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Aditi Mittal

2026-05-06T20:22:11Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Stub

{{short description|Indian stand-up comedian (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aditi Mittal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|11|12}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Stand-up Comedian
| years_active = 2009–present
}}
'''Aditi Mittal''' (12 November 1987)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditi Mittal {{!}} Actress, Writer, Producer |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5703682/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DQ9sxS2AlsB/?hl=en&img_index=1 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> is an Indian [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedian]], [[Actor|actress]] and [[writer]].<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/the-joke-s-on-you/article1-1125221.aspx "The Joke's on you"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310222122/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/the-joke-s-on-you/article1-1125221.aspx |date=March 10, 2014 }}, ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', Mumbai, 29 September 2013.</ref><ref>[http://wonderwoman.intoday.in/story/little-miss-sunshine-aditi-mittal/1/100554.html "Little Miss Sunshine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822130623/http://wonderwoman.intoday.in/story/little-miss-sunshine-aditi-mittal/1/100554.html |date=2016-08-22 }}, ''[[India Today]]''</ref> One of the first women to do stand-up comedy in India, Mittal has been rated amongst India's top 10 [[Stand-up comedy|stand-up comedians]] by ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130906124516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-11/tv/30141653_1_stand-up-comedy-comedians-russell-peters "Comic Relief"], ''[[The Times of India]]'', Mumbai, 11 September 2011.</ref> [[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]] named her as one of the top 30 "witty, intelligent and incredibly fun" Indian women to follow on [[Twitter]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130310035627/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/12773.html "Women’s Day: 30 witty, intelligent and incredibly fun Indian women to follow on Twitter"], "[[CNN IBN]]"</ref> Mittal has written columns and articles in ''[[Grazia]]'' Men magazine, ''[[DNA (magazine)|DNA]]'', ''[[Firstpost]]'' and ''[[Financial Times]]'' (UK, Weekend Edition).<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/column-carpe-the-hell-out-of-every-diem-1836929 "Carpe the Hell Out of every Diem"], ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]'', Mumbai, 20 May 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/the-curious-case-of-armaan-kohli-the-bigg-boss-7-contestant-1161727.html "The Curious Case of Armaan Kohli"], "[[Firstpost]]", 17 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/5c978d2e-2eb6-11e2-9b98-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2poTDnVgd "In all Fairness"], ''[[Financial Times]]'', UK, 16 November 2012.</ref><ref>[http://grazia.co.in/lifestyle2/can-women-be-funny "Can Women be Funny"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203045203/http://grazia.co.in/lifestyle2/can-women-be-funny |date=2014-02-03 }}, ''[[Grazia]]'', 19 January 2013.</ref>

== Career ==
Mittal has been described by ''[[Mid-Day]]'' as one of the better-known faces of the Indian English stand-up comedy scene in North and West India.<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jul/120712-Getting-candid-with-the-phunny-girl.htm "Getting candid with the phunny girl"], "[[Mid-Day]]", Mumbai, 12 July 2012.</ref> In 2009, she was one of the first 5 Indians to be featured in an Indians-only stand-up show called [[Local Heroes (UK TV series)|''Local Heroes'']], organized by the U.K based club [[The Comedy Store]].<ref>[http://www.zomato.com/por/events/mumbai/local-heroes-100015552 "Local Heroes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140126120129/http://www.zomato.com/por/events/mumbai/local-heroes-100015552|date=2014-01-26}}, "[[Zomato.com]]", Mumbai, 20 June.</ref> She has performed at Canvas Laugh Factory, Comedy Store Mumbai and several humor festivals across the country, clubs in UK and at [[Laugh Factory]], Los Angeles.<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tdQIqKqo76MyRXZRSaDHRI/Society--Funny-girls.html "What makes India’s Women comedian tick"], "[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]", Mumbai, 6 July 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.standupplanet.org/2013/05/28/from-the-directors-notebook-los-angeles-california/ "From the Directors notebook"], "[[Stand Up Planet]]", USA.</ref>

In 2013, Mittal was invited by the [[BBC]] for the prestigious 100 Women Conference in London.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-24579511 "100 Women: Who took part"], "[[Bbc.com]]", London, 22 November 2013.</ref>

Along with American and South African comics, Mittal has been featured in the American documentary ''Stand-Up Planet'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stand-Up Planet |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417120903/https://www.kcet.org/shows/stand-up-planet/stand-up-planet-comedy-showcase-chapter-4}}</ref> which depicts a stand-up comic's quest to find some of the best humor from corners of the developing world.<ref>[http://www.standupplanet.org/comics/ "Comics"], "[[Stand Up Planet]]".</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/05/11/311410262/stand-up-planet-follows-jokes-to-serious-global-issues|title=Aditi Mittal in Stand Up Planet|last=|first=|date=11 May 2014|website=npr|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eventseeker.com/artist/61984-aditi-mittal|title=Aditi Mittal in Stand-up Planet|last=|first=|date=|website=Eventseeker|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> She also appeared on [[CNN-IBN]]'s Phenking News with [[Cyrus Broacha]], and is a staple on the political satire show Jay Hind.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110622180829/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110619/jsp/graphiti/story_14129838.jsp "Telegraph"], "[[Just for laughs]]", Calcutta, 19 June 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202185519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-27/coimbatore/34764377_1_standup-comedy-comedian-vir-das "A funny weekend treat for city residents"], "[[The Times of India]]", Coimbatore, 27 October 2012.</ref> She was one of the founding members of the Ghanta Awards and the Filmfail Awards, two of the biggest parody award shows in India.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202193118/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-2nd-annual-ghanta-awards-list-of-winners/241045-8-66.html "The 2nd annual ghanta awards list of winners"], "[[IBNlive.in]]", 20 March 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/theatre/filmfail-awards "The Filmfail Awards"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204015102/http://www.timeoutmumbai.net/theatre/filmfail-awards |date=February 4, 2014 }}, ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'', Mumbai, 22 March 2012.</ref> She has featured in ''Ripping the Decade'' with [[Vir Das]], Fools Gold Awards on [[Comedy Central (India)|Comedy Central India]], and Bollywood OMG on [[Channel V India|Channel V]].<ref>[http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k10/dec/decrel50.php "R.I.P.ping the Decade"], "[[Indiantelevision.com]]", 27 December 2010.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202185523/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-31/tv/31255224_1_fools-channel-award "Now, an awards for fools!"], "[[The Times of India]], 31 March 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2012/may/060512-No-laughing-matter.htm "No laughing matter"], "[[Mid-Day]]", Mumbai, 6 May 2012.</ref>

Mittal has spoken at India's 1st Sex Exposition by ''[[India Today]]'', WIFT India ([[Women in Film and Television International|Women in Film and Television]]), and at the [[Indian School of Business]], Hyderabad.

In the end of 2013 and in October 2014, she was included in the [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC's 100 Women]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-20 |title=100 Women: Who took part? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-24579511 |access-date=2022-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-29758792|title=Who are the 100 Women 2014?|date=2014-10-26|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-01-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> In December 2014, Mittal featured as a part of the panel on the ''[[AIB Knockout]]''. In February, she appeared as a guest on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[The Now Show]]''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0512ln6 |title = BBC Radio 4 - the Now Show, Series 45, Episode 5}}</ref>

Mittal's [[YouTube]] series ''Bad Girls'' showcases women activists. The first episode, released in February 2017, focused on [[Nidhi Goyal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/nidhi-goyal-aditi-mittal-comedy-visually-impaired-woman-disability-and-sexuality-comedian-bad-girls-youtube|title=Visually-Impaired Comedian Nidhi Goyal Slays It On 'Bad Girls'|last=Sharma|first=Deeksha|work=[[The Quint]]|date=17 February 2017|accessdate=27 August 2018}}</ref> In the same year, she performed her solo show "Things They Wouldn't Let Me Say" in July 2017 at the Canvas Laugh Factory, Mumbai. The show, which premiered as a [[Netflix]] special, features an appearance by her character, "Dr. Mrs. Lutchuke", who is a [[Sex therapy|sex therapist]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=2017-07-20 |title=Aditi Mittal talks about the things they wouldn’t let her say, and then some |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/844417/aditi-mittal-talks-about-the-things-they-wouldnt-let-her-say-and-then-some |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, she was accused of sexual harassment by comedian [[Kaneez Surka]] who stated that Mittal had forcefully kissed her on the mouth. Mittal denied the accusation, leading to Surka publicly posting what had happened on Twitter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kaneez-surka-accuses-comedian-aditi-mittal-of-sexual-harassment/story-5PCSKJR9ONZ1tRzkfBx0jI.html |title=Kaneez Surka accuses comedian Aditi Mittal of sexual harassment |date=10 October 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, Mittal said that "she gave the improv artiste, who was hosting an open mic, a peck on the lips as a joke, as a part of the act" and apologised later to Surka when she realised "the discomfort she had caused".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-10-11|title=#MeToo: Comedian Aditi Mittal apologises to Kaneez Surka, says her intentions were not 'sexual in nature'|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/metoo-comedian-aditi-mittal-apologises-to-kaneez-surka-says-her-intentions-were-not-sexual-in-nature/articleshow/66159684.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref>

Mittal appeared in [[James May]]'s ''[[James May: Our Man in...#Series 3: Our Man in India (2024)|Our Man in India]]'' in 2024.

== Views ==
Mittal believes that humor is the best fix for gravitas. A fan of [[Tina Fey]] and [[Kristen Wiig]], she stepped into the stand-up comedy scene after quitting her job in New York and moving to India. Allured by the burgeoning interest in it, she trained herself, subsequently moving on to live performances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=Stand-up comedian Aditi Mittal, biography and career |url=https://tfiglobalnews.com/2022/09/26/stand-up-comedian-aditi-mittal-biography-and-career/ |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=TFIGlobal |language=en-US}}</ref> Mittal was featured on BBC World and BBC America among "India's trailblazers", and appeared on BBC Asia with RJ Nihal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Female and funny: Indian comedienne |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-asia-india-22712469 |access-date=2026-04-07 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Asian Network - Nihal, Female stand-up comedian Aditi Mittal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b02x9r27 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Her material has been described as "acerbic and cutting edge".<ref>[http://wonderwoman.intoday.in/story/little-miss-sunshine-aditi-mittal/1/100554.html "Little Miss Sunshine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822130623/http://wonderwoman.intoday.in/story/little-miss-sunshine-aditi-mittal/1/100554.html |date=2016-08-22 }}, "[[India Today]]".</ref><ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tdQIqKqo76MyRXZRSaDHRI/Society--Funny-girls.html "What makes India’s Women comedian tick"], "[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]", Mumbai, 6 July 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.actfaqs.com/TOI-rates-ADITI-MITTAL-for-Laughs "TOI rates Aditi Mittal for Laughs"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202144911/http://www.actfaqs.com/TOI-rates-ADITI-MITTAL-for-Laughs|date=February 2, 2014}}, "[[Actfaqs.com]]", 10 June 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130906072954/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130903/jsp/t2/story_17302995.jsp#.Us6YLBZ6vCE "Want a laugh? Just let her loose!"], "[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|Telegraph]]", Calcutta, 3 September 20.</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20110718-laugh-out-loud-746777-2011-07-06 "Laugh Out Loud"], "[[India Today]]", 7 July 2011.</ref> She has said, "My brand of humor is personal. It's observational."<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20110718-laugh-out-loud-746777-2011-07-06 "Laugh Out Loud"], "[[India Today]]", 7 July 2011.</ref> She developed the character of Dr. (Mrs.) Lutchuke because she "did not like the way sex was portrayed by the media".<ref>[http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/get-up-stand-up "Get Up Stand Up"], "[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open Magazine]]", 28 May 2011.</ref>

== Television==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:105%"
|+
|- bgcolor="#AAAAACCCCDDDDD" align="center"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | References
|-
| 2024
| ''[[James May: Our Man in...#Series 3: Our Man in India (2024)|Our Man in India]]''
| Herself
| Travel Documentary
|}

===Digital Platform===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:105%"
|+
|- bgcolor="#AAAAACCCCDDDDD" align="center"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Platform
|-
|2017
|''Things They Wouldn't Let Me Say''
|Herself
|[[Netflix]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
| ''Bad Girls''
| Herself
| [[YouTube]]
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Digital series) season 3|Bigg Boss OTT Season 3]]''
| Guest
| [[JioCinema]]
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mittal, Aditi}}
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:Indian humour columnists]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women humorists]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

2023 SAFF Championship final

2026-05-05T16:43:26Z

Stoutsanitaryware:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2023 SAFF Championship final
| image = File:Sree Kanteerava Stadium.jpg
| caption = The [[2023 SAFF Championship]] final match held at this stadium.
| event = [[2023 SAFF Championship]]
| team1 = [[Kuwait national football team|Kuwait]]
| team1association = {{flagdeco|Kuwait|size=30px}}
| team1score = 1
| team2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| team2association ={{flagdeco|India|size=30px}}
| team2score = 1
| details = '''After [[overtime (sports)|extra time]] India won 5–4 on [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalties]]'''
| date = {{start date|2023|07|04|df=y}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| city = [[Bengaluru]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee = Prajwal Chhetri ([[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]])
| attendance = 26,380
| weather =
| previous = [[2021 SAFF Championship#Final|2021]]
| next = 2026
}}

The '''2023 SAFF Championship final''' was the final match of the [[2023 SAFF Championship]]. It took place on 4 July 2023 at the [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name=SPBK>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 June 2023 |title=Bashundhara Toiletries Limited becomes title sponsor of SAFF Championship 2023 |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/696273/Bashundhara-Toiletries-Limited-becomes-title-sponsor-of-SAFF-Championship-2023 |access-date=21 June 2023 |website=daily-sun.com|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622031615/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/696273/Bashundhara-Toiletries-Limited-becomes-title-sponsor-of-SAFF-Championship-2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Triyasha |date=2023-05-15 |title=SAFF Championship 2023 Draw on May 17, Indian Football Team eye consecutive titles - Follow SAFF 2023 LIVE |url=https://www.insidesport.in/saff-championship-2023-draw-on-may-17-indian-football-team-eye-consecutive-titles-follow-saff-2023-live/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.insidesport.in |language=en-US}}</ref> It was announced that the matches during the tournament, including the final, would take place at the [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]. India defeated Kuwait on penalty-shootouts after the match ended in a 1–1 draw after extra time.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 2021 |title=SAFF Championship 2021 Final: India defeats Nepal 3-0 to lift title for the eighth time |work=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/saff-championship-2021-final-india-nepal-chhetri-indian-football-news/article37024014.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201103340/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/saff-championship-2021-final-india-nepal-chhetri-indian-football-news/article37024014.ece |archive-date=1 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rawat |first1=Akhil |title=Double, double toil and treble: Blue Tigers bask in SAFF C'ship glory|publisher=AIFF|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/double-double-toil-and-treble-blue-tigers-bask-in-saff-cship-glory |access-date=12 July 2023|date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712113849/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/double-double-toil-and-treble-blue-tigers-bask-in-saff-cship-glory|archive-date=12 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Venue==
On 19 March 2023, it was announced that the matches during the tournament, including the final, would take place at the [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru to host 2023 SAFF Championship |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/bengaluru-to-host-2023-saff-championship |access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="20px" |[[Bangalore]]
! rowspan="5" |{{Location map+ |India|width=240 |float=center |caption= |places=
{{Location map~ |India |lat=12.9697|long=77.5934|position=right |label='''[[Bangalore]]'''}}
}}
|-
|{{nowrap|[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]}}
|-
|{{Coord|12|58|10.92|N|77|35|36.24|E|region:ZA_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bangalore}}
|-
| Capacity: '''25,810'''
|-
|[[File:Sree Kanteerava Stadium.jpg|250x150px|alt=Aerial view Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|}

==Route to the final==
Kuwait played their first match against Nepal and won it 3–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/sports/kuwait-dominates-nepal-with-a-3-1-victory-in-saff-football-2023|title=Kuwait dominates Nepal with a 3-1 victory in SAFF Championship 2023}}</ref> In their second game of the group stage they defeated Pakistan 4–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/football/saff-championship-pakistan-get-thrashed-by-kuwait-4-0-in-one-sided-contest-8164441.html|title=SAFF Championship: Pakistan Get Thrashed by Kuwait 4-0 in One-sided Contest}}</ref> Kuwait's last outing was against hosts India with the match ending in a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/saff-championship-2023-anwar-alis-own-goal-cancels-sunil-chhetri-strike-as-india-draw-with-kuwait-101687886243049.html|title=SAFF Championship 2023: Anwar Ali's own goal cancels Sunil Chhetri strike as India draw with Kuwait}}</ref> The opponent for Kuwait in semi-final was Bangladesh, whom they defeated by a narrow margin of 1–0 in the extra time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/bangladeshs-saff-dream-shattered-after-1-0-defeat-kuwait-semifinal-658458|title=Bangladesh's Saff dream shattered after 1-0 defeat to Kuwait in semifinal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/we-deserved-win-cabrera-3358796|title=We deserved to win: Cabrera}}</ref>

The Hosts started their campaign against Pakistan with a resounding 4–0 win.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jun/26/pakistan-india-football-south-asian-cup|title=India v Pakistan is not a classic football rivalry. But it could be|newspaper=The Guardian |date=26 June 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 |last1=Duerden |first1=John }}</ref> [[Sunil Chhetri]] scored his fourth international hat-trick and [[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta Singh]] scored the fourth goal.<ref name="chhetrihattrick4AIFF">{{cite web |last1=Rawat |first1=Akhil |title=A Diamond is Forever: Super Sunil's hat-trick sinks Pakistan|publisher=AIFF|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/a-diamond-is-forever-super-sunils-hat-trick-sinks-pakistan |access-date=21 June 2023|date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621175231/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/a-diamond-is-forever-super-sunils-hat-trick-sinks-pakistan|archive-date=21 June 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> In the next match they saw of Nepal by 2–0 and the final match of the group stage against Kuwait resulted in a 1–1 stalemate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/india-vs-nepal-2-0-saff-championship-2023/article67006429.ece|title=India downs Nepal 2-0 to enter SAFF Championship 2023 semifinals}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/saff-championship-2023-anwar-alis-own-goal-cancels-sunil-chhetri-strike-as-india-draw-with-kuwait-101687886243049.html|title=SAFF Championship 2023: Anwar Ali's own goal cancels Sunil Chhetri strike as India draw with Kuwait}}</ref> In the semi-final India locked horns with Lebanon and won on penalty shootout after the game ended in a goal less draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/saff-championship-india-beat-lebanon-on-penalties-enter-final-101688234673392.html|title=SAFF Championship: India beat Lebanon on penalties, enter final}}</ref>

{| style="width:100%;text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#9cf"
!colspan=2 style="width:1*"|{{fb|Kuwait}}
!Round
!colspan=2 style="width:1*"|{{fb|IND}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#c1e0ff"
|Opponent
|Result
|| [[2023 SAFF Championship#Group phase|Group stage]]
|Opponent
|Result
|-
|{{fb|Nepal}}
|[[2023 SAFF Championship#Group A|1–3]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"| Match 1
|{{fb|PAK}}
|[[2023 SAFF Championship#Group A|0–4]]
|-
|{{fb|Pakistan}}
|[[2023 SAFF Championship#Group A|0–4]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"| Match 2
|{{fb|NEP}}
|[[2023 SAFF Championship#Group A|0–2]]
|-
|{{fb|India}}
|[[2023 SAFF Championship#Group A|1–1]]
|style="background:#c1e0ff"| Match 3
|{{fb|KUW}}
|[[2023 SAFF Championship#Group A|1–1]]
|-
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|Pld|Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc"
|align=left|'''{{fb|Kuwait}}'''
|'''3'''||'''2'''||'''1'''|| '''0'''||'''8'''||'''2'''||'''+6''' ||'''7'''
|- style="background:#cfc"
|align=left|{{fb|India}}
|3||2||1||0||7||1||+6||'''7'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Nepal}}
|3||1||0||2||2||5||−3||3
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Pakistan}}
|3||0||0||3||0||9||−9||0
|}
|style="background:#c1e0ff"| Final standings
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!width="175"|Team
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|Pld|Played}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|W|Won}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!width="20"|{{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
|- style="background:#cfc"
|align=left|{{fb|Kuwait}}
|3||2||1|| 0||8||2||+6||'''7'''
|- style="background:#cfc"
|align=left|'''{{fb|India}}'''
|'''3'''||'''2'''||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''7'''||'''1'''||'''+6'''||'''7'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Nepal}}
|3||1||0||2||2||5||−3||3
|-
|align=left|{{fb|Pakistan}}
|3||0||0||3||0||9||−9||0
|}

|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#c1e0ff"
|Opponent
|Result
|| {{nowrap|[[2023 SAFF Championship#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]}}
|Opponent
|Result
|-
|{{fb|Bangladesh}}
|[[2023 SAFF Championship#Semi-finals|0–1]] {{aet}}
|style="background:#c1e0ff"| [[2023 SAFF Championship#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|{{fb|LBN}}
|[[2023 SAFF Championship#Semi-finals|0–0]] {{pso|2–4}}
|}

==Match==
{{Football box
| date = {{Start date|2023|7|4|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/37075/India_Kuwait.html|title=India vs Kuwait 2023}}</ref>
| time = 19:30
| team1 = {{fb-rt|KUW}}
| score = 1–1
| aet = y
| report = https://web.archive.org/web/20230705091149/https://saffederation.org/uploads/64a46456995f9.pdf
| team2 = {{fb|IND}}
| goals1 =
*[[Shabib Al-Khaldi|Khaldi]] {{goal|14}}
| goals2 =
*[[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|36}}
| penaltyscore = 4–5
| penalties1 =
*[[Mohammad Daham|Daham]] {{penmiss}}
*Otaibi {{pengoal}}
*[[Ahmed Al-Dhefiri|Dhaferi]] {{pengoal}}
*Naji {{pengoal}}
*[[Shabaib Al-Khaldi|Khaldi]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Khalid El Ebrahim|Khalid]] {{penmiss}}
| penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Subhasish Bose|S. Bose]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Naorem Mahesh Singh|Mahesh]]
| stadium = Sree Kanteerava Stadium
| location = Bangalore
| attendance = 26,380
| referee = Prajwal Chhetri ([[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]])
}}
{| width=92% |
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _adidascampeon25rb
| pattern_b = _adidascampeon25rb
| pattern_ra = _adidascampeon25rb
| pattern_sh = _adidastirocm24tr
| pattern_so = _color_3_stripes_white
| leftarm = 0000FF
| body = 0000FF
| rightarm = 0000FF
| shorts = 0000FF
| socks = 0000FF
| title = {{nowrap|Kuwait}}
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _ind2425a
| pattern_b = _ind2425a
| pattern_ra = _ind2425a
| pattern_sh = _ind2425a
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = FF6607
| body = FF6607
| rightarm = FF6607
| shorts = FF6607
| socks = FF6607
| title = {{nowrap|India}}
}}
|}
{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"| !!width="200"| !!
|-
| |||| Abdulrahman Kameel
|-
| || || [[Hassan Al-Enezi]] {{suboff|28}}
|-
| || || [[Khalid El Ebrahim]]
|-
| || || [[Hamad Al-Qallaf]] {{yel|60}} {{suboff|87}}
|-
| || || [[Abdullah Ammar]] {{yel|46}} {{suboff|91}}
|-
| || || [[Redha Abujabarah]] {{yel|41}} {{suboff|87}}
|-
| || || [[Mohammad Daham]] {{yel|66}}
|-
| || || [[Sultan Al Enezi]] {{suboff|99}}
|-
| || || [[Shabaib Al-Khaldi]]
|-
| || || [[Ahmed Al-Dhefiri]] {{yel|46}}
|-
| || || [[Mobarak Al-Faneeni]] {{suboff|69}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
| |||| [[Hamad Al-Harbi]] {{subon|28}}
|-
| |||| [[Eid Al-Rashidi]] {{subon|69}}
|-
| |||| [[Mahdi Dashti]] {{subon|87}}
|-
| |||| Fawaz Ayedh Al-Otaibi {{subon|87}}
|-
| |||| Abdullah Ghanim Al-Fahad {{subon|91}} {{yel|115}}
|-
| |||| Abdulaziz Naji Mahran {{subon|99}} {{yel|120}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Rui Bento]]
|}
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"| !!width="200"| !!
|-
| |||| [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|-
| || || [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]] {{suboff|35}}
|-
| || || [[Sandesh Jhingan]] {{yel|28}}
|-
| || || [[Akash Mishra]] {{suboff|113}}
|-
| || || [[Nikhil Poojari]]
|-
| || || [[Anirudh Thapa]] {{suboff|72}}
|-
| || || [[Ashique Kuruniyan]] {{yel|65}} {{suboff|72}}
|-
| || || [[Jeakson Singh Thounaojam]]
|-
| || || [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|-
| || || [[Sahal Abdul Samad]] {{suboff|90}}
|-
| || || [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
| |||| [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]] {{subon|35}}
|-
| |||| [[Mahesh Singh Naorem]] {{subon|72}}
|-
| |||| [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]] {{subon|72}} {{yel|74}}
|-
| |||| [[Udanta Singh]] {{subon|90}}
|-
| |||| [[Subhasish Bose]] {{subon|113}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|[[Mahesh Gawli]]{{efn|[[Igor Stimac]] was suspended so his assistant coach Mahesh Gawli took charge for this match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adhadhu.com/39606|title=SAFF Championship: Gawli expects tough final against Kuwait}}</ref>}}
|}
|}
{| style="width:100%;font-size:90%"
|-
|style="width:50%;vertical-align:top"|

'''Assistant referees:'''
 Nani Ram Thapa Magar ([[All Nepal Football Association|Nepal]])
 Ahmed Hassan ([[Football Association of Maldives|Maldives]])
 '''Fourth official:'''
 Pema Tshewang ([[Bhutan Football Federation|Bhutan]])
 '''Match commissioner:'''
 Mindu Dorji ([[Bhutan Football Federation|Bhutan]])
 '''Referee assessor:'''
 Suresh Srinivasan ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
|}

'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level
*Maximum of fifteen named substitutes
*Maximum of five substitutions, with a sixth allowed in extra time{{refn|group=note|Each team was given only three opportunities to make substitutions, with a fourth opportunity in extra time, excluding substitutions made at half-time, before the start of extra time and at half-time in extra time.}}
*Maximum of one [[Concussion substitute (association football)|concussion substitution]]

==See also==
{{trim|{{#section-h:2023 SAFF Championship|See also}}}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{SAFF Championship}}
{{India national football team}}
{{Kuwait national football team}}

[[Category:2023 SAFF Championship|final]]
[[Category:SAFF Championship finals]]
[[Category:India national football team matches]]
[[Category:Kuwait national football team matches]]
[[Category:July 2023 sports events in India|SAFF]]
[[Category:India–Kuwait sports relations|2023]]

St. John's Cathedral, Tiruvalla

2026-05-04T13:23:53Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Adding bio!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{no footnotes|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox church
|name = St. John's Metropolitan Cathedral
|image = St. John's Cathedral, Tiruvalla.jpg
|imagealt = Photo of St. John's Cathedral
|caption = St. John's Cathedral
|location = [[Tiruvalla]]
|country = [[India]]
|denomination = [[Malankara Catholic Church|Malankara Catholic]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.stjohnsmetropolitancathedral.org/}}
|status = [[Cathedral]]
|functional status = Active
|archdiocese = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Archeparchy of Tiruvalla|Tiruvalla]]
|archbishop = [[Thomas Mar Koorilos]]
}}

'''St. John's Syrian Malankara Catholic Cathedral''' is the seat of the Archbishop of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Archeparchy of Tiruvalla]].

==Architecture==
Designed by iconic architect [[Laurie Baker]], the cathedral has a temple-like exterior but a conventional church interior. Aspects of traditional [[Kerala]] architecture, temple architecture and Eastern (Syrian) Christian tradition were integrated into the design. The exterior design incorporates elements from the architecture of the old cathedral that it replaced.

The cathedral’s interior has a depiction of biblical themes in stained glass. Three key premises that are shown through these biblical themes are: God in search of man, man in search of God, and man in search of the other. The stained glass images depict the story of the Good Samaritan, The Prodigal Son, The Parable of the 10 Virgins, Zacchaeus, Parables of the Lost Sheep and Coins, the Rich Man and Lazarus, and the Last Judgment; important incidents in the life of Jesus from birth until the resurrection.

==History==
After the split between the Orthodox faction of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] and the group that united with the [[Catholic church]], the Catholic group were in need of places of worship. Hence, after overcoming many obstacles, a chapel was constructed. Infant Mary’s Minor Seminary was started on 8 September 1931 and a temporary chapel came into existence near the seminary. After the erection of the Tiruvalla diocese in 1932, the chapel was upgraded to St. John's Cathedral. In 1943 a new church (third one) was constructed on the same place where the first chapel existed. In response to the call of the [[Second Vatican Council]] to regain the cultural heritage of the eastern churches, Bishop Mar Athanasios invited [[Laurie Baker]] to design and build a new cathedral in the tradition and culture of Kerala. The circular structure of the church had 12 pillars symbolising the 12 apostles of Christ. There were no pillars in the middle, offering a clear view inside. This cathedral was blessed on 28 December 1972. By the end of the 1990s, the need for the construction of a new cathedral was felt as the old cathedral was on the verge of collapse because its roof was built with wood. The pillars could not bear the heavy load. The current cathedral was constructed on the same place where the third Cathedral (1943) was built, which is a few metres away. This was consecrated in September 2004.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|St. John's Cathedral, Tiruvalla}}
*[http://www.stjohnsmetropolitancathedral.org/history.html Website]
*[http://www.absolutearchitecture.net/Dissert3.htm Notes on the architecture]
*[http://mulamoottil.in/projects/st-johns-cathedral-tiruvalla/63-st-johns-cathedral-tiruvalla.html Description of the design]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041107062719/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/24/stories/2004052406770300.htm News report about the replacement of the old cathedral]
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1552.htm Entry on GCatholic]

{{Churches of Kerala}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{Coord|9|22|44.7|N|76|34|13.3|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John's Cathedral, Tiruvalla}}
[[Category:Eastern Catholic cathedrals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Syro-Malankara Catholic cathedrals]]
[[Category:Churches in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Thiruvalla]]

Amrita Centre for Computational Engineering and Networking

2026-05-02T19:19:00Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Done!

{{Short description|Department at Amrita University, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox laboratory|name=Centre for Excellence in Computational Engineering and Networking (CEN)|logo=|former_name=|type=Technology|country={{flag|India}}|affiliations=[[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]]|campus=[[Amrita Schools of Engineering]]|address=[[Ettimadai]], [[Coimbatore]] - 641112|coordinates={{coord|10.9063|N|76.8979|E}}|dean=Dr. Soman K P|research_field=[[Artificial Intelligence]], [[Data Science]], [[Cyber Security]], [[Computer Science]]|lab_type=research and teaching, university|website=https://amrita.edu/center/computational-engineering-and-networking/|established={{start date and age|2003|06|01}}|students=Undergrad, Postgrad|faculty=Faculty of Engineering and Technology}}

The '''Centre for Excellence in Computational Engineering''' '''and Networking''' ('''CEN''') at [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]], a research university in [[India]], is a research and teaching center works on technologies to solving computational problems that can be applied in real world projects. The centre is involved in research projects funded by organizations like [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]], NPOL, [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Indian Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] and [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Centre for Excellence in Computational Engineering, Coimbatore {{!}} Admissions to 2022 - 2023 Academic Year |url=https://www.indiastudychannel.com/colleges/7522-the-centre-excellence-computational-engineering-coimbatore |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=IndiaStudyChannel.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telecommunication Engineering Centre and AMRITA UNIVERSITY sign MoU for collaboration in the area of trustworthy and responsible artificial intelligence systems |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2006087 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The center is involved in the areas of [[Artificial intelligence]], [[Computer security|Cyber security]], [[Computer network|Computer networks]], [[Computational linguistics|Computational Linguistics]], [[Data science]] and [[Natural language processing|Natural Language Processing]]. A translation project is underway to develop tools to translate web content from English to Indian languages. Research is also ongoing in the area of speech translation.<ref>[http://www.amrita.edu/search/node/speech%20translation Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing]. ''Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University''. Retrieved 11 October 2014.</ref>

CEN is a centre under the [[Amrita Schools of Engineering]]. The centre is headed by Dr K P Soman <ref>[http://www.amrita.edu/faculty/soman Dr. Soman K. P.] ''Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University''. Retrieved 11 October 2014.</ref> who has been in the research field for more than 25 years. He secured his PhD from [[IIT Kharagpur]] and was scientific officer in the Reliability Engineering Centre, IIT Kharagpur, before joining Amrita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Professors Ranked In Top 2% Scientists Of Stanford’s List |url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Amrita-Vishwa-Vidyapeetham-Professors-Ranked-In-Top-2-Scientists-Of-Stanford-s-List-/01-11-2021-410620 |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=BW Education |language=en}}</ref>

== Academics ==
The center offers [[Bachelor of Technology]] in [[Artificial intelligence]], [[Computer security|Cyber security]], [[Computer science and engineering]] and [[Master of Engineering|Master of Technology]] in [[Computational engineering|Computational Engineering and Networking]], [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial intelligence and Machine Learning]], [[Data science]], [[Remote sensing|Remote Sensing & Wireless Sensor Network]], [[Computer security|Cyber security]], [[Computer network]], [[Embedded system|Embedded Computing and Control]], [[Robotics|Robotics and Computer Vision]], [[Computational chemistry]], [[Quantum computing]], [[Computational science|Scientific Computing and Applications]], [[Wireless|Wireless Communication]], [[Signal processing]], [[Computer vision]], [[Digital image processing]] and Information systems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-03 |title=Academics - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://amrita.edu/center/computational-engineering-and-networking/academics/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-05 |title=Information on courses, curriculum, webinars, awards, achievements and more |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/information-on-courses-curriculum-webinars-awards-achievements-and-more/article37336555.ece |access-date=2022-06-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-03 |title=Academics - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |url=https://www.amrita.edu/center/computational-engineering-and-networking/academics/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.amrita.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> The centre also offers various certificate and online programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham {{!}} Centre for Excellence in Computational Engineering and Networking - Academia.edu |url=https://amrita.academia.edu/Departments/Centre_for_Excellence_in_Computational_Engineering_and_Networking |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=amrita.academia.edu |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.amrita.edu/cen Amrita CEN website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070822050725/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010302200200.htm ''Amrita - New York universities launch joint programmes'', ''The Hindu'', 3 January 2006]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu]]

[[Category:Mata Amritanandamayi Math]]

Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare (1966 film)

2026-05-02T09:25:15Z

Stoutsanitaryware: started a post needs work - done

{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Shiv Sahni
| producer = Hans Choudhary
| writer =
| screenplay = Sarshar Sailani
| story =
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]]
| music = [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]]
| cinematography = V. Ratra
| editing = Das Dhaimande
| studio = Rob Tara Studios
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1966}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare''''' is a 1966 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Shiv Sahni and produced by Hans Choudhary. It stars [[Shashi Kapoor]] and [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] in pivotal roles.

==Synopsis==

Nishad (Nanda) lives a wealthy and noble lifestyle with her Delhi-based father, Khan Bahadur [[Balraj Sahni]] and mom. She has three suitors who would do anything to marry her. The first is Shaukat Khan [[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]], the son of Nawab Hamid Khan, who also comes from a noble family and meets with the approval of her dad; the second is Shibbu [[Rajendra Nath]], who is distantly related to her mom, and also meets their approval; the third is Anwar [[Shashi Kapoor]], the only son of Nawab Azmatullah Khan Farooqui [[Om Prakash]] who was initially rejected by her parents, but is now on their approval list, as they think he, too, comes from a noble background. After a few dates, Nishad falls in love with Anwar, much to the chagrin of Shaukat and Shibbu. What Nishad does not know is that Anwar's dad was a Hajam (Barbar) by profession, and had assumed the title of 'Nawab' after winning a lottery. Watch what happens when all the truths unfolds slowly before Nishad and her parents eyes. Nishads parents find out the whole truth on the very day of her wedding to Anwar.
What will happen? Will the marriage go ahead?

==Cast==
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Anwar
* [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] as Nishat
* [[Balraj Sahni]] as Khan Bahadur
* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Begum Khan Bahadur
* [[Om Prakash]] as Ajju Hajam / Nawab Ajmutullah Khan Farooqui
* [[Shashikala]] as Ms. Paul
* [[Rajendra Nath]] as Shibbu
* [[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] as Nawab Shaukat Hamid Khan
* [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] as Begum Ajmutullah Khan Farooqui
* [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] as Dr. Rana
* Lotan as Mir Sahib
* [[Vishwa Mehra]] as Fazal
* [[Bela Bose]] as Dancer
* Madhumati as Dancer

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics by: [[Rajendra Krishan]].
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Yun Rootho Na Haseena"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Husn Jab Jab Ishq Se Takra Gaya"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Kabhi Tera Daman Na Chhodenge Hum"
| Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Saqiya Ek Jaam Woh Bhi To De, Jo Teri Aankh Se Chhalakta"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Mubarak Begum]]
|-
| "Bheegi Hui Is Raat Ka Aanchal"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Koi Shikwa Bhi Nahin"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0364555}}

[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1966 films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Gopinath Temple, Gopeshwar

2026-05-01T22:07:53Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding some place from scratch.

{{More citations needed|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|Hindu Temple in Uttarakhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Gopinath Temple
| image = Gopinath Mandir , Gopeshwar Chamoli.jpg
| caption =
| map_type = India Uttarakhand
| map_caption = Location in [[Uttarakhand]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.4138|79.3160|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Chamoli District|Chamoli]]
| location = [[Chamoli Gopeshwar]]
| elevation_m =
| deity =
| festivals =
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Gopinath Temple''' is an ancient [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] in [[Chamoli Gopeshwar|Gopeshwar]], [[Chamoli District]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chamoli.nic.in/gopinath.htm |title=Badrinath |access-date=4 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410070354/http://chamoli.nic.in/gopinath.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is situated in Gopeshwar village now part of Gopeshwar town.
The temple stands out in its architectural proficiency; it is topped by a magnificent dome and the {{convert|30|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} sanctum sanctorum, which is accessible by 24 doors.

The remains of broken idols found around the temple testify the existence of several more temples in ancient times. A 5 m high trident made of eight different metals is in the courtyard of the temple, dating back to the 12th century. It has inscriptions attributed to Ashokchalla, the king of [[Nepal]] who reigned in the 13th century. Four short inscriptions written in [[Devanagri]], which dates back to a later period, are yet to be deciphered, barring one. Legend is that the trident got fixed in this spot, when Lord Shiva threw it at Lord [[Kama]] to kill him. The legend goes that the trident belonged to Shiva who threw it at [[Kamdeva]] (The God Of Love) to kill him and it got fixed in this spot. It is believed that while brute force can not move this Trident, the slightest touch by a true devotee can cause a tremor in it. The metal of the trident does not appear to have become weathered by the elements over the century.

==References==
<references/>

{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Chamoli district]]

{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}

Regional sultanates of India

2026-04-26T18:45:33Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding new pg.

{{Short description|Indo-Muslim period, 14th to 16th century}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox historical era
| name = Regional Sultanates of India {{langn|hi|हिंदुस्तान के क्षेत्रीय सल्तनतें}} {{langn|fa|سلطان‌نشین‌های منطقه‌ای هند}}
| location = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| start = {{circa|1320}}
| end = 16th/17th century
| before = [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| after = [[Mughal Empire]]
| image = [[File:India in 1525 Joppen Hi Def.jpg|175px]]
| caption = India in 1525
| key_events = {{ubl|[[Rebellion of Ismail Mukh]] {{nwr|(1346–1347)}}|[[Sack of Delhi (1398)|Sack of Delhi]] {{nwr|(1398)}}|[[First Battle of Panipat]] {{nwr|(1526)}}}}
}}
The '''regional sultanates of India'''{{efn|[[Persian language|Persian]]: {{langn|fa|سلطان‌نشین‌های منطقه‌ای هند}}, [[Arabic]]: {{langn|ar|سلطنات الهند الإقليمية}}, [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]: {{langn|ks|ہندوستانچ علاقائی سلطنتٕ}}, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: {{langn|ta|இந்தியாவின் பிராந்திய சுல்தான்கள்}}, [[Kannada]]: {{langn|kn|ಭಾರತದ ಪ್ರಾದೇಶಿಕ ಸುಲ್ತಾನರು}}
, [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: {{langn|sd|هندستان جون علائقائي سلطنتون}}, [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: {{langn|bn|ভারতবর্ষের স্থানীয় সালতানাতসমূহ}}, [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]: {{langn|khn|भारतच्या प्रादेशिक सल्तनती}}, [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]: {{langn|bho|भारत के क्षेत्रीय सल्तनत के ह}}, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: {{langn|gu|ભારતના પ્રાદેશિક સલ્તનતો}}, [[Malvi language|Malwi]]: {{langn|mup|भारत री आंचलिक सल्तनताँ}}, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ([[Shahmukhi]]): {{langn|pa|بھارت دیاں علاقائی سلطنتاں}}, [[Urdu]]: {{langn|ur|ہندوستان کی علاقائی سلطنتیں}}, [[Hindi]]: {{langn|hi|भारत के क्षेत्रीय सल्तनतें}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satish |first=Swathi |date=2022-09-14 |title=Regional Kingdoms of Medieval India - ClearIAS |url=https://www.clearias.com/regional-kingdoms-medieval-india/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> were the independent [[Muslim kingdoms in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim kingdoms]] in the [[Indian Subcontinent]] that existed in various regions of the Indian subcontinent from the 14th century to the 16th century. These kingdoms broke away from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluq dynasty]], especially due to the weak reinforcement of the [[List of sultans of Delhi|Sultans]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |date=2014-10-13 |title=A History of Islamic Societies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/a-history-of-islamic-societies/22183D81CFE5E37E5DBED1A0F5AB0FB9/the-indian-subcontinent-the-delhi-sultanates-and-the-mughal-empire/9F9610CDC13644791215C48AC1BF4BED |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Cambridge Aspire website |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional sultanate styles {{!}} Indian Art – 1350 to Present... |url=https://fiveable.me/art-of-india-1350-to-present/unit-1/regional-sultanate-styles/study-guide/izKKhrpHqgnFt9eX |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=Fiveable |language=en}}</ref> The total number of kingdoms in this period varies, with the most common being ten; [[Kashmir Sultanate|Kashmir]], [[Madurai Sultanate|Madurai]], [[Bahmani sultanate|Deccan]], [[Samma dynasty|Sindh]], [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Khandesh Sultanate|Khandesh]], [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]], [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] and [[Multan Sultanate|Multan]]. While some of the kingdoms faced [[Hindavi Swarajya|Hindu reconquest]], the majority of them were taken over by the [[Mughal emperors]] through invasion in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kessler |first=P. L. |title=Kingdoms of South Asia - Indian Sultanate of Delhi |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaDelhi.htm |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=The History Files |language=en}}</ref>

The weakening of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] stemmed from a series of ambitious but poorly executed policies under [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] (r. 1325–1351), including the forced relocation of the capital to [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]], the introduction and subsequent abandonment of token currency, punitive taxation in the [[Doab]] that triggered famines and revolts, and overambitious military campaigns that overstretched resources. These measures eroded central authority, provoked widespread provincial rebellions, and led to the de facto loss of southern territories even before his death in 1351. His successor, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah Tughluq]] (r. 1351–1388), pursued a more conservative and religiously oriented administration, reviving the [[Iqta'|Iqta]] system in ways that strengthened local nobles at the expense of the centre, while largely abandoning efforts to recover lost provinces and focusing instead on internal consolidation and public works. This decentralisation, though stabilising in the short term, further diminished the sultanate's ability to enforce unity.

The [[Sack of Delhi (1398)|sack of Delhi]] by [[Timur]] in December 1398 marked a catastrophic turning point. Amid a civil war between rival Tughluq claimants, Timur's forces defeated the Delhi army, subjected the city to a brutal multi-day massacre and plunder, and withdrew with vast loot, leaving the sultanate in ruins and its prestige irreparably damaged. The resulting power vacuum enabled provincial governors and ambitious local leaders to declare full sovereignty, giving rise to a constellation of independent [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim-ruled sultanates]] across northern, eastern, western, and southern India. This period of regional autonomy, lasting roughly from the mid-14th to the late 16th century, represented both the fragmentation of the earlier imperial structure and a phase of vigorous local state-building, cultural patronage, and economic development, until most of these polities were progressively absorbed into the [[Mughal Empire]] under [[Babur]], [[Humayun]], and especially [[Akbar]].

==Prelude==
{{See also|Tughlaq conquest of Bengal|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan}}
[[File:Map of the Tughlaqs.png|Territory under the Tughlaq dynasty of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], 1330–1335. The empire shrank after 1335.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (j)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=185&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>|thumb|200px]]
[[File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Sultan of Delhi (top, flag: [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|20px]]) and the "[[Kollam|King of Colombo]]" ruler of the city of [[Kollam]] (bottom, flag: [[File:Flag_of_the_Kigdom_of_Colombo,_Catalan_Atlas_1375.png|15px]], identified as Christian due to the early [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christianity]] there, and the Catholic mission under [[Jordan Catala]] since 1329), in the contemporary [[Catalan Atlas]] of 1375.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel |last2=Albuquerque |first2=Luís de |last3=Brown |first3=Jonathan |last4=González |first4=J. J. Martín |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref> The captions are informative,<ref>The caption for the Sultan of Delhi reads: ''Here is a great sultan, powerful and very rich: the sultan has seven hundred elephants and a hundred thousand horsemen under his command. He also has countless foot soldiers. In this part of the land there is a lot of gold and precious stones.'' The caption for the southern king reads: ''Here rules the king of [[Kollam|Colombo]], a Christian.'' He was mistakenly identified as Christian because of the Christian mission established in Kollam since 1329. In {{cite journal |last1=Liščák |first1=Vladimír |title=Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia |journal=International Cartographic Association |date=2017 |volume=1 |page=5 |doi=10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018PrICA...1...69L |url=https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf}}</ref> and several of the location names are accurate.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500: Divergent Traditions |date=17 June 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44603-8 |pages=176–178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq0zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Timur pursues the Indians, led by Sultan Mahmud-Khan Tughluq, back into Delhi, 17 December 1398. Zafarnama of Ibrahim Sultan, Timurid Shiraz, 1436. Folio 290v.jpg|thumb|[[Timur]] (top) defeating the [[Sultan of Delhi]], Nasir Al-Din Mahmud Tughluq, in the winter of 1397–1398. ''Zafarnama'' (1436).]]
During the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluq dynasty]], the [[Delhi Sultanate]] experienced a series of administrative and military developments that led to the loss of central control over its provinces. [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], who ruled from 1325 to 1351, extended the sultanate to its maximum territorial extent, reaching from the [[Himalayas]] in the north to the [[Krishna River]] in the south and from [[Gujarat]] in the west to [[Bengal]] in the east. In 1327, he ordered the transfer of the capital from [[Delhi]] to [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] (formerly Devagiri) in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] to improve administration of the southern territories. The move required the relocation of the royal court, administrators, scholars, and a large part of the population of Delhi. Many died during the journey from hardship, disease, and exhaustion. After a few years, the capital was shifted back to Delhi, but the episode caused lasting resentment and disrupted administrative continuity.

[[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firuz Shah Tughluq]], who ruled from 1351 to 1388, succeeded Muhammad bin Tughluq and adopted different policies. He constructed irrigation canals, founded new towns including [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] and [[Firozabad]], built hospitals, and repaired earlier monuments. In administration, he made [[Iqta'|Iqta]] assignments largely hereditary, increased salaries for nobles and officials, ended rigorous audits and severe punishments, and expanded the royal slave establishment to approximately 180,000 persons. These changes reduced central oversight and strengthened the position of provincial governors and local nobles. On religious matter, he reimposed the [[Jizya]] tax on non-Muslims, including [[Brahmin]]s, ordered the destruction of certain temples and idols, and took action against [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and other sects considered heretical by the orthodox [[ulema]]. He launched two extended campaigns against Bengal but failed to re-establish direct control.

To fund military expeditions, the sultan increased land revenue demands in the fertile [[Doab]] region between the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna|Yamuna rivers]]. A severe drought in the 1330s caused crop failure and famine. Peasants abandoned villages, and revolts broke out in the Doab and other areas. Imperial forces suppressed some uprisings but could not prevent others from spreading.

Military campaigns further strained resources. Muhammad bin Tughluq planned an expedition to [[Khorasan]] in [[Central Asia]] that mobilised a large army and spent substantial treasury funds before being cancelled. The [[Qarachil Expedition|Qarachil campaign]] in the Himalayan foothills (1337–1338) ended with heavy losses from terrain, disease, and local resistance. By the time of his death in 1351, during a campaign against rebels in [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], more than two dozen provincial revolts had occurred. [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]] had already become independent under governors such as [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] around 1342. In the far south, the [[Madurai Sultanate]] was established in 1335 by [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan]]. In the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], the [[Rebellion of Ismail Mukh]] in 1346–1347 led to the foundation of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in 1347 under [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]].

After Firuz Shah's death in 1388, the Tughluq dynasty entered a phase of rapid succession and internal conflict. Between 1388 and 1413, several weak sultans held the throne amid factional struggles among nobles. By the 1390s, effective authority had contracted to the immediate vicinity of Delhi. In 1398, [[Timurid conquests and invasions|Timur invaded northern India]], citing invitations from disaffected nobles amid the ongoing civil war between [[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]] and [[Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq|Nasir-ud-Din Nusrat Shah Tughluq]]. Timur's forces defeated the Delhi army outside the city, entered Delhi, and conducted a sack lasting several days that involved large-scale killing and seizure of valuables, including gold, silver, jewels, and elephants. Timur left Delhi after about two weeks and returned to Central Asia without establishing permanent rule. The Tughluq dynasty ended soon afterwards. It was followed by the [[Sayyid dynasty]] (1414–1451) and then the [[Lodi dynasty]] (1451–1526), both of which controlled progressively smaller territories.

==Emergence of the regional sultanates==
The major regional sultanates that emerged during the decline and fragmentation of the Delhi Sultanate are commonly identified in historical accounts. Each developed through the assertion of independence by provincial governors, local dynasties, or rebellious leaders, often exploiting the weakening central authority after the mid-14th century.

===Kashmir (1320–1586)===
{{See also|Shah Mir–Lohara War|Battle of Sutlej}}
[[File:Islamic Sultanates. Kashmir. AR Sasnu (6.26 g). Kashmir mint. Fixed date AH 842 on reverse.jpg|thumb|Coin of the Islamic Sultanates of Kashmir. Dated AH 842 (1438 CE). Kashmir mint]]
The [[Kashmir Sultanate]] was established around 1320 by a [[Buddhists|Buddhist]] prince, [[Rinchan|Rinchan Shah]] and again in 1339 when [[Shah Mir]], a Muslim adventurer and councillor, overthrew the Hindu [[Lohara dynasty]] that had ruled the region for centuries. Shah Mir assumed the title Sultan Shams-ud-Din and founded the [[Shah Mir dynasty]]. The sultanate maintained independence from Delhi throughout its existence, benefiting from Kashmir's geographical isolation in the Himalayas.

Under [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin]] (r. 1420–1470), often regarded as the most prominent ruler, the kingdom experienced significant administrative reforms, including improvements in irrigation, coinage, and taxation systems. Zain-ul-Abidin promoted religious tolerance, patronized [[Sanskrit]] scholars alongside [[Persian literature]], and encouraged industries such as [[Pashmina (material)|shawl weaving]] and [[Papier-mâché|paper-making]]. The sultanate continued under his successors until it [[Mughal conquest of Kashmir|was annexed]] by the Mughal Empire under [[Akbar]] in 1586 after a series of campaigns.

===Madurai (1335–1377)===
{{See also|Madurai–Delhi confrontation}}
[[File:Coin of Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan.jpg|right|thumb|A coin of [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan]], the first ruler of the Madurai Sultanate urai]]
The [[Madurai Sultanate]] was founded in 1335 by [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan]], a governor appointed by Muhammad bin Tughluq, who rebelled and declared independence in the [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] region of the far south. Ahsan Khan, originally from [[Kaithal]] in northern India and identified as a [[Sayyid]], established his capital at [[Madurai]] and extended control over parts of the former [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] territories. The sultanate represented one of the earliest southern breakaways from Delhi.

The sultanate remained in existence for about four decades, facing constant pressure from neighbouring Hindu powers, particularly the rising [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Successive rulers, including descendants of Ahsan Khan, maintained Muslim rule but struggled with internal instability and external threats. In 1377, the sultanate [[Kampana's invasion of Madurai|was overthrown]] by forces of the Vijayanagara Empire under [[Kumara Kampana]], leading to the re-establishment of Hindu authority in the region.

===Bahmani (1347–1527)===
{{See also|Rebellion of Ismail Mukh}}
[[File:Farman Of Feroz Shah Bahmani - 14 -05 -1406 A.D.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah of the Bahmani Sultanate's [[Firman]]]]
The [[Bahmani Sultanate]], often referred to as the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] Sultanate in its early phase, was founded in 1347 by [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]] (also known as Hasan Gangu or Zafar Khan), following the [[Rebellion of Ismail Mukh]] against Delhi's authority in the Deccan. The rebellion stemmed from grievances among local amirs ([[Amir|Amiran-i-Sada]]) appointed by Muhammad bin Tughluq. Bahman Shah established his capital initially at [[Gulbarga]] (later shifted to [[Bidar]]) and claimed descent from the legendary Bahman of Persian tradition.

The sultanate expanded through military campaigns against neighboring Hindu kingdoms, most notably engaging in prolonged wars with the Vijayanagara Empire over control of the [[Raichur Doab]] and other fertile areas. It promoted Persian culture, Shia influences in later periods, and architectural patronage. Internal factionalism among [[Afghans|Afghan]], [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], and [[Deccani language|Deccani]] nobles led to its division into five successor states (the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]]) by the late 15th century, including [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]], [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]], [[Berar sultanate|Berar]], and [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]].

===Sindh (1351–1524)===
[[File:Codice Casanatense Sindhis.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sindhi people]] in the [[Códice Casanatense]] (16th-century)]]
The [[History of Sindh|Sindh Sultanate]] came under the rule of the [[Samma dynasty]] from around 1351, when [[Jam Unar I|Jam Unar]] (Unar bin Babinah) defeated the last [[Soomra dynasty|Soomra]] ruler and declared independence from the Delhi Sultanate. The [[Samma (tribe)|Sammas]], a Sindhi Muslim tribe established their capital at [[Thatta]] (Samanagar) and controlled the lower [[Indus valley]]. Early relations with Delhi involved periods of nominal submission, particularly during Firuz Shah Tughluq's campaigns in the 1360s, but full independence was achieved as central authority weakened.

The dynasty produced notable rulers who fostered trade along the [[Arabian Sea]] coast and maintained diplomatic ties with neighbouring powers like Gujarat. The sultanate endured until the early 16th century, when it [[Battle of Khari Khabarlo|was overthrown]] by the [[Arghun dynasty]] around 1520–1524, marking the end of Samma rule in the region.

===Bengal (1352–1576)===
{{See also|Ekdala Wars}}
[[File:Codice Casanatense Bengalis.jpg|thumb|"People of the Kingdom of Bengal", 16th-century Portuguese illustration]]
The [[Bengal Sultanate]] emerged around 1338–1352 when local governors, beginning with [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]], [[Alauddin Ali Shah]] and [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] and solidified under the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] from 1352, [[Ekdala Wars|broke away]] from Delhi during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign. Bengal had seen earlier revolts, but independence became permanent amid the chaos following Timur's invasion. The sultanate, with capitals at [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] and later [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]] and [[Sonargaon]], became one of the wealthiest due to its fertile [[Ganges Delta|delta]], textile production, and maritime trade.

Under rulers like Ilyas Shah and the later [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]], Bengal expanded territorially and patronized a blend of [[Persian culture|Persian]], [[Arab culture|Arabic]], and [[Bengali culture]]. It resisted Delhi's attempts at reconquest and maintained autonomy until Akbar's forces [[Mughal conquest of Bengal|conquered it]] in 1576, incorporating it into the Mughal Empire.

===Khandesh (1382–1601)===
[[File:Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar. AH 963-1014 AD 1556-1605. AV Mohur Falcon type. Asir mint. Dated Khurdad Ilahi year 45 (20 February – 20 March AD 1600).jpg|thumb|250px|Falcon [[Mohur]] of [[Akbar]], minted in Asir. This coin was issued in the name of the Mughal ruler Akbar, to commemorate the capture of the Khandesh sultanate [[Asirgarh (Asir) Fort]] on 17 January 1601 CE. Legend: ''"Allah is great, [[Khordad]] Ilahi 45, struck at Asir"''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent Arthur |title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605 |date=1917 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=274 |url=https://archive.org/details/akbargreatmogul100smituoft/page/274/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbs |first1=J. |title=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1865 |publisher=Calcutta |pages=4–5 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofasi1883asia/page/4/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
The [[Khandesh Sultanate]] was established in 1382 by [[Farooqui dynasty#History of Farooqui dynasty%23Malik Ahmad Farooqui|Malik Raja Faruqi]] (also known as Malik Ahmad or Raja Ahmad), who claimed descent from [[Caliph Umar]] and had served as a governor under Firuz Shah Tughluq. Granted a jagir in the [[Tapti River|Tapti Valley]] region, he declared independence after Firuz Shah's death and subdued local [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput chieftains]]. The Faruqi dynasty ruled from capitals like [[Burhanpur]] and [[Asirgarh Fort|Asirgarh]], positioning Khandesh as a buffer between larger powers such as Gujarat, Malwa, and Deccan states.

The sultanate relied on agriculture, trade routes, and textile production for prosperity. It navigated alliances and conflicts with neighbours until Akbar annexed it in 1601 after a siege of Asirgarh.

===Jaunpur (1394–1479)===
[[File:Jaunpur Sultante. Husain Shah. 1458-1479 CE.jpg|thumb|left|Coinage of Husain Shah. 1458-1479 CE]]
The [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] was founded in 1394 by [[Malik Sarwar]], a wazir under the later Tughluqs who received the title Sultan-us-Sharq and established the [[Sharqi dynasty]]. Taking advantage of the post-Timur power vacuum, Sarwar and his successors expanded influence across the eastern [[Gangetic plain]], often rivalling the Delhi Sultanate itself. The capital at [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]] became a centre of learning, earning the epithet "[[Shiraz]] of the East."

Rulers like [[Ibrahim Shah Sharqi]] promoted scholarship, architecture, and the arts. The sultanate was reabsorbed into the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi Sultanate of Delhi]] in 1479 after military campaigns by [[Bahlul Lodi]].

===Gujarat (1394–1573)===
[[File:Death of Sultan Bahadur in front of Diu against the Portuguese 1537 Akbar Nama end of 16th century.jpg|thumb|175px|right|Death of [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ally at the [[Siege of Diu (1538)|Siege of Diu]]. He was killed fighting against the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in 1537; (Illustration from the ''[[Akbarnama]]'', end of 16th century).]]
The [[Gujarat Sultanate]] achieved full independence around 1394 under [[Muzaffar Shah I|Zafar Khan]] (Muzaffar Shah I), who had been appointed governor by Firuz Shah Tughluq and declared sovereignty after Timur's invasion disrupted Delhi's control. His son [[Ahmad Shah I]] founded [[Ahmedabad]] as the capital in 1411. The [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]] transformed Gujarat into a major maritime trading power with links to the [[Middle East]], [[Africa]], and [[Southeast Asia]].

Rulers such as [[Mahmud Begada]] expanded territories and constructed notable mosques and forts. The sultanate [[Mughal conquest of Gujarat|fell to]] Akbar in 1573 following a Mughal siege of Ahmedabad.

===Malwa (1401–1562)===
[[File:Ghurid Tyrant in a Village, from a copy of the Bustan of Sa‘di. Mandu, c. 1500, for Nasir al-Din Khalji (1500–1510 Sultan of Malwa). Delhi, National Museum of India, 48.6 H.-4, folio 48a (Ghurid tyrant detail).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Depiction of a "Ghurid tyrant". ''[[Bustan (book)|Bustan]]'' of [[Saadi Shirazi|Sa‘di]] (1257). Copy from [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], Malwa Sultanate, India, c. 1500]]
The [[Malwa Sultanate]] was established around 1392–1401 by [[Dilawar Khan Ghauri|Dilawar Khan Ghuri]], a governor who declared independence and shifted the capital to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]. After his death, his son [[Hoshang Shah]] and later the Khalji dynasty of Malwa (from [[Mahmud Khalji]]) ruled the region. Malwa served as a strategic buffer state, frequently contested by Gujarat, and Delhi.

The sultanate was known for its military campaigns and architectural patronage at Mandu. It was briefly occupied by Gujarat in the 1530s before Akbar [[Mughal conquest of Malwa|annexed it]] in 1562.

===Multan (1445–1527)===
[[File:Tomb of Emperor Tahir Nahar.JPG|thumb|[[Tomb of Tahir Khan Nahar]]]]
The [[Multan Sultanate]] came under the [[Langah dynasty]] around 1445, when [[Rai Sahra Langah|Budhan Khan]] (Mahmud Shah Langah) asserted control after the decline of earlier Tughluq influence in [[Punjab]]. The [[Langah (clan)|Langahs]], possibly of [[Jats|Jat]] origin, ruled from [[Multan]] and extended authority over parts of [[Punjab (region)|southern Punjab]] and adjacent areas.

The sultanate maintained autonomy through the late 15th and early 16th centuries but [[Arghun–Langah War|was annexed]] by the Arghuns around 1527–1530, with some residual autonomy until full incorporation.

===Other sultanates===
Several smaller or peripheral Muslim-ruled polities also emerged or asserted autonomy during this period:

* '''Mewat''' ([[Khanzadas of Mewat]], c. 1372–1527): Centred in the [[Mewat]] region south of Delhi, this kingdom was ruled by [[Muslim Rajputs]] ([[Khanzada Rajputs|Khanzadas]]) who gained de facto independence after 1427. [[Hasan Khan Mewati]], a prominent ruler, allied with [[Rana Sanga]] against [[Babur]] at the [[Battle of Khanwa]] in 1527, after which Mewat lost autonomy to the Mughals.
* '''Baltiyul''' ([[Maqpon dynasty]] of [[Baltistan]], prominent in 14th–16th centuries): Based in [[Skardu]], this Shia Muslim dynasty ruled Baltistan under the Maqpon rulers. [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan]] (r. c. 1595–1633) expanded influence into [[Ladakh]], [[Chitral]], and [[Gilgit]], maintaining practical independence from larger powers.
* '''Makran''' (various local rulers, 14th–16th centuries): The [[Makran|coastal region]] of [[Balochistan]] featured semi-independent Muslim chiefs and local sultans, functioning as a frontier zone with loose ties to neighboring entities. It saw rule by tribes such as the [[Ma'danid dynasty|Ma'danid]], [[Buledi]] and [[Gichki]], with limited centralized authority until later incorporations.
* '''Deccan Sultanates''' (successors to the Bahmani Sultanate, {{circa|1490}}–1687): After the Bahmani fragmentation, five states emerged: [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]] (Nizam Shahi), [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]] (Adil Shahi), [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]] (Qutb Shahi), [[Berar sultanate|Berar]] (Imad Shahi), and [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]] (Barid Shahi). These Shia-influenced kingdoms dominated the Deccan plateau until most were conquered by [[Aurangzeb]] in the late 17th century.
* '''Khokhar chieftaincy''' (under [[Shaikha Khokhar|Shaikha]] and [[Jasrat Khokhar]], {{circa|1390s}}–1442): A tribal-led autonomous polity of the [[Khokhar]]s in [[northern Punjab]] centred around [[Sialkot]], which resisted Timur and the [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyid]] sultans through [[Jasrat's invasions of Delhi Sultanate|repeated campaigns]], exercising ''de facto'' independence over much of Punjab before reconciliation with the Lodis.

==Decline==
[[File:The battle of Panipat and the death of Sultan Ibrāhīm, the last of the Lōdī Sultans of Delhi.jpg|thumb|175px|The [[First Battle of Panipat|battle of Panipat]] and the death of Sultan [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi]]]]
[[File:The Defeat of Baz Bahadur of Malwa by the Mughal Troops, Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|175px|Mughal troops storm the fort at Mandu, defeating [[Baz Bahadur]] in 1562]]
The decline of the regional sultanates occurred progressively from the early 16th century onward, driven by internal weaknesses, mutual rivalries, and the expansion of the Mughal Empire. Most of the major sultanates that had emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries lost their independence through military conquest, diplomatic submission, or gradual absorption, with the process largely completed by the end of the 16th century for northern and western states and extending into the 17th century for the Deccan.

The [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526 marked the beginning of Mughal ascendancy in northern India. Babur defeated [[Ibrahim Lodi]], ending the [[Lodi dynasty]] of Delhi and establishing Mughal rule over the core territories of the former Delhi Sultanate. This victory created a new imperial power capable of projecting force beyond the immediate environs of Delhi. Babur's successor [[Humayun]] faced setbacks, including temporary loss of territory to [[Sher Shah Suri]] (who briefly established the [[Sur Empire]] from 1540 to 1555), but Mughal control was restored under Akbar from 1556.
[[File:1572-Akbars triumphal entry into Surat.jpg|thumb|175px|Akbar's triumphal entry into Surat, 1572, ''[[Akbarnama]]'']]
[[File:Akbar's general informs him of the conquest of Bengal in 1576, from the History of Akbar (Akbarnama), by Abu’l-Fazl.jpg|thumb|175px|[[Akbar]]'s general informs him of the conquest of [[Bengal]] in 1576, from the "History of Akbar" (''[[Akbarnama]]''), by [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu’l-Fazl]]. Inscribed to 'Inayat Khanazad, [[Agra]], India, {{circa|1603-1605}}]]
Akbar's reign (1556–1605) saw systematic campaigns against the remaining regional sultanates. [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] was conquered in 1573 after Akbar's forces besieged and captured [[Ahmedabad]] and defeated [[Muzaffar Shah III]], ending Muzaffarid rule. [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]] followed in 1576 when Mughal armies defeated the last independent sultan, [[Daud Khan Karrani]], incorporating the prosperous eastern sultanate into the empire. [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] under [[Baz Bahadur]] had already fallen under Mughal control in 1562 after earlier contested periods involving Gujarat. [[Khandesh Sultanate|Khandesh]] was annexed in 1601 from [[Farooqui dynasty#List of rulers%23Bahadur Khan|Bahadur Khan]] following the siege of Asirgarh by Akbar. [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]] had been absorbed earlier by the Lodis in 1479 from [[Husain Shah of Jaunpur|Husain Shah Sharqi]] and thus came under Mughal authority with the fall of Delhi. [[Samma dynasty|Sindh]] under [[Jam Feroz II]] and [[Langah Sultanate|Multan]] under the child sultan [[Langah Sultanate#Rulers|Mahmud Langah]] were subdued by the [[Arghun dynasty]] in 1524 and 1527. While Multan was gifted away to the Mughals, Sindh remained firmly in the control of the Arghuns and later the [[Tarkhan dynasty|Tarkhans]]. It was annexed in 1591 by Akbar from [[Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan|Mirza Jani Beg]].

[[Kashmir Sultanate|Kashmir]] maintained independence longer due to its mountainous terrain but was annexed in 1586 after Mughal campaigns led by [[Bhagwant Das]] and others forced the submission of the last [[Chak dynasty|Chak]] rulers, [[Yousuf Shah Chak|Yousuf Shah]] and his son [[Yakub Shah Chak|Yakub Shah]]. [[Madurai Sultanate|Madurai]], one of the earliest southern breakaways, ended much earlier in 1377 when [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] forces under prince [[Kumara Kampana]] defeated the last sultan, [[Madurai Sultanate#List of sultans of Madurai|Ala-ud-Din Sikandar Shah]] and overthrew Muslim rule, restoring Hindu authority in the Tamil region. This represented one of the few instances of Hindu reconquest among the regional sultanates rather than Mughal absorption.

The [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]], successors to the Bahmani Sultanate, resisted Mughal expansion for a longer period. Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golconda, Berar, and Bidar faced repeated Mughal incursions from the time of Akbar onward. Berar was the first to fall, annexed by Ahmadnagar in 1574 and later coming under Mughal influence. Ahmadnagar was largely subdued by 1636 under [[Shah Jahan]], though resistance continued intermittently. Bijapur and Golconda held out until [[Aurangzeb]]'s campaigns in the 1680s, with both capitals falling in 1686 (Bijapur) and 1687 (Golconda), marking the effective end of independent Deccan sultanates.
[[File:Babur’s army in battle against the army of Rana Sanga at.jpg|thumb|175px|Mughal painting depicting the [[Rajput|Rajput Army]] (left) battling the [[Mughal Army]] (right)]]
Peripheral polities followed similar trajectories. The [[Khanzadas of Mewat|Mewat Khanzadas]] lost autonomy after [[Hasan Khan Mewati]]'s defeat at the [[Battle of Khanwa]] in 1527 alongside [[Rana Sanga]]. The [[Khokhar]] chieftaincy under [[Jasrat Khokhar]] had already reconciled with the Lodis by the 1440s and was absorbed into the Mughal Punjab administration. [[Makran]] and [[Baltiyul]] (Maqpon dynasty) retained greater de facto autonomy due to their remote locations but gradually came under nominal Mughal suzerainty or local arrangements during the 16th and 17th centuries.

By the late 17th century, the Mughal Empire had incorporated the territories of nearly all the major regional sultanates, though resistance in the Deccan and frontier areas persisted. The decline reflected a combination of Mughal military superiority, administrative centralization under Akbar, and the exhaustion of many sultanates from prolonged internal conflicts and external pressures.

==Impact==
[[File:Chinese porcelain and coins of Bengal Sultans in British Museum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Porcelain|Chinese porcelain]] and coins from the Bengal Sultanate in the [[British Museum]]]]
[[File:Tiro_de_Diu4.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Tiro de Diu]], first commissioned by the Sultans of Gujarat]]
The period of the regional sultanates profoundly shaped the political landscape, economy, society, religion, and culture of the Indian subcontinent from the mid-14th to the late 16th century. By fragmenting the once-centralized Delhi Sultanate into multiple autonomous polities, the era created a long interval of regional autonomy that delayed large-scale unification until the Mughal conquests. This political decentralization allowed local rulers to adapt governance to regional conditions, but it also generated persistent interstate warfare that influenced demographic patterns, trade routes, and resource allocation.

Economically, the sultanates contributed to localized growth in agriculture, manufacturing, and commerce. In Bengal, the fertile delta supported intensive rice cultivation and a thriving textile industry ([[muslin]] and [[silk]]), with ports such as [[Satgaon]] and [[Chittagong]] facilitating trade with [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Middle East]]. Gujarat emerged as a leading maritime hub under the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarids]], exporting cotton textiles, indigo, and spices from ports including [[Khambhat|Cambay]], [[Surat]], and [[Bharuch|Broach]]; the sultanate's shipbuilding and customs revenues made it one of the wealthiest states of the time.

The Bahmani and successor Deccan sultanates developed [[Golconda diamonds mining and trading|diamond mining]] in Golconda and Bidar, while Khandesh benefited from transit trade along the [[Tapti River|Tapti valley]] route. Irrigation projects, such as the canals constructed in Gujarat and the improvements under [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] in Kashmir (including the restoration of the old Martand canal system), increased agricultural productivity in several regions. However, repeated conflicts, such as the [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (disambiguation)|Bahmani–Vijayanagara wars]] over the [[Raichur Doab]] (1360s–1520s) and the Jaunpur–Delhi rivalries, disrupted rural economies, caused population displacement, and diverted resources to military expenditure.

The sultanates fostered syncretic practices and elite intermingling. [[Persian language|Persian]] served as the administrative and literary language, but regional vernaculars flourished: [[Bengali literature]] advanced under the patronage of the Hussain Shahi court (e.g., works by poets such as [[Maladhar Basu]]), [[Dakhni Urdu]] emerged in the Deccan as a literary medium, and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] received support in Ahmedabad. Military alliances crossed religious lines, as seen in [[Hasan Khan Mewati]]'s cooperation with [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] against [[Babur]] in 1527 and the employment of Hindu soldiers in Deccan and Bengal armies. In 1414, [[Raja Ganesha]] proclaimed himself as the only Hindu Sultan of Bengal.

The existence of multiple competing states created a balance of power that checked any single entity's dominance until the Mughal rise. The fragmentation strengthened certain Hindu kingdoms like the [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput]] and [[Gondwana Kingdoms|Gondwana kingdoms]] and notably [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], which ended the [[Madurai Sultanate]] in 1377 and contained Bahmani expansion for over a century. The regional sultanates transmitted administrative [[Iqta'|Iqta]]/[[Jagir]] systems, revenue assessment techniques) and military organization to the Mughals, who built a more centralized empire on these foundations while incorporating elements of regional diversity. The era thus represented a transitional phase that both fragmented and enriched the subcontinent's medieval history.

==Religion and law==
[[File:Sun temple martand indogreek.jpg|right|thumb|Ruins of the [[Surya]] Temple at [[Martand]], which was destroyed due to the iconoclastic policies of [[Sikandar Shah Miri]]]]
[[File:Ruins of the Rudra Mala at Siddhpur, Gujarat, retouched.jpg|right|thumb|[[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]] destroyed by the [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Alauddin Khalji]], and later the [[Sultan of Gujarat]], [[Ahmed Shah I]] (1410–1444) desecrated and substantially demolished the temple]]
Religion was central to the identity and governance of the regional sultanates. Most followed [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Hanafi school]]), while [[Shia Islam|Shia]] influences became prominent in the later Bahmani Sultanate and Deccan successor states such as Golconda and Bijapur. The sultanates advanced the spread of [[Islam in Bengal]], the Deccan, Gujarat, Malwa, and Kashmir, largely through [[Sufi orders]] ([[Chishti Order|Chishti]], [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardi]], [[Qadiri Order|Qadiri]]) whose [[khanqah]]s and [[shrine]]s attracted diverse followers including both Muslim and Hindu devotees and blended Islamic devotion with local traditions.

Religious policies differed across rulers and regions. Many enforced the [[Jizya]] tax on non-Muslims and patronized orthodox ulema and madrasas. [[Iconoclasm|Temple destruction]] occurred in specific contexts: [[Hoshang Shah]] and [[Mahmud Khalji]] in Malwa razed temples at [[Dhar]], [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], and near the [[Kalka]] site for mosque and palace construction; early Muzaffarid rulers in Gujarat destroyed temples in [[Khambhat|Cambay]] during consolidation; the Madurai Sultanate desecrated certain [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] temples in [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil]] areas; Bahmani raids under [[Mohammed Shah I]] targeted temples in [[Vijayanagara]] territory; and [[Ibrahim Shah Sharqi]] in [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]] demolished some shrines during expansion. These acts were usually tied to military success or the reuse of materials for Islamic buildings.
Ibn Batuta describes the Sultan of Madurai Ghiyasuddin Dhamgani's actions as:

{{blockquote|the Hindu prisoners were divided into four sections and taken to each of the four gates of the great catcar. There, on the stakes they had carried, the prisoners were impaled. Afterwards their wives were killed and tied by their hair to these pales. Little children were massacred on the bosoms of their mothers and their corpses left there. Then, the camp was razed, and they started cutting down the trees of another forest. In the same manner did they treat their later Hindu prisoners. This is shameful conduct such as I have not known any other sovereign guilty of. It is for this that God hastened the death of Ghiyasuddin.

One day whilst the [[Qadi|Qazi]] and I were having our food with (Ghiyasuddin), the Qazi to his right and I to his left, an infidel was brought before him accompanied by his wife and son aged seven years. The Sultan made a sign with his hand to the executioners to cut off the head of this man; then he said to them in Arabic: 'and the son and the wife.' They cut off
their heads and I turned my eyes away. When I looked again, I saw their heads lying on the ground.

I was another time with the Sultan Ghiyasuddin when a Hindu was brought into his presence. He uttered words I did not understand, and immediately several of his followers drew their daggers. I rose hurriedly, and he said to me; 'Where are you going' ? I replied: 'I am going to say my afternoon (4 o'clock) prayers.' He understood my reason, smiled, and ordered the hands and feet of the idolater to be cut off. On my return I found the unfortunate swimming in his blood.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aiyangar|first=S. Krishnaswami|author-link=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6zkx_Ck3FwC|year=1921|publisher=Asian Educational Services, Oxford University Press|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122153232/https://books.google.com/books?id=w6zkx_Ck3FwC|url-status=live |page=236}}</ref>|author=[[Ibn Battuta]]|title=[[The Rihla]]|source=Page 236}}

Conversely, notable tolerance existed. [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] in Kashmir abolished jizya, restored temples at [[Martand Sun Temple|Martand]] and [[Avantipur]], banned [[Cattle slaughter in India|cow slaughter]], appointed Hindu officials, and supported [[Sanskrit]]-to-[[Persian language|Persian]] translations. The Hussain Shahi sultans of Bengal employed Hindu revenue officers, granted land to Brahmins, and allowed temple construction. Deccan courts integrated Hindu [[Naik (military rank)|nayakas]] into high positions and patronized Hindu festivals. Pragmatic alliances with Hindu elites were common in Gujarat and Khandesh. Sufi saints like [[Shah Jalal]] (Bengal), [[Gesu daraz|Gesu Daraz]] (Deccan), and [[Jahaniyan Jahangasht]] (Multan) fostered interfaith interaction through devotion, music, and charity.

The legal framework blended [[Sharia|Islamic sharia]] with Indian customary and administrative practices. Sharia governed Muslim personal law ([[Marriage in Islam|marriage]], [[Inheritance in Islam|inheritance]], [[Divorce in Islam|divorce]]) under [[Qadi|qazis]] in major towns, with [[Hanafi jurisprudence]] dominant ([[Shia Islam|Shia]] elements in later Deccan states). Criminal law mixed [[hudud]] and [[ta'zir]] penalties with local customs. Iqta and jagir systems for revenue and military service were often made hereditary, following Tughluq precedents.

Non-Muslims retained customary laws for community matters, with panchayats handling civil disputes in Bengal, Gujarat, and Kashmir. Jizya was collected in most sultanates (abolished in Kashmir under Zain-ul-Abidin). Land revenue used measurement ([[Jerib]]) and crop-sharing or cash assessments, with reforms in Kashmir and Bengal to encourage cultivation. Criminal justice combined Islamic penalties (rarely full hudud) with fines, imprisonment, and corporal punishment from local usage.
<gallery>
File:Jama Masjid, Srinagar (14363005587).jpg|[[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar]] commissioned by Sultan [[Sikandar Shah Miri]], 1402
File:Jama Masjid at Burhanpur, photographed by Henry Cousens in the 19th century.jpg|[[Jama Masjid, Burhanpur]] commissioned by Sultan [[Farooqui dynasty#History of Farooqui dynasty#Raja Ali Khan / Miran Adil Khan Faroqi IV|Adil Khan IV]], 1590
File:Inside of Jama Masjid.jpg|[[Jama Masjid, Mandu]] commissioned by Sultan [[Hoshang Shah]] and Sultan [[Mahmud Khalji]], 1454
File:Great Mosque in Gulbarga Fort..jpg|[[Jama Mosque, Kalaburagi]] commissioned by Sultan [[Mohammed Shah I]], 1367
File:Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad 01.jpg|[[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad]] commissioned by Sultan [[Ahmad Shah I]], 1424
File:Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 08.jpg|[[Adina Mosque|Adina Mosque, Pandua]] commissioned by Sultan [[Sikandar Shah]], 1375
File:Main arcade facade, Atala Masjid, Jaunpur.jpg|[[Jama Mosque, Jaunpur]] commissioned by Sultan [[Husain Shah of Jaunpur|Husain Shah Sharqi]], 1470
File:Gorippalayam.jpg|[[Goripalayam Mosque]] commissioned in the 13th century and hosts the grave of Sultan [[Madurai Sultanate#List of sultans of Madurai|Shams-ud-Din Adil Shah]]
File:Jama Masjid, Makli Hill.jpg|[[Makli Necropolis|Jama Masjid, Makli]] commissioned by Sultan [[Jam Tamachi]], 1391
File:Seetpur Shahi Mosque.jpg|[[Shahi Mosque, Seetpur]] commissioned by [[Tahir Khan Nahar]], a noble of Sultan [[Langah Sultanate#Rulers|Husseyn Shah II]], 1530
</gallery>

==Culture and architecture==
[[File:Devananda's Fourteen Auspicious Dreams Foretelling the Birth of Mahavira. Folio from a Kalpasutra Manuscript Master of the Jaunpur Kalpasutra, ca. 1465 India, Jaunpur Sultanate.jpg|thumb|250px|''Devananda's Fourteen Auspicious Dreams Foretelling the Birth of Mahavira''. Folio from a Kalpasutra Manuscript, Master of the Jaunpur Kalpasutra, ca. 1465 during the rule of Husain Shah. Jaunpur Sultanate, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/37788 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Ejaz |title=Shiraz-i Hind: A History of Jaunpur Sultanate |date=1 January 2017 |pages=168–169 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36986170}}</ref>]]
[[File:Westindischer Maler um 1510 001.jpg|thumb|170px|An illustration from the manuscript of the [[Nimat Nama]]]]
[[File:Sharafnama of Nizami, Bengal.jpg|thumb|170px|A sultanate-era Persian manuscript from Bengal showing [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] sharing his throne with Queen Nushabah. The scene is based on [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami Ganjavi's]] ''[[Iskandarnameh of Nizami|Iskandar Nama]]'' ''(Book of Alexander)''. [[British Library]].]]
Literature flourished under court sponsorship. In Bengal, the Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538) patronized early [[Bengali literature]], including devotional works by poets such as [[Maladhar Basu]] (Sri Krishna Vijaya) and [[Chandidas]], blending Vaishnava themes with [[Islamic mysticism]]. In the Deccan, [[Dakhni Urdu]] emerged as a literary medium, with poets composing in a mix of [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]], [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], and local languages; [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] of Golconda (r. 1580–1611) wrote notable [[ghazal]]s in Dakhni. Jaunpur earned the title "[[Shiraz]] of the East" for its scholarly environment under Ibrahim Shah Sharqi (r. 1401–1440), who supported Persian poetry, theology, and history. Kashmir under Zain-ul-Abidin (r. 1420–1470) became a hub for translation projects, rendering Sanskrit texts (including the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Rajatarangini]]) into Persian, alongside original works in Persian and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]. Gujarat and Malwa courts produced historical chronicles and poetry in Persian, while Sufi literature in regional languages spread devotional themes across communities.

[[Music of India|Music]] and [[Culture of India|performing arts]] advanced through royal patronage and Sufi influence. Courts employed musicians skilled in Persian [[Maqama|maqam]] systems and Indian [[raga]]s, leading to early forms of [[qawwali]] and [[khyal]]. Sufi gatherings featured sama (musical sessions) that integrated local folk melodies. Dance forms, including early precursors to [[Kathak]], appeared in some Deccan and northern courts, often performed during festivals.

Architecture represents one of the most enduring legacies of the regional sultanates. Buildings combined arched gateways, [[dome]]s, [[minaret]]s, and geometric patterns from Islamic traditions with Indian elements such as [[chhatri]]s, [[Jali|jali screens]], bracketed pillars, and lotus motifs.
<gallery>
File:View of Makli by Usman Ghani (cropped).jpg|[[Makli Necropolis]] features several clusters of elaborate funerary monuments dating between the 14th and 18th centuries. The site rose to prominence as a major funerary site during under the rule of the Samma dynasty, who had made their capital near [[Thatta]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last1=Qureshi|first1=Urooj|title=In Pakistan, imposing tombs that few have seen|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20140730-in-pakistan-imposing-tombs-that-few-have-seen|access-date=17 July 2017|publisher=BBC Travel|date=8 August 2014}}</ref>
File:Tomb of Bibi Jiwindi.jpg|[[Tomb of Bibi Jawindi]] in [[Uch Sharif]]
File:Stepwell staircase.JPG|[[Dada Harir Stepwell]] in [[Asarwa]]
File:Dakhil or SALAMI Darwaza 02.jpg|[[Dakhil Darwaza]] served as the main northern entrance to the citadel of [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]]
File:Mausoleum of Shah e Hamadan 01.JPG|[[Khanqah-e-Moula]], the mausoleum of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] in [[Srinagar]]
</gallery>

==Historiography==
A combination of contemporary and near-contemporary Persian chronicles, regional court histories, Sanskrit and vernacular texts, inscriptions, numismatic evidence, and accounts by travellers, supplemented by later Mughal and colonial-era interpretations provide detailed but often biased narratives shaped by the perspectives of [[Tarikh|court chroniclers]], religious affiliations, and political agendas.

Primary sources from the period include Persian tarikhs produced under sultanate patronage. For the Bahmani and Deccan sultanates, the most comprehensive account is [[Muhammad Qasim Ferishta|Muhammad Qasim Firishta]]’s [[Tarikh-i-Firishta]] (also known as Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi, completed c. 1610–1620), which draws on earlier lost works and covers the Bahmani dynasty, its successors, and many northern sultanates. For Bengal, contemporary accounts include the [[Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi]] by [[Ziauddin Barani]] (for the Tughluq context leading to Bengal’s independence) and numerous inscriptions from the Ilyas Shahi and Hussain Shahi periods; the later [[Riyaz-us-Salatin]] (1788) compiles these materials. Jaunpur’s Sharqi dynasty is documented in the [[Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi]] by [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi]] (c. 1434). Gujarat’s history is preserved in the [[Mirat-i-Sikandari]] by Sikandar bin Muhammad (c. 1611), while Malwa’s Khalji rulers appear in the Ma’asir-i-Mahmud Shahi and are incorporated into [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]]’s [[Tabaqat-i-Akbari]] (c. 1593).

For Kashmir, unusually rich contemporary sources survive. [[Jonaraja]]'s Sanskrit continuation of [[Kalhana]]’s [[Rajatarangini]] (mid-15th century) provides a near-contemporary account up to the reign of Zain-ul-Abidin, while his successor Shrivara extended the chronicle into the later Shah Mir period. These are supplemented by the Persian [[Baharistan-i-shahi|Baharistan-i-Shahi]] (anonymous, c. 1590s), a dedicated history of the sultanate written shortly after its Mughal annexation, along with later Persian translations of the Sanskrit texts.

Travelers’ accounts offer external perspectives: [[Ibn Battuta]] (who visited during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign and described early rebellions and the Madurai governorate), [[Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi|Abdur Razzaq]] (Bahmani court, 1443), [[Niccolò de' Conti|Niccolò de’ Conti]] (1420s), and [[Afanasy Nikitin]] (1468–1474). Mughal historians such as [[Abul Fazl|Abu’l-Fazl]] ([[Akbarnama]] and [[Ain-i-Akbari]], c. 1590s) and Nizamuddin Ahmad portrayed the sultanates as fragmented to justify imperial expansion, while [[Badauni]]’s [[Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh]] adds sectarian commentary.

Colonial-era translations in [[Henry Miers Elliot|Elliot]] and [[John Dowson|Dowson]]’s ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'' (1867–1877) made many Persian texts accessible but framed them within a narrative of Muslim rule versus Hindu revival. Modern scholarship by [[Richard M. Eaton|Richard Eaton]], [[Peter Jackson (historian)|Peter Jackson]], [[Carl W. Ernst|Carl Ernst]], [[Muzaffar Alam]], and [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] uses these sources alongside epigraphy, archaeology, and vernacular materials to present a more balanced view of state formation, religious pluralism, and cultural exchange.

==List of dynasties and rulers==
=== Kashmir Sultanate (c. 1320/1339–1589) ===
==== Bhoti dynasty (c. 1320–1323) ====
{{main|Rinchan}}

{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style= width=7% |No.
! style= width=7% |Titular Name
! style= width=7% |Personal Name
! style= width=7% |Reign
|-
|align="center" |1
| align="center" |'''Sadr'ud-Din Shah'''
|align="center"| [[Rinchan]]
|align="center"|13 November 1320 – 31 December 1323
|-
|}

==== Shah Mir dynasty (c. 1339–1561 CE) ====
{{main|Shah Mir dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:5%;"|No.
! style="width:14%;"|Titular Name
! style="width:20%;"|Personal Name
! style="width:25%;"|Reign
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 2 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh'''||style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Mir|Shāh Mīr]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 4 July 1339 – 6 July 1342
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 3 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Jamshīd Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Jamshid Shah Miri|Jamshīd]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 6 July 1342 – 6 May 1343
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 4 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Alāu'd-Dīn Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Alauddin Shah|Alī Shēr]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 6 May 1343 – 19 April 1354
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 5 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Shihābu'd-Dīn Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Sultan Shihab ud din|Shīrashāmak]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 19 April 1354 – 6 June 1373
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 6 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Qutbu'd-Dīn Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Qutbu'd-Din Shah|Hindāl]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6 June 1373 – 24 August 1389
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 7 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Sikandar Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Sikandar Butshikan|Shingara]] || style="text-align:center;" | 24 August 1389 – 31 May 1413
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 8 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Alī Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ali Shah Miri|Mīr Khān]] || style="text-align:center;" | 31 May 1413 – 20 February 1418
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 9 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Ghiyasu'd-Din Shah'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Shāhī Khān]] || style="text-align:center;" | 20 February 1418 – December 1419
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| – || style="text-align:center;" |'''Alī Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ali Shah Miri|Mīr Khān]] || style="text-align:center;" | December 1419 – 7 July 1420
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| – || style="text-align:center;" |'''Ghiyasu'd-Din Shah'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Shāhī Khān]] || style="text-align:center;" | 7 July 1420 – 5 April 1470
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 10 || style="text-align:center;" |'''Haider Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Haider Shah Miri|Hāji Khān]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5 April 1470 – 13 April 1472
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 11 || style="text-align:center;" |'''Hasan Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Hasan Shah Miri|Hasan Khān]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 13 April 1472 – 19 April 1484
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 12 || style="text-align:center;" |'''Muhammad Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Khān]] || style="text-align:center;" | 19 April 1484 – 14 October 1486
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 13 || style="text-align:center;" |'''Fatēh Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Fath Shah|Fatēh Khān]]|| style="text-align:center;" | 14 October 1486 – July 1493
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| – || style="text-align:center;" |'''Muhammad Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Khān]] || style="text-align:center;" | July 1493 – 1505
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| – || style="text-align:center;" |'''Fatēh Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Fath Shah|Fatēh Khān]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1505 – 1514
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| – || style="text-align:center;" |'''Muhammad Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Khān]] || style="text-align:center;" | 1514 – September 1515
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| – || style="text-align:center;" |'''Fatēh Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Fath Shah|Fatēh Khān]]|| style="text-align:center;" | September 1515 – August 1517
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| – || style="text-align:center;" |'''Muhammad Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Khān]]|| style="text-align:center;" | August 1517 – January 1528
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 14 || style="text-align:center;" |'''Ibrahīm Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Ibrahīm Khān
| style="text-align:center;" | January 1528 – April 1528
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 15 || style="text-align:center;" |'''Nāzuk Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Nādir Shāh
| style="text-align:center;" | April 1528 – June 1530
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| – || style="text-align:center;" |'''Muhammad Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | [[Muhammad Shah Mir|Muhammad Khān]] || style="text-align:center;" | June 1530 – July 1537
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 16 || style="text-align:center;" |'''Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh II'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Shamsu'd-Dīn
| style="text-align:center;" | July 1537 – 1540
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 17 || style="text-align:center;" |'''Ismaīl Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Ismaīl Khān
| style="text-align:center;" | 1540 – December 1540
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|– || style="text-align:center;" |'''Nāzuk Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Nādir Shāh
| style="text-align:center;" | December 1540 – December 1552
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| – || style="text-align:center;" |'''Ibrahīm Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Ibrahīm Khān
| style="text-align:center;" | December 1552 – 1555
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| – || style="text-align:center;" |'''Ismaīl Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Ismaīl Khān
| style="text-align:center;" | 1555 – 1557
|-
|style="text-align:center;"| 18 || style="text-align:center;" |'''Habīb Shāh'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Habīb Khān
| style="text-align:center;" | 1557 – 1561
|-
|}
*'' NOTE : Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-kashmirsultans.html |title = The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |orig-year=1959 |page=325|isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |access-date=2013-01-17}}</ref>

==== Chak dynasty (c. 1561–1579 CE) ====
{{main|Chak dynasty}}

{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color: width=7% |No.
! style="background-color: width=7% |Titular Name
! style="background-color: width=7% |Personal Name
! style="background-color: width=7% |Reign
|-
|align="center" |19
| align="center" |'''Muḥammad Humāyūn'''
|align="center"| [[Ghazi Shah Chak|Ghazi Shah]]
|align="center"|1561 – 1563
|-
|align="center" |20
|align="center"|'''Nasiru'd-Din'''
|align="center"| [[Husain Shah Chak|Husain Shah]]
|align="center"|1563 – 1570
|-
|align="center" |21
|align="center"|'''Zahīru'd-Din Muhammad Alī'''
|align="center"| [[Ali Shah Chak|Ali Shah]]
|align="center"|1570 – December 1578
|-
|align="center" |22
|align="center"|'''Nasiru'd-Din Ghazi'''
|align="center"| [[Yousuf Shah Chak|Yousuf Shah]]
|align="center"|December 1578 – February 1579
|-
|}

==== Baihaqi dynasty (c. 1579 CE) ====
{{main|Sayyid Mubarak}}

{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style= width=7% |No.
! style= width=7% |Titular Name
! style= width=7% |Personal Name
! style= width=7% |Reign
|-
|align="center" |23
| align="center" |'''Mubarak Ghazi'''
|align="center"| [[Sayyid Mubarak|Mubarak Baihaqi]]
|align="center"|February 1579 – November 1579
|-
|}

==== Restored Chak dynasty (c. 1579–1589 CE) ====
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style= width=7% |No.
! style= width=7% |Titular Name
! style= width=7% |Personal Name
! style= width=7% |Reign
|-
| align="center" |24
| align="center" |'''Lohar Ghazi'''
| align="center" | [[Lohar Khan]]
| align="center" | November 1579 – November 1580
|-
| align="center" |–
| align="center" | '''Nasiru'd-Din Ghazi'''
| align="center" | [[Yousuf Shah Chak|Yousuf Shah]]
| align="center" | November 1580 – 14 February 1586
|-
| align="center" |25
| align="center" | '''Ismā'īl Shah'''
| align="center" | [[Yakub Shah Chak|Yakub Shah]]
| align="center" | 14 February 1586 – 8 August 1589
|}
*'' NOTE : Yakub Shah was dethroned on 14 October 1586 by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] but continued to use the title of the [[#Chak dynasty (c.1561–1589 CE)|Sultan of Kashmir]] till 1589.''

=== Madurai Sultanate (1335–1377) ===
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Titular name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Personal name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Reign
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| Independence from [[Tughlaq dynasty]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]].
|-
|align="center"|''Jalal-ud-din Shah'' {{Nastaliq| جلال الدین شاہ }}
|align="center"| [[Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan]]
|align="center"|1335 CE – 1339 CE
|-
|align="center"| ''Ala-ud-din Shah'' {{Nastaliq| علاء الدین شاہ }} 
|align="center"| Ala-ud-din Udauji Shah
|align="center"|1339 CE
|-
|align="center"|''Qutb-ud-din Shah'' {{Nastaliq| قطب الدین شاہ }}
|align="center"| Qutb-ud-Din Firuz Shah
|align="center"|1339 CE – 1340 CE
|-
|align="center"| ''Ghiyath-ud-din Shah'' {{Nastaliq| غیاث الدین شاہ}}
|align="center"| Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad Damghani
|align="center"|1340 CE – 1344 CE
|-
|align="center"|''Nasir-ud-din Shah'' {{Nastaliq| ناصر الدین شاہ }}
|align="center"| Nadir-ud-Din Mahmud Damghani
|align="center"| 1344 CE – 1345 CE
|-
|align="center"|''Shams-ud-din Shah'' {{Nastaliq| شمس الدین شاہ }}
|align="center"| Shams-ud-Din Adil Shah
|align="center"| 1356 CE – 1358 CE
|-
|align="center"|''Fakhr-ud-din Shah'' {{Nastaliq| فخرالدین شاہ }}
|align="center"| Fakhr-ud-Din Mubarak Shah
|align="center"| 1358 CE – 1368 CE
|-
|align="center"|''Ala-ud-din Shah II'' {{Nastaliq| علاء الدین شاہ }}
|align="center"| Ala-ud-Din Sikandar Shah
|align="center"| 1368 CE – 1378 CE
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| Destroyed and Conquered by [[Vijayanagara Empire]]'s [[Sangama dynasty]]
|}

=== Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527) ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Titular Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Reign
|-
|colspan=4 align="center"| [[Rebellion of Ismail Mukh|Independence]] from [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]]
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah''
|align="center"| [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]] I
|align="center"|3 August 1347 – 11 February 1358
|-
|align="center"| ''Shah''
|align="center"| [[Mohammed Shah I|Mohammad Shah I]]
|align="center"|11 February 1358 – 21 April 1375
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Ala-ud-Din Mujahid Shah''
|align="center"| [[Mujahid Shah]]
|align="center"|21 April 1375 – 16 April 1378
|-
|align="center"| ''Shah''
|align="center"| [[Daud Shah Bahmani]]
|align="center"|16 April 1378 – 21 May 1378
|-
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| [[Mohammad Shah II]]
|align="center"| 21 May 1378 – 20 April 1397
|-
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Ghiyath-ad-din Shah
|align="center"|20 April 1397 – 14 June 1397
|-
|- bgcolor="#D8BFD8"
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Shams-ud-Din Shah Puppet King Under Lachin Khan Turk
|align="center"| 14 June 1397 – 15 November 1397
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Taj-ud-Din Feroze Shah'' 
|align="center"| [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Feroze Shah]]
|align="center"| 24 November 1397 – 1 October 1422
|-
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani]]
|align="center"| 1 October 1422 – 17 April 1436
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Ala-ud-Din Ahmed Shah''
|align="center"| [[Alau'd-din Ahmad Shah|Ala-ud-Din II Ahmed Shah Bahmani]]
|align="center"| 17 April 1436 – 6 May 1458
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Ala-ud-Din Humayun Shah''
|align="center"| [[Humayun Shah|Humayun Shah Zalim Bahmani]]
|align="center"| 7 May 1458 – 4 September 1461
|-
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| [[Nizam Shah Bahmani]]
|align="center"| 4 September 1461 – 30 July 1463
|-
|align="center"|''Shah'' ''Muhammad Shah Lashkari''
|align="center"|[[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad Shah Bahmani III]]
|align="center"| 30 July 1463 – 26 March 1482
|-
|- bgcolor="#A7BFA3"
|align="center"|''Vira Shah''
|align="center"| [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]] Puppet under [[Malik Naib]], [[Qasim Barid I]], and [[Amir Barid I]]
|align="center"| 26 March 1482 – 27 December 1518
|-
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Ahmed Shah Bahmani III Puppet King Under [[Amir Barid I]]
|align="center"| 27 December 1518 – 15 December 1520
|-
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Ala-ud-Din Shah Bahmani II Puppet King Under Amir Barid I
|align="center"| 28 December 1520 – 5 March 1522
|-
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Waliullah Shah Bahmani Puppet King Under Amir Barid I
|align="center"| 5 March 1522 – 1526
|-
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
|align="center"|''Shah''
|align="center"| Kaleemullah Shah Bahmani Puppet King Under Amir Barid I
|align="center"| 1525–1527
|-
|colspan=4 align="center"| Dissolution of the sultanate into five kingdoms — [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]], [[Ahmednagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]], [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]], and [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]]
|}

=== Sindh Sultanate (1351–1524/1591) ===
====[[Samma dynasty]] (1351–1524)====
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Title/Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Reign
|-
|align="center"|''Feroz-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Unar I|Unar I bin Banbinah]] {{Nastaliq|فيروز الدين المعروف شاه انر اول بن بنبينه}}
|align="center"| Jam Unar I
|align="center"|1351–1352
|-
|align="center"| ''Sadr-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Banbinah I bin Unar I]] {{Nastaliq|صدرالدين المعروف شاه بنبينه اول بن انر اول}} 
|align="center"| Jam Banbinah I
|align="center"|1352–1367
|-
|align="center"|''Rukn-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Tamachi|Tamachi bin Unar I]] {{Nastaliq|رکن الدين المعروف شاه تماچي بن انر ڊوم}}
|align="center"| Jam Tamachi
|align="center"|1367–1371 (1st reign)
|-
|align="center"|''Khair-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Togachi|Togachi bin Unar I]] {{Nastaliq|خيرالدين المعروف شاه توگچي بن جونا اول}}
|align="center"| Jam Togachi
|align="center"|1368–1370 ([[diarchy]])
|-
|align="center"| ''Ala-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Juna I bin Banbinah]] {{Nastaliq|علاؤالدين المعروف شاه جونا اول بن بنبينه}}
|align="center"| Jam Juna I
|align="center"|1371–1389
|-
|align="center"|''Rukn-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Tamachi|Tamachi bin Unar I]] {{Nastaliq|رکن الدين المعروف شاه تماچي بن انار ڊوم}}
|align="center"| Jam Tamachi
|align="center"| 1389–1392 (2nd reign)
|-
|align="center"|''Salah-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Unar II|Unar II bin Tamachi]] {{Nastaliq|صلاح الدين المعروف شاه انر ڊوم بن تماچي}}
|align="center"| Jam Unar II
|align="center"| 1392–1404
|-
|align="center"|''[[Jam Nizamuddin I|Nizam-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah I]] bin Unar II'' {{Nastaliq|نظام الدين المعروف شاه اول بن انر دوم}}
|align="center"| Jam Nizam
|align="center"| 1404–1406
|-
|align="center"|''al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Ali Sher|Ali Sher bin Tamachi]] {{Nastaliq| المعروف شاه علي شير بن تماچي}}
|align="center"| Jam Ali Sher
|align="center"| 1406–1412
|-
|align="center"|''al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Karan|Karan bin Togachi]] {{Nastaliq|المعروف شاه ڪرن بن توگچي}}
|align="center"| Jam Karan
|align="center"| 1412
|-
|align="center"|''Sadr-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Sikandar I bin Togachi]] {{Nastaliq|صدرالدين المعروف شاه سڪندر بن توگچي}}
|align="center"| Jam Sikandar I
|align="center"| 1412–1413
|-
|align="center"|''Nasir-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Fateh Khan|Fath bin Sikandar I]] {{Nastaliq| ناصر الدین المعروف شاه فتح بن سڪندر اول}}
|align="center"| Jam Fath
|align="center"| 1413–1428
|-
|align="center"|''Tughlaq al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Tughlaq|Juna II bin Sikandar I]] {{Nastaliq|تغلق المعروف شاه جونا دوم بن سڪندر اول}}
|align="center"| Jam Juna II
|align="center"| 1428–1442
|-
|align="center"|''al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Mubarak|Mubarak Khan]] {{Nastaliq|المعروف شاه مبارڪ خان}}
|align="center"| Jam Mubarak
|align="center"|1442
|-
|align="center"|''al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Sikandar II|Sikandar II bin Fath]] {{Nastaliq|المعروف شاه سڪندر دوم بن فتح}}
|align="center"| Jam Sikandar II
|align="center"|1442–1444
|-
|align="center"|''al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Raidhan|Raidhan bin Unar II]] {{Nastaliq|المعروف شاه ريدان بن انر دوم}}
|align="center"| Jam Raidhan
|align="center"| 1444–1453
|-
|align="center"|''Sadr-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Sanjar|Sanjar bin Unar II]] {{Nastaliq|صدرالدين المعروف شاه سنجر بن انر دوم}}
|align="center"| Jam Sanjar
|align="center"| 1453–1461
|-
|align="center"|''Nizam-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah II'' [[Jam Nizamuddin II|Nindo bin Sanjar]] {{Nastaliq|نظام الدين المعروف شاه ڊوم نندو بن سنجر}}
|align="center"| Jam Nindo
|align="center"| 1461–1508
|-
|align="center"|''Nasir-ud-Din al-Maroof Shah'' [[Jam Feroz II|Feroz bin Nindo]] {{Nastaliq|ناصر الدين المعروف شاه فيروز بن نندو}}
|align="center"|Jam Feroz
|align="center"|1508–1524
|}

====[[Arghun dynasty]] (1520–1554)====
{| width=100% Class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=27% | Title
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Reign
|- style="background:white"
|align="center"| ''Shah'' {{Nastaliq| شاه}}
|align="center"| '''[[Shah Beg Arghun|Shuja Beg Arghun]]''' {{Nastaliq| شجاع بيگ ارغون}} 
|align="center"|1520–1524 AD
|-
|- style="background:white"
|align="center"| ''Shah'' {{Nastaliq| شاه}}
|align="center"| '''[[Husayn Beg Arghun]]''' {{Nastaliq| حسين بيگ ارغون}} 
|align="center"|1524–1554 AD
|-
|}

====[[Tarkhan dynasty]] (1554–1593)====
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=27% | Title
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=25% | Reign
|-
|colspan=3 align="middle"| After civil war in Sindh between the King [[Shah Husayn Arghun]] and his nobles under [[Mirza Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan]] the Tarkhan dynasty was victorious and began to rule over Sindh.
|-
|- style="background:white"
|align="center"| ''Mirza'' {{Nastaliq| میرزا}}
|align="center"| [[Mirza Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan|Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan]] {{Nastaliq| محمد عیسیٰ ترخان}} 
|align="center"|1554–1567 AD
|-
|- style="background:white"
|align="center"| ''Mirza'' {{Nastaliq| میرزا}}
|align="center"| [[Mirza Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan|Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan]] {{Nastaliq| محمد بقی ترخان}} 
|align="center"|1567–1585 AD
|-
|- style="background:white"
|align="center"| ''Mirza'' {{Nastaliq| میرزا}}
|align="center"| [[Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan|Jani Beg Tarkhan]] {{Nastaliq| جانی بیگ ترخان}} 
|align="center"|1585–1593 AD
|-
|-
|}

===Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)===
;Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1414)
{{Main|Ilyas Shahi dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]]
| 1342–1358
| Became the first sole ruler of whole [[Bengal]] comprising [[Sonargaon]], [[Satgaon]] and [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]].
|-
| [[Sikandar Shah]]
| 1358–1390
| Assassinated by his son and successor, [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]]
| 1390–1411
|
|-
| [[Saifuddin Hamza Shah]]
| 1411–1413
|
|-
| Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah bin Hamza Shah
| 1413
| His coins were minted from Muazzamabad. Noman Nasir theorizes, based on numismatic evidence, that he was a son of Hamza Shah.<ref>Nasir, Noman. “Nasir Al-Din Muhammad - A New Sultan of Bengal.” Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, 2010</ref> Assassinated by either his half-brother or his father's slave [[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah]] on the orders of the landlord of [[Dinajpur]], [[Raja Ganesha]]
|-
| [[Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah]]
| 1413–1414
|Assassinated by [[Raja Ganesha]]
|-
| [[Alauddin Firuz Shah I]]
| 1414
| Son of Shihabuddin Bayazid Shah. Assassinated by Raja Ganesha
|}
In 2009 a coin of a ruler named Nasiruddin Ibrahim Shah was found in Bangladesh, which was struck in 818 AH (around 1416 CE). It is possible he was a claimant to the throne. An undated coin of another ruler called Siraj-al Din Sikandar Shah was found in southwestern Bengal in 2014. MD. Sharif Islam theorizes that this Siraj-al Din is the same Siraj-al Din mentioned by Riyaz As Salatin, who was a judge serving under Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah.<ref name="Nasir N 2014">Nasir N, Islam MS (2014) Siraj al-Din ‘Sikandar’ (?) Shah – a new ruler of the Bengal Sultanate. J Orient Numismat Soc 220:39–40</ref>
;House of Raja Ganesha (1414–1435)
{{Main|Ganesha dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Raja Ganesha]]
| 1414–1415
|
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]
| 1415–1416
| Son of Raja Ganesha and converted into Islam
|-
| [[Raja Ganesha]]
| 1416–1418
| Second Phase
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]]
| 1418–1433
| Second Phase
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah]]
| 1433–1435
|
|}
Two ephemeral rulers: Qutbuddin Azam Shah and Ghiyasuddin Nusrat Shah ruled Eastern Bengal for a brief period and struck coins in AH 837 (1434 CE). Siraj-al Din Sikandar Shah is only known from his undated coins, it is possible he ruled in this time period. It is not known if any of them were related to Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah or the Ilyas Shahis.<ref name="Nasir N 2014"/>

;Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1435–1487)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah I]]
|1435–1459
|
|-
| [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]]
| 1459–1474
|
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah]]
| 1474–1481
|
|-
| [[Sikandar Shah II]]
| 1481
|
|-
| [[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah]]
| 1481–1487
|
|}

;Habshi rule (1487–1494)
{{Main|Habshi dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Shahzada Barbak]]
| 1487
|
|-
| [[Saifuddin Firuz Shah]]
| 1487–1489
|
|-
| [[Mahmud Shah II of Bengal|Mahmud Shah II]]
| 1489–1490
|
|-
| [[Shamsuddin Muzaffar Shah]]
| 1490–1494
|
|}

;Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)
{{Main|Hussain Shahi dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]]
| 1494–1518
|
|-
| [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]]
| 1518–1533
|
|-
| [[Alauddin Firuz Shah II]]
| 1533
|
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]]
| 1533–1538
|
|}

;Governors under Suri rule (1539–1554)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Khidr Khan Surak|Khidr Khan]]
| 1539–1541
|Declared independence in 1541 and was replaced
|-
| [[Qazi Fazilat]]
| 1541–1545
|
|-
| [[Muhammad Khan Sur]]
| 1545–1554
|Declared independence upon the death of [[Islam Shah Suri]]
|}

;Muhammad Shahi dynasty (1554–1564)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Muhammad Khan Sur]]
| 1554–1555
| Declared independence and styled himself as ''Shamsuddin Muhammad Shah''
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II]]
| 1555–1561
|
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah]]
| 1561–1563
|
|-
| [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah III]]
| 1563–1564
|
|}

;Karrani dynasty (1564–1576)
{{Main|Karrani dynasty}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:180px;"| Name
! style="width:80px;"| Reign
! style="width:400px;"| Notes
|-
| [[Taj Khan Karrani]]
| 1564–1566
|
|-
| [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]]
| 1566–1572
|
|-
| [[Bayazid Khan Karrani]]
| 1572
|
|-
| [[Daud Khan Karrani]]
| 1572–1576
|Last independent Sultan of Bengal Sultanate
|}

===Khandesh Sultanate (1382–1601)===

{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC72" width=22% | Title/Name<ref name="Majumdar 2006 824">{{Citation |editor-last1=Majumdar |editor-first1=R.C. |editor-link1=R. C. Majumdar |year=2006 |title=The Delhi Sultanate |location=Mumbai |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=824}}</ref><ref name="Shyam 1981 200">{{Citation |last=Shyam |first=Radhey |date=1981 |title=The Kingdom of Khandesh |location=Delhi |publisher=Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delli |page=200}}</ref>
! style="background-color:#F0DC72" width=22% | Reign <ref name="Majumdar 2006 824"/><ref name="Shyam 1981 200"/>
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| Independence from [[Delhi Sultanate]] as [[Khandesh|Sultanate of Khandesh]]
|-
|align="center"|[[#Malik Ahmad Farooqui|Malik Raja]] {{Nastaliq| ملک راجه}}
|align="center"|1382 – 19 April 1399
|-
|align="center"|[[#Nasir Khan|Nasir Khan]] {{Nastaliq| ناصر خان}} 
|align="center"|1399 – 18 September 1437
|-
|align="center"|[[#Miran Adil Khan I|Miran Adil Khan I]] {{Nastaliq| میران عادل خان اول}}
|align="center"|1437 – 30 April 1441
|-
|align="center"|[[#Miran Mubarak Khan I|Miran Mubarak Khan I]] {{Nastaliq| میران مبارک خان }}
|align="center"|1441 – 5 June 1457
|-
|align="center"|[[#Miran Adil Khan II|Miran Adil Khan II]] {{Nastaliq| میران عادل خان دوم}}
|align="center"|1457 – 28 September 1501
|-
|align="center"|[[#Daud Khan|Daud Khan]] {{Nastaliq| داوود خان }}
|align="center"| 1501 – 28 August 1508
|-
|align="center"|[[#Ghazni Khan|Ghazni Khan]] {{Nastaliq| غزنی خان}}
|align="center"| 1508
|-
|align="center"|[[#Alam Khan|Alam Khan]] {{Nastaliq| عالم خان}}
|align="center"| 1508 – 1509
|-
|align="center"|[[#Miran Adil Khan III|Miran Adil Khan III]] {{Nastaliq| میران عادل خان سوم}}
|align="center"| 1509 – 1520
|-
|align="center"|[[#Miran Muhammad Shah I|Miran Muhammad Shah I]] {{Nastaliq| میران محمد شاه اول }}
|align="center"| 1520 – 4 May 1535
|-
|align="center"|[[#Miran Mubarak Khan II|Miran Mubarak Khan II]] {{Nastaliq| میران مبارک شاہ دوم}}
|align="center"| 1537 – 24 December 1566
|-
|align="center"|[[#Miran Muhammad Shah II|Miran Muhammad Shah II]] {{Nastaliq|میران محمد شاہ دوم }}
|align="center"| 1566 – 1576
|-
|align="center"|[[#Hasan Khan|Hasan Khan]] {{Nastaliq| حسن خان}}
|align="center"|1576
|-
|align="center"|[[Raja Ali Khan]] {{Nastaliq| راجه علی خان}}
|align="center"| 1576 – 5 February 1597
|-
|align="center"|[[#Bahadur Khan|Bahadur Khan]] {{Nastaliq|بهادر شاه }}
|align="center"| 1597 – 17 January 1601 (died 1624)
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| Conquered by Emperor [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
|}

===Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Titular Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" | Reign
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | Independence from [[Sultan of Delhi]], [[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III]].
|-
|align="center"|''Khwajah-i-Jahan'' {{Nastaliq| خواجہ جہاں}} ''Malik-us-Sharq'' {{Nastaliq| ملک الشرق}} ''Atabeg-i-Azam'' {{Nastaliq|اتابک اعظم}}
|align="center"| [[Malik Sarwar]]
|align="center"|1394–1399
|-
|align="center"| ''Mubarak Shah'' {{Nastaliq| مبارک شاہ }} 
|align="center"| [[Mubarak Shah of Jaunpur|Malik Qaranfal]]
|align="center"|1399–1402
|-
|align="center"|''Shams-ud-Din Ibrahim Shah'' {{Nastaliq| شمس الدین ابراہیم شاہ }}
|align="center"| [[Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur|Ibrahim Khan]]
|align="center"|1402–1440
|-
|align="center"| ''Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah'' {{Nastaliq| ناصر الدین محمود شاہ }}
|align="center"| [[Mahmud Shah of Jaunpur|Mahmud Khan]]
|align="center"|1440–1457
|-
|align="center"|''Muhammad Shah'' {{Nastaliq| محمد شاہ }}
|align="center"| [[Muhammad Shah of Jaunpur|Bhi Khan]]
|align="center"| 1457–1458
|-
|align="center"|''Hussain Shah'' {{Nastaliq| حسین شاہ }}
|align="center"| [[Husain Shah of Jaunpur|Husain Khan]]
|align="center"| 1458–1479
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | Reabsorbed in [[Delhi Sultanate]] under [[Lodi Dynasty]]
|}

===Gujarat Sultanate (1394–1573)===
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Title/Name<ref>The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys Series; Author:Clifford Edmund Bosworth {{ISBN|0-7486-2137-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7486-2137-8}}</ref>
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=9% | Reign
|-
|align="center"|''Shams-ud-Din'' [[Muzaffar Shah I]] {{Nastaliq| شمس الدین مظفر شاہ اول}}
|align="center"| Zafar Khan
|align="center"|1391–1403 (''1st Reign'')
|-
|align="center"| ''Nasir-ud-Din'' [[Muhammad Shah I]] {{Nastaliq| نصیر الدین محمد شاہ اول}} 
|align="center"| Tatar Khan
|align="center"|1403–1404
|-
|align="center"|''Shams-ud-Din'' [[Muzaffar Shah I]] {{Nastaliq| شمس الدین مظفر شاہ اول}}
|align="center"| Zafar Khan
|align="center"|1404–1411 (''2nd Reign'')
|-
|align="center"| ''Nasir-ud-Din'' [[Ahmad Shah I]] {{Nastaliq| ناصر الدین احمد شاہ اول}}
|align="center"| Ahmad Khan
|align="center"|1411–1442
|-
|align="center"|''Muizz-ud-Din'' [[Muhammad Shah II]] {{Nastaliq| المعز الدین محمد شاہ دوم}}
|align="center"| Karim Khan
|align="center"| 1442–1451
|-
|align="center"|''Qutb-ud-Din'' [[Ahmad Shah II]] {{Nastaliq| قطب الدین احمد شاہ دوم}}
|align="center"| Jalal Khan
|align="center"| 1451–1458
|-
|align="center"| [[Daud Shah of Gujarat|Daud Shah]] {{Nastaliq| داود شاہ }}
|align="center"| Daud Khan
|align="center"| 1458
|-
|align="center"|''Nasir-ud-Din'' [[Mahmud Begada|Mahmud Shah I]] (''Mahmud Begada'') {{Nastaliq| ناصر الدین محمود شاہ اول محمود بگڑا}}
|align="center"| Fateh Khan
|align="center"| 25 May 1458 – 23 November 1511
|-
|align="center"|''Shams-ud-Din'' [[Muzaffar Shah II]] {{Nastaliq| شمس الدین مظفر شاہ دوم}}
|align="center"| Khalil Khan
|align="center"| 23 November 1511 – 5 April 1526
|-
|align="center"|[[Sikandar Shah of Gujarat|Sikandar Shah]] {{Nastaliq| سکندر شاہ }}
|align="center"| Sikandar Khan
|align="center"| 1526
|-
|align="center"|''Nasir-ud-Din'' [[Mahmud Shah II of Gujarat|Mahmud Shah II]] {{Nastaliq| ناصر الدین محمود شاہ دوم}}
|align="center"| Nasir Khan
|align="center"| 1526
|-
|align="center"|''Qutb-ud-Din'' [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] {{Nastaliq| قطب الدین بہادرشاہ }}
|align="center"| Bahadur Khan
|align="center"| 1526–25 April 1535 (''1st Reign'')
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| [[Interregnum]] [[Mughal Empire]] under [[Humayun]]: 1535–1536
|-
|align="center"|''Qutb-ud-Din'' [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] {{Nastaliq| قطب الدین بہادرشاہ }}
|align="center"| Bahadur Khan
|align="center"|1536–13 February 1537 (''2nd Reign'')
|-
|align="center"|[[Farooqi dynasty|Miran Muhammad Shah I]] {{Nastaliq| میران محمد شاہ تریہم}}
|align="center"| Miran Muhammad Faruqi of Khandesh
|align="center"| 6 weeks; 1537
|-
|align="center"|''Nasir-ud-Din'' [[Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat|Mahmud Shah III]] {{Nastaliq| ناصر الدین محمود شاہ تریہم}}
|align="center"| Mahmud Khan
|align="center"| 10 May 1537 – 1554
|-
|align="center"|''Ghiyas-ud-Din'' [[Ahmad Shah III]] {{Nastaliq| غیاث الدین احمد شاہ تریہم}}
|align="center"| Ahmad Khan
|align="center"| 1554–1561
|-
|align="center"|''Shams-ud-Din'' [[Muzaffar Shah III]] {{Nastaliq| شمس الدین مظفر شاہ تریہم}}
|align="center"|Hubboo<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714022016/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 |archive-date=2018-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> or Nannu or Nathu<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701023%26ct%3D151%26rqs%3D256%26rqs%3D436%26rqs%3D514%26rqs%3D601%26rqs%3D734 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011605/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701023&ct=151&rqs=256&rqs=436&rqs=514&rqs=601&rqs=734 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (a pretender according to Mughal historians)
|align="center"|1561–1573
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| [[Interregnum]] [[Mughal Empire]] under [[Akbar]]: 1573–1583
|-
|align="center"|''Shams-ud-Din'' [[Muzaffar Shah III]] {{Nastaliq| شمس الدین مظفر شاہ تریہم}}
|align="center"|Hubboo or Nannu or Nathu (a pretender according to Mughal historians)
|align="center"|1583 (Restored)
|-
|colspan=4 align="middle"| [[Mughal Empire]] under [[Akbar]]
|}

===Malwa Sultanate (1401–1562)===
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:27%;"| Royal Title
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:25%;"| Personal name
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:25%;"| Reign
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[Dilawar Khan]] was appointed as the governor of [[Malwa|Malwa province]] in 1392 by the [[Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate]]. He declared himself independent in 1401 by establishing Malwa Sultanate. He was the first Sultan of Malwa from '''Ghurid dynasty'''.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |first=Upendra Nath |last=Day |title=Medieval Malwa: a Political and Cultural History, 1401-1562 |location=Delhi |publisher=Munshi Ram Manohar Lal |year=1965 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/medievalmalwaapo001927mbp/page/n23 8]–24 |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalmalwaapo001927mbp |accessdate=2020-05-18}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dilawar Khan|Dilawar Khan Ghuri]] {{Nastaliq| دلاور خان غوری}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1401–1406
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hoshang Shah|Husam-ud-Din Hoshang Shah]] {{Nastaliq|حسام الدین ہوشنگ شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1406–1435
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Taj-ud-Din Muhammad Shah {{Nastaliq|تاج الدین محمد شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1435–1436
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Ghurid dynasty replaced by Khilji dynasty<ref name=":0" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mahmud Khalji|Ala-ud-Din Mahmud Shah I]] {{Nastaliq|علاؤالدین محمود شاہ اول}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1436–1469
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ghiyas-ud-Din Shah]] {{Nastaliq|غیاث الدین شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1469–1500
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Nasir-ud-Din Shah {{Nastaliq|ناصر الدین شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1500–1510
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II {{Nastaliq| شہاب الدین محمود شاہ دوئم}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1510–1519
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| The Rajput ruler of Mewar Maharana Sanga [[Battle of Gagron|defeated and imprisoned Mahmud Shah II]] and conquered most of Malwa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dasharatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wi1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Lectures on Rajput History and Culture |date=1970 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-8426-0262-4 |page=27 |language=en |quote=Early 16th century marks the rise of patriotic one eyed chief of Mewar named as Rana Sanga who defeat several of his neighbor kingdom and establish Rajput hold on Malwa first time after fall of Parmara dynasty through series of victories over Malwa,Gujarat and Delhi Sultanate.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopi Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526–1707 A.D.) |date=1954 |publisher=S.L. Agarwala |pages=17–18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Raja''
|style="text-align:center;"| [[Medini Rai]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |page=156 |language=en}}</ref>
(ruled as a vassal of [[Rana Sanga]])
|style="text-align:center;"| 1519–1527
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| The interregnum; as the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]] [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] defeated Mahmud Shah II and himself reigned as the Sultan of Malwa.<ref name=majumdar>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.173-86</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] {{Nastaliq|بہادر شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1531 – 1537
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]] defeated Sultan Bahadur Shah and briefly occupied Malwa for a year in between 1535 and 1536.<ref name=":1" />
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 1537–1555; era of semi-independent governors of [[Sur Empire]].
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Wali'' {{Nastaliq| ولی}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Shuja’at Khan {{Nastaliq|شجاعت خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1537 – 1542
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Wali'' {{Nastaliq| ولی}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Isa Khan {{Nastaliq|عیسیٰ خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1542 – 1545
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Wali'' {{Nastaliq| ولی}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| Shuja’at Khan {{Nastaliq|شجاعت خان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1545 – 1552
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Sultan'' {{Nastaliq| سلطان}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Baz Bahadur]] {{Nastaliq|باز بہادر}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1555 – 1561/2
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Malwa Sultanate was abolished in 1562 after Baz Bahadur's defeat [[Mughal conquest of Malwa|against Mughal army]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat To The Mughals-Mughal Empire (1526-1748) - Part II |date=2007 |pages=103–104}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Multan Sultanate (1445–1527)===
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Titular Name(s)
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Personal Name
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Reign
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Qutbu'd-Din Mahmud I'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان قطب الدین محمود اول}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rai Sahra Langah]] {{Nastaliq|رای سهره لنگاہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1445 – 1469
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Husseyn I'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان حسین اول}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Husseyn Langah I|Husseyn Shah Langah]] {{Nastaliq|حسین لنگاه}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1469 – 1498
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Feroz'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان فیروز}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Feroz Khan Langah {{Nastaliq|فیروز خان لنگاه}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1498 – 1499
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Husseyn I'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان حسین اول}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Husseyn Langah I|Husseyn Shah Langah]] {{Nastaliq|حسین لنگاه}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1499 – 29 August 1502
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Mahmud II'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان محمود دوم}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Budha Khan Langah {{Nastaliq|بدھا خان لنگاہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|30 August 1502 – 1525
|-
| style="text-align:center;|''Sultan Husseyn II'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان حسین دوم}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Husseyn Langah {{Nastaliq|حسین لنگاه}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1525 – 1527
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Lashkar'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان لشکر}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Lashkar Khan Langah {{Nastaliq|لشکر خان لنگاه}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1527 – 1530
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Medieval history of India]]

Subimal Dutt

2026-04-24T21:02:24Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Adding stub!

{{Short description|Indian diplomat and ICS officer (1903-1992)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subimal Dutt
| office = 3rd [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]
| term_start = 11 October 1955
| term_end = 17 January 1961
| predecessor = [[Ratan Kumar Nehru]]
| successor = M. J. Desai
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] [[SOAS University of London]]
| office2 = [[Ambassador of India to Germany]]
| term_start2 = 1952
| term_end2 = 1954
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[A. C. N. Nambiar]]
| honorific_suffix = [[OBE]]
| birth_date = 5 December 1903
| birth_place = [[Chittagong]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Chattogram]], [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1992|3|2|1903|12|5}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]), [[West Bengal]], India
}}

'''Subimal Dutt''' (সুবিমল দত্ত) (5 December 1903 - 2 March 1992) was an [[Indian Foreign Service|Indian diplomat]] and [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] officer. He served as India's Commonwealth Secretary and later as [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and was also [[List of Ambassadors of India to Russia|India's ambassador to the Soviet Union]], [[Federal Republic of Germany]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="GuptaSisir">{{cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Sisir|title=Bureaucrats and Politicians|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=29 April 1978|volume= - XIII No. 17}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Subimal Dutt hailed from the village Kanungopara near Chittagong in erstwhile [[Bengal Presidency]]. He was educated at the [[University of Calcutta]] and the [[SOAS University of London]] and joined the ICS in 1928. He served in various capacities in Bengal districts. In 1938 he was transferred to Delhi to the Imperial Council of Agricultural Affairs to become an Additional Under-Secretary in the Department of Education, Health and Lands thereafter. In 1941, he was appointed the Government of India's Agent in Malaya.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Indian agent Mr. Subimal Dutt Appointed|url=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19401206.2.64.aspx|access-date=2 December 2012|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=6 December 1940}}</ref> After his return in December 1941 he held various posts with the Government of Bengal, from April 1944 until 22 July 1947 as Secretary of the Department of Agriculture. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1946 Birthday Honours.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37598/supplements/2790 London Gazette, 13 June 1946]</ref>

== Diplomatic career ==
In August 1947 he was appointed Commonwealth Secretary in the Ministry of External Affairs. From 1952-54, he was India's first ambassador to [[West Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Previous Indian Ambassadors to the Federal Republic of Germany|url=http://www.indianembassy.de/previous_ambassadors.php|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> He returned as Commonwealth Secretary in the Ministry of External Affairs (1954–55) and from 12 October 1955 to 11 April 1961 was the longest serving Foreign Secretary of India. As Commonwealth Secretary, along with [[V.K. Krishna Menon]], Dutt was India's representative on the Political Committee at the [[Bandung Conference]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru - Volume 28|url=http://www.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/SW28.pdf|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> As Foreign Secretary in the years leading up to the [[Sino-Indian War of 1962]], Dutt was closely involved in policy formulation regarding [[Tibet]] and [[China]]. He was also involved in shaping India's response to the [[Suez Crisis|Suez]] and [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian crises]] which happened while he was the foreign secretary.<ref name="GuptaSisir" />
He was appointed Indian Ambassador to the Soviet Union in June 1961, succeeding K.P.S. Menon. After his retirement from the Foreign Service in November 1962 he became Secretary to the President for two years. In 1964 he was appointed the first Vigilance Commissioner of West Bengal, from 1968 to January 1972 he held the post of the Central Vigilance Commissioner.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Indira Gandhi in January 1972 on short term asked him to become India's first High Commissioner to Bangladesh in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|last=Aiyar|first=Mani Shankar|title=The Day After|url=http://www.rediff.in/news/1996/1912man1.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=2 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218045242/http://www.rediff.in/news/1996/1912man1.htm|archive-date=18 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=B S|title=Memoirs of an Indian Diplomat|year=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill|location=New Delhi|pages=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzXnhkpxgOsC&q=subimal+dutt&pg=PA20|isbn=9780070680883}}</ref> Dutt retired in April 1974 protesting against the visit of Pakistani Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] to Bangladesh.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

== Post retirement ==
Between 1964 and 1968, Dutt served as the Vigilance Commissioner of [[West Bengal]] where, appalled at how corruption had become endemic in public life, he coined the term 'speed money' noting that it had become a way of life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Of MPs, fudged expenses and what India spends on them|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/2009/may/26/slide-show-5-how-much-india-spends-on-mps.htm|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cheating: A way of life|url=http://50.23.175.3-static.reverse.softlayer.com/columnists/sunanda-k-datta-ray/cheating-way-life|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> He chaired the Industrial Licensing Policy Inquiry Committee, known as the Dutt Committee, whose report in 1969 led to the enactment of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act in India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Virendra|title=Committees and Commissions in India, 1947-73|year=1979|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|pages=112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SowaqZ0UlXMC&q=subimal+dutt&pg=PA112|isbn=9788170221975}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dutt Committee Report|url=http://www.gktoday.in/gk/indian-industry-general-knowledge/page/5/|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> Between 1968 and February 1972, he held the post of Central Vigilance Commissioner. He also authored ''With Nehru in the Foreign Office'' in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|title=With Nehru in the Foreign Office|url=http://www.getcited.org/pub/101852950|access-date=2 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414210346/http://www.getcited.org/pub/101852950|archive-date=14 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Death ==
Subimal Dutt died on 2 March 1992 in [[Calcutta]] following a long illness. He was 88.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhatt|first=S C|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Volume 16|year=2006|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=New Delhi|pages=678|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IleHyBDWbzEC&q=subimal+dutt+indira+gandhi&pg=PA678|isbn=9788178353722}}</ref>

== Literature ==
1. Amit Das Gupta, ''Serving India. A political biography of Subimal Dutt (1903-1992), India's longest serving Foreign Secretary'' (New Delhi: Manohar, 2017).

2. Amit R. Das Gupta, "Foreign Secretary Subimal Dutt and the prehistory of the Sino-Indian border war", in: Das Gupta, Amit R., und Lüthi, Lorenz M., ''The Sino-Indian War in 1962: New Perspectives'' (New Delhi: Routledge, 2017): 48-67.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ratan Kumar Nehru]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Foreign Secretary of India]]|years=1955 - 1961}}
{{s-aft|after=M. J. Desai}}
{{s-end}}

{{Indian civil servants}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Subimal}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Indian Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to West Germany]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Bangladesh]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Shimla Devi

2026-04-22T14:55:56Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Adding a bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Anupgarh Assembly constituency|Anupgarh]]
| term_start = 2023
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| profession = Agriculture
| predecessor = Santosh Bawri
| mother = Rajadevi
| father = Ram Kumar
| spouse = {{marriage|Omprakash Nayak|2002}}
| children = 2 sons
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|6|16|df=y}}
| education = Post-graduate
| birth_place = [[Padampur, Rajasthan|Padampur]], Rajasthan
| occupation = Politician
| footnotes = Source [https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/HamareVidhayak/RptMemberSearch.aspx]
}}
'''Shimla Devi Nayak''' (born
16 June 1982) is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. She is a first-time MLA from [[Anupgarh Assembly constituency|Anupgarh Assemby constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of winners of BJP, Congress {{!}} Rajasthan Poll Result |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/politics/news-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-full-list-winner-list-vote-counting-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-nda-bjp-congress-party-vidhan-sabha-seats-eci-latest-news-267212 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Zee Business}}</ref> She won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] on [[Indian National Congress]] Party ticket from Anupgarh Assembly constituency in the erstwhile [[Ganganagar district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shimla Devi Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Rajasthan Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/shimla-devi-20006-2 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shimla Devi |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/shimla-devi |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Anupgarh Assembly Election 2023 Result Live Updates: Check Latest Trends From Rajasthan Election Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/anupgarh-assembly-election-2023-result-live-updates-latest-trends-from-rajasthan-election-results-article-105694375 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Devi hails from [[Anupgarh]]. She did post graduation in law and is a lawyer by profession. She married Omprakash Nayak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shimla Devi Nayak(National Unionist Zamindara Party):Constituency- GANGANAGAR(RAJASTHAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=2284 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Devi won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] on Congress ticket from Anupgarh Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-09 |title=अनूपगढ़ में संतोष बावरी और शिमला देवी नायक में मुकाबला: दूसरी बार आमने सामने होंगी दोनों प्रत्याशी, 7 उम्मीदवार मैदान में - Anupgarh News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/sriganganagar/anoopgarh/news/contest-between-santosh-bawri-and-shimla-devi-nayak-in-anupgarh-132122454.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429180111/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/sriganganagar/anoopgarh/news/contest-between-santosh-bawri-and-shimla-devi-nayak-in-anupgarh-132122454.html |archive-date=2024-04-29 |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> She defeated Santosh Bawri of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] by a margin of 37,881 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupgarh Constituency Election Results 2023: Anupgarh Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/anupgarh |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anupgarh (SC) assembly election results 2023: Anupgarh (SC) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/anupgarh-sc-assembly-result-20006 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of winners of BJP, Congress {{!}} Rajasthan Poll Result |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/politics/news-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-full-list-winner-list-vote-counting-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-nda-bjp-congress-party-vidhan-sabha-seats-eci-latest-news-267212 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Zee Business}}</ref> In [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], she contested as an independent candidate and finished third, behind winner Bawri of BJP and Kuldeep Indora of the Congress, who came second.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Shimla}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Anupgarh district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Vedanarayana Temple, Nagalapuram

2026-04-21T01:22:07Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Adding place

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vedanarayana Temple, Nagalapuram వేదనారాయణ దేవస్థానం, నాగలాపురం
| image = Main gopuram at nagalapuram7.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Raja gopuram at vedanarayana Temple, Nagalapuram
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|13|23|15.7|N|79|47|48.7|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| locale = [[Nagalapuram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vedanarayana ([[Matsya]] avatar of [[Vishnu]])
| festivals= Brahmotsavams, [[Vaikunta Ekadasi#In Tirumala|Vaikunta Ekadasi]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 2
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions = Telugu and Sanskrit
| temple_board = [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.tirumala.org/}}
}}

'''Vedanarayana Temple''' or '''Matsya Narayana Temple''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple in [[Nagalapuram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] temple is dedicated to [[Lord Vishnu]] in the form of [[Matsya]], the fish avatar, who is referred to as Matsya Narayana or Veda Narayana. This is one of the few temples in India where Lord Vishnu is depicted in Matsya avatar, the first incarnation of the [[Dashavatara]], Lord Vishnu's 10 main incarnations.<ref name="suryapooja">{{cite news|title=Sun rays enter temple a day before Surya Puja festival|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sun-rays-enter-temple-a-day-before-surya-puja-festival/article7030615.ece|access-date=26 September 2017|work=The Hindu|date=25 March 2015}}</ref>

==Administration==
The temple is being administered by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]].<ref name="suryapooja" />

==Significance==
The Temple is famous for Surya Pooja Utsavam, considered as an astronomical marvel.<ref name=VTN2>{{cite news|title=Nagalapuram temple all set for ‘Surya Puja’|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/nagalapuram-temple-all-set-for-surya-puja/article5759657.ece|access-date=24 July 2017|work=The Hindu|date=19 May 2016}}</ref> During this festival the sunrays will directly fall on the presiding deity Vedanarayaana in the [[Garbhagriha]] for three days of a year.<ref name=VTN2 /><ref name="suryapooja" /> The Sunrays travel a distance of 360 feet starting from Temple Tower(Goupuram) towards Garbha griha in the evening. On first day the rays will stop at foot of the Deity, second day on Navel and third day on Crown.<ref name=VTN2 /><ref
name="suryapooja" />

==Festivals==
Surya Pooja Utsavam is one of the important festivals in the temple during which the rays of Sun directly fall on to the presiding deity in [[Garbhagriha]] which is facing west during evening before sunset.<ref name="suryapooja" />
==See also==
* [[List of Temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams(TTD)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
[[Category:Temples dedicated to avatars of Vishnu]]

K. T. George

2026-04-19T22:12:28Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. T. George
| image =
| constituency1 = [[Paravur Assembly constituency|Paravur]]
| successor1 = [[Xavier Arakkal]]
| predecessor1 = [[K. A. Damodara Menon]]
| term_end1 = 1972
| term_start1 = 1965
| office1 = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| office2 = [[Department of Finance (Kerala)|Minister for Finance]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| term_end2 = 1972 April 3
| term_start2 = 1971 September 25
| predecessor2 = [[N. K. Seshan]]
| successor2 = [[K. G. Adiyodi]]
| office3 = Minister of Law, [[Government of Kerala]]
| term_end3 = 1972 April 3
| term_start3 = 1971 September 25
| birth_place = British India
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1929|7|20}}
| children = 3
| spouse = Saramma George
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1972|4|3|1929|7|20}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
}}

'''K. T. George''' was a lawyer and politician from [[Kerala]], India. He represented [[Paravur Assembly constituency]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] representative in the third and fourth Kerala Legislative Assemblies.

== Biography ==
Born July 20, 1929, K. T. George was survived by his wife, Saramma George.<ref name="niyamasabha">{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m170.htm |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> The couple had three daughters.<ref name="niyamasabha" /> He was a lawyer by profession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sreelakshmi |last2=stateofkerala.in |title=Kerala State - Everything about Kerala |url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/k_t_george.php |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=www.stateofkerala.in |language=en}}</ref>

While speaking in the Kerala Legislative Assembly as the Law Minister, on April 5, 1972, he collapsed and died soon after.<ref name="niyamasabha" />

== Political career ==
George, who was a criminal lawyer from [[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]], entered public service in 1954 as an active member of the Indian National Congress. Later he was selected member of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] and [[All India Congress Committee]].<ref name="niyamasabha" /> He was first elected from [[Paravur Assembly constituency|Paravur]] in 1965. However no single party could form a ministry commanding majority and hence this election was considered abortive. On March 25, [[President's rule]] was invoked in the state for the fourth time.<ref name="KeralaLegislature">{{cite web | url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776:history-of-kerala-legislature | title=History of Kerala Legislature | publisher=Kerala Government | access-date=30 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101549/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776%3Ahistory-of-kerala-legislature | archive-date=2014-10-06 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1965 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERALA |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1965_ST_REP.pdf |website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA NEW DELHI }}</ref> He later won the 1967 elections from Paravur and became a member of the Third Kerala Legislative Assembly.<ref name="niyamasabha" /> During this period he was also served as the [[Chief Whip]] of the Congress Legislative Party.<ref name="niyamasabha" /> He again won the 1970 elections from Paravur.<ref name="niyamasabha" /> During this period he was the Chairman of the Estimates Committee from 1970 to 1971 and the Deputy Leader of the Congress Legislative Party.<ref name="niyamasabha" />

From September 25, 1971, till his death he served as the Kerala state Minister for finance and Minister of Law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: FINANCE DEPARTMENT :: GOVERNMENT OF KERALA |url=https://www.finance.kerala.gov.in/minprfle.jsp |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=www.finance.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://klaproceedings.niyamasabha.org/pdf/KLA-004-00031-00030.pdf Official obituary reference of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, K. T.}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1970–1977]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1967–1970]]

2022–23 U-17 Youth Cup

2026-04-19T08:53:19Z

Stoutsanitaryware: made new stub

{{short description|U17 football league in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{infobox football league season
| image =
| competition = [[Youth League (India)|Youth League]]
| season = [[2022–23 in Indian football|2022–23]]
| dates = 22 December 2022 – 31 January 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23|title=49 teams to participate in AIFF Elite Youth League 2022–23|date=7 December 2022|access-date=28 January 2023|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]}}</ref>
| winners = Classic FA (1st title)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/classic-football-academy-wins-u17-youth-cup-39238|title=Classic Football Academy wins Hero U-17 Youth Cup title|website=thebridge.in|publisher=The Bridge|date=31 January 2023|access-date=31 January 2023|agency=All India Football Federation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131150936/https://thebridge.in/football/classic-football-academy-wins-u17-youth-cup-39238|archive-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>
| premiers =
| matches = 111
| matches footnote =
| total goals = 402
| best player =
| league topscorer = Lemet Tangvah (Chandigarh FA) (10 goals)
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring = Chandigarh FA 13–0 Ladakh Football School and Academy
| prevseason = [[2019–20 Indian Elite League|2019–20]]
| nextseason = [[2023–24 Indian Youth League|2023–24]]
| attendance = 925 (knockout stage)
| average attendance = 62 (knockout stage)
| updated = 31 January 2023
| extra information = For detailed group stage matches click [https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=3&month=0&year=2022 here].
}}

The '''2022–23 Youth League''', also known as '''2022–23 Hero U-17 Youth Cup''' (for sponsorship ties with [[Hero MotoCorp]]), was the thirteenth season of the Indian [[Youth League (India)|Youth League]] and the first season of the competition as an under-17 category.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/quick-starts-watertight-defences-and-perfect-records-a-look-ahead-to-the-hero-u-17-youth-cup-final-round|title=Quick starts, watertight defences and perfect records: A look ahead to the Hero U-17 Youth Cup final round|date=18 January 2023|access-date=28 January 2023|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first=Vaibhav|last=Raghunandan|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsroomodisha.com/sudeva-delhi-chennaiyin-complete-u-17-youth-cup-semi-finals-line-up/|title=Sudeva Delhi, Chennaiyin complete U-17 Youth Cup semi-finals line-up|website=newsroomodisha.com|publisher=Newsroom Odisha Network|date=26 January 2023|access-date=28 January 2023|location=Bhubaneswar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/himalayan-fc-kinnaur-classic-fa-enter-hero-u-17-youth-cup-semi-finals|title=Himalayan FC Kinnaur, Classic FA enter Hero U-17 Youth Cup Semi-finals|date=25 January 2023|access-date=26 January 2023|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/sudeva-delhi-win-penalty-shootout-enter-hero-u-17-youth-cup-final|title=Sudeva Delhi win penalty shootout, enter Hero U-17 Youth Cup Final|date=28 January 2023|access-date=28 January 2023|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

The 2019–20 season was abandoned midway and the league was not held since then due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]].

==Changes in format==
The new season saw reduction in number of games with a short format spanning over a month.
* The tournament would take place across ten venues, with single [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format in the [[group stage|group]] and [[knockout stage]].
* The 49 teams from 29 states and union territories were divided in ten groups. Ten group winners and six best group runners-up qualified for the knockout stage.
* Round of 16 has been introduced for the first time ever.

==Teams==
A total of 49 teams from 29 states and union territories participate in the tournament. States and union territories without any teams include: [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Tripura]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club
!State/Region
!Group
!Venue
|-
|Alchemy International FA
|[[Karnataka]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group A|A]]
|rowspan=5|Dravid Padukone Centre of Excellence, [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|-
|Parappur FC
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|Lakshadweep Football Academy
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|-
|[[Garhwal FC]]
|[[Delhi]]
|-
|[[Mumbai Kenkre FC]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group B|B]]
|rowspan=5|Barrackpore Stadium, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|-
|Sanju Football Academy
|[[Sikkim]]
|-
|[[Football Association of Odisha|FAO Academy]]
|[[Odisha]]
|-
|[[Minerva Academy FC]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|Football 4 Change Academy
|[[Manipur]]
|-
|Alpha Sports Academy
|[[Bihar]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group C|C]]
|rowspan=5|[[Patliputra Sports Complex]], [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
|-
|[[Hyderabad FC]]
|[[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha FC]]
|[[Odisha]]
|-
|[[Techtro Swades United FC]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|Young Heroes
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Classic Football Academy
|[[Manipur]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group D|D]]
|rowspan=5|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI]] Ground, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
|-
|[[Gauhati Town Club]]
|[[Assam]]
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC]]
|[[Meghalya]]
|-
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal Club]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur FC]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC]]
|[[Telangana]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group E|E]]
|rowspan=5|Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|Gandhinagar FC
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|Silvassa United FC
|[[Daman and Diu]]
|-
|[[Jeppiaar Institute of Technology]] FC
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
|[[Punjab Football Association|Punjab State FA U-17]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group F|F]]
|rowspan=5|Sri Harigobind Stadium, [[Phagwara]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
|Kumaon Heroes
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|Real Lona FC
|[[Ladakh]]
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|-
|Himalayan FC Kinnaur
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]] Football Academy
|[[Jharkhand]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group G|G]]
|rowspan=5|MKM Stadium, [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Jharkhand]]
|-
|KR Football Leaders
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Madan Maharaj FC]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Adani Group|Adani]] Sarguja Football Academy
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|[[Corbett FC]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|rowspan=4|[[#Group H|H]]
|rowspan=4|Amenity Sports Academy, [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|Ladakh Football Schools and Academy
|[[Ladakh]]
|-
|Chandigarh Football Academy
|[[Chandigarh]]
|-
|[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
|[[Delhi]]
|-
|RKM Football Academy
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group I|I]]
|rowspan=5|Pant Stadium, [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|Premier Sporting Football Academy
|[[Bihar]]
|-
|Muthoot Football Academy
|[[Kerala]]
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin FC]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|The Diamond Rock FA
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]]
|[[Goa]]
|rowspan=5|[[#Group J|J]]
|rowspan=5|Benaulim Football Ground, [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]]
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[ARA FC]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|-
|Zinc Football Academy
|[[Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa]]
|[[Goa]]
|}

==Group stage==
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
!Tiebreakers
|-
|The teams are ranked according to [[Points (association football)|points]] (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria are applied in the order given to determine the rankings:

# Greater number of points obtained in the matches between the Teams concerned
# Goal difference resulting from the matches between the Teams concerned
# Greater number of goals scored in the matches between the Teams concerned
# Goal difference in all the matches
# Greater number of goals scored in all the matches
# Drawing of lots
|}{{updated|29 December 2022}}

===Group A===
All matches will be held in [[Bengaluru]].
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23 AIFF]


|team1=GR
|team2=ALC
|team3=LFA
|team4=PAR
|team5=KEN


|result1=Q
|result2=



|win_ALC = 2 |draw_ALC = 1 |loss_ALC = 1 |gf_ALC = 7 |ga_ALC = 7 |status_ALC = 
|win_PAR = 1 |draw_PAR = 1 |loss_PAR = 2 |gf_PAR = 7 |ga_PAR = 10 
|win_LFA = 2 |draw_LFA = 0 |loss_LFA = 2 |gf_LFA = 6 |ga_LFA = 8 
|win_GR = 4 |draw_GR = 0 |loss_GR = 0 |gf_GR = 17 |ga_GR = 1 |status_GR= 
|win_KEN = 0 |draw_KEN = 0 |loss_KEN = 4 |gf_KEN = 2 |ga_KEN = 13 


|name_ALC = Alchemy International FA
|name_PAR = Parappur FC
|name_LFA = Lakshadweep FA
|name_GR = [[Garhwal FC]]
|name_KEN = [[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_RU=blue1 |text_RU=[[#Ranking of second-placed teams|Possible knockout stage]]

|match_ALC_PAR = null
|match_ALC_LFA = 2–1
|match_ALC_GR = 0–3
|match_ALC_KEN = 3–1

|match_PAR_LFA = null
|match_PAR_GR = 1–4
|match_PAR_KEN = null
|match_PAR_ALC = 2–2

|match_LFA_GR = null
|match_LFA_KEN = 2–0
|match_LFA_ALC = null
|match_LFA_PAR = 3–0

|match_GR_KEN = null
|match_GR_ALC = null
|match_GR_PAR = null
|match_GR_LFA = 6–0

|match_KEN_ALC = null
|match_KEN_PAR = 1–4
|match_KEN_LFA = null
|match_KEN_GR = null
}}

===Group B===
All matches will be held in [[Kolkata]].
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23 AIFF]


|team1=MIN
|team2=FFCA
|team3=ATKMB
|team4=FAO
|team5=SFA


|result1=Q



|win_ATKMB = 1 |draw_ATKMB = 2 |loss_ATKMB = 1 |gf_ATKMB = 3 |ga_ATKMB = 3 
|win_SFA = 0 |draw_SFA = 0 |loss_SFA = 4 |gf_SFA = 0 |ga_SFA = 12 
|win_FAO = 1 |draw_FAO = 1 |loss_FAO = 2 |gf_FAO = 2 |ga_FAO = 11 
|win_MIN = 4 |draw_MIN = 0 |loss_MIN = 0 |gf_MIN = 12 |ga_MIN = 1 |status_MIN=
|win_FFCA = 2 |draw_FFCA = 1 |loss_FFCA = 1 |gf_FFCA = 13 |ga_FFCA = 3 |status_FFCA = 


|name_ATKMB = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|name_SFA = Sanju FA
|name_FAO = [[Football Association of Odisha|FAO Academy]]
|name_MIN = [[Minerva Academy]]
|name_FFCA = Football 4 Change Academy


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_RU=blue1 |text_RU=[[#Ranking of second-placed teams|Possible knockout stage]]

|match_ATKMB_SFA = null
|match_ATKMB_FAO = 1–1
|match_ATKMB_MIN = 0–2
|match_ATKMB_FFCA = 0–0

|match_SFA_FAO = null
|match_SFA_MIN = 0–4
|match_SFA_FFCA = null
|match_SFA_ATKMB = 0–2

|match_FAO_MIN = null
|match_FAO_FFCA = null
|match_FAO_ATKMB = null
|match_FAO_SFA = 1–0

|match_MIN_FFCA = 3–1
|match_MIN_ATKMB = null
|match_MIN_SFA = null
|match_MIN_FAO = 3–0

|match_FFCA_ATKMB = null
|match_FFCA_SFA = 5–0
|match_FFCA_FAO = 7–0
|match_FFCA_MIN = null
}}

===Group C===
All matches will be held in [[Patna]].
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23 AIFF]


|team1=TSUFC
|team2=OFC
|team3=HFC
|team4=ASA
|team5=YH


|result1=Q
|result2=Q



|win_ASA = 2 |draw_ASA = 0 |loss_ASA = 2 |gf_ASA = 4 |ga_ASA = 4 
|win_HFC = 2 |draw_HFC = 0 |loss_HFC = 2 |gf_HFC = 7 |ga_HFC = 6 
|win_OFC = 3 |draw_OFC = 0 |loss_OFC = 1 |gf_OFC = 6 |ga_OFC = 6 |status_OFC = 
|win_TSUFC = 3 |draw_TSUFC = 0 |loss_TSUFC = 1 |gf_TSUFC = 13 |ga_TSUFC = 2 |status_TSUFC = 
|win_YH = 0 |draw_YH = 0 |loss_YH = 4 |gf_YH = 1 |ga_YH = 13 


|name_ASA = Alpha Sports Academy
|name_HFC = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad]]
|name_OFC = [[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha]]
|name_TSUFC = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
|name_YH = Young Heroes


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_RU=blue1 |text_RU=[[#Ranking of second-placed teams|Possible knockout stage]]

|match_ASA_HFC = null
|match_ASA_OFC = null
|match_ASA_TSUFC = null
|match_ASA_YH = 1–0

|match_HFC_OFC = null
|match_HFC_TSUFC = null
|match_HFC_YH = 4–1
|match_HFC_ASA = 2–1

|match_OFC_TSUFC = 0–5
|match_OFC_YH = null
|match_OFC_ASA = 2–1
|match_OFC_HFC = 1–0

|match_TSUFC_YH = null
|match_TSUFC_ASA = 0–1
|match_TSUFC_HFC = 1–3
|match_TSUFC_OFC = null

|match_YH_ASA = null
|match_YH_HFC = null
|match_YH_OFC = 0–3
|match_YH_TSUFC = 0–5
}}

===Group D===
All matches will be held in [[Imphal]].
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]


|team1=CFA
|team2=EB
|team3=SHI
|team4=JAM
|team5=GTC


|result1=Q



|win_CFA = 3 |draw_CFA = 1 |loss_CFA = 0 |gf_CFA = 5 |ga_CFA = 1 |status_CFA = 
|win_GTC = 0 |draw_GTC = 1 |loss_GTC = 3 |gf_GTC = 3 |ga_GTC = 8 
|win_SHI = 1 |draw_SHI = 3 |loss_SHI = 0 |gf_SHI = 4 |ga_SHI = 1 
|win_EB = 2 |draw_EB = 1 |loss_EB = 1 |gf_EB = 4 |ga_EB = 2 
|win_JAM = 1 |draw_JAM = 0 |loss_JAM = 3 |gf_JAM = 2 |ga_JAM = 6 


|name_CFA = Classic FA
|name_GTC = [[Gauhati Town Club]]
|name_SHI = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|name_EB = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|name_JAM = [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_RU=blue1 |text_RU=[[#Ranking of second-placed teams|Possible knockout stage]]

|match_CFA_GTC = 3–1
|match_CFA_SHI = null
|match_CFA_EB = 1–0
|match_CFA_JAM = 1–0

|match_GTC_SHI = null
|match_GTC_EB = 1–2
|match_GTC_JAM = 0–2
|match_GTC_CFA = null

|match_SHI_EB = null
|match_SHI_JAM = null
|match_SHI_CFA = 0–0
|match_SHI_GTC = 1–1

|match_EB_JAM = 2–0
|match_EB_CFA = null
|match_EB_GTC = null
|match_EB_SHI = 0–0

|match_JAM_CFA = null
|match_JAM_GTC = null
|match_JAM_SHI = 0–3
|match_JAM_EB = null
}}

===Group E===
All matches will be held in [[Hyderabad]].
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group E
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23 AIFF]


|team1=SRI
|team2=GAN
|team3=MUM
|team4=JIT
|team5=SIL


|result1=Q
|result2=Q



|win_SRI = 3 |draw_SRI = 1 |loss_SRI = 0 |gf_SRI = 11 |ga_SRI = 2 |status_SRI = 
|win_MUM = 2 |draw_MUM = 1 |loss_MUM = 1 |gf_MUM = 12 |ga_MUM = 6 
|win_GAN = 3 |draw_GAN = 0 |loss_GAN = 1 |gf_GAN = 10 |ga_GAN = 7 |status_GAN = 
|win_SIL = 1 |draw_SIL = 1 |loss_SIL = 2 |gf_SIL = 4 |ga_SIL = 11 
|win_JIT = 0 |draw_JIT = 1 |loss_JIT = 3 |gf_JIT = 6 |ga_JIT = 9 


|name_SRI = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|name_MUM = [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]]
|name_GAN = Gandhinagar
|name_SIL = Silvassa United
|name_JIT = [[Jeppiaar Institute of Technology]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_RU=blue1 |text_RU=[[#Ranking of second-placed teams|Possible knockout stage]]

|match_SRI_MUM = 1–1
|match_SRI_GAN = null
|match_SRI_SIL = 4–0
|match_SRI_JIT = null

|match_MUM_GAN = null
|match_MUM_SIL = 5–0
|match_MUM_JIT = null
|match_MUM_SRI = null

|match_GAN_SIL = null
|match_GAN_JIT = null
|match_GAN_SRI = 1–3
|match_GAN_MUM = 3–2

|match_SIL_JIT = 1–1
|match_SIL_SRI = null
|match_SIL_MUM = null
|match_SIL_GAN = 1–3

|match_JIT_SRI = 0–3
|match_JIT_MUM = 2–4
|match_JIT_GAN = 1–3
|match_JIT_SIL = null
}}

===Group F===
All matches will be held in [[Phagwara]].
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group F
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23 AIFF]


|team1=PUN
|team2=HIM
|team3=RKFC
|team4=KUM
|team5=RL


|result1=Q
|result2=Q



|win_PUN = 3 |draw_PUN = 1 |loss_PUN = 0 |gf_PUN = 20 |ga_PUN = 3 |status_PUN = 
|win_KUM = 1 |draw_KUM = 0 |loss_KUM = 3 |gf_KUM = 1 |ga_KUM = 19 
|win_RL = 0 |draw_RL = 0 |loss_RL = 4 |gf_RL = 0 |ga_RL = 16 
|win_RKFC = 2 |draw_RKFC = 1 |loss_RKFC = 1 |gf_RKFC = 8 |ga_RKFC = 1 
|win_HIM = 2 |draw_HIM = 2 |loss_HIM = 0 |gf_HIM = 13 |ga_HIM = 3 |status_HIM = 


|name_PUN = [[Punjab Football Association|Punjab State FA]]
|name_KUM = Kumaon Heroes
|name_RL = Real Lona FC
|name_RKFC = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|name_HIM = Himalayan Kinnaur


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_RU=blue1 |text_RU=[[#Ranking of second-placed teams|Possible knockout stage]]

|match_PUN_KUM = 10–0
|match_PUN_RL = null
|match_PUN_RKFC = 1–0
|match_PUN_HIM = 3–3

|match_KUM_RL = 1–0
|match_KUM_RKFC = null
|match_KUM_HIM = null
|match_KUM_PUN = null

|match_RL_RKFC = null
|match_RL_HIM = 0–2
|match_RL_PUN = 0–6
|match_RL_KUM = null

|match_RKFC_HIM = null
|match_RKFC_PUN = null
|match_RKFC_KUM = 1–0
|match_RKFC_RL = 7–0

|match_HIM_PUN = null
|match_HIM_KUM = 8–0
|match_HIM_RL = null
|match_HIM_RKFC = 0–0
}}

===Group G===
All matches will be held in [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]].
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group G
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23 AIFF]


|team1=RAJ
|team2=KRFL
|team3=ADA
|team4=SAIL
|team5=MAD


|result1=Q
|result2=Q



|win_SAIL = 2 |draw_SAIL = 0 |loss_SAIL = 2 |gf_SAIL = 4 |ga_SAIL = 7 
|win_KRFL = 3 |draw_KRFL = 0 |loss_KRFL = 1 |gf_KRFL = 13 |ga_KRFL = 4 |status_KRFL = 
|win_RAJ = 3|draw_RAJ = 0 |loss_RAJ = 1 |gf_RAJ = 13 |ga_RAJ = 4 |status_RAJ = 
|win_MAD = 0 |draw_MAD = 1 |loss_MAD = 3 |gf_MAD = 5 |ga_MAD = 14 
|win_ADA = 1 |draw_ADA = 1 |loss_ADA = 2 |gf_ADA = 10 |ga_ADA = 16 

|hth_RAJ=Head to head: KRFL 1–3 [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|hth_KRFL=RAJ


|name_SAIL = [[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]] Football Academy
|name_KRFL = KR Football Leaders
|name_RAJ = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_MAD = [[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
|name_ADA = [[Adani Group|Adani]] Sarguja FA


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_RU=blue1 |text_RU=[[#Ranking of second-placed teams|Possible knockout stage]]

|match_SAIL_KRFL = 2–1
|match_SAIL_RAJ = null
|match_SAIL_MAD = null
|match_SAIL_ADA = 1–5

|match_KRFL_RAJ = 1–3
|match_KRFL_MAD = 7–0
|match_KRFL_ADA = 4–1
|match_KRFL_SAIL = null

|match_RAJ_MAD = null
|match_RAJ_ADA = null
|match_RAJ_SAIL = 1–2
|match_RAJ_KRFL = null

|match_MAD_ADA = null
|match_MAD_SAIL = 0–1
|match_MAD_KRFL = null
|match_MAD_RAJ = 1–2

|match_ADA_SAIL = null
|match_ADA_KRFL = null
|match_ADA_RAJ = 0–7
|match_ADA_MAD = 4–4
}}

===Group H===
All matches will be held in [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]].
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group H
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23 AIFF]


|team1=SUD
|team2=COR
|team3=CFA
|team4=LFSA


|result1=Q
|result2=Q



|win_COR = 1 |draw_COR = 2 |loss_COR = 0 |gf_COR = 12 |ga_COR = 2 |status_COR = 
|win_LFSA = 0 |draw_LFSA = 0 |loss_LFSA = 3 |gf_LFSA = 0 |ga_LFSA = 33 
|win_CFA = 1 |draw_CFA = 1 |loss_CFA = 1 |gf_CFA = 15 |ga_CFA = 6 
|win_SUD = 2 |draw_SUD = 1 |loss_SUD = 0 |gf_SUD = 16 |ga_SUD = 2 |status_SUD= 


|name_COR = [[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
|name_LFSA = Ladakh FS and A
|name_CFA = Chandigarh FA
|name_SUD = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_RU=blue1 |text_RU=[[#Ranking of second-placed teams|Possible knockout stage]]

|match_COR_LFSA = null
|match_COR_CFA = 1–1
|match_COR_SUD = null

|match_LFSA_CFA = null
|match_LFSA_SUD = 0–10
|match_LFSA_COR = 0–10

|match_CFA_SUD = 1–5
|match_CFA_COR = null
|match_CFA_LFSA = 13–0

|match_SUD_COR = 1–1
|match_SUD_LFSA = null
|match_SUD_CFA = null
}}

===Group I===
All matches will be held in [[Bhilai]].
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group I
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23 AIFF]


|team1=MFA
|team2=CHE
|team3=PSFA
|team4=DRFA
|team5=RKM


|result1=Q
|result2=Q



|win_RKM = 0 |draw_RKM = 0 |loss_RKM = 4 |gf_RKM = 3 |ga_RKM = 12 
|win_PSFA = 2 |draw_PSFA = 0 |loss_PSFA = 2 |gf_PSFA = 5 |ga_PSFA = 10 
|win_MFA = 3 |draw_MFA = 1 |loss_MFA = 0 |gf_MFA = 8 |ga_MFA = 2 |status_MFA = 
|win_CHE = 3 |draw_CHE = 0 |loss_CHE = 1 |gf_CHE = 13 |ga_CHE = 5 |status_CHE = 
|win_DRFA = 1 |draw_DRFA = 1 |loss_DRFA = 2 |gf_DRFA = 6 |ga_DRFA = 6 


|name_RKM = RKM FA
|name_PSFA = Premier Sporting FA
|name_MFA = Muthoot FA
|name_CHE = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin]]
|name_DRFA = The Diamond Rock FA


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_RU=blue1 |text_RU=[[#Ranking of second-placed teams|Possible knockout stage]]

|match_RKM_PSFA = null
|match_RKM_MFA = null
|match_RKM_CHE = null
|match_RKM_DRFA = 0–2

|match_PSFA_MFA = null
|match_PSFA_CHE = null
|match_PSFA_DRFA = 2–1
|match_PSFA_RKM = 2–1

|match_MFA_CHE = null
|match_MFA_DRFA = null
|match_MFA_RKM =
|match_MFA_PSFA = 2–1

|match_CHE_DRFA = null
|match_CHE_RKM = 5–2
|match_CHE_PSFA = 6–1
|match_CHE_MFA = 0–1

|match_DRFA_RKM = null
|match_DRFA_PSFA = null
|match_DRFA_MFA = 2–2
|match_DRFA_CHE = 1–2
}}

===Group J===
All matches will be held in [[Goa]].
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group I
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23 AIFF]


|team1=ZIN
|team2=BEN
|team3=ARA
|team4=GOA
|team5=CB




|result1=Q



|win_GOA = 1 |draw_GOA = 1 |loss_GOA = 2 |gf_GOA = 6 |ga_GOA = 9 
|win_BEN = 2 |draw_BEN = 0 |loss_BEN =2 |gf_BEN = 10 |ga_BEN = 5 
|win_ARA = 1 |draw_ARA = 1 |loss_ARA = 2 |gf_ARA = 5 |ga_ARA = 8 
|win_ZIN = 4 |draw_ZIN = 0 |loss_ZIN = 0 |gf_ZIN = 12 |ga_ZIN = 0 |status_ZIN = 
|win_CB = 1 |draw_CB = 0 |loss_CB = 3 |gf_CB = 2 |ga_CB = 13 


|name_GOA = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa]]
|name_BEN = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]
|name_ARA = [[ARA FC|ARA]]
|name_ZIN = Zinc FA
|name_CB = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]


|show_limit=4


|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
|col_RU=blue1 |text_RU=[[#Ranking of second-placed teams|Possible knockout stage]]

|match_GOA_BEN = null
|match_GOA_ARA = 3–3
|match_GOA_ZIN = null
|match_GOA_CB = 3-0

|match_BEN_ARA = null
|match_BEN_ZIN = 0–2
|match_BEN_GOA = 2–0
|match_BEN_CB = 7–1

|match_ARA_ZIN = 0-3
|match_ARA_GOA = null
|match_ARA_BEN = 2–1
|match_ARA_CB = null

|match_ZIN_GOA = 4–0
|match_ZIN_BEN = null
|match_ZIN_ARA = null
|match_ZIN_CB = 3–0

|match_CB_GOA = null
|match_CB_BEN = null
|match_CB_ARA = 1–0
|match_CB_ZIN = null

}}

===Ranking of second-placed teams===
Due to Group H having lesser number of teams, the results against the fifth-placed teams in five-team groups are not considered for this ranking.

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23 AIFF]
|show_groups=T
|group_GrA='''[[#Group A|A]]''' |name_GrA= Alchemy International FA
|group_GrB='''[[#Group B|B]]''' |name_GrB= Football 4 Change Academy
|group_GrC='''[[#Group C|C]]''' |name_GrC=[[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha]]
|group_GrD='''[[#Group D|D]]''' |name_GrD= [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]
|group_GrE='''[[#Group E|E]]''' |name_GrE= Gandhinagar FC
|group_GrF='''[[#Group F|F]]''' |name_GrF= Himalayan Kinnaur
|group_GrG='''[[#Group G|G]]''' |name_GrG= KR Football Leaders
|group_GrH='''[[#Group H|H]]''' |name_GrH= [[Corbett FC]]
|group_GrI='''[[#Group I|I]]''' |name_GrI= [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin]]
|group_GrJ='''[[#Group J|J]]''' |name_GrJ=[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]


|update=future |start_date=December 2022

|win_GrA=1 |draw_GrA=1 |loss_GrA=1 |gf_GrA=4 |ga_GrA=6
|win_GrB=1 |draw_GrB=1 |loss_GrB=1 |gf_GrB=8 |ga_GrB=3
|win_GrC=2 |draw_GrC=0 |loss_GrC=1 |gf_GrC=3 |ga_GrC=6
|win_GrD=1 |draw_GrD=1 |loss_GrD=1 |gf_GrD=2 |ga_GrD=1
|win_GrE=2 |draw_GrE=0 |loss_GrE=1 |gf_GrE=7 |ga_GrE=6
|win_GrF=1 |draw_GrF=2 |loss_GrF=0 |gf_GrF=11 |ga_GrF=3
|win_GrG=2 |draw_GrG=0 |loss_GrG=1 |gf_GrG=6 |ga_GrG=4
|win_GrH=1 |draw_GrH=2 |loss_GrH=0 |gf_GrH=12 |ga_GrH=2
|win_GrI=2 |draw_GrI=0 |loss_GrI=1 |gf_GrI=8 |ga_GrI=3
|win_GrJ=1 |draw_GrJ=0 |loss_GrJ=2 |gf_GrJ=3 |ga_GrJ=4


|team1=GrI |team2=GrG |team3=GrE |team4=GrC |team5=GrH |team6=GrF |team7=GrB |team8=GrD |team9=GrA |team10=GrJ


|res_col_header=Q
|result1 = Q |result2 = Q |result3 = Q |result4 = Q |result5 = Q |result6 = Q
|col_Q = green1 |text_Q = Advanced to [[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}

==Knockout stage==
===Bracket===
<onlyinclude>
<section begin=bracket />{{#invoke:RoundN|N16
|style=white-space:nowrap|widescore=yes|bold_winner=high|3rdplace=no
|RD1=[[#Round of 16|Round of 16]]
|RD2=[[#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
|RD3=[[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|RD4=[[#Final|Final]]


|23 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|'''Gandhinagar FC'''|'''1'''|[[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]|0
|23 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|'''Himalayan Kinnaur'''|'''2'''|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]|1
|23 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|KR Football Leaders|2|'''[[Punjab Football Association|Punjab FA]]'''|'''3'''
|23 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|'''Classic FA'''|'''1'''|[[Minerva Academy FC]]|0
|24 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]|0|'''[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]'''|'''2'''
|24 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]|0|'''Zinc FA'''|'''2'''
|24 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|'''[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin]]'''|'''2 (9)'''|[[Garhwal FC]]|2 (8)
|24 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|[[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha]]|1 (5)|'''Muthoot FA'''|'''1 (6)'''

|25 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|Gandhinagar FC|1 (4)|'''Himalayan Kinnaur'''|'''1 (5)'''
|25 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|[[Punjab Football Association|Punjab FA]]|0|'''Classic FA'''|'''7'''
|26 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|'''[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]'''|'''2'''|Zinc FA|1
|26 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|'''[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin FC]]'''|'''3'''|Muthoot FA|0

|27 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|Himalayan Kinnaur|1|'''Classic FA'''|'''3'''
|28 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|'''[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]'''|'''2 (8)'''|[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin FC]]|2 (7)

|31 January – Deccan Arena, [[Hyderabad]]|Classic FA|2|
[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]|0
}}<section end=bracket /> </onlyinclude>

===Round of 16===
{{footballbox
| id = R16_1
| date = 23 January 2023
| time = 10:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gandhinagar FC
| score = 1–0
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16385
| team2 = [[Techtro Swades United FC|Techtro Swades United]]
| goals1 = *Wahengbam Mangal Singh {{goal|90+2}}
*Thounaojam Meiraba Singh {{yel|88}}
| goals2 = Lalfakzuala {{yel|47}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 25
| referee = Arvind Sekhar A
}}
----
{{footballbox
| id = R16_2
| date = 23 January 2023
| time = 15:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Himalayan Kinnaur
| score = 2–1
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16386
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 = *Mate Lamginmon Vaiphei {{goal|61||71}}
*J Lalhmangaihzuala {{yel|71}}
| goals2 = *Roman MRA {{yel|23}}
*Kenminthang Misao {{goal|79}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 60
| referee = S Samsonraj
}}
----
{{footballbox
| id = R16_3
| date = 23 January 2023
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = KR Football Leaders
| score = 2–3
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16387
| team2 = [[Punjab Football Association|Punjab FA]]
| goals1 = *Mahendra Bediya {{goal|21}}
*Uzair Khan {{goal|84}}
| goals2 = *Gulraj Singh Buttar {{goal|30}}
*Karandeep Singh {{goal|52||90+4}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 60
| referee = Syed Khaleel
}}
----
{{footballbox
| id = R16_4
| date = 23 January 2023
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Classic FA
| score = 1–0
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16388
| team2 = [[Minerva Academy FC]]
| goals1 = *Ningthoukhongjam Rishi Singh {{goal|60}}
| goals2 = *Ngasham Bitan Singh {{yel|55}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Nyayakappu Kurumaiah
}}
----
{{footballbox
| id = R16_5
| date = 24 January 2023
| time = 10:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| score = 0–2
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16389
| team2 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *Arman Ahmed {{yel|61}}
*Jajo Prashant {{goal|76}}
*Haodamliam Vaiphei {{goal|88}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 55
| referee = Avind Sekhar A
}}
----
{{footballbox
| id = R16_6
| date = 24 January 2023
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
| score = 0–2
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16390
| team2 = Zinc FA
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *Sanjay {{goal|34}}
*Shubhash Damor {{goal|88}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Darshan M S
}}
----
{{footballbox
| id = R16_7
| date = 24 January 2023
| time = 15:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin]]
| score = 2–2
| penaltyscore = 9–8
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16391
| team2 = [[Garhwal FC|Garhwal]]
| goals1 = *Makakmayum Daniyal {{goal|10}}
*Lalremruata {{goal|23}}
*Preyarhanjan RS {{yel|83}}
*Abitto A {{yel|90}}
| goals2 = *Richie Kharbani {{goal|78}}
*Siddharth Khichi {{goal|88}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Syed Khaleel
}}
----
{{footballbox
| id = R16_8
| date = 24 January 2023
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha]]
| score = 1–1
| penaltyscore = 5–6
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16392
| team2 = Muthoot FA
| goals1 = *Chintu Nag {{goal|35}}
| goals2 = *Mohammed Samir {{goal|45+2}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 80
| referee = Nyayakappu Kurumaiah
}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{footballbox
| id = QF_1
| date = 25 January 2023
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Gandhinagar FC
| score = 1–1
| penaltyscore = 4–5
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16823
| team2 = Himalayan Kinnaur
| goals1 = *Aaditya Pandya {{goal|47}}
*Yashir Khan {{sent off|2|43|48}}
*Rudra Patel {{yel|51}}
*Nelson Laishram {{yel|89}}
| goals2 = *Christian Lalthuazala {{goal|11}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = S Samsonraj
}}
{{footballbox
| id = QF_2
| date = 25 January 2023
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Punjab Football Association|Punjab FA]]
| score = 0–7
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16824
| team2 = Classic FA
| goals1 = *Harmanpreet Singh {{yel|32}}
*Mangal Singh {{yel|85}}
*Gulraj Buttar Singh {{yel|86}}
| goals2 = *Gogocha Chungkham {{goal|8||35||52}}
*Mutum Anish Singh {{goal|16||27}}
*Kullakpam Zahir Khan {{goal|40}}
*Punit Thangjam {{goal|72}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 55
| referee = M Sai Kumar
}}
{{footballbox
| id = QF_3
| date = 26 January 2023
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| score = 2–1
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16825
| team2 = Zinc FA
| goals1 = *Laltinlen Haokip {{goal|14}}
*Soibam Roshan Singh {{yel|57}}
*Ramesh Chhetri {{goal|82}}
*Farhan Fayaz {{yel|90+5}}
| goals2 = *Ashish {{yel|56}}
*Mohammad Kaif {{goal|61}}
*Manish Meel {{yel|85}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Arvind Sekhar A
}}
{{footballbox
| id = QF_4
| date = 26 January 2023
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin]]
| score = 3–0
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16826
| team2 = Muthoot FA
| goals1 = *Makakmayum Daniyal {{goal|41+1}} {{yel|90+5}}
*Prakakdeswaran S {{goal|65}} {{yel|89}}
*Lalthapuia {{goal|90+1}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 80
| referee = Syed Khaleel
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{footballbox
| id = SF_1
| date = 27 January 2023
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Himalayan Kinnaur
| score = 1–3
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16840
| team2 = Classic FA
| goals1 = *Bhaskar Chhetri {{yel|25}}
*Christian Lalthazuala {{goal|51}}
| goals2 = *Kullakpam Zahir Khan {{goal|40}}
*Gogocha Chungkham {{goal|47}}
*Mohmmad Arbash {{goal|48}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| motm = Lunbenjoy Vaiphei (Himalayan Kinnaur)
| attendance = 50
| referee = S Samsonraj
}}
{{footballbox
| id = SF_2
| date = 28 January 2023
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| score = 2–2
| penaltyscore = 8–7
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16841
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 = *Ramesh Chhetri {{goal|47||73}}
| goals2 = *Makakmayum Daniyal {{goal|39}}
*Srinith K {{goal|77}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 50
| referee = Syed Khaleel
}}

===Final===
{{footballbox
| id = FINAL
| date = 31 January 2023
| time = TBD [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Classic FA
| score = 2–0<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/u-17-youth-cup-classic-football-academy-clinches-title-after-defeating-sudeva-delhi-2-020230131223324/|title=U-17 Youth Cup: Classic Football Academy clinches title after defeating Sudeva Delhi 2–0|website=aninews.com|publisher=[[Asian News International]]|date=31 January 2023|access-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201081937/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/u-17-youth-cup-classic-football-academy-clinches-title-after-defeating-sudeva-delhi-2-020230131223324/|archive-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>
| penaltyscore =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/16874
| team2 = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| goals1 = *Khulakpam Zahir Khan {{goal|14}} {{yel|58}}
*Gogocha Chungkham {{goal|27}}
*Aheibam Suraj Singh {{yel|90+4}}
| goals2 = *Sursing Purty {{yel|45+2}}
| stadium = Deccan Arena
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| attendance = 150
| referee = Arvind Sekhar A
}}

==Statistics==

===Top scorers===
{{updated|27 January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|Lemet Tangvah
|Chandigarh FA
|10
|-
|rowspan=2|2
|Christian Lalthazuala
|Himalayan Kinnaur
|rowspan=2|8
|-
|Karandeep Singh
|[[Punjab Football Association|Punjab FA]]
|-
|rowspan=3|3
|Kishor Tiwari
|Football 4 Change Academy
|rowspan=3|6
|-
|Subhash Damor
|Zinc FA
|-
|Iashanbok Buhphang
|[[Garhwal FC]]
|-
|rowspan=7|5
|Akash Tirkey
|[[Minerva Academy]]
|rowspan=7|5
|-
|Takhellambam Likson Singh
|Adani Sarguja FA
|-
|Pruthviraj Gosavi
|Gandhinagar FC
|-
|Mate Lamginmon Vaiphei
|Himalayan Kinnaur
|-
|Ramesh Chhetri
|[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva]]
|-
|Mohammad Samir
|Muthoot FA
|-
|Gogocha Chungkham
|Classic FA
|-
|rowspan=5|8
|Tumto Komgo
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|rowspan=5|4
|-
|Roshan Mongjam
|[[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
|-
|Likson Rebelo
|[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa]]
|-
|Gerrard Dakerlang Sun
|Alchemy International FA
|-
|Akash Kumar Munda
|KR Football Leaders
|}

===Clean sheets===
{{Section update|date=January 2023}}
{{updated|6 January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean sheets
|-
|rowspan=2|1
|Sahil Zulfikar
|Zinc FA
|rowspan=2|4
|-
|Anubhav
|Punjab FA
|-
|rowspan=3|2
|Junaid Hamid
|[[Real Kashmir FC]]
|rowspan=3|3
|-
|Irom Devananada Meitei
|Himalayan Kinnaur
|-
|Aheibam Suraj Singh
|Classic FA
|}

===Hat-tricks===
{{updated|6 January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Hat-tricks
|-
|rowspan=14|1
|Iashanbok Buhphang
|[[Garhwal FC]]
|1 (vs Lakshadweep FA)
|-
|Gerrard Dakerlang Sun
|Alchemy International FA
|1 (vs [[Kenkre FC]])
|-
|Karandeep Singh
|[[Punjab Football Association|Punjab FA]]
|1 (vs Kumaon Heroes)
|-
|Pruthviraj Gosavi
|Gandhinagar FC
|1 (vs [[Mumbai City FC]])
|-
|Kishor Tiwari
|Football 4 Change Academy
|1 (vs [[Football Association of Odisha|FAO Academy]])
|-
|Omkar Talkar
|[[Mumbai City FC]]
|1 (vs Silvassa United FC)
|-
|Christian Lalthazuala
|Himalayan FC
|1 (vs Kumayou Heroes)
|-
|Takhellambam Likson Singh
|Adani Sarguja FA
|1 (vs [[Madan Maharaj FC]])
|-
|Roshan Mongjam
|[[Madan Maharaj FC]]
|1 (vs Adani Sarguja FA)
|-
|Harsh Chhimwal
|Corbett
|1 (vs Ladakh Football School & Academy)
|-
|Nikhil Chand
|Corbett
|1 (vs Ladakh Football School & Academy)
|-
|Lemmet Tangvah
|[[Chandigarh]] FA
|1 (vs Ladakh Football School & Academy)
|-
|Likson Rebelo
|[[FC Goa]]
|1 (vs [[Churchill Brothers]])
|-
|Subhash Damor
|Zinc FA
|1 (vs [[FC Goa]])
|}

==See also==
*[[2022–23 Indian Super League]]
*[[2022–23 I-League]]
*[[2022–23 I-League 2]]
*[[2022–23 Indian State Leagues]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://i-league.org/points-table/u-18-youth-league/ Elite League on the I-League website]
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league Elite League on the AIFF website]

{{Elite League (India)}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2022–23 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2022-23 Youth League U17}}
[[Category:Indian Youth League]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football]]

Chitra Dutta

2026-04-17T13:02:53Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding first details needs work.

{{short description|Indian physicist|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Chitra Dutta
| image =
| alt =
| caption = 
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = [[Bioinformatics]], [[Computational Biology]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]]
| alma_mater = [[Rajabazar Science College]] [[Visva-Bharati University]] [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards =
}}

'''Chitra Dutta''' is a former chief scientist and head of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics division in CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iicb.res.in/|title=CSIR-IICB|website=www.iicb.res.in|access-date=2020-07-25}}</ref> She is a physicist working in the areas of bioinformatics and [[computational biology]]. She is engaged in 'in-silico' analysis of genome/proteome architectures of host/vector/pathogen systems in quest of novel intervention strategies. Comparative genome analysis of various bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens conducted by her group have not only given an insight into the natural forces driving the [[molecular evolution]] of the microbial world, but also provided a better understanding of the intricacies of pathogen–host interactions and co-evolution. She has demonstrated how the relative strengths of various selection pressures vary within and across the organisms depending on their G+C-content, life-style and taxonomic distribution. Her group has also delineated the role played by mutational imbalance, hydrophobicity, gene expressivity and aromaticity in shaping microbial protein architectures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=ZxuLvZkAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate|title=Scholar_profile|website=www.scholar.google.com|access-date=2020-07-25}}</ref> She is also internationally acclaimed for her studies on ‘Chaos game representation’.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Chitra |last2=Das |first2=Jyotirmoy |title=Mathematical characterization of Chaos Game Representation |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |date=December 1992 |volume=228 |issue=3 |pages=715–719 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(92)90857-G |pmid=1469709 }}</ref> She has developed novel algorithms for recognition of fractal patterns in nucleotide and amino acid sequences through statistical analyses of genome and proteome composition of different thermophilic, symbiotic/parasitic organisms and she has revealed that thermal adaptation involves overrepresentation of purine bases in mRNAs, higher [[GC-content]] of the structural RNAs and enhanced usage of positively charged residues and aromatic residues at the cost of neutral polar residues, while the parasitic adaptation is reflected in the extreme genome reduction, presence of weak translational selection and large heterogeneity in membrane associated proteins. Recent works from her group on 'pan-genomic analysis of [[human microbiome]] in health and diseases' have also been highly acknowledged in scientific literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chitra_Dutta/publications|title=Researchgate_profile|website=www.researchgate.net|access-date=2020-07-25}}</ref>

Chitra Dutta completed her B.Sc. in physics, chemistry and mathematics in 1976 and M.Sc. in physics in 1977, both from Visva-Bharati university. She completed her Ph.D. in physics from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, University of Calcutta in 1984. Among honours and awards conferred on her are Fellowship of [[National Academy of Sciences]] (1992), DBT Overseas Associateship (1994), The Young Physicist Award (1985), The Special Prize for Academic Achievement- Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund (1978), National Merit Scholarship, Govt. of India (1976) etc. She is a member of the Advisory Committee on Bioinformatics, Department of Science & Technology, WB. She has been regularly involved in the review of manuscripts for reputed International journals. She is also involved in teaching at the post-graduate levels in Calcutta University, Visva-Bharati and West Bengal University of Technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.streeshakti.com/Chitra-Dutta.aspx|title=StreeShakti - The Parallel Force|website=www.streeshakti.com|access-date=2018-01-20|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071303/http://www.streeshakti.com/Chitra-Dutta.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Chitra}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Indian bioinformaticians]]
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women engineers]]

Deoli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:31Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding new stub first draft.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deoli-Pulgaon
| type = SLA
| map_image = 45-Deoli, Maharashtra.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wardha]]
| constituency_no = 45
| established = 1962
| reservation = 
| abolished =
| mla = [[Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors =274,833
}}
'''Deoli-Pulgaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in western India. This constituency is one of the four Vidhan Sabha constituencies in [[Wardha district]]<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010}}</ref> and comprises the entire Deoli tehsil including [[Pulgaon]] town and parts of the Wardha and Hinganghat tehsils of this district.

Deoli-Pulgaon Assembly constituency is part of the [[Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wardha Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]], [[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]] and [[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganght]] in [[Wardha district]] and [[Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency|Dhamangon Railway]] and [[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]] in [[Amravati district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class=wikitable
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deoli Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/deoli.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shankarrao Sonawane
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|N. R. Kale
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prabha Rau]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Manik Sabane
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Prabha Rau]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Saroj Kashikar
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Prabha Rau]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ranjit Kamble]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Before 2008: See [[Pulgaon Assembly constituency]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Ranjit Kamble]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane|Rajesh Bakane]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deoli<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Deoli">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Deoli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1345.htm |accessdate=5 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205092025/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1345.htm |archivedate=5 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh Bhaurao Bakane]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 90,319 |percentage = 47.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranjit Kamble|Ranjit Prataprao Kamble]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 81,011 |percentage = 42.62% |change={{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiran Arunrao Thakre |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,927 |percentage = 3.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umesh Mahadeorao Mhaiskar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,502 |percentage = 2.37% |change={{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kundan Chokha Jambhulkar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,947 |percentage = 2.08% |change={{decrease}}2.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ankush Vijayrao Koche |party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes = 1,215 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 850 |percentage = 0.45% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,308 |percentage = 4.90% |change= {{decrease}}15.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 190,908 |percentage = 69.46% |change= {{increase}}5.98 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 190,058}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,833|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deoli<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranjit Kamble|Ranjit Prataprao Kamble]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 75,345 |percentage = 43.29% |change={{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajesh Bhauraoji Bakane |party=Independent politician |votes = 39,541 |percentage = 22.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Samir Sureshrao Deshmukh |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 30,978 |percentage = 17.80% |change={{increase}}15.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Siddharatha Bhojraj Doifode |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,324 |percentage = 4.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Agrawal Dilip Bajranglal |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,016 |percentage = 4.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohan Ramraoji Raikwar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,166 |percentage = 2.97% |change={{decrease}}11.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhaiskar Umesh Mahadeorao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,617 |percentage = 0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,002 |percentage = 0.58% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,804 |percentage = 20.57% |change= {{increase}}20.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,066 |percentage = 63.55% |change= {{decrease}}4.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,031}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,460|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deoli<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranjit Kamble|Ranjit Prataprao Kamble]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 62,533 |percentage = 37.22% |change={{decrease}}2.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Ganpatrao Waghmare |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,590 |percentage = 36.66% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhaiskar Umesh Mahadeorao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 24,973 |percentage = 14.86% |change={{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shashank Gangadharrao Ghodmare |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 6,343 |percentage = 3.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nilesh Ramesh Gulhane |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 4,609 |percentage = 2.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdeorao Natthuji Meshram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,907 |percentage = 1.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Manvatkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,364 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 701 |percentage = 0.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 943 |percentage = 0.56% |change= {{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,785 |percentage = 67.95% |change= {{increase}}1.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,002}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 248,404|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Deoli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=31 December 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranjit Kamble|Ranjit Prataprao Kamble]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 58,575 |percentage = 39.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= [[Ramdas Tadas]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,829 |percentage = 36.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Vijay Govindrao Raut |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 15,757 |percentage = 10.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghodmare Shashank Gangadharrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,834 |percentage = 7.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aaglave Vijay Nagorao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,933 |percentage = 2.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankar Kamalrao Bawane |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,832 |percentage = 1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yashwant Namdeorao Zade |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,797 |percentage = 1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,746 |percentage = 2.52% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,706 |percentage = 66.22% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,670}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,565|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Deoli, Maharashtra|Deoli]]
* [[Pulgaon]]
* [[Wardha district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]
* [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wardha district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|20.66|78.48|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Wardha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Addanki Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:19Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Addanki
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (105-Addanki highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Addanki Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Gottipati Ravi Kumar.jpg
| electors = 231,843
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 105
}}

'''Addanki Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Prakasam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]] (Bujji) is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |access-date=4 June 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 231,843 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Janakavaram Panguluru]]
|-
| [[Addanki mandal|Addanki]]
|-
| Santhamaguluru
|-
| [[Ballikurava mandal|Ballikurava]]
|-
| Korsipadu
|}

{{srn}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Nagineni Venkaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Patibandla Ranganayakulu
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2 |Dasari Prakasam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Karanam Balarama Krishna Murthy]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Chenchu Garataiah Bachina]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Jagarlamudi Raghav Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Chenchu Garataiah Bachina]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Karanam Balarama Krishna Murthy]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=4 |[[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]] (Bujji)
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Krishikar Lok Party
|candidate = [[Nagineni Venkaiah]]
|votes = 21,870
|percentage = 59.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Patibandla Ranganayakulu]]
|votes = 15,042
|percentage = 40.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,828
|percentage = 18.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 36,912
|percentage = 68.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Krishikar Lok Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Patibandla Ranganayakulu]]
|votes = 18,356
|percentage = 42.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pachina Apparao]]
|votes = 14,584
|percentage = 33.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,772
|percentage = 8.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 44,945
|percentage = 64.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Krishikar Lok Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dasari Prakasam]]
|votes = 27,517
|percentage = 45.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Swatantra Party
|candidate = [[Venkaiah Nagineni]]
|votes = 25,449
|percentage = 42.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,068
|percentage = 3.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 63,476
|percentage = 73.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dasari Prakasam]]
|votes = 28,914
|percentage = 48.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Narra Subba Rao]]
|votes = 19,832
|percentage = 33.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,082
|percentage = 15.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 61,306
|percentage = 61.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = [[Karanam Balarama Krishna Murthy]]
|votes = 36,312
|percentage = 44.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chenchu Garataiah Bachina]]
|votes = 31,162
|percentage = 38.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,150
|percentage = 6.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 83,261
|percentage = 78.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Chenchu Garataiah Bachina]]
|votes = 41,068
|percentage = 50.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Karanam Balarama Krishna Murthy]]
|votes = 37,674
|percentage = 46.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,394
|percentage = 4.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 83,460
|percentage = 72.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Chenchu Garataiah Bachina]]
|votes = 47,813
|percentage = 52.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagarlamudi Hanumaiah]]
|votes = 42,253
|percentage = 46.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,560
|percentage = 6.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 92,123
|percentage = 70.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagarlamudi Raghava Rao]]
|votes = 54,521
|percentage = 52.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Chenchu Garataiah Bachina]]
|votes = 47,439
|percentage = 46.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,082
|percentage = 6.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 107766
|percentage = 69.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Chenchu Garataiah Bachina]]
|votes = 50,757
|percentage = 51.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagarlamudi Raghava Rao]]
|votes = 43,708
|percentage = 44.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,049
|percentage = 7.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 99630
|percentage = 73.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Chenchu Garataiah Bachina]]
|votes = 53,670
|percentage = 48.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagarlamudi Raghava Rao]]
|votes = 53,421
|percentage = 48.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 249
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 112,100
|percentage = 67.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Karanam Balarama Krishna Murthy]]
|votes = 56,356
|percentage = 50.74
|change = +1.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagarlamudi Raghava Rao]]
|votes = 53,566
|percentage = 48.23
|change = -0.37
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,790
|percentage = 2.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 111,006
|percentage = 80.09
|change = +13.42
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]]
|votes = 86,035
|percentage = 49.59
|change = +1.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Karanam Balarama Krishna Murthy]]
|votes = 70,271
|percentage = 40.50
|change = -10.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Kotapothula Jwala Rao]]
|votes = 11,236
|percentage = 6.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,764
|percentage = 9.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 173,491
|percentage = 84.73
|change = +4.64
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]]
|votes = 99,537
|percentage = 50.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Venkatesh Karanam]]
|votes = 95,302
|percentage = 47.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,235
|percentage = 2.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 198,944
|percentage = 90.25
|change = +5.52
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gottipati Ravi Kumar ]](Bujji)|votes=1,05,545|percentage=50.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Chenchu Garataiah Bachina]]|votes=92,554|percentage=44.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Sri Krishna Kancharla]]|votes=4375|percentage=2.11|change=2.11}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,991|percentage=6.26|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=207501|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Addanki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gottipati Ravi Kumar]](Bujji)
|votes = 116,418
|percentage = 54.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Panem Chinna Hanimi Reddy
|votes = 91528
|percentage = 42.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Adusumalli Kishore Babu
|votes = 4072
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1600
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24890
|percentage = 11.548
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 215518
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|15.81|79.97|display=title}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web | title= AP Past Election Statistics |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/| access-date=17 Jan 2020 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Bapatla district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bapatla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Brahma Temple, Khedbrahma

2026-04-14T14:55:37Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding a place more to come.

{{Short description|Hindu temple dedicated to Brahma in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Brahma Temple, Khedbrahma
| image = Brahmaji Temple of Khedbrahma2.jpg
| alt = Exterior of the Brahma Temple at Khedbrahma
| caption = Exterior of the temple
| map_type = India Gujarat
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes=
| country = India
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| location = [[Khedbrahma]], [[Sabarkantha district]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Brahma]]
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Maru-Gurjara architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = {{circa|1060}}
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Brahma Temple''' or '''Brahmaji Mandir''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Brahma]] in [[Khedbrahma]], [[Gujarat]], India. It was built in the late 11th century.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

==History==
The temples dedicated to [[Brahma]] are uncommon in India.{{Original research inline|date=April 2026}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Cousens|first=Henry|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35542/page/n329/mode/2up|title=Annual Report of The Archaeological Survey of India 1906-07|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|year=1909|location=Calcutta|pages=171–178|chapter=The Temple of Brahma at Khed-Brahma}}</ref><ref name=":GVK">{{Cite book|last=Rajgor|first=Shivprasad|title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ|publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust, Ahmedabad|year=1993|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|volume=V|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=846|language=gu|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia|oclc=164915270}}</ref> According to [[Madhusudan Dhaky|M. A. Dhaky]], it was built in third quarter of the 11th century during the reign of [[Chalukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] king [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]].<ref name="Dhaky1961">{{cite journal|last=Dhaky|first=Madhusudan A.|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/30|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|volume=3|pages=34, 76–77}}</ref><ref name="x">{{cite book|author=M. A.|first=Dhaky|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/studies-indian-temple-architecture-papers-presented-seminar-held-varanasi-1967|title=Studies in Indian Temple Architecture: Papers Presented at a Seminar Held in Varanasi, 1967|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|year=1975|editor-last=Chandra|editor-first=Pramod|location=Bombay|pages=128|chapter=The Genesis and Development of Maru-Gurjara Temple Architecture}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:8th-century Brahma temple, Khedbrahma Group of Temples, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Plan of the temple|left]]
The east facing Brahma temple is situated in the middle of the village.<ref name="Sompura1968">{{cite book|last=Sompura|first=Kantilal F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXTqAAAAMAAJ|title=The Structural Temples of Gujarat, Upto 1600 A.D.|publisher=Gujarat University|year=1968|pages=172–173, 286|isbn=9780861862450 }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

The spire, ''mandapa'' (dome) and doorway must have been destroyed and rebuilt later in bricks and mortar.<ref name=":1" /> It is built of white sandstone and cement-covered bricks. It is 57 feet long, 30 feet broad, and 36 feet high.<ref name="ggbc">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA437|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Pálanpur, and Mahi Kántha|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1880|pages=438}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The sanctum is 32 feet wide which is ''navaratha'' in ''anga'' and ''hastangula'' in plan and is of fully decorated class. Its ''pitha'' (base), the ''vedibandha'' and the ''mandovara'' (middle part of the wall) is resemble to the temple at Sunak.<ref name="Dhaky1961" /> The lower part of main shrine is intact and is filled with images of gods, goddesses and [[apsara]]s.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> These images in ''jangha'' portion are poorly retouched. The chauri-bearers on ''nandika'' are elegantly carved which are common in 11th century temples. The ''phansana'' roof resembles [[Dilwara Jain Temples|Vimala Vasahi temple]] and is crowned with a ''ghanta''.<ref name="Dhaky1961" /> There are images of Brahma in the niches on the three sides.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The modern ''[[mandapa]]'' hall has four pillars reused from the original ''mandapa''. They are octagonal and has carvings of bells and chains with band of ''[[kirtimukha]]'' faces on the top. The doorway can be original or the modern one. It has floral patterns and minor sculptures. The dedicatory block in the centre has [[Ganesha]].<ref name=":2" />

The interior has no ornamental carvings. The image of three-faced and four-armed standing Brahma is {{convert|1.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} high. There are goose on either sides of the image. The image seems later installation or the older image plaster with cement to merge broken parts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Inamdar|first=P A|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281941|title=Some Archaeological Finds In The Idar State|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Idar State|year=1936|location=Idar|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281941/page/n19 12]–17}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Brahmaji Temple of Khedbrahma8.jpg|Idol of Brahma and his two consorts [[Gayatri]] and [[Savitri (godess)|Savitri]]
File:Brahmaji Temple at Khedbrahma.jpg|Entrance
File:Brahmaji Temple of Khedbrahma12.jpg|Exterior
File:Brahmaji Temple in Khedbrahma.jpg|''Mandapa'' of the temple
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Brahma Vav]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahma Temple, Khedbrahma}}
[[Category:11th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Khedbrahma]]
[[Category:Brahma temples]]
[[Category:Sabarkantha district]]
[[Category:Māru-Gurjara architecture]]

Durga Shanker Mishra

2026-04-09T03:12:53Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding some pg and citations

{{Short description|Indian bureaucrat and former chief secretary of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Durga Shanker Mishra
| native_name = {{IAST|Durgā Śaṃkara Miśrā}}
| image = File:The Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs cum-ChairmanDMRC, Shri Durga Shanker Mishra launching the upgraded version of ‘Delhi Metro Mobile App’ of Delhi Metro, in New Delhi on July 23, 2018 (cropped).JPG
| office2 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Housing and Urban Affairs Secretary]] of India
| predecessor2 = [[Rajiv Gauba]]
| successor2 = Manoj Joshi
| term_end2 = 29 Dec 2021
| term_start2 = 21 June 2017
| office1 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_end1 = 30 June 2024
| term_start1 = 30 December 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Rajendra Kumar Tiwari]]
| successor1 = Manoj Kumar Singh<ref>{{Cite web | title=Manoj Kumar Singh appointed as UP chief secretary by CM Yogi Adityanath, succeeds Durga Shanker Mishra - Hindustan Times | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/cm-yogi-adityanath-appoints-manoj-kumar-singh-as-chief-secretary-101719733250104.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630092154/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/cm-yogi-adityanath-appoints-manoj-kumar-singh-as-chief-secretary-101719733250104.html | access-date=2025-07-12 | archive-date=2024-06-30}}</ref>
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|12|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Paharipur Khiriyat Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name=":DoAP GoUP">{{Cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/IAS-GradationList2016.pdf|title=Gradation list of Uttar Pradesh Cadre IAS officers - 2016|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021010956/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/IAS-GradationList2016.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2016|page=7|url-status=dead|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[IIT Kanpur]] [[University of Western Sydney]] [[International Institute of Social Studies]]
| occupation = [[IAS officer]]
| caption = Mishra in July 2018
}}
'''Durga Shanker Mishra''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Durgā Śaṃkara Miśrā'') (born 4 December 1961) is a 1984 batch retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre. He served as [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] to [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] from 30 December 2021 till 30 June 2024. Previously, he served as [[Secretary to Government of India|Housing and Urban Affairs Secretary]] and [[Chairman]] of the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=225317339&privcapId=11611572&previousCapId=11611572&previousTitle=Delhi%20Metro%20Rail%20Corporation%20Limited|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-03-01|title=Stocks }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Top_manage.aspx|title=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. {{!}} Advertisement|website=www.delhimetrorail.com|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref>

== Education ==
Mishra is a [[Undergraduate education|graduate]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|BTech]]) in [[electrical engineering]] from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14542&PageId=|title=Durga Shanker Mishra - Executive Record Sheet|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tkbsen.in/2017/06/d-s-mishra-takes-charge-as-union-urban-development-secretary/|title=D S Mishra Takes Charge As Union Urban Development Secretary|last=Sen|first=Manish|date=23 June 2017|website=The Sen Times|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref> He also holds an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] degree in [[international business]] from the [[Western Sydney University|University of Western Sydney]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mishra also holds a [[postgraduate diploma]] in [[public policy]] from [[International Institute of Social Studies]], [[The Hague]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In addition, Mishra holds a [[postgraduate diploma]] in [[human resource management]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Mishra has served in various key positions for both the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] during his career, like as [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] ([[Department of Appointment and Personnel|Appointment and Personnel]]), Secretary (Tax and Registration), Secretary (Health and Family Welfare), managing director of Uttar Pradesh Scheduled Caste Finance and Development Corporation (SDCFC), [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] of [[Agra district|Agra]] and [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]] districts, Vice Chairman of [[Kanpur Development Authority]] and as the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]] of [[Kanpur]] in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Union Housing and Urban Affairs Secretary]], [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|additional secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]], [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] and as the chief vigilance officer of the [[Airports Authority of India]] in the [[Government of India|Indian government]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Housing and Urban Affairs Secretary ===
Durga Shanker Mishra was appointed as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Union Housing and Urban Affairs Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]],<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egov.eletsonline.com/2017/06/durga-shanker-mishra-appointed-urban-development-secretary/|title=Durga Shanker Mishra appointed Urban Development Secretary|date=22 June 2017|website=EGov|publisher=ELets|access-date=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/urban-development-secretary-rajiv-gauba-to-be-next-home-secretary/story-oQPEME7fTx0PfQ0dtbG0ZM.html|title=Urban development secretary Rajiv Gauba to be next home secretary|last=Ahuja|first=Rajesh|date=21 June 2017|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/major-bureaucratic-reshuffle-rajiv-gauba-to-become-next-home-secretary-4715698/|title=Secretary-level bureaucratic reshuffle: Rajiv Gauba to replace Rajiv Mehrishi as Union Home Secretary|date=21 June 2017|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajiv-gauba-replaces-rajiv-mehrishi-as-home-secretary/articleshow/59257494.cms|title=Rajiv Gauba replaces Rajiv Mehrishi as home secretary|date=21 June 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 January 2019}}</ref> he assumed the office of Secretary on 21 June 2017 and served there till 29 December 2021.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{URL|1=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14542&PageId=|2=Executive record sheet as maintained by the Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions of the Government of India}}
* {{URL|1=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=225317339&privcapId=9663761|2=Executive profile on Bloomberg}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Durga Shanker}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Western Sydney University alumni]]
[[Category:International Institute of Social Studies alumni]]
[[Category:People from Mau district]]

Depsang standoff

2026-04-08T22:24:22Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding new data w/ sources

{{Short description|Military standoff in Aksai Chin between China and India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Depsang standoff
| partof = [[China–India relations]]
| image = China India western border 88.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = 1988 [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] map of the [[Line of Actual Control|Line of Actual Control (LAC)]]
| date = 15 April – 5 May 2013
| place = [[Burtsa Nala]] Valley ({{zh|c=天南河谷|l=Tiannan River Valley|labels=no}}), China–India LAC, [[Ladakh]]–[[Aksai Chin]]
| coordinates = {{coord|35.1564|78.1314 |format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Chinese withdrawal <ref name="The Times of India 2013 m363">{{cite web | title=China tacitly acknowledges withdrawal of troops from Ladakh | website=The Times of India | date=2013-05-06 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/china-tacitly-acknowledges-withdrawal-of-troops-from-ladakh/articleshow/19911383.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>
| status =
| combatants_header = Commandeers and Belligerents
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
----
{{army|IND}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|China}}
----
{{army|PRC}}
| commander1 = [[Manmohan Singh]] General [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]], [[Indian Army|IA]]
| commander2 = [[Xi Jinping]] General [[Chen Bingde]], [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]]
| units1 = [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]
| units2 = [[Lanzhou Military Region|Lanzhou MR]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 = None
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
The '''Depsang standoff''', also called '''Depsang incursion''',<ref>
{{cite news |author=Joshi |first=Manoj |title=Making sense of the Depsang incursion |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-05-07 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/making-sense-of-the-depsang-incursion/article4689838.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620013805/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/making-sense-of-the-depsang-incursion/article4689838.ece |archive-date=20 June 2013}}
</ref> or '''Daulat Beg Oldi incident''',<ref>
{{cite web|author=Mihir Bhonsale |title=Understanding Sino-Indian border issues: An analysis of incidents reported in the Indian media |publisher=Observer Research Foundation |date=12 February 2018 |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/understanding-sino-indian-border-issues-an-analysis-of-incidents-reported-in-the-indian-media/}}
</ref>{{efn|The Indian media named the event after the better known [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] instead of [[Depsang Plains]] or [[Depsang Bulge]], even though the location was the latter.}}
was an incursion and sit-in by a [[platoon]]-sized contingent of the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] in the dry river bed of [[Raki Nala]], in the [[Depsang Bulge]] area, 30 km south of [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] near the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) in the disputed [[Aksai Chin]] region.<ref name="Sawant">
{{cite news |last=Sawant |first=Gaurav Chitranjan |title=India is no pushover, we are not scared of China: Salman Khurshid |newspaper=India Today |date=26 April 2013 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/neighbours/story/china-india-china-incursion-indo-china-border-160085-2013-04-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430195341/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/china-india-china-incursion-indo-china-border/1/267744.html |archive-date=30 April 2013 }}
</ref>

Indian forces responded to the Chinese presence by quickly establishing their own encampment {{convert|300|m}} away. Negotiations between China and India lasted nearly three weeks, during which the Chinese position was supplied by trucks and supported by helicopters. The dispute was resolved on 5 May with Chinese withdrawal.<ref name="The Times of India 2013 m363"/><ref name="Bukhari">
{{cite news |last1=Bukhari |first1=Fayaz |last2=Bhattacharjya |first2=Satarupa |title=India and China Withdraw Troops from Himalayan Face Off |newspaper=Global Post |date=7 May 2013 |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson-reuters/130507/india-and-china-withdraw-troops-himalayan-face |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211131312/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/thomson-reuters/130507/india-and-china-withdraw-troops-himalayan-face |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 December 2013 }}
</ref> As part of the resolution, the Indian military agreed to refrain from constructing bunkers 250 km away in the [[Chumar]] sector, which the Chinese perceived as threatening.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Sudhi Ranjan |title=India-China pullback: what happened behind the scenes |newspaper=NDTV News |date=7 May 2013 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-china-pullback-what-happened-behind-the-scenes-521330}}</ref><ref name="Defence News">
Defence News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130724185744/http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1554 "India Destroyed Bunkers in Chumar to Resolve Ladakh Row"]. ''Defence News''. 8 May 2013.
</ref>

==Background==
The territorial incident occurred within a 38,000 square kilometre area of disputed territory between India and China, [[Aksai Chin]]. The Chinese claim that this area is part of [[Xinjiang]], while the Indians believe that this area is part of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. China and India signed two agreements, in 1993 and 1996, in order to establish protocols to resolve potential disputes in the region. These protocols included the mutual recognition of a "[[Line of Actual Control]]" (LAC), but disagreements continue between the two governments about where the LAC lies over a roughly 20 km-wide swath in this sector. Indian media first said that the Chinese encampment was 10 km on their side of where they view the LAC,<ref>{{Cite news |author=PTI |date=2013-04-19 |title=Chinese troops intrude into Indian territory in Ladakh, erect a tented post |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chinese-troops-intrude-into-indian-territory-in-ladakh-erect-a-tented-post/articleshow/19638804.cms }}</ref> later revising that to 19 km.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |last2=Dutta |first2=Sanjay |date=2013-05-02 |title=Chinese incursion 19km, but 750 sq km at stake for India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chinese-incursion-19km-but-750-sq-km-at-stake-for-India/articleshow/19826487.cms }}</ref> Despite the disputed area being an "unpopulated and desolate wasteland", it is believed to be strategically important to China because of the presence of [[China National Highway 219|a highway]].<ref name="Dutta"/><ref name="Goswami">
{{cite news |last=Goswami |first=Namrata |title=China's Incursions Show Strategic Blindness |newspaper=Asia Times Online |date=9 May 2013 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/SOU-03-090513.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511063050/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/SOU-03-090513.html |archive-date=11 May 2013 |url-status=usurped}}
</ref><ref name=Lee1>
{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Peter |title=China's Border Rows Mirror Grim History |newspaper=Asia Times Online |date=3 May 2013 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/CHIN-01-030513.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506014925/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/CHIN-01-030513.html |archive-date=6 May 2013}}
</ref>{{efn|There was significant speculation in the Indian media as to the identity of the "highway" mentioned by their sources. It was most likely a reference to the [[Tiankong Highway]], linking China's [[Tianwendian]] and [[Kongka Pass]] outposts. It was constructed during 2010–2012, immediately prior to the standoff, and runs next to the Depsang Bulge area. See map.}} Since the late 1980s, border disputes between India and China have successfully been resolved through diplomacy.<ref name="Dutta">
{{cite news |last=Dutta |first=Sujan |title=Battle of tents and banners on border |newspaper=Telegraph India |date=2013-04-26 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/battle-of-tents-and-banners-on-border/cid/1570845 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430211641/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130426/jsp/nation/story_16829604.jsp#.UY4orLWnp2R |archive-date=30 April 2013}}
</ref>

After large-scale Chinese infrastructure improvements adjacent to the region, the Indian army began to develop the infrastructure on their side in the 2000s, which was perceived by the Chinese military as a potential threat.<ref>
{{cite news |last=Bharti |first=Jain |title=China Sore with Indian Bid to Build Infrastructure along LAC |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=25 April 2013 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/and/nation/China-sore-with-Indian-bid-to-build-infrastructure-along-LAC/articleshow/19719917.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501041607/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/and/nation/China-sore-with-Indian-bid-to-build-infrastructure-along-LAC/articleshow/19719917.cms |archive-date=1 May 2013 }}
</ref> The Indian government claims that Chinese troops continue to illegally enter the area hundreds of times every year. Most of these occur without incident, but in 2011 Chinese military forces entered 18 km into the disputed area in order to dismantle "17 structures made up of loose stones in the shape of bunkers".<ref>
{{cite news |author=Healines Today Bureau |title=Chinese troops had dismantled bunkers on Indian side of LoAC in August 2011 |newspaper=India Today |date=25 April 2013 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/chinese-troops-had-dismantled-bunkers-on-indian-side-of-line-of-actual-control-in-august-2011-160035-2013-04-24}}</ref>

==Incident==
===Military deployments===
[[File:Depsang Bulge.jpg|thumb|right|305px|The [[Depsang Bulge]] area, Indian territory that was partly occupied by China during the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 war]];<ref>P. J. S. Sandhu, [https://thewire.in/security/india-china-xi-jinping-lac-border-modi-1962-war It Is Time to Accept How Badly India Misread Chinese Intentions in 1962 – and 2020], The Wire, 21 July 2020. "However, there was one exception and that was in the Depsang Plain (southeast of Karakoram Pass) where they seemed to have overstepped their Claim Line and straightened the eastward bulge."
</ref> the location of the standoff is at the confluence of the Raki Nala with Burtsa Nala.]]

During the night of 15 April 2013, a platoon of 50 Chinese troops established an encampment in four tents in the dry river bed of Raki Nala in the [[Depsang Bulge]], which represents the valley of Burtsa Nala or Tiannan River ({{zh|c=天南河|p=Tiān nán hé}}).{{sfnp|Nyachu, The Depsang Standoff|2013}}<ref name="Sawant"/><ref name=Pandit>
{{citation |last=Pandit |first=Rajit |title=China's Ladakh Incursion Well-planned |newspaper=Times of India |date=26 April 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chinas-Ladakh-intrusion-well-planned-but-govt-playing-it-down/articleshow/19733737.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430195341/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/china-india-china-incursion-indo-china-border/1/267744.html |archive-date=30 April 2013 }}
</ref><ref>
[https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=35.1199%2C78.0380%3B35.3914%2C77.9211#map=10/35.2563/77.9796&layers=Y Burtsa to Daulat Beg Oldi] on OpenStreetMap, retrieved 25 January 2021.
</ref>
The encampment was discovered the next day by the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]], who then set up an encampment of their own consisting of eight tents 300 meters away from the Chinese. The Chinese force was supplied by trucks and supported by helicopters.<ref name="Goswami"/> The Indian government considered this the most serious border incident in years.<ref name="Bukhari"/>

The Indian military followed a policy of restraint, attempting to keep the issue "localized" and "tactical", in order to give the Indian government the opportunity to resolve the issue through diplomacy. Throughout the incident no shots were fired and the Indian military did not attempt to outflank the Chinese. Minimal efforts were made by the Indian army to reinforce the position after its initial deployment, though the two sides did raise banners encouraging each other to withdraw. Much of the negotiations were conducted between officers present in the two camps.<ref name="Dutta"/> Western media largely interpreted China's actions as a show of force by the Chinese military, but some journalists speculated that the incident was possibly conducted by the Chinese military as a way to protest the perceived existence of a "permanent facility" that the Indian army had built in a disputed area.<ref name=Lee1/> China's military think tank later tried to suggest that the incident was "accidental" and "not deliberately staged".<ref name="accidental">
{{Cite news |last=Bagchi |first=Indrani |date=2013-07-15 |title=Depsang Bulge incursion accidental, Chinese military thinktank says |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/depsang-bulge-incursion-accidental-chinese-military-thinktank-says/articleshow/21088756.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102104152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Depsang-Bulge-incursion-accidental-Chinese-military-thinktank-says/articleshow/21088756.cms |archive-date=2 November 2017 }}
</ref>

===Resolution===
The Indian government protested diplomatically, asking the Chinese to withdraw their military and to recognise the status quo that existed before the incident.<ref>
{{cite news |author=PTI |title=China's Ladakh incursion: Restore status quo before incident, says India |newspaper=Firstpost |date=2013-04-23 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/chinas-ladakh-incursion-restore-status-quo-before-incident-says-india-722047.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526235000/http://m.firstpost.com/india/chinas-ladakh-incursion-restore-status-quo-before-incident-says-india-722047.html |archive-date=26 May 2013}}
</ref> The Chinese responded by publicly denying that there was any border issue, stating that their forces did not cross what they perceived the LAC to be.<ref>
{{citation |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-04/24/c_132336965.htm |title=FM: China-India Border Troops Strictly Observe Agreements |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507105901/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-04/24/c_132336965.htm |archive-date=7 May 2013 |newspaper=Xinhua |date=24 April 2013}}
</ref>

On April 27, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] told that, "We do have a plan. We do not want to accentuate the situation. We do believe that it is possible to resolve this problem. It is a localised problem. I think the talks are going on."<ref name="Economic Times">{{cite web | title=Chinese incursion: India does not want to accentuate situation says Manmohan Singh | website=The Economic Times | date=2013-04-27 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chinese-incursion-india-does-not-want-to-accentuate-situation-says-manmohan-singh/articleshow/19753776.cms?from=mobile&from=mdr}}</ref> India opted not to take military action and pressed on with a long-planned visit to China by its foreign minister, [[Salman Khurshid]].<ref>
{{citation |last1=Pradhan |first1=Bibhudatta |last2=MacAskill |first2=Andrew |title=Indian Foreign Minister to Visit China to Reduce Border Tensions |newspaper=Bloomberg News |date=25 April 2013 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-04-25/indian-foreign-minister-to-visit-china-to-reduce-border-tensions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229181646/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-25/indian-foreign-minister-to-visit-china-to-reduce-border-tensions.html |archive-date=29 December 2013}}
</ref> Within the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], the government was heavily criticised by the opposition for its handling of the incident<ref name="Defence News"/> who compared it to India's defeat in the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]]. On 3 May, shortly before the dispute was resolved, the Indian parliament was adjourned after opposition members became disruptive, shouting "get China out, save the country".<ref name="Bukhari"/> The negotiations lasted nearly twenty days, during which the Chinese military increased their presence in the region.<ref name="Goswami"/> To resolve the issue, India agreed to a Chinese demand to demolish some live-in bunkers in the [[Chumar]] sector, 250 km to the south, and refrain from building more bunkers which the Chinese perceived as threatening.<ref name="NDTV"/> Other Chinese demands included the demolition of Indian listening and observation posts built along the border, and an end to the undocumented passage of nomadic shepherds into the Chinese side, but it was not clear to what degree India agreed to these demands.<ref name="Defence News"/> Following the resolution of the dispute, the Chinese military withdrew.<ref name="Goswami"/><ref name="The Times of India 2013 m363"/> The standoff ended on 5 May.<ref name="Bukhari"/>

The Chinese military in July 2014 acknowledged the incursion at the [[Depsang Valley]] in Ladakh region and said that such incidents occurred due to [[differing perceptions of the Line of Actual Control]].<ref>
{{cite news |title=Chinese army admits 2013 incursion at Depsang Valley for 1st time |newspaper=India Today |date=31 July 2014 |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/chinese-incursion-pla-depsang-valley-ladakh-colonel-geng-yansheng-lac-india-mod/1/375031.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907213316/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/chinese-incursion-pla-depsang-valley-ladakh-colonel-geng-yansheng-lac-india-mod/1/375031.html |archive-date=7 September 2017 |url-status=live}}
</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
*[[China–India relations]]
*[[Sino-Indian border dispute]]
*[[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Nyachu |first=Deldan Kunzes Angmo |title=The Depsang Standoff at the India-China Border along the LAC: View from Ladakh |journal=Himalayan and Central Asian Studies |volume=17 |number=3/4 |date=July–December 2013 |id={{ProQuest|1470421272}} |ref={{sfnref|Nyachu, The Depsang Standoff|2013}}}}
* {{citation |first=Isabelle |last=Saint-Mézard |title=The Border Incident of Spring 2013 : Interpreting China-India Relations |journal=Hérodote |volume=150 |number=3 |year=2013 |pages=132–149 |doi=10.3917/her.150.0132 |url=https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_HER_150_0132--the-border-incident-of-spring-2013.htm# |ref={{sfnref|Saint-Mézard, The Border Incident|2013}}|doi-access=free }}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150505215740/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130426/images/26zzkashmir1big.jpg Four graphics illustrating the incident].

{{China–India relations}}

{{PRC conflicts}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Depsang standoff, 2013}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 2013]]
[[Category:April 2013 in China]]
[[Category:May 2013 in China]]
[[Category:April 2013 in India]]
[[Category:May 2013 in India]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Kashmir conflict involving China]]
[[Category:Aksai Chin]]
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]
[[Category:Armed standoffs in Asia]]
[[Category:2010s in Ladakh]]

Meitei–Shan relations

2026-04-06T20:19:02Z

Stoutsanitaryware: started new entry nd citations

{{Short description|Cultural relationship between Meitei and Shan traditions}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
[[File:ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯗ ꯄꯣꯡ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯜ.jpg|thumb|A gift from the Shan King of Pong presented to the Meitei King of Kangleipak in 1470 CE]]

The historical relationship between the [[Meitei people]] (alias [[Manipuris]]) of the Kingdom of [[Kangleipak]], later known as [[Manipur]] (largely in modern day [[northeastern India]]), and the [[Shan people]] of the [[Pong Kingdom]] (largely in modern day [[Myanmar]]/[[Burma]]) was characterized by extensive cultural exchanges, diplomatic interactions, and mutual influence. While political boundaries defined the kingdoms, the interactions between the people—through royal marriages, trade relations, shared festivals, and diplomatic missions—played a significant role in shaping their social, cultural, and linguistic landscapes. Events such as the [[international boundary]] treaty of 1470 were not merely political agreements but also reflected the personal and communal ties that developed over time. This relationship facilitated the exchange of traditions, languages, and customs, leaving a lasting impact on the cultural heritage of both communities. Shan people are known as "Pong" by the [[Meiteis]], named after their homeland, [[kingdom of Pong]].<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam">{{Cite web|title=Meitei Pong Shan Relations and Conquest of Khampat By Manglemjao Sorokhaibam|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam|access-date=2025-04-04|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0620|title=Manipurga Myanmarga Leinabi Mari|last=Brahmacharimayum Kulachandra Sharma|date=2015|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|location=India|publication-place=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />

== Pong King's visit to Meitei kingdom ==

The first written records of the connection between the Pong and Meitei kingdoms come from the reign of Meitei king [[Naothingkhong]]. General Samlongpha, the brother of Pong King Sookampa, conquered the Bhuma principality in the east, along with the cities of Basa King (Kachar) and Tripura. After these victories, Samlongpha came to Meitei kingdom in 7th century CE. Both the Meitei Royal Chronicle and the Pong records mention that Samlongpha stayed in Manipur for 10 years.<ref name=":Suresh_97-98">Suresh Singh, Th. The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Vicious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India. India: Quills Ink Publishing, 2014. p. 97-98</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31FTDwAAQBAJ&dq=meitei+pong&pg=PA61|title=neScholar Magazine Vol 03 Issue 03|last=Singh|first=R. K. Nimai|date=2017-07-27|publisher=NE Brothers Pvt. Limited|pages=61|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

After conquering Kachar, Samlongpha entered Meitei kingdom by crossing the Gwai River, going through the Khebu Hills, and reaching the Ngapram Hills. He avoided the Manipur Valley because he was concerned that his army might damage the farmland there. Instead, he took paths along the hills toward the origin of the Thoubal River. Most of his army was sent to [[Assam]] to see if it was possible to conquer that region.<ref name=":Suresh_97-98" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Samlongpha came to Manipur and stayed for 10 years in Pong village, which is just east of the present day [[Kangla palace]]. He was with some nobles and soldiers, while most of his army went to Assam to plan further conquests. Samlongpha’s conquest of Moirang is believable because Moirang was an independent and important principality with borders leading towards Burma. Because of the friendly relations between the two kingdoms, Samlongpha avoided the Meitei kingdom and took a route to Assam through hillside paths. The fact that he stayed near the palace suggests he was a guest of the Meitei Kingdom.<ref name=":Suresh_97-98" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

== Pong Embassy to the Meitei King ==

In 1470, Pong King Suhonghpa (also known as Suhungkham) dispatched an emissary named Chao-Langhai to the court of the Meitei King Kyamba. The purpose of this diplomatic mission was to request the hand of a Meitei princess in marriage. The Meitei King accepted the proposal but informed Chao-Langhai that the marriage could not proceed immediately due to the absence of a suitable princess. He requested that the emissary return after one year.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref>Tensuba, Keerti Chand. Genesis of Indian Tribes: An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais. India: Inter-India Publications, 1993. p. 196</ref><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740">{{Cite web|last=SOROKHAIBAM|first=MANGLEMJAO S.|date=2021-07-17|title=The Kingdom of Pong and the Conquest of Khampat by the Combined Forces of Pong and Meitei (1470 AD): Resulting in Cultural Exchanges » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics|url=https://imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740/|access-date=2025-04-05|website=imphalreviews.in|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

After careful consideration, the Meitei King decided to send a Sekta girl, known as Sekmu Urabi, to fulfill the request. She was escorted by Chao-Langhai and his party. However, during their journey near the Sekmu foothills (Sekmu Ching Khong), the princess was abducted by the chief of [[Khampat]] and his men, who had laid an ambush. Despite the kidnapping, Chao-Langhai managed to escape and returned to the Pong capital, where he reported the incident to King Suhonghpa.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Outraged by the kidnapping, King Suhonghpa resolved to launch a military campaign against Khampat and sought the Meitei King’s support for a joint invasion. He sent another emissary to the Meitei court to propose an alliance, recounting the events and requesting military cooperation. As a symbol of their agreement, the Pong King presented a bunch of Khongkan Melei Urei (Khongkan Melei orchids) brought from Pong. The orchids were divided into two parts: one part was given to the Meitei King, while the other was kept by the emissary. The two rulers agreed to meet for the military campaign when the orchids began to sprout new stems, signifying the readiness to initiate the invasion.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

When the orchids began to grow, the Pong King marched toward the Kabow Valley with his forces to commence the invasion of Khampat. However, the Meitei King was delayed due to the colder climate of his homeland compared to Mungkong (Mogaung or Mungmao). Eventually, the two kings met on the way and proceeded together toward Khampat.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

== Joint Invasion of Khampat ==
Upon reaching Khampat, the Pong King proposed a strategy: the Meitei King would attack the fort from the western side, while he would approach from the east. Both armies constructed fortifications in preparation for a prolonged siege. Despite their efforts, the Khampat fort proved difficult to breach due to its strong defenses.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

During the siege, the sound of paddy pounding and singing from within the fort suggested that the Khampat people were well-supplied. However, an old woman, emaciated and starving, managed to escape from the fort and approached the besieging armies. She pleaded for food and revealed that Khampat was suffering from severe food shortages. The sounds of pounding were not from paddy but from pebbles and husked paddy bran, intended to create the illusion of abundance. She informed the commanders that Khampat was on the verge of surrender.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

The old woman was provided with food, and based on her information, the Pong King devised a new strategy. He proposed that the Meitei King’s forces dig a tunnel from the western side to enter the fort under the cover of darkness, while his own troops would attack from the east. The next morning, they would determine who had succeeded in entering the fort first.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

That night, the Meitei King’s forces managed to breach the fort, devastating the Khampat camps. The Pong King’s army arrived the following morning, joining in the victory. The Khampat King fled on a white elephant, while his queen and two sons, Kaikhang and Kaimang, escaped in a vehicle (gari) and eventually reached Mung-O-Mangtra.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

With the fort completely destroyed and reduced to ashes, a victory ceremony was held. A large hall was constructed within the ruins, and a grand throne was installed. Both the Pong King and the Meitei King sat together, sharing a royal plate during the celebration of their joint triumph over Khampat.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

== Naming of the Two Kings after the victorious Battle of Khampat (1470 CE) ==

Following the successful joint military campaign against Khampat in 1470 AD, Pong King Suhonghpa and Meitei King Kyamba conducted a formal victory ceremony, during which they conferred new titles upon themselves in recognition of their roles in the campaign.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

The Pong King Suhonghpa was given the title "Chaopha-hum Kekhomba," while the Meitei King Kyamba was honored with the title "Chaopha-hom Kingyamba." These titles were associated with Kiang-Khambat, the region encompassing the capital town of Khampat, which was the principal city of the Khampat section or principality in the Kabow Valley, situated along the banks of the Khampat River.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

=== Presentation Ceremonies ===
In recognition of the Meitei King’s contributions during the campaign, the Pong King organized a presentation ceremony, offering a series of valuable gifts to King Kyamba.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" /> The gifts included:

# A gold senpot adorned with a thousand diamonds (Tampha lising ama thinba).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A gold betal box (kwagok).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A silver betal box (kwagok).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A betal box for storing matured fruits.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A gold kong-khao (a ceremonial item).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A plate for placing the gold kong-khao.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A gold pad for holding the gold plate.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A brass plate.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A silver plate.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A gold khujai (a decorative item).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A silver khujai.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A gold khuteisen (a ceremonial ornament).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A silver khuteisen.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A three-pointed gold sword.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A gold armpit ornament (tal in Manipuri), engraved with dragon designs.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A gold throne with four legs.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A three-storied umbrella (Sekpil mathol ahum longba).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# Two Kanghei white hand fans (made from materials such as Humai and Chamor).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A complete set of the King's royal attire (Ningthougi Potloi Suna).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />

In return, the Meitei King Kyamba offered the following gifts:

# A Sangkai (a ceremonial item or valued object).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# A cock (possibly as a symbolic offering).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# Two Sandang (Mithun), large domesticated animals considered valuable in the region.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />

However, feeling that these gifts were insufficient to express his respect and gratitude, the Meitei King removed his own shirt and presented it to the Pong King. This act of personal offering was deeply appreciated by the Pong King, who expressed his satisfaction with the gesture.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

In recognition of this act, the Pong King, Chaopha-Hum Kekhomba, publicly reaffirmed the Meitei King’s title as "Chaopha-hom Kingyamba" before the assembled audience, officially concluding the victory celebration.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

== Boundary Demarcation Between the Shan Kingdom of Pong and the Meitei Kingdom (1470 CE) ==

Following the victory over Khampat in 1470 CE, Pong King Chaopha-hum Kekhomba and Meitei King Chaopha-hom Kingyamba (Kyamba) met to formalize the territorial boundaries between their respective kingdoms. This event is historically recognized as the Boundary Treaty of Meitei-Pong of 1470, marking an important diplomatic agreement in the region's history.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref>Suresh Singh, Th. The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Vicious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India. India: Quills Ink Publishing, 2014. p. 264</ref><ref name=":Phanjoubam_100">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC&dq=meitei+pong&pg=PA100|title=Bleeding Manipur|last=Tarapot|first=Phanjoubam|date=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0902-1|pages=100|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

The boundary demarcation took place the following morning. Both monarchs, accompanied by their entourages, traveled to key locations to establish the agreed-upon borders.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":Phanjoubam_100" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" /> The territory of the Meitei Kingdom was defined as follows:

# Southern Boundary: Extending to Mratong, marked by the area of the celebrated Dwarf Mango tree.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# Eastern Boundary: Reaching five days’ journey beyond the Chindwin (Ningthee) River, bordered by the Loichari Hills.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# Northern Boundary: Defined by the Dwarf Mango areas of Munghkam-Mungwang.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />
# Western Boundary: Extending to the land where the sun sets.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />

It is noteworthy that the demarcation occurred in the eastern region, while the Meitei Kingdom, known at the time as the dominion of the Meitei King, was located further west.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

After completing the boundary assessment, both royal parties returned to Songhsuk (referred to as Samjok by the Shan and Thuangdoot in Burmese contexts), where they encamped for the night. During the evening, Meitei King Kyamba overheard a conversation between a Shan commoner (referred to as Samjok) and a Meitei individual. The Shan man claimed that although the Pong King had granted Songhsuk to the Meiteis, they would not become subjects or servants of the Meitei people.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Disturbed by this conversation, King Kyamba promptly met with Pong King Chaopha-hum Kekhomba the following morning to address the issue. He inquired whether the land granted by the Pong King, referred to as Epu, included Songhsuk.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

The Pong King responded that he had granted land extending to the Loichari Hills in the east, which was significantly farther from Songhsuk. He implied, with a slight smile, that the Meitei King’s concern was unwarranted, subtly suggesting that his counterpart was being overly cautious.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

The Pong King then proposed a compromise: if the Meitei King was uncomfortable with Songhsuk being within the granted territory, it could serve as a meeting place for diplomatic visits. However, the Pong King asserted that all tributes from the region would still be received by the Meitei King.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Following this discussion, the two kings proceeded to the Dwarf Mango tree area, where they sat beneath the large, two-branched mango tree, shared a meal, and discussed their respective journeys back to their capitals.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Tragically, the royal cooks—Pong King’s maid cook and Meitei King’s cook Koiremba, who were husband and wife—had been secretly in love since their first meeting during the royal itinerary. Fearing that the two kings would never permit them to live together due to their statuses as servants, the couple decided to end their lives. They tied themselves together with a cloth, secured a heavy stone, and drowned in a nearby water body, fulfilling their pre-determined pact. Their tragic end reflects the personal sacrifices made amidst the political and diplomatic affairs of the time.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

== Diplomatic Exchanges and the Departure of the Kings (1470 CE) ==

Following the formalization of the boundary treaty between the Shan Kingdom of Pong and the Meitei Kingdom in 1470 AD, Pong King Chaopha-hum Kekhomba and Meitei King Chaopha-hom Kingyamba (Kyamba) engaged in further diplomatic exchanges characterized by mutual respect and customary gifts.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

=== Requests and Gifts ===

King Kyamba, addressing Pong King Chaopha-hum Kekhomba as "Epu" (a term denoting respect and affection), requested the trumpet blower (Pere Khongba), a ceremonial musician from the Pong royal court. This request was granted without hesitation. In return, the Pong King requested the services of the Langte Drummer (Langte Pung Yeiba), a distinguished drummer from Sekta Village, commonly referred to as Pungyeib-O. This request was also accepted willingly.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

=== Farewell Wishes ===

As the time of departure approached, the Pong King extended his heartfelt wishes to King Kyamba, expressing hopes for his safe return to his capital and a long, prosperous reign. He also acknowledged the strength of their friendship, hoping that it would be remembered in the years to come.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

During their conversation, the Pong King reflected on their respective reigns:

{{Blockquote|In the year Kapchao (1470 AD), the Pong King was 37 years old and had ascended the throne after three coronations, having reigned for 30 years.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" />}}

King Kyamba was 27 years old at the time, with only three years on the throne.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

The Pong King expressed his desire for Kyamba’s reign to be marked by prosperity and grandeur, with their shared experiences cherished as a testament to their diplomatic alliance.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

=== Historical Context and Departure ===

The meeting between the two kings is recorded to have taken place in the year Kapchou (1470 CE), though some historians, including Pemberton, suggest the year might have been 1474, based on comparisons with Burmese and Myanma historical records.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Following their farewell, both kings returned to their respective capitals.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

=== Subsequent Reigns and Deaths ===

Pong King Chaopha-hum Kekhomba continued his reign for an extraordinary 70 years, dying in the year Kamou Lakli (approximately 1512–1513 CE, according to Pemberton).<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

Meitei King Kyamba reigned for 40 years, during which he implemented significant military campaigns and administrative reforms. He died in 1508 at the age of 64.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

During Kyamba’s reign, many Shan people from the [[Kabaw Valley]] were integrated into Meitei society, contributing to the cultural and social fabric of the Meitei Kingdom. This era is remembered for its strong diplomatic relations, military alliances, and the enduring legacy of the friendship between the Pong and Meitei kingdoms.<ref name=":Meitei_Pong_Shan_Relations_and_Conquest_of_Khampat_By_Manglemjao_Sorokhaibam" /><ref name=":imphalreviews.in/the-boundary-demarcation-between-pong-king-chaopha-hum-kekhomba-and-meitei-king-chaopha-hom-kingyamba-of-1740" /><ref name=":Brahmacharimayum_Kulachandra" />

== See also ==
* [[Burmese–Meitei relations]]
* [[Meitei people in Myanmar]]
* [[Meitei clothing in Myanmar]]

== Bibliography ==
* [https://www.imphaltimes.com/guest-column/shan-pong-relationship-with-meitei-mongmaorung-the-splendid-capital-of-the-kingdom-of-pong Shan (Pong) Relationship with Meitei: Mongmaorung, The Splendid Capital of The Kingdom of Pong] at imphaltimes.com
* [https://www.imphaltimes.com/guest-column/how-khagi-yunnan-sacked-pong-shan-through-guiles-as-per-ancient-meitei-chronicle-soraren-macha-khunkumba/ How Khagi (Yunnan) Sacked Pong (Shan) Through Guiles as per Ancient Meitei Chronicle ‘Soraren Macha Khunkumba’] at imphaltimes.com
* [https://imphalreviews.in/shan-pong-relationship-with-meitei-mongmaorung-the-splendid-capital-of-the-kingdom-of-pong/ Shan (Pong) Relationship with Meitei: Mongmaorung, The Splendid Capital of The Kingdom of Pong] at imphalreviews.in
* B. R.Pemberton- “The Eastern Frontier of India”,1835, reproduced in 1998, New Delhi
* N. Khelchandra Singh, “Ariba Manipuri Sahitya gi Itihas” (Manipuri),1969, Imphal
* Gangmumei Kamei, “History of Manipur, Vol One”, 1991, New Delhi,
* Brown, Statistical Account of Manipur” 1873, reproduced in 2001, New Delhi
* Ibungohal Singh and N.Khelchandra Singh, Cheitharol Kumbaba (Manipuri),1967,2nd edt 1989
* Oinam Bhogeshwar Singh, Ningthourol Lambuba,1967, Imphal
* L. Joychandra Singh, The Lost Kingdom, (Royal Chronicle of Manipur),1995, Imphal
* R. K. Jhalajit Singh, A Short History of Manipur, 1965, Imphal
* R. K. Sanahal Singh, A Short History of Manipur, 1989, Imphal
* W. Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur, 1886, reproduced 1992, Delhi
* N. Joykumar Singh, Emergence of Manipur as a Nation State,2015, New Delhi
* Konsam Manikchand Singh, Descent of the Scion of Sorarel on the Earth (Sorarel Machana Khulkumpa), 2014, Imphal
* Chanam Hemchandra, Ningthourol Lampupa, 2018, Imphal
* B. Kulachandra Sharma, 2000, Imphal, Manipur: “Mayamba Garibaniwaz”, 2000, Imphal

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Kangleipak]]
[[Category:History of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Shan State]]
[[Category:Tai history]]

B. Lalchhanzova

2026-04-04T03:36:02Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Info

{{short description|Indian politician and social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = B. Lalchhanzova
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Chhanzova.jpg
| alt = Portrait of B. Lalchhanzova
| caption = Lalchhanzova in 2023
| office = Minister of State, Government of Mizoram
| term_start2 = 8 December 2023
| term_end2 =
| 2blankname = Portfolio
| 2namedata = Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs; Land Revenue & Settlement
| assembly = Mizoram Legislative
| constituency_AM = [[Aizawl East 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl East 2]]
| term_start = 8 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Robert Romawia Royte]]
| successor =
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]] (since 2017)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|11|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| father = B. Lalthuamliana
| education = Master of Arts in Social Work
| alma_mater = [[Mizoram University]]
| occupation = Politician, social worker
| profession = Social worker
| known_for = Minister of State, Founder Director of Cod-Nerc
| cabinet =
| committees =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''B. Lalchhanzova''' (born 15 November 1973) is an Indian politician and social worker from [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. He is the Minister of State for Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs and Land Revenue & Settlement for the Government of Mizoram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram ministers list 2023: Full list of ministers and their portfolios in Lalduhoma cabinet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mizoram-ministers-list-2023-full-list-of-ministers-and-their-portfolios-in-lalduhoma-cabinet/3333266/ |website=Financial Express |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] for the [[Aizawl East 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl East 2 constituency]] in the 2023 general election as a candidate for the [[Zoram People's Movement]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Candidates Detail: B. Lalchhanzova |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/mizoram-elections/b-lalchhanzova-candidate-31246 |website=Business Standard |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref> He is also the founder director of Cod-Nerc, a non-governmental organization established in 1992 focused on sustainable development and community welfare in Mizoram.<ref>{{cite web |title=Governing Board of Cod Nerc |url=https://mizoramsacs.org/wp-content/uploads/Cod-Nerc.pdf |website=mizoramsacs.org |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cod Nerc |url=https://give.do/discover/5BV/cod-nerc/ |website=give.do |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

==Education==
B. Lalchhanzova completed his Master of Arts in Social Work at [[Mizoram University]] in 2005, equipping him with expertise in community development and social welfare.<ref>{{cite web |title=B Lalchhanzova (Criminal & Asset Declaration) |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=881 |website=MyNetta.info |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Lalchhanzova founded Cod-Nerc (Community Development of North East Region Consultancy) in 1992, an NGO dedicated to sustainable development in Mizoram. Cod-Nerc focuses on welfare initiatives, including education, health, and environmental sustainability, benefiting Mizoram’s tribal and rural communities and contributing to Northeast India’s broader welfare goals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cod Nerc |url=https://give.do/discover/5BV/cod-nerc/ |website=give.do |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref> His leadership in Cod-Nerc reflects his commitment to grassroots development and social equity.

In politics, Lalchhanzova joined the [[Zoram People's Movement]] (ZPM) in 2017 and won the [[Aizawl East 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl East 2 constituency]] in the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, defeating MNF candidate B. Lalawmpuii by 2,756 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aizawl, Mizoram Election Results 2023 LIVE: ZPM wins all Aizawl constituencies |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/aizawl-mizoram-election-results-2023-live-zpm-wins-all-aizawl-constituencies-11703206417317.html |website=LiveMint |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref> Appointed Minister of State on 8 December 2023 in the Lalduhoma-led ZPM cabinet, he oversees the Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs department, ensuring food security, and the Land Revenue & Settlement department, promoting equitable land management for Mizoram’s communities.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Council of Ministers of Mizoram|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalchhanzova, B.}}
[[Category:Politicians from Aizawl]]
[[Category:People from Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]

Washington University of Barbados

2026-04-01T06:38:31Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Adding a post

{{Short description|Unaccredited medical school (defunct)}}
<noinclude>{{Infobox university
| name = Washington University of Barbados
| image = Washington University Of Barbados.png
| image_upright = .7
| motto = We Listen - We Invent - We Deliver
| established = 2016
| closed = 2018
| founder = Gopi Venkata Rao, CEO
| accreditation = [[Unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education|Unaccredited]]
| type = [[Proprietary education|For-profit]] [[medical school]]
| president =
| director = Deoraj Dalchand
| students = 200+
| city = [[Saint Philip, Barbados|St. Philip]]
| country = [[Barbados]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.09430|-59.47421|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| language = English
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20171028191746/http://www.wubmed.org/ wubmed.org (archived)]
| logo =
| alumni =
| address = Casa Grande Hotel, Hibiscus Block, Oldbury
}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}}

The '''Washington University of Barbados''' (WUB) is a defunct medical school which opened in 2017 and closed in 2018.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Greaves |first=Tre |date=October 28, 2018 |title=Wednesday deadline |work=Nation News |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2018/10/28/wednesday-deadline/ |access-date=2022-09-11}}</ref> The for-profit university received a charter from the [[Government of Barbados|Barbados Ministry of Education]] in 2016, but was [[Unaccredited institutions of higher education|unaccredited]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=October 13, 2018 |title=UWI Head Describes Scandal at Medical School in Barbados as Embarrassing |work=Virgin Islands News Online |url=https://www.virginislandsnewsonline.com/domains/virginislandsnewsonline.com/en/news/uwi-head-describes-scandal-at-medical-school-in-barbados-as-embarrassing- |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=King |first=Katrina |date=October 8, 2018 |title='Fraud U.' |work=Cayman iNews |url=https://www.ieyenews.com/barbados-fraud-u/ |access-date=2022-09-11}}</ref> Allegedly part of an international scam in which 200 students from India were conned out of ₹25 [[crore]], the CEO and director of the school were arrested by the [[Barbados Police Service|Royal Barbados Police]] and charged with fraud in 2018.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite news |last=Carter |first=Gercine |date=February 22, 2019 |title=Indian Students 'Protected' |work=NationNews |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2019/02/22/indian-students-protected-indian-students-protected/ |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref>

== Background ==
In May 2016, ''[[The Barbados Advocate]]'' reported that WUB was "in the very early stages of making inquiries to be established in Barbados".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=May 16, 2016 |title=Medical Schools Scoping Barbados |work=[[The Barbados Advocate]] |url=https://www.barbadosadvocate.com/news/medical-schools-scoping-barbados |access-date=2022-09-11}}</ref> Senator Harcourt Husbands mentioned the school while debating a bill to establish a Caribbean Accreditation Authority for education in medicine and other health professions.<ref name=":1" /> At the time, the [[American University of Barbados]] and the Faculty of Medicine at the [[University of the West Indies at Cave Hill]] were already operating medical schools in [[Barbados]].<ref name=":1" />

According to its website, WUB was established in 2016, but was also "a renowned healthcare institution that has offered Medical Degrees for over a decade."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.wubmed.org/about-washington-university-barbados.php |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Washington University of Barbados}}</ref> WUB claimed that it was "devoted to preparing and educating students from across the globe to become professional doctors", and that it was exceptional in "[implementing] the elements for USMLE ([[United States Medical Licensing Examination]]) within its curriculum."<ref name=":2" />

In February 2017, the ''NationNews'' reported that WUB was "preparing to welcome its first batch of students" after postponing its opening by one year.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Maria |date=February 19, 2017 |title=Medical school to open soon |work=NationNews |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2017/02/19/medical-school-to-open-soon/ |access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref> The article noted that the campus would be based at the Casa Grande Hotel at Oldbury in [[Saint Philip, Barbados|Saint Philip]], and quoted WUB director Deoraj Dalchand as saying that the school was in the process of finalising negotiations with the hotel.<ref name=":4" /> Casa Grande had previously been under fire when Nigerian students attending [[Barbados Community College]] complained of lack of running water and air conditioning.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Maria |date=January 8, 2015 |title=Nigerian students speak out |work=Barbados Today |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2015/01/08/nigerian-students-speak-out/ |access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref>

== Student, faculty, and staff concerns ==
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}</mapframe>The first students were admitted to WUB in April 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Gilkes |first=Ryan |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Bad medicine |work=Barbados Today |url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2017/08/04/bad-medicine/amp/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213074531/https://barbadostoday.bb/2017/08/04/bad-medicine/amp/ |archive-date=2019-12-13}}</ref> By August 4, 2017, ''Barbados Today'' reported that "15 of the 80 foreign students have indicated a desire to leave," citing a letter circulated to the media by a source claiming to represent the student body.<ref name=":3" /> The letter explained that the students, who were mainly from [[India]], felt that they had been made "false promises" before embarking on their journey to Barbados.<ref name=":3" /> Upon arrival, they found "inadequate classroom furniture and equipment, a lack of air-conditioning, improper ventilation, poor quality food, a lack of study materials and, unlike traditional universities, no proper campus", and felt that they had been "mistreated" and "harassed".<ref name=":3" />

In addition, a video surfaced of WUB Dean Dr. Ram Prasad Upreti addressing students and complaining about the lack of books in the library, the lack of drinking water, and what he characterised as prison-like living conditions for the students.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Maria |date=August 27, 2017 |title=Medical schools in war of words |work=NationNews |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2017/08/27/medical-schools-in-war-of-words/ |access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref> Questioning the very legitimacy of the medical school, he suggested that WUB could lose all its teaching staff because both the faculty and staff had not been paid.<ref name=":3" />

Dalchand told ''Barbados Today'' that the students' grievances were being addressed, claiming that the first batch of students had originally been headed for a school in [[Guyana]], but had been redirected at the last minute to Barbados due to delays by the Indian medical board in providing the required documents.<ref name=":3" /> Three weeks later, Upreti was referred to in the press as a "former dean" of the school, as CEO Gopi Venkat of WUB accused its rival, the six-year-old American University of Barbados, of a smear campaign against WUB.<ref name=":5" /> One year later, on August 15, 2018, the Casa Grande Hotel held a first anniversary celebration for WUB, promoting the school as an example of how "health tourism" could benefit Barbados by bringing foreign exchange into the country.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Brancker |first=Nadia |date=August 15, 2018 |title=Medical Schools a Good Move |work=[[The Barbados Advocate]] |url=https://www.barbadosadvocate.com/news/medical-schools-good-move |access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref> Mrs. Asha Ram Mirchandani, the owner of Case Grande Airport Hotel & Resort, told ''The Barbados Advocate'' that WUB intended to bring 500 more students into Barbados.<ref name=":6" />

Meanwhile, WUB remained unaccredited by the Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and other Health Professions (CAAM-HP), the [[United States Department of Education]]'s National Committee on Foreign Medical Education Accreditation (NCFMEA), or any other body empowered to certify medical schools in the region.<ref>{{cite web |last=King |first=Katrina |date=October 6, 2018 |title=Fraud U |url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2018/10/06/fraud-u/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226113635/https://barbadostoday.bb/2018/10/06/fraud-u/ |archive-date=2019-12-26 |accessdate=2018-10-08 |website=Barbados Today}}</ref>

== Arrests ==
Students and staff at WUB first became aware that CEO Gopi Venkata Rao was wanted in India for fraud on September 30, 2018.<ref name=":8" /> On September 29, ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper in India reported that police had raided an educational consultancy firm in [[Bangalore]] suspected of having conned over 200 students out of a total of ₹25 [[crore]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=September 29, 2018 |title=Bengaluru – Consultancy raided for seat scam |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/consultancy-raided-for-seat-scam/article25084147.ece |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref> The police alleged that the owner of the consultancy, Gopi Venkata Rao, and his staff had targeted students taking the [[Common Entrance Test]], promising them seats at medical schools in various countries including the United States, Canada, Guyana, and China,<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Bellie |date=September 30, 2018 |title=Medical admissions: firm cheats students of Rs 25 crore |work=[[The Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/promising-foreign-varsity-695347.html |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref> and charging between ₹30 [[lakh]] and ₹40 lakh each.<ref name=":7" /> Six people were arrested in India and charged with cheating and forgery, but Venkata Rao, his wife Nikhila, and an associate were said to have escaped.<ref name=":7" /> Back in Barbados, a group of students from WUB took their grievances to the Ministry of Education, which began investigation into their living conditions at the school.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Brathwaite |first=Sheria |date=October 5, 2018 |title=CEO taken away by police |work=Nation News |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2018/10/05/ceo-taken-away-by-police/ |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref>

Following an international manhunt, Venkata Rao was arrested on campus and taken into custody by the [[Barbados Police Service|Royal Barbados Police Force]] on Friday, October 5, 2018.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=October 6, 2018 |title=International hunt for Indian CEO in university fraud ends in Barbados |work=Loop News |url=https://stlucia.loopnews.com/content/international-hunt-indian-ceo-university-fraud-ends-barbados-2 |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Greaves |first=Natalie |date=October 7, 2018 |title=Barbados police detain head of offshore University |work=Caribbean National Weekly |url=https://www.caribbeannationalweekly.com/caribbean-breaking-news-featured/barbados-police-detain-head-of-offshore-university/ |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref> His executive secretary, Tricia Newton, told the media that 40 staff members had not been paid for more than three months, and that both students and staff had no access to food on campus.<ref name=":8" /> She also disclosed that the school had refused to renew work permits for Indian staff members, and routinely replaced them when their permits expired.<ref name=":8" />

Soon after the arrest, a group of approximately 200 students gathered for a meeting with Barbados government officials, led by Cynthia Forde, Minister of People Empowerment and Elder Affairs, and representatives of the ministries of labor, health, education, and welfare.<ref name=":10" /> Frustrated and confused, the students complained that they had had no access to food, electricity, or water, because the school had neglected to pay their utility bills for five months.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":11" /> While some students said they wanted to return home to India, ministry officials suggested that they might be able to transfer to other medical schools in Barbados.<ref name=":8" />

On October 8, 2018, Gopi Venkata Rao, age 42, was charged with four counts of evading liability, including three dishonoured cheques totalling BDS $210,000 made out to Casa Grande, Inc., and another in the amount of BDS $30,000 owed to Furniture Ltd. T/S Builders Value Mart.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 8, 2018 |title=University CEO charged |work=NationNews |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2018/10/08/university-ceo-charged/ |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref> Although police initially reported that WUB Director Deoraj Dalchand, age 32, was assisting them with their investigations,<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 11, 2018 |title=Director of Washington University of Barbados helping police |work=Loop News |url=https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/director-washington-university-barbados-helping-police |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref> by October 16, the reported that Dalchand had been remanded to prison at HMP Dodds, along with Venkata Rao.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=October 16, 2018 |title=Washington University of Barbados Director, CEO remanded for fraud |work=Loop News |url=https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/washington-university-barbados-director-ceo-remanded-fraud |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref> Both men were scheduled to reappear in court on November 12, 2018.<ref name=":12" /> It later emerged that Venkata Rao allegedly owed nearly BDS $3,000,000 for use of the Casa Grande Hotel facility.<ref name=":0" />

== Aftermath ==

=== Indian students and staff ===
On October 14, 2018, Prime Minister [[Mia Mottley]] stated in her address to the nation that WUB students would be taken care of and provided with shelter, food, and basic necessities until they were transferred to other schools or returned home to their countries, depending on their individual preferences.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Gooding |first=Kerri |date=October 17, 2018 |title=PM says Barbados will 'pay' for students caught in university fraud' |work=Loop News |url=https://stlucia.loopnews.com/content/mia-cares-about-washington-university-barbados-students-2 |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref> As of October 28, 2018, ''Nation News'' reported that there were still 35 to 40 students left at the Casa Grande Hotel, including some who were waiting for refunds, despite the lack of electricity or running water.<ref name=":0" /> By then, most of the staff and students had left for India, Guyana, [[Saint Lucia]], and Europe.<ref name=":0" /> Only a few Indian students remained in Barbados and transferred to American University of Barbados School of Medicine.<ref name=":16" /> In February 2019, the new Indian High Commissioner Mahendra Singh Kanyal met with members of the Sindhi Association of Barbados, including two former students from WUB, and assured them that Indian government would not tolerate fraudulent activities by Indian offshore institutions and would do more to protect Indian students from mistreatment in the future.<ref name=":16" />
=== Indian school officials ===
On November 13, 2018, Gopi Venkata Rao and Deoraj Dalchand were granted BDS $200,000 bail, on the condition they surrender their passports.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=November 13, 2018 |title=BARBADOS–CRIME–University officials granted bail |work=CANA News |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A562136660/STND |access-date=2022-09-16 |via=[[Gale OneFile]]}}</ref> They were scheduled to return to court on January 24, 2019, to answer various fraud-related charges, including dishonestly inducing Casa Grande to wait for payout of BDS $2,863,080.<ref name=":14" />

=== Barbados politics, education, and business ===
In her address to the nation, Prime Minister Mottley said the WUB incident was one of many "things" the [[Barbados Labour Party|Barbados Labour Party (BLP)]] had been confronted with since being elected into office on May 25, 2018.<ref name=":13" />

An article in ''Barbados Today'' pointed out that WUB had been "one of the earliest and brightest jewels" of the [[Freundel Stuart]] administration's efforts to establish Barbados as a "hub for medical education", before the [[Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)|Democratic Labour Party]] was defeated in the 2018 elections.<ref name=":8" /> A former consultant to WUB claimed that before leaving India, all WUB staff had been shown a video featuring the previous Barbados prime minister, Freundel Stuart, and Minister of Health John Boyce, guaranteeing that WUB met all the necessary health requirements.<ref name=":8" /> According to consultant Subash Agarwal, one month after the Barbados general elections, the former Minister of Education Ronald Jones had visited campus and promised staff and students that accreditation by the Barbados Accreditation Council was imminent.<ref name=":8" />

[[University of the West Indies|University of West Indies]] Vice Chancellor Sir [[Hilary Beckles]] expressed his sympathy for the students, and described the WUB scandal as an embarrassment to higher education.<ref name=":15" /> Calling for stricter checks and balances for all educational institutions and rigorous vetting of foreign teaching staff in the Caribbean, Beckles distanced public universities such as UWI from for-profit universities such as WUB.<ref name=":15" /> Similarly, Barbados International Business Association (BIBA) President Julia Hope told ''Loop News'' that the scandal underscored the importance of conducting careful [[due diligence]] before doing business with new entrants to Barbados.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gooding |first=Kerri |date=October 11, 2018 |title=Washington Uni of Barbados saga a red flag for Int’l Business sector |work=Loop News |url=https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/washington-uni-barbados-saga-red-flag-intl-business-sector |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref>

In January 2019, when the [[Ross University School of Medicine]] relocated from [[Dominica]] to Barbados, Education Minister Santia Bradshaw reassured Barbadian citizens that unlike WUB, it was a legitimate, accredited institution, and that the BLP-led government had done its due diligence on the school.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gooding |first=Kerri |date=January 5, 2019 |title=Minister assures Barbadians: Ross University is accredited |work=Loop News |url=https://barbados.loopnews.com/content/minister-assures-barbadians-ross-university-accredited |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[List of unaccredited institutions of higher education]]
*[[List of medical schools in the Caribbean]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20171028191746/http://www.wubmed.org/|name=Official website (archived in October 2017)}}

{{Universities and colleges in Barbados}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Barbados]]
[[Category:Medical schools in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Unaccredited institutions of higher learning]]

Remya Nambessan

2026-03-28T21:27:59Z

Stoutsanitaryware:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Remya Nambessan
| image = RAW01993 copy.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_upright = yes
| caption = Nambeesan in 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1986|3|24}}
| birth_place = [[Chottanikkara]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[St. Teresa's College]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Kerala]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|playback singer}}
| years_active = 2000–present
| works = [[Remya Nambeesan filmography|Full list]]
| spouse =
| website =
}}
'''Remya Nambeesan''' (born 24 March 1986) is an Indian actress, who primarily works in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. She has acted in [[Remya Nambeesan filmography|over 71 films]].

==Early life and family==
Remya Nambessan was born in [[Chottanikkara]], Kochi, Kerala<ref name="TOIbio">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Remya-Nambessan |title=Remya Nambessan News {{!}} Latest News of Remya Nambeesan |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> to Subrahmaniam [[Pushpaka Brahmin|Unni]] and Jayasree.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Dream-run/article14674147.ece |title=Dream run |first=Nita |last=Sathyendran |date=7 April 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="remyanambessan">{{Cite web |url=http://www.remyanambeesan.com/12-actress-remya-nambeesan-biography-filmography/ |title=Actress Remya Nambessan Biography – Filmography {{!}} Actress Remya Nambessan |website=www.remyanambeesan.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126030516/http://www.remyanambessan.com/12-actress-remya-nambessan-biography-filmography/ |archive-date=26 January 2011}}</ref> Her father is a former [[theatre actor|theatre artiste]], who was an active member of troupes such as "Jubilee" and "Harishree". She has a brother, Rahul,<ref name="The Hindu"/> who has worked as the music director in the Malayalam movie ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]'' and as a playback singer in the film ''Thattathin Marayathu''.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Remya-Nambeesan-on-a-singing-spree/articleshow/11805410.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104080350/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-08/news-and-interviews/31037460_1_remya-nambeesan-song-film |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Ramya Nambeesan on a singing spree! |date=8 February 2012}}</ref> She attended the Mahatma Gandhi Public School, Ambadimala near [[Chottanikkara]]. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in Communicative English from [[St. Teresa's College]], [[Ernakulam]].<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-different-act/article3200488.ece |title=A different act |first=Rajini V. |last=Sahacevan |date=30 September 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629131120/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-different-act/article3200488.ece |archive-date=29 June 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Remya started her career with minor supporting roles in the following years in films including [[Sathyan Anthikad]]'s satire film ''[[Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka]]'' (2001)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/14/stories/2002101400470400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021104153712/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/14/stories/2002101400470400.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=4 November 2002 |title=Athu tho |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 October 2002 |access-date=17 March 2011}}</ref> and ''[[Gramophone (film)|Gramophone]]'' (2003).<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/documentary_inner2.html |title=Documentaries and short films of Malayalam |publisher=Cinemaofmalayalam.net |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-date=27 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027024349/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/documentary_inner2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zinemaya.com/zinemaya/movie?movieCode=bhumikorucharamageetham |title=Bhoomikkoru Charama Geetham (A Requiem to Mother Earth) Zinemaya – Movie download service |publisher=Zinemaya |date=22 April 2006 |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-date=24 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324230908/http://www.zinemaya.com/zinemaya/movie?movieCode=bhumikorucharamageetham |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She played her first lead role, as a bold dance teacher, in the 2006 film ''[[Aanachandam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/07aan.htm |title=Aanachandam is watchable |publisher=Rediff |date=7 August 2006 |access-date=14 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/changathi-poocha-review-malayalam-14381886.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820134347/http://www.sify.com/movies/changathi-poocha-review-malayalam-14381886.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2015 |title=Movie Review:Changathi Poocha |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=14 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/16sspant.htm |title=Panthayakozhi is a big let down |publisher=Rediff |access-date=14 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/30jaya.htm |title=Chat with actor Jayasurya |publisher=Rediff |access-date=14 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nammal-thammil-review-malayalam-14876596.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815211724/http://www.sify.com/movies/nammal-thammil-review-malayalam-14876596.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 August 2015 |title=Movie Review:Nammal Thammil |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Being-sexy-is-not-easy-Remya-Nambeesan/articleshow/11834409.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707085932/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-10/news-interviews/31045769_1_remya-nambeesan-kullanari-koottam-mollywood |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Being sexy is not easy: Ramya Nambeesan |date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article425051.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024062137/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article425051.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2013 |title=I'm happy to do key roles: Remya Nambeesan |work=The New Indian Express |date=18 June 2012 |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/%27risque%27-taking-remya-nambeesan-373 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126100943/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/%27risque%27-taking-remya-nambeesan-373 | archive-date=26 November 2023 | title=Deccan ChronicleHyderabad Chronicle | Deccan Chronicle }}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Ive-no-regrets-Remya-Nambeesan/articleshow/10266145.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103113153/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-07/news-interviews/30257330_1_actress-remya-nambeesan-image-makeover-comedy-role |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=I've no regrets: Ramya Nambeesan |date=7 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-kullanari-koottam/20110328.htm |title=Review: Kullanari Koottam's a feel-good love story |publisher=Rediff |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2600879.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |first=Y Sunita |last=Chowdhary |title=Youngsters get a boost |date=5 November 2011}}</ref>

She was seen in ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' (2012)<ref name="http">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Remya-Nambeesan-Sauve-stylish-and-sexy/articleshow/11447100.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707195348/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-11/news-interviews/30615537_1_remya-nambeesan-comedy-role-mother-tongue |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Ramya Nambeesan: Sauve, stylish and sexy |date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/bachelors-party-all-set-rock-kerala-584 |title=Bachelors Party all set to rock Kerala |author=Priya Sreekumar DC Kochi |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 January 2012 |access-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114005253/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/bachelors-party-all-set-rock-kerala-584 |archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref> and in ''[[Ivan Megharoopan]]'' (2012), she featured in a [[cameo appearance]].<ref name="TOI" /> She also signed up for [[Saji Surendran]]'s comedy film ''[[Husbands in Goa]]'' (2012).<ref name="http" /> and ''[[Oru Yathrayil]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vineeth-Kumar-turns-70/articleshow/12123716.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711052545/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-04/news-interviews/31119749_1_gandhian-short-film-role |url-status=live |archive-date=11 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Vineeth Kumar turns 70! |date=4 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/interview-with-remya-nambeesan/articleshow/32730464.cms |title=Interview with Remya Nambeesan |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230216/happy-being-single-for-now-remya-nambeesan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223133629/http://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230216/happy-being-single-for-now-remya-nambeesan.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2016 |title=Happy being single for now: Remya Nambeesan |date=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/remya-nambeesan-the-sethupathi-girl-who-emotes-through-her-heart/story-gC2vVwtaRoQFbQujUGLedI.html |title=Remya Nambeesan, the Sethupathi girl who emotes through her heart |work=Hindustan Times |date=March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/may/03/making-a-stylish-kannada-debut-931956.html |title=Making a Stylish Kannada Debut|date=3 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sibi-sathyaraj-and-remya-nambeesan-team-up-once-again-5637735/ |title=Sibi Sathyaraj and Remya Nambeesan team up once again |date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/remya-nambeesan-denies-wedding-rumours-1.4364653 |title=Remya Nambeesan denies wedding rumours |access-date=4 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106120238/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/remya-nambeesan-denies-wedding-rumours-1.4364653 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Other work==

She was a host before acting.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Remya-Nambeesan-croons-for-Gopi-Sunder/articleshow/20085115.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614012533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-16/news-and-interviews/39309247_1_gopi-sunder-remya-nambeesan-croons |url-status=live |archive-date=14 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Ramya Nambeesan croons for Gopi Sunder}}</ref><ref name="hindu.com"/> She has sung on [[Devotional song|devotional]] albums for Chottanikarai Bhagavathi.<ref name="The Hindu"/> She has also sung in a few Malayalam films.<ref>{{cite web |author=Priya Sreekumar DC Kochi |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/remya-nambeeshan%E2%80%99s-new-role-offscreen-553 |title=Ramya Nambeeshan's new role offscreen |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=15 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216025211/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/remya-nambeeshan%E2%80%99s-new-role-offscreen-553 |archive-date=16 February 2012 |access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131115/entertainment-mollywood/article/new-singing-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219024321/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131115/entertainment-mollywood/article/new-singing-star |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2013 |title=A new singing star |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=15 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/up-on-cloud-nine/article4631656.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |first=Saraswathy |last=Nagarajan |title=Up on cloud nine |date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{main|Remya Nambeesan filmography}}

==Discography==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 ||"Aande Londe" || ''[[Ivan Megharoopan]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| "Vijana Surabhi" || ''[[Bachelor Party (2012 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' ||
|-
| "[[Muthuchippi Poloru]]" || ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' ||
|-
| "Pudamini Mose" || ''[[Telugabbai]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2013 || "Pampara Pampara Pa Pa (Shaapp)" || ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'' || rowspan="4" |[[Malayalam]]||
|-
| "Raavin Cheruvil" || ''[[Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu]]'' ||
|-
| "Maayumee" || ''[[English: An Autumn in London]]'' ||
|-
| "Kanavil Kanavil" || ''[[Arikil Oraal]]'' ||
|-
| "Fy Fy Fy Kalaachify" || ''[[Pandianadu]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||Nominated-SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer
|-
| "Balyathil Naam" (Promo Song) || ''[[Philips and the Monkey Pen]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| "Manjin Kulirin" || ''[[Miss Lekha Tharoor Kaanunnathu]]'' ||
|-
| "Mele Vaanile" || ''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || "Pogathe Pogathe" || ''[[Damaal Dumeel]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| "Ee Mazha Megham" || ''[[Om Shanthi Oshaana]]'' || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 || "Adiye Rathiye" || ''[[Sagaptham]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| "Raavin Nizhaloram" || ''Nellikka'' ||[[Malayalam]]||
|-
| "Hit-u Song" || ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| "Ullasagayike" || ''[[Adi Kapyare Kootamani]]''|| rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| 2016 || "Maayum Sandhye" || ''[[Aakashvani]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || "Akkam Pakkam" || ''[[Munnodi]]''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| "Vaanampaadikal"|| ''[[Achayans]]''||[[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || "Annana Pathi Kavalailla" || ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]''|| rowspan="3" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| "Carrom Board" || ''[[Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma]]''||
|-
|"Kadhal Kattu Merandi" || ''[[Koothan]]'' ||
|-
| 2019 || "Thiri Thiri" || ''[[Dear Comrade]]''|| [[Malayalam]] ||Malayalam dubbed version of Telugu Film ''[[Dear Comrade]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|"Allola Kallolam"
|''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]''
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| "Oru Venal Kattu" || ''Oru Nurungu Samsayam (The Little Riddle)''|| [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || "Thiruppavai" || ''Margazhi Thingal''|| [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] || music video
|-
| "Kadha Padu" || ''[[Aanum Pennum]]''|| rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| "Ra Thinkalin" || ''[[Home (2021 film)|Home]]''||
|-
| "[[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava|Oo Chollunno Oo Oo Chollunno]]" || ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''|| [[Malayalam]] ||Malayalam dubbed version of Telugu Film ''[[Pushpa: The Rise|Pushpa]]''
|-
| 2022 || "Aychakka Aychakka" || ''[[My Dear Lisa]]'' || [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 2025 || "Raave Raave Banganapalli" || ''[[Kutram Thavir]]'' || Tamil ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|2463487}}
* {{Instagram|ramyanambessan|name=Remya Nambessan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambeesan, Remya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Singers from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:St. Teresa's College alumni]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Reuters

2026-03-25T19:47:47Z

Stoutsanitaryware:

{{Short description|International news agency}}
{{About|the Reuters news agency|the current parent company|Thomson Reuters|the former parent company prior to its 2008 acquisition by The Thomson Corporation|Reuters Group}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Reuters
| logo = Reuters logo 2024.svg
| image = Exterior of 5 Canada Square.jpg
| image_caption = Reuters' editorial office at [[5 Canada Square]] in [[Canary Wharf]], London
| type = [[Division (business)|Division]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1851|10}}
| founder = [[Paul Julius Reuter]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|Paul Bascobert (president)<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive team - Thomson Reuters|url=https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/about-us/executive-team.html#busines|website=thomsonreuters.com|access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>|[[Alessandra Galloni]] (editor-in-chief)<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive team - Thomson Reuters|url=https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/about-us/executive-team.html#:~:text=Alessandra%20Galloni%C2%A0,in%2DChief%2C%20Reuters|website=thomsonreuters.com|access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>}}
| industry = [[News agency]]
| location = [[5 Canada Square]], Canary Wharf, London, England
| num_employees = 25,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Working at Thomson Reuters |url=https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/careers/working-at-thomson-reuters.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.thomsonreuters.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| owner = [[Thomson family]]
| homepage = {{URL|reuters.com}}
}}

'''Reuters''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɔɪ|t|ər|z|audio=En-Reuters.oga}} {{respell|ROY|tərz}}) is a Canadian [[news agency]] owned by [[Thomson Reuters]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomson Reuters |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thomson-Reuters |website=Britannica |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107003736/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thomson-Reuters |archive-date=7 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=https://agency.reuters.com/en/about-us.html|access-date=14 January 2019|website=Reuters}}</ref> It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 [[photojournalist]]s in about 200 locations worldwide writing in 16 languages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reuters the Facts|url=https://www.thomsonreuters.com/content/dam/openweb/documents/pdf/reuters-news-agency/fact-sheet/reuters-fact-sheet.pdf|date=Summer 2017 |website=Reuters |access-date = 18 March 2024}}</ref> Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world.<ref name="britannica-two" /><ref name=":5" />

The agency was established in London in 1851 by the German [[Freiherr|baron]] [[Paul Reuter]]. The [[Thomson Corporation]] of Canada acquired the agency in a 2008 corporate merger, resulting in the formation of the Thomson Reuters Corporation.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Reuters recruits 100 journalists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/may/30/reuters.pressandpublishing |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Stephen |last=Brook |date=30 May 2006 |access-date=5 November 2021 }}</ref>

In December 2024, Reuters was ranked as the 27th most visited news site in the world, with over 105 million monthly readers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gazette |first=Press |date=2024-12-19 |title=Top 50 news websites in the world: AP and NBC see more than 50% monthly surge |url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/media-audience-and-business-data/media_metrics/most-popular-websites-news-world-monthly-2/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Press Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==

===19th century===
[[File:Reuter, Paul Julius von, Nadar, Gallica.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Paul Reuter]], the founder of Reuters (photographed by [[Nadar]], {{Circa|1865}})]]

Paul Julius Reuter worked at a book-publishing firm in [[Berlin]] and was involved in distributing radical pamphlets at the beginning of the [[revolutions of 1848]]. These publications brought much attention to Reuter, who in 1850 developed a prototype news service in [[Aachen]] using [[homing pigeon]]s and [[electrical telegraph|electric telegraphy]] from 1851 on, in order to transmit messages between [[Brussels]] and Aachen,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wynter|first=Andrew|year=1861|title=Our social bees; or, Pictures of town & country life, and other papers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zACAAAAQAAJ&dq=reuter+telegraph+pigeons&pg=PA298|publisher=R. Hardwicke|location=United Kingdom|access-date= 14 August 2023|page=298}}</ref> in what today is Aachen's Reuters House.

Reuter moved to [[London]] in 1851 and established a [[News agency|news wire agency]] at the [[Royal Exchange, London|London Royal Exchange]]. Headquartered in London, Reuter's company initially covered commercial news, serving banks, brokerage houses, and business firms.<ref name=britannica-r>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/500259/Reuters|title=Reuters (news agency)|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=26 March 2010|access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> The first newspaper client to subscribe was the London ''[[Morning Advertiser]]'' in 1858, and more began to subscribe soon after.<ref name=britannica-r/><ref name=morning-ad>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2d12iZkgOwC&pg=PA1366|title=Merriam Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia|first=Mark A. | last=Stevens|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|pages=1,366|isbn=978-0877790174|year=2001}}</ref> According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'': "the value of Reuters to newspapers lay not only in the financial news it provided but in its ability to be the first to report on stories of international importance."<ref name=britannica-r/> It was the first to report [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s assassination in [[Europe]], for instance, in 1865.<ref name=britannica-r/><ref name="guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/04/reuters.pressandpublishing|title=Reuters: a brief history|last=Allen|first=Katie|date=4 May 2017|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=19 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011004608/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/04/reuters.pressandpublishing|archive-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

In 1865, Reuter incorporated his private business, under the name Reuter's Telegram Company Limited; Reuter was appointed managing director of the company.<ref name="funding-universe">{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/reuters-group-plc-history/|title=History of Reuters Group PLC|website=Funding Universe|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref>

In 1870 the press agencies French [[Havas]] (founded in 1835), British Reuter's (founded in 1851) and German Wolff (founded in 1849) signed an agreement (known as the Ring Combination) that set 'reserved territories' for the three agencies. Each agency made its own separate contracts with national agencies or other subscribers within its territory. In practice, Reuters, who came up with the idea, tended to dominate the Ring Combination. Its influence was greatest because its reserved territories were larger or of greater news importance than most others. It also had more staff and [[Stringer (journalism)|stringers]] throughout the world and thus contributed more original news to the pool. British control of cable lines made London itself an unrivalled centre for world news, further enhanced by Britain's wide-ranging commercial, financial and imperial activities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.masscommunicationtalk.com/the-era-of-news-agencies.html |title=The Era of News Agencies |work=masscommunicationtalk.com |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref>

In 1872, Reuter's expanded into the [[Far East]], followed by South America in 1874. Both expansions were made possible by advances in overland telegraphs and undersea cables.<ref name=guardian/> In 1878, Reuter retired as managing director, and was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Herbert de Reuter]].<ref name="funding-universe" /> In 1883, Reuter's began transmitting messages electrically to London newspapers.<ref name="guardian" />

===20th century===
[[File:Roderick Jones.jpg|thumb|upright|Roderick Jones, general manager 1915–1941]]

Reuter's son Herbert de Reuter continued as general manager until his death by suicide in 1915. The company returned to private ownership in 1916, when all shares were purchased by [[Roderick Jones (1877–1962)|Roderick Jones]] and Mark Napier; they renamed the company "Reuters Limited" and dropped the apostrophe.<ref name="funding-universe" /> In 1923, Reuters began using radio to transmit news internationally, a pioneering act.<ref name=guardian/> In 1925, the [[Press Association]] (PA) of [[Great Britain]] acquired a majority interest in Reuters, and full ownership some years later.<ref name=britannica-r/> The company moved to a new headquarters at [[85 Fleet Street]] in the 1930s.<ref>{{NHLE|desc=82–85, Fleet Street, 9 Salisbury Court|num= 1064656| access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

During the world wars, ''[[The Manchester Guardian]]'' reported that Reuters: "came under pressure from the British government to serve national interests. In 1941, Reuters deflected the pressure by restructuring itself as a private company."<ref name=guardian/> In 1941, the PA sold half of Reuters to the [[Newspaper Proprietors' Association]], and co-ownership was expanded in 1947 to associations that represented daily newspapers in New Zealand and Australia.<ref name=britannica-r/> The new owners formed the Reuters Trust. The Reuters Trust Principles were put in place to maintain the company's independence.<ref name=aboutus>{{cite web |url=http://thomsonreuters.com/about-us/company-history/ |title=Company History |publisher=Thomson Reuters |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=7 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503234856/http://thomsonreuters.com/about-us/company-history/ |archive-date=3 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At that point, Reuters had become "one of the world's major news agencies, supplying both text and images to newspapers, other news agencies, and radio and television broadcasters."<ref name=britannica-r/> Also at that point, it directly, or through national news agencies, provided service to most countries, reaching virtually all the world's leading newspapers and many thousands of smaller ones, according to ''Britannica''.<ref name=britannica-r/>

In 1961, Reuters scooped news of the erection of the [[Berlin Wall]].<ref name=read/> Reuters was one of the first news agencies to transmit financial data over oceans via computers in the 1960s.<ref name=britannica-r/> In 1973, Reuters "began making computer-terminal displays of foreign-exchange rates available to clients."<ref name=britannica-r/> In 1981, Reuters began supporting electronic transactions on its computer network and afterwards developed a number of electronic brokerage and trading services.<ref name=britannica-r/> Reuters was floated as a public company in 1984,<ref name=read/> when Reuters Trust was listed on [[stock exchange]]s<ref name=guardian/> including the [[London Stock Exchange]] (LSE) and [[NASDAQ]].<ref name=britannica-r/> Reuters later published the first story of the Berlin Wall being breached in 1989.<ref name="read">{{Cite book|title=The Power of News: The History of Reuters|last=Read|first=Donald|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0198207689|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207689.001.0001}}</ref>

Reuters was the dominant news service on the [[Internet]] in the 1990s. It earned this position by developing a partnership with [[ClariNet]] and [[PointCast]], two early Internet-based news providers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Carl|last2=Varian |first2=Hal R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aE_J4Iv_PVEC&pg=PA32|title=Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy |date=1999 |publisher=Harvard Business Press |isbn=978-0-87584-863-1 |page=29 |language=en}}</ref>

===21st century===
Reuters' share price grew during the [[dotcom boom]], then fell after the banking troubles in 2001.<ref name=guardian/> In 2002, ''Britannica'' wrote that most news throughout the world came from three major agencies: the [[Associated Press]], Reuters, and [[Agence France-Presse]].<ref name=britannica-two>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/news-agency#ref203528|title=News agency|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=23 August 2002|access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref> The company moved to [[30 South Colonnade]] in [[Canary Wharf]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/canary-wharf-lures-reuters-with-purchase-of-old-hq-88205.html|title=Canary Wharf lures Reuters with purchase of old HQ|date=24 September 2003|newspaper=The Independent| access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/13674/reuters-leaves-fleet-street-for-new-canary-wharf-hq|title=Reuters leaves Fleet Street for new Canary Wharf HQ|date=17 May 2005|newspaper=FinExtra|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/sep/23/reuters.pressandpublishing |title=Reuters makes £30m move from Fleet Street|date=23 September 2003|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref>

Until 2008, the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, [[Reuters Group|Reuters Group plc]]. Reuters was acquired by the Canadian [[Thomson Corporation]] in 2008, forming Thomson Reuters.<ref name="britannica-r" /> In 2009, Thomson Reuters withdrew from the LSE and the NASDAQ, instead listing its shares on the [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] (TSX) and the [[New York Stock Exchange]] (NYSE).<ref name="britannica-r" /> The last surviving member of the Reuters family founders, [[Marguerite, Baroness de Reuter]], died at age 96 on 25 January 2009.<ref name="abc">{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-01-26/baroness-de-reuter-last-link-to-news-dynasty-dies/2586782|title=Baroness de Reuter, last link to news dynasty, dies|date=26 January 2009|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|access-date=21 February 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627034038/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-01-26/baroness-de-reuter-last-link-to-news-dynasty-dies/2586782|archive-date=27 June 2018|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|agency=Reuters}}</ref> The parent company Thomson Reuters is headquartered in [[Toronto]], and provides financial information to clients while also maintaining its traditional news-agency business.<ref name="britannica-r" />

In 2012, Thomson Reuters appointed Jim Smith as CEO.<ref name=aboutus/> In July 2016, Thomson Reuters agreed to sell its intellectual property and science operation for $3.55 billion to private equity firms.<ref name=bloomberg-cut/> In October 2016, Thomson Reuters announced expansions and relocations to [[Toronto]].<ref name=bloomberg-cut/> As part of cuts and restructuring, in November 2016, Thomson Reuters Corp. eliminated 2,000 jobs worldwide out of its estimated 50,000 employees.<ref name="bloomberg-cut">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-01/thomson-reuters-earnings-top-estimates-on-growth-in-americas|title=Thomson Reuters Cuts 2,000 Jobs Worldwide in Restructuring|last=Smith|first=Gerry|date=1 November 2016|access-date=6 February 2018|agency=[[Bloomberg News]]|url-access=limited}}</ref> On 15 March 2020, Steve Hasker was appointed president and CEO.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/about-us/board-of-directors.html |title=Board of directors |publisher=Thomson Reuters |access-date=14 January 2022 }}</ref>

In 2020, the photography staff of Reuters won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography]] for wide-ranging and illuminating coverage of the [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Photography Staff of Reuters |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/photography-staff-reuters-2 |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Reuters wins Pulitzer Prize for breaking news photography of Hong Kong protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/reuters-wins-pulitzer-prize-for-breaking-idUSRTX7H87E/ |work=Reuters |date=8 May 2020 |access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>

In April 2021, Reuters announced that its website would go behind a [[paywall]], following rivals who have done the same.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Li|first=Kenneth|date=15 April 2021|title=Reuters website goes behind paywall in new strategy|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thomson-reuters-professional-website-idUSKBN2C21QU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415144920/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thomson-reuters-professional-website-idUSKBN2C21QU|archive-date=15 April 2021|url-status=dead|access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="NYT-2021apr15">{{cite news |last=Robertson |first=Katie |title=Reuters puts its website behind a paywall |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/15/business/reuters-website-paywall.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 April 2021}}</ref>

In March 2024, [[Gannett]], the largest newspaper publisher in the United States, signed an agreement with Reuters to use the wire service's global content after cancelling its contract with the [[Associated Press]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bauder |first=David |date=19 March 2024 |title=Gannett news chain says it will stop using AP content for first time in a century |url=https://apnews.com/article/gannett-associated-press-contract-97405e4715c9a25d21477b992028db2a |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Reuters staff won the [[Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting]] for their work on [[Elon Musk]] and misconduct at his businesses, including [[SpaceX]], [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]], and [[Neuralink]], as well as the [[Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography]] for coverage of the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ax |first=Joseph |date=May 6, 2024 |title=Reuters wins two Pulitzers, ProPublica takes coveted public service award |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/lookout-santa-cruz-wins-pulitzer-prize-breaking-news-2024-05-06/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> {{As of|2025|post=,}} Reuters has won a total of 13 Pulitzer Prizes since 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reuters wins Pulitzer for fentanyl investigation; New York Times takes four prizes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/reuters-wins-pulitzer-investigation-fentanyl-trade-2025-05-05/ |work=Reuters |date=May 5, 2025 }}</ref>

==Journalists==
Reuters employs some 2,500 journalists and 600 [[photojournalist]]s<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pictures|url=https://www.reutersagency.com/en/content-types/pictures/|access-date=17 December 2020|website=Reuters News Agency}}</ref> in about 200 locations worldwide.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Home – Reuters News – The Real World in Real Time|url=https://www.reutersagency.com/en/|access-date=13 December 2020|website=Reuters News Agency|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.tv/careers|title=Careers|website=www.reuters.tv|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202001145/http://www.reuters.tv/careers|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Reuters journalists use the ''Standards and Values'' as a guide for fair presentation and disclosure of relevant interests, to "maintain the values of integrity and freedom upon which their reputation for reliability, accuracy, speed and exclusivity relies."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reutersagency.com/en/about/standards-values/ |title=Standards and Values|publisher=Reuters|date=23 September 2014 |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Reuters sets up social media guidelines
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/pda/2010/mar/11/reuters-sets-up-social-media-guidelines|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Mercedes |last=Bunz| date=11 March 2010|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>

In May 2000, [[Kurt Schork]], an American [[reporter]], was killed in an [[ambush]] while on assignment in [[Sierra Leone]]. In April and August 2003, news cameramen [[Taras Protsyuk]] and [[Mazen Dana]] were killed in separate incidents by U.S. troops in [[Iraq]]. In July 2007, [[Namir Noor-Eldeen]] and [[Saeed Chmagh]] were killed when they were struck by fire from a U.S. military Apache helicopter in Baghdad.<ref name="Bumiller0405">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/06/world/middleeast/06baghdad.html|title=Video Shows U.S. Killing of Reuters Employees|last=Bumiller|first=Elisabeth|date=5 April 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=24 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909073632/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/06/world/middleeast/06baghdad.html?_r=1|archive-date=9 September 2012|author-link=Elisabeth Bumiller}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rXPrfnU3G0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5rXPrfnU3G0 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Collateral Murder - Wikileaks - Iraq |via=YouTube |date=3 April 2010 |access-date=17 June 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> During 2004, [[cameramen]] [[Adlan Khasanov]] was killed by [[Chechnya|Chechen]] separatists, and Dhia Najim was killed in [[Iraq]]. In April 2008, cameraman [[Fadel Shana]] was killed in the [[Gaza Strip]] after being hit by an Israeli [[tank]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-gaza-reuters-idUSL1632826120080416|title=Reuters cameraman killed in Gaza|last=Al-Mughrabi|first=Nidal|date=16 April 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704041552/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-gaza-reuters-idUSL1632826120080416|archive-date=4 July 2018|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Reuters cameraman 'killed by Israeli tank'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/apr/17/middleeastthemedia.television?gusrc=rss&feed=worldnews|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Mark |last=Sweney|date=17 April 2008|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref> On 27 August 2025, cameraman [[Hussam al-Masri]] was killed at [[Nasser Hospital]] in the [[Gaza Strip]] by an Israeli air strike.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/obituary-hussam-al-masri-reuters-journalist-killed-by-israeli-fire-gaza-2025-08-27/|title=Hussam al-Masri, the Reuters journalist killed by Israeli fire in Gaza|date=27 August 2025|work=Reuters}}</ref>

While covering China's [[Cultural Revolution]] in [[Peking]] in the late 1960s for Reuters, journalist [[Anthony Grey]] was detained by the Chinese government in response to the jailing of several Chinese journalists by the colonial British government of [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844706,00.html|title=Foreign Correspondents: The Tiny World of Anthony Grey|date=20 December 1968|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=22 May 2010|url-access=subscription|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806203224/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844706,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was released after being imprisoned for 27 months from 1967 to 1969 and was awarded an [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] by the British Government. After his release, he went on to become a best-selling historical novelist.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cultural Revolution|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/11/the-cultural-revolution-50-years-on-all-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-political-convulsion|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Tom|last=Phillips|date=11 May 2016|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>

In May 2016, the Ukrainian website [[Myrotvorets]] published the names and personal data of 4,508 journalists, including Reuters reporters, and other media staff from all over the world, who were accredited by the self-proclaimed authorities in the [[Separatism|separatist]]-controlled regions of eastern [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-hackers-journalist-donbas-current-time/27728765.html|title=Ukrainian Hackers Leak Personal Data Of Thousands Of Journalists Who Worked In Donbas|last=Shamanska|first=Anna|date=11 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191014060900/https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-hackers-journalist-donbas-current-time/27728765.html|archive-date=14 October 2019|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref>

In 2018, two Reuters journalists were convicted in [[Myanmar]] of obtaining state secrets while investigating a massacre in a [[Rohingya]] village.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/world/asia/reuters-journalists-myanmar-trial.html|title=Case Against Reuters Journalists in Myanmar Moves to Trial|last=Ives|first=Mike|date=9 July 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190824114626/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/09/world/asia/reuters-journalists-myanmar-trial.html|archive-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> The arrest and convictions were widely condemned as an attack on [[press freedom]]. The journalists, Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo, received several awards, including the Foreign Press Association Media Award and the [[Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting]], and were named as part of the [[Time Person of the Year]] for 2018 along with other persecuted journalists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/wa-lone-kyaw-soe-oo-appeal-year-sentence-181224012706486.html|title=Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo to appeal seven-year sentence|date=23 December 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427164532/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/wa-lone-kyaw-soe-oo-appeal-year-sentence-181224012706486.html|archive-date=27 April 2019|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al-Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rpb-fpamediaaward/reuters-journalists-wa-lone-and-kyaw-soe-oo-win-journalist-of-the-year-at-foreign-press-association-media-awards-idUSKCN1NW1T8|title=Reuters journalists Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo win Journalist of the Year at Foreign Press Association Media Awards|date=27 November 2018|publisher=Reuters Press Blog|url-status=live|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507114518/https://www.reuters.com/article/rpb-fpamediaaward/reuters-journalists-wa-lone-and-kyaw-soe-oo-win-journalist-of-the-year-at-foreign-press-association-media-awards-idUSKCN1NW1T8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/15/business/media/pulitzer-prize-winners.html|title=Pulitzer Prize: 2019 Winners List|date=15 April 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530230716/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/15/business/media/pulitzer-prize-winners.html|archive-date=30 May 2019}}</ref> After 511 days in prison, Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo were freed on 7 May 2019 after receiving a presidential pardon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48182712|title=Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo: Reuters journalists freed in Myanmar|date=7 May 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824201809/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48182712|archive-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>

In February 2023, a team of Reuters journalists won the [[Selden Ring Award]] for their investigation that exposed human-rights abuses by the Nigerian military.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuters wins Selden Ring Award for investigation of Nigerian military |url=https://news.yahoo.com/reuters-wins-selden-ring-award-204523961.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Yahoo News |date=15 February 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Killed on assignment===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Responsible party
|-
| [[Kenneth Stonehouse]] || British || [[Bay of Biscay]] || [[World War II|{{dts|1 June 1943}}]] || German aircraft
|-
| [[Hos Maina]] || Kenyan || Somalia || [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|{{dts|12 July 1993}}]] ||
|-
| [[Dan Eldon]] || Kenyan || Somalia || [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|{{dts|12 July 1993}}]] ||
|-
| [[Kurt Schork]] || American || Sierra Leone || [[Sierra Leone Civil War|{{dts|24 May 2000}}]] ||
|-
| [[Taras Protsyuk]] || Ukrainian || Iraq || [[2003 invasion of Iraq|{{dts|8 April 2003}}]] || U.S. troops
|-
| [[Mazen Dana]] || Palestinian || Iraq || [[Iraq War|{{dts|17 August 2003}}]] || U.S. troops
|-
| [[Adlan Khasanov]] || Russian || Chechnya || [[Second Chechen War|{{dts|9 May 2004}}]] || Chechen separatists
|-
| [[Waleed Khaled]] || Iraqi || Iraq || [[Iraq War|{{dts|28 August 2005}}]] || U.S. troops
|-
| [[Namir Noor-Eldeen]] || Iraqi || Iraq || [[July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike|{{dts|12 July 2007}}]]<ref name="Tyson">{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/14/AR2009091403262.html|title=Military's Killing of 2 Journalists in Iraq Detailed in New Book|last=Tyson|first=Ann Scott|date=15 September 2009|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827064816/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/14/AR2009091403262.html|archive-date=27 August 2017|page=7}}</ref> || U.S. military Apache helicopter
|-
| [[Saeed Chmagh]] || Iraqi || Iraq || [[July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike|{{dts|12 July 2007}}]]<ref name="Tyson" /> || U.S. military Apache helicopter
|-
| [[Fadel Shana'a]] || Palestinian || Gaza Strip || [[Al Bureij massacre|{{dts|16 April 2008}}]] || Israeli troops
|-
| [[Hiro Muramoto]] || Japanese || Thailand || [[2010 Thai political protests|{{dts|10 April 2010}}]] || Thai troops
|-
| [[Molhem Barakat]] || Syrian || Syria || [[Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)|{{dts|20 December 2013}}]] || Syrian forces/rebels
|-
| [[Danish Siddiqui]] || Indian || Afghanistan ||[[2021 Taliban offensive|{{dts|16 July 2021}}]] || Taliban
|-
|[[Issam Abdallah]]
|Lebanese
|Lebanon
|[[Gaza war|13 October 2023]]
|Israeli troops
|}

== Pulitzer Prizes ==
Reuters has won 13 Pulitzer Prizes, all since 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reuters wins Pulitzer for fentanyl investigation; New York Times takes four prizes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/reuters-wins-pulitzer-investigation-fentanyl-trade-2025-05-05/ |work=Reuters |date=May 5, 2025 |quote=It was the 13th Pulitzer for Reuters, all since 2008.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Category !! Winners !! Description !! Ref
|-
| 2025 || Investigative Reporting || Staff of Reuters || For the "Fentanyl Express" series exposing lax regulations enabling the international fentanyl trade. || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/staff-reuters |title=Staff of Reuters |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |year=2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/reuters-wins-pulitzer-investigation-fentanyl-trade-2025-05-05/ |title=Reuters wins Pulitzer for fentanyl investigation |work=Reuters |date=May 5, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || National Reporting || Staff of Reuters || For a series on misconduct and regulatory failures at Elon Musk's businesses (including SpaceX, Tesla, and Neuralink). || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/staff-reuters |title=Staff of Reuters |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |year=2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Breaking News Photography || Photography Staff of Reuters || For raw and urgent images of the October 7 Hamas attack on Israel and the initial weeks of Israel's assault on Gaza. || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/photography-staff-reuters-3 |title=Photography Staff of Reuters |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |year=2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || Breaking News Photography || Photography Staff of Reuters || For wide-ranging and illuminating coverage of the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/photography-staff-reuters-2 |title=Photography Staff of Reuters |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |year=2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || International Reporting || Staff of Reuters (notable contributions from Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo) || For exposing the Myanmar military's brutal campaign against Rohingya Muslims, leading to the imprisonment of the journalists. || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/staff-reuters-notable-contributions-wa-lone-and-kyaw-soe-oo |title=Staff of Reuters |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |year=2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || International Reporting || Clare Baldwin, Andrew R.C. Marshall, and Manuel Mogato || For relentless reporting on Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte's deadly war on drugs. || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/clare-baldwin-andrew-rc-marshall-and-manuel-mogato-reuters |title=Clare Baldwin et al. |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |year=2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || Breaking News Photography || Adrees Latif || For his dramatic photograph of a Japanese videographer fatally shot during a street protest in Myanmar. || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/adrees-latif |title=Adrees Latif of Reuters |publisher=The Pulitzer Prizes |year=2008}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" | Reuters has won additional prizes in categories such as Breaking News Photography, Feature Photography, and International Reporting between 2009 and 2023, bringing the total to 13. For the complete list, see the official Pulitzer Prize website.
|}

==Controversies==
{{Criticism section|date=March 2024}}

=== Accusation of collaboration with the CIA ===
In 1977, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' and ''[[The New York Times]]'' said that according to information from [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officials, Reuters cooperated with the CIA.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=24 June 2010|title=Rolling Stone's Biggest Scoops, Exposés and Controversies|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-lists/rolling-stones-biggest-scoops-exposes-and-controversies-10596/journalists-exposed-as-secret-cia-operatives-30558/|access-date=13 December 2020|magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bernstein|first=Carl|title=The CIA and the Media|url=http://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_cia_and_media.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408030842/http://www.carlbernstein.com/magazine_cia_and_media.php|archive-date=8 April 2020|access-date=15 November 2020|website=www.carlbernstein.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=26 December 1977|title=Worldwide Propaganda Network Built by the C.I.A.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/26/archives/worldwide-propaganda-network-built-by-the-cia-a-worldwide-network.html|access-date=13 December 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In response to that, Reuters' then-managing director, Gerald Long, had asked for evidence of the charges, but none was provided, according to Reuters' then-managing editor for North America,<ref name=":2" /> Desmond Maberly.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|date=17 November 1988|title=the media business; Reuters Editor Plans to Retire|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/business/the-media-business-reuters-editor-plans-to-retire.html|access-date=13 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Comments from two worldwide news agencies Wednesday following the...|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/06/03/Comments-from-two-worldwide-news-agencies-Wednesday-following-the/9224391924800/|access-date=13 December 2021|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref>

===Policy of objective language===
[[File:Reuters Building.jpg|thumb|Reuters building entrance in [[New York City]]]]

Reuters has a policy of taking a "value-neutral approach," which extends to not using the word ''terrorist'' in its stories. The practice attracted criticism following the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name="Moeller">{{Cite book|last=Moeller|first=Susan D.|title=Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0415339988|editor-last=Allan|editor-first=Stuart|pages=[https://archive.org/details/reportingwarjour0000unse/page/68 68]|chapter=A Moral Imagination: The Media's Response to the War on Terrorism|editor-last2=Zelizer|editor-first2=Barbie|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/reportingwarjour0000unse/page/68}}{{dead link|date=September 2024}}</ref> Reuters' editorial policy states: "Reuters may refer without attribution to terrorism and counterterrorism in general, but do not refer to specific events as terrorism. Nor does Reuters use the word ''terrorist'' without attribution to qualify specific individuals, groups or events."<ref>''The Reuters Style Guide'' {{cite web|title=Terrorism, terrorist - Handbook of Journalism|url=http://handbook.reuters.com/index.php?title=T#terrorism.2C_terrorist|access-date=21 May 2019|publisher=Reuters}}.</ref> By contrast, the [[Associated Press]] uses [[Definition of terrorism|the term ''terrorist'']] in reference to non-governmental organizations that carry out attacks on civilian populations.<ref name="Moeller" /> In 2004, Reuters asked [[CanWest Global Communications]], a Canadian newspaper chain, to remove Reuters' [[bylines]], as the chain had edited Reuters articles to insert the word ''terrorist''. A spokesman for Reuters stated: "My goal is to protect my reporters and protect our editorial integrity."<ref>{{cite news|last=Austen|first=Ian|date=20 September 2004|title=Reuters Asks a Chain to Remove Its Bylines|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/20/business/media/reuters-asks-a-chain-to-remove-its-bylines.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191014063424/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/20/business/media/reuters-asks-a-chain-to-remove-its-bylines.html|archive-date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

===Climate change reporting===
In July 2013, David Fogarty, former Reuters [[global warming|climate change]] correspondent in Asia, resigned after a career of almost 20 years with the company and wrote that "progressively, getting any climate change-themed story published got harder" after comments from then-deputy editor-in-chief [[Paul Ingrassia (journalist)|Paul Ingrassia]] that he was a "[[climate change sceptic]]." In his comments, Fogarty stated:<ref>{{cite news|last=Kroh|first=Kiley|date=16 July 2013|title=Reuters Exposed: Publication Openly Hostile to Climate Coverage, Top Editor Doubts Climate Science|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|url=https://thinkprogress.org/reuters-exposed-publication-openly-hostile-to-climate-coverage-top-editor-doubts-climate-science-c58788de7966/|url-status=live|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510045029/http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/07/16/2307291/reuters-exposed-publication-openly-hostile-to-climate-coverage-top-editor-doubts-climate-science/|archive-date=10 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lazare|first=Sarah|date=17 July 2013|title=Climate Change 'Climate of Fear': Reporter Blows Whistle on Reuters|work=[[Common Dreams]]|url=https://www.commondreams.org/headline/2013/07/17-1|url-status=live|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150220204142/http://www.commondreams.org/news/2013/07/17/climate-change-climate-fear-reporter-blows-whistle-reuters|archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Goldenberg|first=Suzanne|author-link=Suzanne Goldenberg|date=26 July 2013|title=Reuters' climate-change coverage 'fell by nearly 50% with sceptic as editor'|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/26/reuters-climate-change-scepticism-coverage|url-status=live|access-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019221128/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/26/reuters-climate-change-scepticism-coverage|archive-date=19 October 2017}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=By mid-October, I was informed that climate change just wasn't a big story for the present, but that it would be if there was a significant shift in global policy, such as the US introducing an emissions cap-and-trade system. Very soon after that conversation I was told my climate change role was abolished.|author=|title=|source=}}

Ingrassia, formerly Reuters' managing editor, previously worked for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' and [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] for 31 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goller|first=Howard|date=16 September 2019|title=Paul Ingrassia, one of the top business reporters of his era|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/paul-ingrassia-obituary/|access-date=13 December 2020|website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Chris O'Shea|date=16 April 2013|title=Reuters Sends Paul Ingrassia to London | FishbowlNY|url=https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/reuters-sends-paul-ingrassia-to-london/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031150349/http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/reuters-sends-paul-ingrassia-to-london_b80658|archive-date=31 October 2014|access-date=17 June 2015|publisher=Mediabistro.com}}</ref> Reuters responded to Fogarty's piece by stating: "Reuters has a number of staff dedicated to covering this story, including a team of specialist reporters at Point Carbon and a columnist. There has been no change in our editorial policy."<ref>{{cite web|last=Roush|first=Chris|author-link=Chris Roush|date=16 July 2013|title=Ex-Reuters journalist: Wire service not interested in climate change stories|url=https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/ex-reuters-journalist-wire-service-not-interested-in-climate-change-stories/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015032852/https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/ex-reuters-journalist-wire-service-not-interested-in-climate-change-stories/|archive-date=15 October 2019|access-date=17 June 2015|website=[[Talking Biz News]]}}</ref>

Subsequently, climate blogger [[Joseph J. Romm|Joe Romm]] cited a Reuters article on climate as having a "[[false balance]]" and quoted Stefan Rahmstorf, co-{{not a typo|chair}} of Earth System Analysis at the [[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research|Potsdam Institute]] that "[s]imply, a lot of unrelated climate sceptics nonsense has been added to this Reuters piece. In the words of the late Steve Schneider, this is like adding some nonsense from the [[International Flat Earth Research Society|Flat Earth Society]] to a report about the latest generation of telecommunication satellites. It is absurd." Romm opined: "We can't know for certain who insisted on cramming this absurd and non-germane 'climate sceptics nonsense' into the piece, but we have a strong clue. If it had been part of the reporter's original reporting, you would have expected direct quotes from actual sceptics, because that is journalism 101. The fact that the blather was all inserted without attribution suggests it was added at the insistence of an editor."<ref>{{cite news|last=Romm|first=Joe|date=21 July 2013|title=False Balance Lives At Reuters: Climatologist Slams 'Absurd' Use of 'Unrelated Climate Skeptics Nonsense'|work=[[ThinkProgress]]|url=https://thinkprogress.org/false-balance-lives-at-reuters-climatologist-slams-absurd-use-of-unrelated-climate-skeptics-nonsense-1974f293eb77/|url-status=live|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618073048/https://thinkprogress.org/false-balance-lives-at-reuters-climatologist-slams-absurd-use-of-unrelated-climate-skeptics-nonsense-1974f293eb77/|archive-date=18 June 2019}}</ref>

===Photograph controversies===
According to [[Ynetnews]], Reuters was accused of bias against Israel in its coverage of the [[2006 Israel–Lebanon conflict]] after the wire service [[Adnan Hajj photographs controversy|used two doctored photos]] by a [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] freelance photographer, Adnan Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lappin|first=Yaakov|date=6 August 2006|title=Reuters admits altering Beirut photo|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3286966,00.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322144849/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3286966,00.html|archive-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> In August 2006, Reuters announced it had severed all ties with Hajj and said his photographs would be removed from its database.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2007|title=Reuters toughens rules after altered photo affair Photos|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL18678707|url-status=live|access-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125013009/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL18678707|archive-date=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Reuters drops photographer over 'doctored' image|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/aug/07/reuters.pressandpublishing|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Julia |last=Day|date=7 August 2006|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>

In 2010, Reuters was criticised again by ''[[Haaretz]]'' for "anti-Israeli" bias when it cropped the edges of photos, removing commandos' knives held by activists and a naval commando's blood from photographs taken aboard the ''Mavi Marmara'' during the [[2010 Gaza flotilla raid|2010 Gaza flotilla]], a raid that left nine Turkish activists dead. It has been alleged that in two separate photographs, knives held by the activists were cropped out of the versions of the pictures published by Reuters.<ref name="Haaretz20100608">{{cite news|last=Mozgovaya|first=Natasha|date=8 June 2010|title=Reuters under fire for removing weapons, blood from images of Gaza flotilla|work=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5130826|url-status=live|access-date=8 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615183040/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5130826|archive-date=15 June 2018}}</ref> Reuters said it is standard operating procedure to crop photos at the margins, and replaced the cropped images with the original ones after it was brought to the agency's attention.<ref name="Haaretz20100608" />

=== Indian man falsely accused of cybercrime ===
On 9 June 2020, three Reuters journalists (Jack Stubbs, Raphael Satter and Christopher Bing) incorrectly used the image of an Indian herbal medicine entrepreneur in an exclusive story titled "Obscure Indian cyber firm spied on politicians, investors worldwide."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihindukulasuriya |first=Regina |date=29 June 2020 |title=Reuters goofs up, shows innocent Delhi man as wanted Indian hacker behind global spy racket |url=https://theprint.in/india/reuters-goofs-up-shows-innocent-delhi-man-as-wanted-indian-hacker-behind-global-spy-racket/450999/ |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Indian local media picked up the report, and the man whose image was wrongly used was invited and interrogated for nine hours by Indian police. Reuters admitted to the error, but Raphael Satter claimed that it had mistaken the man for the suspected hacker Sumit Gupta because both men share the same business address. A check by local media, however, showed that both men were in different buildings and not as claimed by Raphael Satter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2020 |title=Exclusive: Obscure Indian cyber firm spied on politicians, investors worldwide |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-cyber-mercenaries-exclusive-idINKBN23G1GQ |access-date=9 November 2022|first1=Jack|last1=Stubbs|first2=Raphael|last2=Satter|first3=Christopher|last3=Bing}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hucks |first=Marleny |date=30 November 2022 |title=How Reuters Deliberately Attempted to Report a Piece of News Impacted an Innocent Man |url=https://myrtlebeachsc.com/how-reuters-deliberately-attempted-to-report-a-piece-of-news-impacted-an-innocent-man/ |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=MyrtleBeachSC news |language=en-US}}</ref> As the report of the inaccurate reporting trickled out to the public, Reuters' senior director of communication Heather Carpenter contacted media outlets to ask them to take down their posts.<ref name=":3" />

===Fernando Henrique Cardoso interview===
In March 2015, the Brazilian affiliate of Reuters released an excerpt from an interview with Brazilian ex-president [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] about [[Operation Car Wash]] ({{langx|pt|Operação Lava Jato}}). In 2014, several politicians from Brazil were found to be involved in corruption, by accepting bribes from different corporations in exchange for government contracts. After the scandal, the excerpt from Brazil's president Fernando Henrique's interview was released. One paragraph by a former [[Petrobras]] manager mentioned a comment in which he suggested corruption in the company may date back to Cardoso's presidency. Attached, was a comment between parenthesis: "{{lang|pt|Podemos tirar se achar melhor}}" ("we can take it out if 'you' think better"),<ref>{{cite news|date=25 March 2015|title=Para blindar FHC, 'Reuters' propõe em matéria: 'podemos tirar se achar melhor'|language=pt|trans-title=To protect FHC, 'Reuters' proposes in matter: 'we can take it off if you think it's better'.|work=[[Jornal do Brasil]]|url=http://www.jb.com.br/pais/noticias/2015/03/24/para-blindar-fhc-reuters-propoe-em-materia-podemos-tirar-se-achar-melhor/|url-status=dead|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011132452/http://www.jb.com.br/pais/noticias/2015/03/24/para-blindar-fhc-reuters-propoe-em-materia-podemos-tirar-se-achar-melhor/|archive-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> which was removed from the current version of the text.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Winter|first1=Brian|date=23 March 2015|title=Entrevista-FHC diz que Lula tem mais responsabilidade política em caso Petrobras do que Dilma|language=pt|trans-title=ENTREVISTA-FHC says Lula has more political responsibility in Petrobras case than Dilma|agency=Reuters Brasil|url=https://br.reuters.com/article/topNews/idBRKBN0MJ2B120150323|url-status=dead|access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106150147/http://br.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idBRKBN0MJ2B120150323|archive-date=6 November 2018}}</ref> This confused readers, and suggested that the former president was involved in corruption and the comment was attributed to him. Reuters later confirmed the error, and explained that the comment, originating from one of the local editors, was actually intended for the journalist who wrote the original text in English, and that it should not have been published.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 March 2015|title=Podemos tirar, se achar melhor|language=pt|trans-title="We can take it off, if you think it's better"|work=[[CartaCapital]]|publisher=Editora Confiança|url=https://www.cartacapital.com.br/blogs/midiatico/podemos-tirar-se-achar-melhor-podemos-2154/|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619213112/https://www.cartacapital.com.br/blogs/midiatico/podemos-tirar-se-achar-melhor-podemos-2154/|archive-date=19 June 2019}}</ref>

===Funding by the UK Government===
In November 2019, the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|UK Foreign Office]] released archive documents confirming that it had provided funding to Reuters during the 1960s and 1970s so that Reuters could expand its coverage in the Middle East. An agreement was made between the [[Information Research Department|Information Research Department (IRD)]] and Reuters for the [[HM Treasury|UK Treasury]] to provide £350,000 over four years to fund Reuters' expansion. The UK government had already been funding the Latin American department of Reuters through a shell company, but that method was discounted for the Middle East operation since the accounting of the shell company looked suspicious, and the IRD stated that the company "already looks queer to anyone who might wish to investigate why such an inactive and unprofitable company continues to run."<ref name="BBC13012020">{{cite news|last=Rosenbaum|first=Martin|date=13 January 2020|title=How the UK secretly funded a Middle East news agency|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-50637200|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114084803/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-50637200|archive-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> Instead, the [[BBC]] was used to fund the project by paying for enhanced subscriptions to the news organisation for which the Treasury would reimburse the BBC at a later date. The IRD acknowledged that this agreement would not give them editorial control over Reuters, although the IRD believed it would give them political influence over Reuters' work, stating "this influence would flow, at the top level, from Reuters' willingness to consult and to listen to views expressed on the results of its work."<ref name="BBC13012020" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Faulconbridge|first=Guy |date=13 January 2020|title=Britain secretly funded Reuters in 1960s and 1970s - documents |publisher=Reuters |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-media/britain-secretly-funded-reuters-in-1960s-and-1970s-documents-idUKKBN1ZC20F|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114124853/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-media/britain-secretly-funded-reuters-in-1960s-and-1970s-documents-idUKKBN1ZC20F|archive-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>

===Partnership with TASS===
On 1 June 2020, Reuters announced that Russian news agency [[TASS]] had joined its "Reuters Connect" programme, comprising a then-total of 18 partner agencies. Reuters president Michael Friedenberg said he was "delighted that TASS and Reuters are building upon our valued partnership."<ref name="reuters-tass-2020">{{cite web |title=TASS News Agency joins Reuters Connect |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rpb-tass-connect/tass-news-agency-joins-reuters-connect-idUSKBN2381UQ |publisher=Reuters |access-date=21 March 2022 |date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Two years later, TASS's membership in Reuters Connect came under scrutiny in the wake of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]; ''[[Politico]]'' reported that Reuters staff members were "frustrated and embarrassed" that their agency had not suspended its partnership with TASS.<ref name="politico-22">{{cite web |last1=Tani |first1=Max |title=Reuters staff raise alarms over partnership with Russian-owned wire service |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/20/reuters-staff-partnership-russian-wire-service-00018779 |work=Politico |access-date=21 March 2022 |date=20 March 2022}}</ref>

On 23 March 2022, Reuters removed TASS from its "content marketplace." Matthew Keen, interim CEO of Reuters said "we believe making TASS content available on Reuters Connect is not aligned with the Thomson Reuters Trust Principles."<ref name="Reuters removed TASS">{{cite web |title=Reuters removed TASS from its content marketplace |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/reuters-removes-tass-russian-news-agency-its-content-marketplace-2022-03-23/ |publisher=Reuters |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>

=== Fossil fuel advertising ===
An investigation by ''[[The Intercept]]'', ''[[The Nation]]'', and [[DeSmog]] found that Reuters is one of the leading media outlets that publishes advertising for the [[fossil fuel]] industry.<ref name=intercept20231205>{{cite news|date=December 5, 2023|first1=Amy|last1=Westervelt|first2=Matthew|last2=Green|url=https://theintercept.com/2023/12/05/fossil-fuel-industry-media-company-advertising/|title=Leading News Outlets Are Doing the Fossil Fuel Industry's Greenwashing|publisher=The Intercept|access-date=September 1, 2024}}</ref> Journalists who cover [[climate change]] for Reuters are concerned that [[conflicts of interest]] with the companies and industries that [[Causes of climate change|caused climate change]] and [[climate change denial|obstructed action]] will reduce the credibility of their reporting on climate change and cause readers to downplay the [[climate crisis]].<ref name=intercept20231205 />

=== Allegations of journalism in India without authorization ===
In December 2023, the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs revoked the [[Overseas Citizenship of India]] (OCI) status of a Reuters cybersecurity journalist Raphael Satter, alleging unauthorized journalistic activities in India. The ministry claimed the journalist violated regulations requiring OCI cardholders to obtain prior approval for such work. According to The Sunday Guardian, in a related incident, Satter faced legal scrutiny in Goa, India where the journalist allegedly engaging in journalistic activities without permission, contacted individuals in India for interviews during visits, despite claiming the trips were for personal purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/top-five/u-s-journalists-oci-was-cancelled-for-violating-rules |title=U.S. journalist's OCI was cancelled for violating rules|first=Abhinandan |last=Mishra|website=The Sunday Guardian |access-date=2025-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322201833/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/top-five/u-s-journalists-oci-was-cancelled-for-violating-rules |archive-date=2025-03-22}}</ref> Reuters supported the journalist's denial of conducting journalism in India, and a legal petition was filed in the [[Delhi High Court]] to challenge the OCI cancellation, with a hearing scheduled for May 22, 2025, though specific charges were not detailed. Reuters contested the allegations, asserting the journalist's activities were personal although The Indian government maintained that the journalist violated regulations requiring OCI cardholders to obtain prior approval for journalistic work.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/13/us-journalist-sues-indian-government-after-losing-his-overseas-citizenship| title=US journalist sues Indian government after losing his overseas citizenship|first=Hannah |last=Ellis-Petersen|newspaper=The Guardian| date= 2025-03-13| access-date=2025-08-18}}</ref>

=== Valerie Zink resignation ===
In August 2025, Valerie Zink, a photo journalist who had been working with Reuters for 8 years, announced her resignation from the agency after accusing it of perpetuating Israel's claims over its [[Gaza war|war in Gaza]], at the expense of other journalists including its own reporters. She further accused Reuters of publishing Israel's claims that [[Anas Al-Sharif]] (a journalist working in Gaza) was a Hamas operative. She also stated that five more journalists, including Reuters cameraman Hossam Al-Masri, were among 20 people killed in an attack on Nasser hospital in the [[Gaza Strip|Gaza Strip]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Why I can no longer work with Reuters |url=https://nbmediacoop.org/2025/08/26/why-i-can-no-longer-work-with-reuters/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=NB Media Co-op |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Journalism|United Kingdom
}}
* [[List of news agencies]]
* [[Media of the United Kingdom]]

===Related to Reuters===
* [[Reuters Instrument Code]]
* [[Reuters Insider]]
* [[Reuters Market Data System]]
* [[Reuters Market Light]]
* [[Reuters 3000 Xtra]]
* [[Reuters TV]]

===Related to Thomson Reuters===
* [[Thomson Reuters Business Classification]]
* [[Thomson Reuters Citation Laureates]]
* [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]
* [[Thomson Reuters Indices]]
* [[Thomson Reuters/Jefferies CRB Index]]
* [[Thomson Reuters league tables]]
* [[Thomson Reuters Messenger]]
* [[Thomson Reuters Realized Volatility Index]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Read, Donald (1992). ''The Power of News: The History of Reuters 1849–1989''. Oxford, [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-19-821776-5}}.
* Mooney, Brian; Simpson, Barry (2003). ''Breaking News: How the Wheels Came off at Reuters''. Capstone. {{ISBN|1-84112-545-8}}.
* {{cite book |last = Fenby |first = Jonathan |title = The International News Services |date = 12 February 1986 |publisher=Schocken Books |isbn=0-8052-3995-2 |page=275 |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalnew00fenb/page/275 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last = Schwarzlose |first = Richard |title = Nation's Newsbrokers Volume 1: The Formative Years: From Pretelegraph to 1865 |date = 1 January 1989 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=0-8101-0818-6 |page=370 }}
* {{cite book |last = Schwarzlose |first = Richard |title = Nation's Newsbrokers Volume 2: The Rush to Institution: From 1865 to 1920 |date = 1 February 1990 |publisher = Northwestern University Press |isbn=0-8101-0819-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nationsnewsbroke00schw/page/366 366] |url = https://archive.org/details/nationsnewsbroke00schw/page/366 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last = Schwarzlose |first = Richard |title = The American Wire Services |date=June 1979 |publisher = Ayer Co. Pub. |isbn=0-405-11774-4 |page=453 }}
* Silberstein-Loeb, Jonathan (2014). ''The International Distribution of News: The Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947''.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100605053548/http://www.webpronews.com/blogtalk/2007/06/18/reuters-on-blogtronix Reuters Interactive launches on BTX Enterprise as Reuters Interactive community site]
* Editorials on Reuters' use of 'terrorist': [https://web.archive.org/web/20051109143213/http://opinionjournal.com/best/?id=95001205#reuter ''The Wall Street Journal''{{'}}s James Taranto], [https://archive.today/20020222070239/http://www.cbc.ca/news/indepth/words/terrorists.html Norman Solomon, Institute for Public Accuracy/U.S. columnist]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070517210424/http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110007660 Criticism of references to the Holocaust] from ''[[OpinionJournal.com]]'', 9 December 2005
* [http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100301155535/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A54924-2002Sep8?language=printer Reuters photo caption of New York City's World Trade Center site after 11 September causes controversy] from ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 8 September 2002
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070513223131/http://www.pdnonline.com/pdn/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003534746 "Reuters Investigation Leads To Dismissal Of Editor"] from ''[[Photo District News]]'', 18 January 2007

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Reuters}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090925065705/http://widerimage.reuters.com/timesofcrisis/ Times of Crisis] – multimedia interactive charting the year of global change
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180624141234/http://iraq.reuters.com/ Bearing Witness] award-winning multimedia reflecting on war in Iraq
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090214194348/http://stateoftheworld.reuters.com/ Reuters – The State of the World] – News imagery of the 21st century
* [http://foundation.reuters.com Thomson Reuters Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120014728/http://www.foundation.reuters.com/ |date=20 November 2010 }} – philanthropic foundation
* {{cite Americana |wstitle = Reuter Agency |year = 1920 |short = x }}

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LBS Centre for Science and Technology

2026-03-21T00:12:13Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding a data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
The '''LBS Centre for Science and Technology (LBSCS&T)''' is an autonomous body established in 1976 by the [[Government of Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://lbscentre.kerala.gov.in/offices |website=LBS Centre for Science and Technology |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> The Centre facilitates communication between educational institutions and the government. Another objective in setting up the centre was establishing and running institutions of technical education in Kerala. The head offices of the centre are at Nandavanam, [[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram]]. Currently the centre has five regional units located at [[Kollam]], [[Kalamassery]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kozhikode]] and [[Kannur]].

==Institutions maintained by LBSCS&T==

The centre maintains the following institutions:<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Units |url=http://lbscentre.kerala.gov.in/offices |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref>

* Centre for Disability Studies, Poojappura, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
* LBS Model Degree College, [[Parappanangadi]], [[Malappuram]]
* L B S Institute of Technology for Women, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://lbscentre.kerala.gov.in/home LBS Centre for Science and Technoklogy]

[[Category:Research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]

Jai (2025 film)

2026-03-20T23:45:09Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding post

{{short description|Indian Kannada-Tulu language political drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jai
| image = Jai (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Roopesh Shetty]]
| writer = Venu Hasrali Roopesh Shetty
| screenplay = Roopesh Shetty Venu Hasralli
| story = Prasanna Shetty Bailuru
| producer = {{ubl|Shoolin Films|Manjunath Atthavar| Mugrody Productions}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Roopesh Shetty]]|[[Raj Deepak Shetty]]|Adhvithi Shetty|[[Suniel Shetty]]}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vinuth K Suvarna
| editing = Rahul Vasishta
| music = Loy Valentine Saldanha
| studio = {{ubl|RS Cinemas|Shoolin Films|Mugrody Productions}}
| distributor = KVN Productions
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|14|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada Tulu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jai''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-[[Tulu language]] [[political drama]] film directed and co-written by [[Roopesh Shetty]] alongwith Venu Hasralli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Nov/11/roopesh-shetty-i-want-to-show-that-tulu-films-can-resonate-worldwide|title=Roopesh Shetty: I want to show that Tulu films can resonate worldwide|work=Cinema Express|date=11 November 2025}}</ref> The film produced by RS Cinemas, Mugrody Productions, and Shoolin Films; stars Roopesh Shetty, [[Raj Deepak Shetty]], Adhvithi Shetty, [[Aravind Bolar]], [[Devadas Kapikad]], and [[Naveen D Padil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/jai/movieshow/125198566.cms|title=Jai Movie - Times of India
|work=The Times of India|date=16 November 2025}}</ref> [[Suniel Shetty]] makes a cameo in his Tulu cinema debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/suniel-shetty-set-to-make-his-tulu-debut-with-roopesh-shettys-next/articleshow/117170303.cms|title=Suniel Shetty set to make his Tulu debut with Roopesh Shetty's next|work=The Times of India|date=13 January 2025}}</ref> On 14 November 2025, it was released in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulu film ‘Jai’ directed by Roopesh Shetty released across coastal Karnataka |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1297990 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulu film 'Jai' directed by Roopesh Shetty to hit screens on Nov 14 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1285949 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Satya (Roopesh Shetty), a sharp and loyal young man working for local MLA Vishwanath (Raj Deepak Shetty), lives in Simhabettu village in [[Coastal Karnataka]]. Initially indifferent to the village's longstanding issues, including the lack of a bridge and medical facilities, Satya is prompted into action when these problems affect his family. He begins advocating for the welfare of his community, navigating political manipulation and social challenges. The story incorporates elements of humor and a romantic subplot with Shravya (Adhvithi Shetty), while Suniel Shetty delivers a message on accountability and the importance of voting rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Sep/04/roopesh-shetty-having-sunil-shetty-be-part-of-jai-is-a-blessing|title=Roopesh Shetty: Having Sunil Shetty be part of Jai is a blessing|work=Cinema Express|date=4 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-13 |title=Suniel Shetty set to make his Tulu debut with Roopesh Shetty’s next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/suniel-shetty-set-to-make-his-tulu-debut-with-roopesh-shettys-next/articleshow/117170303.cms |access-date=2025-12-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Roopesh Shetty]] as Satya
* [[Raj Deepak Shetty]] as MLA Vishwanath
* Adhvithi Shetty as Shravya
* [[Devadas Kapikad]]
* [[Naveen D Padil]]
* [[Aravind Bolar]]
* Bhojaraj Vamanjoor
* Umesh Mijar
* Sandeep Shetty Manibettu
* Prasanna Shetty Bailur
* Manoj Chethan Dsouza
* [[Suniel Shetty]]: Himself, a Cameo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Suniel Shetty reveals the reason for not charging fees for his Tulu film Jai |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/suniel-shetty-reveals-the-reason-for-not-charging-fees-for-his-tulu-film-jai-23585039 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
The film was conceptualized by Roopesh Shetty and co-written with Venu Hasrali, blending comedy with regional pride and socio-political themes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Star Suniel Shetty expresses pride in acting in Tulu film Jai |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Bollywood-Star-Suniel-Shetty-expresses-pride-in-acting-in-Tulu-film-Jai.html |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Rajath |date=2025-01-19 |title=Action icon Sunil Shetty makes a return to Tulu roots with ‘Jai’ |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/bengaluru/action-icon-sunil-shetty-makes-a-return-to-tulu-roots-with-jai-938117 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] took place in [[Mangaluru]] and nearby villages, capturing authentic landscapes, with Vinuth K as cinematographer and Deekshith Alva as editor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The second schedule of the shooting of the movie Jai Tulu, starring and directed by Rock Star Roopesh Shetty, has been completed. |url=https://www.bellevision.com/index.php?action=topnews&type=26890 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.bellevision.com}}</ref> In December 2024, the second phase of shooting was completed at various locations around Mangaluru including Kuthar, Dambel, Marakada, Shoolin Palace Maravoor, [[Bondel]], [[Panambur]], and [[Baikampady]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second phase of shooting for Tulu film ‘Jai’ directed by Rupesh Shetty concludes |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1259230 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Artist
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Label
!Length
!class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|Love You
|Rajath Hegde
|Rowspan=3|Loy Valentine Saldanha
|Rowspan=3|Rajeeth Kadri
|Rowspan=3|[[Anand Audio]]
|3:17
|Rowspan=3|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-12 |title=Tulu film ‘Jai Tulunad’ out by September-end |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/tulu-film-jai-tulunad-out-by-septemberend/article7533277.ece |access-date=2025-12-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|Jai Anthem
|[[Anthony Daasan]], Sherwin Maben
|3:15
|-
|Jai Theme
|Promotional song
|3:47
|}

==Release==
The film set a record for a Tulu film with 1,020 shows on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roopesh Shetty’s ‘Jai’ registers strong 25-day run, Mumbai premiere announced |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1300380 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> In additional, it was released in [[Mumbai]], [[Goa]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]] and [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roopesh Shetty’s Tulu film 'Jai' to premiere in Bahrain on Oct 31 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1291756 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[The Times of India]] rated 3/5 and states that "The film blends a familiar yet engaging tale of grassroots politics, while underscoring the importance of choosing responsible leadership".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Movie Review: a familiar yet engaging tale of grassroots politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/kannada/a-familiar-yet-engaging-tale-of-grassroots-politics/movie-review/125360539.cms |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[The New Indian Express]] states that "This political film bridges messaging and entertainment".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-11-17 |title=Jai Movie Review: This political film bridges messaging and entertainment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Nov/17/kannadareview2025nov16jai-movie-review-this-political-film-bridges-messaging-and-entertainment |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Bangalore Mirror]] states that "The movie is worth a watch for all, especially for Roopesh’s fans".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kannada Movie Review–Jai: When politics, land mafia and vengeance collide |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewjai-when-politics-land-mafia-and-vengeance-collide/articleshow/125332231.cms |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref> [[Asianet Suvarna News]] states that "The film is a story of saving a town against a funny backdrop".<ref>{{Cite web|title=ಸುನೀಲ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಅಭಿನಯದ 'ಜೈ' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ತಮಾಷೆಯ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಊರು ಉಳಿಸುವ ಕಥನ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/cine-world/roopesh-shetty-suniel-shettys-jai-kannada-movie-review-gvd/articleshow-ep4g8fn |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Asianet Suvarna News |language=kn}}</ref>

==Box office==
Within five days, the film's Kannada and Tulu versions amassed ₹5 crore in box office collections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupesh Shetty’s "Jai" movie records record performance, collects over Rs. 3 crore |url=https://www.bellevision.com/index.php?action=topnews&type=27985 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.bellevision.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulu film ‘Jai’ records strong opening of over Rs 3 crore in five days |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1298822 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> It generated revenue from platform rights and maintained steady viewership over the weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=6th week in theaters: Tulu film ‘Jai’ sees surge in viewership |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1301679 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulu film ‘Jai’ draws packed houses, remains strong in second week |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1299212 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35683342}}
* [https://moneywood.in/movie/mw-2503/ Jai (2025) Box Office Collection]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jai}}
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Tulu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]

Aden

2026-03-18T19:18:04Z

Stoutsanitaryware: updated page

{{short description|Temporary capital of Yemen}}
{{about|the port city in Yemen|the governorate|Aden Governorate|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Aden
| native_name = {{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|عَدَنْ}}}} 
| settlement_type = [[Temporary capital]] and [[List of cities in Yemen|city]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280px
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| border = infobox
| caption_align = center
| image1 = MallaDistrict.jpg
| caption1 = [[Mualla|Mualla District]]
| image2 = Port_of Aden.jpg
| caption2 = [[Port of Aden]]
| image3 = QueenVictoriaStatue.jpg
| caption3 = Queen Victoria Statue
| image4 = Aden Crater.jpg
| caption4 = [[Crater (Aden)|Crater]]
| image5 = AbyanBeach.jpg
| caption5 = [[Khor Maksar]]
}}
| imagesize = 280px
| motto =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Yemen
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Yemen
| coordinates = {{coord|12|48|N|45|02|E|region:YE|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Yemen]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of cities in Yemen|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aden Governorate]]
| established_title = First settled<ref>{{cite EBO |short=yes |date=23 January 2026|title=Aden|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aden}}</ref>
| established_title1 = [[Aden Expedition|British occupation]]

| established_date = 7th century BC
| established_date1 = {{Start date and age|19 January 1839}}
| established_title5 = [[State of Aden|State of Aden within the FSA]]
| established_date5 = {{Start date and age|18 January 1963}}
| established_title6 = [[Aden Emergency|Independence]]
| established_date6 = {{Start date and age|30 November 1967}}
| leader_title = Governor
| leader_name = [[Abdulrahman Al-Yafei]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Presidential Leadership Council Dismisses Aden Governor and Appoints Abdulrahman Al-Yafei as His Successor | url=https://www.yemenmonitor.com/en/Details/ArtMID/908/ArticleID/160833 }}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Governing body
| leader_name1 = Aden Local Council
| area_total_km2 = 760
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total = 863000 {{increase}}
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |author=Central Statistical Organisation |title=Yemen Statistical Yearbook for 2017 |url=http://www.cso-yemen.com/content.php?lng=english&id=690 |url-status=usurped |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120130028/http://www.cso-yemen.com/content.php?lng=english&id=690 |archive-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 1135.52
| area_code = 02
| leader_title2 = Aden Police Director
| leader_name2 = Maj Gen Mutahar Al-Shuaibi
| timezone = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset = +3
| name =
| image_map =
| population_demonym = Adeni/Adenies
| native_name_lang = ar
| demographics_type1 = Ethnicities
| demographics1_title1 = Majority
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name=population/>
| population_est = 1194160 {{increase}}
| pop_est_as_of = 2026
| demographics2_footnotes =
| demographics2_info1 = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic MSA]] ([[Education in Yemen|Education]] and [[Cabinet of Yemen|Government]])
| demographics1_title2 = Minorities
| demographics1_title3 =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Arabs]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Afro-Arabs]], [[Indians in Yemen|Indians]], [[Pakistanis in Yemen|Pakistanis]], [[Somalis in Yemen|Somalis]]
| demographics2_title2 = Spoken
| demographics2_info2 = [[Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic|Adeni Arabic]] (majority) 
[[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-08-03 |title=What Languages Are Spoken in Yemen? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-yemen.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530010238/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-yemen.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>An Investigation about the Importance of Speaking English as a Second Research Paper." Retrieved from https://studentshare.org/social-science/1732558-an-investigation-about-the-importance-of-speaking-english-as-a-second-language-in-the-republic-of-yemen {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530032821/https://studentshare.org/social-science/1732558-an-investigation-about-the-importance-of-speaking-english-as-a-second-language-in-the-republic-of-yemen |date=30 May 2023}}.</ref> (widely used) 
[[Hindi]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Charlene |title=From Aden to Trafalgar: Arabic leaves its mark on world's languages |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/aden-trafalgar-arabic-leaves-its-mark-worlds-languages |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Middle East Eye |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529072240/https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/aden-trafalgar-arabic-leaves-its-mark-worlds-languages |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Somali language|Somali]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-05-24 |title=Yemen: Two Young Somalis Become Role Models In Their Community – Somalia {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/yemen-two-young-somalis-become-role-models-their-community |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=reliefweb.int |archive-date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908065554/https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/yemen-two-young-somalis-become-role-models-their-community |url-status=live}}</ref> (minorities)
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = [[Aden Region]]
}}
{{Quote box
| title = Historical affiliations
| quote = {{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Kingdom of Awsan]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Himyarite Kingdom]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Kingdom of Aksum]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Sasanian Yemen]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[First Islamic state]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Rashidun Caliphate]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Umayyad Caliphate]] 
{{flagicon image|Abbasid banner.svg}} [[Abbasid Caliphate]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Ziyadid dynasty]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Najahid dynasty]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Sulayhid dynasty]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Zurayid dynasty]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg}} [[Ayyubid dynasty]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Rasulid_Dynasty.png}} [[Rasulid dynasty]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag placeholder.svg}} [[Tahirid Sultanate]] 
{{flagicon image|Mameluke Flag.svg}} [[Mamluk Sultanate]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag of Portugal (1521).svg}} [[Portuguese Aden]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag of Ottoman Empire (1517-1793).svg}} [[Yemen Eyalet]] 
{{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Qasimid State]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg}} [[Yemen Vilayet]] 
{{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Qasimid State]] 
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Lahej.svg}} [[Sultanate of Lahej]] 1728–1839 
{{flagicon|British Raj}} [[Aden Province]] 1839–1937 
{{flagicon image|Flag of Aden (1937–1963).svg}} [[Aden Colony]] 1937–1963 
{{flagicon|British Empire}} [[Aden protectorate]] 1937–1963 
{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Aden 1963–1967.svg}}
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Federation_of_South_Arabia.svg}}
[[State of Aden]] within the [[Federation of South Arabia|FSA]] 1963–1967 
{{flagicon|South Yemen}} [[South Yemen]] 1967–1990 
{{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen|Republic of Yemen]] 1990–1994 
{{flagicon|South Yemen}} [[Democratic Republic of Yemen]] 1994 
{{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen|Republic of Yemen]] 1994–present

| align = right
| width = 22.89em
| fontsize = 90%
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
}}
[[File:Port of Aden, Yemen from ISS.jpg|thumb|215x215px|Port of Aden from the [[ISS]], 2016]]

'''Aden''' ({{IPAc-en|'|ei|d|@n}}; {{langx|ar|{{script|Arab|عَدَنْ}}|translit=ʿAdan|engvar=gb}}; {{IPA|ar|ʕa.dan|IPA}}) is an ancient port city in the southern part of the Arabian peninsula, on the north coast of the [[Gulf of Aden]], positioned near the eastern approach to the [[Red Sea]], and has been the ''[[de facto]]'' capital of [[Yemen]] since 2014. It is approximately 170 km (110 mi) east of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] strait. With its strategic location on the coastline, Aden serves as a gateway between the Red Sea and the [[Arabian Sea]], making it a crucial maritime hub connecting Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.

In 2026 Aden had a population estimated at 1,194,160, making it one of the largest cities in Yemen.<ref name=population>{{cite web |title=Aden Population|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/aden-population |access-date=2026-02-12 |publisher=World Population Review|archive-date=3 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203073800/https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/yemen/aden|url-status=live}} Updated as required.</ref> It is the capital and principal part of [[Aden Governorate]], encompassing eight districts. During the colonial period, the name ''Aden'' referred to the area along the north coast of the gulf, encompassing [[Tawahi (Aden)|Tawahi]], [[Mualla]], [[Crater (Aden)|Crater]], and much of [[Khor Maksar]] district. The western harbour peninsula, known as ''Little Aden'', now falls within the [[Al Buraiqeh district|Al Buraiqeh]] district.
[[File:ADEN_&_LITTLE_ADEN-01.png|thumb|215x215px|Map showing Aden and Little Aden within the modern-day Governorate of Aden]]

The city and surrounding area were under British administration from 1839 until independence in 1967. Before gaining independence, Aden comprised distinct sectors: Crater, the original port; Ma'alla, the modern port; Tawahi, formerly "Steamer Point"; and Gold Mohur resorts. Khormaksar, on the [[isthmus]] connecting Aden to the mainland, hosts diplomatic missions, [[University of Aden|Aden University]]'s main offices, and [[Aden International Airport]]. On the mainland, sectors include Sheikh Othman, an old oasis area; Al-Mansura, a British-planned town; and Madinat ash-Sha'b (formerly Madinat al-Ittihad), the former capital of the [[Federation of South Arabia|South Arabian Federation]], now the location of a large power/[[desalination]] facility and additional Aden University faculties.

Aden encloses the eastern side of a vast natural harbour that constitutes the modern port. Little Aden was developed as the site of the [[oil refinery]] and tanker port. Both were established and operated by [[BP|British Petroleum]] until they were turned over to [[South Yemen]]i government ownership and control in 1978.

Aden used to be the capital of [[South Yemen]] until its [[Yemeni unification|union]] with [[Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen]] on 22 May 1990. It has been the temporary capital of Yemen since the start of the [[Yemeni civil war (2014–present)|Yemeni civil war]], hosting some members of the [[Cabinet of Yemen]] mainly in [[al-Maashiq Palace]]. It was also the seat of the secessionist [[Southern Transitional Council]] from 2018 to 2026.<ref>{{cite news |date=2019-08-10 |title=Yemen conflict: Southern separatists seize control of Aden |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49308199 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2024-02-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Aden is a home and a place for ships, and in Arabic the word "Aden" means residence, and it is said "Aden Al-Balad", meaning the settlement of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117042727/http://www.almaany.com/home.php?language=arabic|url-status=dead|title=تعريف و شرح و معنى عدن بالعربي في معاجم اللغة العربية معجم المعاني الجامع، المعجم الوسيط ،اللغة العربية المعاصر ،الرائد ،لسان العرب ،القاموس المحيط – معجم عربي عربي صفحة 1|archive-date=17 January 2015|website=www.almaany.com}}</ref> Among the sayings of geographers about the city:

[[Yaqut al-Hamawi|Yaqut al-Hamwi]] said:<ref>معجم البلدان ج 4 – ص 89</ref> "It is a famous city on the coast of the Indian Sea, towards the Yemen, and it is poor, with no water or pasture. They drink from a spring between it and Aden, about a distance of about today, and despite that, it is bad, except that this place is the port for Indian ships, and merchants gather there for that reason, as it is a town of trade." And it is added to [[Abyan Governorate|Abyan]], which is the opposite of Aden in its entirety.

[[Ibn Manzur]] said:<ref>''لسان العرب '' ج10 ص 65</ref> "It is a country on the edge of the sea in the furthest part of Yemen."

[[Ibn Khaldun]] said:<ref>تاريخ ابن خلدون ج 4 ص 218</ref> "This Aden is one of the most fortified cities in Yemen, and it is on the bank of the Indian Sea. It is still a country of trade from the time of the Trabaids, and most of them were built with stones, which is why silk merchants visit it often."

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Aden|History of Yemen}}

===Antiquity===
Aden is an ancient port and was mentioned by the Greeks under the name ({{langx|grc|Αραβία Εμπόριον|translit=Arabia Emporion|engvar=gb}}), which means an Arabic trade port.<ref>'' Contributions to the Semitic religious history: the God of Israel and the gods of the Gentiles'' Friedrich Baethgen p.88</ref> The port's convenient position on the sea route between India and Europe has made Aden desirable to rulers who sought to possess it at various times throughout history. Known as [[Eudaemon]] ({{langx|grc|Ευδαίμων}}, meaning "blissful, prosperous") in the 1st century BC, it was a transshipping point for the Red Sea trade, but fell on hard times when new shipping practices by-passed it and made the daring direct crossing to India in the 1st century AD, according to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]''. The same work describes Aden as "a village by the shore", which would well describe the town of Crater while it was still little developed. There is no mention of fortification at this stage. Aden was more an island than a peninsula, as the [[isthmus]] (a [[tombolo]]) was not then so developed as it is today. Aden was explicitly mentioned by this name in the [[Book of Ezekiel]], which talks about Jerusalem, and it says:<ref>{{Cite book|last=London |first=Jack |editor-first=John |editor-last=Sutherland |chapter=Chapter 27|date=2009-05-28 |title=The Sea-Wolf |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199554942.003.0028|publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/owc/9780199554942.003.0028 |isbn=978-0-19-955494-2|url-access=subscription}}</ref><blockquote>"The merchants of [[Sheba]] and Raamah are your merchants. They set up your markets with the finest perfumes and every precious stone and gold. Harran, Qena, and Aden are the merchants of Sheba, and Assyria and Kilmud are your merchants."</blockquote>At its beginning, the city was a small peninsula with no significant natural resources, but its location between Egypt and India made it important in the ancient Indian Ocean trade route. The city was the home of the ancient Kingdom of Awsan from the eighth to seventh centuries BC.<ref name="Gentiles' p.89">'' The Semitic religious history: the God of Israel and the gods of the Gentiles'' Friedrich Baethgen p.89</ref> In the beginning of the seventh century BC, [[Karib'il Watar|Karibʾil Watar I]], king of the Kingdom of Sheba, launched a campaign against Awsan during which, according to the Sabaean texts, sixteen thousand people were killed, forty thousand people were enslaved, and the kings of [[Kingdom of Awsan|Awsan]] made offerings to the god [[Almaqah]],<ref name=" Daniel McLaughlin p.1752">Daniel McLaughlin,'' Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide'' p.175</ref> according to the inscription that Karibʾil Watar I left in [[Sirwah]], commemorating his victory.<ref name="Conti Rossini 1931 p.55">Conti Rossini, Carlo, ''Chrestomathia Arabica meridionalis epigraphica edita et glossario instructa'' (1931) Pubblicazioni dell'Instituto per l'Oriente p.55 (4th line)</ref>

In the second half of the first century BC, the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar determined to control Arabia Felix and reach the Indian Ocean. Aelius Gallus' Roman expedition to Arabia Felix (26–25 BCE) aimed to capture the Sabaean capital of Marib but failed due to extreme desert conditions, disease, and logistical challenges. After an unsuccessful week-long siege, the army, weakened by illness and dehydration, withdrew, losing most of its ~10,000 troops to environmental factors and disease"<ref>Bafaqīh, M. ‛A., ''L'unification du Yémen antique. La lutte entre Saba', Himyar et le Hadramawt de Ier au IIIe siècle de l'ère chrétienne''. Paris, 1990 (Bibliothèque de Raydan, 1), p.34</ref> The Himyarites overthrew the Kingdom of Sheba in 275 AD and took control of Aden.<ref name="Volume 1 p.252">South Arabia as an economic region, Volume 1, in: Volume 7 of philosophical writings of the faculty of the German University in Prague, Rohrer, 1930, p.25</ref> Recent incomplete archaeological studies suggest that the Himyarites were the ones who built the huge water cisterns currently known as the "Cisterns of Aden", which stored approximately 136,382,757 litres of water.<ref name="T. Norris, F. W 1955">Norris, H.T.; Penhey, F.W. ''An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the Aden Tanks'', Government Press (1955) ASIN: B0007JLQLQ</ref><ref name="Sir Robert Lambert Playfair p.7">Sir Robert Lambert Playfair, ''History of Arabia Feilx or yemen'' p.7</ref>

The Himyarite Kingdom fell in the first quarter of the sixth century AD. Yusuf Dhu Nuwas mentioned Bab al-Mandab in one of his writings. The forces of the Kingdom of Aksum were entering Yemen through it. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Emperor [[Justinian I]] sent a fleet to fight the Himyarite Jews and support the Kingdom of Aksum and the Christians of Najran. The fleet entered through Aden. Byzantine sources indicate that the [[Sasanian Empire]] took control of the city in 571 AD.<ref name="Richard Frye p.325">Richard Frye, The History of Ancient Iran p.325</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity edited by Scott Fitzgerald Johnson p.298</ref>

A local legend in Yemen states that Aden may be as old as human history itself. Some also believe that [[Cain and Abel]] are buried somewhere in the city.<ref>Modern Middle East Nations and Their Strategic Place in the World: Yemen, 2004, by Hal Markovitz. {{ISBN|1-59084-521-8}}</ref>

===Medieval history===
Although the pre-Islamic [[Himyar]] civilisation was capable of building large structures, there seems to have been little fortification at this stage. Fortifications at Mareb and other places in Yemen and the [[Hadhramaut]] make it clear that both the Himyar and the [[Sabaeans|Sabean]] cultures were well capable of it. Thus, watchtowers, since destroyed, are possible. However, the Arab historians [[Ibn al-Mujawir|Ibn al Mujawir]] and Abu Makhramah attribute the first fortification of Aden to Beni Zuree'a. Abu Makhramah has also included a detailed biography of Muhammad Azim Sultan Qamarbandi Naqsh in his work, Tarikh ul-Yemen. The aim seems to have been twofold: to keep hostile forces out and to maintain revenue by controlling the movement of goods, thereby preventing smuggling. In its original form, some of this work was relatively feeble.

With the introduction of Islam to Yemen in the seventh century AD, Aden experienced a period of stagnation that lasted until the ninth century AD.<ref name="Daniel McLaughlin p.1752"/> In the early years of Islam, Aden belonged to the province of Jund (Taiz).<ref name="Early Islam p.182">The Yemen in Early Islam (9-233/630-847): A Political History p.182</ref> It was controlled by the state of [[Ziyadid dynasty|Ziyadid]] and the [[Sulayhid dynasty|Sulayhid]]. After the death of [[Ali al-Sulayhi|Ali bin Muhammad Al-Sulayhi]], his son took charge of [[Zurayids]], and Aden continued to pay the annual royalty until [[Arwa al-Sulayhi|Queen Arwa bint Ahmed Al-Sulayhi]] reduced it.<ref>Kay, H.C. ''Yaman: Its early medieval history'', London: 1892, pp. 66–67</ref> After the fall of the Sulayhid state, the Banu Zurayi became independent in Aden, taking advantage of the Sulayhids' preoccupation with the [[Khawlan]] tribes.<ref name="عمارة بن علي تاريخ اليمن ص 174">عمارة بن علي تاريخ اليمن ص 174</ref> The Zurayites continued to rule Aden, Lahj, and Abyan for less than forty years until they fell under the Ayyubids' control of the city.<ref>السروري مظاهر الحياة والحضارة في اليمن ص 233</ref> A major battle took place between [[Turan-Shah|Turan Shah bin Ayyub]] and Yasser bin Bilal al-Muhammadi, Minister of State, and the Zurayiyyah were defeated and al-Muhammadi fled to Taiz.<ref>ابن الدبيع ''قرة العيون في اخبار اليمن الميمون'' ص 319</ref> One of the most important contributors to the defeat of the Zurayids was their ongoing wars with the Bani Mahdi in [[Tihamah|Tihama]] and the departure of their army to confront the Ayyubids instead of fortifying themselves in Aden.<ref>السروري مظاهر الحياة والحضارة في اليمن ص313</ref>

After 1175, rebuilding in a more solid form began, and ever since then Aden has been a popular city attracting sailors and merchants from [[Egypt]], [[Sindh]], [[Gujarat]], [[East Africa]] and even [[China]]. According to [[Muqaddasi]], Persians formed the majority of Aden's population in the 10th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lawrence G. Potter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |title=The Persian Gulf in History |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780230618459 |page=180 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908065552/https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dr Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUL8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |title=Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136817175 |page=64 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908065552/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUL8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was visited by the medieval scholar [[Ibn Battuta]] in the 14th century, who described Aden's reservoirs, the [[Cisterns of Tawila]], "These reservoirs accumulate rainwater for the sole purpose of drinking for the city's citizens."

During the Ayyubid period in Yemen, [[Sanaa]] and its environs were more hostile to their presence than other regions.<ref>السروري مظاهر الحياة والحضارة في اليمن ص412</ref> The Zaidi tribes were able to defeat the Ayyubids in 1226, but Omar bin Rasul, the founder of the [[Rasulid dynasty|Rasulid state]], was able to repel them, so he tightened his control over Aden. The city regained its position during the days of the Rasulids, so they dug wells and built schools, and Aden flourished commercially.<ref name="Aden p.23">''Aden & the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port'' Roxani Eleni Margariti p.23</ref> The kings of Bani Rasul were also merchants and enacted a number of laws and regulations to codify trade in the city.<ref name="Aden p.24">''Aden & the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port'' Roxani Eleni Margariti p.24</ref>

The Banu Tahir were able to control Aden after the Banu Rasool, and the Italian traveller [[Ludovico di Varthema|Lodovico di Verthama]] describes it as one of the most powerful cities seen on Earth during the days of the [[Tahirids (Yemen)|Tahirids]].<ref name="Egypt, Syria p.59">''The travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopia; A.D. 1503 to 1508'' Lodovico Di Varthema, John Winter Jones, George Percy Badger p.59</ref>

[[File:Assault_on_Aden.jpg|thumb|215x215px|Portuguese [[conquistador]] and viceroy [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] failed twice to [[Siege of Aden (1513)|capture Aden]] in 1513.]]

In 1513, the Portuguese, led by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], launched an unsuccessful four-day naval [[Siege of Aden (1513)|siege of Aden]].<ref name="Broeze2013">{{cite book |author=Broeze |title=Gateways Of Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXgsBgAAQBAJ |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-16895-6 |page=30}}</ref> The Mamluks in Egypt sensed the danger and sent a force led by Hussein al-Kurdi. The victorious King Amer bin Abdul Wahhab provided great aid to the Kurds, but he suffered a heavy defeat in the Battle of Diu. The Mamluks sent a second fleet, but the victorious king refused to cooperate with the Mamluks because he had succeeded in repelling the Portuguese from Aden without their help.<ref name="ReferenceA">Robert W. Stookey,''the politics of the Yemen Arab Republic''Westview Press, 1978 P.129</ref> Hussein al-Kurdi became angry and allied with the Zaidi Imam, who was opposed to the Tahirids, al-Mutawakkil Sharaf al-Din, and the Tahirid cities fell successively, with the exception of Aden.<ref name="Ronald Lewcock p.68">Ronald Lewcock,''Sanaa an Arabian Islamic city'' p.68</ref> The Ottoman Empire took control of the city in 1538. The Ottomans' goal was to prevent the Portuguese from controlling Aden, so the city witnessed difficult days, in addition to the fact that the port of Mocha gained greater importance at the expense of Aden during the sixteenth century.<ref name="Sir Robert Lambert Playfair p.143">Sir Robert Lambert Playfair,''A History of Arabia Felix Or Yemen'' p.143</ref> The city's population declined and it turned into a small village with a population of no more than 600 people.<ref name="al-bab.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/hyweljones98.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050900/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/hyweljones98.htm|url-status=dead|title=''The Crater residence of Captain S B Haines'' Merilyn Hywel-Jones|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> While its population was approximately eighty thousand people during the days of the Rasulid state.<ref name="H Kour, p.14">Z H Kour,''The History of Aden'', p. 14.</ref>

[[File:Hogenberg.Aden.jpg|thumb|944x944px|Aden, with Portuguese fleet (1590)|center]]

In 1421, China's Ming dynasty [[Yongle Emperor]] ordered principal envoy grand eunuch Li Xing and grand eunuch Zhou Man of [[Zheng He]]'s fleet to convey an imperial edict with hats and robes to bestow on the king of Aden. The envoys boarded three treasure ships and [[Treasure voyages|set sail from Sumatra to the port of Aden]]. This event was recorded in the book ''Yingyai Shenglan'' by [[Ma Huan]] who accompanied the imperial envoy.<ref>[[Ma Huan]] Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, 1433, translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, Hakluty Society, London 1970; reprinted by the White Lotus Press 1997. {{ISBN|974-8496-78-3}}</ref>

After [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule, Aden was ruled by the [[Sultanate of Lahej]], under suzerainty of the Zaidi imams of Yemen. The first political intercourse between Lahej and the British took place in 1799, when a naval force was sent from Great Britain, with a detachment of troops from India, to occupy the island of Perim and prevent all communication of the French in Egypt with the Indian Ocean, by way of the Red Sea. The island of Perim was found unsuitable for troops, and the Sultan of Lahej, Ahmed bin Abdul Karim, received the detachment for some time at Aden. He proposed to enter into an alliance and to grant Aden as a permanent station, but the offer was declined. A Treaty was, however, concluded with the Sultan in 1802 by Admiral Sir Home Popham, who was instructed to enter into political and commercial alliances with the chief rulers on the Arabian coast of the Red Sea.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Aitchison |first=G |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49919/page/n1/mode/2up |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads Relating To India And Neighbouring Countries |publisher=Government of India |year=1931 |volume=xi |pages=2–7}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

===Modern history===
[[File:Crater lighthouse.jpg|thumb|Crater lighthouse next to the post office at the beginning of the last century]]
The situation was different in the north of the country, where the [[Zaydism|Zaidis]] did not recognise the authority of the Ottomans and revolted against them many times, the most recent of which was the revolution of [[Imams of Yemen|Imam]] ''Al-Mansur Billah Al-Qasim bin Muhammad bin Al-Qasim'', who and his son ''Al-Mu'ayyad Billah Muhammad'' were able to unite the tribes and expel the Ottomans.<ref>Ronald Lewcock,''San'a' an Arabian Islamic City''Melisende UK Ltd p.74</ref> The imams relied on the revenues from the port of [[Mokha|Mocha]], and Aden was not as important as the Abadlahs were. At the end of the eighteenth century, Sultan ''Fadl al-Abdali'' concluded an alliance with the [[Yafa'a|Yafi]] tribes to rebel against the Zaidi imams and monopolise Aden's revenues equally among them.<ref>John M. Willis,''Unmaking North and South: Spatial Histories of Modern Yemen'' p.86</ref> The Sultan of [[Sultanate of Lahej|Lahej]] got rid of the imams, but he did not fulfil his promise to Yafa. The Zaidi imams did not recognise inheritance and saw fighting for the imamate, so the war between ''Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Ishaq'' and ''Al-Mansur Al-Hussein bin Al-Mutawakkil'' prolonged, so Al-Abdali took the opportunity to declare his independence in Lahej and Aden.<ref name="Harold F. Jacob p.252">Harold F. Jacob,''Kings of Arabia'' p.25</ref> The English had been visiting Aden and Mocha from 1609, led by [[Henry Middleton (captain)|Sir Henry Middleton]], who was imprisoned, his ships confiscated, and eight of his men killed.<ref name="Harold F. Jacob p.252"/>

The British tried to conclude treaties with the Zaidi imams after the Ottomans were expelled from Aden. They visited Sanaa and Mocha, but they treated the British ambassador poorly and rejected his offer. Things were different when the Abdali gained independence from Lahj and Medina. They signed a treaty with the British in 1802, stipulating that they build a factory in Crater and allocate a special cemetery for British subjects free of charge. The Abdali wanted protection from the tribes. Sultan Fadl bin Ali was killed by Yafi' gunmen, then one of the sheikhs of Al-Hujariya invaded Lahj and besieged it for five months. Al-Awaliq also besieged it with eight thousand fighters, and they did not leave until Sultan Ahmed bin Abdul Karim paid them seven thousand dollars.<ref>Sir Robert Lambert Playfair,''A History of Arabia Feilx or Yemen'' p.161</ref> Then the Fadl family attacked Aden in 1836.

==== British administration 1839–1967 ====
{{see also|Aden Colony|State of Aden}}
[[File:Port of Aden 1890's.png|thumb|Port of Aden, 1890|left]]
[[File:Aden postcard.jpg|thumb|Port of Aden (around 1910). Ships lying off Steamer Point at the entrance to the modern inner harbour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Port of Aden inner harbour |url=http://www.portofaden.com/Aden.JPG}}</ref>]]
[[File:Map of Aden (Baedeker 1914).jpg|thumb|Map of Aden peninsula, {{circa}} 1914]]
[[File:Aden. Esplanade Road, Crater, late 1930s.jpg|thumb|Esplanade Road in the late 1940s]]
In 1609 ''The Ascension'' was the first English ship to visit Aden, before sailing on to [[Mocha (port)|Mocha]] during the fourth voyage of the [[East India Company]].<ref>J. K. Laughton, "[[John Jourdain|Jourdain, John]] (c.1572–1619)", rev. H. V. Bowen, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008</ref>

British interests in Aden began in 1796 with [[Napoleon]]'s invasion of Egypt, after which a British fleet docked at Aden for several months at the invitation of the sultan. The French were defeated in Egypt in 1801, and their [[privateers]] were tracked down over the subsequent decade.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} By 1800, Aden was a small village with a population of 600 Arabs, [[Somalis]], Jews, and Indians—housed for the most part in huts of reed matting erected among ruins recalling a vanished era of wealth and prosperity.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} As there was little British trade in the Red Sea, most British politicians until the 1830s had no further interest in the area beyond the suppression of piracy. However, a small number of government officials and the [[East India Company]] officials thought that a British base in the area was necessary to prevent another French advance through Egypt or [[The Great Game|Russian expansion through Persia]]. The emergence of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] as a strong local ruler only increased their concerns. The governor of [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] from 1834 to 1838, [[Sir Robert Grant]], was one of those who believed that India could only be protected by preemptively seizing "places of strength" to protect the Indian Ocean.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

The Red Sea increased in importance after the steamship {{ship|HCS|Hugh Lindsay|1829|2}} sailed from Bombay to the [[Isthmus of Suez|Suez isthmus]] in 1830, stopping at Aden with the sultan's consent to resupply with [[coal]]. Although cargo was still carried around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in sailing ships, a steam route to the Suez could provide a much quicker option for transporting officials and important communications. Grant felt that armed ships steaming regularly between Bombay and Suez would help secure British interests in the region and did all he could to progress his vision. After lengthy negotiations due to the costs of investing in the new technology, the government agreed to pay half the costs for six voyages per year and the East India Company board approved the purchase of two new steamers in 1837. Grant immediately announced that monthly voyages to Suez would take place, despite the fact that no secure coal supplying station had been found.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Christie |first1=Nikki |title=Gaining and Losing an Empire: Britain 1763–1914 |date=2016 |publisher=Pearson |pages=53–55}}</ref> The British first stationed a coal depot on the island of [[Socotra]] in 1834. However, due to the lack of suitable infrastructure there, they quickly lost interest in Socotra and turned towards Aden instead.<ref name=khalili>{{cite book |last=Khalili |first=Laleh |author-link=Laleh Khalili |date=2020 |title=Sinews of War and Trade: Shipping and Capitalism in the Arabian Peninsula |location=London |publisher=[[Verso Books|Verso]] |isbn=9781786634818}}</ref>{{rp|22}}

In 1838, under Muhsin bin Fadl, Lahej ceded {{convert|194|km2|abbr=on}} including Aden to the [[British Empire|British]]. On 19 January 1839, the [[British East India Company]] landed [[Royal Marines]] at Aden to definitively conquer the territory (the so-called [[Aden Expedition]]) and stop attacks by pirates against British shipping to India. In 1850 it was declared a [[free trade]] port, with the liquor, salt, arms, and [[Opium Wars|opium trades]] developing duties as it won all the coffee trade from [[Mokha]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Great Britain Hydrographic Dept|title=The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Pilot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVDNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1|year=1900|edition=5th|publisher=Order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty|page=348}}</ref> The port lies about equidistant from the [[Suez Canal]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], and [[Zanzibar]], which were all important [[British possessions]]. Aden had been an [[entrepôt]] and a way-station for ships in the ancient world. There, supplies, particularly water, were replenished, so, in the mid-19th century, it became necessary to replenish [[coal]] and boiler water. Thus Aden acquired a [[Coaling Station|coaling station]] at Steamer Point and Aden was to remain under British control until November 1967.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

[[File:Aden British Forces Headquarters.jpg|left|thumb|Photograph showing the headquarters of the British Forces in Aden (in Barrack Hill, Steamer Point). The R.A.F. Hospital is seen in the background. Cropped from a postcard published c. 1935.]]

Until 1937, Aden was governed as part of [[British Raj|British India]] and was known as the [[Aden Settlement]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=Robbins |first=Robert R. |date=1939 |title=The Legal Status of Aden Colony and the Aden Protectorate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192881 |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=700–715 |doi=10.2307/2192881 |jstor=2192881 |issn=0002-9300 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Its original territory was enlarged in 1857 by the {{convert|13|km2|abbr=on}} island of [[Perim]], in 1868 by the {{convert|73|km2|abbr=on}} [[Khuriya Muriya Islands]], and in 1915 by the {{convert|108|km2|abbr=on}} island of [[Kamaran]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The settlement would become [[Aden Province]] in 1935.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Bombing of Aden gate march 1963.jpg|thumb|Bab Aden demolition in March 1963, under the pretext of expanding the road]]

In 1937, the settlement was detached from India and became the [[Aden Colony|Colony of Aden]], a British [[Crown colony]]. The change in government was a step towards the change in the official currency unit. When [[British India]] became independent in 1947, Indian [[rupee]]s (divided into [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]]) were replaced in Aden by [[East African shilling]]s. The [[hinterland]] of Aden and [[Hadhramaut]] were also loosely tied to Britain as the [[Aden Protectorate]], which was overseen from Aden.

Aden's location also made it a useful ''[[entrepôt]]'' for [[mail]] passing between places around the [[Indian Ocean]] and Europe. Thus, a ship passing from [[Suez]] to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] could leave mail for [[Mombasa]] at Aden for collection (See ''[[Postage stamps and postal history of Aden]]'').

[[File:Mualla Main Road.JPG|thumb|Mualla Main Road, 1963. Vehicles at the time were right-hand drive and drove on the left, in the British custom, until 1977.]]

In December 1947, [[1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden|a three-day riot]] broke out in reaction to the drafting of the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|Partition Plan for Palestine]]. The riots and their repression by the [[Aden Protectorate Levies]] saw the killing of 76–82 [[Jews]], 33 Arabs, 4 Muslim Indians and 1 Somali, in addition to [[looting]] and damaging of property.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ahroni |first=Reuben |title=Aden Riots (1947) |date=2010-10-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/*-COM_0000750 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World |access-date=2023-03-30 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0000750|url-access=subscription}}</ref> After the [[Suez Crisis]] in 1956, the British held on to Aden as an outpost in the region for another decade. The British authorities had already decided to further expand its port shortly before the [[Suez Canal]]'s 1956 closure.<ref name=khalili/>{{rp|73}}

Aden sent a team of two to the [[1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]] in [[Perth, Western Australia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==== Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency ====
{{main|Federation of South Arabia|Aden Emergency}}

[[File:Aden- 1967 (8193118276).jpg|thumb|Joint Headquarters of Aden's military. Steamer Point ([[Tawahi (Aden)|Tawahi]]), Aden, 1967]]
In order to stabilise Aden and the surrounding Aden Protectorate from the designs of the Egyptian backed republicans of [[Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen]], the British attempted gradually to unite the disparate states of the region in preparation for eventual independence. On 18 January 1963, the Colony of Aden was incorporated into the [[Federation of Arab Emirates of the South]] against the wishes of North Yemen. The city became the [[State of Aden]] and the Federation was renamed the [[Federation of South Arabia]] (FSA).

An insurgency against British administration known as the [[Aden Emergency]] began with a grenade attack by the communist [[National Liberation Front (Yemen)|National Liberation Front]] (NLF), against the British High Commissioner on 10 December 1963, killing one person and injuring fifty, and a "state of emergency" was declared.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Rob |date=2016-03-28 |title=Out of Arabia: British Strategy and the Fate of Local Forces in Aden, South Yemen, and Oman, 1967–76 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2016.1152994 |journal=The International History Review |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=143–164 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2016.1152994 |issn=0707-5332 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 1964, Britain announced its intention to grant independence to the FSA in 1968, but that British troops would remain in Aden. The security situation deteriorated as NLF and FLOSY ([[Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen]]) vied for the upper hand.<ref>{{cite book |last=Walker |first=Jonathan |title=Aden Insurgency: The Savage War in Yeman 1962–67 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |isbn=978-1473827639 |date=9 February 2015}}</ref>

In January 1967, there were mass riots between the NLF and their rival FLOSY supporters in the old Arab quarter of Aden town. This conflict continued until mid February, despite the intervention of British troops. On 20 June 1967, 23 British Army soldiers were ambushed and shot dead by members of Aden Police during the Aden Mutiny in the Crater District. During the period there were as many attacks on the British troops by both sides as against each other culminating in the destruction of an [[Aden Airways]] [[Douglas DC-3|DC3]] plane in the air with no survivors.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASN Aircraft accident Douglas R4D-1 (DC-3) VR-AAN Wadi Rabtah |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19661122-0 |website=aviation-safety.net |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref>

The increased violence was a determining factor in the British ensuring all families were evacuated more quickly than initially intended, as recorded in ''From Barren Rocks to Living Stones''.

On 30 November 1967, British troops were evacuated, leaving Aden and the rest of the FSA under NLF control. The [[Royal Marines]], who had been the first British troops to arrive in Aden in 1839, were almost the last to leave, followed only by the [[10th Field Squadron (United Kingdom)|10 Airfields Squadron]] of the [[Royal Engineers]], which left Aden on 13 December 1967. Helicopters of aircraft carrier {{HMS|Albion|R07}}, part of a [[Royal Navy]] [[task force]], lifted off the Royal Marine commandos who had been left to secure the airfield.<ref>Brian Lapping, ''End of Empire'', 308, 310.</ref>

===Post-independence ===
{{see also|South Yemen}}
The last British soldier left Aden on 30 November 1967, and the [[National Liberation Front (South Yemen)|National Liberation Front]] had the upper hand at the expense of the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, whose members were divided between joining the National Front or leaving for North Yemen, so Abdullah Al-Asanj and Muhammad Basindwa left for North Yemen.<ref>Al-Hawadess, ''Events, Issues 20–33'', 1977, p.187</ref> Qahtan al-Sha'bi assumed the presidency of the new state, and the sheikhdoms of the Eastern Protectorate of Hadramaut and Al-Mahra were annexed to the new state. Al-Shaabi took over a new country with a collapsed economy. Civilian workers and businessmen left, and British support ceased. The closure of the Suez Canal in 1967 played an important role in the country's economy, as it reduced the number of ships crossing Aden by 75%.<ref>Brehony, Noel. ''Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia'', p.31</ref>

The new state was divided into six governorates on 11 December 1967, in order to end the manifestations of tribalism in the state and ignore the tribal borders between the defunct sheikhdoms.<ref>Brehony, Noel. ''Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia'', p.34</ref> On March 20, 1968, Qahtan dismissed all leftist leaders from the government and party membership. He was able to put down a rebellion led by leftist factions in the army in May of the same year, and faced new rebellions from leftist parties in July, August and December 1968.<ref>Nadav Safran ''Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security'' p.128</ref> This is because all Arab countries welcomed the front. National Liberation received a cold reception. Regimes like Egypt wanted to merge the National Front with the [[Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen]], where the leftist section was more numerous than the supporters of the popular Qahtan.<ref>Noel Brehony ''Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia'' p.32-33</ref> They wanted a regime that would lead the masses and face the great challenges facing the new state, the most important of which was the bankruptcy of the treasury.

[[File:The Freedom Statue.jpg|thumb|left|People celebrating the [[14th October Revolution]] next to the "Freedom statue" in al-Oroud Square]]
Qahtan al-Shaabi dismissed Interior Minister Muhammad Ali Haitham on 16 June 1969, but the latter, with his ties to the tribes and the army, reassembled the leftist forces that had been dispersed by President Qahtan al-Shaabi, and they were able to place him under house arrest on 22 June.<ref>Fred Haliday ''Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967–1987'' p.25</ref> A presidential committee was formed from Five people: Salem Rabie Ali, who became president, Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, Ali Antar, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and Muhammad Ali Haitham, who became prime minister. This group took an extreme leftist line, declaring its support for the Palestinians and the Dhofar Revolution, and strengthening its relationship with the Soviet Union. West Germany severed its relationship with the state due to its recognition of East Germany, and the United States also severed its relationship in October 1969. The new powers issued a new constitution, nationalised foreign banks and insurance companies, and changed the name of the country to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in line with the Marxist–Leninist approach they followed. A centrally planned economy was established.<ref>David Walker, Daniel Gray ''The A to Z of Marxism'' p. 329</ref> The port of Aden was the largest source of national income for the Republic of South Yemen, but the closure of the Suez Canal by Egypt between 1967 and 1975 – reduced commercial activities in the port.<ref name="مولد تلقائيا1">{{Cite web |last=Khalili |first=Laleh |date=2014-08-31 |title=How the (closure of the) Suez Canal changed the world |url=https://thegamming.org/2014/08/31/how-the-closure-of-the-suez-canal-changed-the-world/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=The Gamming |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Aden in the late 1970s.png|thumb|Aden in the late 1970s]]
Salem Rubaya Ali wanted to adopt a practical approach, so he communicated with the President of North Yemen, Ibrahim al-Hamdi, and made attempts to restore normal relations with Western countries. During his presidency, relations between South Yemen and Saudi Arabia were established in 1976.<ref>Fred Halliday ''Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen, 1967–1987'' p.27</ref> President Salmin, as he is known, coveted more Soviet support, so the contract with Saudi Arabia worried him. The Soviets pushed them to increase aid, but relations with Saudi Arabia became strained again in 1977 following the assassination of North Yemeni President Ibrahim al-Hamdi.<ref>Nadav Safran ''Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security'' p.289</ref> It is believed that Salem Rabie Ali orchestrated the assassination of Ahmed Hussein al-Ghashmi in revenge for Ibrahim al-Hamdi.<ref>Sarah Phillips ''Yemen's democracy experiment in regional perspective : patronage and pluralized authoritarianism'' p.44</ref> Salem Rabie Ali was subjected to a quick trial that ended with his execution and Abdel Fattah Ismail assuming the presidency of South Yemen. Relations with North Yemen became tense, due to Fattah's support for the factions opposing Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was more fanatical than his predecessors. Relations with the Soviet Union became active in an unprecedented way, so the Front War broke out in 1978, in which the Soviet Union and the United States intervened.<ref>Peter J. Chelkowski, Robert J. Pranger ''Ideology and Power in the Middle East: Studies in Honor of George Lenczowski'' p.265</ref>

Ali Nasser Muhammad was able to force Abd al-Fattah Ismail al-Jawfi to resign for "health reasons", and Ismail was exiled to Moscow two years after he assumed the presidency.<ref>Yevgeny Primakov,''Russia and the Arabs : behind the scenes in the Middle East from the Cold War to the present'' New York : Basic Books p.84</ref> Despite the approach of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and its removal of tribal aspects, tribalism remained alive among politicians and the public despite the exposure of its sheikhs. Tribes from their authorities. Tribal and regional favouritism and nepotism remained rife in southern Yemen, as political forces called on their tribal and regional affiliations during crises.<ref>Halim Barakat ''The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State''University of California Press, 1993'' p.159''</ref>

[[File:Store in Aden.jpg|thumb|left|A ''[[Coffeehouse|Maqhaya]]'' in Aden with the flag of the ruling [[Yemeni Socialist Party]] hanging above it, 1989]]
By January 1986, Aden was torn apart by the rivalry of two factions in the ruling Socialist Party, when President Ali Nasser Muhammad's guards launched a surprise attack on the political party's office in Aden on 13 January 1986. This was the beginning of the 1986 civil war in South Yemen.<ref name="مولد تلقائيا12">Ibid p.72</ref> The basis of the war was regional. Ali Nasser Muhammad was from Abyan Governorate, while most of those killed in the political party office were from Al-Dhalea and Lahj.<ref>Day, Stephen W. ''Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union'', p.73</ref> Military brigades from those areas bombed Aden from land and sea, forcing Ali Nasser Muhammad to flee and hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers to flee to northern Yemen, including [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi]].<ref name="Day74">Day, Stephen W. ''Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union'', p.74</ref> This was followed by systematic killings and liquidations against the people of Abyan Governorate, on charges that they were collaborating with Ali Nasser Muhammad. Nearly ten thousand people were killed, and thousands migrated towards North Yemen, most of whom were from Abyan and Shabwa.<ref name="Day74"/>

With the [[Yemeni unification|unification]] of [[Yemen Arab Republic|north]] and south Yemen in 1990, Aden was no longer a national capital but remained the capital of ''Aden Governorate'' which covered an area similar to that of the Aden Colony.

On 29 December 1992, [[Al Qaeda]] conducted its first known [[terrorism|terrorist]] attack in Aden, bombing the [[Gold Mohur Hotel]], where US servicemen were known to have been staying en route to [[Somalia]] for [[Operation Restore Hope]]. A Yemeni and an Austrian tourist died in the attack.<ref name="pbs-1stattack">{{cite web |title=Timeline: Al Qaeda's Global Context: Al Qaeda's First Attack |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-al-qaedas-global-context/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215062157/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/knew/etc/cron.html |archive-date=15 December 2007 |access-date=30 November 2007 |work=Frontline: The Man Who Knew |publisher=pbs.org}}</ref>

That war marked the end of the state of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and [[Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas|Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas]] assumed the presidency until May 22, 1990, the [[Yemeni unification|unity of South Yemen with North Yemen]], and the establishment of the Republic of Yemen. At that time, [[Ali Salem al-Beidh]] was considered [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]]'s deputy, and Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas was considered [[Prime Minister of Yemen|prime minister]], and after the [[1993 Yemeni parliamentary election|1993 elections]]. Conflicts began within the ruling coalition, and Vice President Ali Salem Al-Beidh retreated to Aden in August 1993. The general security situation in the country deteriorated, and the complete integration of the two armies failed. The southern forces, which were transferred to [['Amran Governorate|Amran]], clashed with the northern forces there, and the forces of the northern giants, which were transferred to Amran, clashed. Abyan with the southern forces, and the political parties signed the [[1994 Covenant and Agreement]], in the Jordanian capital, on February 20, 1994, in an attempt to end the crisis, and successive events led to the outbreak of the Summer [[Yemeni Civil War (1994)|1994 civil war]], and the southern military leaders who fled after the events of 1986 joined the ranks of the forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, and supported the Unity Army in the war against their former comrades in 1994 in the war against the separatists.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://yemen24news.blogspot.com/2012/02/hadi-elected-as-yemen-new-president.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019235638/http://yemen24news.blogspot.com/2012/02/hadi-elected-as-yemen-new-president.html |url-status=dead |title=yemen 24 news: Hadi elected as Yemen new president |date=25 February 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2017}}</ref> At the forefront of these emerged a group of the brightest officers, such as Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi, who became Minister of Defense at the time; the former Chief of Staff, Major General Abdullah Aliwa; and Major General Salem Qatan, who was assassinated by an Al-Qaeda gunman. After the war, Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi was appointed Vice President of the Republic, and remained in office. He held his position until 2012, when he was elected president of the country.

[[File:Aden, Yemen Port.jpg|thumb|View of [[Tawahi]], Aden, in 2010]]

Members of al Qaeda attempted to bomb the US guided-missile destroyer ''[[USS The Sullivans (DDG-68)|The Sullivans]]'' at the port of Aden as part of the [[2000 millennium attack plots]]. The boat that had the explosives in it sank, forcing the planned attack to be aborted.<ref name="fbi-terror-00-01">{{cite web |author=Federal Bureau of Investigation |date=2004 |title=Terrorism 2000/2001 2004–306-694 |url=https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror/terrorism-2000-2001#Terrorism_2000/2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621075632/https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror/terrorism-2000-2001/#Terrorism_2000/2001 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |access-date=4 February 2015 |website=www.fbi.gov |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]}} ([https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror/terror00_01.pdf PDF version] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204055547/https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/stats-services-publications-terror-terror00_01.pdf |date=4 February 2021}})</ref><ref name="Piszkiewicz">{{cite book |last=Piszkiewicz |first=Dennis |url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismswarwit00denn |title=Terrorism's war with America: A history |publisher=Praeger |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-275-97952-2 |edition=first |location=Westport, CT |pages=[https://archive.org/details/terrorismswarwit00denn/page/123 123] |access-date=4 February 2015 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>"''[[Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror]]''" [[Richard A. Clarke]]. {{ISBN|0-7432-6823-7}} {{page needed|date=February 2015}}</ref> The [[USS Cole bombing|bombing attack on destroyer USS ''Cole'']] took place in Aden on 12 October 2000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ward |first=Alex |date=8 November 2018 |title=Trump's Justice Department is fighting US terrorist attack victims in the Supreme Court |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/8/18075314/supreme-court-uss-cole-lawsuit-terrorist-sudan |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref>

In 2007 growing dissatisfaction with unification led to the formation of the secessionist [[South Yemen Movement]]. According to ''The New York Times'', the Movement's mainly underground leadership includes socialists, Islamists and individuals desiring a return to the perceived benefits of the [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Worth |first=Robert F. |title=In Yemen's South, Protests Could Cause More Instability |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html |url-status=live |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 February 2010 |access-date=8 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304233745/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html |archive-date=4 March 2010}}</ref>

=== Temporary capital and civil war ===
{{main|Yemeni Revolution|Yemeni crisis (2011–present)|2018 Yemeni coup d'état}}

[[File:Yemen. Aden. Maala, Aug 2013 (9705657803).jpg|left|thumb|[[Mualla]], Aden, in 2013]]
Aden remained in a state of political stagnation for 25 years until President Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi took refuge there and carried out his work from the Republican Palace in Aden. On 7 March 2015, Hadi declared Aden the temporary capital, instead of [[Sanaa]], which he described as occupied by the Houthis. This was after the Houthis took control of Sanaa on 21 September 2014, and imposed a siege on the Republican Palace and the home of President Hadi on 20 January. On 22 January, Hadi submitted his resignation to Parliament; it did not hold a session to accept or reject the resignation, and Hadi remained under house arrest imposed by the Houthis. Until he was able to leave for Aden on 21 February 2015, he retracted his resignation, and gave a statement in which he said: "All decisions taken since September 21 are invalid and have no legitimacy."

President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi fled to Aden, his hometown, in February 2015 after being deposed in the [[2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état|coup d'état]] that many consider to be the start of the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemeni civil war]]. Others consider that the civil war began in September 2014 when Houthi forces [[Battle of Sanaa (2014)|took over the capital city Sanaa]], which was followed by a rapid [[Houthi takeover in Yemen|Houthi takeover of the government]].

Hadi declared in Aden that he was still Yemen's legitimate president and called on state institutions and loyal officials to relocate to Aden.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Feb-26/288841-head-of-gcc-visits-embattled-hadi-in-aden.ashx |agency=The Daily Star |title=Head of GCC visits embattled Hadi in Aden |date=26 February 2015 |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319131640/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/scripts/xgemius.js |url-status=live }}</ref> In a televised speech on 21 March 2015, he declared Aden to be Yemen's "economic and temporary capital" while Sanaa is controlled by the [[Houthis]].<ref name="dw">{{cite news |date=21 March 2015 |title=Yemen's President Hadi declares new 'temporary capital' |agency=Deutsche Welle |url=http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197 |access-date=21 March 2015 |archive-date=5 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605210805/http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aden was hit by violence in the [[aftermath of the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état|aftermath of the coup d'état]], with forces loyal to Hadi clashing with those loyal to former president [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] in a [[Battle of Aden Airport|battle]] for [[Aden International Airport]] on 19 March 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/transport/fierce-gun-battle-between-factions-at-yemen-airport-1-3723480|agency=The Scotsman|title=Fierce gun battle between factions at Yemen airport|first=Hamza|last=Hendawi|date=20 March 2015|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326035814/http://www.scotsman.com/news/transport/fierce-gun-battle-between-factions-at-yemen-airport-1-3723480|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the airport battle, the entire city became a battleground for the [[Battle of Aden (2015)|Battle of Aden]], which left large parts of the city in ruins and has killed at least 198 people since 25 March 2015.<ref name="despair">{{cite news |last1=Fahim |first1=Karim |last2=Bin Lazrq |first2=Fathi |date=10 April 2015 |title=Yemen's Despair on Full Display in 'Ruined' City |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/middleeast/aden-yemen.html |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622144108/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/11/world/middleeast/aden-yemen.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some Arab and foreign embassies were transferred to Aden, and Defense Minister Mahmoud Al-Subaihi was able to leave Sanaa for Aden and met with President Hadi. On March 4, 2016, unidentified gunmen stormed the Mother Teresa House in the city and killed sixteen people, including four nuns. A number of the old city's churches have also been destroyed by Islamic extremists since mid-2015.

On 14 July 2015, the [[Saudi Arabian Army]] launched an offensive to win control of the city. Within three days, the city was cleared of [[Houthi]] rebels, ending the Battle of Aden with a coalition victory.<ref name="P&P">{{cite news |date=25 July 2015 |title=Proxies and paranoia |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |publisher=[[Economist Group]] |agency=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21659759-kingdom-fears-resurgent-iran-sanctions-come-proxies-and-paranoia |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210183143/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21659759-kingdom-fears-resurgent-iran-sanctions-come-proxies-and-paranoia |url-status=live }}</ref>

Beginning on 28 January 2018, separatists loyal to the [[Southern Transitional Council]] (STC) seized control of the Yemeni government headquarters in Aden in a [[Battle of Aden (2018)|coup d'état]] against the Hadi-led government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42852285|title=Separatist clashes flare in south Yemen|date=30 January 2018|access-date=30 January 2018|work=BBC News|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424200045/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42852285|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/yemen-les-separatistes-sudistes-a-la-recherche-de-l-independance-perdue-28-01-2018-2190258_24.php|title=Yémen: les séparatistes sudistes, à la recherche de l'indépendance perdue|date=28 January 2018|work=[[Le Point]]|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128162923/http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/yemen-les-separatistes-sudistes-a-la-recherche-de-l-independance-perdue-28-01-2018-2190258_24.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 December 2020, the undersecretary of labour and deputy minister of public works were [[2020 Aden airport attack|killed along with between 20 and 30 others at the Aden airport]] while they conducted an international press briefing about their new arrangements with the STC, which includes the partition of forces inside Aden, as they returned from hiding in the Saudi capital. Prime Minister [[Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed]], his ministers and his entourage were conducted to safety under the barrage of hostile fire.<ref name="bbcmk">{{cite news |title=Yemen war: Deadly attack at Aden airport as new government arrives |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55484436 |publisher=BBC |date=31 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230114446/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-55484436 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bbgmh">{{cite news |last1=Hatem |first1=Mohammed |title=Blasts at Yemen Airport Said to Kill 30 as New Cabinet Lands |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-30/blast-heard-at-yemen-s-aden-airport-as-new-ministers-arrive |publisher=Bloomberg News |date=30 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225919/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-30/blast-heard-at-yemen-s-aden-airport-as-new-ministers-arrive |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 7 January 2026, the [[Presidential Leadership Council|Yemeni government forces]] managed to [[Fall of Aden (2026)|control Aden]] following the collapse of the Southern Transitional Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi-backed forces move on Aden as Yemen secessionist leader vanishes |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/7/saudi-led-coalition-strikes-yemen-says-stc-leader-al-zubaidi-has-fled |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Dialects ===
{{Main|Yemeni Arabic|Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic}}

The entry of the Yemenis into Islam contributed to their abandoning their ancient script and replacing it with the late Nabataean alphabet in which the Qur'an was written.{{Efn|Jawad Ali says: It appears from researchers finding writings written in the Musnad in various places in the Arabian Peninsula, including the coasts of the Arabian Gulf, some of which are ancient and some of which are close to Islam, that the Musnad pen was the authentic and first Arabic pen among the Arabs. All the people of the Arabian Peninsula wrote about it, but the Christian preaching that entered the Arabian Peninsula and spread in various places brought with it the late Armenian pen, the pen of the Eastern churches, and began spreading it among the people. Because it was his sacred pen with which the clerics used to write. Since this pen was easier to write than the musnad, it found widespread followers among those who converted to Christianity and among pagans as well, due to its ease of writing. However, it was not able to eliminate the musnad as people continued to write with it. When Islam came, the scribes wrote the revelation with the pen of the people of Mecca so that the revelation would descend among them. The Mecca pen became the official pen for the Muslims, and Al-Musnad was then sentenced to death. He died and was forgotten by the Arabs, until the Orientalists resurrected him and brought him back to existence again, to translate for us the ordinary writings that were recorded in him. Jawad Ali, Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh al-Arab before Islam, vol. 8, p. 153|name=note1}} Today, Yemenis speak Arabic in the Yemeni dialect, which is a developed dialect and closely linked to the ancient language.<ref>AFL Beeston.'' foreign loanwords in Sabaic'' 1994 pp.39–45</ref> It has three dialects with branches: the [[Sanʽani Arabic|Sanʽani dialect]], the [[Hadhrami Arabic|Hadrami dialect]], and the [[Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic|Taʽizzi-Adeni dialect]], in addition to the [[Bedouin Arabic|Bedouin dialect]] of the residents of [[Marib]]. [[Al Jawf Governorate|Al Jawf]], [[Shabwa]], and [[Hadhramaut#Inner Hadhramaut|Inner Hadhramaut]], and each of these dialects has characteristics and features.<ref>Janet C E Watson; ʻAbd al-Salām ʻAmri.''Wasf San'a : texts in San'ani Arabic'' Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 2000. p. 324</ref><ref>A. Al-Saqqaf (2006): Co-referential devices in Hadramî Arabic, pp. 75–93</ref>

=== Music and poetry ===
[[File:Mohammed_Salem_Bin_Shamikh_-_aden.jpg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Mohammed_Salem_Bin_Shamikh_-_aden.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Artist Muhammad Salem bin Shamekh at a popular singing concert in Aden]]
{{Main|Music of Yemen}}

Adeni art or the ''Adeniyat'' is an art of Arabic music. Among the ancient artists of Aden are Iskander Thabet Saleh and Muhammad Murshid Naji, and among the poets are Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Muhammad, Ahmed Ghaleb Muhammad Al-Jabri, Abdullah Abdul Karim Muhammad, Ali Abdullah Jaafar Aman, Farid Muhammad Barakat, Lotfi Jaafar Aman, and Mohsen Ali Brik.<ref>[[موسوعة شعر الغناء اليمني في القرن العشرين]]، الجزء الخامس، الطبعة الثانية 2007، رقم الإيداع في دار الكتب:(297)</ref>

"Adeni music" played a major role in Aden society, and artists in the Aden dialect were called "al-Mutariba", meaning people of music. Adeni music began in 1920 when the army of the Aden Protectorate was formed, and after it the National Guard, where there were teams for those forces and those teams participated On special occasions and weddings.

=== Sports ===
{{See also|Yemeni League|Football in Yemen}}
[[File:Sports_Assembly_Edenic.jpeg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Sports_Assembly_Edenic.jpeg|thumb|240x240px|Aden Sports Association]]

==== Pre-independence ====
The first beginning of Adenian sports dates back to the year 1902, when the Adeni Tennis Club was established, with its headquarters in the Al-Qatee' neighbourhood in Crater, and Youssef Muhammad Khan founded the "Recreational Club United" in the city of Crater, and it was known as the Yousef Khan Stadium. The city of Aden is considered the first city in which sports were practiced in the Arabian Peninsula, and the first private club in Aden was founded in 1905 under the name "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", as the first sports club in Yemen and the Arab world. He was fighting the occupation army divisions and the fleet divisions coming and passing to the port of Aden.<ref name="adenalghad.net2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adngad.net/news/6987|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154448/http://adenalghad.net/news/6987/|url-status=dead|title=رياضة – من ذاكرة عدن الرياضية .. الريادة الزمنية للكرة العدنية|first=عدن|last=الغد|archive-date=2 April 2015|website=www.adngad.net}}</ref>

In 1924, the "Al-Husseini Sports Club" was founded in Crater, and a third club appeared in Tawahi under the name "Al-Bamboot Club" and Sheikh Othman. The 1930s witnessed the emergence of a number of clubs. In 1933, the "Nujoom Al-Layl Club", Al-Aidrousi Club, and Nujoom Al-Sabah Club appeared in Crater, and in Tawahi, the "Al-Ittihad Al-Islami Club" (Al-Mawlada) appeared.<ref name="adenalghad.net2"/>

Until that year, football matches were played in a friendly manner between the teams of the Crater, Al-Tawahi, and Sheikh Othman regions, as there were no federations regulating sports activity. In 1934, the occupation authority announced the establishment of a sports association called the "Adeniya Sports Association", after the increasing number of local clubs. Its members were appointed by the Governor-General of Aden, and all of its members were English, headed by the English Governor of Aden, Bernard Reilly, as sponsor. The association's board of directors consists of Hikam Bottom as president, the Indian Rosario as secretary, and two other members.

This association began holding the first club tournament, which was the "Rosario Cup Championship". Six clubs participated in the tournament, three from Crater (Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi, Al-Husseini, and Nojoom Al-Layl), from Al-Tawahi (Al-Mawalda, and Al-Bamiot), and from Sheikh Othman, Sheikh Othman Club, which includes Players from various small teams in the Sheikh Othman area, and Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi Club won this championship.

Among the most important tournaments held in Aden before independence were the Rosario Cup, the Riley Cup, the Somali Bassem Al-Nar Cup, the Aramco Cup, and the Kik Muncherji Championship.

==== Post-independence ====
After independence, the "Football Federation" was established on January 18, 1968, on the ruins of the "Adeniya Sports Association". The Federation took a decision regarding the Adeniya clubs, which had numbered about 64 sports clubs, reducing and merging the clubs in Aden and Lahj to only 16 clubs, and the clubs were forced to join or unite with large teams. In February 1968, several sports clubs were abolished, leaving only 12 clubs remaining. In December 1968, Al-Islah Club and Al-Shaab Club were merged into one club under the name of the latter in Al-Tawahi. In 1969, the Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club and Al-Tadamon Club were united in [[Crater (Aden)|Crater]], under the name Al-Tadamon Al-Muhammadi Club.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In the "First General Sports Conference" in 1973, the clubs were merged and reduced again, so that their number became only 7 clubs: Al-Ahrar Club, Al-Ahly Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Shaab Club, Al-Hilal Club, United Youth Club, and Aden Tennis Club. On July 18, 1975, the stage of forming urban clubs, and the beginning of the stage of politicisation of the clubs in favour of the National Liberation Front, took place. It was decided to change their names and reduce them to become 5 clubs: Al-Tilal Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Minaa Club, Al-Wahda Club, and Al-Shoula Club.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

On July 18, 1975, the "Al-Tilal Sports Club" appeared, headed by Yassin Saeed Noman, as a new name for the "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", which was founded in 1905, and in 1976 the "Yemeni Football Federation" appeared. Al-Tilal Club participated in the "September 26 Cup Competition" in 1980, as the first football competition in which it participated with teams from northern and southern Yemen, such as the national team of Ibb Governorate, Taiz Governorate, Hadhramaut Governorate, Lahj and Hodeidah, at the Shaheed Al-Dharafi Stadium in Sanaa, and Al-Hilal was crowned champion of the September 26 Cup, after victory over Hodeidah national team by five clean goals.<ref>http://www.al-tilalclub.net الموقع الرسمي لنادي التلال الرياضي {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922003010/http://al-tilalclub.net/|date=2017-09-22}}</ref>

Football is the most popular sport in Aden. There are 9 stadiums in Aden, including the May 22 International Stadium, and 10 sports clubs. In November 2010, Aden hosted the [[20th Arabian Gulf Cup|2010 Arabian Gulf Football Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabian Gulf Cup in 2010 |url=http://www.admcsport.com/ar/football/news/article-8054 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112063336/http://www.admcsport.com/ar/football/news/article-8054 |archive-date=12 November 2010 |access-date=10 November 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Tourist sites ===
[[File:Street Scene Aden Yemen.jpg|thumb|Crown Library of Aden, 1999]]
[[File:Old Town Aden Yemen.jpg|thumb|Aban Mosque]]
[[File:National museum of Yemen aden.jpg|thumb|The Palace of the [[Sultanate of Lahej]], now the National Museum of Yemen]]
[[File:Crescent hotel aden.jpg|thumb|The Crescent Hotel]]

Aden has several historical and natural sites of interest to visitors. These include:
*The historical British churches, one of which lies empty and semi-derelict in 2019.<ref>Jamal, Shafee (12 January 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222625/http://www.yementimes.com/en/1537/Culture/192/Aden%E2%80%99s-rich-religious-heritage.htm "Aden's rich religious heritage."] ''[[Yemen Times]]'' (YemenTimes.com). Archived 2015-05-04.</ref>
*The [[Zoroastrian]] Temple
*[[Cisterns of Tawila|The Cisterns of Tawila]]—an ancient water-catchment system located in the sub-centre of Crater
*[[Sira Fortress]]
*The Aden Minaret<ref name="lonelyplanet.com">{{cite web|publisher=Lonely Planet|title=Aden Minaret in Aden, Yemen|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/yemen/aden/attractions/aden-minaret/a/poi-sig/1075959/361192|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220041914/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/yemen/aden/attractions/aden-minaret/a/poi-sig/1075959/361192|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Big Ben Aden|Little Ben]], a miniature [[Big Ben]] Clock Tower overlooking Steamer Point. Built during the colonial period, this was restored in 2012 after 3 decades of neglect since the British withdrawal of 1967.
*The Landing Pier at Steamer Point is a 19th-century building used by visiting dignitaries during the colonial period, most notably Queen Elizabeth during her 1954 visit to the colony. This building was hit by an airstrike in 2015 and is currently in the process of being restored in 2019.
*The Crescent Hotel which contained a number of artifacts relating to the Royal Visit of 1954 and which currently remains derelict as a result of a recent airstrike.
*The Palace of the [[Sultanate of Lahej]]/National Museum—The National Museum was founded in 1966 and is located in what used to be the Palace of the Sultanate of Lahej. Northern forces robbed it during the 1994 Civil War, but its collection of pieces remains one of the biggest in Yemen.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://arabiantica.humnet.unipi.it/index.php?id=aden-national-museum |title=Arabia Antica: Pre-islamic Arabia, Culture and Archaeology: About |website=arabiantica.humnet.unipi.it |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114172338/http://arabiantica.humnet.unipi.it/index.php?id=aden-national-museum |archive-date=14 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*The Aden Military Museum which features a painting depicting the 20 June 1967 ambush by Arab Police Barracks on a British Army unit when a number of the 22 soldiers killed that day were driving in two Land Rovers on Queen Arwa Road, Crater.
*The Rimbaud House, which opened in 1991, is the two-story house of French poet [[Arthur Rimbaud]] who lived in Aden from 1880 to 1891. Rimbaud moved to Aden on his way to Ethiopia in an attempt for a new life. As of the late 1990s, the first floor of the house belonged to the French Consulate, a cultural centre and a library. The house is located in [[al-Tawahi]]—the European Quarter of Aden—and is politically and culturally debated for its French nature in an area previously colonised by Britain.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Taminian |first=Lucine |title=Rimbaud's House in Aden, Yemen: Giving Voice(s) to the Silent Poet |journal= Cultural Anthropology|volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=464–490 |doi=10.1525/can.1998.13.4.464 |jstor=656569|year=1998 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*The fortifications of Jebal Hadid and Jebal Shamsan
*The beaches of Aden and Little Aden—Some of the popular beaches in Aden consist of Lover's Bay Beach, Elephant Beach and Gold Beach. The popular beach in Little Aden is called Blue Beach.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Yemen |last=McLaughlin |first=Daniel |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |pages=183}}</ref> Some beaches are private and some are public, which is subject to change over time due to the changing resort industry. According to the Wall Street Journal, kidnappings on the beaches and the threat of Al Qaeda has caused problems for the resort industry in Aden, which used to be popular among locals and Westerners.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/middleeast/2013/06/06/aden-once-the-lively-beach-resort-of-yemen-struggles-under-sway-of-al-qaeda/ |title=Aden, Once The Lively Beach Resort of Yemen, Struggles Under Sway of Al Qaeda |last=Abi Habib |first=Maria |date=6 June 2013 |website=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170423/http://blogs.wsj.com/middleeast/2013/06/06/aden-once-the-lively-beach-resort-of-yemen-struggles-under-sway-of-al-qaeda/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Aidrus Mosque|Al-Aidaroos Mosque]]<ref name="lonelyplanet.com" />
*Main Pass – now called Al-Aqba Road is the only road into Aden through Crater. Originally an Arched Upper bridge known as Main Gate, it overlooked Aden city and was built during the Ottoman Empire. A painted crest of the 24th British army battalion is still visible on the brickwork adjacent to the Gate site and is believed to be the only remaining army Crest from colonial rule still visible in Aden. In March 1963 the bridge was removed by a British Army controlled explosion to widen the 2 lane roadway to the present 4 lane highway and the only reminder of this bridge is a quarter scale replica built at the end of the Al-Aqba road intersection known as the AdenGate Model roundabout.

== Economy and transportation ==
{{Main|Port of Aden}}

[[File:Green_Lighthouse.jpg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Green_Lighthouse.jpg|thumb|260x260px|A small green lighthouse in the port of Aden, and there is another white lighthouse (Aden Lighthouse).]]
The industrial activity in Aden is represented by a group of factories and production units, the forefront of which is the oil refinery. The oil refinery in Aden is considered one of the first refineries to be established in the region, and began operating in 1954 AD. The Aden Refineries Company has facilities such as an oil tanker port, a network of storage tanks, and a centre to supply ships with fuel.<ref name="الأنشطة الاقتصادية لمحافظة عدن">{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-02 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009160110/http://www.yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/actionecnom/ |title=الأنشطة الاقتصادية لمحافظة عدن |url=https://yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/actionecnom/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Historically, Aden was a station for importing goods from the African coast and from Europe, the United States, and India. As of 1920, Aden was a major commercial centre for trade in the Arabian Peninsula, and the port exported small quantities of local products to most Arab ports. Aden provided coal and salt to passing ships, and the port was a stopping point for ships when they entered Bab al-Mandab.
[[File:Port_Of_Aden.jpg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Port_Of_Aden.jpg|left|thumb|280x280px|[[Port of Aden]]]]

=== Transport ===
[[File:Aden03 flickr.jpg|thumb|Aden's harbour in 1960]]
Historically, the port of Aden was the main transport port in the region. Passenger ships land in Al-Tawahi District, and the city is served by [[Aden International Airport]], which is about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the city. The airport is the main headquarters of Al-Saeeda Airlines and its operations centre. The airport is considered the second largest airport. In Yemen, after [[Sanaa International Airport]], it is considered the best airport in Yemen in terms of location due to the mountainous nature of Yemen. However, this airport is surrounded by the Arabian Sea in terms of take-off and landing. The establishment of Aden Airport dates back to the year 1927 when the British forces established a military airport in the district. Khor Maksar. After World War II, Britain carried out extensive urban modernisation and built Aden International Airport, known today, next to the military airport. [[Alyemda]] Airlines was the official carrier of South Yemen, before unification, and was based in Aden, before merging with Yemen Airways in 1996. Before the [[Battle of Aden Airport]] and the [[2015 military intervention in Yemen]] closed this airport along with other airports in Yemen. On 22 July, Aden International Airport was declared fit for operation again after the Houthi forces were driven from the city, and a Saudi plane carrying aid reportedly became the first plane to land in Aden in four months.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 July 2015 |title=Aden Airport ready to operate |url=http://www.yementimes.com/?liveblog.item.id=64 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211102822/http://www.yementimes.com/?liveblog.item.id=64 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=27 July 2015 |work=[[Yemen Times]]}}</ref> The same day, a ship chartered by the [[World Food Programme]] carrying fuel docked in Aden's port.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 July 2015 |title=New WFP Ship Arrives in Aden Port With Fuel For Humanitarian Operations |url=https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/new-wfp-ship-arrives-aden-port-fuel-humanitarian-operations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809074355/http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/new-wfp-ship-arrives-aden-port-fuel-humanitarian-operations |archive-date=9 August 2015 |access-date=30 July 2015 |work=World Food Programme |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

Historically, Aden's [[harbour]] has been a major hub of transportation for the region. As of 1920, the harbour was {{convert|8|by|4|mi|abbr=on|order=flip|km|0}} in size. Passenger ships landed at Steamer Point now called [[Tawahi (Aden)|Tawahi]].<ref name="Prothero682">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/68/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=68 |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830034815/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/68/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the British colonial period motor vehicles [[Driving on the left|drove on the left]], as in the United Kingdom. On 2 January 1977, Aden, along with the rest of South Yemen, changed to driving on the right, bringing it into line with neighbouring Arab states.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QatPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22South+Yemen%22 ''The Rule of the Road: An International Guide to History and Practice''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526161346/https://books.google.com/books?id=QatPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22South+Yemen%22|date=26 May 2023}}, Peter Kincaid, Greenwood Press, 1986, page 200</ref>

During the early 20th century, Aden was a prominent export centre for coffee grown in the Jubail highlands. And also to export frankincense, wheat, barley, alfalfa and millet, which are produced and exported from Aden. The leaves and stems of clover, millet, and corn produced in Aden were generally used as fodder. Beginning in 1920, Aden was desalinating seawater to produce table salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced more than 120,000 tons of salt. Aden also produced potash, which was exported to Mumbai.

=== Economy ===
Historically, Aden would import goods from the African coast and from Europe, the [[United States]], and [[India]].<ref name="Prothero682"/><ref name="Prothero69">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/69/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=69 |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830034800/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/69/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 1920, the British described it as "the chief emporium of Arabian trade, receiving the small quantities of native produce, and supplying the modest wants of the interior and of most of the smaller Arabian ports." At the docks, the city provided [[coal]] to passing ships. The only item being produced by the city, as of 1920, was [[salt]].<ref name="Prothero69" /> Also, the port was the stop ships had to take when entering the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]]; this was how cities like Mecca had received goods by ship. [[Yemenia|Yemen Airlines]], the national airline of South Yemen, had its head office in Aden. On 15 May 1996, Yemen Airlines merged with [[Yemenia]].<ref>"North and South Yemen Airlines to Merge". ''Flight International''. 10–16 April 1996. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%200858.html 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002729/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1996/1996%20-%200858.html|date=2 September 2017}}.</ref><ref>"[http://www.yemenia.com/DisplaySectionDetail.aspx?ID=84 Yemenia background] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027074632/http://www.yemenia.com/DisplaySectionDetail.aspx?ID=84|date=2009-10-27}}". [[Yemenia]]. Retrieved on 26 October 2009.</ref>

During the early 20th century Aden was a notable centre of [[coffee]] production. Women processed coffee beans, grown in the Yemen highlands.<ref name="Prothero83">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/83/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=83 |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051942/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/83/ |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Frankincense]], [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[alfalfa]], and [[millet]] was also produced and exported from Aden.<ref name="Prothero84">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/84/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=84 |access-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051843/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/84/ |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Prothero86">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/86/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=86 |access-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227051853/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/86/ |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The leaves and stalks of the alfalfa, millet and [[maize]] produced in Aden were generally used as [[fodder]].<ref name="Prothero86" /> As of 1920, Aden was also gathering [[salt]] from [[Seawater|salt water]]. An [[Italy|Italian]] company called Agostino Burgarella Ajola and Company gathered and process the salt under the name Aden Salt Works. There was also a smaller company from [[India]], called Abdullabhoy and Joomabhoy Lalji & Company that owned a salt production firm in Aden. Both companies exported the salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced over 120,000 tons of salt. Aden has also produced [[potash]], which was generally exported to Mumbai.<ref name="Prothero98">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/98/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=98 |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830034803/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/98/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Aden produced [[jollyboat]]s. [[Charcoal]] was produced as well, from [[acacia]], and mainly in the interior of the region. [[Cigarette]]s were produced by [[Jews|Jewish]] and [[Greek people|Greek]] populations in Aden. The [[tobacco]] used was imported from Egypt.<ref name="Prothero99">{{cite book |last=Prothero |first=G.W. |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/99/ |title=Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |location=London |page=99 |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822220849/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11767/view/1/99/ |archive-date=22 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the outbreak of the Yemeni Civil War spread to Aden in 2015, the city has been struck by constant protests over a range of issues, but especially concerning electricity generation. Aden's power grid is composed solely of diesel generators and is thus heavily dependent on imported fuel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabic press review: Yemen's Aden faces imminent blackouts amid fuel shortages |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/yemen-blackout-fuel-shortage-arabic-press-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004122254/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/yemen-blackout-fuel-shortage-arabic-press-review |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> The main power plant is al-Hasswa diesel power plant, which in June 2021 had only two turbines out of five running, producing up to 50 megawatts (MW) of power in a region where the deficit hovers around 300 MW. Nawfal al-Mojamal, the plant director, said "In its 35 years of existence, al-Hasswa station never had any kind of maintenance, except in 2016 ... when the two turbines were restored".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Yaakoubi |first1=Aziz El |date=7 June 2021 |title=Temperature rising in south Yemen as rivalries fuel power shortage |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/temperature-rising-south-yemen-rivalries-fuel-power-shortage-2021-06-07/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004122253/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/temperature-rising-south-yemen-rivalries-fuel-power-shortage-2021-06-07/ |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> This electricity shortage led to the development of Yemen's first large-scale solar power plant servicing Aden with a 120 MW capacity, opened in July 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Solar power offers a ray of hope in Middle East's least electrified country |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/solar-power-offers-ray-hope-middle-easts-least-electrified-country-2025-09-30/ |access-date=14 January 2026 |work=Reuters |date=30 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Free zone ===
{{Main|Aden Free Zone}}

The free zone, which was opened in 1991, represents Yemen's economic gateway and the meeting point of the continents of Asia and Africa. The free zone gains its strategic importance from the special location of the port of Aden, as it is located directly on the main trade route around the world and from the Middle East to Europe and America, and is distinguished by the possibility of providing transit services. To East Africa, the Red Sea, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Gulf. The free zone represents a storage and distribution area suitable for Africa, the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf.<ref name="الأنشطة الاقتصادية لمحافظة عدن"/>

== Geography ==
{{see also|Geography of Yemen}}
[[File:Location_of_Adan.svg|thumb|240x240px|Aden's location in Yemen]]
Aden is located on the coast of the Gulf of Aden, and is about 363 kilometres from the capital, Sanaa. It is located between latitudes 47 and 12 north of the equator, and at an altitude of 6 metres above sea level. It is surrounded by Lahj Governorate to the north and east, and the Governorate of Abyan is to the northwest. Aden has an airport (Aden International Airport), a seaport (the port of Aden), and has land routes from the north linking it to Hajj, Abyan and Taiz.

=== Landforms ===
Aden is a coastal city; it overlooks the Gulf of Aden, which opens to the Indian Ocean. The shape of the city of Aden in the form of two peninsulas helped this factor to make the city of Aden unique in this particularity, which clearly affected the occurrence of the phenomenon of land and sea breezes. Which occurs due to air exchange between land and water during the day and night. Its location on the water surface also affects the daily and annual temperature range. This does not mean that there are no significant differences in temperatures in summer and winter.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-02 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017030355/http://www.yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/brife/ |title=المركز الوطني للمعلومات نبذة تعريفية عن محافظة عدن |url=https://yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/brife/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The surface of the city of Aden slopes south, and the highlands appear in the southern part of Aden, represented by the highlands of Jabal Shamsan, whose highest peaks exceed 500 metres, and the highlands of Jabal Ihsan and Jabal Al-Muzalqim in Little Aden, which are lower in height than Jabal Shamsan, and the highlands of Aden do not differ from the rest of the highlands of Yemen in terms of In terms of composition, it is of volcanic origin, and although the mountain highlands occupy large areas of the city, their influence is weak and limited on the climate of the city of Aden.

=== Climate ===
Aden has a [[hot desert climate]] (BWh) in the [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]]. Although Aden sees next-to-no precipitation year-round, it is humid throughout the year.

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Aden
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 31.1
| Feb record high C = 31.7
| Mar record high C = 35.0
| Apr record high C = 37.8
| May record high C = 41.1
| Jun record high C = 41.1
| Jul record high C = 41.1
| Aug record high C = 42.8
| Sep record high C = 38.3
| Oct record high C = 38.9
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 32.8
| year record high C = 42.8
| Jan high C = 28.5
| Feb high C = 28.6
| Mar high C = 30.2
| Apr high C = 32.2
| May high C = 34.1
| Jun high C = 36.6
| Jul high C = 35.9
| Aug high C = 35.3
| Sep high C = 35.4
| Oct high C = 33.0
| Nov high C = 30.7
| Dec high C = 28.9
| year high C = 32.4
| Jan mean C = 25.7
| Feb mean C = 26.0
| Mar mean C = 27.2
| Apr mean C = 28.9
| May mean C = 31.0
| Jun mean C = 32.7
| Jul mean C = 32.1
| Aug mean C = 31.5
| Sep mean C = 31.6
| Oct mean C = 28.9
| Nov mean C = 27.1
| Dec mean C = 26.0
| year mean C = 29.1
| Jan low C = 22.6
| Feb low C = 23.2
| Mar low C = 24.0
| Apr low C = 25.6
| May low C = 27.7
| Jun low C = 28.8
| Jul low C = 28.0
| Aug low C = 27.5
| Sep low C = 27.8
| Oct low C = 24.6
| Nov low C = 23.2
| Dec low C = 22.9
| year low C = 25.5
| Jan record low C = 15.6
| Feb record low C = 17.2
| Mar record low C = 18.9
| Apr record low C = 18.9
| May record low C = 21.1
| Jun record low C = 23.9
| Jul record low C = 22.8
| Aug record low C = 23.3
| Sep record low C = 25.0
| Oct record low C = 18.9
| Nov record low C = 18.3
| Dec record low C = 16.7
| year record low C = 15.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 6
| Feb precipitation mm = 3
| Mar precipitation mm = 5
| Apr precipitation mm = 2
| May precipitation mm = 1
| Jun precipitation mm = 0
| Jul precipitation mm = 3
| Aug precipitation mm = 3
| Sep precipitation mm = 5
| Oct precipitation mm = 1
| Nov precipitation mm = 3
| Dec precipitation mm = 5
| year precipitation mm = 36
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 3
| Feb precipitation days = 2
| Mar precipitation days = 2
| Apr precipitation days = 2
| May precipitation days = 1
| Jun precipitation days = 1
| Jul precipitation days = 2
| Aug precipitation days = 2
| Sep precipitation days = 1
| Oct precipitation days = 1
| Nov precipitation days = 1
| Dec precipitation days = 3
| year precipitation days = 20
| Jan humidity = 72
| Feb humidity = 72
| Mar humidity = 74
| Apr humidity = 74
| May humidity = 72
| Jun humidity = 66
| Jul humidity = 65
| Aug humidity = 65
| Sep humidity = 69
| Oct humidity = 68
| Nov humidity = 70
| Dec humidity = 70
| year humidity = 70
| Jan sun = 241.8
| Feb sun = 203.4
| Mar sun = 217.0
| Apr sun = 240.0
| May sun = 303.8
| Jun sun = 282.0
| Jul sun = 241.8
| Aug sun = 269.7
| Sep sun = 270.0
| Oct sun = 294.5
| Nov sun = 285.0
| Dec sun = 257.3
| year sun =
| Jand sun = 7.8
| Febd sun = 7.2
| Mard sun = 7.0
| Aprd sun = 8.0
| Mayd sun = 9.8
| Jund sun = 9.4
| Juld sun = 7.8
| Augd sun = 8.7
| Sepd sun = 9.0
| Octd sun = 9.5
| Novd sun = 9.5
| Decd sun = 8.3
| yeard sun = 8.5
| source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref name = DWD>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_414800_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Aden-Chormaksar / Jemen
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 25 February 2016
| archive-date = 19 July 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210719175435/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_414800_kt.pdf
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| date = March 2012
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Aden mean sea temperature<ref name="DWD" />
|-
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
|-
|{{convert|25|°C}}
|{{convert|25|°C}}
|{{convert|26|°C}}
|{{convert|27|°C}}
|{{convert|29|°C}}
|{{convert|30|°C}}
|{{convert|29|°C}}
|{{convert|29|°C}}
|{{convert|30|°C}}
|{{convert|28|°C}}
|{{convert|27|°C}}
|{{convert|25|°C}}
|}

== Environment ==
[[File:Blue_Beach_View_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Shores of Aden]]

=== Coasts ===
Most of the coasts of Aden Governorate along the coastal strip are sandy coasts, and the governorate has coastal beaches, including the Golden Coast in Al-Tawahi District, the coast of Abyan Bakhour Maksar, Al-Ghadeer Beach, and Kud Al-Nimr Beach in Buraiqa.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-02 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009163754/http://www.yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/tursm/ |title=السياحة في محافظة عدن |url=https://yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/tursm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Offshore islands ===
[[File:Yémen-209.JPG|left|thumb|240x240px|Khartoum al Feel ({{Langx|ar|{{script|Arab|خرطوم الفيل}}|lit=Elephant's trunk}}) in the Gold Moor beach of Aden]]
There are about 21 islands around the peninsulas of Aden, Aden Lesser, and Ras Amran. They are mostly rocky islands, some of which are surrounded by incomplete coral reefs, and most of them are considered [[fishing]] areas. A number of islands have many activities, especially on Al-Ummal Island and Sirah Island.

=== Wild and domestic animal diversity ===
Yemen is considered one of the countries rich in bird species in the Middle East due to the availability of many suitable coastal environments that helped attract many migratory birds to wetland sites, coasts and islands. The Aden region (Khor Maksar – Al-Haswah) was registered on the list of important areas of the World Bird Organization as a habitat. The last three species that are globally threatened with extinction are: the great eagle, the gull eagle, and the eastern king eagle.<ref name="محافظة عدن - البيئة">{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-05 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112151458/http://adengovernorate.com/pages/5/ |title=محافظة عدن – البيئة |url=http://adengovernorate.com/pages/5/}}</ref>

There are dozens of bird species recorded in the wetlands of Aden and the Caltex swamp area, which are rich in a wide variety of endemic and migratory birds, including birds that are present throughout the year. There are many birds in the area, including great flamingos, dwarf flamingos, and rock egrets. And the spoonbill, the hooked tern and the seagull.<ref name="محافظة عدن - البيئة"/>

== Public services ==

=== Education ===
{{See also|University of Aden|Education in Yemen}}

There are 95 schools in Aden, including 13 kindergartens, and 82 basic education schools, including 29 schools for boys, 29 schools for girls, and 29 joint schools for boys and girls. There are also 29 secondary schools, including 15 schools for boys and 14 schools for girls, all of which are in a double shift system. Until 2004, the number of male students reached In basic education, there were 57,941 students and 48,081 female students, with a total of 104,622 students. In secondary education, the number of male students reached 11,029 students, and 9,643 female students.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-01 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402191511/http://www.adengov.com/Pages.aspx?PageId=28eb8128-eaa1-4206-8bd5-5dd676f6f5a5 |title=ادارة التنمية الاقتصادية |url=http://www.adengov.com/Pages.aspx?PageId=28eb8128-eaa1-4206-8bd5-5dd676f6f5a5#}}</ref>

As for vocational, technical and vocational education centres and institutes, their number is 13, with 2,214 students enrolled, including 453 teachers. The health institutes have one institute, with 864 students enrolled, including 147 teachers, according to 2010 statistics.<ref name="أهم المؤشرات الأساسية لقطاع الصحة في المحافظة">{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-02 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009164912/http://www.yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/service/ |title=أهم المؤشرات الأساسية في المحافظة |url=https://yemen-nic.info/gover/aden/service/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> As for higher education, there is one government university in Aden, which is the University of Aden, which has 9 colleges. More than 29 thousand students are enrolled, according to 2010 statistics.<ref name="أهم المؤشرات الأساسية لقطاع الصحة في المحافظة"/>

=== Health ===
{{See also|Health in Yemen}}
There are 15 hospitals in the economic capital, Aden, including 5 public government hospitals, 6 belonging to the private sector, and 37 health centres. There are 34 facilities in the city that provide maternity and childhood services, and the number of specialised workforce in health facilities is 2,825 specialists.<ref name="أهم المؤشرات الأساسية لقطاع الصحة في المحافظة"/>

==== Endemic areas ====
In June 2015, the International Red Cross team present in conflict areas in Yemen during the events of the Yemeni civil war announced that the cities of Crater, Al-Mualla, Khor Maksar and Al-Tawahi in the Aden Governorate in the south of the country were areas affected by [[dengue fever]]. The health authorities in Aden said that this fever had spread remarkably and widely. Since the beginning of May, health services have deteriorated and infrastructure facilities, such as electricity, water, and sanitation, have been damaged as a result of the ongoing fighting in the city for months.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2015-06-19 |archive-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229140835/http://www.source-7.com/news/50897.html |title=الصليب الأحمر يعلن أحياء في عدن "مناطق موبوءة بحمى الدانغ" – اخبار |url=https://www.source-7.com/2020/07/24/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%84%d9%86%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%89-%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Mail ===
{{Main|Postage stamps and postal history of Aden}}

[[File:Tawahi_Aden_1961.jpg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Tawahi_Aden_1961.jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|A postcard of Tawahi in 1961 during the British occupation]]
Aden has known mail since June 15, 1839, that is, a year after the British occupation, although the official post office was not inaugurated until 1857. Postage stamps of both Britain and India were used in Aden until it became called the Aden Colony on April 1, 1937, although the stamps of this stage It bears no distinctive sign, but the use of the number 124 as a postal code is attributed to Aden as part of the Indian postal numerical system.

Then, when it became a colony in 1937, it had sets of postage stamps containing pictures and the name Aden printed on them. In 1939, a new postage set was issued containing a picture of King George VI, but the Sultans of Hadhramaut – who were under the umbrella of the Aden Protectorate – controlled Britain has had it since the 1880s – they refused to do so, and so Britain issued a separate postal set in 1942, but this time with the inclusion of a phrase and pictures expressing the Kathiri Sultanate in Sayun and the Qu'aiti Sultanate in Shihr and Mukalla, in addition to pictures of the sultans.

== Media ==

=== Journalism ===
{{see also|Aden TV}}
[[File:Bashrahil.jpg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Bashrahil.jpg|thumb|124x124px|Brigadier General Muhammad Bashraheel]]
The weekly ''Al-Amal'' newspaper was founded in 1957 in Aden. Its slogan was "Freedom, Bread, and Peace". The British authorities allowed only 1,500 copies to be printed weekly, and the newspaper was banned shortly afterward.<ref>{{cite web |title=العمل المجتمعي في اليمن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVSaax1O_HkC&pg=PA102 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405150803/https://books.google.com/books?id=YVSaax1O_HkC&pg=PA102 |archive-date=5 April 2020}}</ref>

In 1958, ''[[Al-Ayyam (Yemen)|Al-Ayyam]]'', an independent daily newspaper in the Arabic language, was established in Aden during the British occupation. The first issue was published on 30 July 1958, and its founder and editor-in-chief was Brigadier General Muhammad Ali Bashraheel. It stopped publishing after independence during the era of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and then resumed publication. After achieving Yemeni unity, the first issue of the second edition was on 7 November 1990, after a hiatus that lasted more than 23 years. In 1998, ''Al-Ayyam'' was the first newspaper in Yemen to be prosecuted by the government under a criminal law. Other cases followed until it became public by the end of the year. 2008, responsible for 73% of the total number of cases filed by the Ministry of Information and the Yemeni government against the press in Yemen.<ref name="الرقابة على الصحافة والخروقات بحق الصحفيين والصُحف2">{{cite journal |title=باسم الوحدة |url=https://www.hrw.org/ar/report/2009/12/15/256014 |url-status=dead |journal=Human Rights Watch |date=15 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110044937/http://www.hrw.org/ar/node/87088/section/9 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |language=ar}}</ref> When the protests and clashes intensified in Aden in April 2009, "Al-Ayyam covered the events extensively, and pictures of blood and injuries were on the cover of the newspaper for days." President Ali Abdullah Saleh sent delegations to the newspaper, asking them to reduce the severity of their coverage, and to stop using pictures of the injured.<ref name="الرقابة على الصحافة والخروقات بحق الصحفيين والصُحف2"/> On 12 May 2009, security forces launched an attack on the headquarters of ''Al-Ayyam'' newspaper in Aden.<ref name="الرقابة على الصحافة والخروقات بحق الصحفيين والصُحف2"/>

=== Radio and television ===
Radio Aden was established on 17 August 1954, under the name "Aden Radio Station".<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2015-03-15 |archive-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112083843/http://adenradio.net/Detail.aspx?secid=3 |title=إذاعةعدن |url=http://www.adenradio.net/Detail.aspx?secid=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is currently broadcast in two periods, morning and evening. The British occupation opened the Aden Channel on 11 September 1964, following the revolution of 14 October 1963. Television transmission was limited to covering populated neighbourhoods in the city of Aden, especially where soldiers and families of the British forces were present. In January 1979, the television headquarters moved to the "Radio and Television Building" in Tawahi; at that time broadcasts were in black-and-white. In March 1981 the gradual transition to colour broadcasting began, and in June 1981 the channel began broadcasting via satellite. After the Yemeni unification on 22 May 1990, Aden Channel was the second official channel of Yemeni TV.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=13 March 2015 |archive-date=11 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111043750/http://www.tvaden.net/Detail.aspx?secid=23 |title=نبذة تاريخية عن قناة عدن |url=http://www.tvaden.net/Detail.aspx?secid=23}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Sabah al-Alwani]] — first woman member of Yemen's Supreme Judicial Council
*[[Mukesh Ambani]] (born 1957) — businessman and currently the richest person in Asia
*[[Amr Gamal (director)|Amr Gamal]] (born 1983) — film and theatre director, producer, and writer
*[[Eddie Izzard]] (born 1962) — comedian
*[[Shafiqa Zawqari]] (born 1942) — author
*[[Barry Stewart Hunter]] (born 1973) — author (born in Aden)

==See also==
*[[Hadhramaut Mountains]]
*[[History of the Jews in Aden]]
*[[Military history of Britain]]
*[[Postage stamps and postal history of Aden]]
*[[Yemen Ports Authority]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Ibid|date=March 2025}}
{{see also|Timeline of Aden#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Aden}}
{{reflist}}
* Garston, J. "Aden: The First Hundred Years", ''History Today'' (March 1965) 15#3, pp. 147–158. Covers 1839 to 1939.
* {{cite journal |last1=Norris |first1=H.T. |last2=Penhey |first2=F.W. |title=The Historical Development of Aden's defences |journal=The Geographical Journal |year=1955 |volume=CXXI part I |issue=1 |page=11 |doi=10.2307/1791802 |jstor=1791802 |bibcode=1955GeogJ.121...11N}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Khalili |first=Laleh |title=Sinews of War and Trade: Shipping and Capitalism in the Arabian Peninsula |date=2020 |publisher=Verso Books |location=London |isbn=9781786634818 |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2021/01/laleh-khalili-book-review-sinews-war-trade-shipping |access-date=14 January 2021}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes}}
{{Library resources box}}
{{EB1911 poster|Aden}}

* {{cite web|website=ArchNet|publisher=MIT School of Architecture and Planning |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |url=http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1432|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20071224005632/http://www.archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1432|url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2007|title=Aden }}
*[https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Aden%20(Yemen) Photos of Aden] at the [[American Center of Research]]
* {{OSM relation}}
* [https://unhabitat.org/aden-city-profile Aden City Profile] at the [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme]]

=== Government ===
* [https://cso-ye.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/الكتاب-الإحصائى-السنوي-2017-2021م-اساسي_compressed.pdf Annual Statistical Book of Aden 2017–2021] – Central Statistical Organization – Yemen

{{Aden Governorate}}
{{Yemeni cities}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aden}}
[[Category:Aden| ]]
[[Category:Capital cities in Asia]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Former colonial capitals]]
[[Category:Gulf of Aden]]
[[Category:Installations of the Soviet Navy]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Yemen]]
[[Category:Populated places in Aden Governorate]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 7th century BC]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Red Sea]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean]]

List of Scheduled Castes in Bihar

2026-03-13T20:35:27Z

Stoutsanitaryware:

{{Short description|Dalit castes in Bihar list}}

This article has the '''list of [[Schedule Caste]]s in [[Bihar]]'''.

== List ==
The table has 22 castes designated as [[Schedule Caste]] in [[Bihar]] as of their population as per [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Population of Scheduled Castes in Bihar |url=https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jaso5_1_2013_36_59.pdf |website=SC&ST Welfare Department, [[Government of Bihar]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Caste
!Population
!{{Abbr|%age|Percentage}} of total
SC population
|-
|[[Bantar]]
|101,223
|0.78%
|-
|[[Bauri]]
|2,096
|0.02%
|-
|[[Bhogta people|Bhogta]]
|12,659
|0.10%
|-
|[[Bhuiya]]
|568,403
|4.36%
|-
|[[Chaupal (caste)|Chaupal]]
|100,111
|0.77%
|-
|[[Chamar]], (including [[Ravidassia]], [[Mochi (Hindu)|Mochi]])
|4,090,070
|31.34%
|-
|[[Dabgar]]
|5,930
|0.03%
|-
|[[Dhobi]], (or [[Rajak (caste)|Rajak]])
|647,491
|4.96%
|-
|[[Domba]], (including [[Chandala]])
|155,383
|1.19%
|-
|[[Dusadh]] or [[Paswan]]
|4,029,411
|30.88%
|-
|[[Ghasiya]]
|674
|<0.01%
|-
|[[Halalkhor]], [[Chuhra|(including]] [[Bhangi]], [[Valmiki caste|Valmiki]])
|3,960
|0.03%
|-
|[[Hela (caste)|Hela]]/Mehtar
|181,748
|1.39%
|-
|[[Kanjar]]
|1,620
|0.01%
|-
|[[Kurariyar]], (including [[Kureel]])
|6,567
|0.05%
|-
|[[Lal Begi]]
|809
|<0.01%
|-
|[[Musahar]]
|2,112,136
|16.19%
|-
|[[Nat (caste)|Nat]]
|38,615
|0.30%
|-
|[[Pano (caste)|Pano]]
|3,653
|0.03%
|-
|[[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]
|711,389
|5.54%
|-
|[[Rajuar]], (Rajwar)
|213,795
|1.64%
|-
|[[Turi language|Turi]]
|33,638
|0.26%
|-
!TOTAL
!13,048,608
!100.00%
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Bihar| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Scheduled Castes by state]]

Vikram Usendi

2026-03-10T05:20:55Z

Stoutsanitaryware: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikram Usendi
| image =
| office = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| predecessor = Anoop Nag
| constituency = [[Antagarh Assembly constituency|Antagarh]]
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency established''
| successor1 = [[Bhojraj Nag]]
| constituency1 = [[Antagarh Assembly constituency|Antagarh]]
| term_start2 = 2003
| term_end2 = 2008
| predecessor2 = Manturam Pawar
| successor2 = [[Kedar Nath Kashyap]]
| constituency2 = [[Narayanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayanpur]]
| office3 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start3 = 8 March 2019
| term_end3 = 2 June 2020
| predecessor3 = [[Dharamlal Kaushik]]
| successor3 = [[Vishnudeo Sai]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 2014
| term_end4 = 2019
| predecessor4 = [[Sohan Potai]]
| successor4 = [[Mohan Mandavi]]
| constituency4 = [[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]]
| office5 = Minister of Forest [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start5 = 22 December 2008
| term_end5 = 10 December 2013
| 1blankname5 = [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata5 = [[Raman Singh]]
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 = Mahesh Gagda
| office6 = Minister of Higher & Technical education [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start6 = 2003
| term_end6 = 2004
| 1blankname6 = [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata6 = [[Raman Singh]]
| predecessor6 = [[Satyanarayan Sharma]]
| successor6 = [[Ajay Chandrakar]]
| office7 = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start7 = 1993
| term_end7 = 1998
| predecessor7 = Shambhu Nath Naik
| successor7 = Manturam Pawar
| constituency7 = [[Narayanpur Assembly constituency|Narayanpur]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|10|17|df=y}}
|birth_name = Vikram Usendi
| birth_place = [[Kondagaon]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| party = {{flagicon image|}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Rampyari Usendi|2000}}
| father = Dev Singh Usendi
| mother = Somvati Usendi
| children = 2 sons
| occupation = Agriculturist
| alma_mater =
| source = http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4358
}}
'''Vikram Usendi''' (born 17 October 1965) is an Indian politician and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing the [[Antagarh Assembly constituency]] in [[Chhattisgarh]]. He was also a former [[Member of Parliament|Member]] of [[16th Lok Sabha]] representing [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], State President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[Chhattisgarh]] and a Cabinet minister in [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] .
<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cgvidhansabha.gov.in/english/englishindex.htm |title= MEMBERS OF LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |publisher=Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha, Government of Chhattisgarh |access-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

==Political career==
Usendi was first elected to [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in 1993 from [[Narayanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayanpur]] and again contested 1998 Assembly election but lost to his Congress rival Manturam Pawar. In [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003 Chhattisgarh Assembly election]], he won by huge margin of 8,814 votes. In 2008 election, he won from newly established [[Antagarh Assembly constituency|Antagarh]] constituency and also retained the seat in 2013. In [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], he was elected as [[member of parliament]] to the [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)]], [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4915&lastls=16|title=Members : Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2611.htm?ac=11|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153200/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2611.htm?ac=11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/satra/third_assembly/3RD_ASSEMBLY.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629081826/http://cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/satra/third_assembly/3RD_ASSEMBLY.pdf | archive-date=2019-06-29 | title=3rd Assembly}}</ref> In [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], he again won from Antagarh constituency by huge margin of 59,547 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antagarh Constituency Election Results 2023: Antagarh Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/antagarh |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dharamlal Kaushik]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party Chhattisgarh]]|years=2019–2020}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vishnudeo Sai]]}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sohan Potai]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]] |years=2014–2019}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Mohan Mandavi]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{16th LS members from Chhattisgarh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Usendi, Vikram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Narayanpur district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:People from Kanker district]]
[[Category:People from Kondagaon district]]
[[Category:State presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]

Mother Meera

2026-03-10T03:35:00Z

Stoutsanitaryware: update structure as per guidelines and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Indian mystic (born 1960)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name= Mother Meera
|image= Mutter Meera März-2020.jpg
|caption = Mother Meera
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|12|26}}
|birth_place= Chandepalle, [[Telangana]], India
|birth_name= Kamala Reddy
|death_date=
|death_place=
|footnotes=
}}
'''Mother Meera''' (born '''Kamala Reddy''' on 26 December,{{sfn|Andrew Harvey|1993}} 1960 in Chandepalle, a small village in the [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri|Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]] of [[Telangana]], [[India]]) is an Indian spiritual teacher and author living in Germany. She gives [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]], a silent blessing, and meditations in Germany and many other countries to which she travels. Although she does not consider herself a [[guru]],{{sfn|Matousek|2024|p=57}} and does not promote a particular religion, she is considered a contemporary female saint of India in the Anglo-European hemisphere.{{sfn|Mishra|2014}}{{sfn|Religion Compass|2022}} She is referred to by followers as an [[avatar]].{{sfn|Skloot|1995}}

==Life account==

[[File:Mother Meera1.jpg|upright|thumb|Mother Meera Ashram, Madanapalle, A.P., India]]

Mother Meera allegedly had her first [[samādhi]], a state of complete spiritual absorption, at the age of six, which lasted for a whole day. Her uncle Bulgur Venkat Reddy met her for the first time when she was 11 years old and recognized her as the girl of his visions.{{sfn|Matousek|2024|p=11}} He became convinced that she was the divine mother, and he took her under his wing. In 1974, he first brought her to the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in [[Pondicherry]], of which he was a member.{{sfn|Matousek|2024|p=16}} A few months later, he took her to a girls' school, where she stayed for about two years.{{sfn|Matousek|2024|p=19}}

In 1976, she returned to Pondicherry. There she met the first visitors from the West and began giving darshan.{{sfn|Andrew Harvey |1993}} In 1979, she was invited by her first followers to Montreal, Canada, where she gave darshan to larger audiences. She returned there several times.{{sfn|Harvey|1992|p=51}} In 1981, she visited Germany, and a year later, she settled there and married a German. Uncle Reddy died in 1985 and was buried in the local cemetery in [[Dornburg, Hesse|Dornburg]]-Thalheim, [[Hesse]].{{sfn|Olati|1995|p=7}} She currently gives darshan at the "Waldecker Hof," the former outbuilding of Schaumburg Castle in Balduinstein, which has been converted into a hotel.{{sfn|Rheinzeitung|2012}}

==Activities==

Mother Meera receives thousands of visitors for darshan, which takes place in silence.{{sfn|Rheinzeitung |2012}} During darshan, she touches visitors on the temples and then looks into their eyes. She does not give lectures.{{sfn|Schimmelman|2012}}

According to her teachings, her task is to bring down the Paramatman light (described as the "light of the highest Self").{{sfn|Cooley|2014}} According to her teachings, one can open oneself to this light through ''[[japa]]'', {{sfn|Mother Meera|1991|p=89-98}} the mental repetition of a divine name or [[mantra]].{{sfn|Linebaugh|2004|p=41}} This practice can be done informally. Her teachings are associated with ''[[bhakti]]'', the path of loving, emotional devotion to the Divine, in which she embraces all names and forms of God.

About the light she says:

{{quote|Like electricity, the Light is everywhere, but one must know how to activate it. I have come for that.{{sfn|Mother Meera|1991}}}}

She does not claim to be a guru or have followers. To be connected to her work, people do not have to recognise her. Mother Meera does not belong to any particular Indian tradition. However, her work has a certain affinity with Aurobindo.{{sfn|Brown, C. Mackenzie|2007|p=31}}

== Trivia ==

According to an article in ''Entertainment Weekly'' in 1994, [[Madonna]]'s global hit "[[Secret_(Madonna_song)|Secret]]" was inspired by Mother Meera.{{sfn|Jeff Gordinier, Stukin, Stacie|1994}}

== Critics ==
After splitting from Mother Meera, the writer and former follower [[Andrew Harvey (religious writer)|Andrew Harvey]] wrote ''The Sun at Midnight''.{{sfn|Sun at Midnight|2002}} In it, Harvey accused Meera of [[homophobia]], saying that Mother Meera disapproved of Harvey's marriage to another man. In his first book about her, ''Hidden Journey'', Harvey had originally praised her as an avatar, attributing his own claimed enlightenment to her. Harvey's accusation of homophobia is disputed. One of Harvey's former lovers, the writer [[Mark Matousek]] (1997),{{sfn|Matousek Website|2021}} said that: "I do know that the idea that she's homophobic is completely ridiculous. For God's sake, we were served breakfast in bed together in her house."{{sfn|Sex, Death, Enlightenment|1997}}
==Books==
*''Answers, Part I'' – by Mother Meera, {{ISBN|0-9622973-3-X}}
*''Answers, Part II'' – by Mother Meera, {{ISBN|3-9805475-5-8}}

==Quotes==
{{copy section to wikiquote}}
"One common mistake is to think that one reality is ''the'' reality. You must always be prepared to leave one reality for a greater one." – Answers, Part I

==See also==
* [[Mirabai]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite magazine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/03/magazine/the-merry-mystic.html|author= Andrew Harvey|title=The Merry Mystic | magazine=New York Times Magazine|date=1993-10-03}}
*{{cite book|last=Matousek |first=Mark | title=Mother of the Unseen World: The Mystery of Mother Meera| publisher=Monkfish Book Publishing|date=2024-03-26 |isbn=978-1-958972-23-6}}
*{{citation| first=Mithilesh |last=Mishra|title=Presence of 'America' in Religious Circles of India| journal=Comparative American Studies|eissn=14775700| date=June 2014 |volume=12 |edition=1/2}}
*{{cite journal|title=The contemporary guru field| journal=Religion Compass |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|eissn=17498171|date=February 2022|volume=16| edition=2|ref={{sfnref|Religion Compass|2022}}}}
*{{citation| first=Floyd|last=Skloot | title=Honeymooning with the feminine divine|journal=Antioch Review|eissn=00035769| date=1995| volume=53| edition=2}}
*{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Andrew|title=Hidden Journey, a spiritual awakening|publisher=Penguin Books|date=1992-04-01|isbn=978-0140194487}}
*{{cite book|first=Adilakshmi|last=Olati|title=The Mother|isbn=9783000002410|publisher=Mother Meera|date=1995-01-01}}
*{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rhein-zeitung.de/bilder_galerie,-geruechte-um-mutter-meera-_mediagalid,15333.html |title=Rumours about Mother Meera (Gerüchte um Mutter Meera) |newspaper=Rheinzeitung|publisher=Mittelrhein-Verlag |language=german| date=2012-11-06|ref={{sfnref|Rheinzeitung|2012}}}}
*{{cite magazine|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mother-meera_b_1965864 |first=Jack| last=Schimmelman|title=Sitting With Mother Meera |newspaper=Huffpost|date=2012-10-23}}
*{{cite magazine|url=https://www.elephantjournal.com/2014/09/receiving-darshan-from-mother-meera/|first=Grace|last=Cooley|title=Receiving Darshan from Mother Meera| newspaper=Elephantjournal|date=2014}}
*{{cite book|first=Sonia L.|last=Linebaugh|title=At the Feet of Mother Meera: The Lessons of Silence|date=2004 |isbn=978-1-4134-1054-9}}
*{{cite book|author=Mother Meera|title=Answers, Part I|publisher=Meeramma Pubns|isbn=9780962297335|date=1991-01-01}}
*{{citation| author=Brown, C. Mackenzie|title=Colonial and Post-Colonial Elaborations of Avataric Evolutionism| journal=Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science|date=2007|volume=42|edition=3}}
*{{citation|title=Devotional rescue| author=Jeff Gordinier, Stukin, Stacie|journal=Entertainment Weekly|eissn=10490434|date=1994-09-28|edition=246}}
*{{cite book|author=Andrew Harvey |title=The Sun at Midnight: A Memoir of the Dark Night|publisher=TarcherPerigee| date=2002-10-14|isbn=9781585421794|ref={{sfnref|Sun at Midnight|2002}}}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.markmatousek.com|title=Mark Matousek Homepage|author=Mark Matousek |access-date=2021-05-16|ref={{sfnref|Matousek Website|2021}}}}
*{{cite book|author=Mark Matousek|title=Sex, Death, Enlightenment: A True Story|publisher=Riverhead Trade| date=1997-03-01|isbn=9781573225816|ref={{sfnref|Sex, Death, Enlightenment|1997}}}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*''The Mother'' – by Adilakshmi, {{ISBN|3-00-000241-3}}
*''At the Feet of Mother Meera: The Lessons of Silence'' – by Sonia Linebaugh, {{ISBN|1-4134-1053-7}}
*''Hidden Journey: A Spiritual Awakening'' – by Andrew Harvey, {{ISBN|0-14-019448-7}}
*''In Search of the Divine Mother: The Mystery of Mother Meera'' – by [[Martin J. Goodman|Martin Goodman]], {{ISBN|0-06-251509-8}}
*''Sex Death Enlightenment'' – Mark Matousek (1997), Riverhead books, {{ISBN|1-57322-581-9}}
*''Mother of the Unseen World: The Mystery of Mother Meera.'' - by Mark Matousek, {{ISBN|0-8129-9725-5}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiversity|Yoga oracle#98. Mother Meera}}
{{Wikibooks|Yoga/Spiritual_Almanac#November. Mother Meera}}
* [http://www.mothermeera.com/ Mother Meera Germany]
* [http://www.mothermeerafoundationusa.org/ Mother Meera Foundation USA]
* [http://mothermeera.org.uk/ Darshan in the UK]
* [http://mothermeera.school/ Mother Meera school in India]
* [http://meremeera.fr/ Mere Meera (official french site)]
* [http://matkameera.cz/ Matka Meera (official czech site)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160404173825/http://thisisawar.com/AuthorsMatousekInterview.htm Mark Matousek on Mother Meera]
* [http://www.mysticsaint.info/2008/09/silent-darshan-of-mother-meera.html An experience of Darshan with Mother Meera]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meera, Mother}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu female religious leaders]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu female religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:German Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Indian women religious leaders]]
[[Category:People considered avatars by their followers]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Women Hindu mystics]]
[[Category:German people of Telugu descent]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]

Simhasanam (1986 film)

2026-03-03T20:17:22Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Adding new data

{{short description|1986 Telugu film by Krishna}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Simhasanam
| image = Simhasanam poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]
| screenplay = Krishna
| starring = Krishna [[Jayaprada]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]
| story = Krishna
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]]
}}
| producer = Krishna
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| editing = Krishna
| studio = [[Padmalaya Studios]]
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1986|3|21|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹3.2–4 [[crore]]
| gross =
}}
'''''Simhasanam''''' ({{translation|The throne}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Period film|period]] [[Action film|action]] film written, directed, edited, and produced by [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] under the [[Padmalaya Studios]] banner. Marking his directorial debut, Krishna also stars in a dual role, alongside [[Jaya Prada|Jayaprada]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], and [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]]. The supporting cast includes [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]], [[Kantha Rao]], [[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Giri Babu]], and [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]. The music for the film was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]], marking his Telugu debut.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=Happy Birthday Bappi Lahiri: Five hit albums in Telugu to celebrate his work |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-bappi-lahiri-five-hit-albums-in-telugu-to-celebrate-his-work/photostory/72254138.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110054250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-bappi-lahiri-five-hit-albums-in-telugu-to-celebrate-his-work/photostory/72254138.cms |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=19 June 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was simultaneously shot in Hindi as ''[[Singhasan]]'', with [[Jeetendra]] as the lead.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=APK |date=1 May 2007 |title=Nostalgia - Simhasanam (1986) |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/simhasanam.htm |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=CineGoer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325203103/http://www.cinegoer.com/simhasanam.htm |archive-date=25 March 2012 }}</ref>

Blending historical and folk narratives, ''Simhasanam'' draws inspiration from figures such as [[Rudrama Devi]] and [[Gona Ganna Reddy]]. Set in the fictional kingdoms of Dasarna and Avanthi, the film follows Vikrama Simha, the wrongfully exiled army commander of Dasarna, and his look-alike, Prince Aditya Vardhana of Avanthi, as they navigate a power struggle for the thrones of both kingdoms.

The film's production featured a significantly higher budget for its time, ranging from ₹3.2 to ₹4 [[crore]]. It was the first Telugu film to be released in [[70 mm film|70 mm]], 6-track [[stereophonic sound]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2015 |title=When romance is a seven-minute duet! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-11-08/When-romance-is-a-seven-minute-duet/185315 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110054343/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-11-08/When-romance-is-a-seven-minute-duet/185315 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=19 June 2020 |website=[[The Hans India]] |quote=The song for this week is from one of his 1986 release 'Simhasanam', the first 70 mm stereophonic sound film in Telugu.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2016 |title=మొట్టమొదటి 70ఎం.ఎం. చిత్రానికి 30 ఏళ్ళు! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/super-star-krishnas-simhasanam-movie-completed-30-years/articleshow/51502649.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208092233/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/super-star-krishnas-simhasanam-movie-completed-30-years/articleshow/51502649.cms |archive-date=8 December 2018 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=te}}</ref> Released on 21 March 1986, the film was distributed across 85 prints in 153 theatres throughout South India. ''Simhasanam'' was a commercial success, running for 100 days in six centres, and was praised for its grand scale. The film marked a milestone in Krishna's career, showcasing his versatility as both an actor and director.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
Vikrama Simha, the Senapathi (army chief) of the Dasarna kingdom, defeats several feudal lords and secures their allegiance to King Kshemendra Bhupathi. In recognition of his accomplishments, the king grants Vikrama Simha the titles of the kingdom and gifts him the Bhavani sword, a revered heirloom.

Princess Alakananda, the king’s daughter, secretly loves Vikrama Simha. Meanwhile, Bherunda, the kingdom's Maha Mantri (prime minister), plots to kill Alakananda and claim the throne. Vikrama Simha foils the attempt, but Bherunda accuses him of treason. Despite these accusations, the king, acknowledging Vikrama Simha's past services, commutes his sentence from death to exile. Vikrama accepts the decision and advises the king to strengthen the security around the princess.

The story shifts to the temple of Goddess Aparajitha, where Dasarna and Avanthi kingdoms alternate in performing the first prayer. This year, Alakananda performs the ritual. The queen mother of Avanthi expresses interest in marrying her son, Prince Aditya Vardhana, to Alakananda, uniting the kingdoms.

In Avanthi, Prince Aditya Vardhana, who bears a striking resemblance to Vikrama Simha, leads a carefree life. He becomes infatuated with Jaswanthi, a court dancer, but is reprimanded by the queen for his irresponsible behaviour. The queen attempts to reform Aditya, and he matures into a more responsible prince. She wishes for him to marry Alakananda Devi. However, during a hunting expedition, Aditya encounters Chandana, a beautiful woman revealed to be a vishakanya. Aditya falls in love with her, but when Chandana realizes her nature, she attempts to end her life. Vikrama Simha intervenes, rescues her, and helps her reform.

Amid these developments, Aditya Vardhana requests Vikrama Simha to temporarily rule Avanthi and resolve the kingdom’s crises. Vikrama agrees, later restoring the throne to Aditya, who marries Chandana. Meanwhile, Avanthi’s Rajaguru (royal guru) conspires to place his son on the throne, but his plan is thwarted by Vikrama Simha. In the end, Vikrama foils Bherunda's plans in Dasarna, ensuring peace in both kingdoms. The story concludes with Vikrama Simha marrying Alakananda Devi.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Vikrama Simha and Aditya Vardhana
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Princess Alakananda Devi
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Jaswanthi
* [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]] as Chandanagandhi "Chandana"
* [[Waheeda Rehman]] as Queen Mother of Avanthi (voice dubbed by [[Sowcar Janaki]])
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Rajaguru of Avanthi
* [[Prabhakar Reddy]] as Bherunda, Maha Mantri (Prime Minister) of Dasarna
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Srikantayya, Maha Mantri (Prime Minister) of Avanthi
* [[M. Balayya]] as an Army General of Dasarna
* [[Kantha Rao]] as Kshemendra Bhupathi, Maharaja of Dasarna
* [[Giri Babu]] as Ugra Rahu, Army Chief of Avanthi
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] (voice dubbed by [[Nutan Prasad]]) as Kukuteswar
* [[Praveen Kumar Sobti|Praveen Kumar]] as Kaala Bhairava
* [[Gurbachan Singh]] as Katari Kataya
* [[Jayamalini]] as Dancer
* [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Dancer
* [[Jayasree T]] as Dancer
* Leena Das as Dancer
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In November 1984, actor [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] launched his film studio, [[Padmalaya Studios|Padmalaya]], aiming to establish it as a significant name in the industry.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ek85AAAAIAAJ&q=padmalaya+studios |title=Andhra Pradesh Year Book |date=1984 |publisher=Hyderabad Publications & Newspapers. |language=en}}</ref> At the time, he was balancing his acting career in Telugu films with producing Hindi films. To enhance the studio’s reputation, Krishna decided to remake the 1951 Telugu film ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' into Hindi. The remake, titled ''[[Pataal Bhairavi]]'', was released in May 1985 and became a success, giving Krishna the momentum to pursue a more ambitious project.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Rentala Jayadeva |date=21 March 2021 |title=Superstar Krishna Simhasanam Movie Completes 35 Years |url=https://sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/superstar-krishna-simhasanam-movie-completes-35-years-1351093 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

In 1985, Krishna ventured into direction and set out to create a grand folklore (janapada) film with impressive sets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=13 September 2017 |title=Mahesh Babu's Spyder event in Chennai drew bigger turnout than Tamil stars' films? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130917/a-surprisingly-huge-turnout-for-spyder-event.html |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> To make this high-budget venture work, he decided to produce it in both Telugu and Hindi. This led to ''Simhasanam'', the first Telugu film shot in [[70 mm film|70 mm]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2016 |title=మూడు పదుల సింహాసనం |url=https://www.manatelangana.news/simhasanam-movie-completed-30-years/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110054340/https://www.manatelangana.news/simhasanam-movie-completed-30-years/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=[[Mana Telangana]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The Telugu version was titled ''Simhasanam'', while the Hindi version was titled ''[[Singhasan]]'', starring [[Jeetendra]]. Produced under the Padmalaya banner with his brothers G. Hanumantha Rao and G. Adiseshagiri Rao managing the project, Krishna made his directorial debut, also taking on roles as screenwriter, editor, and producer.<ref name=":0" />

Krishna is officially credited with the story and screenplay, while his frequent collaborator, [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]], is credited with the dialogues. However, Maharadhi played a significant role in writing the entire script, not just the dialogue portion.<ref name=":4" /> The film blends historical elements with folk narratives, drawing inspiration from actual events and figures. The characters of Queen Alakananda Devi and army commander Vikrama Simha were based on the historical figures [[Rudrama Devi]] and [[Gona Ganna Reddy]], who assisted Rudrama Devi during times of crisis in the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Empire]]. Additionally, the character of Chandanagandhi was inspired by a historical incident involving a [[Vishakanya]], who was used against [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Emperor]].<ref name=":4" />

=== Casting ===
Krishna played dual roles as Vikrama Simha and Aditya Vardhana. [[Jaya Prada|Jayapradha]] was cast as Princess Alakananda Devi, with [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], and [[Mandakini (actress)|Mandakini]] in key female roles. Other prominent actors included [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]], [[Kantha Rao]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], and [[Giri Babu]].<ref name=":0" />

[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] made his Telugu debut with a significant role in both the Telugu and Hindi versions. [[Nutan Prasad]] provided the voice for Amjad Khan, and [[Sowcar Janaki]] dubbed for Waheeda Rehman in the Telugu version.<ref name=":1" /> Dialogue writer Tripuraneni Maharathi also appeared in a role in the film.<ref name=":4" />

The technical team included Bhaskar Raju as the art director and costume designer, C. Madhav Rao for makeup, and [[Veeru Devgan]] for action choreography.<ref name=":0" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] took place at Padmalaya Studios in Hyderabad, with additional filming in locations such as [[Hogenakkal Falls|Hogenakkal]] and [[Mysore]].<ref name=":0" /> The film was shot simultaneously in Telugu and Hindi, with [[Jeetendra]] starring in the Hindi version, ''[[Singhasan]]''. In a unique production approach, a shot was first filmed in Telugu, and the same setup was later used for the Hindi version. Both versions of the film were completed in 65 days. With a budget ranging from ₹3.2 to 4 [[crore]], ''Simhasanam'' was made at a significantly higher cost compared to typical films of the time, where budgets generally ranged between ₹40 and ₹50 [[lakh]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />

The cinematography was handled by [[V. S. R. Swamy]], a long-time collaborator of Krishna. [[Ravikant Nagaich]], a mentor to Swamy in camera work, was responsible for the film's special effects . [[Teja (director)|Teja]], who worked as an assistant to Nagaich, recalled that for the song "Aakasamlo Oka Tara," trick shots were used to depict a palace in [[Brindavan Gardens]].<ref name=":4" />

Art director Bhaskar Raju designed large-scale sets, including the iconic royal darbar set and grand statues, which became significant elements of the film and were displayed in the studio for an extended period. Prior to the establishment of [[Ramoji Film City]], co-producer Hanumantha Rao is reported to have explained the process of creating these statues to its proprietor, [[Ramoji Rao]].<ref name=":4" />

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]], marking his debut in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":2" /> The lyrics were written by [[Acharya Aatreya|Aatreya]] and [[Veturi]]. Tracks such as "Aakasamlo Oka Tara" and "Vahava Nee Yavvanam" became popular and continue to be enjoyed.<ref name=":0" />

At the time, a controversy arose between Krishna and singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]. Impressed by the voice of Raj Sitaram, a degree student from [[Tamil Nadu]], Krishna chose him to sing all the songs for ''[[Surya Chandra]]'' (1985). Bappi Lahiri also approved of Sitaram's voice for ''Simhasanam''<nowiki/>'s songs. As a result, Raj Sitaram sang all the songs in the film.<ref name=":4" />

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Akasamlo Oka Tara
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = Raj Sitaram, [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Gumma Gumma
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = Raj Sitaram, P. Susheela
| length2 =
| title3 = Idhi Kalayani Nenanukona
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = Raj Sitaram, P. Susheela
| length3 =
| title4 = Swagatham
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = Raj Sitaram, P. Susheela
| length4 =
| title5 = Vahavaee Yavvanam
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 = Raj Sitaram, P. Susheela
| length5 =
| title6 = Vayyaramantha
| note6 =
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 =
| music6 =
| extra6 = Raj Sitaram, P. Susheela
| length6 =
}}

== Release ==
''Simhasanam'' was censored on 18 February 1986, and released on 21 March 1986, with 85 prints distributed across 153 theaters in [[South India]]. It was the first Telugu film to be released in [[70 mm film|70 mm]] format. The film attracted large crowds upon release, causing significant traffic jams near theaters and generating considerable buzz at the time.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
''Simhasanam'' was a commercial success, running for 50 days in 16 centres and 100 days in six centres.<ref name=":1" /> It set a record as the first Telugu film to gross over ₹1.5 [[crore]] in its opening week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2021 |title=Krishna: ఆంధ్రుల జేమ్స్‌ బాండ్‌ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/happy-birthday-super-star-krishna/0212/121110195 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The film's 100-day celebration in VGP Gardens, [[Chennai|Madras]], drew a large crowd of Krishna's fans, creating significant excitement and attracting attention from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]]. Approximately 400 buses transported fans from Andhra to Madras for the event.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Chaganti Bhargav |date=2022-09-04 |title=Simhasanam Movie in 8K Ultra HD Version: సూపర్ స్టార్ ఫ్యాన్స్ కి గుడ్ న్యూస్.. 80'స్ బాహుబలి సింహాసనం' రీ రిలీజ్! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/super-star-krishna-simhasanam-movie-to-re-release-in-8k-ultra-hd-version-75430 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee News Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0234737}}

[[Category:1980s historical action films]]
[[Category:1986 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1986 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vikramaditya]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Padmalaya Studios films]]

Rusi Kanda Poonai

2026-03-03T05:23:28Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding a post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rusi Kanda Poonai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[G. N. Rangarajan]]
| writer = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Saritha]]|[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]|[[M. R. R. Vasu]]}}
| cinematography = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| editing = Ramalingam
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Panchu Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1980|12|25|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Rusi Kanda Poonai''''' ({{Translation|The cat that went after the taste}}) is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[G. N. Rangarajan]] and written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]]. The film stars [[Saritha]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] and [[M. R. R. Vasu]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=22 June 1980 |title=ருசி கண்ட பூனை (திரைக்கதை) |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-06-22/page/n51/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230410052759/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-06-22/page/n51/mode/2up |archive-date=10 April 2023 |access-date=10 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It was released on 25 December 1980.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2024}}
Saritha and Sudhakar love each other and Ramesh promises Saritha that he will marry her. But later, it is revealed that Sudhakar had already been married and dejected. Saritha leaves the hostel run by Manorama and her Siddha expert husband Suruli Rajan, for her hometown. Sudhakar's marital life was a disaster as they often had quarrels. Eager to meet Saritha, Sudhakar comes to the hostel, but finds she already left. Saritha becomes pregnant and delivers a baby girl and meanwhile, Sudhakar's wife, Y. Vijaya dies in an accident. Saritha was never informed about the delivery of her baby girl and her mother gives the child to the greedy couple M. R. R. Vasu and Gandhimathi and both always torture the girl, in addition to blackmailing Saritha's mother for money to hide the truth of Saritha's daughter's birth. Saritha gets married and has a happy life and is blessed with a daughter. Meanwhile, Sudhakar is in search of Saritha and one day meets him at a beach as her daughter gets almost drowned, but gets saved by him. Saritha avoids speaking with Sudhakar. Meanwhile, M. R. R. R. Vasu blackmails Saritha's mother for money and unable to handle the pressure, she dies revealing the truth to Saritha's daughter. What will happen to Sudhakar, will Saritha's husband find out the truth and what happens to M. R. R. Vasu gets revealed in the climax.

== Cast ==
* [[Saritha]]
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1951)|Vijay Babu]]
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]]
* [[Gandhimathi]]
* [[Y. Vijaya]]
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
* [[Suruli Rajan]]

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusi Kanda Poonai Tamil FIlm EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/rusi-kanda-poonai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155152/https://mossymart.com/product/rusi-kanda-poonai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track
! Singers
! Lyrics
! Duration
|-
| "Anbu Mugham Thantha Sugham..."
| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| 4:26
|-
| "En Nenjam..."
| [[S. Janaki]]
| 1:56
|-
| "Kanna Nee Engey..."
| S. Janaki
|S. Janaki
| 2:10
|-
| "Sandhanam Ittu..."
| [[P. Susheela]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gangai Amaran]]
| 1:37
|-
| "Sandhanamittuch Chadhiradum Mottu..."
| P. Susheela
| 4:07
|}

== Reception ==
''Anna'' praised the acting of the star cast, Arunachalam's dialogues, Rangarajan's direction and Viswanathan's cinematography but panned Sudhakar's acting and Suruli Rajan's humour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 1980 |title=ருசி கண்ட பூனை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_284/4.jp2/full/1000,1370/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203112210/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_284/4.jp2/full/1000,1370/0/default.jpg |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=3 December 2024 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{G. N. Rangarajan}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. N. Rangarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=May 2024}}

Masala Padam

2026-03-03T03:33:45Z

Stoutsanitaryware: expanded content

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Laxman Kumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Masala Padam
| image = Masala padam.jpg
| director = [[Laxman Kumar]]
| producer = Laxman Kumar Vijayaraghavendra
| writer = Laxman Kumar Lakshmi Devy
| starring = [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] [[Bobby Simha]] [[Lakshmi Devy]]
| cinematography = Laxman Kumar
| editing = Richard Kevin
| studio = Allin Pictures
| distributor = Auraa Cinemas
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|10|09}}
}}

'''''Masala Padam''''' ({{translation|''[[Masala film]]''}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed, filmed and co-produced by cinematographer [[Laxman Kumar]] along with Vijayaraghavendra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2014 |title=Shiva, Simhaa join for 'Masala Padam' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shiva-Simhaa-join-for-Masala-Padam/articleshow/45200920.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film stars [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Bobby Simha]] and Gaurav <ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Simhaas-next-is-Masala-Padam/articleshow/46311607.cms Simhaa: Simhaa's next is Masala Padam ]</ref> alongside Lakshmi Devy, who besides playing the female lead, had also written the film's screenplay.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Lakshmi-Devy-pens-screenplay-for-Masala-Padam/articleshow/46564555.cms Lakshmi Devy pens screenplay for Masala Padam ]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Being Heroine and Screenwriter |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Of-Being-Heroine-and-Screenwriter/2015/03/19/article2719899.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324013923/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Of-Being-Heroine-and-Screenwriter/2015/03/19/article2719899.ece |archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> The soundtrack and background score were composed by newcomer Karthik Acharya, while editing was handled by Richard Kevin.

Popular Audio label [[Lahari Music]] have acquired the audio rights of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2015 |title=Lahari Music, Lahiri Bags Rights of 'Masala Padam' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Music-Label-Lahiri-Bags-Rights-for-Masala-Padam/2015/04/09/article2754439.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413114704/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Music-Label-Lahiri-Bags-Rights-for-Masala-Padam/2015/04/09/article2754439.ece |archive-date=13 April 2015 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
[[Lahari Music]], pioneer record label company is making its Re-Entry in to the Tamil music industry with ''Masala Padam.''
The film is distributed by Auraa Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2015 |title=Auraa Cinemas to release three films in three months, including Manjhi and Masala Padam |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/auraa-cinemas-to-release-three-films-in-three-months-including-manjhi-and-masala-padam.html |access-date=2015-12-30 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film released on 9 October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2015 |title=Simhaa's next is 'Masala Padam' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Simhaas-next-is-Masala-Padam/articleshow/46311607.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2015 |title=Getting the masala right |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/getting-the-masala-right/article7012656.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] as Mani (Manikandan)
* [[Bobby Simha]] as Amudhan
* Gaurav as Krish
* [[Lakshmi Devy]] as Diya
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] as Reshma
* Arjun Somayajula as Karthik
* Hyde Karty as Hyde
* Harini Ramesh as Harini
* Prasanth Yerramilli as Kevin
* Srini Suryaprakasam as Hari
* Arun Thirumalai as Apser
* [[Venkat Subha]] as Producer Raman
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Tiger Garden Thangadurai]] as Mani's friend
* Nizam as Mani's friend
* Boopal Raj Vaandayar
* Sri Hari
* Murali Satagoppan
* Praveen
* RJ Vijay as himself
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Masala Padam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Karthik Acharya
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Karthik Acharya
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Chase (2022 film)|Chase]]
| next_year =2022
}}
Karthik Acharya has composed the songs and background score of the film.

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:56
| title1 = Evolution Of Cinema
| lyrics1 = Muthamizh
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]]
| length1 = 5:00
| title2 = The Masala Song
| lyrics2 = Srikanth Vardhan & Hyde Karty
| extra2 = [[Naresh Iyer]], Hyde Karty
| length2 = 3:26
| title3 = Noor Ayiram
| lyrics3 = [[Bharathidasan|Pavendar Bharathidasan]], Hyde Karty
| extra3 = Hyde Karty, Bizmac Sylvestre
| length3 = 2:34
| title4 = Abc Of Chennai
| lyrics4 = Srikanth Vardhan
| extra4 = [[Benny Dayal]], Subhi
| length4 = 5:00
| title5 = Paena Munai Dhan
| lyrics5 = Muthamizh
| extra5 = Karthik Acharya, Anugraha.
| length5 = 4:00
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5103942}}

[[Category:2015 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

All India N.R. Congress

2026-02-25T06:33:16Z

Stoutsanitaryware: minor edit

#REDIRECT [[All India N. R. Congress]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-23T04:59:46Z

Stoutsanitaryware: started the article from scratch

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name = '''മലബാർ വന്യജീവി സങ്കേതം'''
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Malabar Tree Nymph-Kakkayam.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Idea malabarica]]'' in the Sanctuary
| map = India Kerala#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Kozhikode District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Kozhikode]]
| coordinates = {{coords|11.4446|N|75.6935|E|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{convert|74.215015|km²}}
| established = 2010
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Department of Forests and Wildlife (Kerala)|Department of Forests and Wildlife, Kerala]]
}}
'''Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located along the [[Western Ghats]] and spread across {{convert|74|km2|mi2}} in [[Chakkittapara]] and [[Koorachundu]] revenue villages of [[Koyilandy]] Taluk in [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Malabar wildlife sanctuary to be opened on Sunday|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Malabar-wildlife-sanctuary-to-be-opened-on-Sunday/article16121969.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New termite species spotted in Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/New-termite-species-spotted-in-Malabar-Wildlife-Sanctuary/articleshow/54715324.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|accessdate=14 October 2017}}</ref>
The sanctuary is part of the western ghats, a biodiversity hotspot. It also comes under the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and forms a part of the Wayanad Elephant Reserve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary|url=https://forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/wildlife/2015-03-16-09-50-24/2015-06-26-09-04-29/malabar-wildlife-sanctuary|website=forest.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/wildlife/2015-03-16-09-50-24/2015-06-26-09-04-29/malabar-wildlife-sanctuary/ Official website of Department of Forests and Wildlife Department, Government of Kerala]

{{commons category|Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2010]]

Fudam Bird Sanctuary

2026-02-22T20:51:11Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding a article from scratch.

{{Short description|Bird sanctuary in India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Fudam Bird Sanctuary
| alt_name = Fudam Bird Sanctuary, Diu
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Gir5.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Flamingoes inside Fudam Bird Sanctuary
| image_size =
| map = India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| location = [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Diu Island|Diu]]
| coordinates =
| coords_ref =
| area = {{Convert|2.18|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Fudam Bird Sanctuary|url=https://www.natureweb.net/sanctuaries/fudam-wildlife-sanctuary|website=www.natureweb.net}}</ref>
| established = 1991<ref>{{cite web|title=Fudam Bird Sanctuary|url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/which-of-the-following-sanctuaries-is-located-in-diu-|website=textbook.com}}</ref>
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Diu Tourism
| url = https://www.diutourismgov.in
}}
'''Fudam Bird Sanctuary''' is a bird sanctuary location on [[Diu Island]] of the [[Union territory|Indian Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]. This site is a [[marsh]]land and thus home to migratory birds like [[Flamingo]]s, locally called '''Surkhaab'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fudam Bird Sanctuary 2022, #17 top things to do in diu, daman and diu, reviews, best time to visit, photo gallery {{!}} HelloTravel India |url=https://www.hellotravel.com/india/fudam-bird-sanctuary,%20https://www.hellotravel.com/india/fudam-bird-sanctuary |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.hellotravel.com}}</ref>

== Fauna ==
Birds found in the area include the [[Painted stork|Painted Stork]], [[Paddyfield pipit|Paddy field Pipit]], [[Purple sunbird|Purple Sun Bird]], [[Cattle egret|Cattle Egret]], [[Grey plover|Grey Plover]], [[Clamorous reed warbler|Clamorous Reed Warbler]], [[Striated heron|Striated Heron]], [[Red-necked phalarope|Red Neck Phalarope]], [[Red-wattled lapwing|Red Wattled Lapwing]], [[Indian cormorant|Indian Carmorant]], [[Red-vented bulbul|Red-vented Bulbul]], [[Comb duck|Comb Duck]], [[House crow|House Crow]], [[Black-winged stilt|Black Winged Stilt]], [[Asian palm swift|Asian Palm Swift]] and [[Sanderling]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birds Of Diu |url=https://birdsofgujarat.co.in/place_bird_list.php?list=Fudam%20Bird%20Sanctuary |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=birdsofgujarat.co.in}}</ref>

Bird census conducted in 2025, shows nearly 108 species in the sanctuary including waterfowl, waders etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Famed for cocktail coast, Diu a haven for 108 bird species too|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/famed-for-cocktail-coast-diu-a-haven-for-108-bird-species-too/articleshow/118539240.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-02-25|access-date=2025-11-27|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The site has an observatory tower from where birdwatchers can site the entire wetland. Near a forest office is also located.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Diu}}
* {{Official|http://www.diutourism.com}}

[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Diu district]]

Peter Percival

2026-02-22T14:38:19Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding new pg

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Peter Percival
| image = Peter_Percival.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1803|07|24}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1882|07|11|1803|07|24}}
| death_place = [[Yercaud]], [[Administrative divisions of Madras Presidency#Salem|Salem district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| relatives = [[Robert Bruce Foote]], son–in–law
| occupation = Missionary, religious educator
}}
'''Peter Percival''' (24 July 1803 – 11 July 1882) was a British born [[missionary]] and educator who opened religious schools in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[South India]] during the British colonial era.<ref>[http://www.sharmaheritage.com/pdfs/pappu_rbf.pdf Prehistoric Antiquities and Personal Lives: The Untold Story of Robert Bruce Foote], Shanti Pappu, ''Man and Environment'', XXXIII(1): 30–50 (2008), p.36</ref>) During his stay in [[Jaffna]], he led the effort to translate the [[Authorized King James Version]] of Bible into the [[Tamil language]], working with the Tamil scholar [[Arumuka Navalar]] – a Shaiva Hindu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1974|page=235}}</ref> Percival's work influenced [[Robert Bruce Foote]]. Percival began his career in [[British Ceylon|British held Sri Lanka]] and [[Bengal]] as a [[Wesleyan]] [[Methodist]] missionary. He was instrumental in starting and upgrading a number of Christian schools within the Jaffna peninsula. After returning to England, he converted to [[Anglicanism]]. Subsequent to his posting in South India, he severed his association with the Anglican Missionary Society that had sent him to India and worked as an educator in [[Madras Presidency College|Presidency College]] in [[Madras Presidency]]. He published English-Tamil and English-[[Telugu language|Telugu]] dictionaries as well as a number of books on Indian culture and religion. He died in 1882 in [[Yercaud]] in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Career==

===British Ceylon===
Peter Percival, aged 23, was sent to [[Jaffna Peninsula|Jaffna peninsula]] in [[British Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) in 1826 by the [[Wesleyan Methodist Mission of North Ceylon|Wesleyan Methodist Mission]], with concerns whether his appointment is risky in "an atmosphere of immoral heathenism".<ref name=Methodist33>{{Harvnb|Findlay|Holdsworth|1924|page=33}}</ref> At his arrival the missionary society and its efforts had not produced results expected by their original expectations and goals. A number of previous missionaries had returned to Europe after short stints due to illness.<ref name=Methodist31>{{Harvnb|Findlay|Holdsworth|1924|page=31}}</ref> Percival spent most of his early adult life in Jaffna peninsula until 1851, with a short stint in Bengal (1829–32).<ref name=SGP/>

Percival's views and style brought him conflict with fellow missionaries such as Joseph Roberts. After Roberts left, Percival led the missionary efforts in Jaffna district. Percival, states Findlay's records of the mission, then had conflicts with Ralph Stott. Percival favored Christian schools rather than the direct evangelization approach of Stott. Between 1834 and 1836, his efforts led to the opening of religious schools – including those for girls – and the building of St. Paul's chapel in Jaffna. Some of these schools were later upgraded to colleges.<ref name=Methodist33-36>{{Harvnb|Findlay|Holdsworth|1924|pages=33–36}}</ref> As a Protestant missionary, Percival favored the teaching of Christian texts in the local vernacular (Tamil) rather than English or Portuguese.<ref name=Methodist33-36/>{{sfn|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=34–38}}

During his tenure as the principal of Jaffna Central College, he hired his former student [[Arumuka Navalar]] as a teacher. They worked together between 1841 and 1848, and collaborated with him to translate the Bible into Tamil.<ref name=Hudson36>{{Harvnb|Jones|Hudson|1992|pages=29, 36–39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dennis Hudson|editor=Steven Kaplan|title=Indigenous Responses to Western Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgzexEv4Y6YC |year=1995|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-4649-3|pages=96–97}}</ref><ref name=Heidman221>{{Harvnb|Heidman|2001|page=221}}</ref> Percival's preference of education over [[evangelism]] created friction with other Wesleyan missionaries but it also influenced the educational practices of all those who were trying to improve the literary levels of 19th-century Sri Lankan Tamil society.<ref name=Methodist34>{{Harvnb|Findlay|Holdsworth|1924|page=34}}</ref><ref name=Methodist35>{{Harvnb|Findlay|Holdsworth|1924|page=35}}</ref>

===England===
In 1851, he returned to England with the intention of coming back to Ceylon but due to differences with the Methodist hierarchy in London, he renounced Methodism.<ref name=Methodist39>{{Harvnb|Findlay|Holdsworth|1924|page=39}}</ref> In 1852, he was ordained [[deacon]] by the [[Anglican]] [[Bishop of London]]. During the next two years, he worked as a lecturer at [[St Augustine's College, Canterbury]], teaching a course about India and its religions.<ref name=SGP>{{cite web | title= Details of PETER PERCIVAL | url= http://spuddybike.org.uk/familyhistory/madras/priests/detail/priest_3104.html | access-date= 12 November 2011 | archive-date= 24 April 2024 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240424003738/https://spuddybike.org.uk/familyhistory/madras/priests/detail/priest_3104.html | url-status= dead }}</ref>

===British India===
In 1854, he went to [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]] in southern [[Company rule in India|British India]] with the [[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts]], an Anglican missionary society. He became an Anglican priest ordained by [[Diocese of Madras of the Church of South India|Bishop of Madras]] in 1855. In 1856 after becoming the [[Registrar (education)|Registrar]] of [[Madras University]] and Professor of [[Sanskrit]] and Vernacular Literature in Presidency College, he severed his relationship with the missionary society.<ref name=SGP/><ref name=Missionary131>{{Harvnb|Armstrong|1863|page=131}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Peter percival-6-yercaud-salem-India.jpg|thumb|Grave Peter Percival in the cemetery of the [[Holy Trinity Church at Yercaud]]]]
In India he was known a scholar in Tamil and Telugu.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/08/stories/2009070855681100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712071555/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/08/stories/2009070855681100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2009|title=The trail of two British innovators in India |date=8 July 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> After having published the Tamil translation of the Bible, he wrote the book ''Land of the Veda: India Briefly Described in some of its Aspects, Physical, Social, Intellectual and Moral''. His other publications include, a book on Tamil proverbs in English, English-Tamil and English-Telugu dictionaries, and a bilingual Tamil and Telugu journal [[Dinavartamani]].<ref name=Hindu/> He also translated into English, Tamil proverbs and the literary work of [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]], a Tamil poet.<ref name=Hindu/>

His daughter married pioneering geologist and archaeologist Robert Bruce Foote. Peter Percival and Robert Bruce Foote were lifelong friends and shared their interest in Indian culture, history and linguistics. He retired to the [[hill station]] town of Yercaud and died in 1882.<ref name=Hindu/> Graves of both Peter Percival and Robert Bruce Foote were found in the cemetery of the [[Holy Trinity Church at Yercaud]] in 2009.<ref name=tamilnet>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=29748|title=Graves of Peter Percival, R B Foote, discovered at Yercaud
|date=8 July 2008|publisher=[[Tamilnet]]|access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Cited literature==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Samuel T|title=The Missionary herald:Volume 59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z0UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131 |year=1863|publisher=American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
}}
*{{Citation|last1=Findlay|first1=George Gillanders|last2=Holdsworth|first2=William West|title=The history of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society|publisher=London:Epworth Press|url= https://archive.org/stream/historyofwesley05finduoft/historyofwesley05finduoft_djvu.txt|year=1924 | volume = 5 |isbn=1-140-06774-5}}
*{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Kenneth W.|last2=Hudson|first2=D. Dennis|title=Religious controversy in British India: dialogues in South Asian languages|year=1992|publisher=[[SUNY]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmY9fsUTjwYC |isbn= 0-7914-0828-0 }}
*{{cite book|last=Heidman|first=Eugene|title=From Mission to Church: The Reformed Church in America Mission to India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A6ruPk7-lcC&pg=PA221 |year=2001|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co|isbn=0-8028-4900-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Zvelebil|first=K.|title=Tamil literature, Volume 10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&pg=PA235 |series=A History of Indian literature: Dravidian literatures|year=1974|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01582-0}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283447 ''The land of the Veda'' (1854)]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Percival, Peter}}
[[Category:1803 births]]
[[Category:1882 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English educators]]
[[Category:English translators]]
[[Category:Heads of schools in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Faculty of Hartley College]]
[[Category:Faculty of Jaffna Central College]]
[[Category:Linguists of Tamil]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Tamil]]
[[Category:Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon]]
[[Category:Methodist missionaries in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:19th-century British translators]]
[[Category:English male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British writers]]
[[Category:English Methodist missionaries]]
[[Category:British missionary educators]]
[[Category:Methodist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency College, Chennai]]
[[Category:British missionary linguists]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]
[[Category:19th-century British biblical scholars]]

Samarendra Nath Biswas

2026-02-11T06:52:40Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Adding new article!

{{Short description|Indian theoretical physicist (1926–2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name =Samarendra Nath Biswas
|image =
|image_size = 240 X 309 102KB
|caption =
|birth_date ={{birth date|1926|05|01|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Bengal]], [[British India]]
|death_date ={{death date and age|2005|01|04|1926|05|01|df=y}}
|alma_mater =[[University of Adelaide]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Herbert S. Green]] (Australia)
|field =[[Theoretical Physics]], [[High energy physics]], [[Particle Physics]], [[Mathematical Physics]]
|known_for =[[dispersion relations]], [[geometric phase]]s of [[wave function]] in [[quantum mechanics]], [[phase transitions]] in [[gauge theories]], [[stochastic quantization]], role of [[parastatistics]] in [[statistical mechanics]], [[equation of state]] of neutron stars, quark stars, processes involving stellar energy loss, [[supersymmetry]] in weak currents, neutral currents
}}

'''Samarendra Nath Biswas''' (1 May 1926 – 4 January 2005) was an Indian theoretical physicist<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/N71-0106|title=INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail|website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref> specialized in theoretical [[high energy physics]],
[[particle physics]] and [[mathematical physics]] and is known for his work in several diverse areas.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://inspirehep.net/literature?sort=mostrecent&size=25&page=1&q=a+S.N.+Biswas|title=INSPIRE|website=inspirehep.net}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/73416976_S_N_Biswas|title=S. N. Biswas's research works|website=ResearchGate}}</ref>

==Life, education and career==
Samarendra Nath Biswas (1 May 1926 – 4 January 2005)<ref name="auto"/> was born in the undivided Bengal now part of [[Bangladesh]] and had his education there till the graduate level graduating from Pabna Edward college. He obtained his DPhil degree (1951) from the [[University of Calcutta]] and PhD degree (under the supervision of [[Herbert S. Green]]) (1958) from the [[University of Adelaide]], [[Australia]]. He worked in [[theoretical physics]], specializing in [[elementary particle physics]]. He was a Fellow at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai (1958–64).<ref name="insaindia.res.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/N71-0106|title=INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail|date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815143920/http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/N71-0106|archive-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> Professor of Physics, Centre for Advanced Study in Physics, Department of Physics and Astrophysics, [[University of Delhi]] (1969–91),<ref name="insaindia.res.in"/> during which he also headed the Department for a period of three years (1977-1979). He was Dean, School of Environmental Science, [[Jawahar Lal Nehru University]], Delhi (1974–76).<ref name="insaindia.res.in"/><ref name="auto"/>

==Scientific research==
Biswas worked in several diverse areas of theoretical [[high energy physics]] and [[particle physics]],<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/> that includes his early work in collaboration with [[Herbert S. Green]] on the [[Bethe-Salpeter]] equation and its solution, several investigations in [[particle physics]] phenomenology, two-dimensional [[quantum electrodynamics]], analysis of [[anharmonic oscillator]] in [[quantum mechanics]], [[scattering theory]], study of [[dispersion relations]] in collision processes of [[elementary particles]] based on unitarity and analyticity, [[geometric phase]]s of [[wave function]] in [[quantum mechanics]] and [[quantum optics]], [[equation of state]] of neutron stars, quark stars, weak interaction processes, weak decays involving neutral currents, processes involving stellar energy loss, [[supersymmetry]] in weak currents, chiral anomalies, super-propagator for a non-polynomial field, [[phase transitions]] in [[gauge theories]], development of supersymmetric classical mechanics, supersymmetric quantum mechanics, [[stochastic quantization]], quark stars, continued fraction theory, role of [[parastatistics]] in [[statistical mechanics]],<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto2"/>

Biswas has written over 90 scientific articles, which have received a large number of citations.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/>

==Authored books==

*''Classical Mechanics'' ({{ISBN|978-8187134183}})
*''Quantum Mechanics'' ({{ISBN|978-8187134176}})

==Awards and honors==
*Fellow, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai (1958–64)<ref name="insaindia.res.in"/>
*UGC National Lecturer (1974)<ref name="insaindia.res.in"/>
*Senior Associate Member of International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (1976–81)<ref name="insaindia.res.in"/>
*Fellow, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi<ref name="insaindia.res.in"/>
*Fellow, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1974051 |title=Indian Academy of Sciences |publisher=Fellows.ias.ac.in |date=2005-01-03 |accessdate=2021-01-24}}</ref>
*Fellow, National Academy of Sciences (India), Allahabad{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.insaindia.res.in/detail/N71-0106. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi Profile]
*[https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1974051 Indian Academy of Sciences, Bengaluru, Fellow Profile]
*[https://inspirehep.net/literature?sort=mostrecent&size=25&page=1&q=a%20S.N.%20Biswas Inspirehep Publications Profile]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/73416976_S_N_Biswas Research Gate Publications Profile]
*[http://physics.du.ac.in/formerfaculty.php Former faculty, department of physics and astrophysics, University of Delhi]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Samarendra Nath}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Adelaide alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian particle physicists]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]

Alok Ananda

2026-02-02T13:21:05Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Page!

{{short description|Indian Navy Admiral}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
| name = Alok Ananda
| honorific_suffix = [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Rear Admiral Alok Ananda.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = 1993 – present
| rank = [[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-7.svg|20px]] [[File:12-Indian Navy-RADM.svg|20px]] [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] {{ship|INS|Satpura|F48}} {{ship|INS|Ghorpad|L14}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Naval Academy]]
| spouse = 
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| memorials =
| module =
}}
[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] '''Alok Ananda''', [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]] is a serving Flag officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He currently serves as the [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]].

==Naval career==
Ananda attended the [[Indian Naval Academy|Naval Academy]], Goa and was commissioned into the [[Indian Navy]] on 1 July 1993. He completed his [[Midshipman]] training onboard the [[aircraft carrier]] {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22}}, where he was awarded the Gold Medal for his outstanding performance. He specialised in Navigation and Direction and served as the Navigation officer of four warships. His first command was the [[Kumbhir-class tank landing ship]] {{ship|INS|Ghorpad|L14}}. During his tenure, ''Ghorpad'' was awarded the Best Landing Ship trophy. He also served as an instructor at the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], Khadakwasla.<ref name="NMF bio">{{cite web |title=About the Speaker |url=https://maritimeindia.org/commodore-alok-ananda/ |website=maritimeindia.org |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

Ananda attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]] where he was awarded the ''Scudder Medal'' for standing first overall in the staff course. He subsequently served as the Joint Director (Naval Plans) at naval headquarters. Back at sea, he served as the [[executive officer]] of the [[Rajput-class destroyer]] {{ship|INS|Ranvijay|D55}}. During this tenure, "Ranvijay" was awarded the ''Best Ship Trophy''. He served as an instructor at his alma maters, the Navigation and Direction school at Kochi and the DSSC.<ref name="NIE">{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Rear Admiral Ananda heads Eastern Fleet of Indian Navy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Oct/18/rear-admiral-ananda-heads-eastern-fleet-of-indian-navy |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=21 October 2025 |language=en |date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

As a [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]], Ananda served as Captain (Naval Operations) at NHQ. During his tenure as Captain (Naval Operations), he oversaw the successful conduct of [[Operation Raahat]] in Yemen. On 26 January 2016, he was awarded the [[Yudh Seva Medal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=365 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135773 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=21 October 2025|date=25 January 2016}}</ref> He then attended the [[National Defence College of Thailand]] where he was awarded prize for the Best Research Paper. Ananda subsequently served as Captain (Strategy, Concepts and Transformation), also at NHQ. In the rank of [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]], he also served as Commodore (Naval Operations) at NHQ.<ref name="NMF bio" />

In 2018, Ananda took command of the [[Shivalik-class frigate|
Shivalik-class]] multi-role frigate {{ship|INS|Satpura|F48}}. In September 2018, Commander [[Abhilash Tomy]] suffered an accident while participating in the [[2018 Golden Globe Race]]. He was caught in a violent storm in the [[Southern Indian Ocean]] where his yacht ''Thuriya'' was dismasted and he suffered a severe injury to his spine. A multinational rescue effort was launched. ''Satpura'' was on an operational deployment and was diverted for the search and rescue mission (SAR) christened ''Operation Raksham''. Ananda had just received the news of his father's passing and chose not to go home for the rituals and proceeded with the SAR mission. ''Satpura'', after fuelling from the fleet tanker [[INS Jyoti]] which was also despatched for the mission, arrived off [[Ile Amsterdam]] and safely evacuated Tomy using the ship’s helicopter on 28 September. The ship brought Tomy safely to Visakhapatnam on 6 October.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commander Abhilash Tomy rescued by French vessel, INS Satpura to take him to Mauritius for check-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/abhilash-tomy-indian-navy-ggr-2018-5371937/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=21 October 2025 |language=en |date=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cdr Abhilash Tomy, KC reaches Visakhapatnam safely |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184007 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=21 October 2025|date=6 October 2018}}</ref> During Ananda's command tenure, ''Satpura'' was adjudged the ''Best Ship'' of the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] for its exceptional performance and high operational tempo.<ref>{{cite web |title=INS Satpura wins ‘Best Ship’ trophy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/ins-satpura-wins-best-ship-trophy/articleshow/68929055.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 October 2025 |date=19 April 2019}}</ref>

===Flag rank===
Ananda was promoted to flag rank in November 2023 and appointed [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff]] (Plans and Policy) at NHQ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Alok Ananda new new flag officer of eastern fleet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/rear-admiral-alok-ananda-new-new-flag-officer-of-eastern-fleet/articleshow/124639422.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 October 2025 |date=17 October 2025}}</ref> On 17 October 2025, he took command of the [[Eastern Fleet (India)|Eastern Fleet]] as the [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]] from Rear Admiral [[Susheel Menon]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |author-link= |user=IN_EasternFleet |number=1979070211753144412|title=RAdm Alok Ananda, YSM, took over Command of the Eastern Fleet from RAdm Susheel Menon, VSM, at an impressive ceremonial parade on 17 Oct 25.}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
Ananda was awarded the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] commendation card and the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] commendation card, apart from the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] in 2016.<ref name="NMF bio" />

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|colspan=2|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Operation Raahat]]
* [[Abhilash Tomy]]
* [[2018 Golden Globe Race]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Susheel Menon]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]]|years=2023 – 2024}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ananda, Alok}}
[[Category:Indian Navy rear admirals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Naval War College, Goa alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Defence Services Staff College]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Eastern Fleet]]

Mitravinda

2026-02-02T11:51:50Z

Stoutsanitaryware: started the post w/ refs

{{short description|Sixth queen consort of Hindu god Krishna}}
{{Infobox deity
| image = Mysore painting.jpg
| caption = Mitravinda and the other Ashtabharya of Krishna.
| spouse = [[Krishna]]
| type = Hindu
| abode = [[Dvaraka]]
| other_names = Shaibya, Sudatta
| dynasty = [[Yadava|Yaduvamsha]] (by marriage)
| texts = [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Harivamsa]], [[Bhagavata Purana]]
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Ashtabharya]], [[Lakshmi]]
| father = Jayasena
| mother = Rajadhidevi (sister of [[Vasudeva]])
| siblings = [[Vinda and Anuvinda of Avanti|Vinda and Anuvinda]] (brothers)
| member_of = [[Ashtabharya]]
| children = Vrika, Harsha, Anila, Gridhra, Vardhana, Unnada, Mahamsa, Pavana, Vahni, and Kshudhi.
}}

{{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

'''Mitravinda''' ({{Langx|sa|मित्रविन्दा|translit=Mitravindā}}) is chronologically the sixth of the ''[[Ashtabharya]]''<ref>{{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani|page = 62}}</ref> of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Krishna]], an [[avatar]] of the god [[Vishnu]], and the king of [[Dvaraka]] in the [[Dvapara Yuga]] (epoch).<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-04-28 |title=Mitravinda, Mitravindā, Mitra-vinda: 7 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mitravinda |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Mitravinda was known by the epithet "the virtuous" and called as ''Shaibya'' or ''Shaivya'' (meaning daughter/descendant of King [[Shibi (king)|Shibi]]/Shivi) in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''. Ratnagarbha, a commentator on the ''Vishnu Purana'', identifies Mitravinda with [[Kalindi]], another chief queen of Krishna. In ''[[Harivamsa]]'', she is referred to as Sudatta, the daughter (or patrilineal descendant) of Shibi.<ref name="Wilson1870">{{cite book|author=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishńu Puráńa: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=22 February 2013|year=1870|publisher=Trübner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ/page/n82 79]–82}}</ref>

==Family==
In the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', Mitravinda is described as the daughter of King Jayasena of the kingdom of Avanti. The ''Bhagavata Purana'' describes that she had two brothers Vinda (Vindya) and Anuvinda (Anuvindhya), who ruled Avanti as co-regents at the time of her wedding. They were comrades of [[Duryodhana]], the leader of the [[Kauravas]]. They were therefore opposed to the idea of Mitravinda marrying Krishna, since he had allied with the [[Pandavas]], Kunti's sons, and rivals of the Kauravas.<ref name="Dikshitar1995">{{cite book|author=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|title=The Purana Index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7bFwZhfSOsC&pg=PA705|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1273-4|pages=705–}}</ref><ref name="WagenaarParikh1993">{{cite book|author1=Henk W. Wagenaar|author2=S. S. Parikh|author3=D. F. Plukker|author4=R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten|title=Allied Chambers Transliterated HindiHindiEnglish Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kWROaer5UsC&pg=PA995|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1993|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-86062-10-4|pages=995–}}</ref><ref name="Vallabhācārya2003">{{cite book|author=Vallabhācārya|title=Śrīsubodhinī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1n7XAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=2003|publisher=Sri Satguru Publications|isbn=978-81-7030-824-9}}</ref>
== Marriage ==
[[File: Krishna Abducts Mitravinda, Folio from a Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of the Lord) LACMA AC1999.127.2.jpg|thumb|Krishna elopes with Mitravinda.|260x260px]]

The ''Bhagavata Purana'' records a short description of Mitravinda's marriage to Krishna. She chooses Krishna as her husband in a ''[[Swayamvara|svayamvara]]'' ceremony, in which a bride chooses a groom from assembled suitors. However, her brothers do not like it and forbid the marriage. They join forces with the Kauravas and fight Krishna. Krishna defeats the princes and takes Mitravinda away, as the other suitors keep looking.<ref name="chap10">{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/en|title=Bhagavata Purana 10.58|author=Prabhupada|author-link=Prabhupada|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|access-date=22 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826143938/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/en|archive-date=26 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Krishna">{{Cite web |title=Five Ques married by Krishna |url=http://krsnabook.com/ch58.html |accessdate=25 January 2013 |publisher=Krishnabook.com}}</ref><ref name="WagenaarParikh1993" /> [[Vallabhacharya]]'s commentary on the ''Bhagavata Purana'' adds that Mitravinda and Krishna were deeply in love with each other, but her brothers and father were opposed to this and wanted Duryodhana for her husband. A svayamvara was arranged by her father for her to choose a husband. All the princes including Duryodhana were present for this competition. When Krishna learned of this, he also came to the venue of the svayamvara and Mitravinda appraised Krishna of her problem and requested him to abduct her. Complying with her wishes, Krishna abducted her from the venue of the svayamavara. He was challenged by her brothers, Duryodhana and other princes who wanted to marry Mitravinda. Krishna defeated all of them and took Mitravinda to [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]] where he formally married her.<ref name="Vallabhācārya2003" />

In another version, Krishna and his elder brother, [[Balarama]], are described to be intentionally not invited for the svayamvara. Balarama was upset that they had been excluded from the marriage of their cousin Mitravinda. Balarama had also conveyed to Krishna that the svayamvara was a ruse as Vinda and Anuvinda wished to marry their sister to Duryodhana of the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] Empire. The marriage would forge an alliance between Kuru and Avanti and also garner the support of [[Vidarbha]] and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] Kingdoms, which make the Kauravas very powerful. Balarama told his younger brother to abduct Mitravinda as she loved Krishna. As Krishna was not sure of the love of Mitravinda, he took his younger sister [[Subhadra]] along with him to quietly ascertain the wish of Mirtravinda. After Subhadra confirmed Mitravinda's love for Krishna, Krishna and Balarama stormed the svayamvara venue and abducted Mitravinda, defeating the princes of Avanti, Duryodhana, and other suitors.<ref name="Balarama">{{Cite web|url=http://www.protagonize.com/story/abhaya--random-order--final-scene/181321|title=Discussions at Dwaraka|accessdate=9 February 2013|publisher=Protagonize.com of TauntMedia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112043643/http://www.protagonize.com/story/abhaya--random-order--final-scene/181321|archive-date=12 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Later life==
Krishna and his queens once visited [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]] to meet Kunti, her sons, the Pandavas and Pandavas' main Queen consort [[Draupadi]]. As directed by Kunti, Draupadi worships and honours Mitravinda and other queens with gifts. Mitravinda also narrates to Draupadi how she married Krishna.<ref name="Dikshitar1995"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/71/41-42/en |title=Bhagavata Purana 10.71.41-42 |author=Prabhupada |author-link=Prabhupada |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911081829/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/71/41-42/en |archivedate=11 September 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/83/en|title=Bhagavata Purana 10.83|author=Prabhupada|author-link=Prabhupada|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018143932/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/83/en|archivedate=18 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The ''Bhagavata Purana'' tells that Mitravinda had ten sons: Vrika, Harsha, Anila, Gridhra, Vardhana, Unnada, Mahamsa, Pavana, Vahni, and Kshudhi.<ref name=Genealogy>{{Cite web|url=http://krsnabook.com/ch61.html|title=The Genealogical Table of the Family of Krishna|accessdate=5 February 2013|publisher= Krsnabook.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/61/16/en|title=Bhagavata Purana 10.61.16|author=Prabhupada|author-link=Prabhupada|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021034314/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/61/16/en|archivedate=21 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The ''Vishnu Purana'' says that she has many sons headed by Sangramajit.<ref name="Wilson1870"/>

The ''Bhagavata Purana'' records the wailing of Krishna's queens and their subsequent leap in Krishna's funeral pyre immolating themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/11/31/20/en |title=Bhagavata Purana 11.31.20 |author=Prabhupada |author-link=Prabhupada |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613194505/http://vedabase.net/sb/11/31/20/en |archivedate=13 June 2010 }}</ref> The ''[[Mausala Parva]]'' of the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' which describes the death of Krishna and end of his race declares that Mitravinda (Shaivya) killed herself by burning alive after being attacked by robbers while leaving Dvaraka after Krishna's funeral.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m16/m16007.htm|title=Mahabharata|accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=Sacred-texts.com|author=Kisari Mohan Ganguli|author-link=Kisari Mohan Ganguli}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Krishna}}
[[Category: Consorts of Krishna]]
[[Category: Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]

Mini Mario (singer)

2026-01-13T21:08:16Z

Stoutsanitaryware: started a pg v1

{{Short description|Singer-songwriter and actor (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mini Mario
| image = Mini Mario at Hantrunn Polleun Payem Sodd (cropped).jpg
| caption = D'Silva during a performance in the ''[[tiatr]] Hantrunn Polleun Payem Sodd'', 2015
| birth_name = Evaristo Menino Mariano da Silva
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|10|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Margao, Goa]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter|actor|playwright|director}}
| other_names = Menino Mario
| years_active = {{circa|1977}}–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Leticia Barreto|1995}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Evaristo Menino Mariano D'Silva''' ([[né]] '''da Silva'''; born 26 October 1967), known professionally '''Mini Mario''', is a singer-songwriter, actor, playwright, and director based in London, United Kingdom. He is known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' (theatre) productions.

==Early life==
He was born into a family with a history in the ''[[tiatr]]'' theatrical tradition of [[Goa]]. His father was actively involved in ''khell'' performances, particularly in those associated with Magnier Rod. His uncle Merciano was known as a popular figure in the field of ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'', during this time period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=108}}</ref> From a young age, D'Silva was exposed to the ''tiatr'' art form.<ref name=":2" /> He regularly engaged in singing alongside his father, often enjoying the experience of listening to him perform and gradually learning the techniques and skills of ''tiatr'' performance. He often witnessed the practice sessions for ''khell tiatrs'' held in his home, directed by his father and uncle. Through these early experiences immersed in the ''tiatr'' tradition.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-28 |title=Tiatrist Profiles: Mini Mario |url=https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210194355/https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-10 }}</ref>

D'Silva, at 8 years old, participated in cooperative endeavors with other children in his village to construct makeshift stages for ''tiatr'' theatrical performances. Using bed sheets and curtains, they would set up these stages.<ref name=":3" /> Rosary Ferns, an experienced ''[[tiatrist]]'', would organize and mentor the young performers for a period of roughly three months. This preparation culminated in the children presenting the ''tiatr'' productions before the entire community during the celebrations of the [[Feast of the Cross]], which occurred annually in the month of May.<ref name=":1" />

For these performances, D'Silva and his friends utilized [[coconut shell]]s as rudimentary [[microphone]]s. D'Silva also demonstrated an early aptitude for the [[performing arts]] within his school setting. He was involved in the creation of [[musical piece]]s and participated in performances at academic events and social assemblies. However, he was required to discontinue his formal education in order to devote himself full-time to his acting and singing career, as his family was unable to provide the necessary financial support for his education.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
D'Silva made his initial foray into the realm of ''[[tiatr]]'' during his early childhood, stepping onto the stage for the first time at the age of nine. He appeared in the village ''tiatr'' production ''Ghat Apleak Sontos Peleak'', which was directed by Rosary Ferns. Subsequently, at the age of 10, he was ushered into the realm of professional ''tiatr'' by his villager compatriot, A. M. Pacheco.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-02-11 |title=Menino Mario - A Tiatrist with the Golden Voice |url=https://www.incrediblegoa.org/goan-talent/menino-mario-a-tiatrist-with-the-golden-voice/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Incredible Goa |language=en}}</ref> Pacheco featured him in his ''tiatr'' work ''Dhag''. D'Silva's singing and acting talents soon caught the attention of other popular ''tiatr'' directors, who began incorporating him into their own productions. [[Premanand Lotlikar]] included him in the cast of his ''tiatr'' production ''Loz Ani Dukh'', while [[Menino De Bandar]] then selected him to perform in the ''tiatr Vizmit''. D'Silva then became a fixture in [[Roseferns]]' [[Theatre troupe|theatrical group]], debuting in his play ''Thapott'' and eventually featuring in around 23 ''tiatrs'' directed by him during his career. His long-standing involvement with Roseferns' ''tiatr'' company culminated in his appearance in the production ''Jem Tujem Tem Mhojem''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The great talents of Mini Mario |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/The-great-talents-of-Mini-Mario/86603 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

D'Silva has collaborated with a range of professional directors over the course of his career. These directors include figures such as [[Rosario Rodrigues]], Mariano Fernandes, [[Prince Jacob]], [[Mario Menezes]], [[John D'Silva]], Jack Ferry, and Pascoal Rodrigues. With proficiency in vocal performance and acting, D'Silva transitioned his focus to writing and directing original theatrical productions, drawing upon his experience. His first self-directed work, a ''tiatr'' (a form of [[Goan]] theatre) titled ''Nit'', was presented in several villages to a favorable response from the viewers. Encouraged by the positive outcome of this initial production, he took the step of founding a [[theater company]] centered around his play ''Adim Tum Atam Hanv''. As of March 2015, he had written and directed approximately 36 ''tiatrs'', with a particular focus on exploring themes and narratives centered around [[Domestic drama|family dynamics and relationships]].<ref name=":0" />

D'Silva is known for his versatility on stage. In addition to acting in a variety of dramatic roles, as a singer, he is particularly known for his [[solo (music)|solo vocal performances]]. He communicates profound messages and themes through the original songs he composes and performs. Following his departure from the [[Roseferns]] theatrical troupe, D'Silva joined the ''[[tiatr]]'' productions directed by [[Patrick Dourado]]. During this time, he closely observed and studied Dourado's popular ''tiatr'' performances. On one occasion, D'Silva shared one of his own original songs with Dourado, who then provided him guidance and mentorship on developing effective [[rhythm]]ic [[Elements of music|elements]] in his [[musical composition]]s. He credits Dourado as a significant influence and teacher when it comes to his musical work. In his own ''tiatr'' productions, D'Silva demonstrates a preference for writing scripts that are thematically relevant to [[youth|contemporary audiences]]. He often chooses to feature up-and-coming, inexperienced actors instead of exclusively employing seasoned ''tiatr'' performers.<ref name=":0" />

D'Silva draws inspiration from religious and [[literary source]]s for his [[songwriting]]. According to him, studying the [[Bible]] provides him with a diverse [[Christian music|range of themes to explore in his musical work]]. In addition to other sources of inspiration, he incorporates ideas from newspapers and [[wisdom literature]] into his compositions. As of March 2015, he had released 12 [[audio album]]s. his latest publication was the album named ''Mhozo Award Tumi''. In addition to his musical output, D'Silva demonstrates versatility by taking on a diverse range of roles, encompassing lead roles, [[antagonistic]] characters, comedic portrayals, and various other character types. His proficiency in both singing and acting provides directors with a strategic advantage, enabling them to optimize resources by leveraging a single artist for a range of creative responsibilities, thereby enhancing cost-effectiveness and efficiency in theatrical productions. D'Silva expresses a preference for performances that integrate both his singing and acting abilities, rather than limiting himself solely to singing. He believes this allows him to provide entertainment value to audiences.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
He has two children: a son, Bladwin, and a daughter, Ashbel.<ref name=":2" /> His son, Bladwin, is a fellow [[Konkani language|Konkani]] comedian who goes by the stage name Master Win.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YOUNGSTERS' LOVE FOR TIATR BEYOND GOAN SHORES |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/YOUNGSTERS-LOVE-FOR-TIATR-BEYOND-GOAN-SHORES/191869 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref> As of 2018, D'Silva resided in Ninvaddo, Colva.<ref name=":3" /> He later relocated and settled in [[London, UK]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiatr fraternity comes together in UK |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/tiatr-fraternity-comes-together-in-uk/95087.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

D'Silva is a full-time ''[[tiatrist]]''. He expresses that his experience as a [[school dropout]] led to difficulties in his life. While he possessed a comprehensive understanding of ''[[tiatr]]'', this specialization did not facilitate the acquisition of other skills or knowledge that would be beneficial for his future opportunities. He contemplates on his incomplete formal education with a sense of regret, noting that it troubles him consistently. He reflects on the idea that, if he had not become a ''tiatrist'', he would have been interested in pursuing careers as a tailor or a [[mechanic]]. His father, on the other hand, opposed his pursuit of these interests, insisting that he continue in the family business.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mario, Mini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Ramachandran Durairaj

2026-01-04T20:35:59Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding a article.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramachandran Durairaj
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|7|7}}
| birth_place = [[Kombai, Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = Rams, Ramachandran Durairaj, Raams
| occupation = {{Hlist | [[Actor]] | producer}}
| yearsactive = 2010–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Ramachandran Durairaj''' is an Indian [[actor]] who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films. After working as an associate director, he made his breakthrough as an actor with a negative role in [[Suseenthiran]]'s ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010). He later won acclaim for his supporting role in ''[[Aramm]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/nayanthara-madam-always-encouraged-me-actor-ramachandran-of-aramm/ |title=Nayanthara madam always encouraged me: Actor Ramachandran of Aramm - Only Kollywood |date=21 November 2017 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/107641-actor-aramm-rams-interview|title=" 'பேய் பாபு'ல ஆரம்பிச்சது, 'சூப்பர்'னு நயன்தாராவை சொல்ல வெச்சிருக்கு!" - 'அறம்' ராம்ஸ்|website=[[Vikatan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/136499-conversation-with-actor-ramachandran-durairaj|title=பெண்கள் சூழ் உலகு அழகு! - ராமச்சந்திரன் துரைராஜ்|website=[[Vikatan]]}}</ref>

==Career==
Ramachandran moved to [[Chennai]] from [[Theni]] in 2000 and alongside his day job, he had a keen interest in photography. He became acquainted with director [[S. R. Prabhakaran]] and through their association, he became interested in working in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] as a cinematographer. He however began working as an assistant director in the television series ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'', and subsequently networked his way into appearing in acting roles in films.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/interview/107641-actor-aramm-rams-interview.html |title=" 'பேய் பாபு'ல ஆரம்பிச்சது, 'சூப்பர்'னு நயன்தாராவை சொல்ல வைச்சிருக்கு!" - 'அறம்' ராம்ஸ் |first=Dineshkumar |last=P |date=13 November 2017 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/naan-mahaan-alla-actor-ramachandran-lauds-nayantharas-commitment-and-dedication-in-aramm/ |title=Naan Mahaan Alla actor Ramachandran lauds Nayanthara's commitment and dedication in Aramm |last=BollywoodLife |date=21 November 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> He briefly worked as [[Vijay Milton]]'s assistant cinematographer in ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]'' (2009), before playing a key role in [[Suseenthiran]]'s ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010), as an antagonist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suseenthiran-to-release-a-telegu-film/articleshow/6480605.cms|title=Suseenthiran to release a telegu film?|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2014, Ramachandran appeared in two films which garnered him attention. [[Karthik Subbaraj]]'s ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' and [[H. Vinoth]]'s ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'' both saw the actor playing a henchman, who moves away from his violent personality.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/nov/22/actor-ramachandran-talks-aramm-1707336.html |title=Actor Ramachandran talks Aramm |publisher=}}</ref>

His friendship with director Gopi Nainar meant that he was cast in the social drama film ''[[Aramm]]'' (2017), which had [[Nayanthara]] in the lead role. Ramachandran played the secondary lead character of a farmer whose daughter becomes stuck in an uncovered well, and paired opposite actress [[Sunu Lakshmi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.chennaipatrika.com/post/2017/11/20/Actor-Ramachandran-praises-Aramm-Team.aspx |title=Actor Ramachandran praises Aramm Team |last=ednaren |website=entertainment.chennaipatrika.com}}</ref> The film won critical acclaim, with Ramachandran winning acclaim from critics for his performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/reviews/aramm-review-nayanthara-gets-a-heros-treatment-in-this-poignant-drama/ |title=Aramm Review: Nayanthara Gets A Hero's Treatment In This Poignant Drama |date=11 November 2017 |publisher=}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2017/nov/10/aramm-a-powerful-film-that-doesnt-flinch-from-asking-tough-questions-3006.html |title=Aramm: A powerful film that doesn't flinch from asking tough questions |website=[[Cinema Express]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aramm-review-a-brilliant-film-that-inspires-you-to-wake-up-and-react-review-tamil-rlkluGccjaigj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110220445/http://www.sify.com/movies/aramm-review-a-brilliant-film-that-inspires-you-to-wake-up-and-react-review-tamil-rlkluGccjaigj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2017 |title=Review : Aramm review: A brilliant film that inspires you to wake up (2017) |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' || Pei Babu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'' || Thilagar ||
|-
| ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' || Rasu ||
|-
| ''[[Vadacurry]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2015 || ''[[Agathinai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]'' || Kuzhandaivelu's henchman ||
|-
|''[[Eetti]]'' || Isaac ||
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2016 || ''[[Vil Ambu]]'' || Logu ||
|-
| ''[[Aviyal (2016 film)|Aviyal]]'' || || Acted in segment ''Eli''
|-
| ''[[Iraivi]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
| ''[[Thirunaal]]'' || Naaga's henchman ||
|-
| ''Kollidam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Atti (film)|Atti]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2017 || ''[[Ivan Yarendru Therikiratha]]'' || Bombay Boys member ||
|-
|''[[Theru Naaigal]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[Aramm]]'' || Pulendhiran ||
|-
| ''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]'' || Henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2018 || ''[[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]]'' || Bar owner ||
|-
| ''[[Merlin (2018 film)|Merlin]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' || Guru ||
|-
| ''[[Marainthirunthu Paarkum Marmam Enna]]'' || Jeeva ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2019 || ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' || Gnanam's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Viswasam]]'' || Police constable ||
|-
| ''[[V1 (film)|V1]]'' || Agni's assistant ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || Arivu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 ||''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]'' || Ram ||
|-
| ''[[Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)|Rudra Thandavam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2022 ||''[[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]]'' || Manikkam ||
|-
| ''[[Payanigal Gavanikkavum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Take Diversion]]'' || Chap ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2023 ||''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]'' || Shanmugham || Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Bakasuran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttram Purinthal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thuritham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhillu Irundha Poradu]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|2024 || ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' || Dominic || Malayalam film
|-
|''[[Oru Thavaru Seidhal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Hit List (2024 film)|Hit List]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Rocket Driver]]'' || Savarimuthu||
|-
|''[[Silent (film)|Silent]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2025 || ''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]'' || Ramachandran
|-
|''[[Maargan]]'' || Murugavel ||
|-
|''[[Madharas Mafia Company]]'' || ||
|-
|''Friday'' || ||
|-
|''[[Revolver Rita]]'' || Ponraj ||
|-
|''[[Retta Thala]]'' || ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title !! Role
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|2003{{endash}}2009
|''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]''
|Maddy's friend
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Snakes and Ladders (2024 TV series)|Snakes and Ladders]]''
| Blade
| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Nadu Center]]''
| Chandru's father
| [[JioHotstar]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|6674676}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durairaj, Ramachandran}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Hrangkhol people

2026-01-04T14:01:38Z

Stoutsanitaryware: typo fix

{{Short description|Sub tribe of Halam community in Tripura, India}}
{{Original research|date=January 2024}}
The '''Hrangkhawls''' or '''Hrangkhol''' are a subtribe of the [[Hmar people|Hmars]] and speak the [[Hrangkhawl language|Hrangkhawl]] dialect of [[Tibeto-Burman language|Tibeto-Burmese]] origin. They first settled at [[Champhai]] of Mizoram and later scattered to different parts of [[Northeast India|North-East India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-15 |title=Background pf the Hrangkhol -Pg.3 {{!}} www.hrangkhol.in |url=https://www.hrangkhol.in/en/background-pf-hrangkhol-pg3 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.hrangkhol.in |language=en}}</ref> Though the majority of the Hmars speak the lingua-franca of the Hmar i.e. [[Hmar language|Khawsak țawng/Literary Hmar]], many of the 20+ Hmar subtribes (such as Faihriem țawng, Leiri țawng, Țhiek țawng, Zote țawng, Darngawn țawng, etc.) also speak their own dialects just like the Hrangkhawls. In the history of the Hmars specifically around the 15th century AD, the Hmar subtribes were united by Rêngpui (Great king/great ruler; title) Chawnhmang Buhril who placed 6 Rêngtes (Lesser/smaller rulers; title) who were effectively regional rulers and also had village chiefs under them. Here, in this era the northern regional ruler was Demlukim Hrangkhawl who ruled from Mawmrang village in present day [[Saitual district]] of [[Mizoram]], and by the late stages of Rêngpui Chawnhmang's reign, it was recorded that he gave all his Rêngtes royal gifts before he departed for Tripura. For Rêngte Demlukim Hrangkhawl, the Rêngpui gave him a pinto/spotted horse and after that, taking many of his Hrangkhawl and Darlawng subjects, he migrated to Tripura. This is also the reason why Tripura is known to the Hmars (Mizos) as "Rêngram" (Land of the Rêng/Ruler). They are listed as one of the 21 [[adivasi|scheduled tribes]] of Indian state [[Tripura]].[http://www.tripura.nic.in] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207161605/http://www.tripura.nic.in/ |date=2018-12-07 }}) They are mainly dwelling in the Teliamura sub-division of [[West Tripura]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-19 |title=West District {{!}} India |url=https://westtripura.nic.in/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819165533/https://westtripura.nic.in/ |archive-date=2019-08-19 }}</ref> and the Ambassa sub-division of [[Dhalai]] [http://www.dhalai.nic.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003094419/https://dhalai.nic.in/ |date=2023-10-03 }} districts. The Hrangkhawls are also found in the North Cachar Hills of [[Dima Hasao district]], [[Assam]], [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]] and [[Myanmar]].

==See also==
* [[Tripuri people]]
* [[Kokborok]]
* [[Mizo people]]
*[[Kushan (clan)|Kasana]]
*[[Hmar people]]
* [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |title=The Hrangkhawls |first=Henry |last=Hrangkhawl |publisher=Tribal Research & Cultural Institute |location=Tripura |date=2017 |isbn=978-93-86707-18-5 |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/handle/123456789/75193?viewItem=browse}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Tripura]]
[[Category:West Tripura district]]
[[Category:Dhalai district]]
[[Category:Dima Hasao district]]
{{India-ethno-stub}}

School Master (1958 film)

2025-12-29T04:14:40Z

Stoutsanitaryware: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = School Master
| image = School Master (1958).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[B. R. Panthulu]]
| producer = B. R. Panthulu
| based_on =
| starring = {{unbulleted list|B.R. Panthulu |[[Dikki Madhava Rao]]|[[Udaykumar]]|[[Sivaji Ganesan]]|[[Gemini Ganesan]]|[[B. Saroja Devi]]}}
| music = [[T. G. Lingappa]]
| cinematography = W. R. Subba Rao Karnan
| editing = R. Devarajan
| distributor = Padmini Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1958|01|31}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''School Master''''' is a 1958 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film produced and directed by [[B. R. Panthulu]]. The film stars Panthulu himself in the lead role along with [[Dikki Madhava Rao]], [[M. V. Rajamma]], [[Udaykumar]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]] in key roles. This was the first Kannada film to complete a [[Silver jubilee#South Asian film terminology|silver jubilee]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=Kannada films for all time |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/kannada-films-for-all-time-700916.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907163654/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/kannada-films-for-all-time-700916.html |archive-date=7 September 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-06 |title=From School Master to Om: Kannada movies that have unique 'first film ever' tag attached to it |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/from-school-master-to-om-kannada-movies-that-have-unique-first-film-ever-tag-attached-to-it/741467 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212232936/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/from-school-master-to-om-kannada-movies-that-have-unique-first-film-ever-tag-attached-to-it/741467 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features a children's dance drama in [[Gevacolor]], filmed by cinematographer W. R. Subba Rao. It was later remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] in spite of it being dubbed in Tamil and Telugu as ''Engal Kudumbam Perisu'' ({{Translation|Our family is big}}) and ''Badi Pantulu'' respectively.

In 1959, ALS Productions remade it in Hindi as ''[[School Master (1959 film)|School Master]]'' which was also directed by Panthulu. The film was remade in Malayalam in 1964 as ''[[School Master (1964 film)|School Master]]'' by [[Puttanna Kanagal]], in Telugu in 1972 as ''[[Badi Panthulu]]'' and in Tamil in 1973 as ''[[School Master (1973 film)|School Master]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಅತೀ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಭಾಷೆಗೆ 'ರಿಮೇಕ್‌' ಆದ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/these-are-the-top-five-kannada-movies-remakes-in-many-languages/articleshow/74894620.cms?story=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117155410/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/these-are-the-top-five-kannada-movies-remakes-in-many-languages/articleshow/74894620.cms?story=2 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=Kannada}}</ref>

''School Master'' was the first Kannada film to be remade in four languages and also the first Kannada film to be remade in three other South Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2020 |title=From 'School Master' to 'U Turn': A look at Kannada films remade in other Indian languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-school-master-to-u-turn-a-look-at-kannada-films-remade-in-other-indian-languages/articleshow/75161463.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030064513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-school-master-to-u-turn-a-look-at-kannada-films-remade-in-other-indian-languages/articleshow/75161463.cms |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The movie is based on 1937 English movie ''[[Make Way for Tomorrow]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biradar |first=Basav |date=22 April 2020 |title=Roopa Rao's Gantumoote: Is This The Dawn Of A New Era In Kannada Cinema? |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kannada-features/roopa-raos-gantumoote-is-this-the-dawn-of-a-new-era-in-kannada-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818095654/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kannada-features/roopa-raos-gantumoote-is-this-the-dawn-of-a-new-era-in-kannada-cinema/ |archive-date=18 August 2020 |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> which has been adapted multiple times including in Japanese as ''[[Tokyo Story]]'' (1953), in Marathi as ''Oon Paus'' (1954), in Tamil as ''[[Varavu Nalla Uravu]]'' (1990), in [[Urdu]] as ''Samaj'' (1972) and twice in Hindi as ''[[Zindagi (1976 film)|Zindagi]]'' (1976) and ''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2007 |title=E Bandhana Review |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/e-bandhana-review-tamil-movie-9315 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206132426/https://www.indiaglitz.com/e-bandhana-review-tamil-movie-9315 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ranganna is a newly appointed headmaster in a government-run village primary school, where he admits his children. Gundappa is a peon at the school. A disciplinarian, Ranganna lives with his three children and wife, Seetha. His elder son Gopi gets into fight with a troublesome student, Vasu. Although Vasu is punished, his innate goodness wins over his teacher and he is given special attention to become a better student.

Nagappa, the corrupt chairperson of the village [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] frequently clashes with the honest Ranganna and the district authorities. After Ranganna refuses to campaign for him in the upcoming elections, Nagappa retaliates by burning down Ranganna's house. However, Ranganna's young students, led by Vasu, build a house for their teacher. Ranganna's efforts to convert the primary school into a [[Secondary school|high school]] are temporarily stalled when Nagappa steals the funds meant for the project and pins the blame on Ranganna. Nagappa is eventually caught and sentenced to seven years in prison.

Years later, Vasu tops his [[matriculation]] exams. Ranganna's sons marry — Gopi to Radha, Nagappa's daughter, and Ravikumar to Geetha, much against the parents' wishes. However, the parents accept these unions. Their daughter, Gowri, marries a simple businessman, Puttanna. Upon Ranganna's retirement, his sons are reluctant to take in their parents. With no savings of his own, Ranganna must rely on them to support his retired life.Gopi takes his father, while Ravikumar takes their mother. As a result, Ranganna is separated from his wife.

Over time, Ranganna’s eyesight deteriorates, and he is unable to even read his wife's letters because his son refuses to provide him with spectacles. Both Ranganna and his wife are mistreated by their daughters-in-law, prompting them to leave their sons’ homes.

Meanwhile, Ranganna’s house, built by his students, is put up for auction. Vasu, now a [[Superintendent of Police]], happens to pass by and notices the auction. In the climax, he buys the house and hands it over to Ranganna and Seetha, who have now been reunited. Ranganna is overwhelmed with emotion as he sees his once troublesome student has transformed into a role model. His journey as a teacher has come full circle, ending on a note of satisfaction.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[B. R. Panthulu]] as Ranganna
* [[Dikki Madhava Rao]] as Nagappa
* [[M. V. Rajamma]] as Seetha
* [[Udaykumar]] as Ravikumar
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Geetha
* [[T. N. Balakrishna]] as Gundappa
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Radha
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] as Puttanna
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Vasu
* Soorya Kumar as Gopi
* S. Vimala
* Annapoornamma
* Lakshmi as Padma (credited as Baby Lakshmi)
* Kusumalatha
* [[Gemini Ganesan]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's score was composed by [[T. G. Lingappa]].

=== Kannada version ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| "Ati Madhuraa Anu Raaga" || [[A. M. Rajah]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]]|| || 03:27
|-
| "Ellaru Nammavare" || [[A. P. Komala]]|| || 03:06
|-
| "Raadhaa Maadhava Vinodha Haasa" || [[T. G. Lingappa]] & [[P. Susheela]]|| || 03:12
|-
| "Innenu Aananda" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || || 03:02
|-
| "Swami Devane Loka Paalane" || [[T. G. Lingappa]], A. P. Komala & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]|| || 02:39
|-
| "Bannirai Bannirai" || A. P. Komala & K. Rani || || 02:58
|-
| "Naanu Neenu Jodi" || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]] & [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]|| || 03:23
|-
| "Bhaameya Nodalu" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || || 03:12
|-
| "Sompaada Sanjevele" || T. G. Lingappa & P. Susheela || || 03:27
|-
| "" || A. P. Komala & K. Rani || || 06:48
|}

=== Tamil version ===
The Tamil version is titled ''Engal Kudumbam Perisu''.

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| "Adhi Madhuraa Anu Raaga" || [[A. M. Rajah]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]]|| [[K. D. Santhanam]]|| 03:27
|-
| "Ellaarum Nammavare" || [[A. P. Komala]]|| Ku. Saa. Krishnamurthi || 03:06
|-
| "Raadhaa Maadhava Vinodha Raaja" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[P. Susheela]]|| Ku. Saa. Krishnamurthi || 03:12
|-
| "Ennaalum Kaanaadha Aanandhame" || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]|| [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]]|| 03:02
|-
| "Somasekara Loga Paalane" || [[T. G. Lingappa]], A. P. Komala & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]|| K. D. Santhanam || 02:39
|-
| "Varugave Varugave Guru Sevaiye" || A. P. Komala & K. Rani || K. D. Santhanam || 02:58
|-
| "Naanum Neeyum Jodi" || [[S. C. Krishnan]] & Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || K. D. Santhanam || 03:23
|-
| " " || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || || 03:12
|-
| "Sugamaana Andhi Velai" || T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela || Ku. Saa. Krishnamurthi || 02:42
|-
| "Aahaa En Jaanakiyai" || A. P. Komala & K. Rani || K. D. Santhanam || 06:48
|}

=== Telugu version ===
The Telugu version is titled ''Badi Pantulu''.

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Atimadhuram Anuraagam" || [[A. M. Rajah]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]]|| || 03:27
|-
| "Rampaana Vadenaa" || [[A. P. Komala]]|| || 03:06
|-
| "Radhaa Madhava Vinodaleela" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] & [[P. Susheela]]|| || 03:12
|-
| "Jaagela Ananda Mandeeyaraa" || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]|| || 03:02
|-
| "Kshemasaagaraa Lokapaalanaa" || [[T. G. Lingappa]], A. P. Komala & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]|| || 02:39
|-
| "Padamdoy Padamdoy Padamdoy" || A. P. Komala & K. Rani || || 02:58
|-
| "Neevu Nenu Jodu Ee Eddula Sakketa Choodu" || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]] & Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || || 03:23
|-
| "Bhaamanu Jerava Gopaalaa" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || || 03:12
|-
| "Undaali Sampaadana Jagati" || P. B. Sreenivas & P. Susheela || || 02:42
|-
| "" || A. P. Komala & K. Rani || || 06:48
|}

== Awards ==
;[[National Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 1959 |title=State Awards for Films |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020054317/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=3 September 2011 |website=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref>
* [[6th National Film Awards|1959]] – [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Third Best Feature Film|All India Certificate of Merit for Third Best Feature film]]
* 1959 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0250714}}

{{B. R. Panthulu}}
{{National Film Award Third Best Feature Film}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}

[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950s Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:Best Kannada Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Panthulu]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Third Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

Aakash Chopra

2025-12-26T08:52:11Z

Stoutsanitaryware:

{{Short description|Indian retired cricketer (born 1977)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name =
| image =
| country = India
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1977|09|19}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightcm =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium Right-arm off break
| role = [[Batting (cricket)|Batsman]]
| website =
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2003–2004
| testdebutdate = 8 October
| testdebutyear = 2003
| testdebutagainst = New Zealand
| testcap = 246
| lasttestdate = 26 October
| lasttestyear = 2004
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| club1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| year1 = 1997-2009/10
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| year2 = 2010-2011/12
| club3 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| year3 = 2012/13
| club4 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year4 = 2008–2009
| columns =4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 10
| runs1 = 437
| bat avg1 = 23.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/2
| top score1 = 60
| deliveries1 = –
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 25/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 162
| runs2 = 10,839
| bat avg2 = 45.35
| 100s/50s2 = 29/53
| top score2 = 301[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 546
| wickets2 = 6
| bowl avg2 = 53.33
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/5
| catches/stumpings2 = 189/–
| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 65
| runs3 = 2,415
| bat avg3 = 44.72
| 100s/50s3 = 7/17
| top score3 = 130[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 84
| wickets3 = 1
| bowl avg3 = 58.00
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 1/17
| catches/stumpings3 = 29/–
| column4 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches4 = 21
| runs4 = 334
| bat avg4 = 18.55
| 100s/50s4 = 0/1
| top score4 = 72[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 0
| wickets4 = 0
| bowl avg4 = –
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = –
| catches/stumpings4 = 4/–
| date = 1 July
| year = 2020
| source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27639.html ESPNcricinfo
| module = {{Infobox social media personality
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = AakashChopraCricketer
| youtube_display_name = Aakash Chopra
| youtube_years_active = 2011–present
| youtube_genre = [[Cricket]] Analysis, Updates, News
| youtube_subscribers = 5.04 million
| youtube_views = 1.38 billion

| stats_update = 22 June 2025
}}
}}

'''Aakash Chopra''' ({{audio|Akash_Chopra.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 19 September 1977) is a cricket commentator, [[YouTuber]] and former cricketer who briefly played for the [[Indian cricket team]] from late 2003 to late 2004.<ref name="cricinfo" />

Chopra currently works as a Hindi cricket commentator for [[JioStar]].<ref name="https://www.hotstar.com/1971003806">{{cite news |title=Suresh Raina, RP Singh, Pragyan Ojha, and Aakash Chopra in Viacom18's Expert Panel for SA20 |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/suresh-raina-rp-singh-pragyan-ojha-and-aakash-chopra-in-viacom18s-expert-panel-for-sa20-6780775.html |work=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He previously worked as a column writer for [[ESPNcricinfo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Insider: Decoding the craft of cricket by Aakash Chopra |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/site/theinsider.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2023-03-05}}</ref>

His international cricket career consisted of 10 test matches, in which he scored 437 runs at an average of 23 runs per inning.<ref>http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27639.html ESPNcricinfo</ref>

In Indian domestic cricket, Chopra played for the [[Delhi cricket team]], [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team]] and [[Rajasthan cricket team]]. He also played for the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].

== Cricket career ==

===International===
Chopra made his Test debut in [[Ahmedabad]] against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in late 2003, as India sought to find an opening partner for his Delhi teammate [[Virender Sehwag]].<ref name="cricinfo">{{cite web| title = Aakash Chopra| url= http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27639.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date =6 February 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070215143908/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/27639.html| archive-date= 15 February 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> During the 2003–2004 second Test in [[Mohali]], Chopra scored two half-centuries against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]]. On the 2003–04 tour to Australia, he frequently partnered with [[Virender Sehwag]], including two century opening partnerships in [[Melbourne]] and Sydney. As an opening batsman, Chopra was credited with the large scores that India accumulated in that series, surpassing middle-order batsmen [[Rahul Dravid]], [[V. V. S. Laxman]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Sourav Ganguly]] who regularly scored centuries.<ref name="cricinfo"/>

On the subsequent tour to [[Pakistan]], Chopra scored 42 runs in the first test match wherein Virender Sehwag scored the First ever triple century for an Indian and India scored more than 600 runs in the first innings. India went on to defeat Pakistan in the first Test in [[Multan]]. However, in the second Test, the Indian batsmen scored much lower, apart from a century from [[Yuvraj Singh]], who played in place of the injured captain [[Sourav Ganguly]].<ref>{{cite news| first = Anand| last = Vasu| title= Yuvraj or Chopra? India's selectorial dilemma| url= http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/134262.html| publisher=ESPNcricinfo| date = 8 April 2004| access-date = 7 February 2007}}</ref> When Ganguly returned for the final Test, Chopra was axed and Yuvraj was retained in the team.

Chopra was reintroduced as Sehwag's partner in the 2004 [[Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] after Tendulkar was injured for the First Test in [[Bangalore]]. A heavy loss saw Chopra axed for the following match in [[Chennai]] upon Tendulkar's return, with Yuvraj playing as opening batsman. Yuvraj also struggled, and Chopra was recalled for the Third Test in [[Nagpur]]. Australia won this series, the first test win in India for them in 35 years, and this resulted in Chopra being dropped from the team. Chopra was replaced by Delhi teammates [[Gautam Gambhir]] and [[Wasim Jaffer]], who went on to partner Sehwag in Test matches. Due to his low scoring rate, Chopra was not considered for [[One Day International]]s. {{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

===Domestic===
In September 2008, Aakash played for Delhi in the Nissar Trophy against SNGPL (the winners of the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy from Pakistan). Delhi scored 4 and 197,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/370014.html|title=Chopra and Kohli stretch lead to 384}}</ref> making the match a draw, but SNGPL won the trophy based on first-innings lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13877/scorecard/368336/delhi-vs-sui-northern-gas-pipelines-limited-mohammad-nissar-trophy-2008-09|title=Mohammad Nissar Trophy at Delhi, Sep 15–18 2008}}</ref> After representing Delhi for a long time, Chopra joined Rajasthan as a guest player in the Ranji Plate division.<ref name="ChopraRajasthan">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aakash-Chopra-to-represent-Rajasthan/Article1-612997.aspx Aakash Chopra to represent Rajasthan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104002242/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aakash-Chopra-to-represent-Rajasthan/Article1-612997.aspx |date=4 November 2010 }}</ref> Chopra helped Rajasthan to become the first Plate division team to win the Ranji Trophy, followed by another Ranji trophy win in 2010–2011 season. Chopra has won three Ranji titles in total, one with Delhi and two with Rajasthan. {{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

===IPL===
Chopra played for the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in [[IPL 2008]], [[IPL 2009]], but was dropped eventually as he was deemed too slow at scoring for fast-paced T-20 cricket.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} In those two seasons he scored 53 runs with an average of 8.83 runs across 6 innings.

In [[IPL 2011]], Chopra was signed by the [[Rajasthan Royals]]. In 2015, he announced his retirement from all forms of cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aakash Chopra Biography, Achievements, Career info, Records & Stats – Sportskeeda |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/aakash-chopra |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Chopra is one of the few Indian cricketers who have scored over 8,000 First-Class runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aakash Chopra Profile – Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/aakash-chopra-27639 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==Cricket commentary career==
Chopra was a cricket commentator for [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] for a long time.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2023: Aakash Chopra No Longer A Part Of Disney Star, Will Do Commentary For Sports18 & JioCinema |url=https://kheltalk.com/cricket/ipl-2023-aakash-chopra-no-longer-a-part-of-disney-star-will-do-commentary-for-sports18-jiocinema/ |work=kheltalk.com}}</ref> His cricket commentary style has been described as similar to [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]], in that he uses lots of one-liners and rhymes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aakash Chopra reveals why he honed his craft in Hindi commentary, not English |work=circleofcricket.com |url=https://circleofcricket.com/category/Latest_news/50452/aakash-chopra-reveals-why-he-honed-his-craft-in-hindi-commentary-not-english}}</ref>

During the 2018–19 Australia vs India test series, Chopra was a commentator for [[Seven Network|7 Network]], and also commentated for [[Sony Ten|Sony Ten 2]].<ref>{{cite web |title="Bangladesh are saying that it is not Diwali time but they have prepared for a whitewash" – Aakash Chopra |date=8 December 2022 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/news-bangladesh-saying-diwali-time-prepared-whitewash-aakash-chopra |publisher=sportskeeda.com}}</ref>

In January 2023, Chopra left Star Sports, and joined [[Viacom18|Viacom 18]] network. He voiced Hindi commentary on [[Sports18|Sports 18]] and on the [[JioCinema|Jio Cinema]] app during the South African [[SA20 (cricket)|Twenty20 league, SA20.]]<ref name="https://www.hotstar.com/1971003806" />

In July-August 2024, Chopra served as a Hindi commentator for the Sri Lanka vs India ODI series on [[Sony Sports Network]]. Following the merger of [[Viacom18]] and [[Star India]], he returned to [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]] and was part of the Hindi commentary panel for the [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy]].<ref> {{cite web | title=Champions Trophy 2025: Star-Studded Panel Of Commentators For All 9 Language Feeds
|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/icc-champions-trophy-2025/champions-trophy-2025-star-studded-panel-of-commentators-for-all-9-language-feeds-7744840 | publisher=sports.ndtv.com}} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Aakash Chopra – Commentary career'''
! Years !! Platform/Channel !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2013–2022 || [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]]|| ''Commentator''|| Prominent Hindi commentator during IPL and international matches.
|-
| 2018 || [[Seven Network]] || ''Commentator''|| English commentator during Australia vs India 2018
|-
| 2023–2025 || [[JioCinema]] || ''Commentator '' || Hindi commentator during IPL,WPL,SA20 and international matches.
|-
| 2025–present || [[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]]|| Commentator ||

|}

==Other media==
Chopra's columns regularly appear in Mid-Day and on ESPNcricinfo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cricketer-turned-commentator Aakash Chopra shares expert guidance for aspiring commentators |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/things-to-do/article/cricketer-turned-commentator-aakash-chopra-shares-expert-guidance-for-aspiring-commentators-23180456 |work=Mid-day Newspaper |date=29 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2009, Chopra released ''Beyond the Blues: A First-Class Season Like No Other'', a diary of his domestic season in 2007–2008 published by [[HarperCollins]]. It received critical acclaim, and [[Suresh Menon (sports writer)|Suresh Menon]] of ESPNcricinfo wrote that it was "the best book written by an Indian Test cricketer".<ref name="BeyondBlues">[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/386632.html ESPNcricinfo review of Beyond the Blues]</ref> In November 2011, his second book was published by HarperCollins, and was titled ''Out of the Blue'', about [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan's]] victory in the [[Ranji Trophy]]. He went on to write two more books; ''The Insider with ESPNcricinfo'' in 2015 and ''Numbers Do Lie with Impact Index'' in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond the blues: a cricket season like no other |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4729132 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |date=2009}}</ref>

In May 2020, Chopra signed as a commentator with popular mobile cricket game [[World Cricket Championship (mobile game)|''World Cricket Championship'']] commentate the upcoming WCC3 game.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commentator Aakash Chopra Joined World Cricket Championship|url=http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Commentator-Aakash-Chopra-Joined-World-Cricket-Championship/27-04-2020-190380|last=Bureau|first=BW Online|website=BW Disrupt|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aakash Chopra joins online cricket with the world's No.1 cricket game, World Cricket Championship|url=https://europeangaming.eu/portal/press-releases/2020/04/27/69255/aakash-chopra-joins-online-cricket-with-the-worlds-no-1-cricket-game-world-cricket-championship/|last=Miller|first=George|date=2020-04-27|website=European Gaming Industry News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> Chopra was the first commentator to become a commentator on a digital game platform.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With IPL suspended due to Pandemic, Aakash Chopra to commentate on digital matches|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/with-ipl-suspended-due-to-pandemic-aakash-chopra-to-commentate-on-digital-matches/story-zQZEhNnyq5mbu9zSc9vGII.html|date=2020-04-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>

Aakash Chopra has a YouTube channel where he uploads match reviews and previews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emily |date= 4 February 2022|title=Akash chopra income through youtube |url=https://buzzzfly.com/akash-chopra-net-worth/ |url-status=live |access-date= |website=Biography of celebrities- Buzzzfly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304190823/https://buzzzfly.com/akash-chopra-net-worth/ |archive-date=4 March 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Aakash}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:North Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Agra]]
[[Category:Indian cricket commentators]]
[[Category:Star Sports]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2011]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Delhi]]

Prahaar (newspaper)

2025-12-14T05:17:22Z

Stoutsanitaryware: improve citations per sources additionally per standard format

{{Short description|Marathi language newspaper printed in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Prahaar (newspaper)
| school =
| logo = Prahaar(newspaper)Logo.png
| logo_size = 220px
| logo_alt =
| image = Prahaar(newspaper)Cover.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| type =
| format =
| owner = Rane Prakashan Pvt Ltd.
| founder = 
| publisher = Manish Rane
| president =
| editor = Sukrut Khandekar
| chief_editor =
| deputy_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| general_manager =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| metro_editor =
| metro_chief = Dinesh Kahar
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded =  
| political_position =
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ceased_publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters =
| publishing_city = Mumbai, Nashik, Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri
| publishing_country = [[India]]
| circulation =
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| readership =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| eISSN =
| oclc =
| RNI =
| website = {{URL|http://prahaar.in/}}
| free = {{URL|https://epaper.eprahaar.in/}}
}}
'''''Prahaar''''' ({{langx|mr|प्रहार}}) is a [[Marathi language]] [[newspaper]], printed in [[India]] with regional editions in [[Mumbai]], [[Nashik]], [[Ratnagiri]] and [[Sindhudurg]]. It is owed by [[Narayan Rane]]'s Rane Prakashan Pvt Ltd.,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-the-political-journey-of-BJP-leader-narayan-rane-2004259|title=The political journey of BJP leader Narayan Rane {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2014-08-05|newspaper=dna|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra/narayan-rane-blames-congress-for-plotting-his-defeat/|title=Narayan Rane blames Congress for 'plotting' his defeat|date=2015-04-17|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-19}}</ref> In 2016 its editor was Madhukar Bhave.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://navshakti.co.in/mumbai/251524/|title=मधुकर भावे यांना आचार्य अत्रे पुरस्कार - Navshakti – Marathi Newspaper|website=navshakti.co.in|access-date=2016-12-19}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Marathi-language newspapers]]
* [[List of newspapers in India]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.prahaar.in/ ''Prahaar'' website]
* [http://epaper.prahaar.in// ''Prahaar''{{'}}s English website]
* [http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/?tfp_display=archive-date&tfp_region=Asia&tfp_sort_by=country&tfp_archive_id=121312&tfp_page=1&tfp_country_letter=I&tfp_id=IND_PRAHM ''Prahaar'' featured on Newseum]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Newspapers published in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Publications with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Indian copper plate inscriptions

2025-10-23T21:23:56Z

Stoutsanitaryware: cleaned up lead for accuracy for clarity

{{Short description|Historical legal records of the Indian subcontinent}}
'''Indian copper plate inscriptions''' are legal records [[Intaglio (printmaking)|engraved on copper plates]]. The practice was widespread and long-running in the [[Indian subcontinent]]; it may date back to as early as the [[3rd millennium BCE]], however the vast majority of recovered plates were produced in the [[1st millennium CE]].<ref name=":0" /> The plates were [[legal documents]] which registered and recorded an act of [[Financial endowment|endowment]], i.e. a [[Grant (money)|grant]] or donation, typically of land or [[Concession (contract)|concessions]]. The plate contained [[bureaucratic]] information on [[land tenure]] and [[taxation]] essential to the operation of the [[State (polity)|state]].<ref name=":0" />

The copper plates can survive intact indefinitely: [[copper]], being a [[non-ferrous metal]], does not [[rust]] or otherwise [[corrosion|deteriorate]] when [[Redox|exposed to oxygen]] the way [[iron]] does, but rather develops a protective [[patina]].

== Historical significance ==
As [[primary documents|primary historical documents]] and [[Artifact (archaeology)|archaeological artifacts]], the copper plates are invaluable tools for scholarly research in the general [[History of India|history]] and society of the Indian subcontinent in the 1st millennium CE, and in particular to the early history of [[Christianity in Asia]] and the subcontinent. For instance, between the 8th and 10th centuries CE, authorities on the [[Malabar Coast]] granted special rights and concessions to the community known as ''Nasrani'' ([[Saint Thomas Christians]]) which were recorded on copper plates referred to as ''Cheppeds'' or ''Sasanam'' ("Royal Grants").<ref name="SG Pothen. 1970 p. 32-33">SG Pothen. ''Syrian Christians of Kerala'' (1970). p. 32-33.</ref>

== Legal value ==
As legal documents, historians liken Indian copper plate engravings to a modern-day [[license]] or property [[deed]], and suggest that the party claiming ownership of or rights to donated resources would be obligated to show their plates to the state authorities if challenged. As an additional indicator of the legitimacy of the endowment, it was not uncommon for donors to clasp the plates together with a ring bearing the donor's [[Seal (emblem)|personal seal]].<ref name=":0">Thapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, 2002. 295-96 and 339.</ref> As instruments of state expansion, the durability and easy retrievability of the copper plates was crucial to consolidating newly settled lands.<ref>Thapar, Romila'', The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.'' Penguin Books, 2002. 409.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Soghaura_inscription.jpg|thumb|The [[Sohgaura copper plate inscription]], the earliest known of its kind, 3rd century BCE]]
[[Image:TaxilaCopperPlate.JPG|thumb|The [[Taxila copper plate]], 1st century BCE ([[British Museum]]).]]

Indian [[intaglio printing|copper plate]] inscriptions (''tamarashasana''), usually record grants of land or lists of royal lineages carrying the royal seal, a profusion of which have been found in South India. Originally, texts were recorded on palm leaves, but when the records were legal documents such as title-deeds they were etched on a cave or temple wall, or more commonly, on copper plates which were then secreted in a safe place such as within the walls or foundation of a temple, or hidden in stone caches in fields. Plates could be used more than once, as when a canceled grant was overstruck with a new inscription. These records were probably in use from the first millennium.

[[File:Copper plates with Indus script.jpg|thumb|Copper plates. Mature Harappan period, 2600–1900 BC (Shinde, 2014)]]

A group of nine inscribed copper plates has been identified by Shinde in 2014 as the oldest such objects in the Indian subcontinent. They date to the [[Mature Harappan]] era, and contain inscriptions up to 34 characters long. Their place of origin unknown. They are thought to have been used for copper plate printing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=Vasant |last2=Willis |first2=Rick J. |title=A New Type of Inscribed Copper Plate from Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilisation |journal=Ancient Asia |date=8 October 2014 |volume=5 |doi=10.5334/aa.12317 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The Sohgaura copper-plate inscription, inscribed in the [[Brahmi script]], may date to the 3rd century BCE [[Maurya Empire]] and is likely a precursor to the later copper-plate inscriptions.<ref>{{cite book |author1=F. R. Allchin |author2=George Erdosy |title=The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5kI02_zW70C&pg=PA212 |year=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-37695-2 |pages=212–215}}</ref> It is written on a small plaque of [[bronze]] (a copper alloy).{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1996|p=79}}

The [[Taxila copper plate|Taxila]] and the [[Kalawan]] copper-plate inscriptions (c. 1st century CE or earlier) are among the earliest known instances of true copper plates being used for writing in the Indian subcontinent. These plates are not proper [[charter]]s, unlike later copper-plate inscriptions.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1996|p=107}}

The oldest known copper-plate charter from the Indian subcontinent is the Patagandigudem inscription of the 3rd century CE [[Andhra Ikshvaku]] king Ehuvala Chamtamula. The oldest known copper-plate charter from northern India is probably the Kalachala grant of Ishvararata, dated to the late fourth century on palaeographic basis.<ref>{{cite book |author=Emmanuel Francis |chapter=Indian Copper-Plate Grants: Inscriptions or Documents? |editor1=Alessandro Bausi |editor2=Christian Brockmann |editor3=Michael Friedrich |editor4=Sabine Kienitz |title=Manuscripts and Archives: Comparative Views on Record-Keeping |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yctNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA389 |year=2018 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-054139-7 |page=389 }}</ref>

Some of the earliest authenticated copper plates were issued by the [[Pallava]] dynasty kings in the 4th century, and are in [[Prakrit]] and [[Sanskrit]]. An example of early Sanskrit inscription in which [[Kannada]] words are used to describe land boundaries, are the Tumbula inscriptions of [[Western Ganga Dynasty]], which have been dated to 444 according to a 2004 Indian newspaper report.<ref name="Tumbula">{{cite news |title=Ancient inscriptions unearthed |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/24/stories/2004012407180300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040218052747/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/24/stories/2004012407180300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-02-18 |author=N. Havalaiah|access-date=2006-11-25 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-01-24}}</ref> Rare copper plates from the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period have been found in North India. The use of copper plate inscriptions increased and for several centuries they remained the primary source of legal records.<ref name="keay">{{cite book
| last =Keay
| first =John
| title =India: A History
| publisher =Grove Press
| year =2000
| location =New York
| pages = 155–157
| isbn = 0-8021-3797-0 }}</ref>

Most copper plate inscriptions record title-deeds of land-grants made to [[Charan]]as and [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]], individually or collectively. The inscriptions followed a standard formula of identifying the royal donor and his lineage, followed by lengthy honorifics of his history, heroic deeds, and his extraordinary personal traits. After this would follow the details of the grant, including the occasion, the recipient, and the penalties involved if the provisions were disregarded or violated. Although the profusion of complimentary language can be misleading, the discovery of copper plate inscriptions have provided a wealth of material for historians.<ref name="keay"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/iie/six.htm
|title=Nature and Importance of Indian Epigraphy
|access-date=2007-03-16
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092929/http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/iie/six.htm
|archive-date=2007-09-28
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Trikha |first=Madhav Hada Translated by Pradeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgsNEAAAQBAJ |title=Meera Vs Meera |date=2020-12-07 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-93-89915-90-7 |language=en |quote="...medieval period in Mewar, about twelve percent of the land went into the hands of Brahmins and Charans. Their villages were now regarded as the tamba-patra (the State order issued on the copper plate) villages and were exempted from revenue..."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Vijay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImpuAAAAMAAJ |title=British Paramountcy in Rajputana: A Case Study of Relation of the Sirohi State with the British, 1823-1905 A.D. |date=1991 |publisher=Books Treasure |language=en |quote=The 'Sasan’ lands were granted to temples and members of certain castes such as Brahmans, Charans...They were for all practical purposes in perpetuity and were held rent free. Usually the ancient practice of issuing a copper plate, on which the conditions of grant, the names of the grantor and grantee were engraved was given to the grantee.}}</ref>

[[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] have a unique collection of about 3000 copper plates on which the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Sankirtan]]s of [[Tallapaka Annamacharya]] and his descendants are inscribed.<ref>[http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/122002/epic.htm Epigraphical lore of Tirupati published in Saptagiri magazine.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030216164212/http://www.tirumala.org/sapthagiri/122002/epic.htm |date=2003-02-16 }}</ref>

==Tamil copper-plate inscriptions==
{{main|Tamil copper-plate inscriptions}}
'''Tamil copper-plate inscriptions''' are [[Engraving|engraved]] copper-plate records of [[Land grant|grants]] of villages, plots of cultivable lands or other privileges to private individuals or public institutions by the members of the various South Indian royal dynasties.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/iie/six.htm
|title=Nature and Importance of Indian Epigraphy - Chapter IV
|access-date=2007-03-14
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092929/http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/iie/six.htm
|archive-date=2007-09-28
}}</ref> The study of these inscriptions has been especially important in reconstructing the history of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="tamil">{{cite web
|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no48436.htm
|title=History and Culture of Tamil Nadu : As Gleaned from the Sanskrit Inscriptions
|access-date=2007-03-14
|archive-date=2010-02-03
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203131221/http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no48436.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The grants range in date from the 10th century C.E. to the mid 19th century C.E. A large number of them belong to the [[Chalukyas]], the [[Cholas]] and the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] kings. These plates are valuable [[epigraphy|epigraphically]] as they give us an insight into the social conditions of medieval South India; they also help us fill chronological gaps in the connected history of the ruling dynasties. For example, the Leyden grant (so called as they are preserved in the Museum of [[Leyden]] in [[Holland]]) of Parantaka Chola and those of [[Uttama Chola|Parakesari Uttama Chola]] are among the most important, although the most useful part, i.e., the genealogical section, of the latter's plates seems to have been lost.

<gallery class="center" caption="[[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagar]] Tamil Copper Plate Inscriptions at the Dharmeshwara Temple, Kondarahalli, [[Hoskote]]" mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Dharmeshwara Temple Plates.jpg|Plate 1 and Back
File:Dharmeshwara Temple Plates HT-34.jpg|Plate 2<ref name=RiceIX>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume IX: Inscriptions in the Bangalore District|date=1894|publisher=Mysore Department of Archaeology|location=Mysore State, British India|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso|access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>

Unlike the neighbouring states where early inscriptions were written in Sanskrit and Prakrit, the early inscriptions in Tamil Nadu used Tamil along with some Prakrit.<ref name="caldwell1">{{cite book
|last=Caldwell
|first= Robert
|title= A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages
|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459581
|year=1875
|publisher= Trübner & co
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459581/page/n129 88]
|quote = In southern states, every inscription of an early date and majority even of modern-day inscriptions were written in Sanskrit...In the Tamil country, on the contrary, all the inscriptions belonging to an early period are written in Tamil with some Prakrit}}</ref> Tamil has the extant literature amongst the [[Dravidian languages]], but dating the language and the literature precisely is difficult. Literary works in India were preserved either in [[palm leaf manuscript]]s (implying repeated copying and recopying) or through oral transmission, making direct dating impossible.<ref>Dating of Indian literature is largely based on relative dating relying on internal evidences with a few anchors. I. Mahadevan’s dating of Pukalur inscription proves some of the Sangam verses. See George L. Hart, "Poems of Ancient Tamil, University of Berkeley Press, 1975, p.7-8</ref> External chronological records and internal linguistic evidence, however, indicate that extant works were probably compiled sometime between the 4th century BCE and the 3rd{{Clarify|date=July 2013|reason=Should this be 3rd or something else?}} century CE.<ref name=hart1974>George Hart, "Some Related Literary Conventions in Tamil and Indo-Aryan and Their Significance" ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 94:2 (Apr-Jun 1974), pp. 157-167.</ref><ref name=zvelebil1955>Kamil Veith Zvelebil, ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature'', pp12</ref><ref name=sastry1955>Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)</ref>
Epigraphic attestation of Tamil begins with rock inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE, written in [[Tamil-Brahmi]], an adapted form of the [[Brahmi script]].<ref name="ucla200bc">{{cite web
| url = http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=99&menu=004
| title = Tamil
| access-date = 2007-03-25
| work = The Language Materials Project
| publisher = UCLA International Institute, [[UCLA]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215831/http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=99&menu=004
| archive-date = 2007-10-11
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>Iravatham Mahadevan (2003). Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.</ref> The earliest extant literary text is the [[Tolkāppiyam]], a work on poetics and grammar which describes the language of the classical period, [[Date of the Tolkappiyam|dated variously]] between the 5th century BCE and the 2nd century CE.

==Copper plates of Kerala==
Between the eighth and tenth centuries, rulers on the [[Malabar Coast]] awarded various rights and privileges to Nazranies ([[Saint Thomas Christians]]) on copper plates, known as Cheppeds, or Royal Grants or Sasanam.<ref name="SG Pothen. 1970 p. 32-33"/>

<gallery mode="packed">
Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 CE) plate 1.jpg | [[Tharisapalli plates]] of 849 CE
Jewish copper plate (c. 1000 CE).png | The inscription from the [[Jewish Copper Plate|Sasanam]]
</gallery>

* Iravikorthan Sassanam, awarded by Shri Veera Raghava Perumal (in {{Circa|774 CE}})
* [[Thomas of Cana copper plates]], a lost set of copper plates awarded to Knai Thoma and his followers ([[Knanaya]]) sometime between the 4th and 9th century.
* [[Tharisapalli plates|Tharissapalli Chepped]], awarded in 849 CE by the King of [[Venad|Venadu (Quilon)]], Ayyan Atikal Tiruvatikal, to [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth|Sapir Isho]], the leader of [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] in [[Malabar Coast]] in the 5th regnal year of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler [[Sthanu Ravi Varma]]. It is the first important inscription of [[Kerala]], the date of which has been determined with accuracy.<ref>A. Sreedhara Menon. ''Kerala History'' (1999). p.54.</ref><ref>N.M. Mathew ''History of the Marthoma Church'' (Malayalam), Volume I. p. 105-109.</ref><ref>Cheriyan, Dr. C.V. ''Orthodox Christianity in India''. p. 85, 126, 127, 444-447.</ref> It is engraved on copper plates in [[vatteluttu]] and signed by 25 witnesses. Names of fifteen of them are in [[Kufic]], ten in [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]], and four in [[Hebrew]].
* [[Jewish Copper Plate]], awarded by Bhaskara Ravi Varman I Perumal (962-1019 A.D.), is a Sasanam outlining the grant of rights of the [[Anjuvannam]] and 72 other properietary rights to [[Cochin Jews|local Jewish]] Chief [[Joseph Rabban|Ousepp Irabban]]

==Grants==
[[File:Siyak harsola1005ga.jpg|thumb|Paramara ruler [[Siyaka]]'s [[Harsola copperplate]] copper plate of 949 CE]]
One of the most important sources of history in the [[Indian subcontinent]] are the royal records of grants engraved on copper-plates (''tamra-shasan'' or ''tamra-patra''; ''tamra'' means copper in [[Sanskrit]] and several other Indian languages). Because copper does not rust or decay, they can survive virtually indefinitely.

Collections of archaeological texts from the copper-plates and rock-inscriptions have been compiled and published by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] during the past century.

The copper plate is approximately 9{{fraction|3|4}} inches long × 3{{fraction|1|4}} inches high × 1/10 (to 1/16) inches thick.

The Sohgaura copper-plate is a [[Maurya]] (322–185 BCE) record which refers to a [[famine]]. It is one of the very few pre-[[Ashoka]] [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] inscriptions in India.<ref>Thapar, Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas,2014, pp. 10</ref>

==See also==

* [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
* [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]]
*[[Jewish copper plates of Cochin]]
*[[Quilon Syrian copper plates]]
*[[Thiruvalla copper plates]]
* [[History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[South Indian Inscriptions]]
* [[Stambha]]
* ''[[Lōmāfānu]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |title=Indian Epigraphy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMB3649biQC&pg=PA471 |year=1996 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1166-9 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=7F367F5357B8DDB9608BA8D65FB7B3EA.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=174109 A new copper-plate grant of Harsavardhana from the Punjab, year 8]
*[http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/02-07/features575.htm Vaisnavism in Upper Mahanadi Valley]

[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Types of archaeological artefact]]
[[Category:Copper objects]]
[[Category:Archaeology of India]]

K. M. Venkatramaiah

2025-10-14T04:22:15Z

Stoutsanitaryware: adding new details

{{Short description|Tamil and saivaite scholar}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=August 2022}}

{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}

'''K. M. Venkatramaiah''' (April 4, 1912 – January 31, 1994<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Venkataramiah: இரங்கல் உரை |url=https://venkataramiah.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_12.html |access-date=August 23, 2022 |website=Venkataramiah}}</ref>) was a Tamil and saivaite scholar.

== Early life ==
He was born in [[Karapakkam]] near [[Poonamallee]]. His mother tongue was [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Because of his interest in Tamil he pass B.O.L in Tamil. He completed [[Master's degree|masters]] in English.

==Career==

Hearing one of his Tamil lectures he was offered the post of Principal at Tirupanandal College run by [[Thiruppanandal Adheenam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=April 7, 2011 |title=His tryst with Tamil |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/His-tryst-with-Tamil/article14674146.ece |access-date=August 23, 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1981 he was head of the Department in [[Tamil University]] in [[Thanjavur]]. Later he worked at [[Dravidian Linguistics Association]]. Though he was born in [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] family he was having subject knowledge in [[shaivism]]. During the 2012 All India conference of Dravidian linguists, a prize was announced in the name of K.M. Venkatramaiah with Rupees 3000/- as cash prize.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linguistic Society Of India|url=http://www.lsi.org.in/ann3.php |access-date=August 24, 2022 |website=www.lsi.org.in}}</ref>

== Works ==
He has written many books in Tamil and English. His works were nationalised by the Government of Tamil Nadu by paying fifteen lakhs as compensation to his heirs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 15, 2011 |title=State to purchase copyrights of Venkataramiah's works |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/State-to-purchase-copyrights-of-Venkataramiahs-works/article15445403.ece |access-date=August 23, 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Last days ==
On January 31, 1994, he met with an accident and was taken to hospital but died on that day.<ref name=":0" /> His son M. V. Pasupathi is also a Tamil Scholar and professor in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2022 |title=காலமானார் மூத்த தமிழறிஞர் ம. வே. பசுபதி |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-chennai/chennai/2022/jan/31/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-3783553.html |access-date=August 24, 2022 |website=Dinamani}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.venkataramiah.org/tamil.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222063228/http://venkataramiah.org/tamil.html|date=February 22, 2015}}

[[Category:People from Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]

Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh

2025-10-12T15:23:01Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Adding a bio!

{{Short description|Monument in Imphal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox monument
| name = Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh (Maharaja Narasingh Statue)
| native_name = {{native name|mni|Meidingu Narasinghgi Mitam}}
| image = Statue of Maharaja Nara Singh in front of the Western Entrance to the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Statue of [[Raja Nara Singh|Meidingu Nara Singh]] (1844-1850 A.D.) in front of the [[Kangla Sanathong]], the Western Entrance to the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]]
| location = [[Kangla Sanathong]], the Western Entrance to the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]]
| mapframe =
| designer = S. Nimai, a sculpture teacher of Imphal Art College<ref name=epao1>{{Cite web |title=Maharaja Narasingh's bronze statue unveiled: 29th aug14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=16..290814.aug14 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
| type = [[Bronze sculpture]]
| material = [[Bronze]]<ref name=epao1 />
| length =
| width =
| height =
| weight =
| visitors_num =
| visitors_year =
| begin =
| complete =
| dedicated =
| open = 15 June 2022<ref name=epao1 /><ref name="uniindia.com">{{Cite news |title=Manipur CM unveils statue of King Narasingh |work=uniindia.com |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/east/development-manipur-king-narasingh/2758472.html}}</ref><ref name="pothashang.in">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-15 |title=Meidingu Narasingh statue unvieled |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2022/06/15/meidingu-narasingh-statue-unvieled/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="citizenradio.in">{{Cite web |title=Inaugurated a statue of the then king of Manipur, Nara Singh at Kangla |url=https://www.citizenradio.in/2022/06/inaugurated-statue-of-then-king-of.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Citizen Radio Manipur}}</ref><ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web |title=CM inaugurates Andro infrastructure, unveils Narasingh's statue: 16th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..160622.jun22 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
| restore =
| dismantled =
| dedicated_to = [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei monarch]] [[Raja Nara Singh|Meidingu Nara Singh]] (1844-1850 A.D.), His Highness, the ruler of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur kingdom]]}}
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8075|N|93.9387|E|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra_label =
| extra =
}}
The '''Statue of Meidingu Nara Singh''', also known as the '''Statue of Maharaja Narasingh''' ({{langx|mni|Meidingu Narasinghgi Mitam}}),{{efn|The terms "Nara Singh" and "Narasingh" are used interchangeably.}} is a [[bronze sculpture]] located at the [[Kangla Sanathong]], the western entrance gate to the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]]. [[Raja Nara Singh|Meidingu Nara Singh]] (1844-1850 A.D.) was a [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei monarch]] and the sovereign of {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur kingdom]]}}.<ref name="pothashang.in">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-15 |title=Meidingu Narasingh statue unvieled |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2022/06/15/meidingu-narasingh-statue-unvieled/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Meitei nationalism|History of Manipur}}
During April 2022, on the 172nd death anniversary of [[Raja Nara Singh|Meidingu Nara Singh]], [[Manipur]]'s chief minister [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]] announced that the [[Government of Manipur]] is planning to install a statue of the [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei monarch]] at the western entrance gate to the [[Kangla Fort]] within 100 days.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |agency=TNN|date=Apr 12, 2022 |title=Manipur King Nara Singh's Statue To Be Installed At Kangla Fort: Cm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-king-nara-singhs-statue-to-be-installed-at-kangla-fort-cm/articleshow/90788240.cms |access-date=2022-09-25 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=Manipur: Maharaj Nara Singh 172nd death anniversary commemorated - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/maharaj-nara-singh-172nd-death-anniversary-commemorated/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="eastmojo.com">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-04-12 |title=Manipur observes 172nd death anniversary of Maharaja Nara Singh |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/04/12/manipur-observes-172nd-death-anniversary-of-maharaja-nara-singh/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="nagalandpost.com">{{Cite news |title=Manipur observes death anniversary of Maharaj |newspaper=Nagaland Post |url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/index.php/manipur-observes-death-anniversary-of-maharaj/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>
The observation function was organised by Manipur State Archaeology, Department of Art and Culture, [[Government of Manipur]].<ref name="eastmojo.com">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-04-12 |title=Manipur observes 172nd death anniversary of Maharaja Nara Singh |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/04/12/manipur-observes-172nd-death-anniversary-of-maharaja-nara-singh/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

To the public, [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]] announced the following:
{{blockquote|Paid rich tributes to the gallant Maharaja Nara Singh on his 172nd death anniversary at Kangla today. During the First Anglo-Burmese War, soon after the 7 years devastation, his strong military acumen led to the defeat of the Burmese army by driving them beyond the Ningthi river. 
The people of Manipur will always remember Maharaja Nara Singh's spirit of nationalism and the Government of Manipur will soon build a befitting memorial tomb in honour of his great contribution to the people of Manipur.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |agency=TNN|date=Apr 12, 2022 |title=Manipur King Nara Singh's Statue To Be Installed At Kangla Fort: Cm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-king-nara-singhs-statue-to-be-installed-at-kangla-fort-cm/articleshow/90788240.cms |access-date=2022-09-25 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
Chief Minister Nongthombam Biren, recalling the struggles of [[Raja Nara Singh|Meidingu Nara Singh]] and others during the [[:simple:Seven Years Devastation|Seven Years Devastation]], said:
{{blockquote|Whatever we have today is all because of the hard work and sacrifices of our great leaders and our society would have no value if we don't honour them and follow their paths.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |agency=TNN|date=Apr 12, 2022 |title=Manipur King Nara Singh's Statue To Be Installed At Kangla Fort: Cm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-king-nara-singhs-statue-to-be-installed-at-kangla-fort-cm/articleshow/90788240.cms |access-date=2022-09-25 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="eastmojo.com">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Vangamla Salle K. |date=2022-04-12 |title=Manipur observes 172nd death anniversary of Maharaja Nara Singh |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2022/04/12/manipur-observes-172nd-death-anniversary-of-maharaja-nara-singh/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="nagalandpost.com">{{Cite news |title=Manipur observes death anniversary of Maharaj |newspaper=Nagaland Post |url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/index.php/manipur-observes-death-anniversary-of-maharaj/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>}}

On the occasion of the very 172nd death anniversary, [[Manipur]]'s [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament]] [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]], who is also the current titular [[List of Manipuri kings|King of Manipur]], said,
{{blockquote|"Maharaja Nara Singh was a king who always worked for the protection of the motherland and he always gave priority to the welfare of people rather than the powers he possessed as a king."<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |agency=TNN|date=Apr 12, 2022 |title=Manipur King Nara Singh's Statue To Be Installed At Kangla Fort: Cm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-king-nara-singhs-statue-to-be-installed-at-kangla-fort-cm/articleshow/90788240.cms |access-date=2022-09-25 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>}}

== Opening ==
On 15 June 2022, the [[Government of Manipur]], led by Chief Minister [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]], unveiled the statue of Meidingu Narasingh, which was built next to the [[Kangla Sanathong]], the western entrance gate to the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]].<ref name="uniindia.com">{{Cite news |title=Manipur CM unveils statue of King Narasingh |work=uniindia.com |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/east/development-manipur-king-narasingh/2758472.html}}</ref><ref name="pothashang.in">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-15 |title=Meidingu Narasingh statue unvieled |newspaper=Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2022/06/15/meidingu-narasingh-statue-unvieled/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="citizenradio.in">{{Cite web |title=Inaugurated a statue of the then king of Manipur, Nara Singh at Kangla |url=https://www.citizenradio.in/2022/06/inaugurated-statue-of-then-king-of.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Citizen Radio Manipur}}</ref><ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web |title=CM inaugurates Andro infrastructure, unveils Narasingh's statue: 16th jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..160622.jun22 |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

The [[bronze sculpture]] of [[Raja Nara Singh|Meidingu Nara Singh]] ({{langx|mni|Meidingu Leiren Nonglen Sentreng Manikhamba}}<ref name=epao1 />) was unveiled at the western entrance gate to the [[Kangla Fort]], under the aegis of the Department of Arts and Culture, [[Government of Manipur]].<ref name=epao1 />
The unveiling ceremony was participated by Dr RK Nimai Singh, Arts and Culture Commissioner, L. Birendra, Elangbam Sonamani and R.K. Modhuchandra, the senior most person of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], the clan of [[Raja Nara Singh|Meidingu Nara Singh]]. The sculpture was crafted by S. Nimai, a sculpture teacher of Imphal Art College. It took him five years to complete the artwork.<ref name=epao1 />

== See also ==
* [[Mount Manipur Memorial]]
* [[Kanglasha]]
* [[Cultural depictions of lions]]
* [[First N. Biren Singh ministry]]
* [[Second N. Biren Singh ministry]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Cite web |title=Manipur king Nara Singh's statue to be installed at Kangla Fort: CM – Times of India – Manipur News |date=11 April 2022 |url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2022/04/11/manipur-king-nara-singhs-statue-to-be-installed-at-kangla-fort-cm-times-of-india/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |title='Every citizen should contribute towards protecting the sovereignty & integrity of the country' |url=https://morungexpress.com/every-citizen-should-contribute-towards-protecting-sovereignty-integrity-country |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=MorungExpress}}

[[Category:2022 sculptures]]
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in India]]
[[Category:Colossal statues in India]]
[[Category:Equestrian statues in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Imphal]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Meitei royalty]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in India]]
[[Category:Public art in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Manipur]]

Travancore-Cochin cricket team

2025-09-18T15:40:32Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Adding stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Travancore-Cochin cricket team
| image =
| captain =
| coach =
| founded = 1951
| last_match = 1957
| ground = [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium, Thiruvananthapuram]]
| capacity =
| owner =
| first_fc = [[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]
| first_fc_year = 1951
| first_fc_venue = [[Central College Ground, Bangalore]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
}}
The '''Travancore-Cochin cricket team''' represented the Indian state of [[Travancore-Cochin]] in the [[Ranji Trophy]] from 1951–52 to 1956–57.{{sfn|Mathur|1966|pp=22}}<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fwRFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aLcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5053%2C6760631 "Travancore-Cochin cricket association to be formed"], 15 August 1950, ''Indian Express''.</ref> After the state was reorganised and expanded to form the new state of [[Kerala]] in 1956, the Travancore-Cochin team was superseded by the [[Kerala cricket team]], beginning with the 1957–58 Ranji Trophy.{{sfn|Bose|1990|pp=388}}

==Playing record==
Travancore-Cochin played seven Ranji Trophy matches in six seasons, losing five matches and drawing two.

===1951–52===
* Travancore-Cochin 150 and 85 lost to [[Karnataka cricket team|Mysore]] 322 by an innings and 87 runs. [[P. M. Anandan]] took 6 for 100 for Travancore-Cochin, which remained the team's best bowling figures.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/20/20025.html| title = Mysore v Travancore-Cochin 1951–52| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref> [[Ajjampur Krishnaswamy]] took 7 for 73 in the first innings for Mysore, which remained the best figures against Travancore-Cochin. All the Travancore-Cochin players except for [[Balan Pandit|M. Balan Pandit]] were making their [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debuts.

===1952–53===
* Travancore-Cochin 86 and 86 lost to Mysore 220 by an innings and 48 runs. Anandan took 5 for 65.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/20/20025.html| title = Travancore-Cochin v Mysore 1952–53| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref>

This was Travancore-Cochin's first home game, and also the first first-class match at the [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium, Trivandrum]], which was to become one of Kerala's main home grounds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1238_f.html | title = First-class matches played at the University Stadium, Trivandrum| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref>

===1953–54===
* Travancore-Cochin 241 and 171 for 4 declared drew with [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] 125 and 104 for 4. Anandan took 5 for 38, and in the first innings Pandit scored 106, which was Travancore-Cochin's first individual score of 50 or more, and remained the team's only century.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/20/20913.html| title = Travancore-Cochin v Hyderabad 1953–54| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref> There was no play on the second day owing to rain. With their first innings lead in a drawn match, Travancore-Cochin proceeded to the next round.
* [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]] 275 and 336 for 5 declared defeated Travancore-Cochin 147 and 148 by 316 runs. [[Karsandas Bhatia]] took 5 for 56 in Madras's first innings before top-scoring in Travancore-Cochin's with 44.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/20/20965.html| title = Madras v Travancore-Cochin 1953–54| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref>

===1954–55===
* Travancore-Cochin 247 and 141 for 6 drew with Madras 414 for 9 declared.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/21/21379.html| title = Madras v Travancore-Cochin 1953–54| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref> [[A. G. Kripal Singh]] scored 208 for Madras, the highest score made against Travancore-Cochin. Pandit top-scored in each innings with 81 and 46.

This was the first first-class match at [[Maharaja's College Stadium|Maharaja College Ground, Ernakulam]], where Kerala later played three times.

===1955–56===
* [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] 462 for 9 declared defeated Travancore-Cochin 135 and 142 by an innings and 185 runs.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/21/21841.html| title = Travancore-Cochin v Andhra 1955–56| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref>

===1956–57===
* Travancore-Cochin 180 and 185 lost to Andhra 171 and 197 for 3 by seven wickets. [[Sandy Aaron]], on his first-class debut, took 5 for 77 and 1 for 40 for Travancore-Cochin and, batting at number nine, top-scored in each innings with 29 not out and 40.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/22/22314.html| title = Andhra v Travancore-Cochin 1956–57| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref>

==Leading players==
{{main article|List of Travancore-Cochin cricketers}}
[[P. M. Anandan]] was the most successful bowler. He played in all seven matches and took 24 wickets at an average of 24.62.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/35/35759/f_Bowling_by_Team.html| title = First-class bowling for each tem by Ponnabeth Anandan| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref> [[Balan Pandit]] was the most successful batsman, with 404 runs at an average of 28.85 in the seven matches. He also [[wicket-keeper|kept wickets]], taking 15 catches and a stumping.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/35/35720/f_Batting_by_Team.html| title = First-class batting and fielding for each tem by Balan Pandit| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref> In 1959–60 he also set the record score for Kerala of 262 not out, which stood for 48 seasons.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/India/Firstclass/Kerala/Batting_Records/Highest_Innings_For.html| title = Most runs in an innings for Kerala| publisher = CricketArchive| access-date = 30 October 2016}}</ref>

Anandan's elder brother [[P. M. Raghavan]] captained the team in four matches, Anandan in two matches and Pandit in one.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|first1=L. N.|last1=Mathur|title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Cricket, 1965|year=1966|publisher=Rajhans Prakashan|oclc=1075795206}}
* {{cite book|first1=Mihir|last1=Bose|title=A History of Indian Cricket|year=1990|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=9780233985633}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/413/413.html Travancore-Cochin cricket team] at CricketArchive
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/413/First-Class_Matches.html First-class matches played by Travancore-Cochin] at CricketArchive

{{Ranji Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Travancore-Cochin cricket team}}
[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Former senior cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Kerala]]
[[Category:Travancore–Cochin|cricketers]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Travancore–Cochin]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1951]]

Thanjavur Chariot festival

2025-09-11T19:09:13Z

Stoutsanitaryware: Adding a entry!

{{Short description|Annual festival at Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File: 28apr1.jpg|thumb|300px|The decorated chariot of the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Big Temple]]]]
'''Thanjavur Chariot festival''' (தஞ்சாவூர் தேர்த்திருவிழா) <ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:தஞ்சைப் பெரிய கோயில் தேரோட்டம்]]</ref> is a historical event associated with the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Big Temple]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Background==
In 2015, the chariot festival was held in the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Big Temple]], after a gap of more than one hundred years. Since then every year the festival is held in Thanjavur. During the 18th and 19th centuries festival was held. According to a document in 1776 C.E., 20,200 pulled the chariot during the festival in Thanjavur. [[Serfoji II|Serfoji]] during the chariot festival held 1813 C.E., have brought out 27,394 persons from various taluks such as [[Thiruvaiyaru]] (1900), [[Papanasam]] (2800), [[Kumbakonam]] (3494), [[Mayiladuthurai|Mayuram]] (3484), [[Thiruvarur]] (2920), [[Mannargudi]] (4200), [[Kilvelur]] (4500), [[Nannilam]] (3200), including 900 persons from Thiruvaiyaru for carrying out the [[vahana]]s for the festival.<ref name="sb">எஸ்.பாபாஜி ராஜா பான்சலே சத்ரபதி, மாமன்னர் சரபோஜியின் மகத்தான கொடை, தஞ்சை இராஜராஜேச்சரம் திருக்குட நன்னீராட்டுப் பெருவிழா மலர், 1997</ref> In 1801 C.E. the king has donated 500 chakras for renewing the wheels of the chariot. As per the [[Modi script|Modi]] document, 150 chakras was spent, as expenses, for pulling the chariot in 1801 C.E. and 1811 C.E.<ref name="sb"/> He set up five big chariots and also built four parking places in four main streets of Thanjavur.<ref name="dt">[http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Districts/2015/04/16221955/231-Toys-245-beads-40-tons-Chariot-periyako-20-trial.vpf 231 பொம்மைகள், 245 மணிகளுடன் 40 டன் எடை கொண்ட பெரியகோவில் தேர் 20–ந்தேதி வெள்ளோட்டம் விடப்படுகிறது, தினத்தந்தி, 17.4.2015]</ref><ref>நூறாண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு இன்று தேரோட்டம், தஞ்சாவூர் பெருவுடையார் கோயில் சித்திரைத் தேர்த்திருவிழா சிறப்பு மலர், விளம்பரச் சிறப்பிதழ், தினமணி, 29.4.2015</ref>

== Specialities==
The chariot was constructed by more than 30 artisans and sculptors, with 25 tonnes of Iluppai and teakwood. It consisted of three tiers, atop with throne. On the throne, known as simhasana the processional deity was kept. Based on the agamas, the sculptures for the chariot was made of [[Madhuca longifolia|iluppai]] tree.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sculpture-works-apace-for-big-temple-car/article5287518.ece Sculpture works apace for Big Temple car, The Hindu, 30 October 2013]</ref> In the first stage, up to one and half a feet, 40 sculptures were set up. In the second stage up to two and quarter feet, 56 sculptures were set up.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160308174846/http://m.dinamalar.com/temple_detail.php?id=25502 தஞ்சாவூர் பெரிய கோவிலுக்கு ரூ.50 லட்சத்தில் புதிய தேர் அமைப்பு! தினமலர், டிசம்பர் 13, 2013]</ref> After completion of two stages, the final stage took place and trial run was held.<ref>[https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/1031368 தஞ்சை பிரகதீஸ்வரர் கோவிலுக்காக உருவாகும் பிரமாண்டமான தேர் : இரண்டு மாதத்தில் வெள்ளோட்டம் விட ஏற்பாடு தினமலர், ஜுலை 27, 2014]</ref><ref>[http://www.dinamani.com/edition_trichy/tanjore/2014/08/23/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-/article2393343.eceபெருவுடையார் கோயில் தேரில் அச்சு பொருத்தம், தினமணி, ஆகஸ்டு 23, 2014]</ref> It had 360 wooden sculptures including the sculptures of Periyanayaki, the consort of [[Shiva]], [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]], [[Kartikeya|Subramania]], [[Dvarapala]], Boomadevi, [[Agastya|Agasthiar]], Sarabamurti, [[Sambandar|Gnanasambandar]], [[Appar]], [[Sundarar]], [[Manikkavacakar]], [[Virabhadra|Veerabadrar]], [[Bhikshatana]]r, Rishabarudar, Ekabathamoorthy. On four side of the chariot horses and [[Yali (mythology)|yali]]s were found. In the front side of the chariot the [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]], the abode of Siva and in the rear side [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandhi]] [[Mandapa]] and the [[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimana]] of the Big Temple is sculpted in the same size. It had a height of 16 and half feet and 13 and half feet breadth.<ref name="th"/><ref name="dm"/><ref name="dmr">[https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=18174 தஞ்சை கோயிலுக்கு ரூ.50 லட்சம் செலவில் புதிய தேர், தினமலர், ஏப்ரல் 6, 2013]</ref>

==Trial run==
After construction of the chariot with the setting up of sculptures in it, the trial run chariot festival was held on 20 April 2015.<ref name="th">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/big-temple-car-set-for-a-comeback/article7083238.ece | title=Big temple car set for a comeback | newspaper=The Hindu | date=9 April 2015 | first=L. | last=Renganathan | access-date=16 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>[http://tamil.thehindu.com/tamilnadu/100-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/article7119653.ece 100 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு தஞ்சாவூர் பெரிய கோயில் தேர் இன்று வெள்ளோட்டம், தி இந்து, 20.4.2015]</ref><ref name="dt"/> Before the trial run at 6.30 a.m. special pujas were done to the throne where the processional deity was to be kept.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/trial-run-of-big-temple-car/article7124357.ece?ref=tpnews Trial run of Big Temple car, Rolls; out after 100 years; maiden run on 29 April, The Hindu, 21.4.2015]</ref> More devotees pulled the chariot.<ref>[http://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2015/04/21/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA/article2774997.ece தஞ்சை பெருவுடையார் கோயில்புதிய தேர் வெள்ளோட்டம், தினமணி, 21.4.2015]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=140656%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88 |title=பெரிய கோயிலில் 29ல் தேரோட்டம், 100ஆண்டு பழமையான சக்கரங்கள் கண்டுபிடிப்பு, தினகரன், 12.4.2015 |access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223926/http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=140656%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Chariot festival ==
On the previous day of the festival, on 28 April 2015, from the [[Nataraja]] shrine of the Big Temple procession took place to the accompaniment of melas and [[Nadaswaram|nadasvaram]]s. On the festival day, on 29 April 2015
<ref name="dm">[http://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2015/04/07/100-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88/article2751039.ece 100 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பின்னர் தஞ்சை பெரியகோயிலில் ஏப். 29-ல் தேரோட்டம், 20இல் வெள்ளோட்டம், தினமணி,7.4.2015]</ref> the chariot started.<ref>[https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=42674 தஞ்சை பெரிய கோயிலில் தேரோட்டம் கோலாகலம்!, தினமலர் கோயில்கள், 29.4.2015]</ref> At 5.15 a.m. Panchamurtis, the five processional deities such as Vinayaka, Subramania, Thyagaraja with consort, Devi and [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikesvarar]] came from the temple premises through Sivagangai Park and reached where the chariot was kept. At 6.15 a.m. all the deities were kept in their respective places. After the conduct of special [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s, thousands of devotees pulled the chariot. Followed by caparisoned elephant the chariots moved. To the front of the main chariot of the presiding deity Thyagaraja and Kamalambal, the small chariots of Vinayaka and Subramania went. Amman chariot and Chandikesvara chariot followed the main chariot. Folk dancers of [[Parai Attam|Thappattam]], [[Kolattam]], [[Mayilattam|Mayil Attam]] and Silambattam and Oduvars singing [[Tevaram|Devaram]] accompanied the chariot. In many places the chariots were stopped for the easier view and worship of the devotees and conduct of pujas and cracking of coconuts.<ref>ஏப்ரல் 29இல் தஞ்சைப் பெருவுடையார் கோயில் தேரோட்டம், சுவாமி தரிசன நிறுத்துமிடங்கள் அறிவிப்பு, தினமணி,25.4.2015</ref>
<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/big-temple-chariot-festival-held-after-100-years/article7156283.ece?mstac=0 Big temple chariot festival held after 100 years, The Hindu, 30.4.2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.dinamani.com/religion/2015/04/30/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9E/article2790033.ece தஞ்சாவூரில் நூறாண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு தேரோட்டம் ஆயிரக்கணக்கானோர் வடம் பிடித்தனர், தினமணி, 30.4.2015]</ref> Every year this festival is being held.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Trial run/2015 ==
<gallery>
File: Car trial 4.jpg|[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] before leaving
File: Car trial 1.jpg|Arrangement for trial
File: Car trial 8.jpg|Ready for leaving
File: Car trial 25.jpg|In the Wast Street
File: Car trial 17.jpg|In the East Street
File: Car trial 20.jpg|Big Temple sculpture in chariot
File: Car trial 9.jpg|Parking place
</gallery>

== Festival/2015 ==
<gallery>
File:Big temple car festival3.jpg|Presiding deity and Devi
File:Big temple car festival10.jpg|Panchamurti
File:Big temple car festival16.jpg|Vinayaka and Subramania leaving
File:Big temple car festival18.jpg|Presiding deity and consort in chariot
File:Big temple car festival23.jpg|In the West Street
File:Big temple car festival20.jpg|In the North Street
File:Big temple car festival22.jpg|In the East Street

</gallery>

== External links==
{{commons category|Thanjavur Temple Festival}}

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eV0NOxpCu8w Temple Car Festival Held At Thanjavur For Chithirai Thiruvizha] - Thanthi TV, 2015
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HHAfVS8Afo Devotees throng Thanjavur for Big Temple Chariot Festival] - Thanthi TV, 2016
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/thousands-take-part-in-car-festival-at-thanjavur/article18394588.ece Thousands take part in car festival], The Hindu, 6 May 2017
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cle4bj5lxqQ Chithirai Thiruvizha: Temple Car Festival begins with flag hoisting at Big Temple in Thanjavur] Puthiyathalaimurai TV, 2018
* [https://tamil.oneindia.com/astrology/news/thanjavur-big-temple-chithirai-festival-begins-with-flag-hoisting-345799.html சித்திரை திருவிழா : தஞ்சை பெரிய கோவிலில் கொடியேற்றத்துடன் தொடங்கியது - 16ம் தேதி தேரோட்டம் One India Tamil], 3 April 2019

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]