspirer of Subrata & Monida.

===Tribute concerts===
* First Rock Concert - Remembering Moheener Ghoraguli, a concert held at Ambedkar Bhavan, Bangalore on 17 February 2007.
* Monfokira and Koushik (Prithibi) - Sangbigno Pakhikul & Nagar Sankirtan (2009). A tribute concert to Moheener Ghoraguli
* Abar Bochhor Tirish Pore, Moheener Ghoraguli, Concert at [[Nicco Park]], Kolkata, 5 January 2008
* Tribute to Moheener Ghoraguli by Kolkata musicians 2010 at the Basement, Kolkata
* Bandwood Underground v.03 by News at Bengali Bands. Former Moheener Ghoraguli member Tapas, Subrata Ghosh and Joyjit Lahiri shared the same stage as a tribute to Gautam Chattopadhyay.
* Smarane Gautam: A musical tribute to Moheener Ghoraguli held on 25 December 2017
* Jhora Shomoyer Gaan - Smritir Molate Moheener Ghoraguli: A musical tribute to Moheener Ghoraguli held on 8 September 2019, organized by Kristy, A musical organization of [[Khulna University]] at Khulna University Campus.

===Covers===
Moheener Ghoraguli's music is covered by Subrata Ghosh (Gorer Math) and also by a number of Bengali artists including [[Fossils (band)|Fossils]], [[Chandrabindoo (band)|Chandrabindoo]], [[Bhoomi (band)|Bhoomi]], [[Krosswindz]], [[Lakkhichhara]] and [[Insomnia (rock band)|Insomnia]] and [[Prithibi]]. Gaurab Chattopadhyay (Gaboo), son of [[Gautam Chattopadhyay|Gautam]], is a catalyst member/drummer of the Kolkata band [[Lakkhichhara]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130817/jsp/t2/story_17238227.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002044748/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130817/jsp/t2/story_17238227.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2013|title=Lakkhichhara drummer Gaurab Chatterjee on music and movies|last=Chatterjee|first=Arindam|date=17 August 2013|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-09-14}}</ref> Koushik of Prithibi with Monfokira has organised an experimental concert on Shottorer Sohortolir gaan, an unreleased album of Moheener Ghoraguli, with the aim of taking their music forward.

In 2006, the original Moheener Ghoraguli song ''Prithibi ta naki'' was remade as ''Bheegi Bheegi'' by the music-director [[Pritam|Pritam Chakraborty]] for the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Gangster: A Love Story|Gangster]]'' which went on to become a chartbuster. The song was sung by Bangladeshi singer James of Nagar Baul fame.<ref name=":1" /> ''Prithibi ta naki'' was sung by Bonnie who is a founder member of [[Oikyotaan]], a [[baul]] fusion band based in [[Chennai]].
9 January 2001 and 2002 [[Jadavpur University]] AISA organised Dariyay Ailo Tufan where all the contemporary Bengali bands performed in memory of [[Gautam Chatterjee|Gautam Chattopadhyay]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Pattanayak">{{cite news |last1=Oishi |first1=Pattanayak |title=Incredible journey |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/music/incredible-journey-1502488597.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |publisher=[[The Statesman (India)]] |date=7 September 2017}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q3348129|n=no|q=no|v=no|wikt=no|voy=no|b=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|s=no}}

*{{allMusic}}
* [https://moheenerghoraguli.com/ Moheener Ghoraguli website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001003605/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/19/stories/2007021903900200.htm The Hindu's review of Bangalore's First Rock Concert]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024183614/http://mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article Moheener Ghoraguli in Bollywood]
* [https://madrascourier.com/insight/moheneer-ghoraghuli-the-bengali-baul-jazz-band/ Moheener Ghoraguli - Bengali Baul Jazz Band]
* [https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/remembering-moheener-ghoraguli-indias-first-rock-band-from-kolkata-whose-legacy-thrives-in-resistance-9117691.html/ Moheener Ghoraguli early band story First Post article]

{{Moheener Ghoraguli}}
{{Bengali Bands}}
{{portal bar|Rock music|}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Moheener Ghoraguli| ]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1981 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1975]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1981]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Kolkata]]

Afsar (1950 film)

2026-03-04T04:11:38Z

Subhah Shirin: further adjusted details per standard format and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Long plot|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Afsar}}
| image = Afsar (1950).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]]
| producer = [[Dev Anand]]
| screenplay = Chetan Anand
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The Government Inspector]]''|[[Nikolai Gogol]]}}
| starring = [[Dev Anand]] [[Suraiya]]
| music = [[Sachin Dev Burman]]
| cinematography = V. Ratra
| editing =
| studio = [[Navketan Films]]
| distributor = [[Navketan Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1950|01|06|df=yes}}
| runtime = 122 minutes<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Afsar}}''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1950|1950]] [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Chetan Anand (producer & director)|Chetan Anand]]. It was produced by and starred [[Dev Anand]]. It co-starred [[Suraiya]], who also recorded the [[playback singer|playback singing]] for the film. The film was based on [[Nikolai Gogol]]'s play ''[[The Government Inspector]]''.<ref name="Encyclopaedia">{{Cite book |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=316 |orig-year=1994}}</ref> {{Lang|hi-latn|Afsar}} was the first film produced under the [[Navketan Films]] banner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dev-Anand|title=Dev Anand | Indian actor and filmmaker|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The film was unsuccessful at the box office, which attributed to Suraiya's fading stardom in the early 1950s, and [[Madhubala]]'s and [[Nargis]]' simultaneous rise as the top female stars.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-17|title=Top Actor|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010172202/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors|archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is skillfully set in the last era of British rule when after several historical land reforms in the subcontinent, the government faced the gigantic problem of assessing the actual incomes of landlords to net them in for state revenues. For purpose of direct assessments revenue officers were deputed, while for a larger number of indirect assessments, persons were sent and dispersed to villages in disguise of varying professions and for longer periods to secretly make their own assessment of on the spot realities and of actual sources and incomes.

Dev Anand a smart but long unemployed city youth unaware of the fact that persons have been secretly deputed in disguise to villages, goes along with an illiterate quirky assistant and with no equipment, bare straw furniture and with not even the barest of medical knowledge goes to a village and sets up a dispensary as a last attempt at livelihood.

Soon the ludicrous village simpletons of various sizes and shapes with rustic attires, accents and ways, a real entertainment to watch in the film, finding Dev Anand far removed from their lot, start spying on his activities, peeping in the dispensary through its falling windows and holes, and begin to spin up tales of him being of the disguised agents rumored to have been sent to assess incomes and their sources, and cook up their stories so convincingly that the owner of the entire village, the landlord, already under fear of losing some of his income and even property to the state, believes his men and their tales.

He invites Dev Anand to his impressive haveli, gives him a reception and respect and starts discussions on some medical issues. However the unconvincing, naïve and evasive replies of Dev Anand on medicine further leads the landlord to believe that he is really the agent sent by the state to rope him and his vast income. He offers Dev Anand to stay at his haveli and Dev by now having realized what his is being mistaken for, starts skillfully playing his mistaken identity or rather misperceived identity. The landlord introduces Dev Anand made purposely as a permanent guest to his daughter who is learning dancing and music, and she entertains Dev Anand with some classical songs and dances which are a part of the film.

Without much time and effort while staying at the haveli Dev Anand seduces her by his charms into a relationship without thinking of the consequences.

The landlord had been advised by his men that whatever reports Dev Anand sends to his superiors in the city will necessarily go through the village post office where by design it can be checked and brought back to the landlord to have him see its contents.

Call it misfortune or climax to come Dev Anand sends a letter to a friend in his city, narrating to him how he is enjoying in the village due to a mistaken identity. He also comments on each, the landlord his daughter and village folk, and their idiosyncrasies in the most humorous and somewhere disparaging words. This letter by scheme lands back in the hands of the landlord and read in a village gathering.

Dev Anand is also informed by someone that the letter has fallen into the villagers hands, and he plans to escape. However he confides to the landlords daughter that he is not the one they all are thinking to be, but is just an unemployed miserable young man, who had come to set up a dispensary in the village. The heroine says she accepts him as he is and will always be his companion, and both plan to run away from the village and make for the small railway station.

In the meantime the villagers, who had read the letter exposing Dev Anand, and his sarcastic comments about all in the village, and knowing that he has fled with the landlord's daughter, run towards the railway station. While they are after him, chasing the pair ferociously, Dev and his eloping lady miss the train by a few minutes. What happens can be well imagined, but the end is not within the memory of this writer.

== Cast ==
*[[Dev Anand]] as Kapur<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />
*[[Suraiya]] as Bimala<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />
*[[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]]
*[[Krishan Dhawan]]
*[[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]
*Kanhaiyalal as Village Tehsildar<ref name="Encyclopaedia" />
*[[Manmohan Krishna]]
*Anand Pal
*Mohan Segal
*[[Zohra Sehgal]]

== Music ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s)
|-
| 1
|"Mann Mor Huaa Matawaala"
| [[Suraiya]]
| [[Narendra Sharma]]
|-
| 2
|"Nain Diwane Ek Nahi Mane"
| [[Suraiya]]
| [[Narendra Sharma]]
|-
| 3
| "Gun Gun Gun Gun Bole Re Bhanwar"
| Suraiya
| [[Narendra Sharma]]
|-
| 4
| "Preet Ka Nata Jodne Wale"
| [[Geeta Dutt]], Suraiya
| [[Narendra Sharma]]
|-
| 5
| "Jhat Khol De Kiwad Pat Khol De"
| Suraiya
| [[Vishwamitra Aadil]]
|-
| 6
| "Pardesi Re Jate Jate Kiya Mora Liye Ja"
| Suraiya
| [[Narendra Sharma]]
|-
| 7
| "Sadhu Ke Ghar Chokariya Do"
| [[Manmohan Krishna]]
| [[Vishwamitra Aadil]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0042184|title=Afsar}}

{{The Government Inspector}}

[[Category:1950 films]]
[[Category:1950 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1950 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1950 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on The Government Inspector]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chetan Anand]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dev Anand]]

Seethanam

2026-03-03T04:51:02Z

Subhah Shirin: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Seethanam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Sundarrajan]]
| writer = R. Sundarrajan
| producer = [[T. Siva]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]]|[[Ranjitha]]}}
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| editing = Ashok Mehtha
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Amma Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|11|24}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Seethanam''''' ({{IPAc-en|s|iː|θ|ən|ə|m}} {{Translation|[[Dowry]]}})<ref>{{Cite book |title=The New Law Reports |publisher=Department of Government Printing |year=1960 |volume=61 |pages=38 |oclc=1695970}}</ref> is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime film]] directed by [[R. Sundarrajan]] and produced by [[T. Siva]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] and [[Ranjitha]]. It was released on 24 November 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seethanam ( 1995 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=seethanam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926012851/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=seethanam |archive-date=26 September 2012 |access-date=14 April 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

==Plot==
After serving a 5-year prison sentence, Muthu Manickam is awaiting a chance to take revenge against corrupt businessman Marimuthu, who falsely accused him with the help of corrupt police officials. During his imprisonment, Muthu Manickam's uncle, Govindan, frequently gets arrested for petty crimes to visit his son-in-law and check on his well-being. Upon his release, Muthu Manickam returns to his village to exact revenge on Marimuthu, who terrorizes the villagers and forces them to work in his illicit liquor factory. Muthu Manickam starts by beating up Marimuthu's henchmen, gaining the villagers' support. He then kills two corrupt policemen who are in Marimuthu's pocket, using Sarasu as a lure.

Radha, a lawyer and sister of [[Inspector]] Rajasekhar, witnesses this and reports it to her brother. Rajasekhar attempts to arrest Muthu Manickam, but they engage in a one-on-one fight where Muthu Manickam overpowers Rajasekhar, sparing his life and leaving him at his home. Enraged, Radha vows to imprison Muthu Manickam for murder and takes the case to court. However, Rajasekhar falsely testifies that Muthu Manickam didn't assault him, resulting in the case being dismissed. Radha then falsely accuses Muthu Manickam of attempting to rape her. After the court proceedings, Muthu Manickam escapes and kidnaps Radha to reveal the truth about his past.

Muthu Manickam was a jovial youth on the cusp of joining the police force. He stumbles upon illicit activities in the village theater, including illegal liquor supply, sensual dance, and gambling. At the request of the village women, Muthu Manickam, who is also the village panchayat head, decides to punish Marimuthu. The women, led by Muthu Manickam's cousin Dhanalakshmi "Dhanam", who is soon to marry Muthu Manickam, chew betel leaves and spit on Marimuthu as a form of punishment. Humiliated, Marimuthu vows to seek revenge on Muthu Manickam and Dhanam. Muthu Manickam joins the police force as a [[constable]] and informs Dhanam that he will marry her once he gets promoted to Inspector. To aid his promotion, Dhanam and her father, Govindan, attempt to commit petty crimes in the village, but their efforts don't yield the desired results. However, Muthu Manickam eventually gets promoted to Inspector and is appointed to the same village.

Marimuthu resumes his illicit liquor manufacturing activities, and Muthu Manickam single-handedly beats and arrests him. However, his superior officer, [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Kalimuthu, who is Radha's father, asks Muthu Manickam to release Marimuthu, but he refuses. Dhanam becomes pregnant, and when she's about to give birth, Muthu Manickam rushes her to the hospital. However, Marimuthu and his henchmen stop them, and in the rain, Dhanam self-delivers their baby. Muthu Manickam gets into a fight with Marimuthu's henchmen and corrupt police inspectors, during which he accidentally stabs one of the henchmen. The corrupt police officers arrest Muthu Manickam, and Dhanam dies after childbirth due to complications. Muthu Manickam is sentenced to 5 years in prison.

Muthu Manickam finishes his flashback, revealing the truth about his past to Radha. Realizing her father, Kalimuthu's, corruption, Radha joins forces with Muthu Manickam. Together, they devise a plan to have Marimuthu arrested and jailed, intending for him to escape with Kalimuthu's help and then be caught in the act of trying to kill Muthu Manickam. As planned, Marimuthu is arrested and later attempts to kill Muthu Manickam. However, the villagers intervene, and a fight ensues. Muthu Manickam kills Marimuthu, avenging Dhanam's death. The corrupt officials are sentenced to 5 years in prison. In the end, Muthu Manickam receives a one-year sentence for killing Marimuthu, and begins his sentence after entrusting his daughter to Radha's care.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Muthu Manickam
*[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] as Dhanalakshmi "Dhanam"
*[[Ranjitha]] as Radha, [[Advocate]]
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Marimuthu
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Govindan, Dhanam's father
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Varadarajan, [[Constable]]
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Kalimuthu, Radha's father
*[[Prakash Raj]] as [[Inspector]] Rajasekhar, Radha's brother
*[[Vichithra]] as Sarasu
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as a corrupt Inspector
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as a corrupt Inspector
*Rajasekhar as a corrupt Inspector
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Dr. Thandavarayan
*[[Mohan Raman]] as an Inspector
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy|MRK]] as an advocate
*[[Balu Anand]] as a thief
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]] as a prisonmate
*[[Kovai Senthil]] as a villager
*[[Chelladurai]] as a villager
*Otta Vai Narayana as a villager
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]] as a villager
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as a villager
*Krishnamoorthy as Marimuthu's henchman
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by R. Sundarrajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2018 |title=Seethanam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/seethanam/rysKZuUcaI0_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513222345/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/seethanam/rysKZuUcaI0_ |archive-date=13 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seethanam Tamil Film Audio Cassette By Deva |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/deva-tamil-audio-cassettes/seethanam-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-deva/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607105657/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/deva-tamil-audio-cassettes/seethanam-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-deva/ |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Banumass |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Chinnavaru" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:44
|-
| "Rathiri Puthu Rathiri" || K. S. Chithra || 4:40
|-
| "Selaikku Potta" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra || 5:13
|-
| "Valayal" || S. Kuzhanthaivelu, K. S. Chithra || 5:00
|-
| "Vanthalaappa" (duet) || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra || 4:57
|-
| "Vanthalaappa" (male) || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:57
|-
| "Vanthalaappa" (female) || K. S. Chithra || 4:57
|}

== Critical reception ==
D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The desperate eagerness to do something new only lands the director in sorts of trouble, the first half being a mockery, the director, his acting inclusive, and his screenplay being woefully inadequate" but found the second half "enjoyable to an extent".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=8 December 1995 |title=Cinema: Seethanam/Maaman Magal |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951209/03/0827a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221201032/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951209/03/0827a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996 |access-date=9 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{R. Sundarrajan}}
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 crime films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Sundarrajan]]
[[Category:Films produced by T. Siva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by R. Sundarrajan]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Velan (film)

2026-03-03T02:34:38Z

Subhah Shirin: Pg

{{Short description|2021 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Velan
| image = Velan_2021_film_poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kavin Raj
| writer = Kavin Raj
| producer = Kalaimagan Mubarak
| starring = [[Mugen Rao]] [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] [[Meenakshi Govindarajan]]
| cinematography = Gopi Jagadeeswaran
| editing = K. Sarathkumar
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| studio = Skyman Films International
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2021|12|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Velan''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama]] film written and directed by debutant Kavin and produced by Skyman Films International.<ref name="Velan announcement" /> The film stars [[Mugen Rao]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] and [[Meenakshi Govindarajan]] with a supporting cast including [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]] and [[Hareesh Peradi]].<ref name="Velan CE FL" /> The music is composed by [[Gopi Sundar]].<ref name="Velan ToI Certificate" /> The film was released in theatres on 31 December 2021.<ref name="Velan ToI Release Date" />

== Synopsis ==
The plot revolves around Velan ([[Mugen Rao]]), who gets into the bad books of his father Palanisamy ([[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]), a big shot in his village, due to his privileged behavior. He falls in love with his college friend Ananya (Meenakshi Govindarajan), a Malayali. A mix-up causes her father to fix Velan's match with Vidusha (Maria Vincent), who is also a Malayali girl from her college. When Vidusha's lover Velan and Dineshan ([[Soori (actor)|Soori]]) clear up this confusion without hurting her father, especially when the girl's father Ananda Kuttan ([[Thambi Ramaiah]]) and Veluchamy ([[Hareesh Peradi]]), who resents the Velan family, plot to embarrass Palanisamy.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mugen Rao]] as Velan Gounder
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as 'Mamookka' Dineshan
* [[Meenakshi Govindarajan]] as Ananya
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as 'Thillaiyar' Palanisamy Gounder
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Amrutham
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as RKV Veluchamy Gounder
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Ananda Kuttan
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Madhivanan
* [[Joe Malloori]] as Thillaiyar
* Maria Vincent as Vidhusha
* Prankster Rahul as Sathish
* [[Brigida Saga]] as Pavithra
* Billy Murali as Kaliyamoorthy
* [[Swaminathan]] as Priest
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack and score is composed by [[Gopi Sundar]], and the album featured four songs. The audio rights were acquired by [[Think Music]]. The song "Sathiyama Sollurandi" is based on Mugen Rao's single of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Velan Interview With Malaysian Actor Mugen Rao - Varnam MY |url=https://varnam.my/51260/exclusive-velan-interview-with-malaysian-actor-mugen-rao/}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Dandanakka Dandanakka Thavuladi
| lyrics1 = [[Velmurugan]], Kalaimagan Mubarak
| extra1 = [[Velmurugan]]
| length1 = 04:46
| title2 = Sathiyama Sollurandi
| lyrics2 = Mugen Rao
| extra2 = Mugen Rao, [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| length2 = 03:41
| title3 = Ennai Aalum Pennilave
| lyrics3 = Uma Devi
| extra3 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], Priyanka NK
| length3 = 03:50
| title4 = Kaanal Neer Aanathe
| lyrics4 = Lalithanand
| extra4 = Mugen Rao
| length4 = 02:56
| extra_column = Singer(s)
}}

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released in theatres on 31 December 2021 and opened to moderate reviews from critics.<ref name="Velan ToI Release Date" />

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film was bought by [[ZEE5]] and the satellite rights of the film was bought by [[Zee Tamil]] and [[Zee Thirai]].<ref name="Velan Home media rights" />

== Reception ==
Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film with 2.5/5 stars, stating that "Velan exists somewhere in between these two experiences. It is not a film one can whole-heartedly recommend, but at the same time, it is not exactly bad."<ref name="Velan ToI Review" /> ''[[Sify]]'' gave a rating of 3 out on 5 and wrote, "Velan is not a groundbreaking attempt in Tamil cinema but it's not a film that is difficult to sit through. It's a typical rural entertainer with a predictable screenplay but the comedy and emotions work!"<ref name="Velan Sify Review" /> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, "In commercial family entertainers like Velan, at least one of the many elements cooked together should work to pull in the audience. Sadly, except for the interval block, none of the scenes works in its favour. To all poorly cooked commercial entertainers, Velan screams "Sema Killi!""<ref name="Velan CE Review" />

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="Velan announcement">{{Cite web |title=Mugen's next titled Velan |url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/02/20001455/1276679/Mugens-next-titled-Velan.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225133425/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/02/20001455/1276679/Mugens-next-titled-Velan.vpf |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Velan CE FL">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2021 |title=Velan to feature Mugen Rao in two looks; first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/26/velan-to-feature-mugen-rao-in-two-looks-first-look-out-24169.html |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Velan ToI Certificate">{{Cite news |date=7 December 2021 |title=Mugen Rao's Velan cleared with a clean 'U' certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mugen-raos-velan-cleared-with-a-clean-u-certificate/articleshow/88141926.cms |access-date=7 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Velan ToI Release Date">{{Cite news |date=4 December 2021 |title=Mugen Rao's Velan set for December release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mugen-raos-velan-set-for-december-release/articleshow/88093686.cms |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Velan Home media rights">{{Cite web |title=Skyman Films International- Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/SkymanFilms/status/1473901322843815938 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Velan ToI Review">{{Cite news |title=Velan Movie Review: Velan is a not-bad entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/velan/movie-review/88619796.cms |access-date=31 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Velan Sify Review">{{Cite web |title=Velan review: A typical rural family action entertainer |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/velan-review-a-typical-rural-family-action-entertainer-review-tamil-vm5g4tbbihjgf.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231065444/https://www.sify.com/movies/velan-review-a-typical-rural-family-action-entertainer-review-tamil-vm5g4tbbihjgf.html |archive-date=31 December 2021 |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Velan CE Review">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Velan Movie Review: A poorly cooked, forgettable entertainer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/dec/31/velan-movie-review-a-poorly-cooked-forgettable-entertainer-28731.html |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|16478968}}

[[Category:2021 action films]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nagendra Singh (Gurh politician)

2026-02-25T19:12:28Z

Subhah Shirin: Creating Initial Bio Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Nagendra Singh''' (born 1942)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nagendra Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GURH(REWA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/madhyapradesh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3164 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is a five time MLA from [[Gurh Assembly constituency]] in Rewa District. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], representing Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gurh Constituency Election Results 2023: Gurh Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/gurh |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Rewa district|Rewa]], Madhya Pradesh. He late father, Yadunath Singh, was a farmer. He completed his L.L.B. in 1967 at B.A. in 1964 at T.R.S College, Rewa, which is affiliated with [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Singh won from Gurh Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 68,715 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Kapidhwaj Singh of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 2,493 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurh assembly election results 2023: Gurh Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/gurh-assembly-result-12075 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He started his political career with the [[Indian National Congress]] and first became an MLA winning the [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Madhya Pradesh [1947 - 1999] 1985 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1985/madhya-pradesh-%5B1947---1999%5D/63/4 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> Later, after a break of four terms, he won the [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Madhya Pradesh [2000 Onwards] 2003 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2003/madhya-pradesh-%5B2000-onwards%5D/172/59 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the BJP, and retained the seat in the [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. Then, he lost the [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] Assembly election to [[Sunder Lal Tiwari]] of the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurh Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Gurh Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/gurh-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, he regained the seat for the BJP, winning the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurh assembly election results 2023: Gurh Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/gurh-assembly-result-12075 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and won for a fifth term in the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]] Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Gurh, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Nagendra Singh ने Gurh सीट पर फिर लहराया परचम |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/gurh-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830216-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Nagendra}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Rewa district]]

Kadalundi–Vallikkunnu Community Reserve

2026-02-22T23:41:45Z

Subhah Shirin: created entry

{{Short description|Community reserve in Kerala}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu Community Reserve
| iucn_category =
| image = Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary.jpg
| location =[[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|08|21.6|N|75|49|52.4|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map = Kerala#India
| relief = yes
| area = {{convert|1.5|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}
| established = 2007
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Government of Kerala]]
| website = [http://kvcrkadalundi.org/ Official website]
}}
'''Kadalundi–Vallikkunnu Community Reserve''' is an [[estuary]] and [[Conservation reserves and community reserves of India|community reserve]] in [[Malabar Coast]] of [[Kerala]] state, [[south India]]. It is the first community reserve in Kerala. In 2018 April, Kerala forest department declared it as an [[ecotourism]] center.

==History==
As per government order numbers G.O(MS)No.66/2007/F&WL dated 17-10-2007, Kadalundi–Vallikkunnu Community Reserve is established on October 17, 2007.<ref name="forest">{{Cite web |title=WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS, OTHER PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES |url=https://forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=205&Itemid=162 |website=forest.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> It is the first community reserve in Kerala.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Kerala’s first community reserve cries for revival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/states-first-community-reserve-cries-for-revival/article25146582.ece |work=The Hindu |date=6 October 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 2018 April, Kerala forest department declared it as an [[ecotourism]] center.<ref name="OnManorama">{{cite news |title=Kadalundi–Vallikunnu community reserve is now an ecotourism centre |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/04/04/kadalundi-vallikunnu-community-reserve-ecotourism-centre.html |work=OnManorama}}</ref>

==Description==
Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve is an estuary and community reserves spread over [[Kadalundi]] village in [[Kozhikode district]] and [[Vallikunnu]] village of [[Malappuram district]] in [[Kerala]]. It includes the [[Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary]] and mangrove swamps in Kadalundi and Vallikunnu region.<ref name="OnManorama"/> This community reserve covers an area of {{convert|1.5|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="forest"/> Declared as a community reserve, it preserves the natural resources of the area, including the various species of flora and fauna found within a radius of 200 m on both sides of the [[Kadalundi River]], as well as the traditional occupations and handicrafts of the locals.<ref name="OnManorama"/> About 110 species of [[waterfowl]]s, including 53 migratory birds, have been recorded here.<ref name="kerenvis">{{cite web |title=Kadalundy Vallikunnu Community Reserve |url=http://kerenvis.nic.in/Database/Community%20Reserve%20_1941.aspx}}</ref> It has been made a protected area considering its importance in terms of the diversity of wetland birds and the heavy anthropogenic pressure.<ref name="kerenvis"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Protected areas of Kerala]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2007]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu Community Reserve}}

List of cities and towns in Assam

2026-02-17T18:57:08Z

Subhah Shirin:

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Citations needed|date=April 2024}}
The municipal towns of [[Assam]], [[India]] are included in the '''List of Cities and Towns in Assam'''. The entire work of this article is based on "Census of India", conducted by "The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India" under Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. According to the data from the Census of 2011, there are 28 districts, 58 sub-divisions and 84 [[municipal town]]s in the state of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Alphabetical list of towns and their population | url=http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/asm_towns.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124151844/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/asm_towns.pdf | archive-date=2007-11-24}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="90%"
|-
! District
! District H.Q.
! Sub-division
! Sub-division H.Q.
! Towns
! Class
! Population As per Census 2011
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Odalguri]]
| Odalguri
| Odalguri
| [[Odalguri]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| Bhergaon
| Bhergaon
| [[Tangla]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Karimganj]]
| rowspan="2"| Karimganj
| rowspan="2" | Karimganj
| [[Karimganj]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Cachar district|Cachar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Silchar]]
| Silchar
| Silchar
| [[Silchar]]
| Municipal Corporation
|
|-
| Lakhipur
| Lakhipur
| [[Lakhipur]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Amingaon]]
| Rangia
| Rangia
| [[Rangiya|Rangia]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| Amingaon
| Amingaon
| [[Palashbari]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metro]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Guwahati]]
| rowspan="2"| Guwahati
| rowspan="2" | Guwahati
| [[Guwahati]]
| Municipal Corporation
|
|-
| [[North Guwahati]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Diphu]]
| rowspan="3"| Diphu
| rowspan="3" | Diphu
| [[Diphu]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Dokmoka]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Howraghat]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| Bokajan
| Bokajan
| [[Bokajan]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | Hamren
| rowspan="2" | Hamren
| [[Hamren]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Donkamokam]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kokrajhar]]
| Kokrajhar
| Kokrajhar
| [[Kokrajhar]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| Gossaigaon
| Gossaigaon
| [[Gossaigaon]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Golaghat]]
| rowspan="2" |Golaghat
| rowspan="2" |Golaghat
| [[Golaghat]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Dergaon]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| Bokakhat
| Bokakhat
| [[Bokakhat]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Dansiri
| rowspan="2" |Sarupathar
| [[Sarupathar]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Borpathar]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Goalpara]]
| rowspan="2"| Goalpara
| rowspan="2" |Goalpara
| [[Goalpara]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Lakhipur, Goalpara|Lakhipur]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Chirang district|Chirang]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kajalgaon]]
| Basugaon
| Basugaon
| [[Basugaon]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Bijni]]
| [[Bijni]]
| [[Bijni]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
| rowspan="3" | Dibrugarh
| rowspan="3" | Dibrugarh
| rowspan="3" | Dibrugarh
| [[Dibrugarh]]
| Municipal Corporation
|
|-
| [[Naharkatia]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Chabua]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]] (Formerly North Cachar Hills)
| rowspan="4" | [[Haflong]]
| rowspan="3"|Haflong
| rowspan="3"|Haflong
| [[Haflong]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Umrangsu|Umrangso]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Mahur, Assam|Mahur]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| Maibong
| Maibang
| [[Maibang]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| rowspan="6" | Tinsukia
| rowspan="5"| Tinsukia
| rowspan="5" | Tinsukia
| [[Tinsukia]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Digboi]]
| Municipality
|
|-
| [[Margherita, Assam|Margherita]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Doomdooma]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Makum]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| Sadiya
| [[Chapakhowa]]
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Darrang district|Darrang]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Mangaldoi]]
| rowspan="4"| Mangaldoi
| rowspan="4" | Mangaldoi
| [[Mangaldoi]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Kharupetia]]
| Municipality board
|-
| [[Namkhola, India|Namkhola]]
| Town committee
|-
| [[Duni, Assam|Duni]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Dhubri]]
| rowspan="3" | Dhubri
| rowspan="3" | Dhubri
| [[Dhubri]]
| Municipality
|
|-
| [[Gauripur, India|Gouripur]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| Agomani
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Bilasipara
| rowspan="2" |Bilasipara
| [[Bilasipara]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Chapar, Dhubri|Chapar]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| South Salmara
| Hatsingimari
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Dhemaji]]
| rowspan="2" |Dhemaji
| rowspan="2" |Dhemaji
| [[Dhemaji]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Silapathar]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| Jonai
| Jonai
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
| rowspan="8" | [[Nagaon]]
| rowspan="4"| Nagaon
| rowspan="4" | Nagaon
| [[Nagaon]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Kampur]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| Roha
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Doboka]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| Hojai
| rowspan="3" | Hojai
| [[Hojai]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Lumding]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Lanka]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| Kaliabor
| Hatbor
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| rowspan="2" | Nalbari
| rowspan="2"| Nalbari
| rowspan="2" |Nalbari
| [[Nalbari]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Tihu]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bongaigaon]]
| Bongaigaon
| Bongaigaon
| [[Bongaigaon]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
|-
| North Salmari
| Abhayapuri
| [[Abhayapuri]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Barpeta]]
| rowspan="4" | Barpeta
| rowspan="4" | Barpeta
| [[Barpeta]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
|-
| [[Barpeta Road]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Howli]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Sarthebari]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | Bajali
| rowspan="2" | Pathsala
| [[Pathsala]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Sarbhog]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Musalpur]]
| Musalpur
| Musalpur
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
|-
| Salbari
| Salbari
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
|-
| Tamulpur
| Tamulpur
| Goreswar
| Municipal board
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Morigaon]]
| Morigaon
| Morigaon
|Morigaon
| Municipal board
|
|-
| Jagiroad
| Mayong
| Jagiroad
| Town Committee
|
|-
| Bhuragaon
| Bhuragaon
| Bhuragaon
| Town Committee
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Jorhat]]
| rowspan="2" |Jorhat
| rowspan="2" |Jorhat
| [[Jorhat]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Mariani, Jorhat|Mariani]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Teok]]
| [[Teok]]
| [[Teok]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Majuli]]
| Garmurh
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
|-
| [[Titabor]]
| [[Titabor]]
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
| rowspan="3" | [[North Lakhimpur]]
| rowspan="2" |North Lakhimpur
| rowspan="2" |North Lakhimpur
| [[North Lakhimpur]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Bihpuria]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Dhakuakhona]]
| Dhakuakhona
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
| bgcolor=#FFCCFF |
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Sivasagar]]
| rowspan="3"| Sivasagar
| rowspan="3" | Sivasagar
| [[Sivasagar]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Amguri]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Simaluguri]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| Charaideo
| rowspan="2" | Sonari
| [[Sonari]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Moranhat]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| Nazira
| Nazira
| [[Nazira]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Sonitpur district|sonitpur]]
| rowspan="6" | Tezpur
| rowspan="3" | Tezpur
| rowspan="3" | Tezpur
| [[Tezpur]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Rangapara]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| [[Dhekiajuli]]
| Municipal Board
|
|-
| Gohpur
| Gohpur
| [[Gohpur]]
| Town Committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Biswnath]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Biswanath Chariali]]
| [[Biswanath Chariali]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Gohpur]]
| Town committee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Hailakandi]]
| rowspan="2" | Hailakandi
| rowspan="2" | Hailakandi
| [[Hailakandi]]
| Municipality board
|
|-
| [[Lala, Assam|lala]]
| Town committee
|
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| width="20" bgcolor="#FFCCFF"| || the meaning of this colour is "there is no town"
|}

==See also==
* [[Assam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://karimganj.nic.in/glance.htm Karimganj District official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308234003/http://karimganj.nic.in/glance.htm |date=8 March 2012 }}
* [http://kamrup.nic.in/glancefr.htm Kamrup District official website]
* [http://karbianglong.nic.in Karbi Anglong District official website]
* [http://sonitpur.gov.in Sonitpur District official website]
* [http://anyhotelreview.com/hotel/india/hotels-in-assam Hotels in Assam by cities official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070727014358/http://www.tinsukia.nic.in/tinsukia1.asp Tinsukia District official website]
* [http://nchills.gov.in/NCHILLS-GLANCE.htm Dima Hasao District official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829075638/http://nchills.gov.in/NCHILLS-GLANCE.htm |date=29 August 2011 }}
* [http://golaghat.nic.in/profile.html Golaghat district official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517171601/http://golaghat.nic.in/profile.html |date=17 May 2011 }}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Assam| ]]
[[Category:Assam-related lists|Cities]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in India by state or union territory|Assam]]

President of the Board of Control

2026-02-17T13:33:59Z

Subhah Shirin: enhanced details for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|Former British government post}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = President of the Board of Control
| body =
| native_name =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| insignia = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = Royal Arms as used by [[Government of the United Kingdom|His Majesty's Government]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| type =
| status =
| department = [[India Board]]
| style =
| member_of = {{ubli|[[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|British Cabinet]]|[[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]]}}
| reports_to =
| residence =
| seat = [[Westminster]], [[London]]
| nominator =
| appointer = The [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British Monarch]] (on advice of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]])
| termlength = No fixed term
| constituting_instrument = [[Pitt's India Act|East India Company Act 1784]]
| formation = 4 September 1784
| first = [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney]]
| last = [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley]]
| abolished = 2 August 1858
| succession =
| salary =
}}
The '''President of the [[India Board|Board of Control]]''' was a British government official in the late 18th and early 19th centuries responsible for overseeing the [[British East India Company]] and generally serving as the chief official in London responsible for [[India]]n affairs. The position was frequently a cabinet level one. The position was abolished in 1858 with the abolition of the East India Company. It was succeeded by the new position of [[Secretary of State for India]].

== List of presidents of the Board of Control ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:Center"
|+ President of the Board of Control<ref>{{cite book |last=Venning |first=Timothy |date=2005 |title=Compendium of British Office Holders |location=Basingstoke, Hampshire |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |pages=316–319 |isbn=1-4039-2045-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/offices/president-of-the-board-of-control |title=President of the Board of Control |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref>
! colspan=8 | {{Legend2|{{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}|[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{nb5}}{{Legend2|{{party color|Tories (British political party)}}|[[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{nb5}}{{Legend2|{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}|[[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Portrait
! Name Honorifics and constituency
! colspan=2 | Term of office
! Party
! Ministry
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[File:Viscount Sydney by Gilbert Stuart.jpg|75px]]
| [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney|Thomas Townshend, 1st Baron Sydney]] before 1789 [[Viscount Sydney]] after 1789
| 4 September 1784
| 6 March 1790
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[First Pitt ministry|Pitt I]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:1st Baron Grenville-cropped.jpg|75px]]
| [[William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville]]
| 6 March 1790
| 22 June 1793
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory (Pittite)]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville by Sir Thomas Lawrence.jpg|75px]]
| [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville|Henry Dundas]] MP for [[Edinburgh (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh]]
| 22 June 1793
| 25 April 1801
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:George Legge, Viscount Lewisham, later 3rd Earl of Dartmouth, 1778, by Batoni.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Legge, 3rd Earl of Dartmouth]]
| 25 April 1801
| 2 July 1802
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Addington ministry|Addington]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}; border:none" |{{zwj}}
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Lord Castlereagh Marquess of Londonderry.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh]] MP for [[Down (UK Parliament constituency)|Down]] before 1805 MP for [[Boroughbridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Boroughbridge]] after 1806
| rowspan=2 | 2 July 1802
| rowspan=2 | 11 February 1806
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}; border:none" |
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Second Pitt ministry|Pitt II]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Gilbert Eliot, 1st Earl of Minto by James Atkinson.jpg|75px]]
| [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Baron Minto]] 
| 11 February 1806
| 15 July 1806
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Ministry of All the Talents|All the Talents]] {{small|(''[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]{{ndash}}[[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]'')}}
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Thomas Grenville (1755-1846).jpg|75px]]
| [[Thomas Grenville]] MP for [[Buckingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckingham]]
| 15 July 1806
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 30 September 1806
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:George Tierney by William Nutter, after Lemuel Francis Abbott.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Tierney]] MP for [[Athlone (UK Parliament constituency)|Athlone]]
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | 30 September 1806
| 6 April 1807
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Robert Saunders Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville]] MP for [[Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency)|Midlothian]]
| 6 April 1807
| 11 July 1809
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Second Portland ministry|Portland II]]
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Dudley Ryder, PA06355, frameless.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby]]
| rowspan=2 | 11 July 1809
| rowspan=2 | November 1809
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Perceval ministry|Perceval]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Robert Saunders Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville]] MP for [[Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency)|Midlothian]] before 1811 [[Viscount Melville]] after 1811
| November 1809
| 4 April 1812
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:4thEarlOfBuckinghamshire.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire]]
| rowspan=2 | 4 April 1812
| rowspan=2 | 4 June 1816
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| rowspan=4 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Liverpool ministry|Liverpool]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:George Canning by Richard Evans - detail.jpg|75px]]
| [[George Canning]] MP for [[Liverpool (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool]]
| 4 June 1816
| June 1821
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} |
| [[Image:No image.svg|75px]]
| [[Charles Bathurst]] MP for [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]]
| June 1821
| 4 February 1822
|
|-
| rowspan=4 style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| rowspan=4 | [[Image:Charles Watkin Williams-Wynn.JPG|75px]]
| rowspan=4 | [[Charles Williams-Wynn (1775–1850)]] MP for [[Montgomeryshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Montgomeryshire]]
| rowspan=4 | 4 February 1822
| rowspan=4 | 4 February 1828
| rowspan=4 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Canningite government, 1827–1828|Canning]] (''[[Canningite]]–[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]'')
|-
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Canningite government, 1827–1828|Goderich]] (''[[Canningite]]–[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]'')
|-
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Wellington{{ndash}}Peel ministry|Wellington{{ndash}}Peel]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Robert Saunders Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville.jpg|75px]]
| [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville]]
| 4 February 1828
| 17 September 1828
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Tories (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Edward Law, 2nd Baron Ellenborough]]
| 17 September 1828
| 1 December 1830
| {{Party shading/Tories}} | [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| rowspan=2 | [[Image:Lord-glenelg.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg|Charles Grant]] MP for [[Inverness-shire (UK Parliament constituency)|Inverness-shire]]
| rowspan=2 | 1 December 1830
| rowspan=2 | 18 September 1834
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whig government, 1830–1834|Grey]]
|-
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whig government, 1830–1834|Melbourne I]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Edward Law, 2nd Baron Ellenborough]]
| 18 September 1834
| 23 April 1835
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[First Peel ministry|Peel I]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:John Cam Hobhouse.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton|Sir John Hobhouse, 2nd Baronet]] MP for [[Nottingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottingham]]
| 23 April 1835
| 30 August 1841
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Second Melbourne ministry|Melbourne II]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Edward Law, 2nd Baron Ellenborough]]
| 4 September 1841
| 23 October 1841
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=3 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second Peel ministry|Peel II]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Vesy fitz small.jpg|75px]]
| [[William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey]]
| 23 October 1841
| 17 May 1843
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon by Sir Thomas Lawrence.jpg|75px]]
| [[F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich|F. J. Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon]]
| 17 May 1843
| 30 June 1846
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:John Cam Hobhouse.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton]] MP for [[Nottingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Nottingham]] before 1847 MP for [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]] after 1848 
| 8 July 1846
| 5 February 1852
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[First Russell ministry|Russell]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:11th Earl of Dalhousie.jpg|75px]]
| [[Fox Maule-Ramsay, 11th Earl of Dalhousie|Fox Maule]] MP for [[Perth (UK Parliament constituency)|Perth]]
| 5 February 1852
| 21 February 1852
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:John Charles Herries.jpg|75px]]
| [[John Charles Herries]] MP for [[Stamford (UK Parliament constituency)|Stamford]]
| 28 February 1852
| 17 December 1852
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Who? Who? ministry|Who? Who?]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:1stViscountHalifax.jpg|75px]]
| [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Sir Charles Wood, 3rd Baronet]] MP for [[Halifax (UK Parliament constituency)|Halifax]]
| 30 December 1852
| 3 March 1855
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Coalition (UK)}} | [[Aberdeen ministry|Aberdeen]] (''[[Peelite]]–[[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]'')
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Whigs (British political party)}}" |
| [[Image:Robert Vernon Smith.JPG|75px]]
| [[Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden|Robert Vernon Smith]] MP for [[Northampton (UK Parliament constituency)|Northampton]]
| 3 March 1855
| 21 February 1858
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]
| {{Party shading/Whigs}} | [[First Palmerston ministry|Palmerston I]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough]]
| 6 March 1858
| 5 June 1858
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Second Derby{{ndash}}Disraeli ministry|Derby{{ndash}}Disraeli II]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}" |
| [[Image:Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby 2.jpg|75px]]
| [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley]] MP for [[King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)|King's Lynn]]
| 5 June 1858
| 2 August 1858
| {{Party shading/Conservative (UK)}} | [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|-
|}

[[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]] took up the new post of [[Secretary of State for India]] on 2 August 1858, upon the establishment of the [[British Raj]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of government ministers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:Defunct ministerial offices in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Government of British India]]

K. D. Singh (politician)

2026-02-12T12:11:14Z

Subhah Shirin: updated article based on references further and added references after review

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = K. D. Singh
|birth_name = Kanwardeep Singh
|image = Kanwardeep Singh.JPG
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Singh in June 2012
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|8|21}}
|birth_place = [[Fatehgarh Sahib]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]]
|office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|term_start = 3 April 2014
|term_end = before 2016
|party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|education = [[Punjabi University]]
|spouse = Harpreet Kaur
|website = {{hlist|[http://www.kdsingh.co.in/ K D Singh]|[http://www.kdsinghblog.wordpress.com/ KDSinghBlog]}}
}}

'''Kanwar Deep Singh''' (born 21 August 1961), also known as '''K. D. Singh''', is an Indian businessman turned politician and [[Member of Parliament]] (MP), [[Rajya Sabha]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]],<ref name=lmint062017/> but first elected to the Indian parliament as a nominee of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]].<ref name="RaoMudgal2018p139">{{cite book|author1=Shakuntala Rao|author2=Vipul Mudgal|title=Journalism, Democracy and Civil Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjduDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT139|year=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-29379-0|page=139}}</ref> He is the founder and the former chairman of the Indian business group called Turbo Industries, whose name was changed and rebranded as the [[Alchemist Group]] in 2004.<ref name="JaffrelotKohli2019">{{cite book|author1=Christophe Jaffrelot|author2=Atul Kohli|author3=Kanta Murali|title=Business and Politics in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2J7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |year=2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-091246-8|pages=66–67}}</ref> He was elected to lead the [[Indian Hockey Federation]] (IHF) between 2013 and 2014.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/k-d-singh-elected-new-indian-hockey-federation-president/articleshow/24495797.cms K D Singh elected new Indian Hockey Federation president], The Economic Times (21 October 2013)</ref>

Singh's political and business career has been marred by various controversies, with several of his organisation's subsidiaries and he being banned because of alleged illegal businesses by the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]].<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sat-gives-18-months-to-alchemist-infra-to-refund-money-113072300394_1.html SAT gives 18 months to Alchemist Infra to refund money], Business Standard (23 July 2013)</ref><ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sebi-bans-trinamool-mp-k-d-singh-from-market-115080500572_1.html Sebi bans Trinamool MP K D Singh from market], Business Standard (6 August 2015)</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-tehelkas-real-owners-please-stand-up/articleshow/26226176.cms Will Tehelka's real owners please stand up?], The Economic Times (23 November 2013)</ref> He was the major investor in the ''[[Tehelka]]'' magazine known for undercover sting operations,<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tarun-tejpal-s-many-businesses-113112800009_1.html Tarun Tejpal's many businesses], Business Standard (28 November 2013)</ref> and has been alleged to have planned and financed the [[Narada sting operation]] against his own party and state-level [[All India Trinamool Congress]] leaders, according to ''The Mint'' newspaper.<ref name=lmint062017>[https://www.livemint.com/Politics/LsefeacrWFjRAQwCqr4VOJ/Mathew-Samuel-says-KD-Singh-funded-Narada-sting.html Mathew Samuel says K.D. Singh funded Narada sting], The Mint, Arkamoy Dutta Majumdar (8 June 2017)</ref><ref>[https://www.livemint.com/Politics/w857MuEba6xgj5yd0eZ2vO/Narada-sting-Kolkata-Police-files-criminal-case-against-TMC.html Narada sting: Kolkata Police files criminal case against TMC MP Kanwar Deep Singh], Live Mint, Arkamoy Dutta Majumdar (23 March 2017)</ref> He was accused in an alleged ponzi scam in 2009 and remains under enforcement proceedings.<ref>[https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/ed-attaches-rs-239-cr-assets-in-ponzi-case-linked-to-trinamool-congress-mp-kd-singh/355365 ED attaches Rs 239-cr assets in ponzi case linked to Trinamool Congress MP KD Singh], India News (28 January 2019)</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ed-to-start-fresh-probe-after-sebi-alleges-kd-singh-parking-investors-funds-offshore/articleshow/65232763.cms ED to start fresh probe after Sebi alleges KD Singh parking investors' funds offshore], The Times of India (1 August 2018)</ref>

== Early life and business ==
Singh was born on 21 August 1961. He started his business in 1988 under the banner of Tubro Industries. His first factory in Chandigarh produced wire mesh and link fencing. The name was changed to [[Alchemist Group|Alchemist]] in 2004.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20110425-wb-polls-congress-trinamool-relationship-probe-into-tmc-rs-member-k-d-singh-business-operations-745694-2011-04-20 |title=WB polls: Mamata's aide Singh in trouble for quick profits : NATION |publisher=India Today |date=20 April 2011 |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> The [[Alchemist Group]] has a presence in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, food-processing, real estate, infrastructure and tea estates, possessing well-known retail brands like Republic of Chicken.<ref name="hindustantimes"/>
He stepped down from his position as [[Chairman]] of the Alchemist Group in 2012 to devote his time to political and social causes.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news|title=KD Singh quits corporate posts for full-time politics|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/KD-Singh-quits-corporate-posts-for-full-time-politics/SP-Article1-926741.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909080444/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/KD-Singh-quits-corporate-posts-for-full-time-politics/SP-Article1-926741.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2012|accessdate=8 September 2012|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=8 September 2012}}</ref> Currently, he is the Chairman Emeritus of the [[Alchemist Group]], while his son Karan Deep Singh now chairs the Group.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chairman Emeritus - Alchemist|url=http://www.alchemist.co.in/chairmanemeritus.html|publisher=Alchemist|accessdate=8 September 2012}}</ref>

K.D. Singh also owns majority stake in Anant Media Private Limited, which publishes [[Tehelka]] magazine, one of India's leading investigative weeklies.<ref name="latitude.blogs.nytimes.com">{{cite web|title=The Silence of the Shams |url=http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/in-india-business-politics-and-media-collude-against-small-investors/ |date=15 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/name-of-the-game-111021200022_1.html |title=Name of the game |work=Business Standard|date=12 February 2011 |accessdate=15 November 2013}}</ref>
In March 2013, Tehelka reported that Punjabis in the northern state of Haryana want Singh as their chief minister.
<ref>{{cite news |author=Tehelka Bureau |url=http://www.tehelka.com/punjabi-community-pushes-for-kd-singh-as-cm/ |title=Punjabi community in Haryana wants KD Singh as Chief Minister |publisher=Tehelka |date=22 March 2013 |accessdate=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131110085946/http://www.tehelka.com/punjabi-community-pushes-for-kd-singh-as-cm/ |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was conferred a [[Doctor of Business Administration|Doctorate in Business Administration]] (''Honoris Causa'') by the [[Anglia Ruskin University]], Cambridge (UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanwar Deep Singh Honorary Doctor of Business Administration, 2012|url=http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/microsites/honorary/singh.html|publisher=Anglia Ruskin University|accessdate=18 October 2012|archive-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925152931/http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/microsites/honorary/singh.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 2010, the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] (JMM) nominated him to the Rajya Sabha. Only few months later, he switched sides to become a member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aitmc.org/elected_rep.php?sid=3|title=Elected Representative - AITMC|publisher=AITMC Website|access-date=6 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830045000/https://aitmc.org/elected_rep.php?sid=3|archive-date=30 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since, he was the sole member of the house (and thus the house-leader of the party), the anti-defection laws were held to be not viable.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121101/jsp/frontpage/story_16145740.jsp#.Un8ZypFjm5c|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105075240/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121101/jsp/frontpage/story_16145740.jsp#.Un8ZypFjm5c|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=CBI scanner on KD Singh|date=1 November 2012|accessdate=15 November 2013|publisher=Telegraph India}}</ref> He was soon made the party in-charge of northern India (Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and the Union Territory of Chandigarh).<ref>{{cite news|title=Trinamool gets new address in Chandigarh|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/trinamool-gets-new-address-in-chandigarh/962256/|accessdate=15 June 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=15 June 2012}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
===Cash-for-vote ===
Singh has been alleged to have paid his way into the upper house of Parliament. An IBN-Cobrapost sting captured six MLAs from various political parties in Jharkhand were offered money to vote for a particular candidate during Rajya-Sabha elections and subsequent investigations by CBI led to the registration of a FIR against Singh.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/cashforvotes-cbi-raids-in-jharkhand/article4748718.ece|title=Cash-for-votes: CBI raids in Jharkhand|date=25 May 2013|accessdate=15 November 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Tek Lal Mahto]], a MLA belonging to [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] reportedly said in the sting:-- "KD Singh has been spending only in one direction"- when the reporter says Singh is likely to win as he has been spending so much money.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jmm-mlas-rate-for-rajya-sabha-vote-rs-1-cr/128056-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006015203/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jmm-mlas-rate-for-rajya-sabha-vote-rs-1-cr/128056-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2013|title=JMM MLA's rate for Rajya Sabha vote: Rs 1 cr|date=2 August 2010|accessdate=15 November 2013|publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref>

=== Ponzi scam ===
In February 2009, an Income Tax (I-T) raided at 11 premises of the Alchemist Group across India led to the discovery of unaccounted income of Rs. 22 crores.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/it-raids-alchemist-group-of-hospitals-declares-rs-22-crore-as--unaccounted-/428570/ |title=I-T raids Alchemist Group of Hospitals, declares Rs 22 crore as 'unaccounted' |work=The Indian Express|date=27 February 2009 |accessdate=15 November 2013}}</ref>

In July 2013, ''complaints of default'' from multiple quarters started pouring in, which threw a spotlight on the ponzi business run by Alchemist Group in Eastern India. Subsequently, the Securities Appellate Tribunal gave 18 months' time to Alchemist Infra Realty Ltd for complying with Sebi orders that had asked the company to refund an estimated Rs 1,000 crore collected from public through unauthorised 'collective investment schemes' (CIS). The company had collected about Rs 1,000 crore from about 1.5 million investors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/securities-appellate-tribunal-gives-18-months-to-alchemist-infra-to-refund-money/1145521/0 |title=Securities Appellate Tribunal gives 18 months to Alchemist Infra to refund money |work=The Indian Express|date=23 July 2013 |accessdate=15 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Narada sting ===
He is also alleged to have funded about 80 lakh INR to [[Mathew Samuel|Matthew Samuel]] for the [[Narada sting operation]] which video-taped several high-ranking politicians of the [[All India Trinamul Congress]] (AITC) accepting cash-bribes in exchange of providing unofficial favours to a company.<ref name="paid">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/news/2017/04/29/indian-rupee-80-lakh-for-the-narada-sting-was-paid-by-mp-kd-singh-mathew-samuel-ed-tmc|title=₹ 80 lakh for the Narada sting was paid by MP KD Singh|date=29 April 2017|work=[[The National Herald (India)|The National Herald]]|access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/k-d-singh-ordered-me-to-do-the-sting-operation-on-tmc-leaders-says-mathew-samuel-1.582948|title=তৃণমূল সাংসদ কে ডি সিংহের নির্দেশেই স্টিং অপারেশন, বিস্ফোরক ম্যাথু|date=20 March 2017|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=24 April 2017|language=bn}}</ref>

Singh has denied any involvement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/kd-singh-says-he-has-no-relation-with-narada-sting-operation-1.730210|title=নারদে জড়িত নই, দাবি কেডি সিংহের|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=27 July 2018|language=bn}}</ref>

=== Arrest ===
On 13 January 2021, he was arrested by the [[Enforcement Directorate]] on money laundering charges. The alleged scam is stated to be about Rs 1,900 crore and the agency had attached assets worth Rs 239 crore of Alchemist Infra Realty Ltd in 2019. It has been alleged by investigators that the company launched an illegal collective investment scheme, also called a ponzi or chit fund scheme, and mobilised funds of about Rs 1,916 crore from the public in the years preceding 2015. The second money laundering case against him and others is based on an FIR filed by the [[Kolkata Police]]. In this criminal case initiated in 2018, the Kolkata Police had booked Singh, his son Karandeep Singh, Alchemist Township India Limited, Alchemist Holdings Limited and various other group companies and directors for cheating thousands of customers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ed-arrests-former-tmc-mp-k-d-singh-on-money-laundering-charges/2170704 |work=Financial Express|date=14 January 2021|title=ED arrests former TMC MP K D Singh on money laundering charges}}</ref>

== Indian Hockey Federation ==
On 29 July 2013, the [[Indian Hockey Federation]] (IHF) issued a media release announcing Singh's elevation from his post of Vice-President to that of President.<ref name="indianhockeyfederation">{{cite web|title=Dr. Kanwar Deep Singh takes over as President, Indian Hockey Federation|url=http://indianhockeyfederation.com/news.html|publisher=Indian Hockey Federation|access-date=6 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802100520/http://indianhockeyfederation.com/news.html|archive-date=2 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[K D Singh Foundation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://kdsinghblog.wordpress.com Official Blog Site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, K D}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Punjab]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:People from Fatehgarh Sahib]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]

Gauri Pradhan

2026-02-12T07:07:53Z

Subhah Shirin: new a details

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gauri Pradhan
| image = Gauri Pradhan Screening of ‘Thoda Lutf Thoda Ishq’.jpg
| caption = Pradhan in 2017
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| birth_name = Gauri Pradhan
| occupation = {{hlist|Businesswoman|model|actress}}
| known for = ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]'' ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' ''[[Special Squad (Indian TV series)|Special Squad]]'' ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
| years active = 2000–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Hiten Tejwani]]|2004}}
| children = 2
| height =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}

'''Gauri Pradhan Tejwani''' is an Indian actress and model who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television. Pradhan is best recognised for her portrayal of Gauri Agarwal Mittal in ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]'', Nandini Thakkar Virani in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', Dr. Deepika Ghosh in ''[[Special Squad (Indian TV series)|Special Squad]]'', Captain Shona Das in ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' and Anita Sharma in ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rise of early primetime|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rise-of-early-primetime/421647/1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210213100159/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rise-of-early-primetime/421647/0|archive-date=13 February 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pradhan spent her former years in [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India in [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family. Her father Major Subhash Vasudeo Pradhan is a retired Indian [[Army Officer]] and her mother Asha is a [[homemaker]]. Pradhan is the second of three siblings; her elder brother Bharat, is a [[petrochemical]] engineer, while her younger sister Geetanjali, is a [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] Pradhan is the only one in her family to have pursued modelling and acting as a career.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mazale.in/gauri-pradhan-tejwanis-height-age-serials-personal-life-biography/ |title=Gauri Pradhan Tejwani's Height, Age, Serials, Personal Life, Biography |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730060151/http://www.mazale.in/gauri-pradhan-tejwanis-height-age-serials-personal-life-biography |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Her childhood was spent travelling throughout the country owing to the nature of her father's job. As a result, she studied in different schools, one of them was the [[Carmel Convent School]] in [[Udhampur]]. After her father's retirement, the family settled in [[Pune]] ([[Maharashtra]]), where she attended [[Sir Parshurambhau College]] for a course in BSc ([[Electronics]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hiten-gauri.net/flash2/FlashHT.swf |title=Biography of Gauri Pradhan:About Gauri |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917113100/http://www.hiten-gauri.net/flash2/FlashHT.swf |archive-date=17 September 2013}}</ref> Later she enrolled for a course in [[psychology]] from an institute affiliated with [[University of London]].<ref>{{cite book|title=University of London, the Historical Record: (1836–1912) Being a Supplement to the Calendar, Completed to September 1912. First Issue|author=University of London|date=1912|publisher=University of London Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyPiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA26|page=26|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Modelling career (1995–1998) ===
Pradhan's modelling stint commenced at age 18, primarily in Pune. In 1998, while still in her second year of a BSc course she moved to Mumbai to take part in [[Femina Miss India]]. She along with [[Smriti Irani]] are those contestants who reached great stardom on TV. [[Dipannita Sharma]] was also a contestants and made it to top 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Saas-bahu-on-the-ramp/articleshow/15641008.cms |title=Saas-bahu on the ramp – Mumbai Mirror –}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/06/stories/2009060651371900.htm |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Chennai / Profiles : Life…on her own terms |access-date=1 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051547/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/06/stories/2009060651371900.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 June 2009 |archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/smriti-irani-from-model-to-tvs-favourite-bahu-to-cabinet-minister-1542563.html |title=Smriti Irani: From model to Tulsi Virani to HRD minister | Firstpost |access-date=1 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529000945/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/smriti-irani-from-model-to-tvs-favourite-bahu-to-cabinet-minister-1542563.html |archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> She did a lot of ramp shows and has done television [[commercials]] for many well known companies such as [[Sprite (soft drink)|Sprite]], Bru, [[Dabur]], [[Pond's]], [[Santoor]], [[Colgate-Palmolive|Colgate]], [[Philips]], Breeze, etc.<ref name="Kapadia">{{cite news |url=http://specials.rediff.com/getahead/2004/nov/18ga-sld.htm |title=I don't believe in the kind of marriage that changes a person completely |last=Kapadia |first=Arshiya |date=20 May 2005 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=11 March 2010}}</ref>

=== Debut, breakthrough and success (1999–2009) ===
[[File:Gauri pradhan.jpg|thumb|upright|Pradhan Tejwani at an event]]

Pradhan made her acting debut with the historical tele-series ''[[Noorjahan (TV Series)|Noorjahan]]'' which was telecasted in [[Doordarshan]] in 1999. She never thought of becoming an actor, but when [[Cinevistaas Limited|Cinevistaas]] offered her the lead role in ''Noor Jahan'', she decided to give it a shot.

She also appeared in three music videos (which were [[Talat Aziz]]'s ''Khubsoorat'', [[Hans Raj Hans]]'s ''Jhanjar'', and [[Sonu Nigam]]'s ''Yaad'') during the year 2000 to 2001.

In October 2001, Pradhan rose to fame with tele-series ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]'' on Sony TV where she played the lead role of Gauri Agarwal Mittal and the channel & production house brought the second season of the show, ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]'', with the same leads. Soon after in 2003, she did an episodic role as Shweta in ''[[Krishna Arjun (TV series)|Krishna Arjun]]'' on [[Star Plus]], and she then appeared in another family drama named ''[[Naam Gum Jayegaa]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]] as the female lead Priyanka Singh. In 2003, she also appeared as Mayuri / Gauri in the horror tele-series ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''.
In 2002, she participated in one of the episodes of the singing reality show ''Kisme Kitna Hai Dum'' on [[Star Plus]] along with other television actors.

After a string of cameos and a short series, Pradhan was approached in 2004 to play the lead as Nandini Thakkar in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' on Star Plus. In the same year, she appeared in ''[[Isse Kehte Hai Golmaal Ghar]]'' that aired on [[Sahara One]] channel as the main lead opposite [[Manav Gohil]]. The series premiered on 30 October 2004, and aired every Saturday at 8:30 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].

In March 2005, she entered the show ''[[Special Squad (Indian TV series)|Special Squad]]'' on Star One as the Forensic Expert and Special Squad head Dr. Deepika Ghosh. Pradhan has also made special appearances in other Indian series like ''[[Rihaee (TV series)|Rihaee]]'' and ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]].

In 2006, she participated in reality shows such as ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 2|Nach Baliye 2]]'' (a celebrity couple dance reality show) and ''Jodee Kamaal Ki'' (a celebrity couple game show) on [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]] along with her husband [[Hiten Tejwani]], and played the part of Kanan in the romantic drama-series ''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]''.

In May 2008, she entered the youth oriented show ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' (that aired on [[SAB TV]]) as Captain Shona Das, an army consultant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/08sld5.htm|title=rediff.com: TV's top new shows|website=Rediff.com|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-date=30 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630182046/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/08sld5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In that vary year, she along with her husband Hiten Tejwani appeared as contestant in two reality shows; ''[[Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar]]'' and ''[[Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?]]''. In 2008, Pradhan and her husband also hosted some of the episodes of the celebrity couple dance reality show ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 4|Nach Baliye 4]]'' on [[Star Plus]].

In 2009, Pradhan did a long cameo in Star Plus's afternoon long-running hit show ''[[Kumkum {{spaced ndash}} Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan|Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'' as Aditi Kapoor along with her husband.

=== Later career and supporting parts (2010–present) ===
After having twins, Pradhan took a five-year break from television and decided not to work till her children turned four. During her break, she pursued her passion for [[porcelain painting]]. She learned about this form of painting under Sangita Shetty Chowhan. Gauri is also one of the partners of the company called Colours On Fire, owned by Chowhan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Porcelain Painting by Actress Gauri Tejwani |url=http://www.buzzintown.com/mumbai/events/porcelain-painting-actress-gauri-tejwani/id--546569.html |publisher=buzz in town |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103191055/http://www.buzzintown.com/mumbai/events/porcelain-painting-actress-gauri-tejwani/id--546569.html |archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>

In 2010, Pradhan along with her husband opened a restro-bar named Barcode 053 (a franchise of Crepe Station Café) at [[Andheri]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bar Review: Barcode 053 |url=http://mumbaiboss.com/2010/08/17/bar-review-barcode-053/ |publisher=Mumbai Boss |access-date=17 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821084719/http://mumbaiboss.com/2010/08/17/bar-review-barcode-053/ |archive-date=21 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Crepe Station Café opens Barcode 053 Lounge |url=http://news.franchiseindia.com/Crepe-Station-Caf-opens-Barcode-053-Lounge-2369/ |publisher=Franchise India.com |access-date=16 August 2010 |archive-date=2 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602064621/http://news.franchiseindia.com/Crepe-Station-Caf-opens-Barcode-053-Lounge-2369/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the same year she also appeared in one of the episodes of the female celebrity game show ''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]'' which aired on [[NDTV Imagine]].

In 2014, after a long hiatus of five years, she made her comeback on television with [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s show, ''[[Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi]]'' (which aired on [[Colors TV]]) as Falguni Parekh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gauri Is Brilliant: Ekta Kapoor On Her Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi Actress |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/gauri-is-brilliant-ekta-kapoor-on-her-meri-aashiqui-tum-se-hi-actress-155590.html |website=The Times of India|date=17 June 2014 }}</ref> From 2017 to 2018, she played the role of Anita Sharma on [[Colors TV]]'s show ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kutumb Actress Gauri Pradhan Says She's 'Prepared For Failure' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kutumb-actress-gauri-pradhan-says-shes-prepared-for-failure-1752349 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> From 2023 to 2024, she played the role of Preeti Suri on [[SAB TV]]'s show ''[[Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/hiten-tejwani-calls-reuniting-with-wife-gauri-pradhan-for-a-new-show-comfortable-you-dont-8583903.html | title=Hiten Tejwani Calls Reuniting with Wife Gauri Pradhan for a New Show 'Comfortable': 'You Don't...' | accessdate=19 September 2023 }}</ref>

Since July 2025, she has been reprising her role of Nandini Virani in the [[StarPlus]]'s [[spiritual sequel]] of ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', entitled ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=20 July 2025|title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2: Hiten Tejwani, Shakti Anand and others from the original cast reunite with Smriti Irani and Amar Upadhyay to shoot for the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-hiten-tejwani-shakti-anand-and-others-from-the-original-cast-reunite-with-smriti-irani-and-amar-upadhyay-to-shoot-for-the-show/articleshow/122799258.cms|access-date=21 July 2025|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:HitenTejwaniGauriPradhan.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Pradhan with husband Hiten Tejwani at an event in 2012]]

Pradhan met her husband [[Hiten Tejwani]] in [[Hyderabad]] while shooting for a commercial for Breeze soap. Later on, they met on the sets of tele-series ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]'' and were coincidentally cast as the lead pair. The onscreen chemistry led to the brewing of romance between them and they started dating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2020 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=Kutumb turns 19, Hiten Tejwani and Gauri Pradhan thank fans for all the love |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kutumb-turns-19-hiten-tejwani-and-gauri-pradhan-thank-fans-for-all-the-love-1736561-2020-10-30 |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> While playing the characters of star crossed lovers Karan and Nandini in another daily soap ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', they decided to get married.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jodi no 1: Gauri Pradhan and Hiten Tejwani |url=http://www.shaaditimes.com/celebrities/celebrity-news/the-tejwani-040802/ |publisher=shaaditimes |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512034901/http://www.shaaditimes.com/celebrities/celebrity-news/the-tejwani-040802/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After two years of courtship, they got married as per Maharashtrian customs at a private ceremony in the Sun-n-Sand Hotel in Pune on 29 April 2004, with about 40–50 guests in attendance. Soon after they went to [[Ko Samui]] in Thailand for honeymoon. Their reception was held at [[Juhu]]'s Army Club on 9 May 2004, with over 400 guests.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celeb Love Story: Gauri & Hiten Tejwani |date=28 December 2010 |url=http://idiva.com/news-relationships/celeb-love-story-gauri-hiten-tejwani/2752/ |publisher=iDiva Trendspotter |access-date=28 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weddingsutra.com/celeb_wed/featured_gauri.asp |title=Gauri and Hiten |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217225044/http://www.weddingsutra.com/celeb_wed/featured_gauri.asp#.VJHeJdKUezE |archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>

On 11 November 2009, they became parents to twins, a son Nevaan and daughter Katya.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shah |first=Kunal M |title=Gauri is four months pregnant |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Gauri-is-four-months-pregnant/articleshow/4619985.cms |date=5 June 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hiten and Gauri blessed with Twins |url=http://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2009/11/12/hiten-and-gauri-blessed-with-twins-59872/ |work=Gaea Times |access-date=11 November 2009}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2008
| ''[[C Kkompany]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/review-c-kkompany-review-bollywood-pclwIzjiggici.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429041609/https://www.sify.com/movies/review-c-kkompany-review-bollywood-pclwIzjiggici.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 April 2022 | title=Review: C Kkompany | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''A Winter Tale At Shimla''
| Vaidehi
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2000–2001
| ''[[Noorjahan (TV series)|Noorjahan]]''
| [[Nur Jahan|Noor Jahan]]
|
|
|-
| 2001–2002
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''
| Gauri Agarwal Mittal
|
|
|-
| 2002–2003
| Gauri Pradhan Mann / Shweta Chattopadhyay Mann
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
| ''[[Krishna Arjun (TV series)|Krishna Arjun]]''
| Shweta
|
|
|-
| ''Kisme Kitna Hai Dum''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
| ''[[Naam Gum Jayegaa]]''
| Priyanka Singh
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/19/stories/2003051900580300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030709010922/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/19/stories/2003051900580300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-07-09|author=ndsan|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Naam Gum Jayega... all for name and identity|date=2003-05-19|accessdate=2018-06-03}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''
| Mayuri / Gauri
| Story: "Kab Kyon Kahan"
|
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[Isse Kehte Hai Golmaal Ghar]]''
|
|
|
|-
| 2004–2008
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Nandini Thakkar Virani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian soap operas: Family affairs|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20140502-family-affair-indian-soap-operas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210213095711/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20130520-fancy-footwork-in-rios-favelas|archive-date=13 February 2021|website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Special Squad (Indian TV series)|Special Squad]]''
| Dr. Deepika Ghosh
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
| ''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]''
| Kanan
|
|
|-
| ''Jodee Kamaal Ki''
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 2|Nach Baliye 2]]''
| 3rd runner-up
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
| ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]''
| Captain Shona Das
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 4|Nach Baliye 4]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Kumkum{{spaced ndash}}Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan|Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''
| Aditi Kapoor
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]''
| Faalguni Parekh
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gauri-plays-overtly-practical-woman-in-Meri-Aashiqui-Ekta/articleshow/36709847.cms?|title=Gauri plays overtly practical woman in 'Meri Aashiqui...': Ekta Kapoor|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Rishton Ka Mela]]''
| Neha
|
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
| Anita Sharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/exclusive-kutumb-actress-gauri-pradhan-on-playing-a-vamp-mahesh-bhatt-new-show-lifetv-1030220-2017-08-18|title=Exclusive: Kutumb actress Gauri Pradhan on playing a vamp in Mahesh Bhatt's new show|newspaper=India Today|access-date=30 August 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kitchen Champion|Kitchen Champion 5]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke]]''
| Preeti Suri
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/gauri-pradhan-hiten-tejwani-reunite-7-years-tv-show-report/ | title=Gauri Pradhan and Hiten Tejwani to reunite after 7 years for Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=14 August 2023 |accessdate=25 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2025–present
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''
| Nandini Virani
|
| <ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=20 July 2025|title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2: Hiten Tejwani, Gauri Pradhan, Shakti Anand return to sets; call it 'deja vu'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-2-hiten-tejwani-gauri-pradhan-shakti-anand-return-to-sets-call-it-deja-vu-10138367/|access-date=21 July 2025|work=[[Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
| ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''
| Gauri Pradhan
|
|-
| ''[[Rihaee (TV series)|Rihaee]]''
| {{Unknown}}
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Kasamh Se]]''
| Anupam Kapadia
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?]]''
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 11|Bigg Boss 11]]''
| Herself
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-11-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-actor-hiten-tejwani-enters-house-wife-gauri-pradhan-s-there-too/story-ubmWB1KsiuiV6yaavS9YjI.html|title=Bigg Boss 11: Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi actor Hiten Tejwani enters house, wife Gauri Pradhan's there too|accessdate=31 October 2017|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| ''Tujhpe Main Fida''
| Tara Rajkishore
|
|
|-
| ''[[Taaza Khabar]]''
| Swati
| Season 2
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Whittock|first=Jesse|title=Indian Action Drama 'Taaza Khabar' Lands Season 2 At Disney+ Hotstar|url=https://deadline.com/video/taaza-khabar-bhuvan-bam-season-2-disney-plus-hotstar/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=5 April 2024|access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2000
| "Chera Subah E Banaras"
| [[Talat Aziz]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
| "Teri Jhanjhar Kisne Banayi"
| [[Hans Raj Hans]]
|<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=17 December 2019 |title=Happy Birthday John Abraham: A Pankaj Udhas song to model hunt video, a look at his modelling days |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-john-abraham-a-pankaj-udhas-song-to-model-hunt-video-a-look-at-his-modelling-days/story-afjLqYkFyWavmOkrldjQ5I.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318005001/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-john-abraham-a-pankaj-udhas-song-to-model-hunt-video-a-look-at-his-modelling-days/story-afjLqYkFyWavmOkrldjQ5I.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Humein Tumse Pyar Hai Kaise Kahe"
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2002
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian Telly Award]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Onscreen Couple|Best Onscreen Couple]] (with [[Hiten Tejwani]])
| ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2002 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/personality.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016115836/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/personality.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead|work=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2003 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|access-date=2014-02-10|archive-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016115839/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|url-status=dead|work=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2005
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025305/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead|work=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|archive-date=2018-09-17|url-status=dead|work=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 2018
| [[Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
| ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fazeen |first1=Sana |title=Zee Gold Awards 2018: Jennifer Winget, Mouni Roy, Hina Khan, Sriti Jha, Nakuul Mehta win big honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zee-gold-awards-2018-jennifer-winget-mouni-roy-hina-5225490/ |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* {{IMDb name|1650168}}
* {{Instagram|gpradhan}}

{{Nach Baliye}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Gauri}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses|Pradhan,Gauri]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

World Hindi Secretariat

2026-02-09T12:07:39Z

Subhah Shirin: slightly improved content based on references and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|International Organization promoting Hindi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{infobox geopolitical organization
| name = विश्व हिन्दी सचिवालय (World Hindi Secretariat)
| linking_name = World Hindi Secretariat
| membership = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;
| title = 5 states
| {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|India}}}}
| {{flagcountry|Mauritius}}
| {{flagcountry|Fiji}}
| {{flagcountry|Suriname}}
| {{flagcountry|Nepal}}
}}
| admin_center_type = Headquarters
| admin_center = Independence Street, Phoenix, [[Mauritius]]
| languages_type = Official language
| languages = [[Hindi]]
| leader_title1 = Secretary General
leader_title2 = Deputy Secretary-General
Deputy Secretary-General = Shubhankar Mishra
| established_event1 = World Hindi Conference [[Nagpur]]
| established_date1 = 1975
| established_event2 = Memorandum of Understanding
| established_date2 = 20 August 1999
| population_estimate = {{nowrap|~ 400 million (primary language)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://joshuaproject.net/languages/hin
| title = Language: Hindi
| work = Joshua Project
| access-date = 3 December 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180204224324/https://joshuaproject.net/languages/hin
| archive-date = 4 February 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref>}}
| population_estimate_year = 2017
| official_website = [http://vishwahindi.com/hi/default.aspx vishwahindi.com]
|demonym=|area_km2=|area_rank=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year=|today=}}

'''World Hindi Secretariat''' ('''WHS''') ({{langx|hi|विश्व हिन्दी सचिवालय|translit=Viśva Hindī Sacivālaya|translit-std=ISO}}) is an international organisation of nations and regions where [[Hindi]] is the [[first language|first]] or customary language with [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|significant proportion of population]] consisting of [[Indianisation|Hindi speakers]] and/or with [[Indosphere|notable affiliation]] with [[Culture of India|North Indian culture]]. WHS is focused on promoting Hindi as an international language and furthering the cause of [[Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations#Hindi|recognition of Hindi]] as an [[official language of the United Nations]]. India has been trying to get 129 votes at the United Nations to make Hindi an official language of the UN.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-trying-to-get-129-votes-to-get-hindi-as-un-language-sushma-swaraj-1212876
| title = India Trying to Get 129 Votes to Get Hindi as UN Language: Sushma Swaraj
| access-date = 15 June 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160420065107/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-trying-to-get-129-votes-to-get-hindi-as-un-language-sushma-swaraj-1212876
| archive-date = 20 April 2016
| url-status = live
}}</ref> WHS is head quartered at [[Vacoas-Phoenix]] city in [[Plaines Wilhems District]] of [[Mauritius]].

[[File:World Hindi Secreteriat Mauritius HQ.jpg|thumb|Entrance of World Hindi Secreteriat office in Mauritius]]

WHA was set up in 1999 by governments of [[Government of India|India]] and [[Government of Mauritius|Mauritius]] to promote Hindi across the world, [[Vinod Bala Arun]] became was the first secretary-general of WHS.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://indiahighcom-mauritius.org/pages.php?id=59
| title = World Hindi Secretariat
| publisher = Indiahighcom-mauritius.org
| access-date = 23 July 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042605/http://indiahighcom-mauritius.org/pages.php?id=59
| archive-date = 23 December 2017
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|World Hindi Conference}}

=== Origin of WHS (1975-1999) ===

During the first [[World Hindi Conference]] held in [[Nagpur]] in 1975, the idea of setting up a World Hindi Center was presented by Sir Shivsagar Ramgoolam, the then Prime Minister of Mauritius and President of the delegation. This idea took the form of determination to the idea of establishing the World Hindi Secretariat in Mauritius after the brainstorming at the Second World Hindi Conference held in Mauritius and in many [[World Hindi Conference]]s continuously. An agreement was signed between the Government of India and the Mauritian Government and the Act was passed in the Legislative Assembly of Mauritius.

After the 5th World Hindi Conference in Trinidad and Tobago in April 1996, Mauritius Government appointed Dr Smt Sarita Budhu as an advisor in the Ministry of Education and Scientific Research for the works related to the creation of the World Hindi Secretariat. In June 1996, a unit of World Hindi Secretariat was set up in the Ministry of Education and Scientific Research in Mauritius with the assistance of Government of India through the High Commission of India.

On 20 August 1999 the Government of Mauritius and Government of India signed an agreement relating to the objectives, operational and financing of secretariat in Port Louis, Mauritius. The then Minister of Education and Scientific Research, Hon'ble Ramasamy, Mr. Chhedambram Pillay and the then Indian High Commissioner, HE Mr. M.L. Tripathi represented his own governments. The Mauritius government provided land in Phoenix for the construction of World Hindi Secretariat headquarter and the Government of India took responsibility for the cost of construction and construction of the building.

===Establishment of WHS temporary office (2001)===

On 1 November 2001, the foundation stone of the World Hindi Secretariat was laid on the land provided by the Mauritian government in the hands of the Mauritian government, the then Indian Human Resources Development, Science and Technology and Marine Development Minister, Hon. Murli Manohar Joshi, The then Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister, Honorable Pol Raimon Berenze, G.O.K.K., the then Education and Scientific Research in the presence of Honorable Moti Ramadoss, Minister of Honor, Hon. Steven Obigadu and then Minister of Arts and Culture, were present.
===World Hindi Secretariat Act (2002)===

On 12 November 2002, the Mauritius government passed the Act relating to the establishment and management of the World Hindi Secretariat. The secretariat was established with the aim of preparing the stage for the formation of Hindi as an international language and making Hindi an official language of the United Nations.

On 21 November 2003, an agreement related to the formation and working practices of the World Hindi Secretariat between the Mauritius Government and the Government of India was signed in New Delhi. Mr. H. Gannu, Cabinet Secretary represented the Government of Mauritius and Mr. Jagdish Chandra Sharma, Secretary (PCD), Government of India.

===Proclamation of World Hindi Secretariat Act (2005)===

The Proclamation of the World Hindi Secretariat Act passed in Mauritius National Assembly in November 2002 was announced on 12 September 2005. On 11 February 2008, the World Hindi Secretariat officially started functioning. The functioning was led by the Secretary General Dr. Mrs Vinod Bala Arun and the Deputy General Secretary Dr. Rajendra Prasad Mishra.

In 2012, a proposal was passed on the concluding day of the Ninth World Hindi Conference in Johannesburg to make Hindi one of the official languages of the UN.

The World Hindi Secretariat was asked to prepare a database of global institutions involved in promotion and teaching of Hindi. A database for Hindi scholars was also asked to be prepared.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/proposal-to-make-hindi-a-un-official-language-500092
| title = Proposal to make Hindi a UN official language
| access-date = 15 June 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050021/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/proposal-to-make-hindi-a-un-official-language-500092
| archive-date = 8 August 2016
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

On 12 March 2015, Prime Minister of the Republic of India in the Fenix, His Excellency Mr. Narendra Modi and the Prime Minister of the Republic of Mauritius, Honorable Sir Anirudh Jagannath, G.C.S.K. KCMG, QC The official launch of the construction of World Hindi Secretariat headquarter in the hands of On the occasion, a memorial plaque was unveiled by the two Prime Ministers in the presence of Mauritius Education and Human Resources, Tertiary Education and Scientific Research Minister, Honorary Mrs. Leela-Devi Srimin-Lachuman.

== Organisational structure ==

In 2015, prime minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]] laid the foundation stone of the secretariat in Mauritius. He also praised Mauritius for promoting Hindi literature.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/prime-minister-narendra-modi-mauritius-hindi-literature-world-hindi-secretariat-building-243984-2015-03-12
| title = Prime Minister Narendra Modi hails Mauritius for enriching Hindi literature
| access-date = 15 June 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160813125510/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/prime-minister-narendra-modi-mauritius-hindi-literature-world-hindi-secretariat-building/1/423446.html
| archive-date = 13 August 2016
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Africa}}

* [[Greater India]]
* [[Indianisation]]
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[India–Mauritius relations]]
* [[Indosphere]]
* [[Pravasi Bharatiya Divas]]
* [[Sanskritisation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links}}
* {{Official website|1=http://vishwahindi.com/hi/default.aspx}}

{{International organizations}}
{{Countries and languages lists}}
{{Hindi topics}}

[[Category:Hindi| ]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Cultural promotion organizations]]
[[Category:Language advocacy organizations]]

Kalahandi district

2026-02-03T12:36:17Z

Subhah Shirin: small expanded layout as per guidelines additionally and updated info after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{redirect|Kalahandi}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead rewrite|date=January 2025}}
{{Lead too short|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalahandi district
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]] of [[Odisha]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a =Bhawanipatna Shine.JPG
|photo2a =Gauri shankar mandir.jpg
|photo3a =Rat dam jolko.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Pictures of Kalahandi district
| image_map = Kalahandi in Odisha (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Odisha
| coordinates = {{coord|20.083|N|83.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bhawanipatna]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name = Malvika Devi
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title1 = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name1 = Sachin Pawar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiawhispers.com/2022/06/16/odisha-effects-major-reshuffle-in-ias-cadre/ | title=Odisha effects major reshuffle in IAS cadre | date=16 June 2022 }}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Divisional Forest Officer Cum Wildlife Warden
| leader_name2 = Nitish Kumar, [[Indian Forest Service|IFS]]
| leader_title3 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name3 = Abilash G, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7920
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,576,869
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 169
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = {{hlist|766 001|766 002}}
| registration_plate = OD-08
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.999 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 59.22%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalahandi]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|5 :}}|077-[[Lanjigarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lanjigarh(ST)]] 078-[[Junagarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Junagarh]] 079-[[Dharmagarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharmagarh]] 080-[[Bhawanipatna (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhawanipatna (SC)]] 081-[[Narla (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narla]]}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Aw]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|www.kalahandi.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Kalahandi district''' ([[Odia language|Odia]]: ''Kɔɭāhāṇḍi'') is one of the [[Districts of Odisha|30 districts]] of [[Odisha]] in eastern [[India]]. The headquarters of this district is at [[Bhawanipatna]]. It has a population of 1,576,869, according to the [[2011 census of India]].

The history of the district dates back nearly 2,000 years, with evidence of advanced urban settlements, most notably at [[Asurgarh]].<ref name="autogenerated2000" />The folk culture of Kalahandi has been shaped by mainstream Odia and tribal influences, including the Paraja and [[Kondha]] peoples, such as the [[Ghumura dance|Ghumura]] folk dance.<ref name=":2" /> It existed as a [[Kalahandi State|princely state]] from 1005, before its accession to India in 1948.

In 1967, Kashipur block was transferred to [[Rayagada district]] for administrative reasons. In 1993, Nuapada subdivision was carved out as a [[Nuapada district|separate district]]. [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] continues to constitute present Kalahandi district and [[Nuapada district]] together.

The economy of Kalahandi is primarily dependent on its mineral resources, mainly in the form of gemstones such as rubies, and [[Vedanta Limited|bauxite processing]] and its extensive forests, covering nearly one third of the district. Waterfalls such as [[Phurlijharan]] and [[Dokarichanchara]] have begun to become a significant source of income through tourism.

==History==
{{Main|History of Kalahandi}}

Archaeological evidence of Stone Age and Iron Age human settlement has been recovered from the region.<ref>B.Mishra, J. Bengal Art, Vol.9&10, 2004–2005, 383–410</ref> Asurgarh offered an advanced, well civilised, cultured and urban human settlement about 2000 years ago in the region.<ref name="autogenerated2000">P.Mohanty, B. Mishra, Op. Cit, 2000; C.R. Mishra, S. Pradhan, op. cit. 1989–1990, Infra, F.N.79</ref> In South Asia it is believed that the lands of Kalahandi district and [[Koraput district]] were the ancient places where people started cultivation of paddy. In ancient time it was known as ''Mahakantara'' (meaning great forest) and ''Karunda Mandal'', which means treasure of precious stones like karandam ([[corundum]]/manik), [[garnet]] (red stone), beruz, neelam ([[sapphire]]/blue stone), and [[Chrysoberyl|alexandrite]], etc. [[Manikeswari|Maa Manikeswari]] (the goddess of Manikya or Karandam) is the clan deity of Kalahandi may also signify its historical name.

The archaeological record of the Tel Valley reveals the presence of the primates in its zones during the Pleistocenephase. [[Paleolithic]] is being documented in Kalahandi, like Moter river basin in [[Dharamgarh]] region.<ref>R.P. Prusty, 1992, Paleolithic Vestiges from [[Kalahandi]], ''Odisha Historical Research Journal'', XXXVII, no.1-5, pp.55–66, Orissa State Museum, [[Bhubaneswar]]</ref> One of the largest size axe of late Stone Age culture has been recovered from Kalahandi.<ref>P. Mohanty, B. Mishra, ''Op. Cit,''2001, p.47</ref> Tel river civilisation put light towards a great civilisation existing in [[Kalahandi]] in the past that is recently getting explored.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article293270.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109171635/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article293270.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2014|title= A tale of Tel valley civilization uncovered|access-date=2010-10-21 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The discovered archaeological wealth of Tel Valley suggest a well civilised, urbanised, cultured people inhabited on this land mass around 2000 years ago<ref name="autogenerated2000"/> and Asurgarh was its capital. Kalahandi along with Koraput and Bastar was part of Kantara referred in Ramayana and Mahabharata.<ref>''Mahabharata Sabhaparva'', 31, sloka-11-16</ref>

In the 4th century BC Kalahandi region was known as Indravana from where precious gemstones and diamonds were collected for the imperial Maurya treasury.<ref>''Proceedings, Indian History Congress'', 1947, 10th session, 178</ref> During the period of Maurya emperor Ashoka, Kalahandi along with Koraput and Bastar region was called Atavi Land.<ref>{{cite book|first=H. C. |last=Rayachoudhury|author-link= Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |title=''Political History of Ancient India''|publisher=Calcutta University| year=1923| page=538}}</ref> This land was unconquered as per Ashokan record.<ref>B. Mishra, op.cit., 2003–2004</ref> In the beginning of the Christian era probably it was known as Mahavana.<ref name="N. K. Sahu, 1964, op. cit.">N. K. Sahu, 1964, ''op. cit.''</ref> In the 4th century AD Vyaghraraja was ruling over Mahakantara comprising Kalahandi, undivided Koraput and Bastar region.<ref>N. K. Sahu, op.cit., 1964, p.200</ref> Asurgarh was capital of Mahakantara.<ref>ibid.7</ref> After Vyaghraraja, the [[Nala dynasty|Nala]] kings like Bhavadatta Varman, Arthapati and Skanda Varman ruled over south part of this region up to about 500, the territory was known as Nalavadi-visaya<ref>N. K. Sahu, Utkal University, ''History of Orissa'', 433</ref> and rest of Mahakantara, lower part of Tel river valley was ruled by king Tastikara and his scions, the kingdom was known as [[Parvatadvaraka dynasty|Parvatad-waraka]], whose headquarters was Talabhamraka near Belkhandi.<ref name="N. K. Sahu, 1964, op. cit."/>

In the 6th century a new kingdom developed in the Kalahandi tract under [[Parvatadvaraka dynasty|King Tustikara]], but very little is known about other kings of his family. Maraguda valley was identified as the capital of Sarabapuriyas.<ref>S.P.Tiwari, Comprehensive History of Orissa, 95–96</ref> During Sarabapuriyas in the 6th century, Kalahandi lost its political entities and merged with eastern part of South Kosal or Kosal.<ref>J. P. Singh Deo, op.cit.</ref> But this was also for a short period as in succeeding phase it assumed a distinct name Trikalinga. By the 9th–10th centuries the region including [[Western Odisha]], Kalahandi, Koraput and Bastar was known as Trikalinga.<ref>M.N.Das(Ed)Sidelight on History and Culture of Orissa, 36</ref> The [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamsi]] king Mahabhavagupta I Janmejaya (925 – 960) assumed the title Trikalingadhipati.<ref>Orissa District Gazetteers, Kalahandi, 46–49</ref> Trikalinga was short lived and Chindakangas carved out a new kingdom called Chakrakota Mandala or Bramarakota Mandala,<ref>''ibid.''47</ref> which later one expanded to whole Kalahandi and Koraput.

=== Naga dynasty of Kalahandi ===
{{see also|Kalahandi State}}
The Naga dynasty started ruling Kalahandi in 1006. The Nagas of Kalahandi are the only dynasty in Odisha having a record of thousand years (1050–1948). During the 12th century Chkrakota Mandal was incorporated with the Ganga realm of Kalinga, and renamed "Kamala Mandala",<ref>''ibid.''41</ref> thus Kalahandi region became part of Kalinga as a feudatory of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]] under Nagas rules and continued till the 14th century. After 14th century Nagas owed allegiance from [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]] to the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Suryavamsi]] Gajapatis. This territory assumed independence after the downfall of the Gajapatis of Odisha in 1568.
[[File:Palace of Kalahandi King.jpg|thumb|Palace of Kalahandi King]]
According to tradition the Kalahandi kingdom commanded sovereign power over eighteen garbs{{clarify|date=September 2022}}{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}. It was occupied by the Bhonslas of Nagpur in the middle of the 18th century but still it was a Gadajat under Nagas rule. In 1853 the [[Nagpur state]] lapsed to the British Crown as Raghujee III died without an heir. Then Kalahandi became a [[princely state]] under British and known as Karonda Mandal. Maharaja Pratap Keshari Deo, the Ex-Maharaja of Kalahandi, in one of his articles expressed his view that the historical significance of naming Kalahandi as Karunda Mandala is based on the availability of Corundum in this region. Manikeswari (the goddess of Manikya), the clan deity of the Naga kings of Kalahandi may have also necessitated the adoption of the name.

After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence in 1947]], Kalahandi joined India on 1 January 1948. On 1 November 1949, Patna [[Balangir district]] and [[Subarnapur district]] together constituted a separate district and the Nuapada sub-division of Sambalpur was added to the Kalahandi district. In 1967, Kashipur block of Kalahandi district was transferred to Rayagada division for administrative purpose. In 1993, Raja Ravi Gupta along with his siblings and prajaa reinvented Nuapada. Nuapada sub-division was carved out as a separate district, but [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)]] continues to constitute present Kalahandi district and [[Nuapada district]] together.

===Post-independence===

====Kalahandi Syndrome====
[[File:65 I Kalahandi (1916).jpg|thumb|Kalahandi (1916)]]
Kalahandi has had several major droughts over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Drought had occurred in Kalahandi in 1868, 1884 and 1897. The famine of 1899 is otherwise known as "Chhapan Salar Durbhikshya". The effect of the famine, according to the District Gazetteers, were of a magnitude unprecedented in any previous famine. In 1919–1920, another drought occurred followed by cholera, influenza and malnutrition due to lack of foodstuff.

A series of droughts in 1922–1923, 1925–1926, 1929–1930, 1954–1955 and 1965–66 occurred in Kalahandi. In the 1965–66 drought, three-fourths of the crop production failed due to lack of rain. The effect of the drought continued to be felt in 1967. The District Gazetteers of the time noted that:
:"The bulk of the population which constituted the landless agricultural labourers became unemployed due to suspension of all sorts of agricultural operations. The worst sufferers were the landed gentry, who, because of the drought, could not reap a harvest nor could they take to manual labour to which they were not accustomed. The pastures lost the greenery and the bovine population therefore was equally starved. Everywhere there was an acute shortage of water."

Again in 1974–75 and in 1985 . After the severe drought of 1956 and 1966, the rich cultivators of this area came down to the status of middle class cultivators and the middle class cultivators into ordinary ones. They all turned into ''Sukhbasis'', a term used in Kalahandi for landless cultivators and labourers. The state's Bureau of Statistics and Economics has analyzed the rainfall of South Western Kalahandi and has reported that "there is a year of drought in every three or four years". Along with the drought the problems such as rural unemployment, non-industrialization, growth of population and rapid deforestation are some of the major problems of Kalahandi. Kalahandi has been in the news since the middle of the 1980s when India Today reported sale of a child by its parents due to financial crisis.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPI4EAAAQBAJ |title=Kalahandi : The Untold Story|date=1 August 2020|isbn=9788194579717|access-date=28 August 2022|last1=Pradhan|first1=Dr Tapan Kumar|publisher=Kohinoor Books }} (pages 247-248)</ref> That article led the then prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] to pay a visit to the district and brought the district to the attention of the national stage for its acute poverty and famine. Subsequently, similar reported cases of starvation deaths and sale of children have led to the announcement of a host of relief efforts and development projects. This backward phenomena despite richness of Kalahandi was called Kalahandi Syndrome by social workers.<ref name="mindfully.org">{{cite web |title=The Kalahandi Syndrome: Starvation in Spite of Plenty Devinder Sharma* 19 April 2002|url=http://www.mindfully.org/Food/Kalahandi-Syndrome-Sharma19apr02.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420192244/http://www.mindfully.org/Food/Kalahandi-Syndrome-Sharma19apr02.htm|archive-date=20 April 2013 |access-date=2013-05-22|publisher=Mindfully.org}}</ref> Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] announced the famous KBK project for backward undivided Kalahandi, Bolangir and Koraput districts in 1994. Nonetheless, Kalahandi has not been able to take off despite hosts of programmes, largely because of lacuna at implementation stage. As the basic infrastructure is dismal state, the development progress is very slow.

Kalahandi is more often used a symbol of backwardness in popular media and among politicians or social workers. Use of Kalahandi in popular literature has been controversial. In a literary conference, "Rajya Sastriya Lekhaka Sammilani" in 1994 at Bhawanipatna, many invited speakers and local intellectuals pointed out that it's not wise to use the name "Kalahandi" as synonym for starvation death. Starvation death does not imply image of Kalahandi completely and by using it for starvation death other rich aspects of life in Kalahandi are being ignored. Starvation death was just one side of a coin, like poverty in [[Odisha]] or India. However, there are many writers, philosophers, social workers, journalists, politicians etc., particularly in India who are continue to use the name in literature, articles and reviews. According to [[Tapan Kumar Pradhan]] although the drought situation in Kalahandi was a moderate natural disaster, the starvation deaths were a completely avoidable manmade disaster.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPI4EAAAQBAJ |title=Kalahandi : The Untold Story|date=1 August 2020|isbn=9788194579717|access-date=28 August 2022|last1=Pradhan|first1=Dr Tapan Kumar|publisher=Kohinoor Books }} (pages 249-250)</ref>

The ''Kalahandi'' film made by Indian film director [[Gautam Ghose]] received critical notice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/69918/ |title=Hunger Pangs Through A Lens Eye |work=The Financial Express|date=2003-01-19 |access-date=2013-05-22}}</ref>

===Political marginalization in recent times===
[[File:Sabha Mandapa in Kalahandi Palace.jpg|thumb|Sabha Mandap, Bhawanipatna Palace]]

Politically, the district does not have much importance in state or national politics. Though in 2000 and 2004 elections [[Biju Janata Dal]]- [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] combined had won all the MLA and MP seats in Kalahandi, in 2009 election people opted for [[Indian National Congress]] except [[Dharamgarh]] MLA constituency, which is largely seen as ongoing political negligence to this region. [[Bhakta Charan Das]], as third time [[Indian National Congress]] MP from the district did not receive any Union Ministry in Manmohan Singh's Ministry. During the Chandrasekhar regime (1990–91), [[Bhakta Charan Das]] was part of the union ministry in the Railway and Sports department. No other MPs in last three decades have made it to any important post of national or state level. Pradeep Naik the seating MLA from Bhawanipatna Constituency is leader of opposition of [[Odisha]] assembly. Bhupinder Singh, Jagannath Pattnaik and Rasa Bihari Behera had been among the opposition leader, senior leaders, ministers in Odisha. Despite trio of them being in an important ministry like Revenue and Tourism, Agriculture they failed to make it to limelight. Earlier Pushpendra Singh Deo was a state and later on cabinet minister and currently Dibya Shankar Mishra is a state minister in [[Naveen Patnaik]] Government in Odisha since 2000. Political disappointment in the region is raising.
Kalahandi highlighted for starvation and poverty is often marginalised in Odisha state and Indian national politics. This discrimination is thought to be due to national politics. Immediately after independence Kalahandi Lok Sabha Constituency was represented by non-congress candidate for 30 years, the period India was ruled by Congress Party. Thus, Kalahandi Lok Sabha Constituency was neglected and left out of development initiatives when the Congress ruled at the centre. [[Indira Gandhi]] visited Kalahandi in the early 1980s; [[Rajiv Gandhi]] visited in 1984; [[Sonia Gandhi]] visited in 2004, and [[Rahul Gandhi]] visited in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Since 1980, the [[Indian National Congress]] has been ruling for 20 years at the centre. Despite late prime ministers Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]], and present leaders [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Sonia Gandhi, Rahul Gandhi etc. Tall claims for developing Kalahandi, little was done for long-term sustainable development in higher education, national highway, railway and industry during those leadership at Delhi. Few initiatives taken in post-independence of India for developing Kalahandi were only during non-congress rule in India such as Upper Indiravati Irrigation Project (during Moraji Desai as Prime Minister of India), Lanjigarh road – Jungarh and possibility of extending to [[Nabarangpur district]] (during Chandrasekhar as Prime Minister of India), National Highway 201 & 217 passing through Kalahandi (during Atal Bihari Vajpayee as Prime Minister of India), all these projects are not yet fully accomplished.

The Central government of India has established two public sector factories such as HAL factory and NALCO factory in the neighbouring Koraput district (part of KBK), a Lok Sabha constituency held by congress party since independence, and an ordnance factory in Balangir district (part of KBK) leaving only Kalahhani among KBK for such development in the region. No public sector industrial investment has been taken place in Kalahandi since past 62 years. Local need in major infrastructure in railway, highways and demand for a railway factory and Central University is not yet addressed. In 2008, "India Today" survey put Kalahandi among the bottom five Lok Sabha Constituency in Socio-economic and infrastructure development in India

====Struggle for irrigation project====
[[File:Pensul Dam Kalahandi.jpg|thumb|Pensul Dam Kalahandi]]
When Kalahandi was a princely state, a major irrigation project was initiated on Indravati River to build [[Indravati Dam]] by Maharaja [[Pratap Keshari Deo]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Releases|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/roct2001/08102001/r081020018.html|website=pibarchive.nic.in|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> around 1939–47, and along with engineer [[Bhubaneswar Behera]] and administrator [[Ram Chandra Patra]] he visualized and prepared the blue print. However, in 1948 princely state of Kalahandi was merged as part of Odisha state and this could not be materialized. In post independence period as member of parliament [[Pratap Keshari Deo]] fought from 1950 to 1979 but was not able succeed as he was in the opposition of congress party until new Govt. formed by late prime minister Maraji Desai in 1978, who accepted Deo's proposal to construct the Indravati dam for hydroelectricity generation and irrigation purposes. After prime minister [[Morarji Desai]]'s approval and foundation stone in 1978, the project took more than two decades to be realised and corruption was alleged with corruption. However, the project is a major boost to agricultural development today known as Upper Indravati Hydroelectric and irrigation project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha Hydro Power Corporation Ltd.|url=http://ohpcltd.com/indravati|website=ohpcltd.com|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> There are still concerns and lack for government funds to irrigate Koksara, Golamunda and Bhawanipatan blocks in Kalahandi through this projects as every year lots of water is released from the dam through Hati river without using for irrigation. The [[Jonk River]] dam at [[Patora Dam|Patora]] and Jonk river bridge and canal systems also took decades to complete due to corruption.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jPI4EAAAQBAJ |title=Kalahandi : The Untold Story|date=1 August 2020|isbn=9788194579717|access-date=28 August 2022|last1=Pradhan|first1=Dr Tapan Kumar|publisher=Kohinoor Books | author-link= Tapan Kumar Pradhan}} (pages 34-39 & 221-223)</ref> Similarly water shades in Tel river for irrigation in Kalahandi is one of the basic demands of local farmers which is not getting Government support.

====Struggle for a central university====
Kalahandi was struggling for a higher educational institution since independence. Earlier proposal to establish a Government Engineering College or a state University in Kalahandi or Koraput region in the 1980s was later on shifted to some other part in [[Odisha]] for political reasons. A team visited by planning commission to Kalahandi Balangir Koraput (KBK) region had suggested to establish an agriculture college in the region. Since 1988 people of Kalahandi are seriously demanding a Central University in Kalahandi as it is central to all KBK districts and has good railway connectivity to major cities in India from Kesinga railway station. In the 1990s when state [[Government of Odisha]] proposed to establish a university in northern Odisha, people of Kalahandi repeated their demand for such a university in Kalahandi as well. Then Chief Minister of Odisha [[Biju Patnaik]] while addressing publicly in Government College Bhawanipatna said Government could not establish University if people want to establish University in their neighbourhood. But Mr Giridhar Gomang, Chief Minister of Odisha later in 1999 agreed to establish two Universities in Baripada and Balasore due to public protest making people of Kalahandi highly disappointed. This otherwise unorganized and weak demand took serious turn when leading academician Prof. Gopa Bandhu Behera established "Kalahandi Sikhya Vikas Parishad'<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Kalahandi Sikhya Vikas Parishad|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kalahandi-demands-odisha-s-second-agriculture-university-115020100252_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=1 Feb 2015|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> in Bhawanipatna in 1999 through it and "Central University Kriya Committee" the struggle for a Central University in Kalahandi continued seriously. Many memoranda were submitted to both state and central Government in this regard since then. In the meantime, in 2006–07, non-resident Indians of Odisha origin and activists in Bhubaneswar started campaigning for central universities in every state and that of one in KBK districts of Odisha. Few NRI advocated for such higher educational institutions in Kalahandi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Pioneer, Bhubaneswar Edition|url=https://kalahandia.blogspot.com/2007/02/feb-09-2007-pioneer.html|date=9 February 2007}}</ref> When Government of India announced to establish 12 Central Universities in various states not having any Central University across India which included Odisha, a delegation from Kalahandi consisting intellectuals, general people and politicians met Odisha's Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] in May 2008 to establish the Central University in Kalahandi.<ref>The New Indian Express, Bhubaneswar Edition, 8 May 2008</ref> Naveen Patnaik promised and asked them to find out land details for establishing it in Kalahandi. People of Kalahandi sent the land details through district of Collector of Kalahandi in July 2008. However, without studying it,{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} Odisha's Chief Minister unilaterally announced to establish proposed Central University of Odisha in Koraput,<ref>The Statesman, Bhubaneswar Edition, 11 August 2008</ref> though it was expected to come up in Bhawanipatna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/286925/2-yrs-on-Central-Varsity-of-Orissa-still-neglected.html |title=The Pioneer |publisher=Pioneer |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2013-05-22}}</ref> Again a team from Kalahandi visited Chief minister immediately after the announcement and Chief minister of Odisha promised visiting delegation of Kalahandi to establish a Government Engineering and Agriculture Colleges in Bhawanipatna.<ref>The Telegraph (Kolkata), 29 December 2008</ref> People of Kalahandi though welcome establishment of such the colleges, Kalahandi Sikhya Vikas Parisad and Central University Kriya Committee said it's not a replacement for the Central University<ref>The New Indian Express, Bhubaneswar Edition, 28 December 2008</ref> as estimated cost for the proposed Central University is {{INRConvert|8|b}} with an area of {{convert|500|acre|km2}} of land, whereas both Engineering and Agriculture Colleges are estimated to be 100 million as per Government announcement so far. Subsequently, on 26 Dec 2008 leading academician from abroad demanded to convert Government Autonomous College Bhawanipatna to a university in the line of university tag given to Ravenshaw College, UCE Burla and Khallikote College.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NROs demand more Unitary varsity|url=https://kalahandia.blogspot.com/2008/12/nros-demand-more-unitary-varsity.html|date=2008-12-26|website=Kalahandia|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> Coincidentally next day on 27 Dec 2008 Odisha chief minister officially announced an Engineering College and an Agriculture College at Bhawanipatna keeping his earlier promise.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Double bonaza for Kalahandi|url=https://kalahandia.blogspot.com/2008/12/double-bonaza-for-kalahandi.html|last=Tathya.in 27 Dec 2008|first=Tathya.in 27 Dec 2008|date=2008-12-28|website=Kalahandia|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> However, the demand to cnovert Government Autonomous College Bhawanipatna to a university was further taken by students, Kalahandi Sikhya Vikas Parisad, academicians, and local leaders for over a decade.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Students seek varsity tag for Bhawanipatna college|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Students-seek-varsity-tag-for-Bhawanipatna-college/articleshow/51989928.cms|website=The Times of India|date=26 April 2016 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> Finally, Odisha Government announced to convert Government Autonomous College Bhawanipatna to a university in Feb 2019, just before the assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CM announces B'patna College as university|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/cm-announces-b---patna-college-as-university.html|date=17 February 2019|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> Few NRI also had demanded to either establish a Central Agriculture University<ref>{{Cite web|title=Copy of Letter|url=https://kalahandia.blogspot.com/2011/08/letter-to-rahul-gandhi-sepoy-has-job-to.html|last=Letter to Rahul Gandhi|first=Letter to Rahul Gandhi|date=10 August 2011 }}</ref> or a state agriculture university in Kalahandi because of its agriculture potential and central location in the KBK region, subsequently then Union minister of Agriculture asked Odisha Govt. to study this referring to letter by Kalahandi MP<ref>{{Cite news|title=Times of India Nov 5, 2013|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/25233888.cms|last=Times of India 5 Nov 2013|first=Times of India 5 Nov 2013|website = [[The Times of India]]|date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> and before election of 2014 Odisha Govt. had included in its manifesto to establish second Agriculture University in an area under KBK districts.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Economic Times, Aug 2014|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/odisha-to-get-its-second-agriculture-university/articleshow/40315997.cms?from=mdr|last=Economic Times, Aug 2014|first=Economic Times, Aug 2014| newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref> Although academicians,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha.plus 2019|url=https://www.odisha.plus/2019/09/odisha-needs-a-central-agriculture-university-by-dr-digambara-patra/|last=Odisha.plus 2019|first=Odisha.plus 2019|date=30 September 2019}}</ref> Kalahandi Sikhya Vikas Parishad<ref name=":1" /> and people have been demanding to establish Agriculture University in Bhawanipatna, no progress has been made yet.

====Struggle for railway lines and rail factory====
[[File:Bhawanipatna Railway.png|thumb|Bhawanipatna Railway station]]
Kalahandi and Nuapada districts have a higher number of migrant workers than other states. Agriculture alone is not enough for employment generation for this region and needs industrial development. Since 2008, non-resident Indian of Kalahandi origin have initiated and appealed to establish a railway factory in the backward KBK region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NROs urge Rahul Gandhi not to play politics with KBK|url=http://kalahandia.blogspot.com/2008/05/nros-urge-rahul-gandhi-not-to-play.html|date=2008-05-06|website=Kalahandia|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> In the 2010-11 budget Indian railway has proposed a Wagon factory to be established in Bhubaneswar or Kalahandi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/rites-sail-to-sign-pact-on-wagon-manufacturing-unit/681125/ |title=RITES, SAIL to sign pact on wagon manufacturing unit |work=The Financial Express|date=15 September 2010 |access-date=2013-05-22}}</ref> But Odisha Government proposed to establish such Wagon factory in Ganjam district, which was highly criticized by intellectuals, non-resident Indians, local people and politicians. Protest continued in Kalahandi region by local leaders, people and NRI for two years. Due to public pressure in the 2013-2014 railway budget announcement was made for setting up a Wagon Periodical Overhauling Workshop in Kalahandi, and again this was shifted to Vishakapatnam (Vadlapudi) because of technical reason.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Delhi|first=Business Standard India, 22 March 2016|date=2016-03-22|title=Clarification regarding shifting of Wagon POH workshop from Kalahandi, Odisha to Vishakapatnam (Vadlapudi), Andhra Pradesh.|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/clarification-regarding-shifting-of-wagon-poh-workshop-from-kalahandi-odisha-to-116032201372_1.html|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wagon POH Workshop relocated to Vishakapatnam after feasibility study: Railways – RailNews Media India Ltd|url=http://www.railnews.in/wagon-poh-workshop-relocated-to-vishakapatnam-after-feasibility-study-railways/|work=Indian Railway|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> Moreover, in the 2017-18 union budget, an Electric Loco Periodical Overhauling Workshop was announced to be set up in Kalahandi with an investment of Rs 186 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2 new Railways industrial projects to come up in Odisha – RailNews Media India Ltd|url=http://www.railnews.in/2-new-railways-industrial-projects-to-come-up-in-odisha/|work=Indian Railway|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> Not much progress has been made since then.

[[Lanjigarh–Junagarh section]] under [[East Coast Railway Zone]] was completed in March 2014, which was sanctioned when local MP [[Bhakta Charan Das]] was minister of state for railway in 1990–91. The surveyed railway line, Kantabanji (Balangir) -Jeypore (Koraput) via Nuapada, Kalahandi and Nabarangpur districts, needs approval, funding and immediate implementation.<ref name=":0" /> Similarly Junagarh Road-Nabarangpur rail line project is pending for 8 years to get budgetary approval despite appeal from locals and academicians.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Speed up Junagarh Rd-N'rangpur rly line works'|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/---speed-up-junagarh-rd-n-rangpur-rly-line-works-.html|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> NRI of Odisha origin initiated demanding to survey for Raipur-Rajim-Gariabandh-Debhog-Dharamagrh-Junagarh since 2008,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tathya.in July 8, 2008|url=https://kalahandia.blogspot.com/2008/07/online-move-for-rail-network.html|last=Tathya.in|first=Rail connectivity in KBK|date=8 July 2008}}</ref> Lanjigarh road-Phulbani-Angul (Talcher) since 2009<ref>{{Cite web|title=Merinews Feb 1, 2009|date=February 2009|url=http://railways-forgets.blogspot.com/2009/02/orissas-kbk-forgotten-by-all.html}}</ref> and Bhawanipatna-Kesinga since 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Pioneer, Bhubaneswar Edition, Nov 24, 2011|url=https://kalahandia.blogspot.com/2011/11/nros-fight-for-railway-connectivity-to.html|last=The Pioneer 24 Nov 2011|first=Tathya.in 13 Nov 2011|date=24 November 2011}}</ref> and survey by Indian railway was approved for Talcher-Phulbani-Lanjigarh in 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Railway Budget 2010-11|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2010-11.pdf}}</ref> Raipur- Rajim-Gariabandh-Debhog-Dharamagrh-Junagarh in 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Railway Budget 2012-2013|url=https://smedia2.intoday.in/indiatoday/images/railway-budget.pdf|last=Govt of India|first=Rai budget}}</ref> Bhawanipatna-Kesinga in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|title=East Coast Railway India|url=https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1502255679750-ECo%20Rail%20Map%2017%20SBP%20Div.pdf}}</ref> for but not much progress has been made for these projects.

== Present Development ==
Kalahandi has also been noted for pioneering initiatives in technological skilling and rural innovation. Under the Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY), Member of Parliament [[Sujeet Kumar (politician)|Sujeet Kumar]] facilitated the establishment of India’s first Centres of Excellence for Drone Technology (CoEs) in two government schools in the villages of Sagada and Bhatangpadar. These centres aim to equip tribal youth, particularly young women, with training in drone operation and related technologies, fostering technical empowerment and contributing to the emergence of a new cohort of “drone didis.” <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sanjana |date=2025-02-10 |title=India’s First Drone Centres of Excellence Launched in Odisha {{!}} AIM |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/indias-first-drone-centres-of-excellence-launched-in-odisha/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-10 |title=Startup establishes 2 drone training centres of excellence in Kalahandi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/startup-establishes-2-drone-training-centres-of-excellence-in-kalahandi/articleshow/118122480.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-11 |title=India’s first 2 drone Centres of Excellence come up in Kalahandi |url=https://www.dinalipi.com/indias-first-2-drone-centres-of-excellence-come-up-in-kalahandi/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Dinalipi News {{!}} Latest Odisha News, Breaking News Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Ghumar Waterfall, Kalahandi.jpg|thumb|Ghumar Waterfall, Kalahandi]]
Kalahandi lies between 19.3 N and 21.5 N latitudes and 82.20 E and 83.47 E longitudes<ref>''Orissa District Gazetteers'', Kalahandi, 2</ref> in southwestern [[Odisha]], bordered to the north by the [[Balangir district]] and [[Nuapada district]], to the south by the [[Nabarangpur district]], [[Koraput district]] and [[Rayagada district]], and to the east by the [[Rayagada district]], [[Kandhamal district]] and [[Boudh district]]. It has an area of 8,364.89 square kilometres and ranks 7th in terms of area among the 30 districts of Odisha. The district headquarters is at [[Bhawanipatna]] which stands almost in the central location of the district. [[Bhawanipatna]] and [[Dharamgarh]] are two sub-divisions of Kalahandi. [[Junagarh, Kalahandi|Junagarh]], [[Jaipatna]], [[Kesinga]], [[Lanjigarh]] and [[Mukhiguda]] are other major towns in Kalahandi. ''Tel'' is the main river of Kalahandi. Other notably rivers are ''Indravati'', ''Udanti'', ''Hati'', ''Utei'', ''Sagada'', ''Rahul'', ''Nagabali'', ''Mudra'', etc. The topography of Kalahandi consists of plain land, hills & mountains. Kalahandi is surrounded by hills. Its border with Nabarangpur, Koraput, Rayagada and Kandhamal districts are hilly and mountainous. The district is primarily agricultural, with over one third of the district area covered with dense jungle forest. Industry is very limited, but [[bauxite]] and [[graphite]] deposits can be commercially exploited.

== Administrative Setup ==
Kalahandi has been divided into two sub-divisions namely Bhawanipatna subdivision and Dharamgarh subdivision and 13 blocks.
* Blocks under Bhawanipatna subdivision are: Bhawanipatna, Kesinga, Lanjigarh, Narla, Karlamunda, M. Rampur, and T. Rampur.
* Blocks under Dharamgarh Sub-Division are: Dharamgarh, Junagarh, Koksara, Jaipatna, Kalampur, and Golamunda.

== Economy ==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Kalahandi one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 19 districts in [[Odisha]] currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date= 5 April 2012}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
[[File:Kalahandi Cows.jpg|thumb|Kalahandi Cows]]
Kalahandi is largely an agriculture-based economy. During the Bengal famine Kalahandi alone had sent 100,000 tons of rice. During the 1930s princely state of Kalahandi had proposed to build upper Indravati project but subsequent merger of princely state with India delayed the project. It was approved in 1978 and is yet to be fully completed. In the meantime drought occurred in the 1960s and lately in the 1980s. In the 1980s Kalahandi become infamous for drought, [[child selling]], malnutrition and starvation death and social worker referred it as 'Kalahandi Syndrome'.<ref name="mindfully.org"/> Though KBK<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kbk.nic.in/ |title=Special Area Development Project For K.B.K Districts of Odisha |publisher=Kbk.nic.in |access-date=2013-05-22}}</ref> project was announced in the 1990s by central Government specially for undivided Kalahandi, Balangir and Koraput districts primarily keeping poverty, backwardness and starvation death in mind, undivided Kalahandi district continued to remain politically ignored.
Kalahandi is an example of disparity/contrasts that exist in many parts of the developing/underdeveloped world. On the one side, this district is famous for famine and starvation deaths: this is the same district that is rich with agriculture. Dharamgarh sub-division was historical known for rice production in [[Odisha]]. Since the 2000s the Indravati Water Project, second biggest in the state has changed the landscape of southern Kalahandi, leading to two crops in a year. Because of this, blocks like Kalampur, Jaipatna, Dharamgarh, Jungarh, Bhawanipatna etc. are witnessing rapid agricultural growth. This has boasted the highest number of rice mills in Kalahandi among districts in Odisha. The number of rice mills in the district was around 150 in the year 2004–05. More than 70% have been built in the five years after commissioning of the Indravati project.

===Forest resources===
Forest based products like Mahua, Kendu leaf, wood, timber and bamboos contribute local economy largely. Kalahandi supplied substantial raw materials to paper mills in neighbouring [[Rayagada]] and [[Jeypore]].

===Gem stone===
Kalahandi was famous for gemstone (Karonda Mandal) in ancient times. Its rich gemstone deposit included cat's eye, sapphire, ruby, garnet, crystal, topaz, moonstone, diamond, tourmaline, acquamarine, beryle, alexandrite, etc. The distribution and occurrence of precious and semi-precious gemstones and other commercial commodities of the region have found place in the accounts of Panini (5th century BC), Kautilya (3rd century BC), Ptolemy (2nd century AD), Wuang Chuang (7th century AD) and Travenier (19th century AD). Until recently, Kalahandi, along with Balangir, supplied gem stones for handicraft work that can be found in Delhi Haat. Jiligndara, near [[Junagarh, Kalahandi|Junagarh]] of Kalahandi, has one of the largest ruby deposits of Asia as per Geological Survey of India.<ref name=":2">P.Mohanty, B.Mishra, Environment and stone age culture of Kalahandi, Orissa in Peoples and Environment in India, edited by K.K.Mishra, M.L.K.Murty, p.42</ref>

===Industry===
Vedanta Alumina Limited (VAL),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vedantaaluminium.com/ |title=Vedanta Aluminium, Odisha, India, Smelter, Captive Power Plant (CPP), Mining, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Kalahandi, Niyamgiri, Jharsuguda, Aluminium Company |publisher=Vedantaaluminium.com |date=2012-07-15 |access-date=2013-05-22 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530114807/http://www.vedantaaluminium.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a subsidiary of Sterlite Industries, a major aluminium processor has made major investments by establishing a 1 MTPA Alumina Refinery and 75 MW Captive Power Plant at Lanjigarh. Though this project has received criticism from environmentalists, especially from tribals of Niyamgiri; supporters of VAL claims it has brought significant changes in Socio-Economic scenario of Lanjigarh and Kalahandi. The Union Environment Ministry in August 2010, rejected earlier clearances granted to a joint venture led by the Vedanta Group company Sterlite Industries for mining bauxite from Niyamgiri hills<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/avatar-tribe-defeats-vedanta-80879-2010-08-24 |title='Avatar' tribe defeats Vedanta : North, News |work=India Today |date=2010-08-25 |access-date=2013-05-22}}</ref> making the company to depend on bauxite from outside [[Odisha]]. The company's proposal for Expansion of the Refinery to 6 MTPA, which would have made it one of the largest refinery in the world, was halted by India's environment ministry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Government-halts-construction-work-at-Vedanta-refinery/Article1-615989.aspx |title=Government halts construction work at Vedanta refinery |work=Hindustan Times |date=2010-10-21 |access-date=2013-05-22 |archive-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206230453/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Government-halts-construction-work-at-Vedanta-refinery/Article1-615989.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
=== Air ===
[[File:Utkela Airstrip, Kalahandi.jpg|thumb|Utkela Airstrip, Kalahandi]]
[[Utkela Airport]] (VEUK) is present near the city ({{Convert|22|km||abbr=on|disp=comma}}) which is scheduled to be operational with daily flights to state capital [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Raipur]] in the coming month of September by private air service provider [[Air Odisha]] under [[UDAN]] scheme by Ministry of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/43-airports-to-get-flights-under-regional-air-connectivity-scheme-minister/article9607388.ece |title=Regional connectivity gets wings; five airlines get to fly 128 routes|date=30 March 2017 }}</ref> Another one, Lanjigarh Airstrip (FR44733)({{Convert|58|km||abbr=on|disp=comma}}) is private airstrip conducting VIP and chartered planes. Swami Vivekananda Airport at Raipur, Chhattisgarh is {{Convert|262|km||abbr=on}} away. Biju Patnaik International Airport in the state capital, Bhubaneswar is 427 km away by road and 631 km by rail.

===Rail===
{{main|Bhawanipatna railway station}}

[[File:Bhawanipatna Railway.png|thumb|Bhawanipatna Railway Station]]
Bhawanipatna railway station was inaugurated on 12 August 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article587845.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815234931/http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article587845.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 August 2012 |title=Bhawanipatna railway station opens |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=2013-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=709&id=0,4,268 |title=East Coast Railway |publisher=Eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in |date=2012-08-12 |access-date=2013-05-22}}</ref> It is situated on Lanjigarh-Junagarh rail line. Currently there are 3 trains (1 express and 2 passengers) running from Bhawanipatna to Bhubaneswar, Raipur and Sambalpur.

=== Road ===
[[File:Old Bus Stand, Bhawanipatna.jpg|thumb|Old Bus Stand, Bhawanipatna]]
Highways connecting Bhawanipatna to various cities:
*NH-26 - [[Bargarh]] - [[Bolangir]] - Bhawanipatna - [[Nabarangpur]] - [[Koraput]] - [[Vizianagram]] - [[Natavalsa]]
*SH-16 - Bhawanipatna - [[Khariar]] - Raipur
*SH-6 - Bhawanipatna - [[Chatiguda|Chhatiguda]] - [[Ambodala]] - [[Muniguda]]
*SH-6A - M.Rampur - [[Chatiguda|Narla]] - Chhatiguda
*SH-44 - Bhawanipatna - [[Gunupur]] - [[Thuamul Rampur]] - [[Kashipur, Odisha|Kashipur]] - [[Tikri, Odisha|Tikri]]

Bhawanipatna Bus Stand is one of the biggest bus stand in Odisha present on NH-26. Both Private and Govt. buses are available from here. Bhawanipatna is one of the division of Odisha State Road Transport Corporation (O.S.R.T.C.) that runs Govt. Buses from Bhawanipatna to [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Vishakhapatnam]], [[Sambalpur]], [[Berhampur]], [[Cuttack]], [[Jeypore]]. Private Buses (A/C Sleeper Coaches) provide transportation facility to different cities in [[Odisha]] and [[Raipur]], [[Durg]] etc. in Chhattisgarh. Newly added taxi facility and auto facility including Biju Gaon Gadi throughout Bhawanipatna and villages nearer to it, is adding an advantage to the transport facility.
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Bhawanipatna
|North = [[Kesinga]], [[Sambalpur]]
|Northeast = [[Madanpur Rampur]], [[Phulbani]]
|East = [[Narla]]
|Southeast = [[Rayagada]]
|South = [[Thuamul Rampur]], [[Koraput]]
|Southwest = [[Nabarangpur]], [[Jeypore]]
|West = [[Junagarh, Kalahandi|Junagarh]], [[Dharamgarh]]
|Northwest = [[Khariar]], [[Raipur]]
}}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,26,578|13=1911|14=3,93,006|15=1921|16=4,00,178|17=1931|18=4,76,407|19=1941|20=5,41,934|21=1951|22=5,85,825|23=1961|24=6,79,602|25=1971|26=8,24,975|27=1981|28=9,46,509|29=1991|30=11,30,903|31=2001|32=13,35,494|33=2011|34=15,76,869|source=Census of India<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Kalahandi district (2011)<ref name="census2011-religion">{{cite web|title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Per cent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Odisha|Hinduism]]|darkorange|98.64}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Odisha|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.71}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.65}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Kalahandi district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,576,869,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Kalahandi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/942/download/36636/DH_2011_2126_PART_A_DCHB_KALAHANDI.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Gabon]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Gabon 1,576,665
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Idaho]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Idaho 1,567,582
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809223036/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=9 August 2011
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 317th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|199|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 17.79%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Kalahandi has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 1003 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 59.22%. 7.74% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 18.17% and 28.50% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

=== Language ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Kalahandi district (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/>
|label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value1 = 95.22 |color1 = saddlebrown
|label2 = [[Kui language (India)|Kui]] |value2 = 3.40 |color2 = indigo
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.38 |color3 = Grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 95.22% of the population in the district spoke [[Odia language|Odia]], 3.40% [[Kui language (India)|Kui]] and 0.85% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10217/download/13329/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX|website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The language spoken by the people of Kalahandi is [[Kalahandia Odia|Kalahandia]], a dialect of [[Odia language|Odia]]. Minor languages of the district after [[Odia language|Odia]] are Hindi and Kui.

==Culture==
[[File:Sidhhi Shreekhyetra, Tumura, Golamunda, Kalahandi.jpg|thumb|Sidhhi Shreekhyetra, Tumura, Golamunda, Kalahandi]]
[[File:Kanak durga.jpg|thumb|Dadhibamana Temple, Brahmanpada, Junagarh, Kalahandi, Odisha]]
Kalahandi is a rich land in culture and festivals.<ref>Kalahandi: Loka Anusthan, edited by Jayanta Kumar Behera, Dr Dolagobinda Bisi, Parameswar Mund, Mahabir Sanskrutika Anusthan, 1998</ref> Since it is a melting point of southern [[Odisha]] and [[Western Odisha]] with a substantial tribal population, those living in hills as well as plain land, their culture, tradition, languages and belief along with mainstream Hindu culture have made Kalahandi region rich with culture and festivals. The mixture of Aryan and tribal culture makes Kalahandi region rich in its culture and festivals. In pre-independence period Kalahandi was largely inspired to Saivaism, Vaishanivism and Shakti puja. Shakti Puja is largely accepted among tribal, perhaps due to which Kalahandi was well known for celebrating Shati Puja. However, affect induction of Kalahandi as part of Odisha state, dominance of coastal Oriya culture in the state is increasingly influencing the local culture. Celebration of Rathajatra and construction of Jaggannath temple in Kalahandi has been increasingly realised unlike in old days of Radha Krishna temple.

===Local custom===
The majority of the population are [[Hindu]], a small minority being Christian, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist and Jain. 28% of the population are tribal people which has the majority of the impact on the local customaries and influenced the dialect.

=== Art & craft ===
[[File:Jagannath temple, kesinga.jpg|thumb|''Jagannath temple, Kesinga, Kalahandi'']]
Literally 'Kalahandi' means 'pot of arts'. This name has been possibly derived from "Gudahandi Caves" containing pre-historic paintings in red and black colours. Kalahandi is a rich land in terms of art and craft. Stone from Kalahandi is well known to make jewellery. Habasipuri pattern is well established in handloom Saree. Wood craft from Khaipadar is famous for export and domestic market.

=== Dance & music ===
[[File:Ghumura Dance.jpg|thumb|Ghumura Dance during Odisha Tribal sports meet.]]
[[File:HABASPURI Kalahandi Sari.jpg|thumb|Habaspuri a traditional handloom from Kalahandi.]]
Kalahandi has the wide varieties of dance forms comprising tribal and non-tribal dance. Among the districts level in [[Odisha]], it has the maximum dance form. Overall Kalahandi life is associated with music and dance. Some of the dance found in Kalahandi such as Dalkhai, Jaiphula, Rasarkeli, Sajani etc. have similarities with the dance form in Balangir, Sambalpur, etc. regions<ref>C. Pasayat, (Ed.) (2008), Paschima Odisara Lokageeta (in Oriya), Bhubaneswar: Folklore Foundation</ref> whereas Sari song, Pholia song, song related to nature etc. has similarities with Koraput region. However, Boria song, Nialimali, Kalakolik etc. mostly found in Kalahandi. On the other hand, Ghumura, Madali, Dandari, Dhab, Bajasalia etc. folk form found in Kalahandi can be composed songs.
{{Main|Ghumura Dance}}

[[Ghumura dance]] is the most sought folk dance in Kalahandi. It is classified as folk dance as the dress code of Ghumura resembles more like a tribal dance, but recent researchers argue<ref>Loka Nutrya Ghumura, edited by Parameswar Mund, Mahabir Sanskrutika Anusthan, June 2002</ref> different mudra and dance form present in Ghumura bear more resemblance with other classical dance form of India. The timeline of Ghumura dance is not clear. Many researchers claim<ref>The Heroic Dance Ghumura, Edited by Sanjay Kumar, Mahabir Sanskrutika, 2002</ref> it was a war dance in ancient India and used by Ravana in Ramayana. Ghumura dance is depicted in Sun Temple of Konark confirming this dance form is since the medieval period. Ghumura dance has evolved from a war dance to a dance form for cultural and social activities. The dance is associated with social entertainment, relaxation, love, devotion and friendly brotherhood among all class, creed and religion in the present days. Traditionally this dance is also associated with Nuakhai and Dasahara celebration in Kalahandi and large parts of south western [[Odisha]]. Ghumura dance is still hidden in the village level in south western Odisha and some parts of bordering Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Kalahandi region has taken a leading rule in popularising and retaining its unique identity of Ghumura dance. Ghumura dance has got the opportunity to represent the nation in international events Delhi, Moscow, and other places.

{{panorama|image=File:Hello Point Valley View.jpg|height=320|caption=Panoramic View of Hello Point "Valley View"|alt=caption=Panoramic View of Hello Point "Valley View"}}

==Education==
[[File:Government College of Engineering, Bhawanipatna.jpg|thumb|Government College of Engineering, Bhawanipatna]]
[[File:College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna (OUAT).jpg|thumb|College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna (OUAT)]]

Bhawanipatna is home to several institutions of higher education. The [[Western Odisha Development Council]] facilitated the establishment of a private medical college in the Junagarh block of Kalahandi in collaboration with a South India-based organisation. Although admissions began in September 2013, the institution was shut down in 2015 due to poor management.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

===Technical Colleges===


* [[College of Agriculture, Bhawanipatna]]
* [[Government College of Engineering, Kalahandi]]

===University===


* [[Maa Manikeshwari University]]

==Infrastructure==
===Hospitals===
[[File:District Headquarters Hospital, Bhawanipatna.jpg|thumb|District Headquarters Hospital, Bhawanipatna]]
* District Headquarters Hospital, Bhawanipatna
* Maa Manikeswari Multi-speciality Hospital, Bhawanipatna
* [[Kesinga]] Hospital
* Sub-Divisional Hospital, Dharamgarh

===Establishment===
* Upper Indravati Hydro-electricity Project, Mukhiguda
* Vedanta Alumina Refinery, Lanjigarh (private)
* Ret Irrigation Project, Dhusguda Near Chhatikuda

==Politics==

===Vidhan sabha constituencies===
{{main|List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha}}

The following is a list of the 5 [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan sabha]] constituencies<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref> of Kalahandi district and the elected members<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502003512/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=List of Member in Fifteenth Assembly |work=ws.ori.nic.in |quote=MEMBER NAME |access-date=19 February 2013 }}</ref> of that area
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Constituency
!Reservation
!Extent of the Assembly Constituency (Blocks)
!Member of 15th Assembly
!Party
|-
!77
|[[Lanjigarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lanjigarh]]
|ST
|Lanjigarh, Thuamul Rampur, Jaipatana (part), , Bhawanipatna (part)
| [[Balabhadra Majhi]]
| bgcolor="#006400" | [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!78
|[[Junagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Junagarh]]
|None
|Junagarh (NAC), Junagarh, Golamunda
|Dibyashankar Mishra
| bgcolor="#006400" | [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!79
|[[Dharmagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dharmagarh]]
|None
|Dharmagarh, Koksara, Kalampur, Jaipatana (part)
| [[Mousadhi Bag]]
| bgcolor="#006400" | [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!80
|[[Bhawanipatna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhawanipatna]]
|SC
|Bhawanipatna (M), Kesinga (NAC), Bhawanipatna (PART), Kesinga (part)
|[[Pradipta Kumar Naik]]
| bgcolor="#FF9933" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
!81
|[[Narla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narla]]
|None
|Madanpur-Rampur, Narla, Karlamunda, Kesinga (part)
| [[Dhaneswar Majhi]]
| bgcolor="#006400" | [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|}

== Notable people ==


* [[Bhubaneswar Behera]]: Engineer, academic, administrator and author.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Sambit |author-last1=Misra |url=http://www.odiya.org/personality/perslink/bbehera.html |title=Professor Bhubaneswar Behera |publisher=Odiya.org |date=2001-04-25 |access-date=2013-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054808/http://www.odiya.org/personality/perslink/bbehera.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Pratap Keshari Deo]]: Ruler, politician, social worker, archeologist and first visualized and took the initiative in the [[Indravati]] project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1156.htm|website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>
* [[Ram Chandra Patra]], IAS (retd.): (1919-2013) Bureaucrat, social worker and administrator who took the initiative in the [[Indravati]] project.<ref>Samabad, 2000</ref><ref>Keun Mahatabanak Pain, Gana nath Das, The Prajatantra, 2 January 1988</ref>
* [[Kishen Pattnaik]]: Socialist leader.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2004/November/obituary.htm |title=Obituary |publisher=Cpiml.org |date=2004-10-08 |access-date=2013-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525002428/http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2004/November/obituary.htm |archive-date=25 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep272004/update2.asp |title=Socialist leader Kishan Patnaik dead |work=Deccan Herald |date=2004-09-27 |access-date=2013-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925050906/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep272004/update2.asp |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> born 1930 in Kalahandi. Became National president of Samajwadi Yuvjan Sabha and was elected to Lok Sabha from Sambalpur aged 32

== See also ==
* [[History of Kalahandi]]
* [[Kalahandi (poem)]]
* [[Ghumura Dance]]
* [[Kalahandia Oriya]]

==References==
{{ibid|date=July 2020}}

===Sources===
{{reflist}}

===Gazetters===
*{{Cite book| title=Odisha District Gazetteers (Kalahandi)
|url=https://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Kalahandi_Gazetteer.pdf |year= |publisher=Gopabandhu Academy of Administration [Gazetteers Unit], General Administration Department, Government of Odisha}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Senapati |first1=Nilamani |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08551 |title=Orissa district gazetteers : Kalahandi |last2=Kuanr |first2=Durge Charan |publisher=Gazetters Unit, Orissa |year=1980}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://kalahandi.nic.in/}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kalahandi district
|North = [[Balangir district]]
|Northeast = [[Kandhamal district]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Rayagada district]]
|South = [[Koraput district]]
|Southwest = [[Nabarangapur district]]
|West = [[Raipur district]]
|Northwest = [[Nuapada district]]
}}
{{Kalahandi district}}
{{Western Odisha}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Godavari basin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kalahandi district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Odisha]]

Frances Thesiger, Viscountess Chelmsford

2026-01-21T20:50:49Z

Subhah Shirin: new stub

{{Short description|British aristocrat and Vicereine of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}{{Use British English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = The Viscountess Chelmsford
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| image = File:Frances-Charlotte-ne-Guest-Viscountess-Chelmsford.jpg
| caption = Portrait of the Lady Chelmsford, c. 1910
| relations = ''Guest family'' [[Lord Randolph Churchill]] (uncle) [[Winston Churchill]] (cousin)
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=|CI|GBE}}
| birth_place = [[Mayfair]], London, England
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1869|03|22}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1957|09|24|1869|03|22}}
| death_place = [[Westminster]], London, England
| spouse = {{marriage|Hon. [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Frederic Thesiger]] |1894}}
| parents = [[Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne]] [[Cornelia Guest, Baroness Wimborne|Lady Cornelia Spencer-Churchill]]
| office = [[Viceroy of India|Viceregal-Consort of India]]
| term_start = 14 April 1916
| term_end = 2 April 1921
| monarch = [[George V]]
| governor-general = [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|The Lord Chelmsford]]
| successor = [[Alice Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading|The Countess of Reading]]
| predecessor = [[Winifred Hardinge, Baroness Hardinge of Penshurst|The Lady Hardinge of Penshurst]]
}}
'''Frances Charlotte Thesiger, Viscountess Chelmsford''', {{Postnom|country=UK|CI|GBE|sep=,|size=100%}} (''née'' '''Guest'''; 22 March 1869 – 24 September 1957), styled as the '''Lady Chelmsford''' until 1921,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thesiger, Frances Charlotte (Lady Chelsmford) {{!}} The Dictionary of Sydney |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/thesiger_frances_charlotte_lady_chelsmford |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=dictionaryofsydney.org}}</ref> was a British [[aristocrat]] and [[Vicereine of India]].

Born in [[Mayfair, London]], she was the eldest daughter of wealthy industrialist [[Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne]] and [[Cornelia Guest, Baroness Wimborne|Lady Cornelia Spencer-Churchill]], the daughter of the [[7th Duke of Marlborough]]. Through her mother she was a first cousin of Prime Minister Sir [[Winston Churchill]]. She was made a [[Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] in 1917 and was also invested with the [[Order of the Crown of India|Imperial Order of the Crown of India]].

== Early life ==
{{See also|Guest family}}
She was born at 12 [[Brook Street, London|Upper Brook Street, London]], the eldest daughter of nine children born to [[Cornelia Guest, Baroness Wimborne|Lady Cornelia Henrietta]] (''née'' Spencer-Churchill; 1847–1927) and [[Ivor Bertie Guest]], a wealthy industrialist created the first [[Baron Wimborne]] in 1880.<ref name=":0">Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood'' (107 ed.). Burke’s Peerage & Gentry. p. 760. {{ISBN|0-9711966-2-1}}.</ref> On her mother's side she was a scion of the [[Dukes of Marlborough]]; [[Lord Randolph Churchill]], father of [[Winston Churchill]], was her maternal uncle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soames |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMP93v2i7qQC&pg=PA675 |title=Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-618-08251-3 |pages=154–157 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Howell G. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYZNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA419 |title=Porcelain Analysis and Its Role in the Forensic Attribution of Ceramic Specimens |date=2021-11-09 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-80952-2 |pages=419 |language=en}}</ref> On her father's side she descended from the industrialist Guest family, whose fortune derived from the [[Dowlais Ironworks]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Owen, J. A. |title=The History of the Dowlais Iron Works 1759-1970 |publisher=Starling Press |year=1977 |isbn=0-903434-27-X |location=Newport}}</ref><ref>{{ cite DWB| last=Price |first=W. W. |author-link=Watkin William Price | title=GUEST family, iron-masters, coal owners, etc. | id=s-GUES-DOW-1722 | access-date=2021-10-31 | year=1959 }}</ref> The union of her parents was not considered a good one for her mother, Lady Cornelia; the Guests were seen as [[Parvenu|parvenus]] by some members of the more-established gentry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pritchard |first=Rachel |date=2013-09-11 |title=The Life of Frances Guest, Lady Chelmsford |url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/women/the-life-of-frances-guest-lady-chelmsford/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Edwardian Promenade |language=en-US}}</ref> Her family were nonetheless prominent in the exclusive London society; they owned London property in [[Mayfair]] and [[St James's]], as well as estates in [[Dorset]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mair |first=Robert Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjsrAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA102 |title=Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench |date=1882 |publisher=Dean and Son |pages=101–102 |language=en}}</ref> She had nine siblings, including politicians [[Henry Guest]] and [[Oscar Guest]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1997-05-22 |title=John Guest, 84, Investment Banker |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/22/nyregion/john-guest-84-investment-banker.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Her beauty, charm, and good-heritage attracted many suitors for her [[Debutante|debut]] in 1887. However, her younger sister had married before her, leading to speculation that Frances was choosy with suitors, wishing instead for a genuine love-match. On 29 January 1894, it was announced that Frances was engaged to Sir Egbert Sebright. However, several weeks later the engagement dissolved.<ref name=":1" />

On 28 July 1894 at [[St George's, Hanover Square]], she married the Hon. [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Frederic John Napier Thesiger]], heir to the [[Baron Chelmsford|barony of Chelmsford]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDIZAQAAIAAJ |title=Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage 2008 |date=2007 |publisher=Debrett's |isbn=978-1-870520-80-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== In Australia ==
[[File:StateLibQld 2 85148 Lord and Lady Chelmsford at Government House, Brisbane, 1905.jpg|thumb|The Chelmsfords in Brisbane, 1905]]
In April 1905, Thesiger succeeded his father as the third [[Baron Chelmsford]], and in July was appointed [[Governor of Queensland]], Australia. Lord and Lady Chelmsford arrived in [[Brisbane]] in November, with Chelmsford being sworn in. His term was to be dominated by conflict between the [[Queensland Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] and the [[Legislative Assembly of Queensland|Legislative Assembly]] and the emergence of three evenly divided parties in the lower house. Lord Chelmsford was appointed [[Governor of New South Wales]] in 1909, being based in [[Sydney]], a position he retained until 1913.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=third Baron Chelmsford (1868–1933) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/chelmsford-third-baron-5573 |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |access-date=2024-01-03 |place=Canberra |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |language=en}}</ref>

In Australia, Lady Chelmsford involved herself in charitable works, being particularly concerned with hospitals, educating women, and improving the welfare of women and children generally.<ref name=":1" /> Both her and her husband were also interested in playing music, specifically the [[C. Bechstein|Bechstein]]. Lady Chelmsford was responsible for importing 500 [[Rose tree|rose trees]] from France to be installed at [[Government House, Sydney|Government House]]. The Chelmsford left Australia in March 1913, returning to England.<ref name=":2" />

== In India ==
Upon the outbreak of war in 1914, Lord Chelmsford joined [[Dorset Regiment|his regiment]] as a Captain and was posted to India, with Lady Chelmsford accompanying him. In March 1916, he was appointed to the esteemed position of [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]. The pair were very pleased with the appointment, especially upon discovering that the income and allowances of the Viceroy was £60,000 per year<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun 6 February 1916 - The Henson Journals |url=https://henson.durham.ac.uk/journals/16-02-06 |website=henson.durham.ac.uk |pages=637–639}}</ref> (equivalent to £6 million present-day).<ref>{{Cite web |title=£60,000 in 1916 → 2023 {{!}} UK Inflation Calculator |url=https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1916 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.in2013dollars.com |language=en}}</ref>

In India she again involved herself in charitable causes, this time funding the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] and supporting soldiers welfare in India.<ref name=":1" />

On 15 June 1921, her husband was elevated as Viscount Chelmsford, and she was then-on thus styled as the Viscountess Chelmsford.

== Family ==
Lord and Lady Chelmsford had six children:<ref name=":0" />

* Hon. Joan Frances Vere Thesiger (1 August 1895 – 15 May 1971)<ref name=":0" />
* Lt. Hon. Frederic Ivor Thesiger (17 October 1896 – 1 May 1917)<ref name=":0" />
* Hon. Anne Molyneux Thesiger (17 December 1898 – 10 August 1973)<ref name=":0" />
* Hon. Bridget Mary Thesiger (7 August 1900 – 18 June 1983)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Viscount Chelmsford|Andrew Charles Gerald Thesiger, 2nd Viscount Chelmsford]] (25 July 1903 – 27 September 1970)<ref name=":0" />
* Hon. Margaret St. Clair Sydney Thesiger (7 May 1911 – 1 July 1991)<ref name=":0" />
Her eldest son, and heir to the Chelmsford Viscountcy, Frederic Ivor Thesiger, a Lieutenant in the [[Royal Field Artillery]], was killed in action in May 1917 during the [[Mesopotamian campaign]]. He is buried in the Baghdad (North Gate) War Cemetery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thesiger, Frederic Ivor |url=https://www.winchestercollegeatwar.com/RollofHonour.aspx?RecID=603&TableName=ta_wwifactfile |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.winchestercollegeatwar.com}}</ref>

== Later life ==
After the death of her husband in 1933, she retired to live with her family in [[Canford Magna]], Dorset. She died in London on 24 September 1957 and was buried at the [[Canford Magna Parish Church]].

== References ==
{{Commons category|Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Frances Thesiger, Viscountess Chelmsford}}{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chelmsford, Frances, Viscountess}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Viceregal consorts of India]]
[[Category:1910s in British India]]
[[Category:Daughters of barons]]
[[Category:British viscountesses by marriage]]
[[Category:Guest family]]
[[Category:Thesiger family|Frances]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Crown of India]]
[[Category:Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]

Irene Vaz

2026-01-13T21:46:06Z

Subhah Shirin: created a pg - done

{{Short description|Former actress and singer (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Irene Vaz
| image = Irene Vaz.jpg
| caption = Vaz in 2018
| birth_name = Irene Cardozo
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|7|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chinchinim]], Goa, India
| education = [[Master of Arts]] (MA) in [[Philosophy]]
| alma_mater = St. Anthony's High School ([[S.S.C]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer|amateur footballer}}
| years_active = {{circa|1981}}–2019 (theatre)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sylvester Vaz]]|1995}}
| children = 1
| awards = [[Kala Academy|KA]]'s "Best Singer Award"
| movement = [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal]] (CCR)
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/irenecardozoevaz}}
}}

'''Irene Cardozo e Vaz''' ([[née]] '''Cardozo'''; born 3 July 1966) is a former actress, singer, and [[amateur football]]er based in London, United Kingdom. She is known for her work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' (theatre) productions.

==Early life==
Vaz was born as Irene Cardozo on 3 July 1966 in [[Chinchinim]], [[Goa]], India, to Piedade Cardozo and Constanciana Cieza Luis, a [[homemaker]]. Vaz's family background is rooted in the [[tailoring]] industry, with her father specializing in men's suits. While demonstrating an aptitude for acting and singing during her formative years as a school student, she prioritised academic pursuits.<ref name=":0" />

Vaz completed her [[Secondary School Certificate]] (SSC) at St. Anthony's High School, Assolna, graduating around 1981.<ref name=":1" /> Following this, she pursued higher education, earning a [[Master of Arts]] degree in [[philosophy]]. Vaz's early professional career included a period as a teacher at Perpetual Succour Convent High School, [[Navelim]], prior to her move to [[Kuwait]] in 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Her parents' encouragement played a significant role in her acting career, which began in her youth. In her youth in Goa, Vaz was involved in competitions featuring [[one-act play]]s, which provided her with opportunities to cultivate and express her theatrical talents.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=Joseph |date=2015-06-09 |title='Lighthouse of Konkani Stage' to bid 'Adios' to Kuwait |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/lighthouse-of-konkani-stage-to-bid-adios-to-kuwait/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==

===Early years===
Vaz began acting professionally in [[Tiatr|Konkani theatre]] at the age of 15, following her [[secondary education]]. Her fellow villager, [[Mario Menezes]], an actor from the town of [[Chinchinim]], got her in contact with [[Rosario Rodrigues]], a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theatre director. Rodrigues was known for his scriptwriting and multiple theatrical productions. Vaz and Rodrigues subsequently collaborated on several ''[[tiatr]]'' plays, including ''Fulam ani Kolle'', ''Dolle Ugddun Poi'' (''Open your eyes and see''), ''Fudlea Vorsa'' (''The Upcoming Year''), ''Ho Uzo Kedna Paloutolo'' (''When will this fire be extinguished?''), ''Ashram'', and ''Hanv Kallokant Sandlim'' (''I've lost in darkness'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=124–125, 127}}</ref>

===Breakthrough role and subsequent collaborations===
Vaz became famous in 1985 with a major role in Rodrigues' play ''Sopna'' (''Dreams''). She subsequently collaborated with [[Patrick Dourado]] in two productions, ''Tin Foggoteanche Marann'' and ''Nomoskar'' (''[[Namaste]]''). She also participated in productions by Konkani theatre professionals, such as [[M. Boyer]] and [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]]. Her theatrical career continued with collaborations with directors such as [[Jose Rod]], [[Prince Jacob]], Fr. Planton Faria, Fr. [[Nevel Gracias]], Pascoal Rodrigues, Tony Dias, and [[Mini Mario (singer)|Mini Mario]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=D'Mello |first=Gilbert |date=24 October 2004 |title=Enacting tragic scenes is Irene's forte |work=Herald Mirror via [[O Heraldo]] |pages=20}}</ref>

===Move to Kuwait (2005–2015)===
In 2005, Vaz moved to [[Kuwait]] to seek employment prospects. Despite this relocation, she maintained her involvement in ''tiatr'', participating in various productions directed by local [[Goan]] directors in Kuwait.<ref name=":0" />

===Comeback in Goa and later recognition (2015–2019)===
Returning to [[Goa]] around 2015, Vaz resumed her acting career.<ref name=":0" /> Shestinguished herself as a [[character actor]]. Her [[repertoire]] spanned a wide range of roles, but she demonstrated a particular affinity for [[tragic character|dramatic character]]s. She had a meticulous approach to role preparation. In preparation for general [[rehearsal]]s, she engaged in self-practice by reciting her lines and performance techniques while observing herself in a mirror at home. Her interest in acting was sparked by the teachings of the [[Parable of the Talents]] ({{Bibleverse|Matthew|25:14–30}}). Vaz's work in theatre was further fueled by her faith.<ref name=":1" />

As a longtime participant in the [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal]] movement, Vaz's spiritual beliefs played a role in shaping her life and career. Her husband, [[Sylvester Vaz]], also played a role in her artistic pursuits by encouraging her to engage in acting. Vaz's foray into the world of theater commenced with ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]'', a specific form of theatre. Following her marriage, she transitioned to the world of ''tiatrs'', where she partnered with her husband to perform together as a [[duo (music)|duo]], active as both, an actress and a singer.<ref name=":1" /> Vaz earned recognition for her dramatic performances, often referred to as the "Tragedy Queen" and the "Lighthouse of the Konkani Stage."<ref name=":1" /> Her theatrical career has taken her across the [[Middle East]] [[Gulf region]].<ref name=":2" />

==Personal life==
Vaz was also an athlete in her younger days. In 1987, during her senior year of high school,<ref name=":1" /> she played for the [[Goa women's football team]]. During this period, she took part in various [[association football|football]] tournaments hosted in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Delhi]]. She later worked in [[Kuwait]] for the Industrial Electrical Projects Company. Vaz has also spent her time in religious activities, serving as a [[catechist]] at the [[Holy Family Cathedral, Kuwait]]. She was a participating member of the St Joaquim & Anne Choir, performing alongside her husband, [[Sylvester Vaz|Sylvester]], and son, Jeremiah, who played the [[Keyboard (instrument)|keyboard]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almeida |first=Gaspar |date=2011-08-23 |title=Tall and dignified, Sylvester Vaz |url=http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |website=Goa World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614133516/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |archive-date=14 June 2016 |access-date=2024-08-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Vaz encountered Sylvester, a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actor who is two years younger than she is, while performing in Mario de Vasco's ''[[tiatr]]'' titled ''Dhump''. Both were part of the cast in this production. She later went on to marry him.<ref name=":0" /> The couple has a son, Jeremiah (born 1998).<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2007 |title=Superstar Sylvester Vaz speaks about 'BLACK' |work=[[Kuwait Times]] |pages=11}}</ref> He has pursued a career as a singer and [[keyboard player]] and has also performed on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], following his parents.<ref name=":2" />

Vaz is a devout [[Catholic]]. After her marriage, she initially lived in her husband's ancestral hometown of Madel Grande, Margao. In 2015, following her return from [[Kuwait]],<ref name=":2" /> she continued residing there.<ref name=":0" /> Eventually, she and her family relocated to [[London, UK]], where they currently reside.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-21 |title=UK:Goan Chaplaincy Tiatr – Anchored in the Storms |url=https://www.britishasianews.com/ |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=British Asia News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624173828/https://www.britishasianews.com/ |archive-date=2019-06-24 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaz, Irene}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Charismatics]]
[[Category:Catholic Charismatic Renewal]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Actresses from Goa]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Goa]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Singers from Goa]]
[[Category:Entertainers from London]]

Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled

2026-01-13T07:03:09Z

Subhah Shirin: Created New Entry...

{{short description|2005 memoir by Maloy Krishna Dhar}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox book
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| name = Open Secrets: India’s Intelligence Unveiled
| image = File:Open_Secrets_Book_Cover.jpg
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| author = [[Maloy Krishna Dhar]]
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| language = English
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| publisher = Manas Publications
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| pub_date = 2005
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| pages = 552
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| isbn = 978-81-7049-216-0
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'''''Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled''''' is a 2005 personal memoir by Indian intelligence operative [[Maloy Krishna Dhar]].{{Efn|He gained notoriety in the case of the ‘spy case’ of the ISRO scientist Nambi Narayanan.
Maloy Krishna Dhar was born on 13 July 1939 in [[Mymensingh]], East Bengal.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/an-intelligence-officer-who-wielded-the-pen-with-equal-ease/951792/|title=An intelligence officer who wielded the pen with equal ease - Indian Express|date=21 May 2012|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref> His family migrated to West Bengal during [[Partition of India|Partition]]. He joined the [[Indian Police Service]] in 1964 and spent nearly three decades in the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]].<ref name=":3" />|name=|group=}} The central theme throughout the book is that of the need for legislative oversight and checks for intelligence agencies in India. Dhar, a former [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau of India]] joint director, provides a top down view of the intelligence establishment in India and the types of pressures that it has to face in carrying out its duties including those of how the agencies are used for 'personal-political agendas'. As a historical memoir, it was as of 2015, the only information available of the Intelligence Bureau that was in the public domain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/478759/towards-more-professional-ib.html|title=Towards a more professional IB|last=Achom|first=Debanish|date=21 May 2015|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref> Dhar wrote this in a time when writing about the intelligence community was frowned upon to the extent of being an act of betrayal.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeQllAvslq8C&dq=Open+Secrets+Maloy+Krishna+Dhar&pg=RA5-PA86|title=Studies in Intelligence Vol 50 No 2|date=2004|publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.|pages=86–87|language=en}}</ref> The book remained a number one non-fiction best seller for months after its publication and stirred many a national debate.

== Description ==
In the prologue of the book Dhar writes that he is going to narrate a few instances of illegal activities he had taken part in, under orders, as part of his role. He says that any involved intelligence officer is like a "prostitute", operating in the "breeding ground of [[Hermann Göring|Goerings]] and [[Heinrich Himmler|Himmlers]] in the backyard of constitutional democracy". Dhar writes how IB and [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] are used by the political class; and alternatively, a weak Prime Minister and Home Minister end up being used by the agencies. He gives an example of how assets of RA&W such as [[Aviation Research Centre|ARC]] aircraft are used by politicians and their families for private use.{{Sfn|Dhar|2005|p=Prologue}} Dhar explains how numerous intelligence agencies in India carry out the dirty work, including the victimization of innocent people. He says this is not unique to India, but goes to the central theme of his book, that in "free democracies" there are legislative checks. Dhar emphasizes the lack of accountability in general for the entire system - politicians, bureaucrats and the intelligence.{{Sfn|Dhar|2005|p=Prologue}} Dhar talks about a "turf war" between the CBI and IB to the extent that "the Director IB was not on talking terms with the director CBI and he even avoided meeting the special secretary and secretary of the home ministry. I was forced to keep the frayed dialogue line open."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/emphasis/narendrabhai-modi-and-pakistan-s-isi/|title=Narendra Modi and former Isro scientist N Nambinarayan|last=Kalappa|first=Brijesh|date=23 November 2013|website=Times of India Blog|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref>

The book talks about the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] - [[L. K. Advani|L K Advani]] tussle and the division of labour in the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in 1992 as well as the Ambani-[[Nusli Wadia]] controversy.<ref name="Kapoor">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/22capbuz.htm|title=Spy versus saffron spy|last=Kapoor|first=Virendra|date=22 February 2005|website=[[Rediff]]|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> Dhar writes about how he was assigned to provide "technical coverage" of a meeting of the [[Sangh Parivar]] that would be attended by BJP leaders [[L. K. Advani|LK Advani]], [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] and [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]; [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] leaders [[Rajendra Singh (RSS)|Rajendra Singh]], [[K. S. Sudarshan|KS Sudarshan]] and [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|VHP]] leaders [[Vinay Katiyar]], [[Uma Bharti]] among others.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/660624/intelligence-official-recalls-the-original-babri-sting-operation-he-pulled-off-22-years-ago|title=Intelligence official recalls the original Babri sting operation he pulled off 22 years ago|last=Narayanan|first=Dinesh|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref> Dhar later found out that the recordings all pointed to the "choreographed" [[Hindutva]] attack and ''pralaya nritya'' (dance of destruction) of the Babri Masjid.<ref name=":4" /> He writes about how the [[Sangh Parivar]] was "sufficiently infiltrated by the IB".<ref name="Kapoor"/>

Dhar goes on to write about how IB helped Indira Gandhi win elections, "I must admit that the entire field machinery of the IB was mobilised to help Indira Congress win the minor but crucial municipal election"<ref name=":nooranireview">{{Cite journal|last=Noorani|first=A. G.|date=2005|editor-last=Dhar|editor-first=Maloy Krishna|title=Intelligence and the Political System|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=13|pages=1330–1333|jstor=4416397|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> He criticises the bureaucracy for the same type of subservience.<ref name=":nooranireview" /> The ISRO espionage case which started in 1994 was also elaborated on.{{Sfn|Dhar|2005|p=465}} Dhar also writes about various others instances he considers a "national shame" such as that of how IB, RA&W and JCB were not able to even decode low grade ciphers used by [[Pakistan Rangers|Pakistani rangers]] and police.{{Sfn|Dhar|2005|p=398}}

In the book Dhar relates his hatred of Islam and Muslims{{Sfn|Dhar|2005|p=50-51}} his enmity being entirely personal, "I would never forgive them for raping Manorama, my childhood companion back in [[East Pakistan]], and uprooting us from our real motherland."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/i-confess-said-the-sleuth/226663|title=I Confess, Said The Sleuth|last=Gill|first=Kanwar Pal Singh|date=7 March 2005|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dhar|2005|p=50-51}} But he goes on to write about the training and guidance of IB through which he evolves more nuanced and complicated worldviews of Islam, to the extent that the Babri Masjid incident was written as "A Chapter of National Shame".<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Dhar|2005|p=438}}

== Publication and launch ==
''Open Secrets'' was published in 2005 by Manas Publications.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2018/06/08/the-spy-chronicles-controversy.html|title=Espionage and after|last=Nayar|first=Mandira|date=17 June 2018|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref> During the book launch Dhar questioned the lack of accountability of the IB and compared it to CIA, [[MI5]] and [[Mi6|MI6]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ex-IB-officers-book-opens-a-can-of-worms/articleshow/1013098.cms|title=Ex-IB officer's book opens a can of worms|date=6 February 2005|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> Dhar stated that if there was no legislated accountability then India could turn into a state worse than [[Idi Amin|Idi Amin's]] [[Uganda]], where the intelligence agencies were used with no checks.<ref name=":2" /> In the book he notes this, saying that there is no lack of evidence to prove the same. The book was released by former Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister [[Farooq Abdullah]].<ref name=":2" />

== Reception ==
The book received immense media coverage and resulted in debate for claims such as the IB telephone tapping of the Prime Minister's office, the toppling of three state governments, bribing MLAs; of corruption in high places, arrests on false grounds, black sheep in the media and rigged referendums and elections.<ref name=":nooranireview" />

Indian historian and legal scholar [[A. G. Noorani]] writes that the hypocrisy of Dhar in the book is "revolting" but that "the book deserves to be read for its disclosures of skulduggery".<ref name=":nooranireview" /> Noorani writes that "a good many exposes of the CIA, the FBI and the MI5 and MI6 have been published. None of them, however, was written in the manner Dhar writes. None of the intelligence operators was as vainglorious as he is."<ref name=":nooranireview" />

The CIA Intelligence Officer's Bookshelf compiled and reviewed by curator Hayden B. Peake lists ''Open Secrets'' as one of "a series of memoirs by retired senior Indian intelligence officers (which have) provided top-down views of intelligence careers in India".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080919232014/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol52no3/pdf-files/Peake-The%20Intelligence%20Officers%20Bookshelf-Vol53%20-Sep%2008.pdf The Intelligence Officer’s Bookshelf] (Compiled and Reviewed by Hayden B. Peake) pg 18. Retrieved on 9 March 2020</ref> ''[[Studies in Intelligence]]'' writes in their review that the book provides a unique look into India's intelligence services and is "a valuable contribution and background for the intelligence officer".<ref name=":5" />

[[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill|K.P.S. Gill]], twice head of police in Punjab, writes that Maloy's O''pen Secrets'' "the book would make an interesting read even for other 'insiders' to intelligence, politics and governance in India, and would probably be entirely fascinating to the lay reader."<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> K.P.S. Gill writes that an editor should have gone through the book before publication.<ref name=":1" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Cite book|last=Dhar|first=Maloy Krishna|title=Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled|publisher=Manas Publications|year=2005|isbn=9788170492160}}

== Further reading ==

* Venkitesh Ramakrishnan (11 March 2005). [https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30203781.ece An insider's view]. [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline (The Hindu)]] {{registration required}}
* Ryan Shaffer (2015). ''Unraveling India's Foreign Intelligence: The Origins and Evolution of the Research and Analysis Wing''. [[International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence]], 28:2, 252–289, [[doi:10.1080/08850607.2015.992754]]
* [http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1985-58.pdf The Intelligence Organisations (Restriction Of Rights) Act, 1985 Act No. 58 Of 1985]
* ORF (29 March 2011). [https://www.orfonline.org/research/bill-on-intelligence-agencies-reforms/ ''Bill on Intelligence Agencies Reforms'']. [[Observer Research Foundation]]. [http://164.100.24.219/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/asintroduced/7185LS.pdf Bill link]
*TNN (9 October 2007). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cover-up-games-intelligence-agencies-play/articleshow/2441123.cms Cover-up games intelligence agencies play]. The Times of India

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2005 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Books about Hindutva]]
[[Category:Books about Indian intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Books about Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:History books about Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India)]]
[[Category:Inter-Services Intelligence]]
[[Category:L. K. Advani]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about espionage]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:Scindia dynasty]]
[[Category:Works about corruption]]

Hansi

2026-01-10T20:19:42Z

Subhah Shirin: basic update formatting based on references additionally and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|Municipal council in Hansi district, Haryana, India}}
{{about|the city in India|other places of this name and all other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hansi
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Main gate from front side.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Asigarh Fort|Hansi Fort]]
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|29.1|N|75.97|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hansi district|Hansi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 207
| population_total = 86770
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Haryanvi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 125033
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01663
| registration_plate = HR 21
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Hansi''', is a historically important city and [[municipal council]] in the Hansi district of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]]. Earlier Hansi was larger, more prosperous and more important city than Hisar, as evident by several important buildings of archeological importance. Hansi is also known for its famous sweet, [[peda]], which is made from milk.

==History==

Dr. Bhup Singh, historian, has written ''Hansi ka Etias'' (lit. ''History of Hansi''), a book published by [[Rotary International]].

=== Early and classic period===

[[Hansi hoard]], a large hoard of Jaina bronzes was accidentally discovered at Hansi in February 1982. These include idols that may belong to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] (319 to 605 CE), while most belonged to the 7th–8th centuries. They were apparently buried underground before the impending attack by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]'s son [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni]] in 1037 CE. Masud attacked swordsmen of Hansi and took women into slavery who were later sold at [[Gazni]].<ref>Jaina Bronzes From Hansi, by Devendra Handa, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 2002</ref>

=== Medieval period===

====10-12th century: Tomara-Chauhan Rajpur period====

It is believed that Hansi was founded by King Anangpal Vihangpal Tomar for his guru "''Hansakar''" (957 AD). Later, the son of King [[Anangpal Tomar]], Drupad established a [[Asi (Mahabharata)|sword manufacturing]] factory in this fort, hence it is also called "[[Asigarh Fort|Asigarh]]". Swords from this fort were exported as far away as to Arab countries. As per ''Talif-e-Tajkara-e-Hansi'' by Qazi Sharif Husain in 1915, around 80 forts across the area were controlled from this centre "Asigarh".<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0004796u00000000.html The fort at Hansi, the Union flag flying from the top]</ref>

A few also say that it was founded by ill daughter ''Hansivati/Ambavati'' of [[Prithvi Raj Chauhan]] though there exists no proof of Prithiviraj's daughter by that name.

==== 13th-15th century: Sultanate period ====

In 1192, [[Mohammed Ghori]] defeated [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Prithvi Raj Chauhan]] in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]], in the same year [[Battle of Bagar]] took place to occupy Hansi, [[Jatwan]] besieged the Muslim commander Nasrat Uddin at Hansi in 1192 CE, shortly after the defeat of [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Prithviraj]].<ref name="KRQ">{{Cite book |last=Qanungo |first=Kalika Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YlrzgEACAAJ |title=History Of The Jats: A Contribution To The History Of Northern India |date=2017 |publisher=Gyan Books |isbn=978-93-5128-513-7 |language=en}}</ref> On receiving this news [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak|Qutb-ud-din]] marched twelve farsakhs, i.e., about 40 miles during one night. [[Jatwan]] raised the siege of Hansi and prepared for an obstinate conflict. "The armies attacked each other" says the author of [[Hasan Nizami|Taj-ul-Maasir]] "like two hills of steel, and the field of battle (on the borders of the Bager country) became tulip-dyed with the blood of warriors. Jatwan had his standards of God-plurality and ensigns of perdition lowered by the hand of power".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Hakim Mohammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xMNAAAAIAAJ&q=jatwan+malik |title=Road to Pakistan: 712-1858 |date=1990 |publisher=Hamdard Foundation Pakistan |isbn=978-969-412-140-6 |language=en}}</ref> Hindu rule ended in Hansi.

This was the time when non-Muslims were not permitted to settle here. Slowly, Hansi lost its importance and was remembered only as a fort. Delhi started becoming the center of attention.

===16th century onwards: Modern period===

====16th-17th century: Mughal period ====

Hansi is listed in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]] as a [[pargana]] under Hisar [[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]], producing a revenue of 5,434,438 [[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]s for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 7000 infantry and 500 cavalry. It had a brick fort at the time.<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{cite book |last1=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |translator-last=Jarrett |translator-first=Henry Sullivan |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |date=1891 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |page=295 |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

[[Shahjahan]] came to Hansi, met the famous Hindu saint [[Jagganath Puri samadha hansi|Jagannath Puri Samadha Hansi]] and after his approval Hindus were allowed to settle in Hansi. In addition to the Hindus, Hansi had Muslims and a few Jains that inhabited Hansi during this Mughal rule.

Jagannath Puri Samadha has also many devotees because of their belief that Jagannath Puri was not a common human being but a supreme being. There are many famous stories of Jagannath Puri like a walkable wall, sweat lotus, and so on.

==== 18th century: Maratha rule ====
Hansi along with small Punjabi kingdoms of the [[Cis-Sutlej states]] was under influence of [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], until the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] of 1803–1805, after which the Marathas lost this territory to the British.<ref>
{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=daulatrao+scindia+punjab&pg=PA334 |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid Eighteenth Century, Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui, Google Books |isbn=9788131732021 |accessdate=2012-05-26|last1=Ahmed |first1=Farooqui Salma |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&q=mahadji+sindhia+punjab&pg=PA13 |title=History of the Marathas - R.S. Chaurasia - Google Books |isbn=9788126903948 |accessdate=2012-05-26
|last1=Chaurasia |first1=R. S. |year=2004 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379|title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World|first=Jayanta Kumar|last=Ray|date=6 August 2007|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131708347}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&dq=cis+sutlej+states+Ranjit+Singh&pg=PA83|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|last1=Sen|first1=Sailendra Nath|year=2010 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=9780230328853 |quote=By Mahadji Shinde's treaty of 1785 with the Sikhs, Maratha influence had been established over the divided Cis-Sutlej states. But at the end of the second Maratha war in 1806 that influence had been pass over to the British.}}</ref>

==== 19-20th century: British colonial rule ====

The area came under British rule after 1803 till 1947. After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[British Empire]] crushed over 100 people from Rohnat, Mangali, Hazampur, Jamalpur, Bhatla and other villages under a road roller on the road as punishment for participating in the mutiny. That road is now known as '''Lal Sadak''' (literally ''Red Road'' or ''Blood Road'') where a monument, on approach road from Hansi to Rohnat Lal Sadak, to the martyrs has been constructed after the independence.<ref name="tribune12">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/community/hisar-admn-never-unfurled-tricolour-at-lal-sadak/119911.html "Hisar admn never unfurled Tricolour at ‘Lal Sadak’."], [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 14 August 2015.</ref>

[[Guru Gobind Singh]] also came to Hansi in 1705 and [[Aurangzeb#Rebellions|inspired the public to revolt]] against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule. In 1707, [[Baba Banda Singh Bahadur]] attacked Hansi. Hansi was under [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] rule in 1736 and, after [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761, was lost to [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]]. Maharaja [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] in 1780s also took this area under his control for some years and then left.

[[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]], an Irish mercenary and raider who rose from an ordinary sailor to become a feudal lord (jagirdar), made Hansi as his capital. Hansi was seized by the [[Company rule in India|British East India Company rule]] in 1802. From 1819–32, Hansi was a District HQ which was later shifted to Hisar in 1832.

Hansi was also the headquarters of [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|Colonel James Skinner]] CB (1778 – 4 December 1841) the Anglo-Indian immigrant and mercenary in India, who became known as Sikandar Sahib. [[Skinner's Horse|1st Skinner's Horse]] and [[3rd Skinner's Horse]] (formerly 2nd Skinner's Horse) were founded by [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|James Skinner]] at Hansi in 1803. These units are still part of the [[Indian Army]].<ref>[http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/iconic/page9.shtml Colonel James Skinner CB] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218033415/http://national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/iconic/page9.shtml |date=18 December 2010 }} ''[[National Army Museum]]'' ([[British Army]]).</ref> He also built the [[Sheikhpura Kothi]], on Hansi-Ugalan road off [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH9]] Hansi bypass, named after his son.

Raham Ali ibn Mohammad Hussain ibn Maulana Abul Khair of [[Palwal]] was killed along with Aulia Khan Balooch at Pargana Hansi.<ref>{{cite book | author=Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman| author-link=Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman | year = 2008 | title = Ḥayāt-i Karam Ḥusain | chapter = Chapter: Qazi Mohammad Rafi | edition = 2nd | pages = 48–54| publisher=[[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]] | language = ur | location = Aligarh, India | oclc = 852404214 | id = 978-89060706 (invalid ISBN)}}</ref> Raham Ali was brother-in-law of [[Qazi Syed Mohammad Rafi]].

After the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]], Hansi came under British rule. Hansi took active part in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 war of liberation]] (Gadar), Lala [[Hukam Chand Jain]] was martyred in 1857 by Britishers.

====1947 onwards: Post-independence====

In 1947 when [[Partition of India|British India was divided]] into Pakistan and India, a large number of Muslims including [[Sayyid|Syeds]] and [[Ranghar]]s migrated to Pakistan from Hansi city and their villages (such as [[Baliali]] and [[Khanak, Haryana|Khanak]]). Pakistani cricket player [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]]'s parents migrated to Pakistan from Hansi after partition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/inzamam-ul-haq/203599 |accessdate=29 December 2021 |title=Inzamam-ul Haq | website=Outlook | date=28 May 1997 }}</ref>

A proposal to carve out the new Hansi district out of the existing Hisar district had been pending since 2016.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-haryana-mulls-creation-of-three-new-districts-charkhi-hansi-and-gohana-2204388 Haryana mulls creation of three new districts: Charkhi, Hansi and Gohana]</ref> On the 16th of December, 2025, present Chief Minister Nayab Singh Saini announced in a public rally that Hansi would become the 23rd district of the Haryana state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2025 |title=Chief Minister Nayab Singh Saini addressing a Public Meeting in Hansi |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/N0JkU8jYTxc?si=6L1zPRdBIb-ekpQc&t=7042 |url-status=live |website=Youtube}}</ref> The official gazette notification "682-ARIC-03-2025/7392"<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 Dec 2025 |title=Creation of new Hansi district |url=https://www.egazetteharyana.gov.in/home.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> was released on the 19th of December, making Hansi the 23rd district of the Haryana state. The new district would comprise of Hansi-1, Hansi-2 and [[Narnaund]] sub-divisions with a total of 110 villages shared amongst them, including villages such as Lohari-Ragho, Rakhi Khas and the village where the oldest civilatisation markers have been found, [[Rakhigarhi|Rakhigarhi.]]

==Geography==

===Topography===

Hansi is located at {{Coord|29.1|N|75.97|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/10/Hansi.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Hansi]</ref> It has an average elevation of 207metres (679ft) People Density is 348 people per km^2 .Area is 1272.32km^2. It is located at a distance of {{convert|26|km}} east of [[Hisar, Haryana|Hisar]] on [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]]. Geographically, it is semi-arid with around 46cm of annual rainfall.

===Historic sites ===

====Asigarh Fort====

[[Asigarh Fort]], is a prominent and historic feature of this ancient city. Extended in an area of {{convert|30|acre|m2}}, it is square in shape and has security posts in all the four corners.

====Barsi gate====

The historic city of Hansi had five gates of entry – Delhi Gate (East), Hisar Gate (West), Gosain Gate (North-west), [[Barsi Gate]] (South) and Umra Gate (South west). The peculiarity of this town is that its altitude increases after entry from any of the gates. Deserts guard this city towards its west (cities like Tosham, Devsar, Khanak).

During the period of Firoz Shan Tuglaq about 1302, a tunnel was constructed connecting the present Hansi to Hisar. The gate of fort has figures of gods, and pictures of gods, goddesses, birds can also be seen on the walls of the fort. The entry gate of the fort was built by George Thomas. This fort was declared a Protected Monument of National Importance in 1937 by the Archeological Survey, the present ASI, and is still in good condition.

==== 16th century Baba Jagganmathpuri Samadha ====

'''Baba Jaggannathpuri Samadha temple''', a [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] (revered shrine) dedicated to the 16th century [[Hindu]] [[Sadhu]] (saint), '''Jaggannathpuri''', at the spot where he established an [[ashram]] (monastery) after arriving in Hansi in 1586 CE when there were no Hindus left in Hansi under the Islamic rule. He revived the Hinduism in the area. The complex has the sacred [[banyan]] tree with a big floating [[Aerial root#Prop|aerial prop-root]] branch connected to the grounded main [[taproot]] stem, which gives an illusion as if the aerial prop-root branch is floating in the air by itself. Pilgrims tie the sacred [[Kautuka|red-saffron mauli]] thread around the stem.<ref name=jagh1>[https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/delhi-ncr-haryana/jara-hatke/haryana-floating-tree-in-hansi-samadha-temple-where-baba-jagannathpuri-took-samadhi/2821866 Haryana Floating Tree: हरियाणा में यहां है हवा में लटकता चमत्कारी पेड़, जहां बाबा जगन्नाथपुरी ने ली थी समाधि], Zee News, 30 June 2025.</ref>

==Demographics==

As per [[census of India]] data, Hansi had a population of 75,730 in 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> which rose to 86,770 by 2011, and in 2020 its becomes about 93098. In 2011, [[sex ratio|female sex ratio]] was 883 per 1000 men and female child sex ratio was 830.<ref name="hanpop1">2011, [http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800407-hansi-haryana.html Hansi Population Census 2011], [[Census of India]].</ref> In 2011, Hansi had an average literacy rate of 81.06% (68% in 2001), higher than the state average of 75.5%, male literacy is 86.59% (73% in 2001), and female literacy is 74.84% (61% in 2001).<ref name=hanpop1/> In Hansi, 11.41% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref name=hanpop1/>

===Religion===
In 2011, 96.77% of residents are [[Hindu]]s, 1.34% [[Jain]], 0.99% [[Sikh]]s, 0.05% [[Buddhist]], 0.66% Muslim, 0.10% Christian and 0.10% unstated.<ref name=hanpop1/>

{{bar box
| title = Religions in Hansi city (2011)
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| align = left
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|96.77}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|1.34}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.99}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.76}}
}}

==== City ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ ''Religion in Hansi City''
|-
! Religion
! Population (1911)<ref name="HansiCity1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/|title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 1, Report.|access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref>
! Percentage (1911)
! Population (1941)<ref name="Hansi1941"/>{{rp|30}}
! Percentage (1941)
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 6,907
|{{Percentage | 6907 | 14576 | 2 }}
| 10,166
|{{Percentage | 10166 | 22590 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 6,896
|{{Percentage | 6896| 14576 | 2 }}
| 10,752
|{{Percentage | 10752 | 22590 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 14
|{{Percentage | 14 | 14576 | 2 }}
| 80
|{{Percentage | 80 | 22590 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 7
|{{Percentage | 7 | 14576 | 2 }}
| 36
|{{Percentage | 36 | 22590 | 2 }}
|-
| Others {{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
| 752
|{{Percentage | 752 | 14576 | 2 }}
| 1,556
|{{Percentage | 1556 | 22590 | 2 }}
|-
| '''Total Population'''
| '''14,576'''
| '''{{Percentage | 14576 | 14576 | 2 }}'''
| '''22,590'''
| '''{{Percentage | 22590 | 22590 | 2 }}'''
|}

==== Tehsil ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ ''Religion in Hansi Tehsil (1941)''
|-
! Religion
! Population (1941)<ref name="Hansi1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB PROVINCE|access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref>{{rp|58}}
! Percentage (1941)
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 175,761
|{{Percentage | 175761 | 224370 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 45,551
|{{Percentage | 45551 | 224370 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 165
|{{Percentage | 165 | 224370 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 56
|{{Percentage | 56 | 224370 | 2 }}
|-
| Others {{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
| 2,837
|{{Percentage | 2837 | 224370 | 2 }}
|-
| '''Total Population'''
| '''224,370'''
| '''{{Percentage | 224370 | 224370 | 2 }}'''
|}

==Education ==

Colleges are:
* [[Nehru Memorial Government College, Hansi]]
* [[S. D. Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Hansi]]
* [[S. D. Higher Secondary School, Hansi]]

==See also==

* [[Asigarh Fort]]
* [[Administrative divisions of Haryana]]
** [[Hisar division]]
** [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
** [[Hansi Block of Hisar District|Hansi Block]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}
* {{cite book |title=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India|The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 13]] |chapter=Hansi Town|publisher=Oxford at Clarendon Press |year=1909|page=25 |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_031.gif|ref=Imp }}
* {{cite news |title=Excavation at Hansi fort begins |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041204/haryana.htm#3 |work=The Tribune |location=India |date=4 December 2004 }}

==External links==
* [http://archaeologyharyana.nic.in/pic3.html Barsi Gate, Umra Gate, Hansi]

{{Hisar, India topics}}{{Municipalities of Haryana}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Hisar (city)]]

Hydroelectric power in India

2026-01-06T23:13:18Z

Subhah Shirin: Added a details & citations

{{Short description|none}} 
[[File:Barahachukki.jpg|thumb|[[Shivanasamudra Falls]]]]
[[India]] is 5th globally for installed [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]] capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-overtakes-japan-with-fifth-largest-hydropower-capacity-in-the-world/76095023|title= India overtakes Japan with fifth-largest hydropower capacity in the world|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> As of 31 March 2020, India's installed utility-scale hydroelectric capacity was 46,000 [[Watt|MW]], or 12.3% of its total utility power generation capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2020/installed_capacity-03.pdf|title= All India installed capacity of power stations, March 2020|access-date= 25 May 2020|archive-date= 12 May 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200512013135/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2020/installed_capacity-03.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Additional smaller hydroelectric power units with a total capacity of 4,683 MW (1.3% of its total utility power generation capacity) have been installed.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://mnre.gov.in/the-ministry/physical-progress| title=Renewable Energy Physical Progress as on 31-03-2020| publisher=Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, GoI| access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> India's hydroelectric power potential is estimated at 148,700 [[Megawatt|MW]] at 60% [[Load factor (electrical)|load factor]].<ref name=Hydro>{{cite web| url=http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyhpi.html| title=Hydro Electric Potential in India| access-date=17 April 2016| archive-date=26 August 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826230228/http://cea.nic.in/monthlyhpi.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[fiscal year]] 2019–20, the total hydroelectric power generated in India was 156 [[TWh]] (excluding small hydro) with an average [[capacity factor]] of 38.71%.

The [[hydroelectric power]] plants at [[Sidrapong Hydroelectric Power Station|Darjeeling]] and [[Shivanasamudra]] were established in 1898 and 1902, respectively. They were among the first in Asia and India has been a dominant player in global hydroelectric power development.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.indiawaterreview.in/Story/Features/india-remains-dominant-player-in-global-hydropower/1890/2#.VxjVYtR96t8| title=India remains major competitor in global hydropower| access-date=17 April 2016| archive-date=16 April 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416201722/http://www.indiawaterreview.in/Story/Features/india-remains-dominant-player-in-global-hydropower/1890/2#.VxjVYtR96t8| url-status=dead}}</ref> India also imports surplus hydroelectric power from [[Bhutan]].

Small hydropower, defined to be generated at facilities with nameplate capacities up to 25 MW, comes under the ambit of the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Ministry of New and Renewable energy]] (MNRE); whilst large hydro, defined as above 25 MW, comes under the ambit of the [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]].<ref name="ceaExecSummary201702">{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2017/exe_summary-02.pdf|title=Executive Summary Power Sector February 2017|date=28 February 2017|work=report|publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India|format=pdf|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417140545/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2017/exe_summary-02.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|title=Small Hydro|website=Government of India Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220053206/http://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro|archive-date=2018-02-20|url-status=dead|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref>
[[Koyna Hydroelectric Project]] is the largest completed hydroelectric power plant in India, with a power capacity of 1960 MW.

India's hydroelectric power output dropped by 16.3% in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2024, the largest decline in 38 years, primarily due to low rainfall. This decrease led to hydroelectricity's share of India's total power generation falling to a historic low of 8.3%. As a result, the country's reliance on coal increased, with hydro generation reaching a five-year low of 146 billion kWh. The lack of rainfall was attributed to the lightest rainfall since 2018 and potentially influenced by the [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation|El Niño]] weather pattern. Consequently, hydroelectric power's role in the Indian energy mix is diminishing, with its reliability questioned due to erratic weather patterns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Varadhan |first1=Sudarshan |last2=Yap |first2=Cassandra |date=2024-04-01 |title=India hydropower output records steepest fall in nearly four decades |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/india-hydropower-output-records-steepest-fall-nearly-four-decades-2024-04-01/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |agency=Reuters}}</ref>

Advantages of hydroelectric plants are not limited to power generation. In fact, many of its other services are becoming increasingly important in the context of the energy transition and climate change. Hydropower plants offer a broad range of services to the grid that includes balancing and ancillary services. Additionally, hydropower can provide water services such as flood control, irrigation control, water distribution, recreational facilities, and wastewater control.<ref>{{cite web |title=The changing role of hydropower: Challenges and opportunities |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/changing%20role%20of%20hydropower.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302221922/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/changing%20role%20of%20hydropower.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>

==Hydroelectric potential==
[[File:Indiravati Dam.jpg|thumb|[[Indravati Dam|Upper Indravati power house]]]]
India's economically exploitable and viable hydroelectric potential is estimated to be 148,701 MW.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/hydro/2016/hydro_potential_region-02.pdf |title=Status of Hydro Electric Potential Development in India |access-date=17 April 2016 |archive-date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509124150/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/hydro/2016/hydro_potential_region-02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.powertoday.in/News/Hydropower-%7C-Too-slow-to-be-steady/98203 |title=Hydropower - Too slow to be steady |access-date=17 April 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610215913/http://www.powertoday.in/News/Hydropower-%7C-Too-slow-to-be-steady/98203 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An additional 6,780 MW from smaller hydro schemes (with capacities of less than 25 MW) is estimated as exploitable.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/govt-plans-push-for-hydro-power-116041100037_1.html | title=Govt plans push for hydro power| access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have also been identified. In central India, the hydroelectric power potential from the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]], [[Nagavali River|Nagavali]], [[Vamsadhara River|Vamsadhara]] and [[Narmada River|Narmada]] river basins has not been developed on a major scale due to potential opposition from the tribal population.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyhepr.html | title=River basin wise hydro potential in India, CEA | access-date=23 June 2017 | archive-date=3 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903182633/http://www.cea.nic.in/monthlyhepr.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Basin-wise potential of Hydropower==
[[Brahmaputra]] has highest potential in terms of generating [[Hydroelectricity]] followed by [[Indus]], [[Ganga]]. East-flowing rivers have the largest potential as compared to West-flowing rivers and Central-Indian basins.

The public sector accounts for 92.5% of India's hydroelectric power production. The [[NHPC|National Hydroelectric Power Corporation]] (NHPC), [[NEEPCO|Northeast Electric Power Company]] (NEEPCO), [[Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam]] (SJVNL), [[THDC Ltd|THDC]], and [[NTPC Limited|NTPC-Hydro]] are some of the public sector companies producing hydroelectric power in India. The private sector is also expected to grow with the development of hydroelectric energy in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] mountain ranges and in the northeast of India.<ref name=Hydro/>
Indian companies have also constructed hydropower projects in [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]], [[Afghanistan]], and other countries.<ref name=Hydro/>

[[Bhakra Dam|Bhakra Beas Management Board]] (BBMB), a state-owned enterprise in north India, has an installed capacity of 2.9 GW.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279502465_AN_OVERVIEW_OF_HYDRO-ELECTRIC_POWER_PLANT|title=AN OVERVIEW OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT (PDF Download Available)|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref> The generation cost after four decades of operation is about {{INRConvert|0.27}} per kWh.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2016/exe_summary-05.pdf | title=See page 33, Executive Summary for the Month of May, 2016| access-date=7 July 2016}}</ref> BBMB is a major source of peaking power and black start capability to the northern grid in India and its large reservoirs provide wide operational flexibility. BBMB reservoirs also supply water for the irrigation of {{convert|12.5|e6acres|km2 sqmi}} of agricultural land in partner states, enabling the [[Green Revolution in India|green revolution]] in the northern India.

The International Hydropower Association estimates that the total hydropower potential in India is 660,000 GWh/year, of which 540,000 GWh/year (79%) is still undeveloped.<ref name="WEC2016">{{cite web |title=World Energy Resources {{!}} Hydropower 2016 |url=https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WEResources_Hydropower_2016.pdf |publisher=World Energy Council |access-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806115611/https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WEResources_Hydropower_2016.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India ranks as the fourth country in the world by undeveloped hydropower potential, after Russia, China and Canada, and fifth by total potential, surpassed also by Brazil.<ref name="WEC2016" />

==Pumped storage units==
{{See also |Electricity sector in India#Solar power|Pollution of the Ganges#Ganga|Power sector of Andhra Pradesh#Pumped storage hydroelectricity projects}}
India has transformed from an electricity deficit state to an electricity surplus state. Peak load shortages can be met making use of [[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|pumped storage]] schemes which [[Grid energy storage|store surplus power]] to meet peak load demands. The pumped storage schemes also contribute secondary, seasonal power at no additional cost when rivers are flooded with excess water. India has already established nearly 4,800 MW pumped storage capacity with the installation of [[List of power stations in India|hydropower plants]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cea.nic.in/hpi-report/?lang=en| title=Status of Pumped Storage Development in India | access-date=26 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://npti.in/Download/Hydro/Pumped%20Storage%20Hydro%20Power%20Plant,%20Electrical%20India,%20Nov,%202013.pdf |title=Pumped storage hydro power plant |access-date=27 August 2014 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707211619/http://npti.in/Download/Hydro/Pumped%20Storage%20Hydro%20Power%20Plant%2C%20Electrical%20India%2C%20Nov%2C%202013.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2014 }}</ref> Another 2780 MW capacity is under construction as of December 2023 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ieefa.org/sites/default/files/2023-12/Energy%20Storage_Dec23.pdf | title=Energy Storage: Connecting India to Clean Power on Demand | access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>

In a tropical country like India, abundant water for agriculture is needed due to a very high annual [[Evapotranspiration|evaporation rate]]. Pumped storage units can also be used as pumping stations to supply river water for upland irrigation, industrial needs, and drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change|url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf|accessdate=23 May 2023}}</ref> The amount of water necessary to meet this demand can be harnessed from India's rivers via pumped storage units. [[Food security]] in India is improved with [[water security]] which in turn is possible from the [[energy security]] to supply the power needed for the pumped storage schemes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/food_security.shtml|title=Water and food security {{!}} International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015|website=www.un.org|language=EN|access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref> The [[Gujarat]] state's [[Canal Solar Power Project]] uses solar panels to both produce electricity and to prevent evaporation from water canals.

More and more [[Solar power in India|solar power generation]] is becoming available at cheaper cost and it has advantage in terms of environmental impact.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solar power tariffs drops historic low at Rs 2.44 per unit |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/solar-power-tariff-drops-to-historic-low-at-rs-2-44-per-unit/articleshow/58649942.cms|access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref> Solar power can meet daytime and night time energy demands with the help of pumped storage units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/02/01/3743082/renewables-revolution/|title= Why The Renewables Revolution Is Now Unstoppable|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalmap.gov.au/renewables/#share=s-oDPMo1jDBBtwBNhD|title= Geographic information system showing prospective sites for pumped hydro energy storage in India|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/11/09/elon-musk-should-build-pumped-hydro-with-tesla-energy-the-boring-co-coal-miners/|title=Elon Musk Should Build Pumped Hydro With Tesla Energy, The Boring Co., & Coal Miners|access-date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

Many of the existing hydro power stations on the west-flowing rivers located in the [[Western Ghats]] of [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]] are to be expanded to include pumped storage units in an effort to solve the water deficit of east-flowing rivers like the [[Kaveri]], the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/india-readies-plan-to-improve-renewable-power-storage/articleshow/53802021.cms |title= India readies plan to improve renewable power storage|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[List of power stations in India|List of hydro power stations in India]]
* [[Electricity sector in India]]
* [[Energy policy of India]]
* [[Pollution of the Ganges]]
* [[Water resources in India]]
* [[Indian Rivers Inter-link]]
* [[Wind power in India]]
* [[Solar power in India]]
* [[Biofuel in India]]
* [[Power sector of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Renewable energy in India]]
* [[Yarlung Tsangpo Hydroelectric Project]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Renewable energy by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hydroelectric Power In India}}
[[Category:Hydroelectricity in India]]

M. Thomas Mathew

2025-12-13T21:53:07Z

Subhah Shirin: Creating New Entry W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{other people|Thomas Mathew}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = M. Thomas Mathew
| image = Prof Thomas Mathew W.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1940|9|27}}
| birth_place = Keekkozhur, [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Literary critic, Orator, Translator, Academic
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Dhanthagopurathilekku Veendum''|''Ente Valmeekamevide''|''Sahithya Darshanam''|''Ashante Seethayanam''|''Athmavinte Murivukal''|''Marar - Lavanyanubhavathinte Yuktishilpam''}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]|[[Vayalar Award]]|[[M. K. Sanu]] Award|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism]]}}
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''M. Thomas Mathew''' is an Indian literary critic, orator, translator and academic who writes in [[Malayalam]] language. He has written a number of books on literary criticism such as ''Dhanthagopurathilekku Veendum'', ''Ente Valmeekamevide'', ''Ashante Seethayanam'' and ''Athmavinte Murivukal'' and has translated works into Malayalam which includes ''New Humanism'' written by [[M. N. Roy]]. He is a recipient of several honours including [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Vayalar Award]] and [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism]].

==Biography==
Born on 27 September 1940 in Keekozhur, a small hamlet in [[Pathanamthitta]] district, in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]],<ref name="Sahitya Akademi Award 2022">{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2022/12/22/kendra-sahitya-akademi-awards.html |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Thomas Mathew did his education at [[Christian College, Chengannur]] and [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]] and started his career as a lecturer at his alma mater, Christian College, Chengannur.<ref name="Vayalar award for M Thomas Mathew">{{Cite news |title=Vayalar award for M Thomas Mathew |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2009/oct/11/vayalar-award-for-m-thomas-mathew-91721.html |access-date=2023-05-06|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=11 October 2009}}</ref> He has also worked as a professor in other educational institutions in Kerala such as Government College, Chittoor, [[Government Victoria College, Palakkad|Victoria College, Palakkad]], and Maharaja's College, Ernakulam and as the principal in [[Panampilly Memorial Government College]], Chalakkudy, [[Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College, Pattambi]], and [[Government College, Munnar]] before superannuating in 1996.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi Award for M Thomas Mathew">{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Madhyamam |date=2022-12-22 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award for M Thomas Mathew |language=ml |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/literature/kendra-sahitya-akademi-award-to-mthomas-mathew-1109736 |access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref> He also served as the Director of [[Kerala Bhasha Institute]].<ref name="Maharajas College Ernakulam.">{{Cite web |title=Maharajas College Ernakulam. |url=https://maharajas.ac.in/index.php/content/index/pioneers-malayalam |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=maharajas.ac.in}}</ref>

Thomas Mathew has published a number of books, covering the genres of literary criticism, and translation and has edited three anthologies of literary articles.<ref name="Edited books by M Thomas Mathew">{{Cite web |title=Edited books by M Thomas Mathew |url=https://keralabookstore.com/books-by/%25E0%25B4%258E%25E0%25B4%2582-%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D-%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%2581/4703/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=keralabookstore.com}}</ref> His work ''Athmavinte Murivukal'' fetched him the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism]] in 2001.<ref name="Awards">{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=https://keralasahityaakademi.org/അവാർഡുകൾ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=Kerala Sahithya Academi}}</ref> He was awarded [[Vayalar Award]] in 2009 for his work ''Marar: Lavanyanubhavathinte Yuktishilpam''.<ref name="Vayalar literary award for Thomas Mathew">{{Cite news |date=8 October 2011 |title=Vayalar literary award for Thomas Mathew |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-10/thiruvananthapuram/28068934_1_literary-award-citation-and-memento-litterateur |url-status=dead |access-date=6 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811065804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-10/thiruvananthapuram/28068934_1_literary-award-citation-and-memento-litterateur |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> A recipient of the M. K. Sanu Award in 2020,<ref name="Governor, CM greet Sanoo as he turns 94">{{Cite news |date=2020-10-27 |title=Governor, CM greet Sanoo as he turns 94 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/governor-cm-greet-sanoo-as-he-turns-94/article32957279.ece |access-date=2022-12-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his work ''Ashante Seethayanam'' in 2022.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi Award for M. Thomas Mathew">{{Cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi Award for M. Thomas Mathew |language=ml |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/national/kendra-sahitya-akademi-award-to-thomas-mathew-c-radhakrishnan-also-acknowledged/1063138 |access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref><ref name="Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Thomas Mathew">{{Cite news |author=Web Desk |date=2022-12-22 |title=Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Thomas Mathew |language=ml |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/india/kendra-sahitya-akademi-c-radhakrishnan-as-eminent-member-202605 |access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref> He is also a recipient of C. B. Kumar Endowmment Prize of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], C. J. Father Vadakkel Award, Dr. C. P. Menon Memorial Award, Mar Gregorios Memorial Award and Dr. T. P. Sukumar Memorial Award.<ref name="M Thomas Mathew - profile">{{Cite web |title=M Thomas Mathew - profile |url=https://greenbooksindia.com/m-thomas-mathew |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=greenbooksindia.com}}</ref>

Thomas Mathew lives in [[Changampuzha Nagar]], in [[Kochi]], Kerala.<ref name="M Thomas Mathew - profile" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Literary criticism and articles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:75%"
! scope="col" style="width:40%" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Form
|-
| ''Ente Valmeekamevide ?''<ref name="Ente Valmeekamevide ?">{{Cite web |title=Ente Valmeekamevide ? |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/347848 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=University of Calicut Library Catalog |language=ml}}</ref> || 1983 || Articles
|-
| ''Sahithya Darsanam''<ref name="Sahithya Darsanam">{{Cite web |title=Sahithya Darsanam |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/306748 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=University of Calicut Library Catalog |language=ml}}</ref> || 1986 || Literary criticism
|-
| ''Athmavinte Murivukal''<ref name="Athmavinte Murivukal">{{Cite web |title=Athmavinte Murivukal |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/41368509 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> || 1998 || Literary criticism
|-
| ''Bible Anubhavam''<ref name="Bible Anubhavam">{{Cite web |title=Bible Anubhavam |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/187555915 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> || 2007 || Articles
|-
| ''Rudithanusari Kavi''<ref name="Rudithanusari Kavi">{{Cite web |title=Rudithanusari Kavi |url=https://www.indulekha.com/index.php?route=product/product&author_id=&product_id=1785 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=www.indulekha.com}}</ref> || 2009 || Literary criticism
|-
| ''Marubhoomiyil Vilichu Parayunnavante Sabdam''<ref name="Marubhoomiyil Vilichu Parayunnavante Sabdam">{{Cite web |title=Marubhoomiyil Vilichu Parayunnavante Sabdam |url=https://www.indulekha.com/marubhoomiyil-vilichuparayunnavante-sabdam-thomas-mathew?author_id= |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=www.indulekha.com}}</ref> || 2011 || Literary criticism
|-
| ''Danthagopurathilekku Veendum''<ref name="Danthagopurathilekku Veendum">{{Cite web |title=Danthagopurathilekku Veendum |url=https://www.indulekha.com/danthagopurathilekku-veendum-essays-m-thomas-mathew?author_id= |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=www.indulekha.com}}</ref> || 2011 || Literary criticism
|-
| ''Manushyant̲e Sabdaṃ Sangeethaṃpole''<ref name="Manushyant̲e Sabdaṃ Sangeethaṃpole">{{Cite web |title=Manushyant̲e Sabdaṃ Sangeethaṃpole |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/154310370 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> || 2011 || Articles
|-
| ''Anthasngharshathinte Varamozhi Sakshyam''<ref name="Anthasngharshathinte Varamozhi Sakshyam">{{Cite web |title=Anthasngharshathinte Varamozhi Sakshyam |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/347848 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=University of Calicut Library Catalog |language=ml}}</ref> || 2018 || Literary criticism
|-
| ''Marar : lavanyaanubhavathinte Yukthi Shilpam''<ref name="OO">{{Cite web |title=Marar : lavanyaanubhavathinte Yukthi Shilpam |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/117491 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=University of Calicut Library Catalog |language=ml}}</ref> || 2006 || Literary criticism
|-
| ''Anthasangharshathinte Varamozhi Sakshyam''<ref name="Anthasangharshathinte Varamozhi Sakshyam">{{Cite web |title=Anthasangharshathinte Varamozhi Sakshyam |url=https://www.indulekha.com/anthasangharshathinte-varamozhi-sakshyam-essays-m-thomas-mathew?author_id= |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=www.indulekha.com}}</ref> || 2018 || Literary criticism
|-
| ''Ashante Seethayanam''<ref name="Asante Seethayanam">{{Cite web |title=Asante Seethayanam |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/347848 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=University of Calicut Library Catalog |language=ml}}</ref> || 2019 || Literary criticism
|}

=== Translations ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:75%"
! scope="col" style="width:40%" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Form
|-
| ''R.U.R''<ref name="R.U.R">{{Cite web |title=R.U.R |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/308160 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=University of Calicut Library Catalog |language=ml}}</ref> || 2014 || Translation
|-
| ''New Humanism''<ref name="New Humanism">{{Cite web |title=New Humanism |url=https://janayugomonline.com/m-thomas-mathew-won-kenra-sahithya-puraskaram-c-radhakrishnan-became-eminent-member/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=Janayugam Online |date=22 December 2022 |language=ml}}</ref> || || Translation
|}

=== Edited books ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:75%"
! scope="col" style="width:40%" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Form
|-
| ''Sargapatham - Akkitham''<ref name="Sargapatham - Akkitham">{{Cite web |title=Sargapatham - Akkitham |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/സര്‍ഗപഥം-അക്കിത്തം/18219/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=KeralaBookStore.com |language=ml}}</ref> || 2021 || Anthology
|-
| ''M. K. Sanu''<ref name="M. K. Sanu">{{Cite web |title=M. K. Sanu |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/എം-കെ-സാനു/18563/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=KeralaBookStore.com |language=ml}}</ref> || 2021 || Anthology
|-
| ''Nataka Sameeksha''<ref name="Nataka Sameeksha">{{Cite web |title=Nataka Sameeksha |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/നാടക-സമീക്ഷ/20597/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=KeralaBookStore.com |language=ml}}</ref> || 2022 || Anthology
|}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[M. K. Sanu]]
* [[M. Achuthan]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=M Thomas Mathew - Worldcat Identities |url=https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n89119418/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=Worldcat.org}}
* {{Cite web |title=M Thomas Mathew |url=https://www.indulekha.com/index.php?route=product/author/info&author_id=802 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=www.indulekha.com}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas Mathew, M.}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

St. Sebastian Church, Madathattuvilai

2025-11-29T08:33:46Z

Subhah Shirin: add article for clarity also and corrected details based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St.Sebastian Church
| fullname = St.Sebastian Church, Madathattuvilai
| image = St.Sebastian_Church_Madathattuviali.jpg
| landscape =
| caption = Aerial View Of St.Sebastian Church, Madathattuviali
| location = [[Madathattuvilai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8.2196|N|77.3469|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin map = India
| denomination = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Rite]] 
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = http://www.madathattuvilai.com/
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date =
| founder =
| dedication = St.Sebastian Pray For Us
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date = 1890
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architect =
| architectural type =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kuzhithurai|Kuzhithurai]]
| archbishop =
| bishop = [[Albert George Alexander Anastas]], Indian Roman Catholic cleric, Bishop of Kuzhithurai

| rector =
| priest = Rev. Fr. S.Maria Rajendran
| asstpriest = Rev. Fr. R.V.Arul Vineesh
| serversguild =
| logo =
}}
'''St. Sebastian Church, [[Madathattuvilai]]''' is a [[Catholic Church]] located at [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. This church is famous for '''eye donation''', with the help of the church youth group the church manages it in an organised manner around its village and nearby villages.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/this-tamil-nadu-village-shows-the-way-in-eye-donation/articleshow/67566259.cms|title= This Tamil Nadu village shows the way in eye donation| work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date= 17 January 2019|accessdate=17 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/169973/india-eye-donation-village-inspirational/|title= This Village With an Eye Donor in Every Home is an Example For All of India| work=thebetterindia.com|date= 17 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/with-229-organ-donors-this-tamil-nadu-village-is-leading-the-way-in-eye-body-donation-360614.html|title= With 229 Organ Donors, This Tamil Nadu Village Is Leading The Way In Eye & Body Donation| work=indiatimes.com|date= 18 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/this-village-shows-the-way-in-eye-donation/|title= This village shows the way in eye donation| work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|last1= Mk|first1= Ananth}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamilnadu-favtourism.blogspot.com/2017/09/st-sebastian-church-madathattuvilai.html|title= St. Sebastian Church, Madathattuvilai | work=tamilnadu-favtourism.blogspot.com|date= 27 September 2017 }}</ref>

[[File:St_Sebastian_Church_Madathattuvilai_1890.jpg|thumb|left| St.Sebastian Church, Madathattuvilai During 1890]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.madathattuvilai.com/ St.Sebastian Church, Madathattuvilai Official Website]

{{Regions of Kanyakumari}}

<big>• [https://youtube.com/@Madathattuvilai?si=c37qiCR7nltCu3PR St.Sebastian Church, Madathattuvilai Official YouTube channel]</big>

{{DEFAULTSORT:St. Xaviers Church, Kottar}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic shrines]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:1544 establishments in India]]

{{India-RC-cathedral-stub}}

Star Jalsha Movies

2025-11-08T22:35:41Z

Subhah Shirin: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Star Jalsha#Star Jalsha Movies]]

[[Category:Movie channels in India]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television channels in India]]

Maharashtra State Film Award (Special Jury Award)

2025-11-02T04:44:24Z

Subhah Shirin: Creating New Details W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maharashtra State Film's Special Jury Award
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader =
| awarded_for = Special appearance of an actor in a Marathi film
| sponsor = [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
| firstawarded =
| lastawarded = 2023
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label =
| holder =
| award1_type =
| award1_winner =
| award2_type =
| award2_winner =
| award3_type =
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Maharashtra State Film's Special Jury Award for Special Appearance of an actor ''' is an award, presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to an actor for their performance in a [[Marathi cinema]].

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Special appearance actor/actress
!Film
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
|[[Mohan Joshi]]
|''[[Gharabaher]]''
|
|-
|[[Sukanya Kulkarni]]
|''[[Sarkarnama]]''
|
|-
|2001
|[[Madhu Kambikar]]
|''Aai Kulswamini Tuljabhavani''
|
|-
|2002
|[[Madhu Kambikar]]
|''Sangharsh Jeevanacha''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|[[Arun Nalawade]]
|''[[Shwaas]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shwaas aims for oscar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041114/spectrum/main5.htm}}</ref>
|-
|[[Madhura Velankar]]
|''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=marathisanmaan.com |url=http://ww38.marathisanmaan.com/marathi-actress/madhura-velankar |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=ww38.marathisanmaan.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|[[Sandeep Kulkarni]]
| rowspan="2" |''Adhantari''
|
|-
|[[Madhura Velankar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|[[Atul Kulkarni]]
|''[[Devrai]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Amol |title=Devrai leaves you speechless |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/15devrai.htm |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Sharvari Jamenis
|''[[Kaydyacha Bola]]''
|
|-
|2006
|[[Devika Daftardar]]
|''Nital''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|Chitra Navathe
|''[[Tingya]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award-winning Tingya revives Marathi cinema |url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/tingya-286914.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]]
|''[[Kadachit]]''
|
|-
|2008
|[[Nandu Madhav]]
|''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|[[Prasad Oak]]
|''Ti Ratra''
|
|-
|[[Kadambari Kadam]]
|''[[Aaghaat]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-19 |title=Kadambari Kadam's new role Story, Recap, Discussion forums & more on StarOne.in - Official website |url=http://starone.in/news/286/kadambari-kadams-new-role.aspx |access-date=2024-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019123351/http://starone.in/news/286/kadambari-kadams-new-role.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|Suhas Shirsat
|''[[Gajaar: Journey of the Soul]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-24 |title=Marathi film Gajaar to go for the Oscars |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/marathi-film-gajaar-to-go-for-the-oscars/story-mOj6GJUB0cXbgweJdww1CM.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jyoti Chandekar]]
|''Paulvat''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|[[Nandu Madhav]]
|''[[Shala (film)|Shala]]''
|
|-
|[[Umesh Kamat]]
|''Paris''
|
|-
|[[Hemangi Kavi]]
|''Pipani''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|[[Mohan Joshi]]
|''Rangkarmi''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Winners at the 51st Maharashtra State Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/40284322.cms?pcode=other |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Samidha Guru]]
|''[[Kapus Kondyachi Goshta]]''
|-
|2014
|[[Usha Naik]]
|''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=2015-04-08 |title=Nominations of Marathi films declared for 52nd State Awards |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/nominations-of-marathi-films-declared-for-52nd-state-awards.php |access-date=2024-03-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|[[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]]
|''[[Rangaa Patangaa]]''
|
|-
|[[Smita Tambe]]
|''[[Partu]]''
|
|-
|2016
|[[Chhaya Kadam]]
|''[[Redu (film)|Redu]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-30 |title=54th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards {{!}} 54 व्या महाराष्ट्र राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कारांची घोषणा {{!}} Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/54th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Firoz Shaikh
|''[[Tendlya]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-27 |title=56 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळ्यात Carol Littleton चा मराठमोळा अंदाज ठरला लक्ष्यवेधी; 'भोंगा' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY मराठी |url=https://marathi.latestly.com/entertainment/marathi/56th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners-list-39172.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=LatestLY मराठी |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|Gauri Mahajan
|''[[Pushpak Vimaan]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|Bhargav Pratap
|''[[Naal 2]]''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |title=राज्य चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा; हिंदी, मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील कलाकारांचा सन्मान; पाहा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/maharashtra-state-film-awards-diamond-jubilee-held-in-mumbai-see-all-winners-list-kajol-bhimrao-panchale-anupam-kher-mukta-barve-bollywood-news-1375148 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sujay Dahake]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Shyamchi Aai (2023 film)|Shyamchi Aai]]''
|-
|Amruta Rao
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Special Jury Award]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2003]]

Narmada Valley Development Authority

2025-10-13T00:06:06Z

Subhah Shirin: Creating Some Info V1

{{Short description|Indian government organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Narmada Valley Development Authority नर्मदा घाटी विकास प्राधिकरण
| logo = Emblem of Madhya Pradesh.svg
| location = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| type = Government Organization
| foundation = 1985-08-09
| area_served = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| key_people = {{nowrap|Shri Rakesh Chandra Sahni (Chairman) Shri O.P. Rawat ([[Vice Chairman|VC]])}}
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.mpsdc.gov.in/nvda/}}
}}

'''Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA)''' concerns [[Narmada River]], the river of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. With 87% of its [[Drainage basin|catchment area]] lying in Madhya Pradesh, it becomes all the more important for the state to exploit this enormous [[water resource]]. It was with this motto in mind that the Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA) was formed by the government of MP on 9 August 1985. NVDA oversees all major development projects in the Narmada Basin. The body also ensures that proper rehabilitation is provided to the displaced, and the negative impacts on environment are minimized by taking appropriate measures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nvda.nic.in/nvda.htm |title=Narmada Valley Development Authority, NVDA, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Narmada Basin, Narmada Water Dispute |publisher=Nvda.nic.in |date=1985-07-16 |access-date=2013-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530221055/http://nvda.nic.in/nvda.htm |archive-date=2013-05-30 }}</ref>

== History ==

Narmada being one of the major rivers in Central India, there has been a large number of studies aiming at exploiting the abundant water resource. This has also led to various disputes between [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]], the three states through which a major portion of Narmada flows. One such dispute was regarding the construction of Navagam dam in [[Gujarat]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Understanding The Narmada Controversy|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe1099/f1510991.html|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=Dinkar Shukla|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> which would submerge areas in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]]. To resolve the dispute between the states in sharing the Narmada water, the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal was formed by the Government of India in 1969. In 1979, 10 years after its formation, Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal awarded 18.25 Million Acre Feet [[(MAF)]] out of the total 27 Million Acre Feet (MAF) of water to [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (October 1969)|url=http://wrmin.nic.in/forms/list.aspx?lid=384|website=wrmin.nic.in|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> This was however under the condition that the state has to completely utilize the allocated water by 2025. If it failed to do so, the un-utilized water will be reallocated to other states. [[Madhya Pradesh]] government formed Narmada Valley Development Authority in 1985 to oversee the progress of the projects being planned in the Narmada Basin.

== Narmada Basin ==

Narmada is the fifth largest river in India. It is also the largest West flowing river in India, with a total length of 1312 km. Known as the 'Life Line of Madhya Pradesh', 87% of Narmada lies in Madhya Pradesh, covering the districts Shahdol, Balaghat, Rajnandgaon, Mandla, Seoni, Dindori, Katni, Jabalpur, Damoh, Sagar, Narsinghpur, Chhindwara, Betul, Hoshangabad, Harda, Raisen, Sehore, Khandwa, Indore, Dewas, Khargone, Dhar, Jhabua & Barwani.
Besides Madhya Pradesh, the river also flows through minor parts of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]]. Narmada has a potential of irrigating over {{convert|60000|sqkm|sqmi}} of land along with a capacity to generate about 3 [[gigawatt]]s of [[hydro electric]] power.
Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) had allocated fixed share of water for each of the four states as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nvda.in/tribunal-award.htm |title=Welcome to the N V D A |publisher=Nvda.in |date= |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sscac.gov.in/NWDT.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-03-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304065701/http://www.sscac.gov.in/NWDT.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-04 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State !! Millions of [[Acre-feet]] !! Billions of [[cubic metre]]s
|-
| Madhya Pradesh|| 18.25|| 14,407
|-
| Gujarat || 9.00 || 7,105
|-
| Rajasthan || 0.50 || 395
|-
| Maharashtra || 0.25 || 197
|-
| '''Total''' || '''28.00''' || '''22,104'''
|}

Each state has to utilize its share of water allocated by 2025, when failing, it will get reallocated to other states. So as to completely utilize the allocated share of water of 18.25 MAF, Madhya Pradesh government came up with 29 major, 135 medium and over 3,000 minor projects which are scheduled to be completed by 2025.

Table below provide details on the major [[dams]] and [[canals]] being planned on the Narmada Basin by NVDA<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nvda.in/pdf/vision2015.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 August 2011 |archive-date=20 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220024831/http://nvda.in/pdf/vision2015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Location Plan of projects in Narmada basin.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Layout of Water Resources Development Projects in the Narmada Basin in Gujarat & Madhya Pradesh]]

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| S. No.
| Name of Project
| Benefits ([[hectare|ha.]])
| Power ([[megawatt|MW]])
| Irrigation ([[cubic metre|m3]]))
|-
| colspan="5" | Completed Projects
|-
| '''1'''
| Tawa
| 2.469
| 13.50
| 2386.72
|-
| '''2'''
| Barna
| 0.548
| —
| 559.82
|-
| '''3'''
| Kolar
| 0.451
| —
| 435.90
|-
| '''4'''
| ''Sukta ''
| 0.166
| —
| 170.57
|-
| '''5'''
| Matiari (Dhobatoria)
| 0.101
| —
| 88.38
|-
| '''6'''
| Man Project
| 0.15
|
| 140.00
|-
| '''7'''
| Jobat Project
| 0.098
|
| 112.00
|-
| Ongoing Projects
|-
| '''8'''
| Rani Awanti Bai Sagar
| 1.57
| 100.00
| 1008.00
|-
| ''' '''
| Bargi Diversion
| 2.45
|
| 1853.10
|-
| '''9'''
| Indirasagar Project
| 1.23
| 1000.00
| 1674.00
|-
| ''' '''
| Canal Power House of ISP
|
| 15.00
|
|-
| '''10'''
| Omkareshwar Project
| 1.47
| 520.00
| 1300.00
|-
| '''11'''
| Punasa lift
| 0.323
|
| 105.00
|-
| '''12'''
| Upper Beda
| 0.099
|
| 90.00
|-
| colspan="5" | Proposed Projects
|-
| '''13'''
| Upper Narmada
| 0.185
|
| 178.93
|-
| '''14'''
| Upper Burhner
| 0.098
|
| 82.72
|-
| '''15'''
| Halon
| 0.117
|
| 134.00
|-
| '''16'''
| Ataria
| 0.129
|
| 112.36
|-
| '''17'''
| Chinki
| 0.708
|
| 1969.90
|-
| '''18'''
| Sher
| 0.647
|
| 567.96
|-
| '''19'''
| Machchrewa
|
|
|
|-
| '''20'''
| Shakkar
|
|
|
|-
| '''21'''
| Dudhi
| 0.506
|
| 444.49
|-
| '''22'''
| Morand
| 0.522
|
| 465.48
|-
| '''23'''
| Ganjal
|
|
|
|-
| '''24'''
| Lower Goi
| 0.137
|
| 133.00
|-
| '''25'''
| Raghavpur
|
| 20
|
|-
| '''26'''
| Rosara
|
| 25
|
|-
| '''27'''
| Basaniyar
|
| 20
|
|-
| '''28'''
| Sitareva
|
| 15
|
|}

== Major Projects ==

=== Indira Sagar Project ===

The [[Indirasagar Dam]] is a multipurpose key project on the [[Narmada River]] at Narmadanagar in the [[Khandwa district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]. The foundation stone of the project was laid by [[Indira Gandhi]], former [[Prime Minister of India]], on 23 October 1984. Construction of the main dam started in 1992. The downstream projects of ISP are [[Omkareshwar]], [[Maheshwar]] and [[Sardar Sarovar Project]].

The project envisages construction of a 92 m high and 653 m long concrete [[gravity dam]]. It provides [[irrigation]] for 1,230 square kilometers of land with annual production of 2700 million units in the districts of [[Khandwa district|Khandwa]] and [[Khargone district|Khargone]] in Madhya Pradesh and power generation of 1000 MW installed capacity (8x125). The reservoir of {{convert|7900000|acre.ft|km3}} live storage capacity was created. The dam, built as a joint venture between Madhya Pradesh Irrigation Project and [[National Hydroelectric Power Corporation]], is the source of the Indra Gandhi canal. It was commissioned in May 2005.<ref>[http://www.nhpcindia.com/Projects/English/Scripts/Prj_Features.aspx?Vid=15 NHPC Limited: Indira Sagar Power Station]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Narmada Kothi (Maharajah of Indore Retreat Palace), Barwaha]] (NVDA Circle No. 8)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://nvda.mpforest.org/NVDA-website/}}
* [http://www.mp.gov.in MP Government website]

{{Narmada basin}}


[[Category:State agencies of Madhya Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Narmada River]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1985]]

Jindal Steel and Power

2025-09-29T09:17:09Z

Subhah Shirin: Page refined with updated information

#REDIRECT [[Jindal Steel]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

National Highway 54B (India, old numbering)

2025-09-23T21:31:25Z

Subhah Shirin: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 502 (India)]]

Manpada

2025-09-20T08:15:27Z

Subhah Shirin: Creating The Pg W/ Sources

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manpada
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.0994845|N|72.8500709|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 49
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 949
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551563
| footnotes =
}}
'''Manpada''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Manpada has 188 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 60.23%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 949 || 439 || 510
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 152 || 71 || 81
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 944 || 434 || 510
|-
| Literates || 480 || 274 || 206
|-
| Workers (all) || 411 || 229 || 182
|-
| Main workers (total) || 233 || 131 || 102
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 72 || 44 || 28
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 49 || 23 || 26
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Other || 108 || 62 || 46
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 178 || 98 || 80
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 167 || 90 || 77
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 7 || 5 || 2
|-
| Non-workers || 538 || 210 || 328
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Talasari taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]

P. N. Ramachandra Rao

2025-09-05T00:18:20Z

Subhah Shirin: Created Biography...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. N. Ramachandra Rao
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = 18 August 1955
| birth_place = Chadalavaada Village, Tenali Taluk, Guntur Dist., A.P., India
| othername = PNR
| yearsactive = 1980–present
| occupation = Film director, Producer and Screenwriter
}}
'''P. N. Ramchandar Rao''' (born 18 August 1955) is an Indian film director, producer who has worked on Telugu and few Kannada films.

Born in Chadalavada village, PNR's lived in childhood Parlapalli Village, Nellore dist. till he moved to Chennai to join in films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_pnramachandrarao_2007.php|title=Interview: P.N. Ramachandra Rao|date=29 May 2007|last=Sri|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608103352/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_pnramachandrarao_2007.php|archive-date=8 June 2007}}</ref>

In 1973, he joined P. Chandrashekar Reddy, a well-known Film director who also hails from Nellore and worked for the film ''Kottha Kapuram'' starring [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[S. V. Ranga Rao|S.V. Ranga Rao]], Bharathi [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] and others.

==Career==
P. N. Ramachandra Rao is a Telugu film director and producer, with his friends as partners, and produced couple of hits like [[Gandhinagar Rendava Veedhi]] and ''[[Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]'' (1991) in his direction. He produced total 12 films till now.

==Filmography==
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Private Master]]'' (1967)
*''[[Merupu Daadi]]'' (1984) (Introduced actress Devi opposite Bhanuchander)
*''Attaku Koduku Mamaku Alludu'' (1993)
*''[[Gandhinagar Rendava Veedhi]]'' (1987)
* ''[[August 15 Raatri]]'' (1988)
*''[[Master Kapuram]]'' (1990) (Introduced Sudharani as Heroine)
*''[[Chitram Bhalare Vichitram]]'' (1991)
*''[[Pelli Neeku Shobhanam Naku]]'' (1992)
*''[[Bombat Hendthi]]'' (Kannada) (1992)
*''[[Asale Pellaina Vaanni]]'' (1993)
*''[[Attaku Koduku Mamaku Alludu]]'' (1993)
*''[[Leader (1995 film)|Leader]]'' (1995) (Introduced Priyaraman as Heroine)
*''Sahanam'' (1996)
*''[[Subhavartha]]'' (1998) (partially reshot as ''Mannavaru Chinnavaru'' in Tamil)
*''[[Jodi Simhagallu]]'' (Kannada) (1999)
*''[[Jackpot (2001 Telugu film)|Jackpot]]'' (Producer) (2001)
*''[[Golmaal (2003 film)|Golmaal]]'' (2003)
*''Abhinandana'' (2005) (Kannada)
;Television Series

*"[[Bhakta Markandeya]]" (2000) (telecasted in E TV) ( Jr. N.T R as Teen lead character 'Markandeya' ){{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0654922}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, P. N. Ramachandra}}
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Patra ni machhi

2025-08-15T12:41:18Z

Subhah Shirin: fix lead based on references

{{Short description|Indian dish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{no footnotes|date=February 2013}}

'''Patra ni machhi''' is an [[Indian cuisine|Indian dish]] originating from [[Parsi cuisine]], which is made from steamed fish topped with [[chutney]] and wrapped in a banana leaf.

==External links==
*[http://www.parsicuisine.com/patra.htm Patra ni machhi recipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005234509/http://www.parsicuisine.com/patra.htm |date=5 October 2009 }} from Parsicuisine.com

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Cuisine of India}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian fish dishes]]
[[Category:Parsi cuisine]]

{{India-food-stub}}

Dilip Barooah

2025-07-17T20:23:38Z

Subhah Shirin: new pg

{{Short description|Assamese author and social entrepreneur}}
[[File:ISU 印度 - 复件.jpg|thumb|328x328px|Dilip Barooah at ISU (International Silk Union)]]
'''Dilip Barooah''' (5 August 1957 - 19 August 2020) was an [[Assamese people|Assamese]] author and [[Social entrepreneurship|Social Entrepreneur]] who is credited to be the pioneer of manufacturing of [[Eri silk|Eri Silk]] in the North East of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-assam-tribune/20200927/282368337087305|access-date=2021-02-02|via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-20|title=Dilip Barooah, Assam's pioneering ahimsa silk entrepreneur dies of coronavirus|url=https://newsfile-online.com/2020/08/20/dilip-barooah-assams-pioneering-ahimsa-silk-entrepreneur-dies-of-coronavirus/|access-date=2021-02-02|website=NewsFileOnline|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803171345/https://newsfile-online.com/2020/08/20/dilip-barooah-assams-pioneering-ahimsa-silk-entrepreneur-dies-of-coronavirus/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Bikash|title=NE silk finds place in global map|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/ne-silk-finds-place-in-global-map/articleshow/4895345.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-20|title=Dilip Barooah, Assam's pioneering ahimsa silk entrepreneur dies of coronavirus|url=https://newsfile-online.com/2020/08/20/dilip-barooah-assams-pioneering-ahimsa-silk-entrepreneur-dies-of-coronavirus/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=NewsFileOnline|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803171345/https://newsfile-online.com/2020/08/20/dilip-barooah-assams-pioneering-ahimsa-silk-entrepreneur-dies-of-coronavirus/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Publications ==

* South Asian Ways of Silk: A Patchwork of Biology, Manufacture, Culture and History <ref>{{Cite web|title=South Asian Ways of Silk: A Patchwork of Biology, Manufacture, Culture and History|url=https://silkwormbooks.com/products/south-asian-ways-of-silk|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Silkworm Books|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=South Asian Ways of Silk – NIAS Press|url=https://www.niaspress.dk/book/south-asian-ways-of-silk/|access-date=2021-02-02|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Indian ways of silk : precious threads bridging India's past, present and future <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Zethner|first1=Ole|title=Indian ways of silk: precious threads bridging India's past, present and future|last2=Koustrup|first2=Rie|last3=Barooah|first3=Dilip|date=2014|publisher=Bhabani Print & Publications |isbn=978-93-81139-79-0|language=English|oclc=783722912}}</ref>
*Understanding Morphology, next to Skin Comfort, and Change of Properties during Washing of Knitted Blends of Eri Silk<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Understanding Morphology, next to Skin Comfort, and Change of Properties during Washing of Knitted Blends of Eri Silk | van Amber | Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management|date=|url=https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/JTATM/article/view/14158|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119025025/http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu:80/index.php/JTATM/article/view/14158 |archive-date=2018-11-19 |access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Dilip Barooah was born August 5, 1957, in Margherita, [[Assam]], in northeastern [[India]]. Dilip studied at the Assam Textiles Institute. In the early eighties he worked at a textile mill in [[Mumbai]] as a manager and then moved to [[Germany]] and [[South Africa]]. He came back to [[Assam]] to advance the industrial growth supported by the government of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leader|first=The Weekend|title=Sick of MNC culture, a textile engineer returns to his roots to help the people|url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/272/changing-the-social-fabric.html|access-date=2021-02-02|website=www.theweekendleader.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=WoW|title=Fabric Plus: Taking Eri silk to the World|url=https://www.womenonwings.com/2018/11/fabric-plus-taking-eri-silk-to-the-world/|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Women on Wings|date=19 November 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Barooah founded Fabric Plus Pvt Ltd in [[Mumbai]] in 2003.<ref name=":1" /> Adding value to local [[raw material]]s with innovation had Fabric Plus catering to fashion giants like [[Armani]], [[Hugo Boss]], [[Roberto Cavalli|Just Cavalli]], [[Chopard]] and [[Moschino]] among other brands. As a social entrepreneur for [[Chaygaon|Chhaygaon]], Barooah helped the region's growth. The [[Eri silk]] spinning mill impacted the lives of 350 spinners and weavers and benefitted 4,500 people engaged in producing silk/cocoon and marketing.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leader|first=The Weekend|title=Sick of MNC culture, a textile engineer returns to his roots to help the people|url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/272/changing-the-social-fabric.html|access-date=2021-07-05|website=www.theweekendleader.com|language=English}}</ref> Barooah played a significant role in redefining the term "sustainable silk" and its "authenticity".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ahimsa eri toast of West - Assam silk endorsed for preserving life of worm|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/ahimsa-eri-toast-of-west-assam-silk-endorsed-for-preserving-life-of-worm/cid/345606|access-date=2021-02-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Textile firm targets 50000 jobs|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/textile-firm-targets-50000-jobs/cid/1627658|access-date=2021-02-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

[[Upcycling|Up-cycling]] of reeling waste from [[Muga silk]] was a new process introduced by Dilip. By up-cycling the waste procured from the [[silk reeling]] process, Dilip was able to convert them back into yarns. This practice was the first achievement of its kind with Muga silk.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Municipal waste generation has been slowly decoupling from economic growth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933484547|access-date=2021-02-03|doi=10.1787/888933484547|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Dilip also established Rudrasagar Silk Ltd with the help of the [[Ministry of Textiles|Textile Ministry of India]] to produce High quality [[Eri silk|Eri]] and [[Muga silk|Muga Silk]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Excellence|first=Textile|date=2019-02-26|title=Silkline for Textile Sector in NE India: Smriti Irani Inaugurates Rudrasagar Silk Mill|url=https://www.textileexcellence.com/featured/silkline-for-textile-sector-in-ne-india-smriti-irani-inaugurates-rudrasagar-silk-mill/|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Textile Excellence - Textile & Apparel Newspaper / Magazine|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206192154/https://www.textileexcellence.com/featured/silkline-for-textile-sector-in-ne-india-smriti-irani-inaugurates-rudrasagar-silk-mill/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards/Recognition ==

* Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini Award<ref name=":0" />
* True Legends Awards 2016 Northeast <ref>{{Cite web|title=Twelve Northeast true legends honoured|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/twelve-northeast-true-legends-honoured/cid/1495009|access-date=2021-02-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Death ==
Dilip Barooah died on 19 August 2020 at around 11:30 pm due to [[COVID-19]] related complications.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2020-08-20|title=Assam: Silk entrepreneur Dilip Barooah passes away due to COVID-19 - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-silk-entrepreneur-dilip-barooah-passes-away-due-to-covid-19-496303|access-date=2021-02-03|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barooah, Dilip}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Tinsukia district]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]