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T. M. Sasi

2026-05-07T19:57:56Z

Stormy43P6: started post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''T. M. Sasi''' (born 1980) is an Indian politician from Kerala. He is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Alathur Assembly in Palakkad district constituency representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Alathur Election Results 2026 {{!}} Keralam Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/kerala-assembly-election-results-2026/alathur |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/statewiseS111.htm</ref>

== Early life ==
Sasi is from [[Mudappallur]], Thekkumnjeri, Palakkad, Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘തർക്കപരിഹാര സഖാവിന് ’ ഇനി ജില്ലാ പഞ്ചായത്തിൽ ദൗത്യം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/palakkad/2025/12/28/district-panchayat-president-tm-sasi.html |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=‘തർക്കപരിഹാര സഖാവിന് ’ ഇനി ജില്ലാ പഞ്ചായത്തിൽ ദൗത്യം |language=ml}}</ref> He is the son of Devu. He studied BA in sociology in 2013 at a college affiliated with Annamalai University. He runs his own business and declared assets worth Rs.1 crore in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=T M Sasi(Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))):Constituency- ALATHUR(PALAKKAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=23 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sasi first became an MLA winning the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Alathur Assembly constituency]] representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He polled 61,564 votes and defeated his nearest rival, K. M. Febin of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 8,553 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Alathur election results 2026: TM Sasi of CPI(M) wins Alathur seat by over 8500 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/alathur-election-results-2026/articleshow/130718194.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Alathur Election Result 2026 LIVE Updates: Kerala (Alathur) Assembly Election Results 2026 Winner, Vote Counting, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/alathur-election-result-live-updates-kerala-assembly-election-results-winner-10669058/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He served as [[Palakkad district]] panchayat president.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-27 |title=T.M. Sasi is Palakkad district panchayat president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tm-sasi-is-palakkad-district-panchayat-president/article70443739.ece |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasi, T.M.}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]

Debabrata Das (academic)

2026-05-07T07:13:04Z

Stormy43P6: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Assam#Universities]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
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Sehore Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T16:17:08Z

Stormy43P6:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sehore
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 159
| map_image = 159-Sehore.svg
| mla = [[Sudesh Rai]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Ramesh Saxena
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sehore district|Sehore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 2,21,644
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Sudeshrai2026-04-06 at 06.45.45.jpg
}}

'''Sehore Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 assembly constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It comes under [[Sehore district|Sehore]] district.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/20/bhopal/sehore/yearwiseacdata.aspx |title=Sehore, Bhopal Assembly Elections | Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency | Elections in Bhopal |publisher=Electionsinindia.com |access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref><ref name="election2017-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/searching.aspx?value=Sehore&type=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427102143/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/searching.aspx?value=Sehore&type=2 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 April 2017 |title=Making democracy meaningful, Know our Representative & Candidate |publisher=Empowering India |access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref> It is a segment of [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].The seat is currently held by [[Sudesh Rai]] of the Bharatiya Janata Party, serving his third consecutive term.

{{Pie chart
| caption = Party-wise Seat Wins in Sehore Assembly (1952–2023)
| value1 = 41.6
| label1 = Bharatiya Janata Party / Jan Sangh
| color1 = dark orange
| value2 = 33.4
| label2 = Indian National Congress
| color2 = light blue
| value3 = 25
| label3 = Others (Janata Party, Independent)
| color3 = grey
}}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
=== Bhopal Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Umrao Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Sultan Muhammad Khan
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|rowspan=2| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Umrao Singh (politician)|Umrao Singh]]
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=3 | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Inayatullah Khan (Indian politician)|Inayatullah Khan]]<ref name="General Elections of MP 1957">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_MP_1957.pdf|title=General Elections of MP 1957|publisher=Election Commission Of India|year=2004}}</ref>
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Inayatullah Khan (Indian politician)|Inayatullah Khan]]
|-
|| 1967 || R. Mewada
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]]
|-
|| 1972 || [[Aziz Qureshi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|| 1977 || Savita Bajpai
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
|| 1980 || [[Sunder Lal Patwa]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|| 1985 || Shankar Lal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|| 1990 || Madan Lal Tyagi
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|| 1993 || rowspan=4 |Ramesh Saxena
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|| 1998
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan=3| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|| 2003
|-
|| 2008
|-
|| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref> ||rowspan=3| [[Sudesh Rai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sehore<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sudesh Rai]]
|votes = {{formatnum:105997}}
|percentage = 58.4
|change = {{increase}}20.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Shashank Ramesh Saxena|votes={{formatnum:68146}}|percentage=37.55|change={{increase}}12.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kamlesh Dohare|votes={{formatnum:4103}}|percentage=2.26|change={{increase}}1.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:917}}|percentage=0.51|change={{decrease}}0.21}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:37851}}|percentage=20.85|change={{increase}}7.8}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:181501}}|percentage=81.89|change={{increase}}0.69}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sehore<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sudesh Rai]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:60117}}
|percentage = 38.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Surendra Singh Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:39473}}
|percentage = 24.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Usha Ramesh Saxena
|votes = {{formatnum:26397}}
|percentage = 16.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gaurav "Sunny" Mahajan
|votes = {{formatnum:25916}}
|percentage = 16.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1140}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20644}}
|percentage = 13.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:158187}}
|percentage = 81.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sehore
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sudesh Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:63604}}
|percentage = 44.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Usha Ramesh Saxena
|votes = {{formatnum:61978}}
|percentage = 43.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harish Rathore
|votes = {{formatnum:9244}}
|percentage = 6.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anokhi Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:755}}
|percentage = 0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2379}}
|percentage = 1.66
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1626}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change=--
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:137960}}
|percentage =
|change=--
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}''' '''

=== 2008 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sehore<ref>{{cite web
|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh
|url=https://ceoelection.mp.gov.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/2008.pdf
|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh
|format=PDF
|page=346
|access-date=13 April 2026
}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramesh Saxena
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 43404
|percentage = 42.15
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Swadash Rai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 33,368
|percentage = 32.40
}}

{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Gourav Mahajan(sunny)
|party = Bharatiya Jan Shakti Party
|votes = 19,776
|percentage = 19.20
|change=--
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = K.K Gupta
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 901
|percentage = 0.87
|change=--
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 10,036
|percentage = 9.75
|change=--
}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage = 69.7
|change=--
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| percenatage = --
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sehore<ref>{{cite web
|title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh
|url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|p=295
}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramesh Saxena
|votes = {{formatnum:52681}}
|percentage = 49.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Surendra Singh Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:41670}}
|percentage = 39.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Jaspal Ajit Singh Arora
|votes = {{formatnum:4613}}
|percentage = 4.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sunita Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2349}}
|percentage = 2.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Noshad Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:1524}}
|percentage = 1.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Payal Jan
|votes = {{formatnum:1498}}
|percentage = 1.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Arif Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:902}}
|percentage = 0.85
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11011}}
|percentage = 10.35
|change=--
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:106455}}
|percentage = 72.70
|change=--
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|23.206|77.082|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sehore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Sanjay Malhotra

2026-05-02T07:49:56Z

Stormy43P6:

{{Short description|Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) since 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Malhotra, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| office = 26th{{nbsp}}[[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
| native_name =
| image = Sanjay Malhotra RBI.jpg
| caption =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Shaktikanta Das]]
| status = [[Incumbent]]
| term_end =
| term_start = 11 December 2024
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| Minister =
| office2 = [[Revenue Secretary]] of [[India]]
| predecessor2 = Tarun Bajaj
| successor2 = Arvind Shrivastava
| term_end2 = 11 December 2024
| term_start2 = 1 December 2022
| appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office3 = Financial Services Secretary of [[India]]
| term_start3 = 1 February 2022
| term_end3 = 30 November 2022
| successor3 = [[Vivek Joshi]]
| predecessor3 = Debasish Panda
| appointer3 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|02|14}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Civil_List_of_IAS_Officers_-_Appendix_A_-_Combined_Gradation_List_of_IAS_Officers_appointed_on_the_result_of_annual_competitive_Exam._As_on_01.01.2014-civillist.ias.nic.in.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917155047/https://dtf.in/z0f76a1d14fd21a8fb5fd0d03e0fdc3d3cedae52f?wsidchk=11969816 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer
| alma_mater = [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] [[IIT Kanpur]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|BTech]]) [[Princeton University]] ([[Master of Public Policy|MPP]])<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/multimedia/profile-princeton-educated-consensus-builder-sanjay-malhotra-is-new-rbi-governor/article68976889.ece|title= Profile: Princeton-educated consensus builder Sanjay Malhotra is new RBI Governor|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
| signature =
| profession = [[Bureaucrat]]
| children =
}}
'''Sanjay Malhotra''' (born 14 February 1968) is an Indian [[bureaucrat]] and [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who is serving as the current and 26th [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India|Governor]] of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] since 11 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-11 |title=RBI new Governor Sanjay Malhotra's first agenda: Rate cut in February? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/rbi-new-governor-sanjay-malhotra-rate-cut-february-9718362/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Notification | url=https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/sites/default/files/English-Shr-Sanjay-Malhotra.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213221051/https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/sites/default/files/English-Shr-Sanjay-Malhotra.pdf | archive-date=2024-12-13}}</ref> He is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Officer of the 1990 Batch [[Rajasthan]] Cadre, and has served in various positions throughout his career.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title='Calm influence': Revenue Secretary Sanjay Malhotra next RBI Governor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/sanjay-malhotra-new-rbi-governor-shaktikanta-das-9715279/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Early life and education ==
Malhotra was born in [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]] and completed his schooling from [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] of Bikaner . He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Technology]] in [[computer science]] from the [[IIT Kanpur|Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-10 |title=Who is Sanjay Malhotra? The new RBI Governor: Here's a look at his educational journey from IIT Kanpur to Princeton |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/who-is-sanjay-malhotra-the-new-rbi-governor-heres-a-look-at-his-educational-journey-from-iit-kanpur-to-princeton/articleshow/116168391.cms |access-date=2024-12-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He then completed his [[Master's degree|Master's]] degree in [[Public policy]] from the [[Princeton University]], United States.<ref name=":0" /> His father was an officer in the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF).

== Career ==
Malhotra's career in the [[Government of India|Indian government]]'s [[Civil Services of India|bureaucracy]] began in 2000, when was appointed as [[Private secretary|Private Secretary]] to a [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]]. Before his appointment as Private Secretary, he served in various departments in Rajasthan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Dinakaran |first=R. |date=10 December 2024 |title=Who is RBI Governor-designate Sanjay Malhotra? |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/who-is-sanjay-malhotra/article68968500.ece |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=The Hindu BusinessLine}}</ref> From 2003 to 2020, Malhotra worked in the [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan government]]'s departments of mines and minerals, information and broadcasting, finance, energy, and commercial taxation.<ref name=":1" /> Between 2003 and 2020, in an international posting, Malhotra was a project coordinator in the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization|United Nations Industrial Development Organisation]] (UNIDO), where he held the rank of Deputy Secretary.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Harsh |last2=Mishra |first2=Asit Ranjan |date=9 December 2024 |title=Change of guard: Who is Sanjay Malhotra, Centre's pick as new RBI governor? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/change-of-guard-who-is-sanjay-malhotra-centre-s-pick-as-new-rbi-governor-124120901126_1.html |access-date=6 March 2025 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=18 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218233046/https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/change-of-guard-who-is-sanjay-malhotra-centre-s-pick-as-new-rbi-governor-124120901126_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2000 to 2003, Malhotra was Personal Secretary to the [[Union Council of Ministers|Minister of State]] for [[Department of Space|Space]] and the [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of State for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]].<ref name=":3" /> In 2020, he was appointed as the [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]] and he also served as the [[chairman]] and [[managing director]] of the [[Rural Electrification Corporation]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=9 December 2024 |title=Who is Sanjay Malhotra, the next RBI chief? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/who-is-sanjay-malhotra-new-rbi-governor/article68965257.ece |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In February 2022, he was appointed Secretary of Financial Services in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] and during his time in the position, he launched the [[initial public offering]] of the [[Life Insurance Corporation]] and was also a member of the board of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Dhoot |first=Vikas |date=14 December 2024 |title=Sanjay Malhotra {{!}} The new boss at Mint Street |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/sanjay-malhotra-the-new-boss-at-mint-street/article68986213.ece |access-date=5 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Malhotra was appointed Revenue Secretary in December 2022, and he implemented a new income tax regime during his time in the position.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> On 11 December 2024, Malhotra was appointed [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India|Governor of the RBI]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2025 |title=Coming soon, Rs 50 notes signed by new RBI governor Sanjay Malhotra |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/coming-soon-rs-50-notes-signed-by-new-rbi-governor-sanjay-malhotra-464408-2025-02-12 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Business Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Governors of Reserve Bank of India}}
{{G20-CBGovernors}}

{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Governors of the Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalaya alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology alumni]]

Giddi Satyanarayana

2026-04-25T00:23:34Z

Stormy43P6: Adding first pg from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Giddi Satyanarayana
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Kondeti Chittibabu]]
| constituency = [[Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency|Gannavaram, Konaseema]]
| party = [[Jana Sena Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Giddi Satyanarayana''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Jana Sena Party]]. He has been elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly representing the [[Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JSP's Giddi. Satyanarayana wins Gannavaram with 96108 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/gannavaram-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548236-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Gannavaram Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/gannavaram-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-2-8917049.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jana Sena Party politicians]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

Thorang Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:49Z

Stormy43P6: started a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thorang
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| type= SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Thorang highlighted).png
| district = [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]
| constituency_no = 34
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[R. Rohmingliana]]
| party = [[Mizo National Front]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:14955}}
}}
'''Thorang''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Lunglei district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[R. Rohmingliana]] of the [[Mizo National Front]] party.{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=3|[[Zodintluanga Ralte]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[R. Rohmingliana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Thorang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[R. Rohmingliana]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 4,141
|percentage = 31.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Zodintluanga Ralte]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,079
|percentage = 30.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = C. Lalnunnema
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 3,146
|percentage = 23.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shanti Bikash Chakma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,772
|percentage = 13.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 119
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 62
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 13,257
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Thorang<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Zodintluanga Ralte]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|23.240|92.406|display=title}}

[[Category:Lunglei district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Arindam Banik

2026-04-17T19:55:08Z

Stormy43P6: New.

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox economist
| name = Arindam Banik
| school_tradition =
| color =
| image = Arindam Banik.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Arindam Banik from the desk of IMI Kolkata
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|07|26}}
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| death_date =
| death_place =
| institution = [[International Management Institute, New Delhi]] [[IMI Kolkata]] [[University of the West Indies]], Barbados [[Alliance Manchester Business School]] [[Delhi School of Economics]]
| field = International Trade and Business, International Finance
| alma_mater = [[Jahangirnagar University]] [[University of Delhi]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| contributions =
| awards =
| signature = 
| website = https://www.imi.edu/delhi/faculty_details/73/arindam
| repec_prefix = f | repec_id = pba21
}}
'''Arindam Banik''' (born 1958) currently holds the position of [[Associated Cement Companies]] Chair Professor in International Business and Finance at IMI.<ref name="Professor at IMI">{{Cite web
| publisher = www.expressindia.indianexpress.com
| title = Course with an International Flavour
| date = 28 May 2000
| accessdate = 3 March 2017
| url = http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/20000528/faf28053.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170308224136/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/20000528/faf28053.html
| archive-date = 8 March 2017
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name="Dr. Arindam Banik">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.iica.in
| title = IICA organises Roundtable Conclave - "Corporate Governance Provisions in Companies Act 2013"
| accessdate = 3 March 2017
| url = http://iica.in/Images/IICA_organises_Roundtable_Conclave.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Arindam Banik">{{Cite web
| publisher = www.opportunities.esocialsciences.org
| title = The One-stop Portal for Social Scientists
| accessdate = 3 March 2017
| url = http://opportunities.esocialsciences.org/General/AboutUs.aspx
| archive-date = 8 March 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170308222519/http://opportunities.esocialsciences.org/General/AboutUs.aspx
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> He is the editor of the journal ''[[Global Business Review]]'' ([[SAGE Publications]]).<ref name="Editor of Global Business Review">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.us.sagepub.com
| title = Arindam Banik, International Management Institute, New Delhi, India
| accessdate = 3 March 2017
| url = https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/author/arindam-banik}}</ref> He has a PhD in economics from [[Delhi School of Economics]], [[University of Delhi]]. He is the former director of [[IMI Kolkata|International Management Institute (IMI) Kolkata]].

Arindam Banik has authored a number of books<ref name="Banik">
{{Cite web
| title = Books by Arindam Banik
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = https://www.amazon.com/Arindam-Banik/e/B001JO6IVG}}</ref> and published numerous articles in journals of eminence across the world. He has also presented papers at national and international [[Academic conference|conferences]].<ref name="National Conference">{{Cite web
| publisher = www.jssaten.ac.in
| title = National Conference On Managing Business Enterprises in BRICS Countries NCMBE 2016
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://jssaten.ac.in/Academics/MBA/uploads/NCMBE_2016.pdf
| archive-date = 8 March 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170308220714/http://jssaten.ac.in/Academics/MBA/uploads/NCMBE_2016.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name="International Conference">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.faculty.washington.edu
| title = Economic Integration and Economic Growth
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = https://faculty.washington.edu/karyiu/confer/Sea16/index.htm}}</ref><ref name="SLC Conference">{{Cite web
| publisher = www.shyamlal.du.ac.in
| title = International Conference Sustainable Business Models: Innovative Strategies and Practices
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://shyamlal.du.ac.in/international-conference/doc/SLC%20International%20Conference%20-Programme%20Schedule.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170308222902/http://shyamlal.du.ac.in/international-conference/doc/SLC%20International%20Conference%20-Programme%20Schedule.pdf
| archive-date = 8 March 2017
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name="kf">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.fgks.in
| title = Conference on "Globalisation of Chinese and Indian Enterprises"
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://fgks.in/images/pdf/Conference-07-Schedule.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Conference">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.thehindubusinessline.com
| title = China eyes slice of India's destination wedding business
| date = 18 October 2014
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/china-eyes-slice-of-indian-destination-wedding-business/article6514869.ece}}</ref> His area of interest includes all domains of economics viz. development economics, business economics, managerial economics and the like. He has been an active member of many professional societies such as the Asia Pacific Economic Association (APEA),<ref name="Asia Pacific Economic Association">{{cite web
| publisher = www.apeaweb.org
| title = Twelfth Annual Conference, Asia-Pacific Economic Association, Kolkata 2016
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://ww.apeaweb.org/confer/kkt16/kkt16-c4p.pdf}}</ref> Bengal Economic Association,<ref name="Bengal Economic Association Seminar">{{Cite web
| publisher = www.bloncampus.com
| title = IMI Kolkata hosts Bengal Economic Association's mid-year seminar
| date = 29 September 2015
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://www.bloncampus.com/b-school-corner/imi-kolkata-hosts-beas-midyear-seminar/article7702905.ece
}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Indian Economic Association and Euro-Asia Management Studies Association.

==Education==
Arindam Banik completed his BSc (1981) and MSc (1983) in economics from Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka. Commencing a career as a Junior Executiveww2 at [[American Express Bank]], Dhaka in 1982,<ref name="American Express Bank in Dhaka">{{Cite web
| publisher = www.bloncampus.com
| title = MBA students should be groomed to suit industry requirements
| date = 3 June 2016
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://www.bloncampus.com/b-school-corner/ideally-mba-students-should-be-groomed-in-line-with-industry-requirements/article8686792.ece
}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> he gradually developed an inclination towards academics and decided to pursue higher studies. In 1993, he was awarded PhD from [[Delhi School of Economics]], [[University of Delhi]]. In pursuit of his interest in the field of economics, he worked towards expanding his research experience.

==Service==
===Teaching===
Arindam Banik has been with IMI for more than two decades. He is an Affiliated Professor at Centrum Graduate Business School, Ponficia UNIVERSIDAD CATO`LICA DEL PERU.<ref name="Professor/Researcher">{{Cite web
| publisher = www.centrum.pucp.edu.pe
| title = Centrum Graduate Business School
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://centrum.pucp.edu.pe/en/profesores/banik-arindam/
| archive-date = 8 March 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170308224345/http://centrum.pucp.edu.pe/en/profesores/banik-arindam/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> He has also been a lecturer in economics at the University of West Indies, Cavehill Campus, Barbados.<ref name="Faculty of Social Sciences">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.cavehill.uwi.edu
| title = The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = https://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/fss/resources/handbooks/fss_handbook-04-05.aspx}}</ref>

===Research===
Professor Banik's research areas of interest include International Trade and Services, Global Financial Imbalance, Structure and Organisation of Financial Markets and Payment Systems, Technology Transfer and Strategic Analysis of Markets and Economics, Corporate Governance, Financial Sector Reforms and Economic Growth, International Finance and many more.

==Books==
Selected Publications
*Trade in Health Services in South Asia : An Examination of the Need for Regional Cooperation.<ref name="Trade in Health Services">
{{Cite book
| publisher = www.springer.com
| title = Trade in Health Services in South Asia : An Examination of the Need for Regional Cooperation
| accessdate = 2 December 2019
| url = https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811521904
| isbn = 978-981-15-2190-4
| date = 13 February 2020
}}</ref>
*Towards A Common Future: Understanding Growth, Sustainability in the Asia-Pacific Region.<ref name="Towards A Common Future">
{{Cite book
| publisher = www.springer.com
| title = Towards A Common Future: Understanding Growth, Sustainability in the Asia-Pacific Region
| accessdate = 1 August 2017
| url = https://www.springer.com/us/book/9789811055911| isbn = 9789811055911
| date = 2017-09-22
}}</ref>
*New Technology and Land Elevations- Small Farms in Bangladesh, 1998, University Press Limited, Dhaka.<ref name="The University Press Limited">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.uploadc.com.bd
| title = New Technology and Land Elevations: Small Farms in Bangladesh
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://www.uplbooks.com.bd/book/new-technology-and-land-elevations-small-farms-bangladesh}}</ref><ref name="Ayesha Abed Library">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.library.bracu.ac.bd
| title = New Technology and Land Elevations: Small Farms in Bangladesh
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://library.bracu.ac.bd:9292/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=(su:%7BAgriculture%7D)%20AND%20(su:%7BBangladesh.%7D)}}</ref>
*Foreign Capital Inflows to China, India and the Caribbean - Trends Assessments and Determinants, ( with Pradip K Bhaumik), 2006, Palgrave-Macmillan's Global Academic Publishing, Macmillan publishers Limited, London.<ref name="SpringerLink">
{{Cite book
| publisher = www.link.springer.com
| title = Foreign Capital Inflows to China, India and the Caribbean- Trends, Assessments and Determinants
| doi = 10.1057/9780230800779
| year = 2006
| last1 = Banik
| first1 = Arindam
| last2 = Bhaumik
| first2 = Pradip K.
| s2cid = 127049366
| isbn = 978-1-349-50731-3
}}</ref>
*Corporate Governance, Responsibility and Sustainability Initiatives in Emerging Economies (Ed.), 2015, Palgrave-Macmillan's Global Academic Publishing, Macmillan Publishers Limited, London.<ref name="Palgrave macmillan">
{{Cite book
| publisher = www.palgrave.com
| title = Corporate Governance, Responsibility and Sustainability Initiatives in Emerging Economies
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137361844}}</ref>

==Newspaper Publications==
Some of the many articles that he has published are -
*On the farm bills: Farmers forming cooperatives will be able to negotiate better prices on their produce, The Times of India, 8 February 2021.<ref name= "Farm Bills">
{{Cite web
| publisher= www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com
| title= On the farm bills: Farmers forming cooperatives will be able to negotiate better prices on their produce
| date= 8 February 2021
| accessdate= 25 March 2021
| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/on-the-farm-bills-farmers-forming-cooperatives-will-be-able-to-negotiate-better-prices-on-their-produce/
}}</ref>
*Two Bengals, two economies, The Telegraph, 2 November 2020.<ref name= "Two Bengal">
{{Cite web
| publisher= www.telegraphindia.com
| title= Two Bengals, two economies
| date= 2 November 2020
| accessdate= 6 November 2020
| url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/west-bengal-and-bangladesh-two-bengals-two-economies/cid/1796295
}}</ref>
*What India can learn from global rankings such as THE, QS and Shanghai Rankings, [[The Economic Times]], 9 May 2018.<ref name="Fiscal Deficit">
{{Cite web
| publisher = economictimes.indiatimes.com
| title = What India can learn from global rankings such as THE, QS and Shanghai Rankings
| accessdate = 9 May 2018
| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/why-policymakers-should-not-use-fiscal-deficit-as-a-guide-to-public-policy/
}}</ref>
*Why policymakers should not use fiscal deficit as a guide to public policy, 20 April 2018.<ref name="The Economic Times">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com
| title = Why policymakers should not use fiscal deficit as a guide to public policy
| accessdate = 20 April 2018
| url = https://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/why-policymakers-should-not-use-fiscal-deficit-as-a-guide-to-public-policy/| date = 2018-03-09
}}</ref>
*Independent, not free, Indian Express, 15 April 2009.<ref name="The Indian Express">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.indianexpress.com
| title = Independent, not free
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/independent-not-free/| date = 2009-04-14
}}</ref>
*The Land Illusion, [[The Indian Express]], 27 Jul 2009.<ref name="Journalism of Courage ARCHIVE">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.archive.indianexpress.com
| title = The Land Illusion
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-land-illusion/494388/}}</ref>
*Loan waiver and agricultural investment, (with Pradip K. Bhaumik), The Hindu Business Line, 28 March 2008.<ref name="The Hindu Business Line">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.thehindubusinessline.com
| title = Loan waiver and agricultural investment
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/loan-waiver-and-agricultural-investment/article1620103.ece}}</ref>
*Changing Face of Entrepreneurship, Post Liberalization, The Hindu Business Line, 9 May 2007.<ref name="The HBL">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.thehindubusinessline.com
| title = Changing Face of Entrepreneurship, Post Liberalization
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/changing-face-of-entrepreneurship-post-liberalisation/article1657644.ece}}</ref>
*Low Growth to Prosperity, The Daily Star, 3 January 2004.<ref name="The Daily Star">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.archive.thedailystar.net
| title = Low Growth to Prosperity
| accessdate = 4 March 2017
| url = http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/01/03/d401031503103.htm}}</ref>
*Indian North-east: Overcoming Isolation, 3 April 2010.<ref name="North East Publication">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.thedailystar.net/newspaper
| title = Indian North-east: Overcoming Isolation
| accessdate = 3 April 2010
| url = https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-132715
}}</ref>
*[[Oxfam]] reports growing inequality in India, quality education is the best way to reverse this trend, Times of India, February 2, 2018.<ref name="Oxfam reports">
{{Cite web
| publisher = www.blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com
| title = Oxfam reports growing inequality in India, quality education is the best way to reverse this trend", Times of India, February 2, 2018.
| accessdate = 2 Feb 2018
| url = https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/oxfam-reports-growing-inequality-in-india-quality-education-is-the-best-way-to-reverse-this-trend/| date = February 2018
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banik, Arindam}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American Express people]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi academics]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi male writers]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]
[[Category:Jahangirnagar University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

Perinoru Makan

2026-04-05T06:24:15Z

Stormy43P6: new initial page from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Perinoru Makan
| image = Perinoru Makan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = Vinu Anand
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Bhagath Manuel]] [[Saranya Mohan]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Berny–Ignatius]]
| studio = 
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|7|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Perinoru Makan''''' ({{translation|A son with the name...}}) is a 2012 Indian Malayalam-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)#Family drama|family drama]] film directed by Vinu Anand and starring [[Bhagath Manuel]], [[Saranya Mohan]], and [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]. The film received negative reviews from critics and was a box office failure. It marks Saranya Mohan's last Malayalam film till date.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-havent-kept-off-m-town-on-purpose-saranya-mohan/articleshow/18969452.cms|title=I haven't kept off M-Town on purpose: Saranya Mohan|date=15 January 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Bhagath Manuel]] as Satheesan
*[[Saranya Mohan]] as Bhama<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/saranya-mohan-is-disappointed-with-her-career-494224.html|title=Saranya Mohan is disappointed with her career|date=3 August 2012|website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Harishchandran
*[[Guinness Pakru]]
*[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
*[[Tini Tom]]
*Souparnika Subhash as Bindhu
*[[KPAC Lalitha]]
*Niyaz<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/happy-being-the-handsome-villain-niyaz/articleshow/12506090.cms?from=mdr|title=Happy being the handsome villain: Niyaz|date=2 April 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*[[Sudheesh]]
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]]

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "''Perinoru Makan'' is neither good nor bad; it's just indifferent".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-perinoru-makan-is-average/20120723.htm|title=Review: Perinoru Makan is average|first=Paresh C.|last=Palicha|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2024-01-31|archive-date=2022-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707221531/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-perinoru-makan-is-average/20120723.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film one out of five stars and wrote that "The narrative is so over-crowded with filial affection, family feud, scheming relatives that the director finds it a bit too hard to put everything in place".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/perinoru-makan/movie-review/15089813.cms|title=Perinoru Makan Movie Review|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2024-01-31|archive-date=2018-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208104247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Perinoru-Makan/movie-review/15089813.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2779872}}
*[https://www.doolnews.com/malayalam-cinema-perinoru-makan-malayalam-news-454.html ''Perinoru Makan''] at Dool News
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]

Dipali Das

2026-04-04T20:27:53Z

Stormy43P6: Adding the bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = {{#property:P18}}
| name = Dipali Das
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=y|1997|01|27}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_cause =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| salary =
| term_start = 10 May 2023
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Naba Kishore Das]]
| successor =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| occupation = politician
| parents = Naba Kishore Das (father)
| relations =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Dipali Das''' is an Indian politician from [[Biju Janata Dal]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panda |first=Sudeshna |date=2023-03-31 |title=Deepali Das named as BJD candidate for Jharsuguda bypoll |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/deepali-das-named-as-bjd-candidate-for-jharsuguda-bypoll/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=[[Kalinga TV]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and daughter of [[Naba Kishore Das]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pani |first=Mayank Bhusan |title=With Deepali Das, daughter of Naba das, the baton has been passed in Odisha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/apr/01/with-deepali-das-daughter-of-naba-das-the-baton-has-been-passed-in-odisha-2561657.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=April 2023 }}</ref> who was a Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency]] and was killed on 29 January 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Pradhan |first=Ashok |date=2023-05-13 |title=Odisha Bypoll Result 2023: BJD's Dipali Das secures landslide victory in Jharsuguda |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-bypoll-result-2023-winner-bjds-dipali-das-secures-landslide-victory-in-jharsuguda/articleshow/100204848.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Jharsuguda bypoll: BJD's Dipali Das on lead with margin of 48,721 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jharsuguda-assembly-byelection-2023-result-odisha-bjds-dipali-das-on-lead-101683960310564.html |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=BJD returns to winning ways with Jharsuguda victory; BJP's vote share rises |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/odisha-bjds-dipali-das-wins-jharsuguda-assembly-by-poll/articleshow/100206395.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> She won the bypoll defeating Tankadhar Tripathy of BJP by over 48,000 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
She was born in a well known [[Karan (caste)|Karan]] family.
Das made her political debut after her father's death.<ref name=":0" /> She is a commerce graduate from K.C. College, Mumbai and in 2020, she completed her MBA from EU Business School in Barcelona, Spain.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Dipali}}
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Jharsuguda district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Rajat Khare

2026-03-30T04:22:49Z

Stormy43P6: bio - done

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur and investor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajat Khare
| image =
| birth_date = {{circa|1983}}
| occupation = {{Unbulleted list|Entrepreneur|Investor}}
| known_for = Co-founder of [[Appin (company)|Appin]]
| spouse = Shweta Khare
}}

'''Rajat Khare''' is an Indian entrepreneur and investor who co-founded [[Appin (company)|Appin]], a [[New Delhi]]-based technology company, in December 2003.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin">{{Cite news |last1=Satter |first1=Raphael |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Zeba |last3=Bing |first3=Chris |date=2023-11-16 |title=How an Indian startup hacked the world |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-hackers-appin/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Now based in Switzerland, he runs Boundary Holding, a Luxembourg-based [[venture capital]] firm, with his wife Shweta Khare.<ref name="intonline-rajat-khare-helping-qatar">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title=Former Indian cyber privateer Rajat Khare is helping Qatar keep the football World Cup safe |url=https://www.intelligenceonline.com/surveillance--interception/2022/10/20/former-indian-cyber-privateer-rajat-khare-is-helping-qatar-keep-the-football-world-cup-safe,109836892-eve |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Intelligence Online |language=en}}</ref>

Investigative reports by [[Reuters]], ''[[The New Yorker]]'', and [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF Investigativ]] found that Appin operated as a [[Hack-for-hire operation|hack-for-hire]] company under Khare's co-directorship, stealing data from executives, politicians, and military officials worldwide.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="newyorker-india-hacking-industry">{{Cite magazine |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David |date=2023-06-01 |title=A Confession Exposes India's Secret Hacking Industry |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-crime/a-confession-exposes-indias-secret-hacking-industry |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=2023-11-20}}</ref><ref name="srf-project-merciless">{{Cite web |last1=Eiholzer |first1=Leo |last2=Schmid |first2=Andreas |date=2022-11-02 |title='Project Merciless': how Qatar spied on the world of football in Switzerland |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/project-merciless-how-qatar-spied-on-the-world-of-football-in-switzerland/48022952 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Swiss investigative program Rundschau (swissinfo.ch) |language=en}}</ref> Criminal investigations in Switzerland, the [[Dominican Republic]], and by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) linked Khare and Appin to hacking but did not result in charges against him.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="srf-project-merciless" /> Through his U.S. law firm Clare Locke, Khare has denied any involvement, stating he "has never operated or supported, and certainly did not create, any illegal 'hack for hire' industry" and that his career has been dedicated to "cyber-defence and the ''prevention'' of illicit hacking."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="wired-appin-lawsuits">{{Cite magazine |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |date=2024-02-01 |title=A Startup Allegedly Hacked the World. Then Came the Censorship—and Now the Backlash |url=https://www.wired.com/story/appin-training-centers-lawsuits-censorship/ |magazine=Wired |language=en}}</ref>

Khare and entities associated with Appin have also pursued extensive legal action against media coverage of the company; [[Reporters Without Borders]] (RSF) described the effort as "an offensive on an unprecedented global scale."<ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=RSF investigation: the Indian cyber-security giant silencing media outlets worldwide |url=https://rsf.org/en/rsf-investigation-indian-cyber-security-giant-silencing-media-outlets-worldwide |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=Reporters Without Borders |language=en}}</ref> Khare's Swiss lawyer, Nicolas Capt, said his client took "legitimate legal action — civil and criminal — to protect his honour, which has been damaged by false accusations."<ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" />

== Career ==

=== Appin ===
{{Main|Appin}}
Khare co-founded Appin in December 2003 as a technology training startup; he was a 20-year-old computer science major at the time.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> By 2007, Appin had opened a digital security consultancy helping Indian organisations defend themselves online, which drew the attention of Indian intelligence agencies. The company established a subsidiary called Appin Software Security to conduct surveillance for the Indian government; by 2009, its clients included the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW), the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], and the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI).<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

''The New Yorker'' reported that in 2010, Khare personally sent bulk emails to private intelligence firms across Europe offering what he called "ethical hacking" services. An Appin slide presentation obtained by Reuters, which Khare's lawyers called "a forgery or was doctored",<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> promised that the company could obtain "information that you imagine and also one that you didn't imagine" and explicitly described hacking businessmen on behalf of corporate clients.<ref name="newyorker-india-hacking-industry" /><ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

In January 2012, a series of [[spear-phishing]] emails targeted Peter Hargitay, a [[Zurich]]-based [[FIFA]] insider and former adviser to FIFA President [[Sepp Blatter]]. An expert hired by the Hargitays traced the attack to a server near Zurich airport whose billing records listed Rajat Khare as the client. After the hack was detected, Khare called Peter Hargitay's son Stevie, saying he "wants to cooperate '100%'."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> (Khare's lawyers told Reuters he "does not know" the Hargitays.)<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

Khare's lawyers said he left Appin in December 2012, a move that "officially and immediately separated him from all Appin entities." Reuters found that Khare's signature appeared on Appin corporate filings dating to 2013 and 2014, and that shareholder data showed he maintained a stake for several years after that. Indian corporate records recorded his resignation as director only in 2016.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

=== Boundary Holding ===
In 2016, Khare resigned as director of the company formerly known as Appin Technology and moved to Switzerland, where, SRF Investigativ reported, "he now presents himself as a renowned start-up investor."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="srf-project-merciless" /> Together with his wife Shweta, he runs Boundary Holding, a Luxembourg-based venture capital firm.<ref name="intonline-rajat-khare-helping-qatar" />

Boundary Holding's portfolio has included Cerbair, a French anti-drone company; Cysec, which organised a [[bug bounty]] programme for the [[European Space Agency]]; and the [[big data]] geolocation firm Kido Dynamics.<ref name="intonline-rajat-khare-helping-qatar" /> ''[[Intelligence Online]]'' reported in 2022 that Khare maintained close relations with Qatar and had helped portfolio companies win security contracts for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]], describing him as having "industrialised the practice of hacking for hire."<ref name="intonline-rajat-khare-helping-qatar" />

== Criminal investigations ==
Swiss prosecutors opened an investigation, nicknamed "Tandoori," into the hack of FIFA insider Peter Hargitay. In an email to the FBI, prosecutor Sandra Schweingruber wrote that the investigation had found that "the Indian company Appin Security Group as well as their CEO Rajat Khare are involved in this case."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> SRF Investigativ later reported that Schweingruber asked Khare whether he would be willing to answer questions; a lawyer informed her he would respond in writing, but the prosecutor never followed up.<ref name="srf-project-merciless" /> The investigation was closed in September 2020, with Schweingruber's successor Anna Carter citing "the lack of further promising investigative approaches."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

In 2012, Dominican prosecutors formally accused newspaper publisher Jochi Gómez of working with Khare to hack emails. Prosecutors described Khare as part of an "international criminal network." The case was quashed on procedural grounds in 2013, a decision affirmed by the country's highest court in 2014. One of the judges involved dismissed the network characterisation as a "theory." Khare was never charged.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

Law enforcement documents obtained by Reuters show that FBI official Dan Brady told the Swiss prosecutor that U.S. investigators looking into the hack of a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribal member had linked multiple cases to a single "ultimate perpetrator": Appin. The files also revealed that the FBI told Swiss counterparts it had "a confidential human source who has the capacity to report on Appin Security matters."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> A former U.S. security official told Reuters that the FBI had tracked Khare's travel and communications.<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /> The FBI declined to answer questions about its investigation into Appin; Khare's lawyers called the suggestion that he had been investigated by the FBI "absurd".<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" />

Capt told SRF that Khare "has never been questioned by law enforcement authorities in any country" and "clearly denies all connections with any illegal activities whatsoever."<ref name="srf-project-merciless" />

== Legal campaign against media ==
{{Further|Appin#Legal campaign against media}}
Khare has hired the U.S. defamation law firm Clare Locke LLP and Swiss lawyers Nicolas Capt and Sandrine Giroud to pursue legal action against media outlets reporting on Appin.<ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" /><ref name="wired-appin-lawsuits" /> RSF found that at least 15 media outlets had content modified or withdrawn following [[strategic lawsuit against public participation|strategic lawsuits]] or legal notices from Khare or associated entities.<ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" />

In November 2022, a lower court in Geneva ordered SRF Investigativ to provisionally remove Khare's name and photo from its investigative report.<ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" /> ''[[The New Yorker]]'' was sued in India by the Association of Appin Training Centers (AOATC) and separately in Switzerland by Khare; the magazine refused to comply, stating it "fully stands behind the piece."<ref name="newyorker-india-hacking-industry" /><ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" /> In December 2023, the AOATC obtained an injunction against [[Reuters]] from a Delhi district court, and Reuters temporarily removed its investigation. The injunction was vacated in October 2024, with the court noting "the plaintiff has not been able to show any [[prima facie]] case to make interference in the process of journalism."<ref name="reuters-special-report-appin" /><ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" /><ref name="reuters-restoration-2024">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/reuters-expos-hack-for-hire-world-is-back-online-after-indian-court-ruling-2024-10-26/ |title=Reuters exposé of hack-for-hire world is back online after Indian court ruling |date=2024-10-26 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Reuters}}</ref>

The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF) responded on behalf of [[Techdirt]] and [[MuckRock]], arguing that the Indian court order was unenforceable in U.S. courts under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]].<ref name="eff-appin-legal-bullying">{{Cite web |last1=Quintin |first1=Cooper |last2=Galperin |first2=Eva |date=2024-02-08 |title=EFF Helps News Organizations Push Back Against Legal Bullying from Cyber Mercenary Group |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2024/02/eff-helps-news-organizations-resist-legal-bullying-cyber-mercenary-group |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

The AOATC, which describes itself as an entity supporting Appin franchise training centres, was created in 2022; during the lawsuit against Reuters, the Indian court questioned its legitimacy, noting that it was created after the events described in the Reuters article.<ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" /><ref name="wired-appin-lawsuits" /> Khare's lawyer Capt told RSF that his client "has no links with this association."<ref name="rsf-appin-silencing-media" /> Clare Locke has stated that the accusations against Khare are "categorically false" and "have been rejected by courts and regulatory bodies and debunked by experts."<ref name="wired-appin-lawsuits" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khare, Rajat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Strategic lawsuits against public participation]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Katha Nayakan

2026-03-28T13:56:05Z

Stormy43P6: Adding Data

{{About|the 1997 Malayalam-language film|similar uses|Katha Nayagan (disambiguation){{!}}Katha Nayagan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kathanayakan
| image = Kadhanayakan poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Rajasenan]]
| producer = Sasha Alexander Alangy
| writer = Mani Shornnur Rajan Kizhakkanela (dialogues)
| screenplay = Mani Shornnur
| starring = [[Kalamandalam Kesavan]] [[Jayaram]] [[Divya Unni]] [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] [[Mangalamkunnu Karnan]]
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = K. P. Nambyathiri
| editing = G. Murali
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1997|8|1|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kathanayakan''''' ({{Translation|Protagonist}}) is a 1997 [[India]]n [[Malayalam]]-language [[family drama]] film directed by [[Rajasenan]]. The film stars [[Kalamandalam Kesavan]], [[Jayaram]], [[Divya Unni]] and [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/kadhanayakan.html|title=Kadhanayakan|accessdate=2014-09-20|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kadhanayakan-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622195700/http://spicyonion.com/title/kadhanayakan-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 June 2015|title=Kadhanayakan|accessdate=2014-09-20|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> It is reported to have been inspired by the 1994 movie ''[[Greedy (film)|Greedy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://sportsgrindentertainment.com/michael-j-fox-birthday-how-the-back-to-the-future-actors-films-inspired-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-mohanlal-suriya-movies-latesly-exclusive/|title = Michael J Fox Birthday: How the 'Back to the Future' Actor's Films Inspired Shah Rukh Khan, Akshay Kumar, Mohanlal, Suriya Movies! (LatesLY Exclusive)|date = 9 June 2021|access-date = 17 October 2021|archive-date = 17 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211017052040/https://sportsgrindentertainment.com/michael-j-fox-birthday-how-the-back-to-the-future-actors-films-inspired-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-mohanlal-suriya-movies-latesly-exclusive/|url-status = dead}}</ref> The film was a commercial success. It was remade in Telugu as ''[[Pandaga]]''.

==Plot==
{{Plot|film|date=June 2023}}
Payyarathu Padmanabhan Nair, who is a well known man, is praised by the people. He lives a decent life with his family (Kootukudumbam), his friend Reeve Sankunni and servant, Kuttan. He loves his family more than his life, but they all have eyes on his wealth. On the day of his niece Meenakshi's wedding, he meets a young man Ramanathan. Ramanathan befriends him and Padmanabhan is impressed by Ramanathan's qualities. It is later revealed that Ramanathan is the son of Padmanabhan Nair and Sankunni's younger sister Saudamini. Gradually Ramanathan moves into the family house to stay with his father. There he clashes with his cousin Gopika and she dislikes him as do the other family members. The men of the family sell the kitchen's rice and other goods without Padmanabhan Nair's knowledge. Ramanathan and Sankunni come know about this and try to put an end to this. The family members reveal the truth to Padmanabhan Nair that Ramanathan is Sankunni's nephew and the uncle and nephew are thrown out of the house. Later Padmanabhan Nair questions Sankunni and he reveals the truth of Ramanathan's parentage. Padmanabhan Nair rushes to his son and hugs him. However, he is in a dilemma as he wants to accept his son but can't reveal the truth to the family to save his reputation. The hurt Ramanathan challenges his father to accept him and admit to the truth to their entire family.

Ramanathan and Sankunni return to the family and the whole family wants to know why they have returned. Padmanabhan Nair doesn't answer their questions. Gopika decides to leave the house and stay in hostel. Ramanathan stops her and she insults him. Ramanathan slaps her and she cries and runs off. In the night, Padmanabhan Nair comes to his son who is sleeping and tries to caress him and Gopika notices this.

Ramanathan slowly takes the control of the family and the whole family hates this. Padmanabhan Nair tells Sankunni that he can't reveal Ramanathan's paternity and Sankunni asks Ramanathan to leave. Ramanathan tells him that he wants to protect his father from their greedy family members. Sankunni tells his father that he doesn't want his presence. Ramanathan decides to go but Gopika, who has overheard the truth, stops him, assuring him that she supports him. Ramanathan and Kuttan go to Beerankutty, to whom the family's men sold the goods, and tell him Padmanabhan Nair wants to sell the whole goods of kitchen to him. Believing this, Beerankutty comes to Payyarathu home to see Padmanabhan Nair. The family members see him and are fearful that their misdeeds will be exposed. Beerankutty reveals the truth and Kuttan also admits it. The family apologises and Padmanabhan Nair leaves in anger.

The family wants to celebrate Padmanabhan Nair's 'Sapthathi' (70th birthday) so that he has to hand over his power. Gopika reveals this to Ramanathan. Padmanabhan Nair objects to the family's request but Ramanathan discloses the info in a newspaper. Padmanabhan Nair is angry at him. The villager tell Padmanabhan Nair it's their right to celebrate this with the family and they decide to celebrate. On the celebration day, Ramanathan reminds his father that the latter always encouraged being truthful and now he has to reveal the truth. Padmanabhan Nair reveals the truth about his son to all. Angered, family members beat Ramanathan and demand Padmanabhan Nair for their share in the ancestral property. Padmanabhan Nair willingly accepts their demand. Soon the family members want to know whose name the home is in and thrash the advocate. They receive a phone call saying that the Payyarath family is being raided and manager Krishna Menon reveals that Padmanabhan Nair didn't pay the taxes on the property. The family learns that they will not get any shares. They run and steal everything from the home and leave. Gopika says to Ramanathan that everyone has gone, leaving her alone and Ramanathan holds her hand.

Ramanathan, Gopika and Kuttan search for Padmanabhan Nair and find him at a charitable organisation. Ramanathan and Gopika ask him to return but he asks them if they can give him his past back. Ramanathan says he can't but he can work hard for it. It is revealed that no raid occurred on their house as it was his plan to reveal their family's intentions. He leaves with them to bring Saudamini back as his wife. They reach Ramanathan's home and it is revealed that Saudamini has died. Ramanathan laments that he promised his mother on her deathbed to bring his father to light her pyre. Heartbroken, Padmanabhan Nair lights her pyre. Padmanabhan Nair lives his later days happily with his son Ramanathan, niece Gopika, Sankunni and Kuttan.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Jayaram]] as Ramanathan, as Sankunni Nair's nephew and Padmanabhan Nair's son
*[[Kalamandalam Kesavan]] as Payyarathu Padmanabhan Nair
*[[Divya Unni]] as Gopika aka Gopu, Padmanabhan Nair's niece
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Sankunni Nair, Padmanabhan Nair's best friend and confidant
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Kuttan
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Kunjulakshmi Amma, the eldest among Padmanabhan Nair's younger sisters
*Cherthala Lalitha as Karthiyani, the third sister of Padmanabhan Nair
*[[Zeenath]] as Ammutty, Padmanabhan Nair's youngest sister
*[[K. T. S. Padannayil]] as Konthunni Nair, Karthiyani's husband
*[[Kochu Preman]] as Vamanan Namboothiri, Ammuty's husband
*[[Paravoor Ramachandran]] as Sankarankutty Nair, elder son of Kunjulakshmi Amma.
*[[Janardanan]] as Sathrughnan Pillai, Meenakshi's husband
*[[Indrans]] as Sreedharan, Padmanabhan Nair's son-in-law
*[[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Madhavan Nair, Padmanabhan Nair's son-in-law
*Eliyas Babu as Govindankutty Nair, Padmanabhan Nair's nephew
*[[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Sadasivan Nair, Padmanabhan Nair's son-in-law
*[[Yavanika Gopalakrishnan]] as Padmanabhan Nair's nephew
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Meenakshi, Padmanabhan Nair's niece
*[[Sona Nair]] as Family member
*[[Kannur Sreelatha]] as Family member
*Kalamandalam Geethanandan as Padmanabhan Nair's nephew
*Bindu Ramakrishnan as Family Member
*Girija Kochupreman as Family member
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Krishna Menon, a manager
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Beerankutty, a grocer
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Mohan Sithara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/malayalam/album/kadha-nayakan-m0000282|title=Kadha Nayakan Songs|accessdate=2014-09-20|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aalmaram" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Ramesan Nair || 04:59
|-
| 2 || "Dhanumaasa Penninu" || K. J. Yesudas || Ramesan Nair || 04:55
|-
| 3 || "Good Morning, Good Morning" || [[Jayaram]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]], [[Indrans]], [[Janardanan]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], Chorus || Ramesan Nair || 05:33
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0355621}}
* {{YouTube|id=sDliuNchayo|title=Kadhanayakan}}

{{Rajasenan}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasenan]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films shot at Varikkasseri Mana]]

Louis XIV's East India Company

2026-03-22T17:29:40Z

Stormy43P6:

{{short description|French trading company (1664–1794)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{For|other entities named French India Company|Compagnie des Indes (disambiguation){{!}}Compagnie des Indes}}

'''Louis XIV's East India Company''' ({{langx|fr|'''Compagnie des Indes orientales'''}}) was a [[joint-stock company]] founded in the [[Kingdom of France]] in August 1664 to engage in trade in India and other Asian lands, complementing the [[French West India Company]] ({{langx|fr|Compagnie des Indes occidentales}}) created three months before. It was one of several successive enterprises with similar names, a sequence started with [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]]'s [[first French East Indies Company]] in 1604 and continued with [[Cardinal Richelieu]]'s [[Compagnie d'Orient]] in 1642.<ref name=Capasia>{{cite web |website=Capasia |date={{date|2023-9-6}} |url=https://www.capasia.eu/early-french-endeavours-in-asia-and-the-compagnie-des-indes/ |title=Early French Endeavours in Global Asia and the Creation of the Compagnie des Indes Orientales (1664) |author=Guillemette Crouzet}}</ref> Planned by [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]] to compete with the [[English East India Company]] and [[Dutch East India Company]],<ref name=Mole>{{Cite book |last=Mole|first=Gregory |title=Privileging Commerce: The Compagnie des Indes and the politics of trade in old Regime France|year=2016|publisher=Carolina Digital Repository}}</ref>{{rp|24}} it was chartered by King [[Louis XIV]] for the purpose of trading in the [[Eastern Hemisphere]].

Louis XIV's company became insolvent and was reorganized in 1685, and was again bankrupt in 1706.<ref name=archive>{{cite web |website=France Archives |date={{date|2023-5-31}} |author=Philippe Haudrère & Gérard Le Bouedec |url=https://francearchives.gouv.fr/pages_histoire/39124 |title=Fondation des Compagnies françaises des Indes}}</ref> In 1719, what remained of it was acquired by [[John Law's Company]], which in 1723 became the [[French Indies Company]] active during much of the 18th century.

==Background==

The seventeenth century saw several French efforts to trade with the East Indies, starting with the [[first French East Indies Company]] (1604-1614). They were influenced by the successful business ventures of the [[Dutch East India Company]].{{R|Mole|p=27}} Between the 1630s and early 1660s, French efforts were smaller in scale, but they enjoyed some success. French [[merchant ship]]s traversed the [[Persian Gulf]], Red Sea, and the northwestern coast of the [[Indian subcontinent]].{{R|Mole|p=28}} These accomplishments, however, paled in comparison with those of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and the [[Dutch Republic]]. France's Atlantic ports competed with each other. The commercial and financial expertise concentrated around the coastal regions of [[Brittany]] and [[Normandy]].{{R|Mole|p=28}}

==History==

At its foundation on {{date|1664-8-27}},<ref name=archive/> the new company absorbed the earlier operations of the Compagnie d'Orient as well as those of the [[Compagnie de Chine (1660-1664)|Compagnie de Chine]] (est. 1660) and [[Compagnie de Madagascar]] (est. mid-1650s in [[Port-Louis, Morbihan]]).<ref>{{cite web |website=CRW Flags |title=Presentation of Port-Louis (Municipality, Morbihan, France) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/fr-56-pl.html |date={{date|2004-7-8}} |author=Ivan Sache}}</ref> Its initial capital of the East India Company was 15 million livres, divided into shares of 1000 livres apiece. Louis XIV funded the first 3 million livres of investment, against which losses in the first 10 years were to be charged.<ref name="booneshares.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.booneshares.com/Indes.htm|title=The Compagnie des Indes|year=2001|access-date=2008-03-06|author=Shakespeare, Howard |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071225184121/http://www.booneshares.com/Indes.htm  |archive-date = 2007-12-25}}</ref> Additional state support was provided in the form of subsidies indexed to trading volume, 20-percent subsidization of the investment expenditure to create overseas ports, and free military protection.<ref name=archive/> The company was led by a central board of 12 directors ({{langx|fr|chambre générale}}) based in Paris, complemented by four {{lang|fr|chambres particulières de province}} in [[Bordeaux]], [[Lyon]], [[Nantes]], and [[Rouen]].<ref name=agorha>{{cite web |website=Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art |date={{date|2022-3-21}} |url=https://agorha.inha.fr/detail/717 |title=Compagnie française des Indes orientales |author=Stéphane Castelluccio}}</ref>

The company was granted a 50-year monopoly on French navigation and trade in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, a region stretching from the [[Cape of Good Hope]] eastward all the way to the [[Strait of Magellan]].<ref name=archive/> In 1666, it was granted a base in [[Lorient]],<ref name="Chaumeil P68">{{cite journal|last=Chaumeil|first=Louis|title=Abrégé d'histoire de Lorient de la fondation (1666) à nos jours (1939)|journal=Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest|volume=46|issue=1|year=1939|page=68|language=fr|doi=10.3406/abpo.1939.1788}}</ref> where it permanently relocated its operations previously in [[Le Havre]] in 1670.<ref>{{cite web |website=Patrimoine et Archives du Morbihan |access-date={{date|2025-2-22}} |url=https://patrimoines-archives.morbihan.fr/decouvrir/instants-dhistoire/les-millesimes-du-patrimoine/la-compagnie-des-indes |title=La Compagnie des Indes}}</ref>

Louis granted the company a concession in perpetuity for the island of [[Madagascar]], as well as any other territories it might conquer. The underlying intent was to establish a French entrepôt in Madagascar to rival the Dutch colony of Batavia,{{R|Mole|p=34–35}} but that plan was never realistic and the company gave up on it in 1668. Another motivation that interfered with the company's commercial activity was to promote the expansion of the Catholic faith, materialized in an early agreement made in 1665 by the company with the recently established [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] by which the latter's missionaries were granted free travel on the company's ships.<ref name=archive/>

After abandoning the Madagascar project, the company endeavored to establish a foothold in the [[Mughal Empire]], which had long awarded facilities to the [[Portuguese Empire]] and other European ventures. Already on 4 September 1666, an embassy sent by Louis XIV had secured a mandate from Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] that granted the company rights to trade in the major Mughal port of [[Surat]],{{R|Mole|p=35}} withs similar customs privileges as the Dutch and English. In 1673, the company established an outpost in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], then in 1688 in [[Chandernagor]].

The company's operations were heavily hampered by its bureaucratic governance and political interference. It was never able to send more than five ships a year, against 10 to 25 ships sent annually by its Dutch competitor.<ref name=agorha/> By the 1680s, the company went insolvent and they had little choice but to rent out its monopoly to a group of merchants.{{R|Mole|p=14}} On {{date|1682-1-6}}, a decree of Louis XIV allowed private merchants to trade in the East on board the company's ships. In 1685, the company was drastically restructured, and its governance further nationalized as the directors were henceforth chosen by the king among the shareholders instead of being elected, and the regional chambers were abolished.<ref name=agorha/> Its activity further declined in the late 17th century, as Louis XIV's wars drained the kingdom of resources for any long-term projects. During that period and after its renewed bankruptcy in 1706, French commerce in Asia was mostly undertaken by private entrepreneurs, many of them from [[Saint-Malo]].<ref name=archive/>

==Leadership==

The first Director General for the Company was [[François de La Faye de La Martinie]], who was adjoined by two Directors belonging to the two most successful trading organizations at that time: [[François Caron]], who had spent 30 years working for the [[Dutch East India Company]] including in [[Japan]] from 1619 to 1641,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogala |first=Jozef |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29cty-eprmgC&dq=Fran%25C3%25A7ois+Caron+years+Japan&pg=PA31 |title=A Collector's Guide to Books on Japan in English: A Select List of Over 2500 Titles |date=2001 |publisher=Japan Library |isbn=1-873410-90-5 |location=Richmond, Surrey |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|31}} and [[Marcara Avanchintz]], an [[Armenians|Armenian]] trader from [[Isfahan]], [[Persia]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Orientalism in early Modern France |last=McCabe |first=Ina Baghdiantz |year=2008 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-84520-374-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LK0iAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2011-01-01 }}</ref>{{rp|104}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Companies}}
* [[English East India Company]], est. 1600
* [[Dutch East India Company]], est. 1602
* [[Danish East India Company]], est. 1616
* [[Portuguese East India Company]], est. 1628
* [[France-Asia relations]]
* [[French colonial empire]]
* [[French India]]
* [[List of chartered companies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ames|first=Glenn J. |title=Colbert, Mercantilism, and the French Quest for Asian Trade|year=1996|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press|location=DeKalb, IL|isbn=0-87580-207-9 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Boucher |first=P. |title=The Shaping of the French Colonial Empire: A Bio-Bibliography of the Careers of Richelieu, Fouquet and Colbert |year=1985 |publisher=Garland |location=New York }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Doyle |first1=William |author-link=William Doyle (historian) |title=The Oxford History of the French Revolution |edition=2 |year=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford; New York |isbn=978-0-19-925298-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl }}
*Greenwald, Erin M. (2016). ''Marc-Antoine Caillot and the Company of the Indies in Louisiana: Trade in the French Atlantic World.'' Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. {{ISBN|9780807162859}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kleen |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM8wDwAAQBAJ&dq=French+East+India+Company+slave&pg=PA41 |title=Witchcraft in Illinois: A Cultural History |date=2017 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-1-62585-876-4 |location=Charleston, South Carolina |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lokke |first=C. L. |title=France and the Colonial Question: A Study of Contemporary French Public Opinion, 1763–1801 |year=1932 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York }}
*{{Cite book |last=Malleson |first=G. B. |title=History of the French in India |author-link=George Bruce Malleson |year=1893 |publisher=W.H. Allen & Co |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffrenchi00mallrich}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=S. P. |title=The French in India, 1763–1816 |year=1958 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |location=Calcutta |asin=B000HINRSC }}
*{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=S. P. |title=The French in India: First Establishment and Struggle |year=1947 |publisher=University of Calcutta Press |location=Calcutta }}
*{{Cite book |title=The French Revolution 1787–1799 |last=Soboul |first=Albert |author-link=Albert Soboul |year=1975 |publisher=Vintage |location=New York |isbn=0-394-71220-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gt4AAAAIAAJ |access-date=2011-01-01 }}
*{{Cite book |editor-last=Subramanian |editor-first=Lakshmi |title=French East India Company and the Trade of the Indian Ocean: A Collection of Essays by Indrani Chatterjee |year=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Publishers |location=Delhi }}
*{{Cite book |last=Wellington |first=Donald C. |title=French East India Companies: A Historical Account and Record of Trade |date=2006 |publisher=Hamilton Books |location=Lanham, Maryland}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140425154556/http://musee.lorient.fr/ Museum of the French East India Company at Lorient] (archived 25 April 2014)
* [http://www.cambaceres.org/relation/financiers/financiers.htm#CIE-INDES The French East India Company (1785–1875)] – history of the last French East India Company on the site dedicated to its business lawyer Jean-Jacques Regis of Cambaceres.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080603033843/http://www.les-compagnies-des-indes.com/ French East Indies Company nowadays]
*[https://frenchbooksonindia.com/ Frenchbooksonindia.com] – an open access multilingual discovery tool with book data from 1531 to 2020, full-text ebooks from 1531 to 1937 and in-text search from {{circa|1830–1920}}]
{{French overseas empire}}
{{Chartered companies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:French East India Company]]
[[Category:Colonial Indian companies]]
[[Category:1664 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1664]]
[[Category:Trading companies of France]]
[[Category:Trade monopolies]]
[[Category:French slave trade]]

Shunga Empire

2026-03-16T20:32:22Z

Stormy43P6: update

{{Short description|Indian empire (185–73 BCE)}}
{{redirect|Sunga}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Shunga Empire
| common_name = Shunga Empire
| era = [[History of India#Classical period (c. 200 BCE – c. 650 CE)|Ancient India]]
| year_start = 185 BCE
| event_start = Assassination of Brihadratha by Pushyamitra Shunga
| year_end = 73 BCE
| event_end = Assassination of [[Devabhuti]] by [[Vasudeva Kanva]]
| p1 = Maurya Empire
| s1 = Kanva dynasty
| p2 = Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)
| image_map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image=Map of the Shungas.png
| width=280 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes
| places =
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|165|[[Satavahanas|SATAVAHANAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|130|[[Mahameghavahana dynasty|MAHAMEGHA- VAHANAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|115|[[Malavas|MALAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|45|[[Indo-Greeks|INDO- GREEKS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|215|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|195|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|250|242|[[Template:South Asia in 500 BCE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 50 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption=
}}
| image_map_caption = {{center|Territory of the Shungas {{Circa|150 BCE}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (c)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=182#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>}}
| capital = {{plainlist|
*[[Pataliputra]]
*[[Vidisha|Besnagara]]}}
| common_languages = {{plainlist|
*[[Sanskrit]]}}
| religion = {{plainlist|
*[[Hinduism]]}}
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| leader1 = [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Pushyamitra]] (first)
| year_leader1 = {{Circa|185|151 BCE}}
| leader2 = [[Agnimitra]]
| year_leader2 = {{Circa|151}}–141 BCE
| leader3 = [[Vasumitra]]
| year_leader3 = {{Circa|131}}–124 BCE
| leader4 = [[Devabhuti]] (last)
| year_leader4 = {{Circa|83}}–73 BCE
| title_leader = [[List of Magadha monarchs#House of Shunga|Emperor]]
| s2 = Kosala
| s3 = Avanti (region)
| s4 = Panchala
| s5 = Ancient Nepal
| today = {{plainlist|
*[[India]]
*[[Bangladesh]]
*[[Nepal]]
*[[Pakistan]]
}}
}}
The '''Shunga Empire''' ([[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|Śuṅga}}'') was a ruling entity centred around [[Magadha]] and controlled most of the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] from around 187 to 75 BCE. The dynasty was established by [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Pushyamitra]], after taking the throne of Magadha from the [[Mauryas]]. The Shunga empire's capital was [[Pataliputra]], but later emperors such as [[Bhagabhadra]] also held court at Besnagar (modern [[Vidisha]]) in eastern [[Malwa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stadtner |first=Donald |date=1975 |title=A Śuṅga Capital from Vidiśā |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=37 |issue=1/2 |pages=101–104 |doi=10.2307/3250214 |jstor=3250214}}</ref> This dynasty is also responsible for successfully fighting and resisting the Greeks in [[Shunga–Greek War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Chandra Mauli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSoE8qR-5BgC&pg=PA38 |title=A Journey Through India's Past |date=2005 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-194-6 |pages=38 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA170 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=170 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hem Channdra |url=http://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft |title=Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty |date=1923 |publisher=Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=205}}</ref>

Pushyamitra ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son [[Agnimitra]]. There were ten Shunga rulers. However, after the death of Agnimitra, the second king of the dynasty, the empire rapidly disintegrated:<ref name="books.google.com">K.A. Nilkantha Shastri (1970), [https://books.google.com/books?id=E3tDAAAAYAAJ ''A Comprehensive History of India: Volume 2''], p.108: "Soon after Agnimitra there was no 'Sunga empire'."</ref> inscriptions and coins indicate that much of northern and central India consisted of small kingdoms and city-states that were independent of any Shunga [[hegemony]].<ref name="Bhandare, Shailendra 2006 p.96">Bhandare, Shailendra. "Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta Interlude in the Gangetic Plain". in [https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC ''Between the Empires: Society in India, 300 to 400''], ed. Patrick Olivelle (2006), p.96</ref> The dynasty is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and indigenous powers. They fought the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], the [[Satavahana dynasty]], the [[Indo-Greek kingdom]] and possibly the [[Panchala]]s and [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mitras of Mathura]].

Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flowered during this period, including small [[terracotta]] images, larger stone sculptures, and architectural monuments such as the [[stupa]] at [[Bharhut]], and the renowned Great Stupa at [[Sanchi]]. The Shunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art. The script used by the empire was a variant of [[Brahmi script]] and was used to write [[Sanskrit]].

The Shungas were important patrons of culture at a time when some of the most important developments in [[Hindu]] thought were taking place. [[Patanjali]]'s ''[[Mahābhāṣya]]'' was composed in this period. Artistry also progressed with the rise of the [[Mathura]] art style.

The last of the Shunga emperors was [[Devabhuti]] (83–73 BCE). He was assassinated by his minister [[Vasudeva Kanva]] and was said to have been overfond of the company of women. The [[Kanva dynasty]] succeeded the Shungas around 73 BCE.

==Name==
The name "Shunga" has only been used for convenience to designate the historical polity now generally described as "Shunga empire", or the historical period known as the "Shunga period", which follows the fall of the [[Maurya Empire]].<ref name="RSS"/> The term appears in a single epigraphic inscription in [[Bharhut]], in which a dedication to the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] Bharhut [[stupa]] is said to have been made "at the time of the Suga kings" (''Suganam raje''), with no indication as to whom these "Suga kings" might be.<ref name="RSS">{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=10 December 1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |pages=141–142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA141 |language=en}}</ref> Other broadly contemporary inscriptions, such as the [[Heliodorus pillar|Heliodorus pillar inscription]], are only assumed to relate to Shunga rulers.<ref name="RSS"/> The [[Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana]] mentions a ruler named [[Pushyamitra]], but does not mention the name "Shunga".

The Bharut epigraph appears on a pillar of the gateway of the stupa, and mentions its erection "during the rule of the ''Sugas'', by [[Dhanabhuti|Vatsiputra Dhanabhuti]]".<ref name="About INC-ICOM">{{cite web |title=Bharhut Gallery |url=http://www.inc-icom.org/newgal_bharut.html |website=INC-ICOM Galleries |publisher=Indian National Committee of the International Council of Museums |access-date=29 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235552/http://www.inc-icom.org/newgal_bharut.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajit |title=Bharhut Sculptures and their untenable Sunga Association |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |date=2014 |volume=2 |page=230 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10237709 |language=en}}</ref> The expression used (''Suganam raje'', [[Brahmi script]]: 𑀲𑀼𑀕𑀦𑀁 𑀭𑀚𑁂), may mean "during the rule of the Sugas [Shungas]", although not without ambiguity as it could also be "during the rule of the [[Srughna|Sughana]]s", a northern Buddhist kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olivelle |first1=Patrick |title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE |date=13 July 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977507-1 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA58 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu"/> There is no other instance of the name "Shunga" in the [[epigraphy|epigraphical]] record of India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA141 |language=en }}</ref> The unique inscription reads:

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=450|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| image1 = Dhanabhuti_Bharhut_Torana_inscription.jpg
| image2 = Dhanabhuti_inscription_location.jpg
| footer=The [[Dhanabhuti]] inscription, and the [[torana]] on which it is inscribed. [[Bharhut]]
}}
{{Quote|
1. Suganam raje raño Gāgīputasa Visadevasa 
2. pautena, Gotiputasa Āgarajusa putena 
3. Vāchhīputena Dhanabhūtina kāritam toranām 
4. silākammamto cha upamno. 

''During the reign of the Sugas ([[Srughna|Sughana]]s, or [[Shungas]]) the gateway was caused to be made and the stone-work presented by Dhanabhūti, the son of Vāchhī, son of [[Agaraju]], the son of a Goti and grandson of king Visadeva, the son of Gāgī.''|Gateway pillar inscription of Dhanabhūti.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Luders |first1=H. |title=CORPUS INSCRIPTIONS INDICARUM VOL II PART II |date=1963 |publisher=India Archaeological Society |page=[https://archive.org/details/corpusinscriptio014676mbp/page/n60 11] |url=https://archive.org/details/corpusinscriptio014676mbp}}</ref><ref>The Stupa of Bharhut, Alexander Cunningham, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924016181111 p.128]</ref>
}}

[[Dhanabhuti]] was making a major dedication to a Buddhist monument, [[Bharhut]], whereas the historical "Shungas" are known to have been [[Hindu]] monarchs, which would suggest that Dhanabhuti himself may not have been a member of the Shunga dynasty.<ref name="SRQ">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |pages=8–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref> Neither is he known from "Shunga" regnal lists.<ref name="SRQ"/><ref name="SRQ13"/> The mention "in the reign of the Shungas" also suggests that he was not himself a Shunga ruler, only that he may have been a tributary of the Shungas, or a ruler in a neighbouring territory, such as [[Kosala]] or [[Panchala]].<ref name="SRQ13">{{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA13 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SRQ"/>

The name "Sunga" or "Shunga" is also used in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', the date of which is contested, to designate the dynasty of kings starting with [[Pushyamitra]] {{Circa|185 BCE}}, and ending with [[Devabhuti]] circa 75 BCE. According to the [[Vishnu Purana]]:<ref name="RSS"/><ref>{{cite book |title=A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set) |date=1 December 2003 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-2503-4 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA93 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indian History |date=22 January 1988 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-568-4 |page=254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=PA254 |language=en}}</ref>

{{quote|''Ten Maurya kings will reign for one hundred and thirty-seven years. After them the Śuṅgas will rule the earth. The general Puṣpamitra will kill his sovereign and usurp the kingdom. His son will be Agnimitra. His son will be Sujyeṣṭha. His son will be Vasumitra. His son will be Ārdraka. His son will be Pulindaka. His son will be Ghoṣavasu. His son will be Vajramitra. His son will be Bhāgavata. His son will be Devabhūti. These ten Śuṅgas will rule the earth for one hundred and twelve years.''|Vishnu Purana, Book Four: The Royal Dynasties.<ref>{{cite book |translator-last1=Taylor |translator-first1=McComas |chapter=Book Four: The Royal Dynasties |title=The Visnu Purana: Ancient Annals of the God with Lotus Eyes |date=2021 |page=330 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1sjwpmj.10 |publisher=ANU Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv1sjwpmj.10 |jstor=j.ctv1sjwpmj.10 |s2cid=244448788 }}</ref>}}

==Origins==
[[File:Bharhut Sunga individual.jpg|thumb|Man on a relief, [[Bharhut]], Shunga period.]]
According to historical reconstructions, the Shunga dynasty was established in 184 BCE, about 50 years after [[Ashoka]]'s death, when the emperor [[Brihadratha Maurya]], the last ruler of the [[Maurya Empire]], was assassinated by his ''Senānī'' or [[commander-in-chief]], [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Pushyamitra]],<ref>"Pushyamitra is said in the Puranas to have been the ''senānī'' or army-commander of the last Maurya emperor Brihadratha" The Yuga Purana, Mitchener, 2002.</ref> while he was reviewing the Guard of Honour of his forces. Pushyamitra then ascended the throne.{{sfn|Thapar|2013|p=296}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&q=brahmin+dynasties Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE By Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, Page 147-152]</ref>

Pushyamitra became the ruler of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and neighbouring territories. His realm essentially covered the central parts of the old [[Mauryan Empire]].<ref name="NA"/> The Shunga definitely had control of the central city of [[Ayodhya]] in northern central India, as is proved by the [[Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription]].<ref name="NA">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA169 Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999, p.169]</ref> However, the city of [[Mathura]] further west never seems to have been under the direct control of the Shungas, as no archaeological evidence of a Shunga presence has ever been found in Mathura.<ref name="Rhie"/> On the contrary, according to the [[Yavanarajya inscription]], Mathura was probably under the control of [[Indo-Greeks]] from some time between 180 BCE and 100 BCE, and remained so as late as 70 BCE.<ref name="Rhie">History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, p.8-10 [https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA8]</ref>

Some ancient sources however claim a greater extent for the Shunga empire: the ''[[Asokavadana]]'' account of the ''[[Divyavadana]]'' claims that the Shungas sent an army to persecute Buddhist monks as far as [[Sagala|Sakala]] ([[Sialkot]]) in the [[Punjab region]] in the northwest:
{{quote|... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the [[Kukkutarama]] (in [[Pataliputra]]). ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the [[sangharama]], killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in [[Sagala|Sakala]], and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk.<ref name="John1989">{{cite book | author=John S. Strong | author-link = John S. Strong | title=The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232 | access-date=30 October 2012 | year=1989 | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | isbn=978-81-208-0616-0 }}</ref>{{rp|293}}}}
Also, the ''[[Malavikagnimitra]]'' claims that the empire of Pushyamitra extended to the [[Narmada River]] in the south. They may also have controlled the city of [[Ujjain]].<ref name="NA"/> Meanwhile, [[Kabul]] and much of the Punjab passed into the hands of the [[Indo-Greek kingdom|Indo-Greeks]] and the [[Deccan Plateau]] to the [[Satavahana dynasty]].

Pushyamitra died after ruling for 36 years (187–151 BCE). He was succeeded by son [[Agnimitra]]. This prince is the hero of a famous drama by one of India's greatest playwrights, [[Kālidāsa]]. Agnimitra was viceroy of Vidisha when the story takes place.

The power of the Shungas gradually weakened. It is said that there were ten Shunga emperors. The Shungas were succeeded by the [[Kanva dynasty]] around 73 BCE.

==Decline of Buddhism==
{{Main|Pushyamitra Shunga}}
{{See also|Decline of Buddhism in India}}

===Accounts of persecution===
[[File:Sunga horseman Bharhut.jpg|thumb|Shunga horseman, [[Bharhut]].]]
Following the Mauryans, the first Sunga emperor, a Brahmin named Pushyamitra,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Ram Kumar |title=Pushyamitra Sunga and the Buddhists |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2012 |volume=73 |pages=50–57 |jstor=44156189 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156189 |issn=2249-1937|quote=Pushyamitra Sunga, himself a Brahmana,...}}</ref> is believed by some historians to have persecuted Buddhists and contributed to a resurgence of [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahmanism]] that forced Buddhism outwards to [[Kashmir]], [[Gandhara]] and [[Bactria]].<ref name="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivada pg 38–39</ref> Buddhist scripture such as the ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' account of the ''[[Divyavadana]]'' and ancient Tibetan historian [[Taranatha]] have written about persecution of Buddhists. Pushyamitra is said to have burned down Buddhist monasteries, destroyed stupas, massacred Buddhist monks and put rewards on their heads, but some consider these stories as probable exaggerations.<ref name="Sarvastivada"/><ref name="books.google.fr">[https://books.google.com/books?id=HSoE8qR-5BgC&pg=PA38 A Journey Through India's Past Chandra Mauli Mani, Northern Book Centre, 2005, p.38]</ref>

{{quote|"... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the Kukkutarama. ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the sangharama, killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in Sakala, and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk."| ''[[Asokavadana]]'' account of the ''[[Divyavadana]]''<ref>{{cite book | author=John S. Strong | author-link = John S. Strong | title=The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA293 | access-date=30 October 2012 | year=1989 | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | isbn=978-81-208-0616-0 }}</ref>{{rp|293}}}}

Pushyamitra is known to have revived the supremacy of the [[Brahmanism|Bramahnical]] religion and reestablished animal sacrifices ([[Yajna]]s) that had been prohibited by [[Ashoka]].<ref name="books.google.fr"/> However, in the [[Harshacharita]] of [[Banabhatta]], Pushyamitra is referred to as an ''Anarya'' (non-Aryan).{{cn|date=August 2025}}

===Accounts against persecution===
[[File:Sanchi Stupa Nr. 2 (1999).JPG|thumb|Shunga period [[stupa]] at [[Sanchi]].]]
[[File:East Gateway and Railings Bharhut Stupa.jpg|thumb|East Gateway and Railings, Red Sandstone, [[Bharhut]] Stupa, 2nd century BCE. [[Indian Museum]], [[Kolkata]].]]
Later Shunga emperors were seen as amenable to Buddhism and as having contributed to the building of the stupa at [[Bharhut]].<ref>Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, "A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana", Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1996, {{ISBN|81-208-0955-6}} pg 223</ref> During his reign the Buddhist monuments of Bharhut and [[Sanchi]] were renovated and further improved. There is enough evidence to show that [[Pushyamitra]] patronised Buddhist art.<ref>Sir john Marshall, "[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278482 A Guide to Sanchi]", 1918</ref> However, given the rather decentralised and fragmentary nature of the Shunga state, with many cities actually issuing their own coinage, as well as the relative dislike of the Shungas for the Buddhist religion, some authors argue that the constructions of that period in Sanchi for example cannot really be called "Shunga". They were not the result of royal sponsorship, in contrast with what happened during the Mauryas, and most of the dedications at Sanchi were private or collective, rather than the result of royal patronage.<ref>Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR58 p.58]</ref>

Some writers believe that Brahmanism competed in political and spiritual realm with Buddhism<ref name="Sarvastivada"/> in the [[Gangetic plains]]. Buddhism flourished in the realms of the Bactrian kings. {{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}

Some Indian scholars are of the opinion that the orthodox Shunga emperors were not intolerant towards Buddhism and that Buddhism prospered during the time of the Shunga emperors. The existence of Buddhism in Bengal in the Shunga period can also be inferred from a terracotta tablet that was found at [[Tamralipti]] and is on exhibit at the [[Asutosh Museum of Indian Art|Asutosh Museum]] in Kolkata.

====Royal dedications====
Two dedications by a king named [[Brahmamitra]] as well as the monarch Indragnimitra are recorded at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]]. Some may claim these show Shunga support for Buddhism. These kings, however, are essentially unknown, and do not form a part of the Shunga recorded genealogy. They are thought to be post-[[Ashoka]]n and to belong to the period of Shunga rule.<ref>Asoka, Mookerji Radhakumud, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1962 [https://books.google.com/books?id=uXyftdtE1ygC&pg=PA152 p.152]</ref><ref name="p.58-59">Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, 2006 [https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA58 p.58-59]</ref> A [[Brahmamitra]] is known otherwise as a local ruler of [[Mathura]], but Indragnimitra is unknown, and according to some authors, Indragnimitra is in fact not even mentioned as a king in the actual inscription.<ref name="p.58-59"/><ref>Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, 2006 [https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA75 p.75]</ref>
* An inscription at Bodh Gaya at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] records the construction of the temple as follows:
:"''The gift of Nagadevi the wife of King Brahmamitra.''"
* Another inscription reads:
:"''The gift of Kurangi, the mother of living sons and the wife of King Indragnimitra, son of Kosiki. The gift also of Srima of the royal palace shrine''."<ref name="ccbs.ntu.edu.tw">(Barua, B.M., '[http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/bar.htm ''Old Buddhist Shrines at Bodh-Gaya Inscriptions''])</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/bodh_gaya/bodh_gaya02.htm |title=Bodh Gaya from 500 BCE to 500 CE |work=buddhanet.net}}</ref>

[[Alexander Cunningham|Cunningham]] has regretted the loss of the latter part of these important records. As regards the first coping inscription, he has found traces of eleven Brahmi letters after "''Kuramgiye danam''", the first nine of which read "''rajapasada-cetika sa''". Bloch reads these nine letters as "''raja-pasada-cetikasa''" and translates this expression in relation to the preceding words:
<blockquote>"(the gift of Kurangi, the wife of Indragnimitra and the mother of living sons), "to the caitya (cetika) of the noble temple", taking the word raja before pasada as an epithet on ornans, distinguishing the temple as a particularly large and stately building similar to such expressions as rajahastin 'a noble elephant', rajahamsa 'a goose' (as distinguished from hamsa 'a duck'), etc."</blockquote>
Cunningham has translated the expression "the royal palace, the caitya", suggesting that "the mention of the raja-pasada would seem to connect the donor with the king's family." Luders doubtfully suggests "to the king's temple" as a rendering of "raja-pasada-cetikasa."

===Shunga period contributions in Sanchi===
{{main|Sanchi}}
[[File:Sanchi Great Stupa under the Sungas.jpg|thumb|300px|The Great Stupa under the Shungas. The Shungas nearly doubled the diameter of the initial stupa, encasing it in stone, and built a [[balustrade]] and a railing around it.]]
On the basis of [[Ashokavadana]], it is presumed that the stupa may have been vandalised at one point sometime in the 2nd century BCE, an event some have related to the rise of the Shunga emperor Pushyamitra who overtook the Mauryan empire as an army general. It has been suggested that Pushyamitra may have destroyed the original stupa, and his son [[Agnimitra]] rebuilt it.<ref>"Who was responsible for the wanton destruction of the original brick stupa of [[Ashoka]] and when precisely the great work of reconstruction was carried out is not known, but it seems probable that the author of the former was [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Pushyamitra]], the first of the Shunga kings (184-148 BC), who was notorious for his hostility to Buddhism, and that the restoration was affected by [[Agnimitra]] or his immediate successor." in John Marshall, ''A Guide to Sanchi,'' p. 38. Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918).</ref> The original brick stupa was covered with stone during the Shunga period.

According to historian Julia Shaw, the post-Mauryan constructions at Sanchi cannot be described as "Sunga" as sponsorship for the construction of the stupas, as attested by the numerous donative inscriptions, was not royal but collective, and the Sungas were known for their opposition to Buddhism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Julia |title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD |date=12 August 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-43263-2 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR58 |language=en|quote="It is inaccurate to refer to the post-Mauryan monuments at Sanchi as Sunga. Not only was Pusyamitra reputedly animical to Buddhism, but most of the donative inscriptions during this period attest to predominantly collective and nonroyal modes of sponsorship."}}</ref>

====Great Stupa (No 1)====
During the later rule of the Shunga, the stupa was expanded with stone slabs to almost twice its original size. The dome was flattened near the top and crowned by three superimposed parasols within a square railing. With its many tiers it was a symbol of the [[dharma]], the Wheel of the Law. The dome was set on a high circular drum meant for [[circumambulation]], which could be accessed via a double staircase. A second stone pathway at ground level was enclosed by a stone balustrade. The railing around Stupa 1 do not have artistic reliefs. These are only slabs, with some dedicatory inscriptions. These elements are dated to {{Circa|150 BCE}}.<ref name="Shaw 88"/>

====Stupa No2 and Stupa No3====
The buildings which seem to have been commissioned during the rule of the Shungas are the Second and Third [[stupa]]s (but not the highly decorated gateways, which are from the following [[Satavahana]] period, as known from inscriptions), and the ground balustrade and stone casing of the Great Stupa (Stupa No 1). The [[Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana]] are said to have been placed in Stupa No 3.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=John |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 |title=A Guide To Sanchi |date=1918 |pages=81-82}}</ref> These are dated to {{Circa|115 BCE}} for the medallions, 80 BCE for the gateway carvings,<ref name="Shaw 90">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 p.90]</ref> slightly after the reliefs of [[Bharhut]], with some reworks down to the 1st century CE.<ref name="Shaw 88">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 p.88ff]</ref><ref name="Shaw 90"/>

The style of the Shunga period decorations at Sanchi bear a close similarity to those of [[Bharhut]], as well as the peripheral balustrades at [[Bodh Gaya]], which are thought to be the oldest of the three.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = collapsed align=center colspan=2 style="background:#CD853F; font-size: 100%;"| '''Shunga structures and decorations (150-80 BCE)'''
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DEB887; font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"|[[File:Great Sanchi Stupa Side view.jpg|200px]] Great Stupa (Stupa expansion and balustrades only are Shunga). Undecorated ground railings dated to approximately 150 BCE.<ref name="Shaw 88"/>
|
<gallery>
File:Interiors of Stupa 1.JPG|Shunga balustrade and staircase.
File:Great Sanchi Stup masonry work.jpg|Shunga stonework.
File:Donation engravings on Vedika, Sanchi.jpg|Shunga [[vedika]] (railing) with inscriptions.
File:Great Sanchi Stupa Gallery (3).jpg|Deambulatory pathway.
File:Stupa 1, Sanchi 03.jpg|Summit railing and umbrellas.
</gallery>
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DEB887" |[[File:Sanchi Stupa Nr. 2 (1999).JPG|200px]] Stupa No 2 Entirely Shunga work. The reliefs are thought to date to the last quarter of the 2nd century BCE ({{Circa|115 BCE}} for the medallions, 80 BCE for the gateway carvings),<ref name="Shaw 90" /> slightly after the reliefs of [[Bharhut]], with some reworks down to the 1st century CE.<ref name="Shaw 88"/><ref name="Shaw 90"/>
|
<gallery>
File:Sanchi 8-16.JPG|Elephant and Riders.
File:Sanchi 8-17.jpg|Balustrade post with Lakshmi.
File:Sanchi 8-18.JPG|Balustrade post with Yaksha.
File:Sanchi Stupa 2 elephants and Dharmachakra.jpg|Pillar with elephants supporting a wheel.
File:Sanchi Stupa Sculpture 17.jpg|Personage.
File:Sanchi Stupa Sculpture 18.jpg|Lotus.
File:Sanchi Stupa Sculpture 8.jpg|Floral motif.
File:Sanchi Stupa 2 man on horse.jpg|Foreigner on a horse, {{Circa|115 BCE}}.<ref name="Shaw 90"/>
File:Ashoka supported by his two wives at Stupa 2 Sanchi.jpg|[[Ashoka]] supported by his two wives. Similar to [[:File:Sanchi King Ashoka with his Queens, South Gate, Stupa no. 1.jpg|the later relief at Gateway 1]].
File:Sanchi Stupa No 2 relics.jpg|Relic boxes found inside the stupa.
</gallery>
|-
|align="center" style="background:#DEB887"|[[File:Stupa 3 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4268.JPG|200px]] Stupa No 3 (Stupa and balustrades only are Shunga).
|
<gallery>
File:005 Stairway Railing (33364948500).jpg|Stairway and railing.
File:006 Floral Design (33749716585).jpg|Lotus medallions.
File:007 Floral Design (33620496811).jpg|Floral designs.
File:Post relief Stupa 3 Sanchi.jpg|Post relief.<ref name=":0" />
File:Sanchi Stupa No 3 relics.jpg|[[Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana]].
</gallery>
|}

==Warfare==
{{Main Article|Shunga–Greek War}}
{{Continental Asia in 100 BCE}}
War and conflict characterised the Shunga period. They are known to have warred with the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalingas]], [[Satavahana]]s, the [[Indo-Greeks]], and possibly the [[Panchalas]] and [[Mathura]]s.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

The Shunga empire's wars with the Indo-Greek kingdom figure greatly in the history of this period. From around 180 BCE the [[Greco-Bactrian]] ruler [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]] conquered the Kabul Valley and is theorised to have advanced into the trans-Indus to confront the Shungas.<ref name="books.google.fr"/> The Indo-Greek [[Menander I]] is credited with either joining or leading a campaign to [[Pataliputra]] with other Indian rulers; however, very little is known about the exact nature and success of the campaign. The net result of these wars remains uncertain.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

[[File:Bharhut Yavana.jpg|thumb|upright|Vedika pillar with "[[Yavana]]" [[Indo-Greeks|Greek warrior]]. Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, Shunga Period, {{Circa|100}}-80 BC. Reddish brown sandstone.<ref>D.N. Jha,"Early India: A Concise History"p.150, plate 17</ref> [[Indian Museum]], [[Calcutta]].]]

===Literary evidence===
Several works, such as the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Yuga Purana]] describe the conflict between the Shungas and the Indo-Greeks.

===Military expeditions of the Shungas===
Scriptures such as the ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' claim that Pushyamitra toppled Emperor [[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihadratha]] and killed many Buddhist monks.<ref name="John1989 292">{{cite book | author=John S. Strong | author-link = John S. Strong | title=The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA292 | access-date=30 October 2012 | year=1989 | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | isbn=978-81-208-0616-0 }}</ref> Then it describes how Pushyamitra sent an army to [[Pataliputra]] and as far as Sakala ([[Sialkot]]), in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], to persecute Buddhist monks.<ref>"Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the [[Kukkutarama]] (in [[Pataliputra]]). ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the [[sangharama]], killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in [[Sagala|Sakala]], and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk."{{cite book | author=John S. Strong | author-link = John S. Strong | title=The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA293 | access-date=30 October 2012 | year=1989 | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | isbn=978-81-208-0616-0 }}</ref>

===War with the Yavanas (Greeks)===
The [[Indo-Greeks]], called [[Yavanas]] in Indian sources, either led by [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] or [[Menander I]], then invaded India, possibly receiving the help of Buddhists.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HSoE8qR-5BgC&pg=PA39 A Journey Through India's Past Chandra Mauli Mani, Northern Book Centre, 2005, p.39]</ref> Menander in particular is described as a convert to Buddhism in the ''[[Milindapanha]]''.

The Hindu text of the ''[[Yuga Purana]]'', which describes Indian historical events in the form of a prophecy,<ref>"For any scholar engaged in the study of the presence of the Indo-Greeks or Indo-Scythians before the Christian Era, the ''Yuga Purana'' is an important source material" Dilip Coomer Ghose, General Secretary, [[Asiatic Society|The Asiatic Society]], [[Kolkata]], 2002</ref>{{refn|group=note|Formerly, scholars doubted the validity of the Yuga Purana, because manuscripts of it have been highly corrupted over its history; however, Sanskrit scholar [[Ludo Rocher]] says that recent "research has [...] been concerned with establishing a more acceptable text," and "The Yuga [Purana] is important primarily as a historical document. It is a matter-of-fact chronicle [...] of the Magadha empire, down to the breakdown of the Sungas and the arrival of the Sakas. It is unique in its description of the invasion and retirement of the Yavanas in Magadha."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rocher |first1=Ludo |title=The Purāṇas |date=1986 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=9783447025225 |pages=253–254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&pg=PA254 |language=en}}</ref>}} relates the attack of the Indo-Greeks on the Shunga capital [[Pataliputra]], a magnificent fortified city with 570 towers and 64 gates according to [[Megasthenes]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm |title=Megasthenes: ''Indika'' |website=Project South Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080315/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm |archive-date=10 December 2008 |quote="The greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra, in the dominions of the Prasians [...] Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteen stadia, and that a ditch encompassed it all round, which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth, and that the wall was crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates. (Arr. Ind. 10. 'Of Pataliputra and the Manners of the Indians')"}}</ref> and describes the impending war for city:

{{quote|Then, after having approached [[Saketa]] together with the [[Panchala]]s and the [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathuras]], the Yavanas, valiant in battle, will reach Kusumadhvaja "the town of the flower-standard", [[Pataliputra]]. Then, once Puspapura (another name of Pataliputra) has been reached and its celebrated mud-walls cast down, all the realm will be in disorder|''[[Yuga Purana]]'', Paragraph 47–48, 2002 edition)}}

However, the Yuga Purana indicates that the Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) did not remain for long in Pataliputra, as they were faced with a civil war in [[Greco-Bactrian kingdom|Bactria]].

Western sources also suggest that this new offensive of the Greeks into India led them as far as the capital [[Pataliputra]]:<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA298 Indian History Allied Publishers]</ref>
{{quote|Those who came after [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] went to the [[Ganges]] and [[Pataliputra]]|[[Strabo]], 15.698}}

===Battle on the Sindhu river===
An account of a direct battle between the Greeks and the Shunga is also found in the ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'', a play by [[Kālidāsa]] which describes a battle between a squadron of Greek cavalrymen and [[Vasumitra]], the grandson of [[Pushyamitra]], accompanied by a hundred soldiers on the "Sindhu river", in which the Indians defeated a squadron of Greeks and Pushyamitra successfully completed the [[Ashvamedha]] Yagna.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022967578#page/n113 The Malavikágnimitra : a Sanskrit play by Kālidāsa; Tawney, C. H. p.91]</ref> This river may be the [[Indus River]] in the northwest, but such expansion by the Shungas is unlikely, and it is more probable that the river mentioned in the text is the [[Sindh River]] or the [[Kali Sindh River]] in the [[Ganges Basin]].<ref>"Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution", [[Bopearachchi]], p16. Also: "Kalidasa recounts in his Mālavikāgnimitra (5.15.14–24) that [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Puṣpamitra]] appointed his grandson Vasumitra to guard his sacrificial horse, which wandered on the right bank of the Sindhu river and was seized by Yavana cavalrymen- the latter being thereafter defeated by Vasumitra. The "Sindhu" referred to in this context may refer the river [[Indus River|Indus]]: but such an extension of Shunga power seems unlikely, and it is more probable that it denotes one of two rivers in central India -either the Sindhu river which is a tributary of the [[Yamuna]], or the Kali-Sindhu river which is a tributary of the [[Chambal River|Chambal]]." T''he Yuga Purana'', Mitchener, 2002.</ref>

===Epigraphic and archaeological evidence===

====Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription====
Ultimately, Shunga rule seems to have extended to the area of Ayodhya. Shunga inscriptions are known as far as [[Ayodhya]] in northern central India;<ref name="NA"/> in particular, the [[Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription]] refers to a local king [[Dhanadeva]], who claimed to be the sixth descendant of Pushyamitra. The inscription also records that Pushyamitra performed two [[Ashvamedha]]s (victory sacrifices) in Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bakker |first=Hans |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |year=1982 |title=The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=24 |number=2 |pages=103–126 |doi=10.1163/000000082790081267|s2cid=161957449 }}</ref>

====Yavanarajya inscription====
[[File:Yavanarajya inscription.jpg|thumb|350px|The ''[[Yavanarajya inscription]]'', dated to "year 116 of [[Yavana]] hegemony", probably 70 or 69 BCE, was discovered in [[Mathura]]. [[Mathura Museum]].]]
The Greeks seem to have maintained control of Mathura. The [[Yavanarajya inscription]], also called the "Maghera inscription", discovered in [[Mathura]], suggests that the Indo-Greeks were in control of Mathura during the 1st century BCE.<ref name="Rhie 254">{{cite book |author=Sonya Rhie Quintanilla |year=2007 |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA254 |publisher=BRILL |page=254 |isbn=978-90-04-15537-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Shankar Goyal |year=2004 |title=India's ancient past |location=Jaipur |publisher=Book Enclave |page=189 |isbn=9788181520012 |quote=Some Newly Discovered Inscriptions from Mathura : The Meghera Well Stone Inscription of Yavanarajya Year 160 Recently a stone inscription was acquired in the Government Museum, Mathura.}}</ref> The inscription is important in that it mentions the date of its dedication as "The last day of year 116 of [[Yavana]] hegemony (''Yavanarajya'')". It is considered that this inscription is attesting the control of the [[Indo-Greeks]] in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE in Mathura, a fact that is also confirmed by numismatic and literary evidence.<ref name="Rhie"/> Moreover, it does not seem that the Shungas ever ruled in Mathura or [[Surasena]] since no Shunga coins or inscriptions have been found there.<ref name="Rhie"/>

The ''[[Anushasana Parva]]'' of the [[Mahabharata]] affirms that the city of Mathura was under the joint control of the [[Yavana]]s and the [[Kambojas]].<ref>"tatha Yavana Kamboja Mathuram.abhitash cha ye./ ete ashava.yuddha.kushaladasinatyasi charminah."//5 — (MBH 12/105/5, Kumbhakonam Ed)</ref>

Later however, it seems the city of Mathura was retaken from them, if not by the Shungas themselves, then probably by other indigenous rulers such as the [[Datta dynasty]] or the [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mitra dynasty]], or more probably by the [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Northern Satraps]] under [[Rajuvula]]. In the region of Mathura, the [[Arjunayana]]s and [[Yaudheya]]s mention military victories on their coins ("Victory of the Arjunayanas", "Victory of the Yaudheyas"), and during the 1st century BCE, the [[Trigartas]], [[Audumbaras]] and finally the [[Kuninda]]s also started to mint their own coins, thus affirming independence from the Indo-Greeks, although the style of their coins was often derived from that of the Indo-Greeks.

====Heliodorus pillar====
[[File:Heliodorus pillar with elevation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[Heliodorus pillar]] was built in [[Vidisha]] under the Shungas, at the instigation of [[Heliodorus]], ambassador of the [[Indo-Greek]] king [[Antialcidas]]. The pillar originally supported a statue of [[Garuda]]. Established circa 100 BCE.]]
Very little can be said with great certainty. However, what does appear clear is that the two realms appeared to have established normalised diplomatic relations in the succeeding reigns of their respective rulers. The Indo-Greeks and the Shungas seem to have reconciled and exchanged diplomatic missions around 110 BCE, as indicated by the [[Heliodorus pillar]], which records the dispatch of a Greek ambassador named [[Heliodorus (votive erector)|Heliodorus]], from the court of the [[Indo-Greek]] king [[Antialcidas]], to the court of the Shunga emperor [[Bhagabhadra]] at the site of [[Vidisha]] in central [[India]].

==Decline==
After the death of Agnimitra, the second king of the dynasty, the empire rapidly disintegrated:<ref name="books.google.com"/> inscriptions and coins indicate that much of northern and central India consisted of small kingdoms and city-states that were independent of any Shunga hegemony.<ref name="Bhandare, Shailendra 2006 p.96"/> [[File:East-Hem 100bc.jpg|thumb|The Sunga territory circa 100 BCE, greatly reduced to the region of [[Magadha]] only, with many independent, petty kingdoms such as such as [[Mathura]] and [[Panchala#Post-Maruyan period|Panchala]] ]]

The last king of Sungas, [[Devabhuti]] was assassinated by his minister [[Vasudeva Kanva]], who then established [[Kanva dynasty]].{{sfn|Thapar|2013|p=296}} According to the Puranas: "The [[Satavahanas|Andhra]] [[Simuka]] will assail the [[Kanva dynasty|Kanvayanas]] and Susarman, and destroy the remains of the Sungas' power and will obtain this earth."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raychaudhuri |first1=Hem Channdra |title=Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty |date=1923 |publisher=Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft/page/216 216] |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft}}</ref> The [[Satavahanas|Andhras]] did indeed destroy the last remains of the Sunga state in central India somewhere around Vidisha,<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |first=Sailendra Nath |last=Sen |publisher=New Age International, 1999 |year=1999 |isbn=978-8-12241-198-0 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA170}}</ref> probably as a feeble rump state.

==Art==
The Shunga art style differed somewhat from imperial [[Mauryan art]], which was influenced by [[Persian art]]. In both, continuing elements of folk art and cults of the [[Mother goddess]] appear in popular art, but are now produced with more skill in more monumental forms. The Shunga style was thus seen as 'more Indian' and is often described as the more indigenous.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=shunga+vidisha&pg=PA73|title=A History of India|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415329200|language=en}}</ref>

Art, education, philosophy, and other learning flowered during this period. Most notably, Patanjali's Yoga Sutras and Mahabhashya were composed in this period. It is also noted for its subsequent mention in the Malavikaagnimitra. This work was composed by Kalidasa in the later Gupta period, and romanticised the love of Malavika and King Agnimitra, with a background of court intrigue.

Artistry on the subcontinent also progressed with the rise of the Mathura school, which is considered the indigenous counterpart to the more Hellenistic Gandhara school ([[Greco-Buddhist art]]) of Afghanistan and North-Western frontier of India (modern day Pakistan).

During the historical Shunga period (185 to 73 BCE), Buddhist activity also managed to survive somewhat in central India ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) as suggested by some architectural expansions that were done at the [[stupa]]s of [[Sanchi]] and [[Bharhut]], originally started under Emperor Ashoka. It remains uncertain whether these works were due to the weakness of the control of the Shungas in these areas, or a sign of tolerance on their part.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="1" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|align=center colspan=1 style="background:#CD853F; font-size: 100%;"| '''Shunga statuettes and reliefs'''
|-
|<gallery>
File:Chandraketugarth, epoca sunga, dea della fecondità, II-I sec. ac. 02.JPG|Chandraketugarth, goddess of fecundity.
File:Chandraketugarth, epoca sunga, yakshi, II-I sec. ac. 02.JPG|Chandraketugarth.
Image:SungaYakshi2-1CenturyBCE.jpg|Shunga Yakshi, 2nd–1st century BCE.
Image:SungaMasculine.jpg|Shunga masculine figurine (molded plate). 2nd–1st century BCE.
Image:SungaWithChild.jpg|Shunga woman with child. 2nd–1st century BCE.
Image:SungaYaksa.JPG|Shunga Yaksha. 2nd–1st century BCE.
File:Mother figure, Sunga art.jpg|Shunga mother figure, with attendant. 2nd–1st century BCE.
Image:SungaFecondity2.jpg|Shunga fecundity deity. 2nd–1st century BCE.
Image:SungaAtalante.JPG|[[Baluster]]-holding [[yaksha|yakṣa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], Shunga period (2nd–1st century BCE). [[Guimet Museum]].
File:Royal family Sunga West Bengal 1st century BCE.jpg|Royal family, Shunga, West Bengal 1st century BCE.
File:Amourous royal couple Sunga 1st century BCE West Bengal.jpg|Amorous royal couple. Shunga, 1st century BCE, West Bengal.
File:SungaLoveScene.jpg|Erotic art from Shunga period.
File:India, periodo sunga, vaghi di collana a forma di pesce, e due a forma di triratna, 185-72 ac ca.jpg|Fragments of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE.
File:India, periodo sunga, pendenti a testa di bue, oro, 185-72 ac ca.jpg|Fragments of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE.
File:India, periodo sunga, pendente a elefante inj oro, 185-72 ac ca.jpg|Fragment of gold ornament, 185-72 BCE.
File:India, periodo sunga, braccialetti, oro, 185-72 ac ca.jpg|Gold bracelet from Shunga period, 185-72 BCE.
File:MET DP158770.jpg| Ivory bowl fragment, 2nd–1st century B.C.
File:MET 2001 588 Strm1 (vertical).jpg| Shunga pottery with decorative figurine motifes.
</gallery>
|}

==Script==
The script used by the Shunga was a variant of [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]], and was used to write the Sanskrit language. The script is thought to be an intermediary between the [[Maurya]] and the [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] Brahmi scripts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=alfabetos/sunga |title=Silabario Sunga |work=proel.org}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="1" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|align=center colspan=1 style="background:#CD853F; font-size: 100%;"| '''Shunga coinage'''
|-
|<gallery mode="packed">
File:SungaCoin.JPG|Bronze coin of the Shunga period, Eastern India. 2nd–1st century BCE.
File:Shunga.JPG|Another Shunga coin
File:I16 14karshapana Ujjain MACW4626v 1ar (8486491422).jpg|A copper coin of 1/4 [[karshapana]] of Ujjain in Malwa.
File:Sunga coin circa 150 BC 100 AD.jpg|Shunga coin.
</gallery>
|}

{{History of South Asia}}

{{anchor|Rulers}}

==List of Shunga emperors==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Emperor !! Reign
|-
| [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Pushyamitra]]|| 185–149 BCE
|-
| [[Agnimitra]]|| 149–141 BCE
|-
| [[Vasujyeshtha]]|| 141–131 BCE
|-
| [[Vasumitra]]|| 131–124 BCE
|-
| Bhadraka || 124–122 BCE
|-
| Pulindaka|| 122–119 BCE
|-
| Ghosha or Vajramitra|| 119–114 BCE
|-
| [[Bhagabhadra]]|| 114–83 BCE
|-
| [[Devabhuti]]|| 83–73 BCE
|}

==See also==
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Hinduism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
* "The Legend of King Ashoka, A study and translation of the Ashokavadana", John Strong, Princeton Library of Asian translations, 1983, {{ISBN|0-691-01459-0}}
* "Dictionary of Buddhism" by Damien KEOWN (Oxford University Press, 2003) {{ISBN|0-19-860560-9}}
* ''Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas'', [[Romila Thapar]], 1961 (revision 1998); Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-564445-X}}
* "The Yuga Purana", John E. Mitchiner, [[Kolkata]], The Asiatic Society, 2002, {{ISBN|81-7236-124-6}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shunga Empire}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051120174324/http://ignca.nic.in/asp/showbig.asp?projid=rar26 Medallions from Barhut]
* [http://www.arthistory.upenn.edu/104/caves.html Shunga art in North India (Bharhut and Bodgaya)]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha dynasties]]
| years =
| before = [[Maurya Empire|Maurya dynasty]]
| after = [[Kanva dynasty]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shunga Empire}}
[[Category:Shunga Empire| ]]
[[Category:Hindu states]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Magadha]]
[[Category:185 BC]]
[[Category:180s BC establishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 2nd century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1st century]]

Pileru revenue division

2026-03-16T06:09:23Z

Stormy43P6:

{{Short description|Revenue division in Annamayya district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Pileru revenue division
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Annamayya district]]
| image_map = Revenue Divisions Of Annamayya.png
| map_caption = Pileru revenue division in Annamayya district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 31 December 2025
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Pileru]]
}}

'''Pileru revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Annamayya district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|three revenue divisions]] in the district and comprises eight [[mandals]]. The division was formed on 31 December 2025 as part of the district consolidation and administrative reorganisation undertaken by the Government of Andhra Pradesh during the 2025 restructuring of districts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-31 |title=Two new districts come into existence in Andhra Pradesh |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Dec/31/two-new-districts-come-into-existence-in-andhra-pradesh
|access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The revenue division comprises eight mandals:
<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vennelakanti |first=Pradeep |date=2026-01-01 |title=Madanapalle becomes district headquarters from today |work=The Hans India |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/madanapalle-becomes-district-headquarters-from-today-1035505 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>
{{Div col}}
* [[Gurramkonda mandal|Gurramkonda]]
* [[Kalakada mandal|Kalakada]]
* [[Kalikiri]]
* [[Kambhamvaripalle]]
* [[Pileru mandal|Pileru]]
* [[Sodam]]
* [[Somala]]
* [[Valmikipuram|Vayalpad]]
{{Div col end}}
== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Madanapalle revenue division]]
*[[Rayachoti revenue division]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Annamayya district}}
{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Annamayya district]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Annamayya-geo-stub}}

Kailash Nath Dikshit

2026-03-14T20:43:03Z

Stormy43P6: Adding A Article

{{Short description|Indian archaeologist (born 1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kailash Nath Dikshit
| image = Kailash_Nath_Dikshit_(cropped).jpg
| caption = Dikshit in 2025
| birth_date = 1936
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| education = [[University of Lucknow]]
| alma_mater = University of Lucknow
| occupation = [[Archaeologist]]
| known_for = Contributions to Indian archaeology and civilization studies
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2025) Dr. Vishnu Sridhar Wakankar Rashtriya Samman (2010–11)
| years_active = 1957–1994
| organization = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
}}

'''Kailash Nath Dikshit''' (born 1936), also known as '''K. N. Dikshit''', is an Indian archaeologist known for his contributions to the study of Indian civilization and for directing several major archaeological expeditions.<ref name=tribune>{{cite news |title=7 from Delhi among Padma awardees |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/7-from-delhi-among-padma-awardees/ |newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] | location=India |date=26 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Gregory Possehl |author1-link=Gregory Possehl |title=Indus Age The Beginnings |date=1999 |isbn=9780812234176 |pages=560 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indus_Age/AUkLAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Kailash+Nath+Dikshit+Archaeology&dq=Kailash+Nath+Dikshit+Archaeology&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> He served as the Director of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Us Salam |first1=Ziya |date=13 October 2020 |title=Inventing a past: Committee formed to study the origin and evolution of Indian culture |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/inventing-a-past/article32734799.ece |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |agency=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2025, he was honored with the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third-highest civilian award, by the [[Government of India]], for his contributions to the field of archaeology.<ref name=tribune/><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Award Winners 2025 Full List: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/padma-awards-2025-arijit-singh-ajith-kumar-shekhar-kapur-and-late-pankaj-udhas-honored-for-excellence |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Kailash Nath Dikshit was born in 1936 in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He completed his schooling at Queens Anglo Sanskrit Inter College, Lucknow, passing his high school and intermediate exams in 1952. He earned a [[Master's degree]] in [[Ancient Indian history|Ancient Indian History]] and [[Archaeology]] from the [[University of Lucknow]] in 1956, and later received a [[Postgraduate diploma]] in Archaeology from the Government of India in 1962.<ref name=indarchaeology>{{cite news |title=KAILASH NATH DIKSHIT (20th June, 1936, Lucknow) |url=https://indarchaeology.org/bio/Full-CV-of-K-N-Dikshit.pdf |publisher=The Indian Archaeological Society}}</ref>

Dikshit joined the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1957 as an Exploration Assistant. During his distinguished career, he also served briefly as Deputy Keeper (Pre-history) at the [[National Museum of India]], New Delhi. Within ASI, he held several important positions, including Superintending Archaeologist in various regional circles. He retired in 1994 as the Joint Director General of the ASI.<ref name=indarchaeology/>

== Awards and recognition ==
* ''Padma Bhushan'' (2025) - Awarded by the Government of India for distinguished service in archaeology.<ref name=tribune/><ref>{{cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=Full list of Padma Awards 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-padma-awards-2025/article69141094.ece |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* ''Dr. Vishnu Sridhar Wakankar Rashtriya Samman'' (2010–11) - Conferred by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=indarchaeology/>
* ''Outstanding Archaeologist Award'' (2017) - Given by the [[Allahabad Museum|Central Government Museum, Allahabad]].<ref name=indarchaeology/>
* ''Lifetime Achievement Award'' (2015) - Presented by the Museums Association of India, Chennai.<ref name=indarchaeology/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dikshit, Kailash Nath}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Archaeological Survey of India people]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in other fields]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]

Sivagurunathaswamy Temple

2026-03-14T10:49:50Z

Stormy43P6:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sivagurunatha Swamy Temple
| image = Sivapuram temple12.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|56|N|79|25|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tanjore]]
| location = [[Sivapuram, Thanjavur|Sivapuram]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Sivagurunathar([[Shiva]])
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Sivagurunathaswamy temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] located in the village of [[Maruthuvakudi|Aduthurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Shiva is worshipped as Sivagurunathaswamy, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Prabhavalli. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 7|year=1961|publisher=Director of Census publication}}</ref>

It houses two gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The tallest is the eastern tower, with five stories and a height of {{convert|72|ft|m|0}}. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Sivagurunathaswamy and Aryambal being the most prominent. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 6:00 a.m. to 9 p.m., and eight yearly festivals on its calendar. The ''Aippassi Annabhishekam'' festival is celebrated during the day of the Aippasi (October - November) is the most prominent festival. The image of [[Nataraja]], a prominent and ancient Chola art, was stolen and brought back from overseas after an elongated legal battle.

The temple was originally built by the [[Cholas]] and has many inscriptions from them. The present masonry structure was built during the [[Thanjavur Nayak|Nayak]] during the 16th century. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Sivapuram temple18.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Sculpture indicating the legend]]
As per [[Hindu]] legend, the Sun god [[Surya]] and moon god [[Chandra]] worshipped the presiding deity in the place. [[Brahma]] worshipped Shiva in the place and attained his power of creation. [[Vishnu]] is believed to have appeared in the form of a boar to worship Shiva. [[Sambandar]], a saivite saint, is believed to have performed ''Angapradakshanam'' (cicumabulating using ones body} as he believed that the image of Shiva resided beneath the floor and he should not touch the image with his foot. Following the legend, the temple is one of the few Shiva temples where ''Angapradakshanam'' is performed, which is otherwise performed only in Vishnu temples.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=262–4}}</ref>

As per another legend, [[Ravana]], an [[asura]] king, worshipped Shiva in an unclean manner. [[Kubera]], the brother of Ravana, worshipped Shiva to forgive the behaviour. He was chided by Shiva's bull [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] and was cursed to born in earth as a normal human. Kubera was born in this place as a knight and he started worshipping Shiva. Pleased by his devotion, his position was restored.<ref name=dinamalar/> As Kubera is believed to have worshipped here, the village is also known as Kuberapuri.<ref name="templenet" />

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 4128 | height1 = 3096
| width2 = 2576 | height2 = 1932
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Sivapuram temple22.jpg
|image2=Sivapuram temple8.jpg
|footer=Shrines within the temple
}}

Sivapuram is located 5 kilometres south-east of the town and [[taluk]] headquarters of [[Kumbakonam]] on the way to [[Thiruvarur]].<ref name="templenet">{{cite web|title=Abodes of SHiva - Shivasthalams glorified by Tevaram hymns|url=http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/s133.html|publisher=Templenet}}</ref> Sivapuram is famous for the Sivagurunathaswamy temple dedicated to the [[Hindu god]] [[Shiva]].<ref name="temples_kumbakonam">{{cite web|title=Temples|url=http://www.kumbakonamonline.com/abouttemp.html#seast|publisher=Kumbakonam.net}}</ref> The [[deity]] is also referred to as Sivagurunathar or Sivapuranathar.<ref name="templenet" /> The temple is one of the 67 ''sthalams'' or holy abodes mentioned in the Thevaram located in the ancient [[Chola kingdom]].<ref name="templenet" /> According to different legends, [[Vishnu]], [[Brahma]] and [[Kubera]] had worshipped Shiva here at different times.<ref name="templenet" />

The present temple in the village dates back to the [[Later Cholas|Later Chola period]] and covers an area of {{convert|1.3|acre|m2}}.<ref name="templenet" /> The principal shrine is dedicated to Shiva who is worshipped by a sculpted figurine of Vishnu in his [[Varaha]] [[Avatar]].<ref name="templenet" /> There are also shrines dedicated to [[Subrahmanya]], [[Gajalakshmi]] and [[Bhairava]].<ref name="templenet" />

It is also believed that a [[shivalingam]] lies buried at this spot. This shivalingam was worshipped by the [[Saivite]] saint [[Tirugnanasambandar]] and the spot where he worshipped is called Swamigal Thurai.<ref name="templenet" /><ref name="Sridhar">{{cite book|title=Kumbakonam Azhaikkirathu|isbn=9788183682244|pages=34–36|publisher=New Horizon Media|year=2007|last=Sharma|first=Sridhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0HOpzd4-cwC&q=kumbakonam+azhaikkirathu}}</ref>

== Idol theft ==
In 1951, idols of [[Nataraja]], [[Tirugnanasambandar]], [[Somaskanda|Somaskandar]], [[Ganesha|Pillaiyar]] and two other goddesses from the Later Chola period were recovered by a farmer Annamuthu Padaiyachi in Kuppuswamy Iyer's field.<ref name="tngov_idolwing">{{cite web|title=Idol wing, Important Judgements and Convictions, Economic Offenses|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tneow.gov.in/IDOL/judgement.html}}</ref> The farmer alerted government authorities about his find and handed the idols to the authorities. On 10 October 1953, the District Collector of Thanjavur donated the idols to the Sivagurunathasamy temple to be installed along with other deities.<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /> On receipt of the idols, the temple authorities commissioned sculptor Ramasamy Sthapathi to repair the idols.<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /> The idols were subsequently returned to the temple after the repairs had been carried out.

Some time later, Dr. Douglas Barrett of the [[British Museum]], who had visited the temple in 1961,<ref name="plunderofartp150">{{cite book|title=The Plunder of Art|pages=150|author=Hamendar Bhisham Pal|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1992|isbn=978-81-7017-285-7}}</ref> wrote in his book ''South Indian Bronze'' that the Nataraja idol in the Sivagurunathaswamy temple was fake and that the original idols were in the possession of a private art collector in the [[United States of America]].<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /> This claim prompted the Government of Tamil Nadu to send S. Krishnaraj, Deputy Inspector General, [[Criminal Investigation Department|CID]], to the US to investigate the claim.<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /> As the outcome of Krishnaraj's investigations, a case was registered at the [[Nachiyar Koil]] police station.<ref name="tngov_idolwing" />
[[File:Sivapuram temple23.jpg|250px|thumb|Temple tank located in front of the temple]]
The case was entrusted to the Crime Branch CID and investigations were carried out with the assistance of the [[Scotland Yard]].<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /> It was found that in 1956, one Thilakar of [[Kuthalam]] and his brother Doss had persuaded Ramasamy Sthapathi to lend the six idols to them in return for six fake ones which Ramasamy had returned to the temple authorities.<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /> The idols were purchased by a private art collector Lance Dane of [[Bombay]] who kept the idols in his possession for a decade before selling them to Bomman Beharan.<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /> The idols eventually made their way to the United States where in 1973 they were purchased by Norton Simon Foundation for $900,000.<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /><ref name="indianheritagep126">{{cite book|title=Indian Heritage and Culture|pages=126|publisher=APH Publishing|year=1998|isbn=978-81-7024-992-4|first=Dhirendra|last=Singh}}</ref>

The Indian police arrested Lance Dane, Thilakar, Doss and Ramasamy Sthapathy.<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /> Meanwhile, the Scotland Yard found out that the actual Nataraja idol was in the possession of [[Anna Plowden]] of England.<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /> The Government of India filed a civil suit against the Norton Simon Foundation.<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /> The Tamil Nadu government approached the Government of the United States of America through India's Ministry of External Affairs.<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /> The Nataraja idol was handed over to Dr. M. S. Nagaraja Rao, the Director-General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1987<ref name="tngov_idolwing" /><ref name="indianheritagep126" /> and is currently present in a safe-vault in the [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple|Kapaleeswara temple]], [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]].<ref name="tngov_idolwing" />

[[File:Ganesha - in Explore - Flickr - Thad Zajdowicz.jpg|250px|thumb|Ganesha (Norton Simon)]]
{| class="wikitable" sortable
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" | S.No.
! scope="col" | Deity
! scope="col" | Stolen Idol traced to
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Current status
! scope="col" | More Details
|- align="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
|1
| [[Nataraja]]
| [[Norton Simon Museum]]
| [[United States]]
| Recovered
| In safe-vault of Kapaleeswarar Temple, Chennai
|-
|2
| [[Somaskanda]]
| [[Norton Simon Museum]]
| [[United States]]
| Unknown
| <ref name=PIS>{{cite web|title=Sivapuram Somaskanda – the untold story – Part 2|url=https://poetryinstone.in/en/2014/07/29/sivapuram-somaskanda-the-untold-story-part-2/|website=Poetry In Stone|accessdate=6 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="DT">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Idol wing traces smuggled idols from TN temple to US museum |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/06/15/idol-wing-traces-smuggled-idols-from-tn-temple-to-us-museum |access-date=15 August 2023 |work=DT Next |agency= |date=15 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shiva with Uma and Skanda (Somaskanda)|url=https://www.nortonsimon.org/art/detail/F.1972.23.1.S/|year=950–975|access-date=6 August 2023|publisher=Norton Simon Museum}}</ref>
|-
|3
| Standing [[Sambandar]]
| [[Norton Simon Museum]]
| [[United States]]
| Unknown
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Shaiva Saint Sambandar|url=https://www.nortonsimon.org/art/detail/F.1973.01.03.S|year=c. 1100|access-date=4 August 2023|publisher=Norton Simon Museum}}</ref>
|-
|4
| [[Ganesha]]
| [[Norton Simon Museum]]
| [[United States]]
| Unknown
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Ganesha|url=https://www.nortonsimon.org/art/detail/F.1972.28.S/|year=950–1000|access-date=6 August 2023|publisher=Norton Simon Museum}}</ref>
|-
|5
| [[Parvati]] (Sivagami Amman/Thani Amman<ref name="MM">{{cite magazine |last=J. |first=Ramakrishnan |date=16 March 2019|title=The Lord returns to His abode |url=https://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-28-no-23/the-lord-returns-to-his-abode/ |magazine=Madras Musings|location=Chennai |publisher= |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref>)
| [[Denver Art Museum]]
| [[United States]]
| Unknown
| <ref name=PIS2>{{cite web|title=Sivapuram Saga – the untold story – Part 3|url=https://poetryinstone.in/en/2014/07/31/sivapuram-saga-the-untold-story-part-3/|website=Poetry In Stone|accessdate=6 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="DT" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Devi|url=https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/object/1983.15|year=c. 1000|access-date=15 August 2023|publisher=Denver Art Museum}}</ref>
|-
|6
| [[Parvati]] (Gowri Amman<ref name="MM" />)
|
|
| Unknown
|
|-
|}

==Worship and religious practices==
The temple finds mention in ''[[Tevaram]]'', the 7th century 12 volume Saiva canonical work by Tamil saints, namely [[Appar]], [[Sundarar]] and [[Campantar]]. It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] glorified in the Saiva canon. The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; ''Kalasanthi'' at 6:00 a.m., ''Irandam Kalm'' at 9:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m, ''Irandam Kalm'' at 7:30 p.m., and ''Arthajamam'' at 9:00 p.m.. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for Sivagurunathar and Aryambal. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'', and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Masi Maham during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Maasi'' (February - March), Shivaratri in February- March and Panguni Uthiram during ''Panguni'' are the major festivals celebrated in the temple. Sun's rays fall directly on the sanctum on three days in April when the temple receives lot of devotees. Saint [[Arunagirinathar]], a 16th century Saivite, has praised the presiding deity of the temple.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Sivagurunathaswamy temple temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=958|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|year=2014|accessdate=24 November 2015}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Sivagurunathaswamy Temple}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}
{{Hindu Temples of Kumbakonam}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

Delhi–Chandigarh Expressway

2026-03-13T04:18:26Z

Stormy43P6: Adding some stub v1

{{Short description|Planned expressway in northern India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox road
|header_type=UC
|country=IND
|type=expwy
|marker_image=
|name=Delhi–Chandigarh Expressway
| alternate_name = Delhi Akshardham–Chandigarh Yamunabank Expressway
|image=
|length_km=250
|length_notes=Approximate; Delhi–Ambala section
|established=2022
|direction_a=Southwest
|direction_b=Northeast
|states=[[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|cities=[[Sonipat]], [[Panipat]], [[Karnal]], [[Kurukshetra]], [[Yamunanagar]], [[Ambala]]
|junctions=
|website=
}}

The '''Delhi–Chandigarh Expressway''' ('''Delhi Akshardham–Chandigarh Yamunabank Expressway''') is an under-construction {{convert|270|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}}, six-lane, [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled]], [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] expressway in North [[India]], designed to provide a high-speed corridor connecting national capital [[Delhi]] to [[Chandigarh]] along the banks of the [[Yamuna]] river primarily through [[Haryana]] state, reducing travel time between Delhi and Chandigarh to approximately 2.5 hours.<ref name=n18>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/3-major-highways-to-cut-travel-time-raise-land-values-in-haryana-and-punjab-9131276.html|title=3 Major Highways To Cut Travel Time, Raise Land Values In Haryana And Punjab|publisher=[[CNN-News18|News18]]|date=23 November 2024|access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=patrika1>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/gurgaon-news/new-flyover-in-haryana-8601598|title=हरियाणा में इन तीन जगह पर बनेंगे नए फ्लाईओवर.. केन्द्र ने दी मंजूरी|publisher=[[Rajasthan_Patrika|Dainik Patrika]]|date=22 November 2023|access-date=4 November 2025|language=hi}}</ref> The expressway will serve as an alternative to the congested [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]] (NH-44, [[Grand Trunk Road]])<ref name=toi1/> and [[Delhi–Dehradun Expressway|Delhi–Dehradun Expressway's Shamli-Ambala-Chandigarh spur]],<ref name=amb1/> to decongest the traffic and boost economy.<ref name=toi1>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/web-of-e-ways-highways-to-bring-delhi-closer-to-key-cities/articleshow/93120595.cms|title=Web of expressways & highways to bring Delhi closer to key cities|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 July 2022|access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=amb1>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/ambala/news/new-expressway-will-be-built-from-akshardham-to-ambala-132140588.html|title=अक्षरधाम से अम्बाला तक नया एक्सप्रेस-वे बनेगा|work=Dainik Bhaskar |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|date=16 November 2023|access-date=4 November 2025|language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==

The concept of a dedicated expressway between Delhi and northern cities like Chandigarh gained momentum during the planning of the [[Bharatmala]] Pariyojana in the mid-2010s. In 2022, [[Dushyant Chautala]], then Deputy Chief Minister of Haryana, announced the development of this greenfield expressway by [[National Highways Authority of India]] along the Yamuna banks from Delhi to Ambala during infrastructure inaugurations in Sonipat.<ref name=tez1>{{cite web|url=https://www.teztarrar.com/delhi/this-new-expressway-will-start-from-delhi-to-ambala-soon-the-journey-will-be-completed-in-a-few-hours/|title=दिल्ली से अंबाला जल्द शुरू होगा ये नया एक्सप्रेसवे, चंद घंटो में पुरा होगा सफ़र|publisher=Tez Tarrar|date=20 August 2022|access-date=4 November 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref name=Dush1>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/sonipat-green-highway-to-be-built-along-yamuna-from-delhi-to-ambala-22993123.html|title=दिल्ली से अंबाला तक यमुना किनारे बनेगा ग्रीन हाईवे : दुष्यंत|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|date=19 August 2022|access-date=4 November 2025|language=hi}}</ref> The project received central government approval later that year, with the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) tasked with preparation of the Detailed Project Report (DPR).<ref name=n18/><ref name=patrika1/>

== Benefits ==

The expressway is projected to spur industrial growth in Haryana's riverside districts, enhancing logistics for sectors like automobiles and agriculture,<ref name=n18/> boost real estate values along the route,<ref name=patrika1/> and promote tourism by improving access to Yamuna [[ghat]]s and nearby heritage sites.<ref name=toi1/>

== Route ==

The expressway begins in eastern Delhi and runs parallel to the Yamuna river's eastern bank initially, before transitioning along the western bank in Haryana where it will run between Yamuna river and NH-44.<ref name=tez1/>

{{prose|section|date=November 2025}}
* [[Delhi]] state
** [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (Delhi)|Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple Delhi]] on eastern bank of Yamuna river, begins from the intersection of [[Noida–Greater Noida Expressway]] spur of [[Yamuna Expressway]] and [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]] Pithoragarh-Delhi-Hisar-Dabwali National Highway, and runs between eastern bank of Yamuna and [[National Highway 709B (India)|NH-709B]] Delhi-Baghpat National Highway.
* [[Uttar Pradesh]] state
** [[Baghpat]] (south of) from [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]] switch to western bank of Yamuna river into Haryana state via [[Western Peripheral Expressway]].
* [[Haryana]] state (greenfield alignment runs between western bank of Yamuna river and NH-44)
** [[Sonipat district]] on western bank of Yamuna river
** [[Panipat district]] (Bapauli)
** [[Karnal district]]
*** [[Kunjpura]]
*** [[Indri City|Indri]]
** [[Kurukshetra district]] ([[Ladwa]])
** [[Yamunanagar district]] ([[Radaur]]), between Ladwa-Radaur
** [[Ambala district]] ([[Barara]]), intersect [[Ambala-Shamli Expressway]]
** [[Panchkula district]]
* [[Chandigarh]] Union Territory and joint capital of Haryana and Punjab states

== Present status ==
* November 2024: The NHAI was preparing the DPR.<ref name=n18/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Roads}}
* [[Industrial corridor#India|Industrial corridors of India]]
* [[List of megaprojects in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Highways in India}}

[[Category:National highways in Haryana]]
[[Category:Expressways in Haryana]]
[[Category:Expressways in Delhi]]
[[Category:Roads in Haryana]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Transport in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Sonipat district]]
[[Category:Panipat district]]
[[Category:Karnal district]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra district]]
[[Category:Yamunanagar district]]
[[Category:Ambala district]]
[[Category:Panchkula district]]

Torpedo

2026-03-10T02:54:02Z

Stormy43P6: brief correct lead per standard format and fixed typos

{{short description|Self-propelled underwater weapon}}
{{See also|Anti-submarine missile}}
{{about|the self-propelled weapon|the pre-1900 naval meaning of "torpedo"|Naval mine|other uses}}
[[File:Mark 8 torpedo in Germanton Park.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Bliss–Leavitt Mark 8 torpedo]]]]

A '''torpedo''' is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, with an explosive [[warhead]] designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, such a device was called an automotive, automobile, locomotive, or fish torpedo; colloquially, a ''fish''.

The term ''torpedo'' originally applied to a variety of devices, most of which would today be called [[Naval mine|mines]]. From about 1900, ''torpedo'' has been used strictly to designate a self-propelled underwater explosive device.

While the 19th-century [[battleship]] had evolved primarily with a view to engagements between armored warships with [[naval artillery|large-caliber guns]], the invention and refinement of torpedoes from the 1860s onwards allowed small [[torpedo boat]]s and other lighter [[surface combatant|surface vessel]]s, [[submarine]]s/[[submersible]]s, even improvised [[fishing boat]]s or [[frogmen]], and later [[light aircraft]], to destroy large ships without the need of large guns, though sometimes at the risk of being hit by longer-range artillery fire.

Modern torpedoes are classified variously as lightweight, heavyweight, straight-running, autonomous homers, and wire-guided types. They can be launched from a variety of platforms. In modern warfare, a submarine-launched torpedo is almost certain to hit its target; the best defense is a counterattack using another torpedo.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a41926547/why-torpedoes-are-tough-to-defend-against/ |title=Why One of the Slowest Weapons in Modern Warfare Is the Toughest to Defend Against |last=Mizokami |first=Kyle |date=November 16, 2022 |magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]] |access-date=February 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/33018/modern-submarine-torpedo-attacks-are-nothing-like-what-you-see-in-the-movies |title=Modern Submarine Torpedo Attacks Are Nothing Like What You See In The Movies |date=April 16, 2020 |last=Amick |first=Aaron |work=The Drive |access-date=February 11, 2023}}</ref>

==Etymology==

The word ''torpedo'' was first used as a name for [[torpedo fish|electric rays]] (in the order ''[[Torpediniformes]]''), which in turn comes from the Latin word ''[[wikt:torpedo#Latin|torpēdō]]'' ("lethargy" or "sluggishness").<ref>{{cite web |title=torpedo (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/torpedo |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Douglas Harper |access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref> In naval usage, the American inventor [[David Bushnell (inventor)|David Bushnell]] was reported to have first used the term as the name of a submarine of his own design, the "American Turtle or Torpedo." This usage likely inspired [[Robert Fulton]]'s use of the term to describe his stationary [[Naval mine|mines]], and later [[Robert Whitehead (engineer)|Robert Whitehead]]'s naming of the first self-propelled torpedo.<ref>{{cite web |title=torpedo |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/torpedo#:~:text=Like%20the%20adjective%20torpid%2C%20torpedo,fish%20that%20torpedo%20first%20entered |website=Merriam-Webster Dictionary | date=19 March 2024 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Navy's Use of Torpedoes |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/exploration-and-innovation/navy-torpedoes.html |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |publisher=U.S. Navy |access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF EARLY TORPEDOES (1800-1870) |url=https://maritime.org/doc/jolie/part1.php |publisher=San Francisco Maritime National Park Association |access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref>

==History==
=== Middle Ages ===
Torpedo-like weapons were tentatively proposed many centuries before they were successfully developed. For example, in 1275, engineer [[Hasan al-Rammah]] – who worked as a military scientist for the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] of Egypt – wrote that it might be possible to create a projectile resembling an egg, which propelled itself through water carrying "fire".<ref>{{citation | first= James Riddick | last= Partington | author-link = J. R. Partington | title=A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland | year=1999 | page=203 | isbn=0-8018-5954-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30IJLnwpc8EC}}</ref>

===Early naval mines===
{{Main|Naval mine}}
[[File:Fulton's torpedo.jpg|thumb|right|Fulton's torpedo<ref name=Lossing/>{{rp|238}}]]
[[File: Sinking torpedoes by moonlight in Charleston Harbor - Harper's Weekly, June 13, 1863.jpg|thumb|right|Confederates laying naval mines in Charleston Harbor]]

In modern language, a "torpedo" is an underwater self-propelled explosive, but historically, the term also applied to primitive naval mines and [[spar torpedoes]]. These were used on an ad-hoc basis during the early modern period up to the late 19th century.

In the early 17th century, the Dutchman [[Cornelius Drebbel]], in the employ of [[King James I of England]], invented the spar torpedo; he attached explosives to the end of a beam affixed to one of his submarines. These were used (to little effect) during the English [[Siege of La Rochelle|expeditions to La Rochelle]] in 1626.<ref name="gray">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gray|2004}}</ref> The first use of a torpedo by a submarine was in 1775, by the American {{ship||Turtle|submersible|2}}, which attempted to lay a bomb with a [[timed fuse]] on the [[Hull (ship)|hull]] of {{HMS|Eagle|1774|6}} during the [[American Revolutionary War]], but failed in the attempt.

In the early 1800s, the American inventor [[Robert Fulton]], while in France, "conceived the idea of destroying ships by introducing floating mines under their bottoms in submarine boats". He employed the term "torpedo" for the explosive charges with which he outfitted his submarine ''[[Nautilus (1800 submarine)|Nautilus]]''. However, both the French and the Dutch governments were uninterested in the submarine. Fulton then concentrated on developing the torpedo-like weapon independent of a submarine deployment, and in 1804 succeeded in convincing the British government to employ his "catamaran" against the French.<ref name="davey">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Davey|2016}}</ref> An April 1804 torpedo attack on French ships anchored at [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]], and a [[Raid on Boulogne|follow-up attack in October]], produced several explosions but no significant damage, and the weapon was abandoned.

Fulton carried out a demonstration for the US government on 20 July 1807, destroying a vessel in [[New York Harbor|New York's harbor]]. Further development languished as Fulton focused on his "steam-boat matters". After the [[War of 1812]] broke out, the [[Royal Navy]] established a blockade of the [[East Coast of the United States]]. During the war, American forces unsuccessfully attempted to destroy the British [[Ship of the line|ship-of-the-line]] [[HMS Ramillies (1785)|HMS ''Ramillies'']] while it was lying at anchor in [[New London, Connecticut]]'s harbor with torpedoes launched from small boats. This prompted the captain of ''Ramillies'', [[Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet]], to warn the Americans to cease using this "cruel and unheard-of warfare" or he would "order every house near the shore to be destroyed". The fact that Hardy had been previously so lenient and considerate to the Americans led them to abandon such attempts with immediate effect.<ref name=Lossing>{{Cite book |last=Lossing |first=Benson |title=The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 |publisher=Harper & Brothers, Publishers |location=New York |year=1868 |pages=240–243, 693 |oclc=886707577}}</ref>

Torpedoes were used by the [[Russian Empire]] during the [[Crimean War]] in 1855 against British warships in the [[Gulf of Finland]]. They used an early form of chemical detonator. During the [[American Civil War]], the term ''torpedo'' was used for what is today called a [[Naval mine#Contact mines|contact mine]], floating on or below the water surface using an air-filled [[Carboy|demijohn]] or similar flotation device. These devices were very primitive and apt to prematurely explode. They would be detonated on contact with the ship or after a set time, although electrical detonators were also occasionally used. In 1862, the {{USS|Cairo}} became the first warship to be sunk by an electrically-detonated mine. Spar torpedoes were also used; an explosive device was mounted at the end of a spar up to {{convert|30|ft|m|-1|order=flip}} long projecting forward underwater from the bow of the attacking vessel, which would then ram the opponent with the explosives. These were used by the [[Confederate States Navy|Confederate]] submarine {{ship||H. L. Hunley|submarine|2}} to sink the {{USS|Housatonic|1861|6}}, although the weapon was apt to cause as much harm to its user as to its target. [[Rear Admiral]] [[David Farragut]]'s famous/apocryphal command during the [[Battle of Mobile Bay]] in 1864, "[[Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!]]", refers to a minefield laid at [[Mobile, Alabama]].

[[File:Romanian spar torpedo boat Rândunica.jpg|thumb|right|NMS ''Rândunica'']]

On 26 May 1877, during the [[Romanian War of Independence]], the Romanian spar torpedo boat {{ship|NMS|Rândunica||2}} attacked and sank the Ottoman [[river monitor]] ''Seyfi''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Cristian |last=Crăciunoiu |title=Romanian navy torpedo boats |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VilMAQAAIAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Modelism |isbn=978-973-8101-17-3 |page=19}}</ref> This was the first instance in history when a torpedo boat sank its targets without also sinking.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lawrence Sondhaus|title=Navies of Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elbJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|date=11 June 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-86978-8|pages=88–}}</ref>

===Invention of the modern torpedo===
[[File:Whitehead torpedo General Profile, The Whitehead Torpedo U.S.N.1898.jpg|thumb|upright=2|right|Whitehead torpedo's general profile:
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
{{unbulleted list
|'''A'''. war-head
|'''B'''. air-flask.
|'''B{{`}}'''. immersion chamber
|'''C{{`}}'''. after-body
|'''C'''. engine room
|'''D'''. drain holes
|'''E'''. shaft tube
|'''F'''. steering-engine
|'''G'''. bevel gear box
|'''H'''. depth index
|'''I'''. tail
|'''K'''. charging and stop-valves
|'''L'''. locking-gear
|'''M'''. engine bed-plate
|'''P'''. primer case
|'''R'''. rudder
|'''S'''. steering-rod tube
|'''T'''. guide stud
|'''U'''. propellers
|'''V'''. valve-group
|'''W'''. war nose{{refn|The war nose consisted of a detonator, fuse, and protection mechanism which armed the fuse after the torpedo had traveled a short distance.}}
|'''Z'''. strengthening band}}{{div col end}}]]

A prototype of the self-propelled torpedo was created on a commission placed by [[Giovanni Luppis]], an [[Austro-Hungarian Navy|Austro-Hungarian naval officer]] from Fiume (modern-day [[Rijeka]] in [[Croatia]]), at the time a port city of the [[Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]] and [[Robert Whitehead (engineer)|Robert Whitehead]], an English engineer who was the manager of a town factory, ''Stabilimento Tecnico di Fiume'' (STF). In 1864, Luppis presented Whitehead with the plans of the ''[[Salvacoste]]'' ("Coastsaver"), a floating weapon driven by ropes from the land that had been dismissed by the naval authorities due to the impractical steering and propulsion mechanisms.

In 1866, Whitehead invented the first effective self-propelled torpedo, the eponymous [[Whitehead torpedo]], the first modern torpedo. French and German inventions followed closely, and the term ''torpedo'' came to describe self-propelled projectiles that traveled under or on water. By 1900, the term no longer included mines and booby-traps, as the navies of the world added submarines, [[torpedo boat]]s, and [[destroyer|torpedo boat destroyer]]s to their fleets.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gray|1975}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Epstein|2014}}</ref>

Whitehead was unable to improve the machine substantially, since the clockwork motor, attached ropes, and surface attack mode all contributed to a slow and cumbersome weapon. However, he kept considering the problem after the contract had finished, and eventually developed a tubular device, designed to run underwater on its own, and powered by compressed air. The result was a submarine weapon, the ''Minenschiff'' (mine ship), the first modern self-propelled torpedo, officially presented to the Austrian Imperial Naval commission on 21 December 1866.

The first trials were not successful, as the weapon was unable to maintain a course at a steady depth. After much work, Whitehead introduced his "secret" in 1868 which overcame this. It was a mechanism consisting of a [[Pendulum-and-hydrostat control|hydrostatic valve and pendulum]] that caused the torpedo's hydroplanes to be adjusted to maintain a preset depth.

===Production and spread===
[[File: Robert Whitehead with battered test torpedo Fiume c1875.jpg|thumb|right|[[Robert Whitehead (engineer)|Robert Whitehead]] (right) invented the modern torpedo in 1866. Pictured examining a battered test torpedo in Fiume (Rijeka) c. 1875.]]

The Austrian government decided to invest in the invention, and the factory in Fiume started producing more Whitehead torpedoes. In 1870, he improved the devices to travel up to approximately {{convert|1000|yards|m|order=flip|sigfig=1}} at a speed of up to {{convert|6|knot|km/h|lk=in}}. [[Royal Navy]] (RN) representatives visited Fiume for a demonstration in late 1869, and in 1870 a batch of torpedoes was ordered. In 1871, the British Admiralty paid Whitehead [[Pound sterling|£]]15,000 for certain of his developments, and production started at the Royal Laboratories in [[Woolwich]] the following year.

The company in Fiume went bankrupt in 1873, but was reformed as [[Whitehead Torpedo Works]] a few years later, and by 1881 it was exporting torpedoes to ten other countries. The torpedo was powered by compressed air and had an explosive charge of [[gun-cotton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maritime.org/doc/whitehead3/pg13.htm |title=The Whitehead Torpedo, notes on handling etc., U.S.N. |website=maritime.org |year=1890 |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> Whitehead went on to develop more efficient devices, demonstrating torpedoes capable of {{convert|18|knots|km/h}} in 1876, {{convert|24|knots|km/h}} in 1886, and, finally, {{convert|30|knots|km/h}} in 1890.

In the 1880s, a British committee, informed by hydrodynamicist Dr. [[Robert Edmund Froude|R. E. Froude]], conducted comparative tests and determined that a blunt nose, contrary to prior assumptions, did not hinder speed: in fact, the blunt nose provided a speed advantage of approximately one knot compared to the traditional pointed-nose design. This discovery allowed for larger explosive payloads and increased air storage for propulsion without compromising speed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of U.S. Navy Torpedo Development - Part 1 |url=https://www.maritime.org/doc/jolie/part1.php#page011 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.maritime.org}}</ref>

[[File:Ottoman submarine Abdulhamid 1886.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Thorsten Nordenfelt|Nordenfelt]]-class [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] submarine [[Ottoman submarine Abdül Hamid|''Abdülhamid'']] (1886) was the first submarine in history to fire a torpedo while submerged.]]
Whitehead opened a new factory adjacent to [[Portland Harbour]], England, in 1890, which continued making torpedoes until the end of [[World War II]]. Because orders from the RN were not as large as expected, torpedoes were mostly exported. A series of devices was produced at Fiume, with diameters from {{convert|14|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} upward. The largest Whitehead torpedo was {{convert|18|in|cm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in diameter and {{convert|19|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} long, made of polished steel or [[phosphor bronze]], with a {{convert|200|lb|kg|adj=on|order=flip|sigfig=1}} gun-cotton warhead. It was propelled by a three-cylinder [[Peter Brotherhood#Peter Brotherhood|Brotherhood]] radial engine, using compressed air at around {{convert|1300|psi|MPa|abbr=on|lk=on|order=flip}} and driving two [[contra-rotating]] propellers, and was designed to self-regulate its course and depth as far as possible. By 1881, nearly 1,500 torpedoes had been produced. Whitehead also opened a factory at [[St Tropez]] in 1890 that exported torpedoes to Brazil, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Greece.

Whitehead purchased rights to the [[gyroscope]] of [[Ludwig Obry]] in 1888, but it was not sufficiently accurate, so in 1890 he purchased a better design to improve control of his designs, which came to be called the "Devil's Device". The firm of [[Schwartzkopff torpedo|L. Schwartzkopff]] in Germany also produced torpedoes and exported them to Russia, Japan, and Spain. In 1885, Britain ordered a batch of 50 as torpedo production at home and Fiume could not meet demand.

In 1893, Royal Navy torpedo production was transferred to the [[Royal Gun Factory]]. The British later established a [[Torpedo Experimental Establishment]] at {{HMS|Vernon|shore establishment|6}} and a production facility at the Royal Naval Torpedo Factory, [[Greenock]], in 1910. These are now closed.

By World War I, Whitehead's torpedo remained a worldwide success, and his company was able to maintain a monopoly on torpedo production. By that point, his torpedo had grown to a diameter of {{cvt|18|in|cm|order=flip}} with a maximum speed of {{convert|30.5|kn|kph}} with a warhead weighing {{convert|170|lb|kg|order=flip}}.

Whitehead faced competition from the American [[Lieutenant Commander]] [[John Adams Howell|John A. Howell]], whose [[Howell torpedo|design]], driven by a [[flywheel]], was simpler and cheaper. It was produced from 1885 to 1895, and it ran straight, leaving no wake. A Torpedo Test Station was set up in [[Rhode Island]] in 1870. The Howell torpedo was the only [[United States Navy]] model until an American company, [[E. W. Bliss Company|Bliss and Williams]], secured manufacturing rights to produce Whitehead torpedoes. These were put into service for the U.S. Navy in 1892. Five varieties were produced, all {{cvt|18|in|cm|order=flip}} in diameter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://navalunderseamuseum.org/media/6c06204b6731dd48ffff8336ffffe906.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512032155/http://navalunderseamuseum.org/media/6c06204b6731dd48ffff8336ffffe906.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2013|title=Artifact Spotlight: Whitehead torpedo |website=navalunderseamuseum.org |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>

The Royal Navy introduced the Brotherhood wet heater engine in 1907 with the [[British 18-inch torpedo#Mark VII and VII*|{{cvt|18|in|cm|order=flip}} Mk. VII & VII*]], which greatly increased the speed and range over compressed-air engines, and wet heater type engines became the standard in many major navies up to and during the Second World War.

[[File: The first modern-day torpedo launching station in Rijeka, 2020.jpg|thumb|The first modern-day torpedo launching station in Rijeka, 2020]]

===Torpedo boats and guidance systems===
[[File: HMS Lightning - Torpedo Boat 1877.jpg|right|thumb|{{HMS|Lightning|1876|6}}, built in 1877 as a small attack boat armed with torpedoes.]]

[[Ship of the line|Ships of the line]] were superseded by [[ironclad warship|ironclads]], large steam-powered ships with heavy gun armament and heavy armor, in the mid-19th century. Ultimately this line of development led to the [[dreadnought]] category of all-big-gun battleships, starting with {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}}.

Although these ships were incredibly powerful, the new weight of armor slowed them down, and the huge guns needed to penetrate that armor fired at very slow rates. The development of torpedoes allowed for the possibility that small and fast vessels could credibly threaten if not sink even the most powerful battleships. While such attacks would carry enormous risks to the attacking boats and their crews (which would likely need to expose themselves to artillery fire which their small vessels were not designed to withstand), this was offset by the ability to construct large numbers of small vessels far more quickly and for a much lower unit cost compared to a capital ship.

The first boat designed to fire the self-propelled [[#Self-propelled torpedoes|Whitehead torpedo]] was {{HMS|Lightning|1876|6}}, completed in 1877. The [[French Navy]] followed suit in 1878 with {{ship|French torpedo boat|Torpilleur No 1||2}}, launched in 1878, though she had been ordered in 1875. The first torpedo boats were built at the shipyards of Sir [[John Isaac Thornycroft|John Thornycroft]] and gained recognition for their effectiveness.

At the same time, inventors were working on building a guided torpedo. Prototypes were built by [[John Ericsson]], [[John Louis Lay]], and Victor von Scheliha, but the first practical guided missile was patented by [[Louis Brennan]], an emigre to Australia, in 1877.<ref name=gray/>

[[File: Brennan torpedo launching.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Brennan torpedo]] was the first practical guided torpedo.]]
It was designed to run at a consistent depth of {{convert|12|ft|m|order=flip|0}}, and was fitted with an indicator mast that just broke the surface of the water. At night the mast had a small light, visible only from the rear. Two steel drums were mounted one behind the other inside the torpedo, each carrying several thousand metres of high-tensile steel wire. The drums connected via a [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential gear]] to twin [[contra-rotating]] propellers. If one drum was rotated faster than the other, then the rudder was activated. The other ends of the wires were connected to steam-powered winding engines, which were arranged so that speeds could be varied within fine limits, giving sensitive steering control for the torpedo.<ref>National Archive in WO32/6064 In minute to Director of Artillery from Inspector General of Fortifications.</ref>

The torpedo attained a speed of {{convert|20|kn|kph}} using a wire {{convert|0.04|in|mm|order=flip}} in diameter, but later this was changed to {{convert|0.07|in|mm|order=flip|abbr=on}} to increase the speed to {{convert|27|kn|kph}}. The torpedo was fitted with elevators controlled by a depth-keeping mechanism, and the fore and aft rudders operated by the differential between the drums.<ref name="Beanse">The Brennan Torpedo by Alec Beanse {{ISBN|978-0-9548453-6-0}}</ref>

Brennan traveled to Britain, where the Admiralty examined the torpedo and found it unsuitable for shipboard use. However, the [[War Office]] proved more amenable, and in early August 1881, a special [[Royal Engineer]] committee was instructed to inspect the torpedo at Chatham and report back directly to the Secretary of State for War, [[Hugh Childers]]. The report strongly recommended that an improved model be built at government expense. In 1883 an agreement was reached between the Brennan Torpedo Company and the government. The newly appointed Inspector-General of Fortifications in England, [[Andrew Clarke (British Army officer, born 1824)|Sir Andrew Clarke]], appreciated the value of the torpedo, and in spring 1883 an experimental station was established at [[Garrison Point Fort]], [[Sheerness]], on the [[River Medway]], and a workshop for Brennan was set up at the [[Chatham Barracks]], the home of the Royal Engineers. Between 1883 and 1885 the Royal Engineers held trials, and in 1886 the torpedo was recommended for adoption as a harbor defense torpedo. It was used throughout the [[British Empire]] for more than fifteen years.<ref name="Beanse" />

===Use in conflict===
[[File:Combate de Caldera.JPG|thumb|right|Sinking of Chilean ironclad {{ship|Chilean ironclad|Blanco Encalada||2}} by a torpedo in the [[Battle of Caldera Bay]], during the [[Chilean Civil War of 1891]].]]
The [[Royal Navy]] frigate {{HMS|Shah|1873|6}} was the first naval vessel to fire a self-propelled torpedo in anger during the [[Battle of Pacocha]] against rebel Peruvian ironclad {{ship||Huáscar|ironclad|2}} on 29 May 1877. The Peruvian ship successfully outran the device.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Ironclads At War: The Origin And Development Of The Armored Battleship |last1 = Greene |first1 = Jack |publisher = Da Capo Press |location=Pennsylvania |year = 1997|isbn = 0-78674-298-4 |pages = 290|last2 = Massignani |first2 = Alessandro }}</ref> On 16 January 1878, the Turkish steamer ''Intibah'' became the first vessel to be sunk by self-propelled torpedoes, launched from torpedo boats operating from the tender {{ship|Russian tender|Velikiy Knyaz Konstantin||2}} under the command of [[Stepan Osipovich Makarov]] during the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78]].

In another early use of the torpedo, during the [[War of the Pacific]], the Peruvian [[ironclad]] [[Huáscar (ironclad)|Huáscar]] commanded by captain [[Miguel Grau Seminario|Miguel Grau]] attacked the [[Chilean corvette Abtao]] on 28 August 1879 at [[Antofagasta]] with a self-propelled [[John Louis Lay|Lay torpedo]] only to have it reverse course. The ''Huascar'' was saved when an officer jumped overboard to divert it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unjbg.edu.pe/libro/Basadre/la_Verdadera_epopeya/epopeya_cap2.pdf |title=El Huáscar Muralla Móvil Del Perú |first=Eduardo |last=Avaroa |work=[[Jorge Basadre Grohmann National University|Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann]] |year=2013 |accessdate=31 August 2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071732/http://www.unjbg.edu.pe/libro/Basadre/la_Verdadera_epopeya/epopeya_cap2.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Chilean [[ironclad]] {{ship|Chilean ironclad|Blanco Encalada||2}} was sunk on 23 April 1891 by a self-propelled torpedo from the ''Almirante Lynch'', during the [[Chilean Civil War of 1891]], becoming the first ironclad warship sunk by this weapon.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scheina |first=Robert L. |date=1987 |title=Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-295-8 |page=64 }}</ref> The Chinese [[turret ship]] {{ship|Chinese turret ship|Dingyuan||2}} was purportedly hit and disabled by a torpedo after numerous attacks by Japanese torpedo boats during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] in 1894. At this time torpedo attacks were still very close range and very dangerous to the attackers.

[[File: Knyaz'Suvorov1904Reval.jpg|thumb|left|{{ship|Russian battleship|Knyaz Suvorov||2}} was sunk by Japanese torpedo boats during the [[Russo-Japanese War]].]]
Several western sources reported that the [[Qing dynasty]] Imperial Chinese military, under the direction of [[Li Hongzhang]], acquired ''electric torpedoes,'' which they deployed in numerous waterways, along with fortresses and numerous other modern military weapons acquired by China.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1U4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA425 |title=Overland monthly and Out West magazine|editor-first=Bret |editor-last=Harte|year=1886 |publisher=A. Roman & Company|location=San Francisco, California|page=425|oclc=10002180}}</ref> At the [[Tianjin|Tientsin]] Arsenal in 1876, the Chinese developed the capacity to manufacture these "electric torpedoes" on their own.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&pg=PA249 |title=The Cambridge History of China: Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911 Part 2 |editor-first=John King
|editor-last=Fairbank |editor-first2=Kwang-Ching |editor-last2=Liu|editor1-link=John K. Fairbank|editor2-link=Kwang-Ching Liu |year=1980 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=249|isbn=0-521-22029-7}}</ref> Although a form of Chinese art, the [[Nianhua]], depict such torpedoes being used against Russian ships during the [[Boxer Rebellion]], whether they were actually used in battle against them is undocumented and unknown.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWvl9O4Gn1UC&pg=PA204 |title=Some Did it for Civilisation, Some did it for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War |first=Jane E. |last=Elliott |year=2002 |publisher=Chinese University Press|location=Hong Kong |page=204 |isbn=962-996-066-4}}</ref>

The [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905) was the first great war of the 20th century.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Olender|2010|p=233}}</ref> During the war, the [[Imperial Russian]] and [[Imperial Japanese]] navies launched nearly 300 torpedoes at each other, all of them of the "self-propelled automotive" type.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Olender|2010|p=236}}</ref> The deployment of these new underwater weapons resulted in one battleship, two armored cruisers, and two destroyers being sunk in action, with the remainder of the roughly 80 warships being sunk by the more conventional methods of gunfire, mines, and [[scuttling]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Olender|2010|p=234}}</ref>

On 27 May 1905, during the [[Battle of Tsushima]], Admiral [[Zinovy Rozhestvensky|Rozhestvensky]]'s [[flagship]], the battleship {{ship|Russian battleship|Knyaz Suvorov||2}}, had been gunned to a wreck by [[Tōgō Heihachirō|Admiral Tōgō]]'s {{cvt|12|in|4=-gunned|adj=mid|order=flip}} [[battleline]]. With the Russians sunk and scattering, Tōgō prepared for pursuit, and while doing so ordered his [[torpedo boat destroyer]]s (TBDs) (mostly referred to as just ''destroyers'' in most written accounts) to finish off the Russian battleship. ''Knyaz Suvorov'' was set upon by seventeen torpedo-firing warships, ten of which were destroyers and four torpedo boats. Twenty-one torpedoes were launched at the [[pre-dreadnought]], and three struck home, one fired from the destroyer {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Murasame|1903|2}} and two from torpedo boats ''No. 72'' and ''No. 75''.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Olender|2010|p=235}}</ref> The flagship slipped under the waves shortly thereafter, taking over 900 men with her to the bottom.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Olender|2010|p=225}}</ref>

On December 9, 1912, the Greek submarine "Dolphin" launched a torpedo against the Ottoman cruiser "Medjidieh".<ref>[https://www.hellenicnavy.gr/el/istoria/palaia-polemika-ploia/229-gr/istoria/palaia-polemika-ploia/ellinika-ypovryxia-kata-tous-valkanikoys-polemous/1728-katadyomeno-delfin.html "Submersible Dolphin", Hellenic Navy] (in Greek)</ref>

===Aerial torpedo===
[[File:1915 Aerial torpedo.jpg|thumb|right|upright|In 1915, Rear Admiral [[Bradley A. Fiske]] conceived of the [[aerial torpedo]].]]

The end of the Russo-Japanese War fueled new theories, and the idea of dropping lightweight torpedoes from aircraft was conceived in the early 1910s by [[Bradley A. Fiske]], an officer in the [[United States Navy]].<ref name="Hopkins">Hopkins, Albert Allis. ''The Scientific American War Book: The Mechanism and Technique of War'', Chapter XLV: Aerial Torpedoes and Torpedo Mines. Munn & Company, Incorporated, 1915</ref> Awarded a patent in 1912,<ref>{{US patent reference|number=1032394|y=1912|m=07|d=16|inventor=Bradley A. Fiske|title=Method of and apparatus for delivering submarine torpedoes from airships}}</ref><ref name="Hart">Hart, Albert Bushnell. ''Harper's pictorial library of the world war, Volume 4''. Harper, 1920, p. 335.</ref> Fiske worked out the mechanics of carrying and releasing the [[aerial torpedo]] from a [[bomber]], and defined tactics that included a night-time approach so that the target ship would be less able to defend itself. Fiske determined that the notional [[torpedo bomber]] should descend rapidly in a sharp spiral to evade enemy guns, then when about {{convert|10|to|20|ft|m|order=flip|0}} above the water, the aircraft would straighten its flight long enough to line up with the torpedo's intended path. The aircraft would release the torpedo at a distance of {{convert|1500|to|2000|yd|-2|order=flip}} from the target.<ref name=Hopkins/> Fiske reported in 1915 that, using this method, enemy fleets could be attacked within their harbors if there was enough room for the torpedo track.<ref>{{cite web |work=The New York Times |date=23 July 1915 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B00E6D71038E633A25750C2A9619C946496D6CF |title=Torpedo Boat That Flies. Admiral Fiske Invents a Craft to Attack Fleets in Harbors |access-date=29 September 2009}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] began actively experimenting with this possibility. The first successful aerial torpedo drop was performed by Gordon Bell in 1914 – dropping a Whitehead torpedo from a [[Short Brothers|Short S.64]] [[seaplane]]. The success of these experiments led to the construction of the first purpose-built operational torpedo aircraft, the [[Short Type 184]], built-in 1915.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6z7quhWS-BoC|title=Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events, Volume II: 1946–2006 |first=Norman |last=Polmar|year=2008|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |location=Washington, D.C. |page=16 |isbn=978-1-57488-665-8}}</ref>

[[File: Short 184.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Short Type 184]] was the first torpedo aircraft when built-in 1915.]]
An order for ten aircraft was placed, and 936 aircraft were built by ten different British aircraft companies during the [[First World War]]. The two prototype aircraft were embarked upon {{HMS|Ben-my-Chree}}, which sailed for the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] on 21 March 1915 to take part in the [[Gallipoli campaign]].<ref>{{cite book|first=C. H. |last=Barnes |title=Shorts Aircraft Since 1900 |location=London |publisher=Putnam|year=1967|page=113 |oclc=463063844}}</ref> On 12 August 1915 one of these, piloted by [[Flight Commander]] [[Charles H. K. Edmonds|Charles Edmonds]], was the first aircraft in the world to attack an enemy ship with an air-launched torpedo.<ref name="Guinness" >{{cite book|title=Guinness Book of Air Facts and Feats|edition=3rd|year=1977 |publisher=Book Club Associates |location=London |oclc=11494729 |quote=The first air attack using a torpedo dropped by an airplane was carried out by Flight Commander Charles H. K. Edmonds, flying a Short 184 seaplane from ''Ben-my-Chree'' on 12 August 1915, against a 5,000-ton Turkish supply ship in the [[Sea of Marmara]]. Although the enemy ship was hit and sunk, the captain of a British submarine claimed to have fired a torpedo simultaneously and sunk the ship. It was further stated that the British submarine E14 had attacked and immobilized the ship four days earlier.}}</ref>

On 17 August 1915 Flight Commander Edmonds torpedoed and sank an Ottoman transport ship a few miles north of the Dardanelles. His formation colleague, [[Flight Lieutenant]] G B Dacre, was forced to land on the water owing to engine trouble but, seeing an enemy [[tug]] close by, taxied up to it and released his torpedo, sinking the tug. Without the weight of the torpedo, Dacre was able to take off and return to ''Ben-My-Chree''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bruce |first=J. M. |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1956/1956%20-%201835.html |title=The Short Seaplanes: Historic Military Aircraft No. 14: Part 3 |work=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=28 December 1956 |pages=1000}}</ref>

===World War I===
[[File: Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-28, Am Torpedorohr.jpg|thumb|Launching a torpedo in 1915 during [[World War I]]]]
[[File:Момент вылета мины из орудия (1916).png|thumb|Torpedo launch in 1916]]

Torpedoes were widely used in [[World War I]], both against shipping and against submarines.<ref name=uboat>{{cite web |url=https://uboat.net/wwi/fates/losses.html |title=U-boat Losses 1914–1918 |website=uboat.net |access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> Germany disrupted the supply lines to Britain largely by use of submarine torpedoes, though submarines also extensively used guns. Britain and its allies also used torpedoes throughout the war. U-boats themselves were often targeted, twenty being sunk by torpedo.<ref name=uboat/> Two Royal Italian Navy [[MAS (boat)|torpedo boats]] scored a success against an Austrian-Hungarian [[Squadron (naval)|squadron]], sinking the battleship {{SMS|Szent István}} with two torpedoes.

The Royal Navy had been experimenting with ways to further increase the range of torpedoes during World War 1 using pure oxygen instead of compressed air, this work ultimately leading to the development of the oxygen-enriched air [[British 24.5 inch torpedo|{{cvt|24.5|in|cm|order=flip}} Mk. I]] intended originally for the {{sclass2|G3|battlecruiser|2}}<nowiki/>s and {{sclass2|N3|battleship|4}} battleships of 1921, both of which were cancelled due to the [[Washington Naval Treaty]].

Initially, the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] purchased Whitehead or Schwartzkopf torpedoes but by 1917, like the Royal Navy, they were conducting experiments with pure oxygen instead of compressed air. Because of explosions, they abandoned the experiments but resumed them in 1926 and by 1933 had a working torpedo. They also used conventional [[#Wet heater|wet heater]] torpedoes.

=== World War II ===
In the [[interwar period|inter-war years]], financial stringency caused nearly all navies to skimp on testing their torpedoes. Only the British and Japanese had fully tested new technologies for torpedoes (in particular the [[Type 93 torpedo|Type 93]], nicknamed ''Long Lance'' postwar by the US official historian [[Samuel E. Morison]])<ref name="Morison, Samuel Eliot 1950 p.195">{{cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel Eliot |title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier |location=New York |year=1950 |pages=195}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=195 |last=Morison |first=Samuel Eliot |title=The Two Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War |publisher=Little, Brown |year=1963}}</ref>  at the start of World War II. Unreliable torpedoes caused many problems for the American submarine force in the early years of the war, primarily in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]].

By contrast, during the Second World War, Japanese torpedoes were superb.<ref>{{cite web |first = Kent|last = Budge|url=http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/T/o/Torpedoes.htm|title=The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia: Torpedoes}}</ref> Japan had placed an emphasis on the weapon following numerous successes during the [[First Sino-Japanese War|First Sino-Japanese]] and [[Russo-Japanese War|Russo-Japanese]] wars. The development of [[Japanese 61 cm torpedo|61 cm torpedoes]] was borne out of a concept to use them as a decisive heavy weapon to work around the limitations of the [[Washington Naval Treaty]], alongside other advances such as [[radar]].<ref>{{cite book|first = Thomas|last = Hone|title = The Effectiveness of the "Washington Treaty" Navy, Naval War College Review, Vol.32, No.6|publisher = [[Naval War College Review]]|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44641963|date = 1979|page=57}}</ref> Furthermore, before the outbreak of war, Japan had expected to use the submarine (as opposed to the aircraft carrier) as the decisive combatant with which to harass and decimate the United States Navy, a decision which eventually proved to be disastrously incorrect.<ref>{{cite book|first1 = Carl|last1 = Boyd|first2 = Akihiko|last2 = Yoshida|title = The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II|chapter = Basic Concepts of Submarine Strategy and Tactics|publisher = Bluejacket Books|date = 1995|isbn=1-55750-015-0|page=3-5}}</ref> In order to equip their navy with effective torpedoes, numerous advances such as the use of pure oxygen, turbines, and regenerative cooling were experimented with. Torpedo designs were rigorously tested and ascertained to be reliable. The Japanese were also more willing to conduct dangerous experiments and accept the resulting casualties, an attitude that was also reflected in their highly realistic fleet exercises.

Another notable exception to the pre-war neglect of torpedo development was the {{cvt|45|cm|in}}, 1931-premiered Japanese [[Type 91 torpedo]], one of [[Japanese 45 cm torpedo|several aerial torpedoes]] (''Koku Gyorai'') developed and brought into service by the Japanese Empire before the war. In December of 1941, the Type 91 was by far the best aerial torpedo in the world.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum]]|url=https://www.pearlharboraviationmuseum.org/news/blog-archives/pearl-harbor-thunderfish-in-the-sky/|title=Pearl Harbor: Thunderfish in the Sky|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref> The Type 91 could withstand far higher airdrop speeds than its contemporaries, had an advanced [[PID controller]], and was equipped with breakaway wooden[[Type 91 torpedo#Kyoban stabilizer plates|'' Kyoban'' underwater stabilizing surfaces]] which detached after entering the water, making it a formidable anti-ship weapon; Germany considered manufacturing it as the [[List of World War II torpedoes of Germany#List of World War II Luftwaffe torpedoes|LT 850]] [[Yanagi missions|after August 1942]].

The Royal Navy's {{cvt|24.5|in|cm|order=flip|adj=on}} oxygen-enriched air torpedo saw service in the two {{sclass|Nelson|battleship|4}} battleships, although by World War II, the use of enriched oxygen had been discontinued due to safety concerns.<ref name="Washington">'' Washington's Cherry trees, The Evolution of the British 1921-22 Capital Ships'', NJM Campbell, Warship Volume 1, Conway Maritime Press, Greenwich, {{ISBN| 0 85177 132 7}}, pp. 9-10.</ref> In the final phase of the action against {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck||2|up=y}}, {{HMS|Rodney|29|2}} fired a pair of {{Convert|24.5|in|cm|order=flip|adj=on}} torpedoes from her port-side tube and claimed one hit.<ref>''Reports of Proceedings 1921-1964'', G.G.O. Gatacre, Nautical Press & Publications, Sydney, 1982, {{ISBN|0 949756 02 4}}, pg.140</ref><ref>''On His Majesty's Service, 1940-41'', Joseph H. Wellings, http://www.ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/D/D7/1002wellings_onhismajestysservice.pdf</ref><ref>Ballantyne, p. 142</ref><ref>''Killing the Bismarck'', Iain Ballantyne, Pen & Sword Books, Yorkshire, {{ISBN|978 1 84415 983 3}}, pp. 258–260.</ref> According to [[Ludovic Kennedy]], "if true, [this is] the only instance in history of one battleship torpedoing another".<ref>'' Pursuit: The Sinking of the Bismarck'', Ludovic Kennedy, William Collins, {{ISBN|0 00 211739 8}}</ref> The Royal Navy continued the development of oxygen-enriched air torpedoes with the [[British 21 inch torpedo#21 inch Mark VII|21-inch Mark VII]] of the 1920s designed for the {{sclass2|County|cruiser|2}}<nowiki/>s although once again these were converted to run on normal air at the start of World War II. Around this time too the Royal Navy were perfecting the Brotherhood burner cycle engine which offered a performance as good as the oxygen-enriched air engine but without the issues arising from the oxygen equipment and which was first used in the extremely successful and long-lived [[British 21 inch torpedo#21 inch Mark VIII|21-inch Mark VIII]] torpedo of 1925. This torpedo served throughout WWII and remained in service until the early 1990s. The improved Mark VIII** was used in two particularly notable incidents: on 6 February 1945, the only intentional wartime sinking of one submarine by another while both were submerged took place when [[HMS Venturer (P68)|HMS ''Venturer'']] [[Action of 9 February 1945|sank the German submarine]] [[German submarine U-864|''U-864'']] with four Mark VIII** torpedoes, and on 2 May 1982 the Royal Navy submarine {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|6}} sank the Argentine cruiser {{ship|ARA|General Belgrano}} with two Mark VIII Mod 4 torpedoes during the [[Falklands War]].<ref name="Belgrano sinking">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Colin |title=Sinking the Belgrano: the Pinochet connection |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/world-history/sinking-the-belgrano-the-pinochet-connection-7609047.html?origin=internalSearch |access-date=2012-05-02 |newspaper=The Independent |date=2012-04-03 |author2=Kim Sengupta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623025157/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/world-history/sinking-the-belgrano-the-pinochet-connection-7609047.html?origin=internalSearch |archive-date=23 June 2015 |location=London |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is the only sinking of a surface ship by a nuclear-powered submarine in wartime and the second (of three) sinkings of a surface ship by any submarine since the end of World War II. The [[List of submarine actions#Post-World War II|other two]] sinkings were of the [[India]]n frigate {{INS|Khukri|F149|6}} and the South Korean corvette [[ROKS Cheonan (PCC-772)|ROKS ''Cheonan'']].
{{clear}}

[[File:Type93torpedo.jpg|thumb|left|A Japanese [[Type 93 torpedo]] – nicknamed "Long Lance" after the war]]
Many classes of surface ships, submarines, and aircraft were armed with torpedoes. Naval strategy at the time was to use torpedoes, launched from submarines or warships, against enemy warships in a fleet action on the high seas. There were concerns that torpedoes would be ineffective against warships' heavy armor; an answer to this was to detonate torpedoes underneath a ship, badly damaging its [[keel]] and the other structural members in the hull, commonly called "breaking its back". This was demonstrated by [[Naval mine#Influence mines|magnetic influence mine]]s in World War I. The torpedo would be set to run at a depth just beneath the ship, relying on a magnetic exploder to activate at the appropriate time.

Germany, Britain, and the U.S. independently devised ways to do this; German and American torpedoes, however, suffered problems with their depth-keeping mechanisms, coupled with faults in [[magnetic pistol]]s shared by all designs. Inadequate testing had failed to reveal the effect of the Earth's magnetic field on ships and exploder mechanisms, which resulted in premature detonation. The ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' and Royal Navy promptly identified and eliminated the problems. In the United States Navy (USN), there was an extended wrangle over the problems plaguing the [[Mark 14 torpedo]] (and its [[Mark 6 exploder]]). Cursory trials had allowed bad designs to enter service, and both the Navy [[Bureau of Ordnance]] and the [[United States Congress]] were too busy protecting their interests to correct the errors. Fully functioning torpedoes only became available to the USN twenty-one months into the Pacific War.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Blair|1975|p=20}}</ref>

[[File: Vickers wellington VIII torpedo.jpg|thumb|right|Loading [[aerial torpedo]]es into a Type 429 Mark VIII [[Vickers Wellington]] [[maritime patrol aircraft]], May 1942.]]

British submarines used torpedoes to interdict the Axis supply shipping to [[North Africa]], while [[Fleet Air Arm]] [[Fairey Swordfish|Swordfish]] [[Battle of Taranto|sank three Italian battleships at Taranto]] by a torpedo and (after a mistaken, but abortive, attack on {{HMS|Sheffield|C24|2}}) scored one crucial hit in the hunt for the German battleship {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck||2}}. Large tonnages of merchant shipping were sunk by submarines with torpedoes in both the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] and the Pacific War.

Torpedo boats, such as [[Motor Torpedo Boat|MTBs]], [[PT boat]]s, or [[E-boat|S-boats]], enabled the relatively small but fast craft to carry enough firepower, in theory, to destroy a larger ship, though this rarely occurred in practice. The largest warship sunk by torpedoes from small craft in World War II was the British cruiser {{HMS|Manchester|15|2}}, sunk by Italian [[MAS boat]]s on the night of 12/13 August 1942 during [[Operation Pedestal]]. Destroyers of all navies were also armed with torpedoes to attack larger ships. In the [[Battle off Samar]], destroyer torpedoes from the escorts of the American task force "Taffy 3" showed effectiveness at defeating armor. Damage and confusion caused by torpedo attacks were instrumental {{Original research inline|date=September 2011}}  in beating back a superior Japanese force of battleships and cruisers. In the [[Battle of the North Cape]] in December 1943, torpedo hits from British destroyers {{HMS|Savage|G20|2}} and {{HMS|Saumarez|G12|2}} slowed the German battleship {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} enough for the British battleship {{HMS|Duke of York|17|2}} to catch and sink her, and in May 1945 the British 26th Destroyer Flotilla (coincidentally led by ''Saumarez'' again) ambushed and sank Japanese heavy cruiser {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Haguro||2}}.

As a result of the "[[Channel Dash]]" of 1942, when three German warships successfully evaded Royal Navy and Royal Air Force attacks and passed the length of the [[English Channel]] from the Atlantic to the North Sea, Britain's [[Minister of Aircraft Production|Ministry of Aircraft Production]] commissioned the [[Helmover torpedo]], a five-ton air-launched weapon, but it did not enter service until 1945 and saw no action.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCloskey |first1=Keith |title=Airwork: a history |date=2012 |publisher=The History Press Ltd |location=Stroud, England |isbn=978-0-7524-7972-9 |pages=29–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_607AwAAQBAJ&dq=helmore+torpedo&pg=PT37}}</ref>

=== Frequency-hopping ===
{{main|Hedy Lamarr}}
During [[World War II]], [[Hedy Lamarr]] and composer [[George Antheil]] developed a radio guidance system for [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] torpedoes; it intended to use [[frequency-hopping]] technology to defeat the threat of [[Radio jamming|jamming]] by the [[Axis powers]]. As radio guidance had been abandoned some years earlier, it was not pursued.<ref name="EFF1997">{{cite press release|title=Movie Legend Hedy Lamarr to be Given Special Award at EFF's Sixth Annual Pioneer Awards|publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation|date=March 11, 1997|url=http://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1997.php|access-date=February 1, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016063043/http://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1997.php|archive-date=October 16, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Although the [[US Navy]] never adopted the technology, it did, in the 1960s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1279374|title=short history of spread spectrum|date=26 January 2012|website=Electronic Engineering (EE) Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005036/https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1279374|archive-date=August 26, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> investigate various spread-spectrum techniques. Spread-spectrum techniques are incorporated into [[Bluetooth]] technology and are similar to methods used in legacy versions of [[Wi-Fi]].<ref name="newscientist20112">[https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2011/12/hedylamarr.html "Hollywood star whose invention paved the way for Wi-Fi"], ''New Scientist'', December 8, 2011; retrieved February 4, 2014.</ref><ref name="WiredEFF2">{{cite magazine|url=http://archive.wired.com/politics/law/news/1997/03/2507|access-date=November 9, 2013|title=Privacy Implications of Hedy Lamarr's Idea|magazine=Wired|publisher=Condé Nast Digital|date=March 11, 1997|first=Ashley|last=Craddock|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805043848/http://archive.wired.com/politics/law/news/1997/03/2507|archive-date=August 5, 2015|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="NYT19412">{{cite news|url=http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/nic/nic_LamarrNYT.pdf|title=Hedy Lamarr Inventor|work=The New York Times|date=October 1, 1941|access-date=February 1, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410084732/http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/nic/nic_LamarrNYT.pdf|archive-date=April 10, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This work led to their induction into the [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] in 2014.<ref name="EFF1997"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://invent.org/inductee-detail/?IID=501|title=Spotlight – National Inventors Hall of Fame|publisher=invent.org|access-date=May 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501105813/http://invent.org/inductee-detail/?IID=501|archive-date=May 1, 2015|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Post–World War II ===
[[File:Type 123K Torpedo boat Bangladesh Navy T 8224 (23317190180).jpg|thumb|Decommissioned [[P 4-class torpedo boat]] of the [[Bangladesh Navy]]. Preserved at the [[Bangladesh Military Museum]].]]
Because of improved submarine strength and speed, torpedoes had to be given improved warheads and better motors. During the [[Cold War]], torpedoes were an important asset with the advent of [[nuclear-powered submarine]]s, which did not have to surface often, particularly those carrying strategic [[nuclear missile]]s.

Several navies have launched torpedo strikes since World War II, including:
* During the [[Korean War]], the United States Navy successfully attacked a dam with air-launched torpedoes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Faltum |first=Andrew |title=The Essex Aircraft Carriers
|publisher=The Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America |year=1996 |location=Baltimore, Maryland |pages=125–126 |isbn=1-877853-26-7}}</ref>
* Israeli Navy [[fast attack craft]] crippled the American electronic intelligence vessel [[USS Liberty incident|USS ''Liberty'']] with gunfire and torpedoes during the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], resulting in the loss of 34 crew.
* A [[Pakistan Navy]] {{sclass|Daphné|submarine|2}} sank the Indian frigate {{INS|Khukri|1958|6}} on 9 December 1971 during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], with the loss of over 18 officers and 176 sailors.
* The British Royal Navy nuclear attack submarine {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|6}} sank the [[Argentine Navy]] [[light cruiser]] {{ship|ARA|General Belgrano}} on 2 May 1982 with two [[British 21 inch torpedo#21 inch Mark VIII|Mark 8]] torpedoes during the [[Falklands War]] with the loss of 323 lives.
* On 16 June 1982, during the [[1982 Lebanon War|Lebanon War]], an unnamed [[Gal-class submarine|Israeli submarine]] torpedoed and sank the Lebanese coaster ''Transit'',<ref name="www.marhisdata.nl">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Stichting Maritiem Historische Data - Schip |url=https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=2654 |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=www.marhisdata.nl |language=dutch}}</ref> which was carrying 56 Palestinian refugees to [[Cyprus]], in the belief that the vessel was evacuating anti-Israeli militias. The ship was hit by two torpedoes, managed to run aground but eventually sank. There were 25 dead, including her captain. The [[Israeli Navy]] disclosed the incident in November 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=22 November 2018 |title=Israel admits it sank Lebanese refugee boat in 1982 war error, killing 25 — TV |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-admits-it-sank-lebanese-refugee-boat-in-1982-war-error-killing-25-tv/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref name="www.marhisdata.nl" />
* The [[Croatian Navy]] disabled the Yugoslav patrol boat [[PČ-176 Mukos|PČ-176 ''Mukos'']] with a torpedo launched by Croatian [[Frogman|naval commandos]] from an improvised device during the [[Battle of the Dalmatian channels]] on 14 November 1991, in the course of the [[Croatian War of Independence]]. Three members of the crew were killed. The stranded boat was later recovered by Croatian trawlers, salvaged, and put in service with the Croatian Navy as OB-02 ''Šolta''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uhddr-hrm.com/clanci/2011/premijera-hrvatskog-minitorpeda.html |title=Premijera hrvatskog monitored |first=Stjepan Bernadić |last=Kula |language=hr |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129012738/http://uhddr-hrm.com/clanci/2011/premijera-hrvatskog-minitorpeda.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* On 26 March 2010, the South Korean Navy ship [[ROKS Cheonan sinking|ROKS ''Cheonan'']] was sunk with the loss of 46 personnel. A subsequent investigation concluded that the warship had been sunk by a North Korean torpedo fired by a [[Yono-class submarine|midget submarine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-13 |title=Seoul reaffirms N. Korea's torpedo attack in final report |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/09/205_72997.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=The Korea Times |language=en}}</ref>
* On 4 March 2026, an Iranian frigate [[IRIS Dena|IRIS ''Dena'']] was [[Sinking of IRIS Dena|torpedoed and sunk]] by an American submarine in the Indian Ocean. This attack was described as the first American use of a torpedo since 1945.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2026 |title=The Iran war has been a stunning aerial success |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2026/03/04/the-iran-war-has-been-a-stunning-aerial-success |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

== Propulsion ==
[[File: US Navy inactive torpedo launch.jpg|thumb|right|{{USS|Mustin|DDG-89|6}} launches a dummy torpedo during exercises.]]

===Compressed air===
The Whitehead torpedo of 1866, the first successful self-propelled torpedo, used [[Pneumatics|compressed air]] as its energy source. The air was stored at pressures of up to {{convert|2.55|MPa|abbr=on}} and fed to a [[piston engine]] that turned a single [[propeller]] at about 100 [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]]. It could travel about {{convert|180|m|yard}} at an average speed of {{convert|6.5|kn|km/h|lk=in}}. The speed and range of later models were improved by increasing the pressure of the stored air. In 1906 Whitehead built torpedoes that could cover nearly {{convert|1000|m|yard}} at an average speed of {{convert|35|kn|km/h}}.

At higher pressures the [[Adiabatic process#Adiabatic heating and cooling|adiabatic cooling]] experienced by the air as it expanded in the engine caused icing problems. This drawback was remedied by heating the air with seawater before it was fed to the engine, which increased engine performance further because the air expanded even more after heating. This was the principle used by the Brotherhood engine.

===Heated torpedoes===
Torpedoes propelled by compressed air encountered a significant problem when attempts were made to increase their range and speed. The cold compressed air, upon entering the expansion phase in the piston chambers of the torpedo's engine, caused a rapid drop in temperature. This could freeze the engine solid, by jamming the piston heads inside the cylinders. This led to the idea of injecting a liquid fuel, like [[kerosene]], into the compressed air and igniting it inside a separate expansion chamber. In this manner, the air is heated more and expands even further, and the burned propellant adds more gas to drive the engine. The earliest form was the "Elswick" heater as patented by [[Armstrong Whitworth]] in 1904. The device was demonstrated in an {{cvt|18|in|cm|order=flip|adj=on}} Fiume Mark III torpedo at [[Bincleaves Groyne|Bincleaves]] in 1905 before an audience of British and Japanese experts. The weapon speed was {{cvt|9|kn|kph}} more than for the otherwise-identical unheated version. Construction of such ''heated'' torpedoes started the same year by Whitehead's company.<ref>{{cite book|first = Geoff|last = Kirby|title = JRNSS Volume 27, No.1 - A History of the Torpedo, The Early Days|publisher = Journal of the Royal Navy Scientific Service|date = January 1972|url=https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0595766|pages=43–44}}</ref>

==== Dry heater ====

The earliest production version of the heated torpedo propulsion system, which became known as the Whitehead heater system, mixed the fuel and compressed air after the pressure regulator. Combustion took place in a specialized expansion chamber, with hot combustion products driving the pistons of a reciprocating engine. This had the disadvantage of badly sooting the air vessel with combustion byproducts, and could also engage in a [[thermal runaway]], jamming the engine—not from low temperature as observed with compressed air, but from excess heat. The "dry heater" distinction was only made after wet heater torpedoes were developed, prior to which all heated torpedoes were of the dry heater type—originally simply called "heated".

==== Wet heater ====
{{Anchor|Wet heater|Wet-heater}}A further improvement was the use of water to wash and cool the [[combustion chamber]] of the fuel-burning torpedo. Water would be injected into the combustion chamber, at a rate commensurate with the fuel supply rate. This water would flash to steam, with stray condensate carrying the soot combustion byproducts out through the engine. An early example was the wet heater system developed by Lieutenant Sydney Hardcastle at the [[Royal Arsenal|Royal Gun Factory]], in 1908.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Officers of the Royal Navy Before 1918|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/9781137481962_2.pdf|website=Springer Link|date=2015 |doi=10.1057/9781137481962_2 |access-date=4 October 2024|chapter-url-access=subscription |last1=Farquharson-Roberts |first1=Mike |title=Royal Naval Officers from War to War, 1918–1939 |pages=8–23 |isbn=978-1-349-57163-5 }}</ref> The compressed air bottle was partially filled with water, with an outlet at the bottom leading into the combustion chamber. This would guarantee that compressed air and water would be injected into the combustion chamber at the same pressure. The system not only solved heating problems so more fuel could be burned but also allowed additional power to be generated by feeding the resulting steam into the engine together with the [[combustion]] products. Torpedoes with such a propulsion system became known as ''wet heaters'', while heated torpedoes without steam generation were retrospectively called ''dry heaters''. Most torpedoes used in World War I and World War II were wet heaters.

==== Increased oxidant ====
The amount of fuel that can be burned by a torpedo engine (i.e. wet engine) is limited by the amount of [[oxygen]] it can carry. Since compressed [[Atmosphere of Earth#Composition|air contains only about 21% oxygen]], engineers in Japan developed the [[Type 93 torpedo|Type 93]] (nicknamed "Long Lance" postwar)<ref name="Morison, Samuel Eliot 1950 p.195" /> for destroyers and cruisers in the 1930s. It used pure compressed oxygen instead of compressed air and had performance unmatched by any contemporary torpedo in service, through the end of World War II. However, oxygen systems posed a danger to ships carrying such torpedoes under normal operation, and more so under attack; Japan lost several cruisers partly due to catastrophic secondary explosions of Type 93s.

During World War II, Germany experimented with [[hydrogen peroxide]] for the same purpose.

The British approached the problem of providing additional oxygen for the torpedo engine by the use of oxygen-enriched air rather than pure oxygen: up to 57% instead of the 21% of normal atmospheric compressed air. This significantly increased the range of the torpedo, the {{cvt|24.5|in|cm|order=flip|adj=on}} Mk 1 having a range of {{convert|15000|yard|m|order=flip}} at {{convert|35|kn|km/h}} or {{convert|20000|yard|m|order=flip}} at {{convert|30|kn|km/h}} with a {{convert|750|lb|kg|adj=on|order=flip}} warhead. There was a general nervousness about the oxygen enrichment equipment, known for reasons of secrecy as "No 1 Air Compressor Room" on board ships, and development shifted to the highly efficient Brotherhood Burner Cycle engine that used un-enriched air.<ref name="Washington"/>

==== Burner cycle engine ====
After the First World War, [[Peter Brotherhood]] developed a four-cylinder burner cycle engine which was roughly twice as powerful as the older wet heater engine. It was first used in the British Mk VIII torpedoes, which were still in service in 1982. It used a modified diesel cycle, using a small amount of paraffin to heat the incoming air, which was then compressed and further heated by the piston, and then more fuel was injected. It produced about {{Convert|322|hp|kW|order=flip}} when introduced, but by the end of WWII was at {{Convert|465|hp|kW|order=flip}}, and there was a proposal to fuel it with nitric acid, in which it was projected to develop {{Convert|750|hp|kW|order=flip}}.<ref>Torpedo: The Complete History of the World's Most Revolutionary Naval Weapon
By Roger Branfill-Cook</ref>

===Wire driven===
[[File:TorpedoMotor.JPG|right|thumb|U.S. World War II [[PT boat]] torpedo on display]]
The [[Brennan torpedo]] had two wires wound around internal drums joined to the propellers. Shore-based steam [[winch]]es pulled the wires, which spun the internal drums and drove the propellers. An operator controlled the relative speeds of the winches, providing guidance. Such systems were used for [[Coastal defense and fortification|coastal defense]] of the British homeland and colonies from 1887 to 1903 and were purchased by, and under the control of, the Army as opposed to the Navy. Speed was about {{convert|25|kn|km/h|0}} for over {{Convert|2400|m|yd}}.

===Flywheel===
The [[Howell torpedo]] used by the [[US Navy]] in the late 19th century featured a heavy [[flywheel]] that had to be spun up before launch. It was able to travel about {{convert|400|yd|m|order=flip}} at {{convert|25|kn|km/h}}. The Howell had the advantage of not leaving a trail of bubbles behind it, unlike compressed air torpedoes. This gave the target vessel less chance to detect and evade the torpedo and avoided giving away the attacker's position. Additionally, it ran at a constant depth, unlike Whitehead models.

===Electric batteries===
{{Anchor|Electric batteries}}
[[File:Torpedo model Z-13 mg 5165.jpg|thumb|Electric batteries of a French [[Z13 torpedo]]]]

Electric propulsion systems avoided tell-tale bubbles. [[John Ericsson]] invented an electrically propelled torpedo in 1873; it was powered by a cable from an external power source, because [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]] of the time had insufficient capacity. The Sims-Edison torpedo was similarly powered. The Nordfelt torpedo was also electrically powered and was steered by impulses down a trailing wire.

Germany introduced its first battery-powered torpedo shortly before World War II, the [[G7e]]. It was slower and had a shorter range than the conventional [[G7a]], but was wakeless and much cheaper. Its [[lead–acid battery|lead-acid]] [[rechargeable battery]] was sensitive to shock, required frequent maintenance before use, and required preheating for best performance. The experimental [[G7es]], an enhancement of the G7e, used [[primary cell]]s.

The United States had an electric design, the [[Mark 18 torpedo|Mark 18]], largely copied from the German torpedo (although with improved batteries), as well as [[Mark 24 Mine|FIDO]], an air-dropped acoustic homing torpedo for anti-submarine use.

Modern electric torpedoes such as the [[Mark 24 Tigerfish]], the [[Black Shark torpedo|Black Shark]] or DM2 series commonly use [[Silver-oxide battery|silver oxide batteries]] that need no maintenance, so torpedoes can be stored for years without losing performance.

===Rockets===
Several experimental rocket-propelled torpedoes were tried soon after Whitehead's invention but were not successful. Rocket propulsion has been implemented successfully by the Soviet Union, for example in the [[VA-111 Shkval]], and has been recently{{When|date=March 2025}} revived in Russian and German torpedoes, as it is especially suitable for [[supercavitating]] devices.<ref>[http://www.geoffkirby.co.uk/rocket-torpedoes.pdf "The Development of Rocket-propelled Torpedoes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092414/http://www.geoffkirby.co.uk/rocket-torpedoes.pdf |date=2020-11-08 }}, by Geoff Kirby (2000)</ref>

===Modern energy sources===
Modern torpedoes use a variety of propellants, including electric batteries (as with the French [[F21 (torpedo)|F21 torpedo]] or Italian [[Black Shark torpedo|Black Shark]]), [[monopropellant]]s (e.g., [[Otto fuel II]] as with the US [[Mark 48 torpedo]]), and bipropellants (e.g., [[hydrogen peroxide]] plus [[kerosene]] as with the Swedish [[Torped 62]], [[sulfur hexafluoride]] plus [[lithium]] as with the US [[Mark 50 torpedo]], or [[Otto fuel II]] plus hydroxyl ammonium perchlorate as with the British [[Spearfish torpedo]]).

=== Propeller ===
The first of Whitehead's torpedoes had a single propeller and needed a large vane to stop it spinning about its longitudinal axis. Not long afterward the idea of [[contra-rotating|contra-rotating propellers]] was introduced, to avoid the need for the vane. The three-bladed propeller came in 1893 and the four-bladed one in 1897. To minimize noise, today's torpedoes often use [[pump-jet]]s.

=== Supercavitation ===
{{Main|Supercavitating torpedo}}
Some torpedoes—like the Russian [[VA-111 Shkval]], Iranian [[Hoot (missile)|Hoot]], and German [[Superkavitierender Unterwasserlaufkörper|Unterwasserlaufkörper/ Barracuda]]—use [[supercavitation]] to increase speed to over {{convert|200|kn|km/h}}. Torpedoes that do not use supercavitation, such as the American [[Mark 48 torpedo|Mark 48]] and British [[Spearfish torpedo|Spearfish]], are limited to under {{cvt|100|kn|kph}}, though manufacturers and the military do not always release exact figures.

==Guidance==
[[File: Sopwith Cuckoo.jpg|thumb|A torpedo dropped from a [[Sopwith Cuckoo]] during World War I]]
[[File:FiringGeometry.png|thumb|Illustration of General Torpedo Fire Control Problem]]

Torpedoes may be aimed at the target and fired unguided, similarly to a traditional [[artillery shell]], or they may be guided onto the target. They may be guided autonomously towards the target by some procedure, such as sound (homing), or by the operator, typically via commands sent over a signal-carrying cable ([[wire guidance]]).

===Unguided===
The Victorian-era [[Brennan torpedo]] could be steered onto its target by varying the relative speeds of its propulsion cables. However, the Brennan required a substantial infrastructure and was not suitable for shipboard use. Therefore, for the first part of its history, the torpedo was guided only in the sense that its course could be regulated to achieve an intended impact depth (because of the sine-wave running path of the Whitehead,<ref>Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. "Bliss-Leavitt", in ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare'' (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 4, p.386.</ref> this was a hit or miss proposition, even when everything worked correctly) and, through gyroscopes, a straight course. With such torpedoes the method of attack in [[Torpedo boats#Motor torpedo craft|small torpedo boats]], [[torpedo bomber]]s, and small submarines was to steer a predictable collision course abeam to the target and release the torpedo at the last minute, then veer away, all the time subject to defensive fire.

In larger ships and submarines, fire-control calculators gave a wider engagement envelope. Originally, plotting tables (in large ships), combined with specialized [[slide rule]]s (known in U.S. service as the "banjo" and "Is/Was"),<ref name=Beach55>{{cite book |first=Edward L. |last=Beach |title=Run Silent, Run Deep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6D1DAAAQBAJ |orig-year=1955 |date=2016 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-68247-167-8}}</ref> reconciled the speed, distance, and course of a target with the firing ship's speed and course, together with the performance of its torpedoes, to provide a firing solution. By the Second World War, all sides had developed automatic electro-mechanical calculators, exemplified by the U.S. Navy's [[Torpedo Data Computer]].<ref>The British called theirs the "fruit machine".</ref> Submarine commanders were still expected to be able to calculate a firing solution by hand as a backup against mechanical failure, and because many submarines existed at the start of the war were not equipped with a TDC; most could keep the "picture" in their heads and do much of the calculations (simple trigonometry) mentally, from extensive training.<ref name=Beach55/>

Against high-value targets and multiple targets, submarines would launch a spread of torpedoes, to increase the probability of success. Similarly, squadrons of torpedo boats and torpedo bombers would attack together, creating a "fan" of torpedoes across the target's course. Faced with such an attack, the prudent thing for a target to do was to turn to parallel the course of the incoming torpedo and steam away from the torpedoes and the firer, allowing the relatively short-range torpedoes to use up their fuel. An alternative was to "comb the tracks", turning to parallel the incoming torpedo's course, but turning towards the torpedoes. The intention of such a tactic was still to minimize the size of the target offered to the torpedoes, but at the same time be able to aggressively engage the firer. This was the tactic advocated by critics of Jellicoe's actions at [[Battle of Jutland#Controversy|Jutland]], his caution at turning away from the torpedoes being seen as the reason the Germans escaped.

The use of multiple torpedoes to engage single targets depletes torpedo supplies and greatly reduces a submarine's [[combat endurance]].<ref>''The Attack Submarine'' suggests ''shorter'' patrols actually improve effectiveness.</ref> Endurance can be improved by ensuring that a target can be effectively engaged by a single torpedo, which gave rise to the guided torpedo.

===Pattern running===
[[File:Flachenabsuchender_Torpedo_type_I_-_running_pattern.svg|thumb|right|The functional concept of torpedoes running a ladder search pattern, launched by two submarines at a moving convoy.]]
During the Second World War, the Germans introduced programmable pattern-running torpedoes, which would run a predetermined pattern until they either ran out of fuel or hit something. These weapons would generally engage in a [[Water surface searches#Parallel track|ladder search pattern]], and were intended for engaging [[convoy]]s of vessels, commonly encountered in the Atlantic theater. The use of pattern-running torpedoes allowed a [[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolfpack]] of U-boats to lob large numbers of shots in the general area of a moving convoy, without concern that two different U-boats may be targeting the same vessel.

The earlier version of the weapon, FaT (''Flächenabsuchender'' - "planar seeker"), ran out after launch in a straight line, and then weaved backward and forwards parallel to that initial course, whilst the more advanced LuT (''Lageunabhängiger'' - "position-independent") could transit to a preprogrammed gyrocompass angle after reaching a set distance after launch, and then enter a more complex weaving pattern.<ref>{{cite web | title = U-boat Archive – Interrogation of U-Boat Survivors – Cumulative Edition | url =http://www.uboatarchive.net/KTB/KTBNotesArmamentCumulativeEdition.htm | access-date = 2017-04-13}}</ref>

Germany also used the Italian [[List of World War II torpedoes of Germany|LT 350 aerial torpedo]] for [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]]. The weapon lacked an acoustic seeker head, but it would be dropped in clusters over the approximate location of a lurking enemy submarine, and would thereafter engage in a chaotic movement pattern, in order to hit the target by random chance.

A somewhat similar concept for a chaotic underwater pattern search was experimented with by Japan during the Second World War with their [[Japanese 45 cm torpedo#Bomb-Torpedoes|Kūrai No.6 and No.7]] circling ASW bomb-torpedoes. These weapons did not possess homing capabilities, nor a propulsion system; the design resembled a [[Dart (missile)|dart]], and would glide at high speed when launched. The functional concept envisioned multiple such weapons launched directly by an aircraft at a surfaced submarine, or at the approximate location of a submerged one. After splashdown, the weapons would move in a spiral pattern as they sank, their forward movement being enacted by the Earth's gravity.

Acoustic homing torpedoes usually possess the capability to engage in simple search patterns at the launching entity's discretion; the most common of these are the snake (weave left and right while moving forward, to achieve a wider forward-facing detection cone) and the circle (continuously travel in a circle, for omnidirectional detection around the epicenter of the circle) search patterns. A good example of a weapon possessing both of these search patterns is the [[Mark 46 torpedo|Mark 46]] lightweight torpedo, used in large numbers worldwide.

===Radio and wire guidance===
{{See also|Command guidance}}
Though Luppis' original design had been rope-guided, and numerous early examples of torpedoes possessed [[Manual command to line of sight|MCLOS]] wire guidance and radio guidance, wire-guided torpedoes did not become common until the 1960s.

[[File:PSM V56 D0325 Launching of patrick torpedo from the ways.png|thumb|A Patrick wire-guided torpedo in launch configuration, circa 1899.]]

[[File:PSM V56 D0325 Patrick torpedo moving at 23 knots per hour.png|thumb|A Patrick wire-guided torpedo moving at 23 knots. The flags were used for line-of-sight control.]]

One of the earliest examples of an electrical wire-guided torpedo was the Lay torpedo, designed by [[John Louis Lay]] between 1867 and 1872.<ref>{{cite web|last = Rigby|first = Rebecca|title = The Lay Torpedoes|url = https://www.torp.esrc.unimelb.edu.au/biogs/E000124b.htm|website = 19th Century Torpedoes, An Annotated Bibliography|access-date = 8 May 2025}}</ref> It would eventually be developed into the Patrick torpedo circa 1899, which was capable of speeds up to {{cvt|23|kn|kph}}.<ref>{{cite web|last = Rigby|first = Rebecca|title = The Patrick Torpedo|url = https://www.torp.esrc.unimelb.edu.au/biogs/E000113b.htm|website = 19th Century Torpedoes, An Annotated Bibliography|access-date = 8 May 2025}}</ref>

The [[Brennan torpedo]] of 1877 was a wire-guided weapon which had an all-mechanical control scheme, and also used the control wires as a source of propulsive energy. By selectively putting more or less tension on the control wires as they were payed out, the weapon could be steered left and right. Line-of-sight control was accomplished by observing a tracking mast which projected above the water from the weapon's body.<ref>{{cite web|last = Rigby|first = Rebecca|title = The Brennan Torpedo|url = https://www.torp.esrc.unimelb.edu.au/biogs/E000123b.htm|website = 19th Century Torpedoes, An Annotated Bibliography|access-date = 8 May 2025}}</ref>

One of the most sophisticated early examples of a radio-controlled torpedo was the Sims-Edison torpedo (circa 1890), later known as the Sims-Shoemaker torpedo (after 1902). The weapon carried a {{cvt|500|lb|kg|order=flip}} [[Gelignite|nitrogelatin]] warhead and was capable of a speed of {{cvt|20|kn|kph}}.<ref>{{cite web|author = Scientific American|title = The Sims-Edison Electric Torpedo - The Torpedo at Full Speed - Sectional View of the Torpedo|url = http://www.scientificamericanpast.com/Scientific%20American%201890%20to%201899/1/lg/sci7261890.htm|website = scientificamericanpast.com|date = 26 July 1890|access-date = 8 May 2025|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130527115531/http://www.scientificamericanpast.com/Scientific%20American%201890%20to%201899/1/lg/sci7261890.htm|archive-date = 2013-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last = Rigby|first = Rebecca|title = The Sims-Edison Torpedo|url = https://www.torp.esrc.unimelb.edu.au/biogs/E000115b.htm|website = 19th Century Torpedoes, An Annotated Bibliography|access-date = 8 May 2025}}</ref> Control signals used code sequences transmitted via radio, in a manner similar to a [[Teleprinter|teletype]]; aside from steering, the weapon could also be remotely armed and detonated, sped up or slowed down, and halted entirely at the operator's discretion. The weapon was effectively impossible to hijack even if an identical command console were possessed by the adversary, and the brevity of command signals would have also enormously complicated radio signal detection and jamming.<ref>{{cite book|first = H. R.|last = Everett|title = Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II|publisher = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|date = 2015|isbn = 978-0-262-02922-3|pages=205–211}}</ref>

[[File:330-ps-9119 15540094799 o.jpg|thumb|Artist's impression of a USN Mark 39 wire-guided torpedo approaching a hostile submarine.]]

During the First World War, the U.S. Navy evaluated a radio controlled torpedo launched from a surface ship, called the Hammond torpedo.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/08/29/archives/to-test-hammond-torpedo-general-wood-named-as-head-of-board-to-pass.html | work=The New York Times | title=TO TEST HAMMOND TORPEDO; General Wood Named as Head of Board to Pass Judgment on Invention | date=29 August 1916}}</ref> A later version tested in the 1930s was claimed to have an effective range of {{convert|6|mi|km|order=flip|sigfig=1}}.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-IDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA262 |title=Torpedo Controlled By Radio After Striking Water|magazine=Popular Mechanics |date=February 1930 |publisher=Hearst Magazines}}</ref>

The first major example of a wire-guided torpedo which was used against live targets in warfare was the German [[List of World War II torpedoes of Germany|G7ef ''"Spinne"'']], introduced in 1944, which was a [[G7e torpedo|G7e]] variant equipped with an electronic guidance wire, controlled by means of [[Beam riding|acoustic beam riding]] by the launching entity. Originally intended for use by land emplacements for strait defense, later examples were deployed by submarines.

Another example of a guided torpedo during the Second World War was the [[Helmover torpedo]], which was a colossal aerial torpedo with an overall mass of {{cvt|11500|lb|kg|order=flip}}, carrying a warhead filled with {{cvt|1000|kg|lb}} of [[RDX]] explosive. The Helmover torpedo possessed a vertical mast which projected above the water and shone infrared lights towards the guiding aircraft to indicate its location and orientation, in a manner similar to a [[Precision approach path indicator|PAPI array]]. Guidance signals to the torpedo were transmitted via radio.

The first truly modern electronically wire-guided torpedo was the [[USN]] [[Mark 39 torpedo|Mark 39]], introduced in 1946. It possessed three-dimensional acoustic homing and used a control wire for mid-course guidance. In 1956, the Mark 39 would be superseded by the [[Mark 37 torpedo|Mark 37]], which served as a mainstay [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] weapon during the 1960s.

Another advancement in the field of teleoperated torpedoes was the [[Royal Navy]] [[British 21-inch torpedo#Mark 23 Grog|Mark 23 Grog]], first available in 1959, an ASW weapon which established a direct audio signal link between the hydrophones of the weapon's seeker head and the command console onboard the launching submarine. A human operator would directly listen to the sounds heard by the torpedo, allowing for sophisticated discrimination of acoustic decoys and target recognition.

Modern torpedoes use an [[Umbilical cable|umbilical wire]], which nowadays allows the computer processing power of the submarine or ship to be used. Torpedoes such as the USN [[Mark 48 torpedo|Mark 48]] can operate in a variety of modes, increasing tactical flexibility.

===Homing===
{{Main|Acoustic torpedo|Wake homing}}
Homing "[[fire and forget]]" torpedoes can use passive or active guidance or a combination of both. Passive [[acoustic torpedo]]es home in on emissions from a target. Active acoustic torpedoes home in on the reflection of a signal, or "ping", from the torpedo or its parent vehicle; this has the disadvantage of giving away the presence of the torpedo. In semi-active mode, a torpedo can be fired to the last known position or calculated position of a target, which is then acoustically illuminated ("pinged") once the torpedo is within attack range.

Later in the Second World War, torpedoes were given acoustic (homing) [[guidance system]]s, with the American [[Mark 24 mine]] and [[Mark 27 torpedo]] and the German [[G7es torpedo]]. Pattern-following and [[wake homing|wake-homing]] torpedoes were also developed. Acoustic homing formed the basis for torpedo guidance after the Second World War.

The homing systems for torpedoes are generally acoustic, though there have been other target sensor types used. A ship's [[acoustic signature]] is not the only emission a torpedo can home in on; to engage U.S. [[supercarrier]]s, the [[Soviet Union]] developed the [[53-65 torpedo|53–65]] [[Wake (physics)|wake]]-homing torpedo. As standard acoustic lures cannot distract a wake-homing torpedo, the US Navy has installed the Surface Ship Torpedo Defense on aircraft carriers that use a Countermeasure Anti-Torpedo to home in on and destroy the attacking torpedo.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-us-navys-master-plan-save-aircraft-carriers-lethal-17870 |title=The US Navy's Master Plan to Save Aircraft Carriers from Lethal Torpedo Attacks |last1=Osborn |first1=Kris |date=28 September 2016 |website=nationalinterest.org |publisher=The National Interest |access-date=13 October 2016}}</ref>

==Warhead and fuzing==
The [[warhead]] is generally some form of [[aluminum|aluminized]] explosive, because the sustained explosive pulse produced by the powdered aluminum is particularly destructive against underwater targets. [[Torpex]] was popular until the 1950s, but has been superseded by [[polymer bonded explosive|PBX]] compositions. [[Nuclear torpedo]]es have also been developed, such as the [[Mark 45 torpedo]]. In lightweight antisubmarine torpedoes designed to penetrate submarine hulls, a [[shaped charge]] can be used. [[Detonation]] can be triggered by direct contact with the target or by a [[proximity fuze]] incorporating sonar and/or magnetic sensors.

===Contact detonation===
When a torpedo with a contact fuze strikes the side of the target hull, the resulting explosion creates a bubble of expanding gas, the walls of which move faster than the [[Speed of sound#Speed of sound in liquids|speed of sound in water]], thus creating a [[shock wave]]. The side of the bubble which is against the hull rips away the external plating, creating a large breach. The bubble then collapses in on itself, forcing a high-speed stream of water into the breach which can destroy [[Bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]s and machinery in its path.<ref name ="Branfill_Cook_2014">{{cite book |last=Branfill-Cook |first=Roger |date=2014 |title=Torpedo: The Complete History of the World's Most Revolutionary Naval Weapon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk2uBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |page=157 |isbn=978-1848322158 }}</ref>

===Proximity detonation===
A torpedo fitted with a proximity fuze can be detonated directly under the [[keel]] of a target ship. The explosion creates a gas bubble which may damage the keel or underside plating of the target. However, the most destructive part of the explosion is the upthrust of the gas bubble, which will bodily lift the hull in the water. The structure of the hull is designed to resist downward rather than upward pressure, causing severe strain in this phase of the explosion. When the gas bubble collapses, the hull will tend to fall into the void in the water, creating a sagging effect. Finally, the weakened hull will be hit by the uprush of water caused by the collapsing gas bubble, causing structural failure. On vessels up to the size of a modern [[frigate]], this can result in the ship breaking in two and sinking. This effect is likely to prove less catastrophic on a much larger hull, for instance, that of an [[aircraft carrier]].<ref name ="Branfill_Cook_2014"/>

===Damage===
The damage that may be caused by a torpedo depends on the "[[shock factor]] value", a combination of the initial strength of the explosion and the distance between the target and the detonation. For ship hull plating, the term "hull shock factor" (HSF) is used, while keel damage is termed "keel shock factor" (KSF). If the explosion is directly underneath the keel, then HSF is equal to KSF, but explosions that are not directly underneath the ship will have a lower value of KSF.<ref name=Reid1996/>

====Direct damage====
Usually only created by contact detonation, direct damage is a hole blown in the ship. Among the crew, [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|fragmentation]] wounds are the most common form of injury. Flooding typically occurs in one or two main watertight compartments, which can sink smaller ships or disable larger ones.

====Bubble-jet effect====
The bubble-jet effect occurs when a mine or torpedo detonates in the water a short distance away from the targeted ship. The explosion creates a bubble in the water, and due to the pressure difference, the bubble will collapse from the bottom. The bubble is buoyant, and so it rises towards the surface. If the bubble reaches the surface as it collapses, it can create a pillar of water that can go over a hundred meters into the air (a "columnar plume"). If conditions are right and the bubble collapses onto the ship's hull, the damage to the ship can be extremely serious; the collapsing bubble forms a high-energy jet that can break a meter-wide hole straight through the ship, flooding one or more compartments, and is capable of breaking smaller ships apart. The crew in the areas hit by the pillar are usually killed instantly. Other damage is usually limited.<ref name=Reid1996/>

The [[Baengnyeong incident]], in which {{ship|ROKS|Cheonan|PCC-772|6}} broke in half and sank off the coast South Korea in 2010, was caused by the bubble-jet effect, according to an international investigation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/20_05_10jigreport.pdf|title=Investigation Result on the Sinking of ROKS "Cheonan" by The Joint Civilian-Military Investigation Group|date=20 May 2010|access-date=27 January 2014|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/26/world/asia/26korea.html|title=South Korea Cites Attack in Ship Sinking|newspaper=The New York Times|date=25 April 2010|access-date=25 April 2010 | first=Choe | last=Sang-Hun}}</ref>

====Shock effect====
If the torpedo detonates at a distance from the ship, and especially under the keel, the change in water pressure causes the ship to resonate. This is frequently the most deadly type of explosion if it is strong enough. The whole ship is dangerously shaken and everything on board is tossed around. Engines rip from their beds, cables from their holders, etc. A badly shaken ship usually sinks quickly, with hundreds or even thousands of small leaks all over the ship and no way to power the pumps. The crew fares no better, as the violent shaking tosses them around.<ref name=Reid1996>{{cite web |first=Warren D. |last=Reid |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a326738.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327122839/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a326738.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=March 27, 2020 |title=The Response of Surface Ships to Underwater Explosions |id=DSTO-GD-0109 |date=September 1996 |publisher=Ship Structures and Materials Division, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Defence Science and Technology Organisation. Department of Defence}}</ref> This shaking is powerful enough to cause disabling injury to knees and other joints in the body, particularly if the affected person stands on surfaces connected directly to the hull (such as steel decks).

The resulting gas cavitation and [[shock-front]]-differential over the width of the human body is sufficient to stun or kill [[Frogman|divers]].<ref>{{cite report |author1=Cudahy, E |author2=Parvin, S |title=The Effects of Underwater Blast on Divers |series=US Naval Submarine Medical Research Lab Technical Report |id=NSMRL-1218 |year=2001 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7518 |access-date=2009-03-22 |archive-date=2009-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703203738/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7518 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Control surfaces and hydrodynamics==
Control surfaces are essential for a torpedo to maintain its course and depth. A homing torpedo also needs to be able to outmaneuver a target. Good hydrodynamics are needed for it to attain high speed efficiently and also to give a long range, since the torpedo has limited stored energy.

== Launch platforms and launchers ==
{{further|Torpedo tube}}
[[File: USN MK-46 Mod 5 lightweight torpedo.jpg|thumb|A [[Mark 32 Surface Vessel Torpedo Tubes|Mark 32 Mod 15 Surface Vessel Torpedo Tube]] (SVTT) fires a [[Mk 46 torpedo|Mark 46 Mod 5 lightweight torpedo]]]]

Torpedoes may be launched from submarines, surface ships, [[helicopter]]s, and fixed-wing [[aircraft]], unmanned [[naval mine]]s, and naval [[fortress]]es.<ref name="art museum">{{cite web|url=http://dartmouthmuseum.org/collections/memories/ww2.html|title=WW2 Memories – World War 2 – Second World War – Dartmouth Museum: Dartmouth Harbour was defended by Torpedo Tubes|publisher=[[Dartmouth Museum]]|access-date=2 April 2012|quote=Never fired in anger, a fixed torpedo tube battery was built on the east of the harbor mouth, just upriver from Kingswear Castle. The intent was to defend the river Dart.|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518153630/http://dartmouthmuseum.org/collections/memories/ww2.html|archive-date=18 May 2016}}</ref> They are also used in conjunction with other weapons; for example, the [[Mark 46 torpedo]] used by the [[United States]] is the warhead section of the [[ASROC]], a kind of [[anti-submarine missile]]; the [[CAPTOR mine]] (CAPsulated TORpedo) is a submerged sensor platform which releases a torpedo when a hostile contact is detected.

===Ships===
[[File:Velos D16 amidships.JPG|thumb|Amidships quintuple mounting for {{convert|21|in|cm|abbr=on}} torpedoes aboard the World War II era destroyer {{USS|Charrette|DD-581|6}}]]

Originally, Whitehead torpedoes were intended for launch underwater and the firm was upset when they found out the British were launching them above water, as they considered their torpedoes too delicate for this. However, the torpedoes survived. The launch tubes could be fitted in a ship's bow, which weakened it for ramming, or on the broadside; this introduced problems because of water flow twisting the torpedo, so guide rails and sleeves were used to prevent it. The torpedoes were originally ejected from the tubes by compressed air, but later, slow-burning gunpowder was used. Torpedo boats originally used a frame that dropped the torpedo into the sea. Royal Navy [[Coastal Motor Boats]] of World War I used a rear-facing trough and a [[cordite]] ram to push the torpedoes into the water tail-first; they then had to move rapidly out of the way to avoid being hit by their torpedo.

Developed in the run-up to the first world war,{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} multiple-tube mounts (initially twin, later triple, and in the second world war up to quintuple in some ships) for {{convert|21|to|24|in|cm|abbr=on|adj=mid|order=flip}} torpedoes in rotating turntable mounts appeared. Destroyers could be found with two or three of these mounts with between five and twelve tubes in total. The Japanese went one better, covering their tube mounts with splinter protection and adding reloading gear (both unlike any other navy in the world),<ref>Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. ''Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons and Warfare'' (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 10, p. 1040, "''Fubuki''"; Preston, Antony. ''Destroyers''.</ref> making them true turrets and increasing the broadside without adding tubes and [[top hamper]] (as the quadruple and quintuple mounts did). Considering that their [[Type 93 torpedo|Type 93s]] were very effective weapons, the IJN equipped their cruisers with torpedoes. The Germans also equipped their capital ships with torpedoes.

Smaller vessels such as PT boats carried their torpedoes in fixed deck-mounted tubes using compressed air. These were either aligned to fire forward or at an offset angle from the centerline.

Later, lightweight mounts for {{convert|12.75|in|cm|adj=mid|order=flip}} homing torpedoes were developed for anti-submarine use consisting of triple launch tubes used on the decks of ships. These were the 1960 [[Mk 32 torpedo launcher]] in the US and part of STWS (Shipborne Torpedo Weapon System) in the UK. Later, a below-decks launcher was used by the RN. This basic launch system continues to be used today with improved torpedoes and fire control systems.

===Submarines===
Modern submarines use either swim-out systems or a pulse of water to discharge the torpedo from the tube, both of which have the advantage of being significantly quieter than previous systems, helping avoid detection of the firing from passive sonar. Earlier designs used a pulse of compressed air or a hydraulic ram.

Early submarines, when they carried torpedoes, were fitted with a variety of torpedo launching mechanisms in a range of locations: on the deck, in the bow or stern, amidships, with some launch mechanisms permitting the torpedo to be aimed over a wide arc. By World War II, designs favored multiple bow tubes and fewer or no stern tubes. Modern submarine bows are usually occupied by a large sonar array, necessitating [[midships]] tubes angled outward, while stern tubes have largely disappeared. The first French and Russian submarines carried their torpedoes externally in [[Stefan Drzewiecki|Drzewiecki]] [[drop collar]]s. These were cheaper than tubes but less reliable. Both the United Kingdom and the United States experimented with external tubes in World War II. External tubes offered a cheap and easy way of increasing torpedo capacity without radical redesign, something neither had time or resources to do before nor early in, the war. [[British T-class submarine]]s carried up to 13 torpedo tubes, up to 5 of them external. America's use was mainly limited to earlier [[United States Porpoise-class submarine|''Porpoise'']]-, {{sclass|Salmon|submarine|5}}-, and {{sclass|Sargo|submarine|5}}-class boats. Until the appearance of the {{sclass|Tambor|submarine|5}} class, most American submarines only carried 4 bow and either 2 or 4 stern tubes, something many American submarine officers felt provided inadequate firepower. {{citation needed|date=May 2013}} This problem was compounded by the notorious unreliability of the [[Mark 14 torpedo]].

Late in World War II, the U.S. adopted a {{convert|16|in|cm|adj=mid|order=flip}} homing torpedo (known as [[Mark 27 torpedo|"Cutie"]]) for use against escorts. It was basically a modified [[Mark 24 Mine]] with wooden rails to allow firing from a {{convert|21|in|cm|adj=mid|order=flip}} torpedo tube.{{sfn|Blair|1975|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}<ref>{{cite book |first1=Charles A. |last1=Lockwood |first2=Hans C. |last2=Adamson |title=Hellcats of the Sea: Operation Barney and the Mission to the Sea of Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBJtDwAAQBAJ |date=29 August 2018 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-05709-2}}</ref>

===Air launch===
{{Main|Aerial torpedo}}
[[Aerial torpedo]]es may be carried by fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, or missiles. They are launched from the first two at prescribed speeds and altitudes, dropped from bomb-bays or underwing [[hardpoint]]s.

== Handling equipment ==
Although lightweight torpedoes are fairly easily handled, the transport and handling of heavyweight torpedoes is difficult, especially in the tight spaces in a submarine. After the Second World War, some Type XXI submarines were obtained from Germany by the United States and Britain. One of the main novel developments seen was a mechanical handling system for torpedoes. Such systems were widely adopted as a result of this discovery. {{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

== Classes and diameters ==
[[File:Argonaute FS S636 p1040844.jpg|thumb|Torpedo tube aboard the French submarine ''Argonaute'']]

Torpedoes are launched in several ways:
*From a [[torpedo tube]] mounted either in a trainable deck mount (common in [[destroyer]]s), or fixed above or below the waterline of a surface vessel (as in [[cruiser]]s, [[battleship]]s, and [[Auxiliary cruiser|armed merchant cruiser]]s) or [[submarine]].
*Early submarines and some [[torpedo boat]]s (such as the U.S. World War II [[PT boat]]s, which used the [[Mark 13 torpedo|Mark 13]] aircraft torpedo) used deck-mounted "[[drop collar]]s", which simply relied on gravity.
*From shackles aboard low-flying [[torpedo bomber|aircraft]] or [[helicopter]]s.
*As the final stage of a compound [[rocket]]- or [[ramjet]]-powered munition (sometimes called an ''assisted'' torpedo).

Many navies have two weights of torpedoes:
*A light torpedo used primarily as a close attack weapon, particularly by aircraft. The {{cvt|12.75|in|cm|adj=mid|order=flip}} caliber has been described as a NATO standard for this class.<ref>{{cite web |title=MU90 LIGHTWEIGHT TORPEDO |url=https://electronics.leonardo.com/documents/16277707/18402409/MU90.pdf?t=1671542549919 |website=electronics.leonardo.com}}</ref>
*A heavy torpedo used primarily as a standoff weapon, particularly by submerged submarines. The {{cvt|21|in|cm|adj=mid|order=flip}} caliber is a common standard.<ref name="Seahake_mod4">{{cite web |url= https://www.atlas-elektronik.com/fileadmin/user_upload/01_Images/Solutions/Datenblaetter_zum_Download/247_Seahake_mod4.pdf|title = SeaHake™ mod4
|publisher=Atlas Elektronik |access-date= 29 June 2024}}</ref>

In the case of deck- or tube-launched torpedoes, the diameter of the torpedo is a key factor in determining the suitability of a particular torpedo to a tube or launcher, similar to the [[caliber]] of the gun. The size is not quite as critical as for a gun, but the diameter has become the most common way of classifying torpedoes.

Length, weight, and other factors also contribute to compatibility. In the case of [[aircraft launched torpedo|aircraft-launched torpedo]]es, the key factors are weight, provision of suitable attachment points, and launch speed. Assisted torpedoes are the most recent development in torpedo design, and are normally engineered as an integrated package. Versions for aircraft and assisted launching have sometimes been based on deck or tube launched versions, and there has been at least one case of a submarine torpedo tube being designed to fire an aircraft torpedo.

As in all [[munition]] design, there is a compromise between standardization, which simplifies manufacture and [[logistics]], and specialization, which may make the weapon significantly more effective. Small improvements in either logistics or effectiveness can translate into enormous operational advantages.

== Use by various navies ==
{{Main|List of torpedoes}}

===List of active torpedoes by place of origin===
Modern heavyweight torpedoes are generally launched from submarines and are used to attack both surface ships and submarines. Relatively older heavyweight torpedoes were generally used to attack either surface ships or submarines. Modern lightweight torpedoes are launched from surface ships, helicopters, and fixed-wing aircraft and are used to attack submarines.

==== China ====
*Yu-11 torpedo (lightweight)
*[[Yu-7 torpedo]] (lightweight)
*[[Yu-6 torpedo]] (heavyweight)
*[[Yu-5 torpedo]] (heavyweight)
*[[Yu-4 torpedo]] (heavyweight)

====France====
[[File:MU90.jpg|thumb|right|[[MU90 Impact]] triple launcher onboard ''Hessen'', a {{sclass|Sachsen|frigate|1}} of the [[German Navy]].]]
*[[F21 (torpedo)|F21]] torpedo (heavyweight)
*[[F17 torpedo|F17]] torpedo (heavyweight)
*[[MU90 Impact]] torpedo (lightweight)

====Germany====
[[File:Loading a SUT Torpedo into KRI Cakra 401.jpg|thumb|Loading of SUT Torpedo into Indonesian navy submarine, [[KRI Cakra (401)|KRI ''Cakra'' (401)]].]]
* SeaSpider anti-torpedo (lightweight) (Atlas Elektronik)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=Beschaffung von vier neuen U-Booten 212 CD für die Marine wird konkret |url=https://www.hartpunkt.de/beschaffung-von-vier-neuen-u-booten-212-cd-fuer-die-marine-wird-konkret/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[DM2A4]] torpedo (heavyweight)
* DM2A3 torpedo (heavyweight)
* [[SUT torpedo]] (heavyweight)

====India====
[[File:Varunastra.jpg|thumb|Varunastra heavyweight torpedo]]
* [[Varunastra (Torpedo)|Varunastra]] torpedo (heavyweight)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=V. Rishi|title=DRDO flags off first Varunastra, a heavy weight torpedo|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/drdo-flags-off-first-varunastra-a-heavy-weight-torpedo/article33150441.ece|access-date=2021-09-30|website=@businessline| date=21 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Varunastra (torpedo)#Electronic Heavy Weight Torpedo Takshak|Takshak]] torpedo (heavyweight)<ref>{{Cite web|last=SUBRAMANIAN|first=T. S.|title=Underwater might|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30164828.ece|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Frontline|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928105811/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30164828.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Varunastra (torpedo)#Thermal Heavy Weight Torpedo Shakti|Shakti]] torpedo (heavyweight)
* [[Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena|Shyena]] torpedo (lightweight)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2021-03-09|title=Lightweight torpedo test-fired successfully|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lightweight-torpedo-test-fired-successfully/article34022882.ece|access-date=2021-09-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

====Iran====
[[File:Torpille Valfajr.jpg|thumb|[[Valfajr (torpedo)|Valfajr]] heavyweight torpedo]]
* [[Valfajr (torpedo)|Valfajr torpedo]] (heavyweight)
* [[Hoot (torpedo)|Hoot]] supercavitation torpedo (heavyweight)

====Italy====
* [[A184 torpedo|A184]] torpedo (heavyweight)
* [[A244-S|A244/S]] torpedo (lightweight)
* [[MU90 Impact]] torpedo (lightweight)
* [[A200 LCAW torpedo|A200 LCAW]] torpedo (miniature)
* [[Black Shark torpedo|Black Shark]] torpedo (heavyweight)
* [[Black Arrow torpedo|Black Arrow]] torpedo (lightweight)
* [[Black Scorpion torpedo|Black Scorpion]] torpedo (miniature)

====Japan====
* [[Japanese 53 cm torpedo#Type 80|Type 80 (G-RX1)]] torpedo (heavyweight)
* [[Type 89 torpedo|Type 89 (G-RX2)]] torpedo (heavyweight)
* [[Type 97 light weight torpedo (G-RX4)|Type 97 (G-RX4)]] torpedo (lightweight)
* [[Type 12 torpedo|Type 12 (G-RX5)]] torpedo (lightweight)
* [[Japanese 53 cm torpedo#Type 18|Type 18 (G-RX6)]] torpedo (heavyweight)

====Pakistan====
* [[Eghraaq]]

====Russia====
[[File:Shkval.jpg|thumb|VA-111 Shkval [[supercavitating torpedo]]]]
* [[Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System]] (nuclear-powered, nuclear-armed [[Unmanned underwater vehicle|UUV]])
* [[Futlyar]] (Fizik-2) (heavyweight)
* [[Type 53 torpedo]] family including Fizik (UGST), USET-80 (heavyweight)
* TEST 71/76 torpedo (heavyweight)
* [[VA-111 Shkval torpedo|VA-111 Shkval]] supercavitation torpedo (heavyweight)
* [[Type 65 torpedo]] (heavyweight)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ria.ru/arms/20180325/1517217656.html |title = Российский "Кит" может в одиночку потопить вражеский авианосец|date = 25 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[APR-3E torpedo]] (lightweight)
* APR-2 torpedo (lightweight)
In April 2015, the ''Fizik'' ([[Type 53 torpedo|UGST]]) heat-seeking torpedo entered service to replace the wake-homing USET-80 developed in the 1980s,<ref name="TASS">{{Cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/883900|title=Russian Navy to receive advanced Futlyar torpedoes|website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTRussian_post-WWII.php|title=Post-World War II Torpedoes of Russia/USSR - NavWeaps|website=www.navweaps.com}}</ref> and the next-gen [[Futlyar]] entered service in 2017.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/18680/Russian_Navy_To_Commission_Latest_Deep_Water_Torpedo__Futlyar__In_2018|title=Russian Navy To Commission Latest Deep-Water Torpedo 'Futlyar' In 2018|website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="TASS"/><ref name="NR">{{Cite web | url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2017/improved-ugst-fizik-torpedo-futlyar-to-enter-russian-navy-service-in-2018 | title=Improved UGST / Fizik Torpedo| date=16 March 2017}}</ref>

====Republic of Korea====
[[File:2023-05-12 AW159 Wildcat 003.jpg|thumb|[[AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat|AW159 Wildcat]] helicopter of the Philippine Navy armed with [[K745 Blue Shark]] torpedoes taken at the Philippine Fleet Defense Expo (PFDX) 2023]]
* [[K731 White Shark]] torpedo (heavyweight)
* [[K745 Blue Shark]] torpedo (lightweight)
* [[K761 Tiger Shark]] torpedo (heavyweight)

==== Sweden ====
*[[Torped 613]] (heavyweight)
*[[Torped 62]] (heavyweight)
*[[Torped 47]] (lightweight)
*[[Torped 45]] (lightweight)

==== Turkey ====
*[[Roketsan Akya]] torpedo (heavyweight)
*[[Roketsan Orka]] torpedo (lightweight)

====United Kingdom====
* [[Spearfish torpedo]] (heavyweight)
* [[Mark 24 Tigerfish|Tigerfish]] torpedo (heavyweight)
* [[Sting Ray (torpedo)|Sting Ray]] torpedo (lightweight)

====United States of America====
[[File:Lynx mk46.jpg|thumb|A French [[Lynx (helicopter)|Lynx]] helicopter carrying a [[Mark 46 torpedo]]]]
* Mark 58 CRAW torpedo (very lightweight)
* [[Mark 54 LHT|Mark 54 torpedo]] (lightweight)
* [[Mark 50 torpedo]] (lightweight)
* [[Mark 48 torpedo]] (heavyweight)
* [[Mark 46 torpedo]] (lightweight)

===List of key WWII torpedoes===
The torpedoes used by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] (World War II) included:
* [[Japanese 53 cm torpedo|Japanese 53 cm]] torpedoes (up to Type 96); Type 89, Type 95, Type 96 most significant
* [[Japanese 45 cm torpedo|Japanese 45 cm]] torpedoes; Type 44, Type 91, Type 97/98 most significant
* [[Japanese 61 cm torpedo|Japanese 61 cm]] torpedoes; Type 90, Type 93 most significant
* [[Type 91 torpedo]]
* [[Type 92 torpedo]]
* [[Type 93 torpedo]] (Long Lance)
* [[Type 95 torpedo]]
* [[Type 97 torpedo]]
* [[Kaiten]]

The torpedoes used by the World War II [[Kriegsmarine]] included:
* [[G7a torpedo|G7a(TI)]]
* [[G7e torpedo#G7e(TII)|G7e(TII)]]
* [[G7e torpedo#G7e(TIII)|G7e(TIII)]]
* [[G7e torpedo#G7es(TIV) Falke|G7es(TIV) "Falke"]]
* [[G7es torpedo|G7es(TV) "Zaunkönig"]]

The torpedoes used by the World War II [[Royal Navy]] included:
* [[British 21-inch torpedo|British 21-inch]] torpedoes (up to Mark XI); [[British 21-inch torpedo#Mark VIII|Mark VIII]] and [[British 21-inch torpedo#Mark IX|Mark IX]] most significant
* [[British 18-inch torpedo|British 18-inch]] torpedoes (up to Mark XVII); [[British 18-inch torpedo#Mark XII|Mark XII]] and [[British 18-inch torpedo#Mark XV|Mark XV]] most significant

The torpedoes used by the World War II [[United States Navy]] included:
*[[Mark 18 torpedo]]
*[[Mark 15 torpedo]]
*[[Mark 14 torpedo]]

==See also==
* [[Anti-submarine weapon]]
* [[Autonomous Underwater Vehicle]]
* [[Bangalore torpedo]]
* [[Human torpedo]]
* [[List of torpedoes]]
* [[Missile guidance]]
* [[Nuclear torpedo]]
* [[André Rebouças]], who supposedly developed a torpedo in the [[Paraguayan War]] (1864–1870)
* [[Shock factor]]
* [[Torpedo defence]]
* [[Unmanned underwater vehicle]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
* {{cite book |first=Clay |last=Blair |title=Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wa0NAQAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Lippincott |isbn=978-0-397-00753-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Walter J. |last=Boyne |title=Clash of Titans |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1995 |isbn=0-684-80196-5 }}
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Brown |title=Warship Losses of World War Two |publisher=Arms and Armour |year=1990 |isbn=0-85368-802-8 }}
* ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition, online.
* {{cite journal |first=R. O. |last=Crowley |title=Confederate Torpedo Service |journal=[[The Century Magazine|The Century]] |volume=56 |issue=2 |date=June 1898 |publisher=[[The Century Company]]}}
* {{cite book |first=James |last=Davey |title=In Nelson's Wake |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300200652 }}
* {{cite book |first=Katherine C. |last=Epstein |title=Torpedo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cay-AQAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72740-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gibbs |first1=Jay |title=Question 25/00: Defective Torpedoes of WW II|journal=Warship International |date=2001 |volume=XXXVIII |issue=4 |pages=328–329 |issn=0043-0374}}
* {{cite book |first=Edwyn |last=Gray |title=The Devil's Device: The story of Robert Whitehead, Inventor of the Torpedo |publisher=Seeley |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-85422-104-2 }}
* {{cite book |first=Edwyn |last=Gray |title=Nineteenth-Century Torpedoes and Their Inventors |publisher=US Naval Institute Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-59114-341-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaaHQ4FlKS4C}}
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Lyon |title=The First Destroyers |publisher=Chatham |year=1996 |isbn=1-55750-271-4 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Frederick J. |last=Milford |title=U.S. Navy Torpedoes: Part One—Torpedoes through the Thirties |journal=The Submarine Review |date=April 1996 |publisher=Naval Submarine League |location=Annandale, VA |oclc=938396939}}
* {{cite journal |first=Frederick J. |last=Milford |title=U.S. Navy Torpedoes: Part Two—The Great Torpedo Scandal, 1941–43 |journal=The Submarine Review |date=October 1996 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Frederick J. |last=Milford |title=U.S. Navy Torpedoes: Part Three—WW II development of conventional torpedoes 1940–1946 |journal=The Submarine Review |date=January 1997 }}
* {{cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel Eliot |author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison |series=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II |title=The rising sun in the Pacific, 1931–April 1942 |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=piEUmkf8o_cC |year=2001 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-06973-4 |orig-year=1948}}
* {{cite book |first=Richard |last=O'Kane |title=Wahoo: The Patrols of America's Most Famous World War II Submarine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWF-qw7RH8kC |date=2009 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-307-54884-9 |orig-year=1987}}
* {{cite book |first=Piotr |last=Olender |title=Battle of Tsushima |series=Russo-Japanese Naval War 1904–1905 |volume=2 |publisher=Stratus s.c. |location=Sandomierz, Poland |year=2010 |isbn=978-83-61421-02-3 }}
* {{cite book |first=Milton F. |last=Perry |title=Infernal Machines: The Story of Confederate Submarine and Mine Warfare |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |year=1985 |isbn=0-8071-1285-2 }}
; Attribution
* {{PD-old-text|title=Overland monthly and Out West magazine|year=1886|author=Bret Harte}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Torpedoes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120222222226/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-4/joseph.html "Modern Torpedoes And Countermeasures"], by Austin Joseph, ''Bharat Rakshak Monitor'', Volume 3(4) January–February 2001.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051104005915/http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/factfile/weapons/wep-torp.html Navy Fact File Torpedoes: Mark 46, Mark 48, Mark 50], the source of the US Navy torpedo data (via the [[Internet Archive]])
* [http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=900&ct=2 The US Navy – Fact File: Torpedo – Mark 46] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320025704/https://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=900&ct=2 |date=2019-03-20 }}
* [http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=950&ct=2 The US Navy – Fact File: Heavyweight Torpedo – Mark 48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702202236/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=950&ct=2 |date=2020-07-02 }}
* [http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1000&ct=2 The US Navy – Fact File: Torpedo – Mark 50] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702084355/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1000&ct=2 |date=2020-07-02 }}
* [http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1100&ct=2 The US Navy – Fact File: Torpedo – Mark 54] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513045055/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=1100&ct=2 |date=2013-05-13 }}
* [https://archive.today/20120530070555/http://www.btinternet.com/~philipr/torps.htm "A History of the Torpedo The Early Days"]
* [http://www.geoffkirby.co.uk/TorpedoHistory1972.doc "Torpedo History" Geoff Kirby (1972)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021040443/http://www.geoffkirby.co.uk/TorpedoHistory1972.doc |date=2020-10-21 }}
* [http://www.geoffkirby.co.uk/rocket-torpedoes.pdf "Development of Rocket Torpedoes" Geoff Kirby (2000)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092414/http://www.geoffkirby.co.uk/rocket-torpedoes.pdf |date=2020-11-08 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050908111923/http://www.keyportmuseum.cnrnw.navy.mil/torpedotech.htm Torpedo Display], US Naval Undersea Museum
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050226023752/http://www.keyportmuseum.cnrnw.navy.mil/torpedoes.htm Torpedo Collection], US Naval Undersea Museum
* [http://www.diehl-bgt.de/index.php?id=550&L=1 Super Cavitation Torpedo 'Barracuda'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416213806/http://www.diehl-bgt.de/index.php?id=550&L=1 |date=2009-04-16 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130527115531/http://www.scientificamericanpast.com/Scientific%20American%201890%20to%201899/1/lg/sci7261890.htm 1890-07-26: THE SIMS – EDISON ELECTRIC TORPEDO – THE TORPEDO AT FULL SPEED – SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE TORPEDO]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=WicDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA94 "Our New Torpedo Bombers to Batter the Axis"], ''[[Popular Science]]'', September 1942; illustration at bottom of page 94 shows how Whitehead's so-called "secret unit" (i.e., the Pendulum mechanism) kept a torpedo level after entering the water, which made the self-propelled torpedo possible
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=PN8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA50 "Torture Test for Tin Fishes"]—August 1944 ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' article on testing US torpedoes – detailed photos

{{Weapons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Torpedoes| ]]

Ananya (actress)

2026-03-04T15:01:46Z

Stormy43P6: updated

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ananya
| image = Ananya (actress) BNC.jpg
| caption = Ananya in 2015
| birth_name = Ayilya Gopalakrishnan
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College for Women, Aluva]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer|archer}}
| years_active = 2008{{En dash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|Anjaneyan|2012}}
}}

'''Ayilya Gopalakrishnan''', known professionally as '''Ananya''', is an Indian actress who appears predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] language films as well as in a few, [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. She is also a singer and an [[archery|archer]].

She made her acting debut in the Malayalam film ''[[Positive (2008 film)|Positive]]'' (2008) and also debuted the following year in Tamil through the film ''[[Naadodigal]]'', which turned out to be a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 December 2013 |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-127902 |title=ml:സിനിമയല്ലാതെ മറ്റൊന്നും മോഹിപ്പിക്കുന്നില്ല |archive-date=3 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303232240/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-127902 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She received the [[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress]] in 2012 for the telefilm ''Doore'' and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]] for ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]'' in 2011.

==Early life==
Ananya was born as Ayilya to Gopalakrishnan Nair, a film producer, and Praseetha in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref name=mediamatiqx1>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediamatiqx.com/ananya.php |title=MediaMatiqx |publisher=MediaMatiqx |access-date=9 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910105938/http://www.mediamatiqx.com/ananya.php |archive-date=10 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She has a younger brother named Arjun. Her name was taken from her birth star ([[nakshatra]]), Aslesha, which is called ''Ayilyam'' in [[Malayalam]]. She studied at St. Joseph's High School in Kochi and thereafter pursued a [[B.A.]] degree in Communicative English at [[St. Xavier's College for Women, Aluva]].<ref name=mediamatiqx1/><ref name=thehindu1/>

During her childhood, she was an [[archery|archer]] and won the State Championship.<ref name=deccanchronicle1>{{cite news |author=Keerthy Ramachandran DC Kochi |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/name-fame-203 |title=Name to fame |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=3 September 2011 |access-date=9 November 2011 |archive-date=4 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904113018/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/name-fame-203 |url-status=dead}}</ref> While representing her college in a television [[reality show]], ''Star Wars'',<ref name=mediamatiqx1/> she was spotted by various film directors and received acting offers. After declining around five projects, she finally decided to give it a try, accepting to act in the movie ''[[Positive (2008 film)|Positive]]''.<ref name=thehindu1/> She had appeared as a [[child actor|child artist]] in one of her father's movie productions (executive producer), ''Pai Brothers'' (1995).<ref name=thehindu1>{{cite news |author=Shilpa Nair Anand |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2459241.ece |title=Life & Style / Metroplus : Arching towards success |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=9 November 2011 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401211126/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2459241.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Her house is situated at [[Perumbavoor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MediaMatiqx |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910105938/http://www.mediamatiqx.com/ananya.php |website=www.mediamatiqx.com}}</ref>

==Film career==

Her screen name was changed to Ananya when she was working in her debut Tamil film ''[[Naadodigal]]''.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/> The film was a high commercial success,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desifox.com/nadodigal-actress-ananya-not-the-leading-lady/ |title=Nadodigal actress Ananya not the leading lady |website=desifox.com |access-date=26 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812083110/http://www.desifox.com/nadodigal-actress-ananya-not-the-leading-lady/ |archive-date=12 August 2010}}</ref> and Ananya rose to fame with her performance in the film being appreciated.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} She went on to reprise the same role in its Malayalam remake ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-ithu-nammude-katha/20110131.htm |title=Ithu Nammude Katha Review |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=17 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117000716/http://m.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-ithu-nammude-katha/20110131.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The film ''[[Shikkar]]'' alongside [[Mohanlal]], gave her a big break in Malayalam. She did some thrilling scenes in the climax of the movie that impressed Mohanlal, which made him call her the "[[Vijayashanti]]" of Malayalam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zimbio.com/Malayalam+Cinema/articles/OC7Ldf3zD1n/Sexy+actress+Ananya+Hot+pictures+sexy+unseen |title=Ananya Films |website=zimbio.com |access-date=10 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209221546/http://www.zimbio.com/Malayalam+Cinema/articles/OC7Ldf3zD1n/Sexy+actress+Ananya+Hot+pictures+sexy+unseen |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She also played a supporting role in ''[[Kandahar (2010 film)|Kandahar]]'', which saw her sharing screen space with Mohanlal and [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zimbio.com/Tamil+Movies/articles/1oYg4vwnFH5/South+Indian+Actress+Ananya+Profile+Biography |title=Ananya Profile |website=zimbio.com |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205060544/http://www.zimbio.com/Tamil+Movies/articles/1oYg4vwnFH5/South+Indian+Actress+Ananya+Profile+Biography |archive-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, Ananya played one of the female lead roles in ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]'', which received rave reviews and became a [[sleeper hit]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-interviews/30366051_1_film-fox-star-tamil |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120726095215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-06/news-interviews/30366051_1_film-fox-star-tamil |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2012 |title=Engaeyum Eppothum is aiming for a century |author=Nandita Ravi |agency=TNN |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 November 2011 |access-date=21 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-ananya/20111021.htm |title='Didn't think people would love Amudha so much' |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=21 November 2011 |archive-date=23 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123135050/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-ananya/20111021.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, she appeared in ''[[Pulivaal]]'', her first Tamil release after three years.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zachariah |first=Ammu |title='Chappa Kurishu' turns 'Pulival' in Kollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Chappa-Kurishu-turns-Pulival-in-Kollywood/articleshow/19614231.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001073109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-19/news-and-interviews/38672994_1_tamil-version-image-makeover-movie |url-status=live |archive-date=1 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
;Kerala State Television Awards
*2012 – [[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress]] : ''Doore''

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
*2011 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]: ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]''

;[[Asianet Film Awards]]
*2010 – Best Supporting Actress : ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' & ''[[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]]''

;[[Vijay Awards]]
*2009 – [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]: ''[[Naadodigal]]''
*2011 – Nominated, Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress: ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]''

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka|Vridhammare Sookshikkuka]]'' || || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]]|| Child artist
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Positive (2008 film)|Positive]]'' || Jyothi || Credited as Ayilya G. Nair{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Naadodigal]]'' || Nallammaal || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naadodigal-fame-ananyas-house-goes-under-water/articleshow/65460794.cms |title=Naadodigal fame Ananya's house goes under water |newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 August 2018 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105034124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naadodigal-fame-ananyas-house-goes-under-water/articleshow/65460794.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rahasya Police]]'' || Bhama || rowspan="6" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[Shikkar]]'' || Ganga ||
|-
| ''[[Fiddle (film)|Fiddle]]'' || Gayatri ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Small Family]]'' || Ammu Vishwanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Kandahar (2010 film)|Kandahar]]'' ||Student (A passenger on the plane) || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2011 || ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' || Kalyani ||
|-
| ''[[Seedan]]'' || Mahalakshmi || Tamil ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-seedan/20110225.htm |title=Review: Seedan is no match to the original - Rediff.com Movies |publisher=Rediff.com |date=25 February 2011 |accessdate=20 March 2011 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230184039/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-seedan/20110225.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Seniors (film)|Seniors]]'' || Jeni || Malayalam || [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award]] For Best Supporting Actress
|-
| ''Amayakudu'' || Divya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Debut in Telugu
|-
| ''[[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]]'' || Gowri || Malayalam || Asianet Film Award For Best Supporting Actress
|-
| ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/amala-paul-and-vimal-walk-out-of-murgadoss-film-news-tamil-kmwl3iedade.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225125957/http://www.sify.com/movies/amala-paul-and-vimal-walk-out-of-murgadoss-film-news-tamil-kmwl3iedade.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2010 |title=Amala Paul and Vimal walk out of Murgadoss film |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> || Amudha || Tamil|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]] Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Sandwich (2011 film)|Sandwich]]'' || Kanmani || rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''[[Kunjaliyan]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || Ashley Jacob ||
|-
| ''[[Mullamottum Munthiricharum]]'' || Ranimol ||
|-
| ''[[Gokula Krishna]]'' || Aishwarya || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[D Company (2013 film)|D Company]]'' ||Indumathi || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||Segment – "Oru Bolivian Diary 1995"
|-
| ''[[Nadodimannan]]'' || Meera ||<ref>{{cite news |author=Sanjith Sidhardhan, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/news-interviews/30467252_1_dileep-ananya-political-satire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083521/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/news-interviews/30467252_1_dileep-ananya-political-satire |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Three heroines opposite Dileep! |date=2 December 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014 || ''[[Pulivaal]]'' || Selvi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Thomson Villa'' || Sheelu || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Raktharakshassu 3D]]'' ||Vampire ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://theaterbalcony.wordpress.com/2012/04/02/raktharashas-3d-malayalam-movie-preview/ |title=Raktharakshas 3D Malayalam Movie Preview |work=Theater Balcony |date=2 April 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012 |archive-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504043005/http://theaterbalcony.wordpress.com/2012/04/02/raktharashas-3d-malayalam-movie-preview/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Athithi (2014 film)|Athithi]]'' || Vasuki || Tamil ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Trouble-in-Nandhaa-Ananyas-paradise/articleshow/26583399.cms |title=Trouble in Nandhaa, Ananya's paradise! |author=V Lakshmi |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=30 November 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224232913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Trouble-in-Nandhaa-Ananyas-paradise/articleshow/26583399.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[100 Degree Celsius]]'' || Ganga || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||<ref name=indiatimes1>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Ananya-replaces-Gauthami-Nair-in-100-Degree-Celsius/articleshow/20043776.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021633/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-13/news-and-interviews/39256819_1_actress-ananya-tv-reporter-lakshmi-rai |url-status=live |archive-date=10 November 2013 |title=Ananya replaces Gauthami Nair in '100 Degree Celsius' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=18 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 || ''Kalyanism'' || Kalyani ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ananya-to-play-the-lead-in-a-family-entertainer/articleshow/38987254.cms |title=Ananya to play the lead in a family entertainer! |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105035748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ananya-to-play-the-lead-in-a-family-entertainer/articleshow/38987254.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Reporter (film)|The Reporter]]'' || Tara Viswanath ||<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/im-not-in-the-race-for-lead-roles-ananya/articleshow/46430787.cms |title=I'm not in the race for lead roles: Ananya |newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 March 2015 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105035257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/im-not-in-the-race-for-lead-roles-ananya/articleshow/46430787.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Iravum Pagalum Varum]]'' || Sona || Tamil ||<ref name="NIE">{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Review-Iravum-Pagalum-Varum/2015/03/21/article2723082.ece |title=Review: Iravum Pagalum Varum |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |accessdate=24 September 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123229/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Review-Iravum-Pagalum-Varum/2015/03/21/article2723082.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Urumbukal Urangarilla]]'' ||Sheela || Malayalam ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ananya-to-act-in-Urumbukal-Urangarilla/articleshow/47162335.cms |title=Ananya to act in Urumbukal Urangarilla |author=Deepa Soman |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=6 May 2015 |access-date=26 May 2015 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224232915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Ananya-to-act-in-Urumbukal-Urangarilla/articleshow/47162335.cms%20 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2016 || ''[[A Aa]]''||Bhanumathi || Telugu ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ananya-in-trivikram-next-film-in-telugu.amp.html|title=Ananya in Trivikram's next film 'A...Aa'|website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan=1|2017|| |''[[Tiyaan]]''|| Amba|| rowspan="2" |Malayalam||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tiyaan-has-ananya-playing-the-character-named-amba/articleshow/58837555.cms |title='Tiyaan' has Ananya playing the character named Amba |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 May 2017 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105035013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tiyaan-has-ananya-playing-the-character-named-amba/articleshow/58837555.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018|| | ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' ||Gopan's wife ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2019|| ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]'' ||Pallavi ||Telugu||
|-
|rowspan="1" |2020|| ''[[God Father (2020 film)|God Father]]'' || Mithra ||Tamil||
|-
|2021||''[[Bhramam]]''||Swapna|| rowspan="4" |Malayalam||Released on [[Amazon Prime]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2021/sep/28/bhramam-trailer-presents-a-dark-comedy-with-amusing-characters-26937.amp |title=Bhramam trailer presents a dark comedy with amusing characters |date=28 September 2021 |work=Cinema Express |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930102652/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/videos/2021/sep/28/bhramam-trailer-presents-a-dark-comedy-with-amusing-characters-26937.amp |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Appan (film)|Appan]]''
|Rosy
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Nila (2023 film)|Nila]]''
|Nila
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=26 March 2023 |title=Nila review: This well-intentioned movie from director Indu Lakshmi celebrates womanhood |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nila-movie-review/ |website=The South First}}</ref>
|-
| Rowspan=2|2024 || ''[[Swargam]]'' || Cicily ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2024 |title=Aju Varghese starrer 'Swargam' first look poster out |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/aju-varghese-movie-swargam-first-look-poster-1.9820185 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[Mathrubhumi News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=6 April 2024 |title=Johny Antony, Manju Pillai, Aju Varghese, and Ananya starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/johny-antony-manju-pillai-aju-varghese-and-ananya-starrer-titled-swargam/articleshow/109092047.cms |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thiru.Manickam]]''||Sumathi|| rowspan="2" |Tamil||
|-
|2025
| ''[[Diesel (2025 film)|Diesel]]''
|Lakshmi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Diesel - Glimpse {{!}} Harish Kalyan, Athulya Ravi {{!}} Dhibu Ninan Thomas {{!}} Shanmugam Muthusamy |date=29 June 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCRBECuHr34 |language=en |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630062544/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCRBECuHr34&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|The Third Murder}}
|Kavitha
|Malayalam
|Filming
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Song !! Film !! Music director!! Notes
|-
|''Pacha Manja''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/four-actresses-come-together-for-a-song/articleshow/28896455.cms |title=Four actresses come together for a song |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 January 2014 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105035842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/four-actresses-come-together-for-a-song/articleshow/28896455.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>||''[[100 Degree Celsius]]''||[[Gopi Sundar]]||
|-
|''Pacha''<ref name="d">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-regret-not-being-selective-about-malayalam-films-ananya/articleshow/39425603.cms |title=I regret not being selective about Malayalam films: Ananya |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 August 2014 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105035547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-regret-not-being-selective-about-malayalam-films-ananya/articleshow/39425603.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>||Pacha||Gowtham Renil||Album
|-
|''Omalkurunnukal''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/dhanya-mary-varghese-makes-her-come-back-through-seetha-kalyanam/articleshow/65426761.cms |website=The Times of India |title=Dhanya Mary Varghese makes her come back through Seetha Kalyanam |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105041426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/dhanya-mary-varghese-makes-her-come-back-through-seetha-kalyanam/articleshow/65426761.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>||Seetha Kalyanam||||Asianet TV series
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|2021||''Comedy Stars''|| Judge||Asianet||
|-
|2021||''Star Magic''||Mentor||Flowers TV||
|-
|2018||''Thamasha Bazaar''||Host<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-ananya-makes-her-tv-debut-with-thamasha-bazaar/articleshow/66845929.cms |title=Actress Ananya makes her TV debut with 'Thamasha Bazaar' |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 November 2018 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105035039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-ananya-makes-her-tv-debut-with-thamasha-bazaar/articleshow/66845929.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>||Zee Keralam||Replaced by [[Jewel Mary]]
|-
|2018||''Oru Vattam Koodi''||Host||Kerala Vision||Replaced by [[Kavitha Nair]]
|-
|2018||''[[Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)|Seetha Kalyanam]]''||{{NA}}||Asianet||Title song playback singer
|-
|2015||''Star Challenge''||Contestant||Flowers TV||reality show
|-
|2015||''Smart Show''||Participant||Flowers TV||game show
|-
|2012||''Doore''||-||Mazhavil Manorama||Telefilm
|-
|2012||''Devidarshanam''||Host||[[Jaihind TV]]||Special show
|-
|2010||''Munch Star Singer''||Herself||Asianet||
|-
| 2008 || ''Manjil Virinja Tharam'' || Co Host||Kairali TV||
|-
|2009||''Vishu Darshanam''||Host||||
|-
|2007||''Star Wars''||Contestant||||Reality show
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ananya (actress)}}
* {{IMDb name|id=3130066|name=Ananya}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Kerala State Television Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mehbooba (2008 film)

2026-03-03T11:54:29Z

Stormy43P6: corrected details also for consistency

{{short description|2008 film by Afzal Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mehbooba
| image = Mehbooba (2008 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Afzal Khan
| producer = Shabina Khan
| writer = [[Rumi Jaffery]] [[Javed Siddiqui]] Afzal Khan
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Manisha Koirala]]
| music = [[Ismail Darbar]]
| country = India
| cinematography = Ashok Mehta
| editing = Ballu Saluja
| studio = Shabbo Arts
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|07|11}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}220 million<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=339|title=Mehbooba – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}37.8 million<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Mehbooba''''' ({{translation|Beloved}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written, produced and directed by Afzal Khan. The story is based on a love triangle, with the lead protagonists being [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Manisha Koirala]] and [[Ajay Devgan]]. The music of the film was composed by [[Ismail Darbar]]. The film was shot in 2000 but released on 11 July 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mehbooba/movie-review/3224366.cms | title=Mehbooba Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Mehbooba by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/news/mehbooba/334453/ | title=Mehbooba - Indian Express }}</ref> It was a disaster at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2008 |title=Boxoffice |accessdate=2014-05-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331025917/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/years_detail/2008 |archivedate=2014-03-31 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story follows a rich playboy businessman named Shravan ([[Sanjay Dutt]]). One day, he meets the beautiful and vivacious Varsha ([[Manisha Koirala]]), whom he tries to woo and become friends with. After a while, he proposes marriage to Varsha, to which she eventually agrees. The two get engaged and go on a holiday together. However, while on holiday, Shravan tells Varsha that he faked his love for her and proposed only so that he could sleep with her. Heartbroken, Varsha leaves the country in an attempt to get away from Shravan and begins a new life under the name of Payal. Shravan returns to his home and tells his family that things did not go well with Varsha.

Ten years later, Payal meets a man named Karan ([[Ajay Devgn]]), a young artist, who begins to follow her. He tells her that she is the woman he sees in his dreams, and they fall in love. Payal agrees to marry him, and they begin their wedding preparations. However, during the week of the wedding ceremony, Shravan, who is revealed to be Karan's brother, arrives in the village. Both Shravan and Payal are shocked when they recognize each other.

Gossip about the two begins to spread, and Karan, after finding out the truth, attempts suicide by coming in front of a moving train. Shravan tries to save Karan but gets hit by the train. He confesses to Karan that he had been cruel to Varsha/Payal. Shravan is hurt and struggles to make Karan promise to take care of Payal and not tell their family that Payal is Varsha. He tries to ask for forgiveness, but dies in Karan's arms.

== Cast ==
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Shravan Dhariwal
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Karan Dhariwal
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as Varsha / Payal
* [[Asrani]] as Khairatlal
* [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Mona, Karan's aunt
* [[Annu Kapoor]] as Hari Singh / Lal Singh
* [[Kader Khan]] as Advocate Shahid
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Parvez
* [[Razak Khan|Razzak Khan]] as Godbole
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as Kamla, Shravan and Karan's mother
* [[Tirlok Malik]] as Mallik
* [[Suman Ranganathan]] as Suman
* [[Aasif Sheikh]] as Inder Kumar Saxena, Shravan's friend
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Razia
* [[Rajeev Verma]] as Gajanan Mehra
* [[Sanober Kabir]] as singer in the song "Babuji Bahut Dukhta Ha"

== Music ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ismail Darbar]] with lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Song
! Singer
|-
|1
| "Tu Meri Mehbooba"
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|2
| "Khwabon Ki Rani Hai"
| Udit Narayan
|-
|3
| "Dilruba"
| Udit Narayan
|-
|4
| "Yaar Tera Shukriya"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], Udit Narayan
|-
|5
| "Deewana"
| [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
|6
| "Babuji Bahut Dukhta Hai"
| Alka Yagnik
|-
|7
| "Kuch Kar Lo"
| Sonu Nigam
|-
|8
| "Kuch Kar Lo"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|9
| "Kuch Kar Lo Kuch"
| Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
|10
| "Achcha To Ab Main Chalta Hoon"
| Sonu Nigam
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=1234250|title=Mehbooba}}

[[Category:2008 romance films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hungary]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ismail Darbar]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hungary]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian business films]]
[[Category:Films about artists]]

Chief Election Commissioner of India

2026-03-02T06:15:31Z

Stormy43P6:

{{Short description|Constitutional post to the Government of India}}
{{distinguish|Election Commissioner of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Chief Election Commissioner
| body = India
| nativename =
| flag =
| flagsiz =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| insignia = ECI Logo.svg
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = Logo of The Election Commission of India
| type = Chief Election Commissioner
| status = Head of the [[Election Commission of India]]
| department = [[Election Commission of India]]
| image = Gyanesh Kumar at India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management 2025 (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Gyanesh Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gyanesh Kumar appointed 26th Chief Election Commissioner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gyanesh-kumar-appointed-26th-chief-election-commissioner/articleshow/118335153.cms |access-date=2025-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| incumbentsince = 19 February 2025
| style =
| residence =
| nominator = [[Union Council of Ministers]]
| nominatorpost =
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| termlength = 6 years or up to 65 years of age (whichever is prior)
| inaugural = [[Sukumar Sen (civil servant)|Sukumar Sen]]
| formation =
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| deputy = [[Election Commissioners of India]] Deputy Election Commissioners of India
| salary = {{INRConvert|250|k}} per month<ref name="EC1991"/><ref name="HC"/>
| website = {{URL|https://eci.gov.in/|Election Commission of India}}
}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Elections}}
The '''chief election commissioner of India''' ('''CEC''') heads the [[Election Commission of India]], a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections. An election commissioner is appointed by the [[president of India]] on the recommendation of a three-member selection committee headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] and consisting of the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of the opposition]] and a Union Cabinet minister.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Sreeparna |title=Bill introduced to remove CJI from panel to select Election Commissioners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bill-moved-to-remove-cji-from-panel-to-select-election-commissioners/article67180873.ece |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=10 August 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Sreeparna |title=PM Modi, LoP Rahul Gandhi to meet on Feb 17 to name CEC Rajiv Kumar’s successor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/panel-with-pm-modi-lop-rahul-gandhi-to-meet-next-week-to-name-cec-rajiv-kumars-successor/article69219149.ece |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=14 February 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The term of a CEC can be a maximum of six years or until they attain sixty-five years of age. The chief election commissioner is usually a member of the [[Civil Services of India|Indian Civil Service]] and mostly from the [[Indian Administrative Service]].

The chief election commissioner is placed at 9A position in the [[order of precedence in India]] along with the chairperson of [[Union Public Service Commission]] and the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|comptroller and auditor general of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Table of Precedence |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-01/table_of_precedence%5B1%5D.pdf |website=mha.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>

== Role and powers ==
Chief election commissioner of India (CEC) heads the [[Election Commission of India]], a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the [[Parliament of India|national legislature]], state legislatures, [[President of India|president]] and [[Vice-President of India|vice-president]]. This power of the Election Commission of India is derived from the [[Part XV of the Constitution of India|Article 324]] of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name="CEC">{{cite web|url=https://www.ceoandaman.nic.in/election/gfaq.php|title=Election, FAQ|publisher=Government of India|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The chief election commissioner is usually a member of the [[Civil Services of India|Indian Civil Service]] and mostly from the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. The Election Commission of India consists of a chief election commissioner and two election commissioners. The chief election commissioner does not have overruling powers and any decision is taken by the opinion of the majority among the three.<ref name="CEC"/>

== Appointment and term of office ==
The appointment and term of the chief election commissioner are prescribed in the [[Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023]]. As per Section 7 of the act, an election commissioner is appointed by the president of India on the recommendation of a selection committee headed by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] and consisting of the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|leader of the opposition]] in [[Lok Sabha]] and a member of the [[Union Council of Ministers]] to be nominated by the prime minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sc-refuses-to-stay-new-law-on-appointment-of-cec-ecs-by-panel-excluding-cji-issues-notice/articleshow/107659220.cms?from=mdr|title=SC refuses to stay new law on appointment of CEC and ECs, issues notice to Centre|date=13 February 2024|access-date=1 April 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The senior most member of the election commission is appointed as the chief election commissioner by the president.<ref name="CEC"/>

The term of the CEC can be a maximum of six years from the date on which they assume their office. However, the CEC retires from office if they attain the age of sixty-five years before the expiry of the term.<ref name="CEC"/>

The CEC can be removed from the office through the process of impeachment, requiring a two-thirds majority of the Lok Sabha and the [[Rajya Sabha]] to be present and voting for the same.<ref name="CEC"/>

== Compensation ==
As per the ''Election Commission (Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business) Act, 1991'', the salary of the chief election commissioner is the same as salary of a judge of [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="EC1991">{{cite web|title=Election Commission (Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business) Act, 1991|url=http://vakilno1.com/bareacts/Laws/Election-Commission-Condition-Of-Service-Of-Election-Commissions-And-Transaction-Of-Business-Act-1991.htm|publisher=Vakil No. 1|access-date=17 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123122252/http://vakilno1.com/bareacts/Laws/Election-Commission-Condition-Of-Service-Of-Election-Commissions-And-Transaction-Of-Business-Act-1991.htm|archive-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> The CEC draws a monthly salary of {{INRConvert|250|k|lk=}} plus allowances.<ref name="EC1991"/><ref name="HC">{{cite web|title=The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf|publisher=PRS India|access-date=17 September 2012|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023037/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==List of chief election commissioners==
The following have held the post of the chief election commissioner of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Chief Election Commissioners|url=https://eci.gov.in/former-cec-ec/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! width=75|Portrait
! colspan="3"|Term of office
|-
| 1
|[[Sukumar Sen (civil servant)|Sukumar Sen]]
|[[File:Sukumar Sen.jpg|75px]]
|21 March 1950
|19 December 1958
|{{ayd|1950|3|21|1958|12|19}}
|-
| 2
|[[Kalyan Sundaram]]
|
|20 December 1958
|30 September 1967
|{{ayd|1958|12|20|1967|9|30}}
|-
| 3
|[[S. P. Sen Verma]]
|
|1 October 1967
|30 September 1972
|{{ayd|1967|10|1|1972|9|30}}
|-
| 4
|[[Nagendra Singh]]
|
|1 October 1972
|6 February 1973
|{{ayd|1972|10|1|1973|2|6}}
|-
| 5
|[[T. Swaminathan]]
|
|7 February 1973
|17 June 1977
|{{ayd|1973|6|7|1977|6|17}}
|-
| 6
|[[S. L. Shakdhar]]
|
|18 June 1977
|17 June 1982
|{{ayd|1977|6|18|1982|6|17}}
|-
| 7
|[[R. K. Trivedi]]
|
|18 June 1982
|31 December 1985
|{{ayd|1982|6|18|1985|12|31}}
|-
| 8
|[[R. V. S. Peri Sastri]]
|
|1 January 1986
|25 November 1990
|{{Age in years and days|1 January 1986|25 November 1990}}
|-
|9
|[[V. S. Ramadevi]]
|[[File:VS RamaDevi.jpg|75px]]
|26 November 1990
|11 December 1990
|16
days
|-
|10
|[[T. N. Seshan]]
|[[File:T.N. Seshan in 1994.jpg|75px]]
|12 December 1990
|11 December 1996
|6 years
|-
|11
|[[M. S. Gill]]
|[[File:Minister of State for Youth Affairs & Sports, Dr. M.S. Gill.jpg|75px]]
|12 December 1996
|13 June 2001
|4 years 69 days
|-
|12
|[[James Michael Lyngdoh|J. M. Lyngdoh]]
|[[File:J.M. Lyngdoh.png|75px]]
|14 June 2001
|7 February 2004
|2 years 269 days
|-
|13
|[[T. S. Krishnamurthy]]
|[[File:The Chief Election Commissioner Shri T. S. Krishna Murthy delivering the keynote address on "Media Coverage of Election in India towards Free and Fair Elections" at a function organised by Centre for Advocacy and Research (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|8 February 2004
|15 May 2005
|1 year 69 days
|-
|14
|[[B. B. Tandon]]
|[[File:Shri B.B. Tandon in his office after assuming the charge as the Chief Election Commissioner of India in New Delhi on May 16, 2005.jpg|75px]]
|16 May 2005
|29 June 2006
|269 days
|-
|15
|[[N. Gopalaswami]]
|[[File:The Chief Election Commissioner, Shri N. Gopalaswami announcing the schedule for the Lok Sabha polls, at a Press Conference, in New Delhi on March 02, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|30 June 2006
|20 April 2009
|{{Age in years and days|30 June 2006|20 April 2009}}
|-
|16
|[[Navin Chawla]]
|[[File:Election Commissioner Shri Navin. B. Chawla releasing Landmark Judgments on Election Law at a meeting with Chief Electoral Officers of all the States, in New Delhi on June 28, 2006 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|21 April 2009
|29 July 2010
|1 year 89 days
|-
|17
|[[S. Y. Quraishi]]
|[[File:Dr. S.Y. Quraishi taking charge as the Chief Election Commissioner of India, in New Delhi on July 30, 2010 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|30 July 2010
|10 June 2012
|1 year 316 days
|-
|18
|[[V. S. Sampath]]
|[[File:Shri V. S. Sampath assuming the charge of the Election Commissioner, in New Delhi on April, 21, 2009.jpg|75px]]
|11 June 2012
|15 January 2015
|2 year 218 days
|-
|19
|[[Harishankar Brahma]]
|[[File:The Chief Election Commissioner, Shri H.S. Bramha addressing a Curtain Raiser Press Conference on the project of seeding of Aadhar with Electoral Roll database, in New Delhi on February 26, 2015 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|16 January 2015
|18 April 2015
|92 days
|-
|20
|[[Nasim Zaidi]]
|[[File:Dr. Syed Nasim Ahmad Zaidi assumes the charge as the Election Commissioner of India, in New Delhi on August 07, 2012.jpg|75px]]
|19 April 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/election_comission.aspx|title=Election Commission of India|website=ECI.nic.in|access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref>
|5 July 2017
|2 years 77 days
|-
|21
|[[Achal Kumar Jyoti]]
|[[File:Shri Achal Kumar Joti taking charge as the Chief Election Commissioner of India (CEC), in New Delhi on July 06, 2017 (1) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|6 July 2017<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-chief-election-commissioner-achal-kumar-jyoti-to-take-charge-on-july-6-1022011-2017-07-02|title=India's new Chief Election Commissioner Achal Kumar Jyoti to take charge on 6 July|date=3 July 2017|editor-last=Borgohain|editor-first=Sonalee|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref>
|22 January 2018
|{{ayd|2017|7|6|2018|1|22}}
|-
|22
|[[Om Prakash Rawat]]
|[[File:Shri Om Prakash Rawat (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|23 January 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/om-prakash-rawat-to-succeed-ak-joti-as-new-chief-election-commissioner-5033745/|title=Om Prakash Rawat to succeed AK Joti as new Chief Election Commissioner|date=21 January 2018|website=[[The Indian Express]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>
|1 December 2018
|{{ayd|2018|1|23|2018|12|1}}
|-
|23
|[[Sunil Arora]]
|[[File:Media address by Chief Election Commissioner of India, Shri Sunil Arora on 2nd December 2018 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|2 December 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/president-kovind-appoints-sunil-arora-as-new-chief-election-commissioner-5465892/|title=President Kovind appoints Sunil Arora as new Chief Election Commissioner|date=2018-11-26|access-date=2018-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sunil-arora-takes-over-as-chief-election-commissioner-will-oversee-2019-polls/story-xFbXfa07Z5CIX2NNBQWByO.html|title=Sunil Arora takes over as Chief Election Commissioner, will oversee 2019 polls|date=2018-12-02}}</ref>
| 12 April 2021
|{{ayd|2018|12|2|2021|4|12}}
|-
|24
|[[Sushil Chandra]]
| [[File:Sushil Chandra, Election Commissioner of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|13 April 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sushil-chandra-appointed-chief-election-commissioner/article34303884.ece|title = Sushil Chandra appointed Chief Election Commissioner|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 12 April 2021|last1 = Nath|first1 = Damini}}</ref>
|14 May 2022
|{{ayd|2021|4|13|2022|5|14}}
|-
|25
|[[Rajiv Kumar (civil servant)|Rajiv Kumar]]
|[[File:Chief Election Commissioner of India Rajiv Kumar (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|15 May 2022<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajiv Kumar takes charge as 25th Chief Election Commissioner, says EC won't shy away from tough calls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajiv-kumar-assumes-charge-as-chief-election-commissioner/article65416424.ece |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=15 May 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|18 February 2025
|{{Age in years and days|15 May 2022|18 February 2025}}
|-
|26
|[[Gyanesh Kumar]]
|[[File:Election Commissioner Shri Gyanesh Kumar.jpg|left|frameless|75x75px]]
|19 February 2025<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gyanesh-kumar-named-new-chief-election-commissioner-101739805476783.html|title=Gyanesh Kumar appointed next chief election commissioner|access-date=18 February 2024|date=18 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|''Incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|19 February 2025}}
|}

== Reforms ==
The Election Commission of India was a single member body till 1989 when two election commissioners were appointed to aid the chief election commissioner.<ref name="CEC"/> While the office has always been an important one in the machinery of the Indian political process, it gained significant public attention during the tenure of [[T.N. Seshan]], from 1990 to 1996.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Narasimhan|first1=T. E.|title=The more you kick me...|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/-the-more-you-kick-me-112051200032_1.html|access-date=9 August 2016|work=Business Standard|date=12 May 2012}}</ref> Seshan is widely credited with enforcing the powers of the election commission strongly and undertaking a zealous effort to end corruption and manipulation in Indian elections.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Das|first1=Sanjib Kumar|title=The man who cleaned up India's elections|url=http://gulfnews.com/culture/people/the-man-who-cleaned-up-india-s-elections-1.1326815|access-date=10 August 2016|work=Gulf News|date=1 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=india1>{{cite news|last1=Srivastava|first1=Ritesh K.(The Observer)|title=Empowering the EC|url=http://zeenews.india.com/blog/empowering-the-ec_658.html|access-date=19 December 2014|publisher=Zee News|date=5 March 2012}}</ref>

In June 2012, former [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|deputy prime minister]] and former [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|leader of the opposition]] in [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], [[Lal Krishna Advani]], suggested that appointment of CEC (as well as the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|comptroller and auditor general]] (CAG)) should be made by a [[bipartisan]] [[collegium]] consisting of the prime minister, the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice]], the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|law minister]] and the leaders of the opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|title=Members Bioprofile|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=9|publisher=Lok Sabha of India/National Informatics Centre, New Delhi|access-date=27 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429080434/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=9|archive-date=29 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="KA2">{{cite news|title=KA2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karunanidhi-backs-Advanis-view-on-collegium-to-appoint-CAG-Election-Commissioner/articleshow/13850538.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101092927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-05/india/32055097_1_karunanidhi-backs-collegium-l-k-advani|url-status=live|archive-date=1 November 2013|access-date=5 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 June 2012}}</ref> As per Advani, the demand was to remove any impression of bias or lack of transparency and fairness because the existent system was open to manipulation and [[partisanship]].<ref name="KA2"/><ref name="KA1"/> Subsequently, the former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister of Tamil Nadu]], [[M Karunanidhi]], also supported the suggestion.<ref name="KA1">{{cite news|title=Karunanidhi backs Advani's plea for collegium|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3493632.ece|access-date=5 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 June 2012|location=Chennai}}</ref> Similar recommendations were made by former CEC's such as [[B B Tandon]], [[N Gopalaswamy]] and [[S Y Quraishi]].<ref name="SYQ">{{cite news|title=SYQ|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Collegium-needed-to-select-EC-SY-Quraishi/articleshow/14974775.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 July 2012|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-CECs backed collegium, Law Ministry not too keen|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/excecs-backed-collegium-law-ministry-not-too-keen/960128/0|access-date=5 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 June 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Chief Election Commissioner of India}}

{{Clear}}
{{Chief Election Commissioners of India}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:Chief election commissioners of India| ]]
[[Category:Election Commission of India]]

Amit Kumar

2026-03-01T17:45:27Z

Stormy43P6: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1952)}}
{{other uses|Amit Kumar (disambiguation)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Ganguly|lang=Bengali}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amit Kumar
| image = Amit Kumar attending Durga Puja in 2021.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Amit Kumar Ganguly
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1952|07|03}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| father = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| children = 2
| mother = [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]
| spouse = Reema Ganguly
| works = [[List of songs recorded by Amit Kumar|Songs]]
| relatives = [[Madhubala]],[[Yogeeta Bali]], [[Leena Chandavarkar]](stepmothers)
[[Kajol]](niece)
| family = See [[Ganguly family]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor|music director|record producer|director|writer}}
| years_active = 1973–present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Kishore Kumar|Kishore Melody]]<ref name="Amit Kumar's special tribute">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/amit-kumars-special-tribute-to-father-kishore-kumar-on-his-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85071854.cms |title=Amit Kumar's special tribute to father Kishore Kumar on his birth anniversary|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 August 2021 }}</ref>
}}
| instrument = [[Human voice|Vocals]]
}}
}}

'''Amit Kumar''' (born 3 July 1952) is an Indian [[playback singer]], [[music composer]] and [[actor]]. Kumar launched his own music production company, named Kumar Brothers Music. He has predominantly worked in [[Bollywood]] and regional film songs since the 1970s, including 150 Hindi and Bengali compositions by [[R. D. Burman]] and [[Bappi Lahiri]]. After Burman's death in 1994, citing a lack of quality music composition, Kumar withdrew from playback singing and concentrated on live orchestra shows. In addition to singing in Hindi, has also performed in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. He is the eldest son of singer-actor [[Kishore Kumar]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Legendary Kishore Kumar's son Amit Kumar talks about his father |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/legendary-kishore-kumars-son-amit-kumar-talks-about-his-father-27659.html |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Amit Kumar's special tribute"/>

==Early life{{anchor|Beginning}}==
Kumar is the son of singer and actor Kishore Kumar<ref name="auto"/> and Bengali singer and actress Ruma Guha Thakurta.<ref>{{cite web |last1=D |first1=Johnny |title=Star couples search for love |date=31 January 2006 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/star-couples-search-for-love/story-T7ea003jeYw3bXolKDbzlJ.html |publisher=HindustanTimes.com |access-date=25 December 2016}}</ref> Like his father, Amit started singing from an early age and he used to sing at [[Durga Pooja]] festivals in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. At one such function arranged by Bengali actor "Mahanayak" [[Uttam Kumar]], the audience continued requesting encores. While his mother complained that he was singing "filmy" songs, his father decided to bring him to Bombay.

Kishore Kumar had cast Amit as his son in two films that he produced. In the first, ''Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-door-gagan-ki-chhaon-mein-1964/article3476634.ece |title=Blast From The Past: Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein (1964) |author=VIJAY LOKAPALLY |work=The Hindu|date=June 2012 }}</ref> he sang ''Aa Chalke Tujhe, Mein Leke Chaloon'' to his eleven-year-old son. For the second film, ''[[Door Ka Raahi]]'', a teenage Amit Kumar sang "Main Ik Panchi Matwaala Re", but it was removed from the final cut of the film.

==Singing career==
=== 1970s===

Kumar sang professionally for the first time, outside his father's composition, at the age of 21 in 1973. The song was "Hosh Mein Hum Kahan", composed by Sapan Jagmohan for the film ''Darwaza'', which was released in 1978.

His duet with his father "Nazar Lage Na Saathiyo" from ''Des Pardes'' in 1978 became popular.{{according to whom|date=April 2013}} In the 1976 film ''[[Balika Badhu (1976 film)|Balika Badhu]]'', he sang "Bade Achchhe Lagte Hain" by the composer [[R.D. Burman]], by which he attained national fame.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/jan/050113-bollywood-amit-kumar-talks-about-his-association-with-the-late-rd-burman.htm |title=Amit Kumar talks about his association with the late RD Burman}}</ref> This song was named the 26th most-popular film song of 1977 by the radio show ''[[Binaca Geetmala]]''.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Kumar recorded 170 Hindi songs under R.D. Burman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/No-Chikni-chameli-for-Amit-Kumar/Article1-1014454.aspx |title=No Chikni chameli for Amit Kumar - Hindustan Times |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226051140/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/No-Chikni-chameli-for-Amit-Kumar/Article1-1014454.aspx |archive-date=26 February 2013 }}</ref>

In 1978, he sang "Aati Rahengi Baharein" in ''[[Kasme Vaade]]'', for [[Randhir Kapoor]]'s character. He also did playback singing for Randhir Kapoor in ''Chor Ke Ghar Chor'' (1978) and ''Dhongee''.

He sang in various films, including ''[[Aandhi]]'', ''[[Aap Ke Deewane]]'', ''[[Khatta Meetha (1978 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'', ''[[Gol Maal]]'', ''[[Des Pardes (1978 film)|Des Pardes]]'', ''[[Ganga Ki Saugandh]]'', ''Deewanagi'' (1976), ''[[Duniya Meri Jeb Mein]]'', ''[[Parvarish (1977 film)|Parvarish]]'', ''Humare Tumhare'' (1979) and ''[[Baton Baton Mein]]''. The duets he sang with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and Asha Bhosle began his public display.{{according to whom|date=November 2018}}

===1980s===
Kumar's duet "Ka Janu Main Sajaniya" with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and "Ram Kare Allah Kare" and "Humto Aap Ke Deewane Hai" with Mohd Rafi Saab.{{according to whom|date=November 2018}} Then Amit sang all the songs for the 1981 film ''[[Love Story (1981 film)|Love Story]]'' and won a Filmfare Award for the duet "Yaad Aa Rahi Hai" with Mangeshkar. Composer R.D. Burman jokingly told Amit before its release that this song sounds like a ''[[bhajan]]''.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

After the success of ''Love Story'', Rajesh Khanna employed Kumar for playback singing in ''Fiffty Fiffty'' (1981) and then later in ''Aakhir Kyon?'' (1985), ''Ghar Ka Chirag'', ''Jai Shiv Shankar'', ''Swarg'' (1990) and ''Sautela Bhai'' (1996).

In 1980, Kumar sang "[[Laila Main Laila|Laila o Laila]]" for ''[[Qurbani (1980 film)|Qurbani]]''. Kumar's singing in "Aao Naye Sapne Bune", composed by Basudev for ''Main Qatil Hun'' (1984). The Asha–Kumar duet "Yun Toh Haseen Hazar" from ''Shradhanjali'' in 1981 became a hit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-08/news-interviews/43777115_1_baba-anil-sharma-singh-saab-the-great/2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111154035/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-08/news-interviews/43777115_1_baba-anil-sharma-singh-saab-the-great/2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=India News, Latest Sports, Bollywood, World, Business & Politics News}}</ref>
He had several "chart-busters" in 1982 and 1983,{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} and "hits" with the duets "Tu Rootha Toh Main Ro Doongi Sanam", "Gali Gali Dhoonda Tujhe" and solo songs "Halla Gulla Maza Hai" and "Mana Abhi Tu Kamsin" from the film ''Jawani'' (1984).{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} In 1985, the duet "Dushman Na Kare" from ''Akhir Kyun'' was popular.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} In 1986, the song "Mary Tu Hoja Meri" from ''Anokha Rishta'' and the duet "Roz Roz Ankhon" from ''Jeeva'' were popular.<ref>{{cite web |title=The music one misses out |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2003/jul/59102.htm |work=[[MiD DAY]] |publisher=MiD-Day Infomedia Ltd. |access-date=22 April 2013 |date=21 July 2003}}</ref> He had solo and duet songs in hit films such as ''Hum Paanch'', ''Bulundi'', ''Itni Si Baat'', ''Hamari Bahu Alka'', ''Anokha Bandhan'', ''Ustaadi Ustad Se'', ''Bheegi Palkein'', ''Khatron Ke Khiladi'', ''Maalamaal'', ''Ilzaam'', ''Anokha Rishta'', ''Rama O Rama'', ''Jaaydaad'', ''Tridev'', ''ChaalBaaz'', ''Aag Se Khelenge'', and ''Dost''.

Kumar sang for almost all music directors and actors in the 1980s, and was the second-most preferred male playback singer in Hindi films, after his father Kishore Kumar.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} Among music directors, Amit Kumar was used more by Pancham from 1975 to 1994 and by [[Bappi Lahiri]] from 1983 to 1995. He became the voice of [[Kumar Gaurav]] in the 1980s and their combination gave many hit songs from films such as ''Romance'' (1983), ''[[Teri Kasam]]'', ''Lovers'' (1983), ''All-rounder'' and ''Telefilm-Janam''. He was also the voice for newcomer Karan Shah in films such as ''Jawani'', ''Anokha Rishta'', ''Apne Apne'' and ''Chor Pe Mor'' and though the songs were popular, only ''Anokha Rishta'' and ''Chor Pe Mor'' were successful films. In the late 1980s, Kumar sang songs for Anil Kapoor in films including ''[[Tezaab]]'', ''[[Yudh (film)|Yudh]]'' and ''Aag Se Khelenge'' and continued to sing for him in the 1990s. The duets with Asha – "Pehle Pehle Pyar Ki" and "Yeh Tujhe Kya Hua" both from ''Ilzaam'' in 1986 and "Tere Naina Mere Naina" from ''Aag Se Khelenge'' and "Chotasa Parivaar Hamara" from ''Dost'' in 1989 became known in their respective years. The Anuradha Pudwal-Amit Kumar duet "Kehdo Ke Tum Meri" and solo song "[[Ek Do Teen (song)|Ek Do Teen]]" from ''Tezaab'' were part of Binaca Geet Mala's annual list in 1988. The song "Oye Oye- Tirchi Topi Waaley" from ''[[Tridev]]'' was a nationwide hit. Kumar did playback for Naseeruddin Shah in the film ''[[Hero Hiralal]]'', which was popular as well.{{according to whom|date=April 2013}} His duet "Yeh Kismat Hai Kya Kisne Dekha Yahan" with Alka Yagnik from ''Ghar Ka Chirag'' became popular in 1989. Soon after his father's death, Kumar and his half-brother Sumit Kumar released the album ''Dui Kishore'' as a tribute to Kishore Kumar.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

===1990s to present===
In 1990, the song "Sanam Mere Sanam" of ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]'' with Alka Yagnik is popular. ''[[Baaghi: A Rebel for Love]]'' had a smash hit in the song "Kaisa Lagta Hai". From the film ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'', the song "''Pyaar tum mujhase''" was popular. In this decade, Kumar had notable songs in films such as ''Sailaab'', ''Police Public'', ''Aaj Ka Arjun'', ''100 Days'', ''Awwal Number'', ''[[ChaalBaaz]]'', Khel, ''[[Vishwatma]]'', ''Honeymoon'', {{Lang|hi-latn|Aaj Ka Goonda Raaj}}, ''Gurudev'', ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' and ''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]'' and also had hit songs in the films which flopped at the box office, such as ''Jawani Zindabad'', ''Afsana Pyar Ka'', ''[[Indrajeet]]'', ''Sangdil Sanam'', ''Jaagruti'', ''Deewana Mujhsa Nahin'' and ''Suryavanshi''.

Kumar enjoyed a special work relationship, in addition to R.D. Burman and Bappi Lahiri, with the music duo [[Anand–Milind]], who heavily promoted Kumar in the early 1990s. Their collaborations include ''[[Baaghi: A Rebel for Love]]'', ''Mera Pati Sirf Mera Hain'', ''[[Maha-Sangram]]'', ''[[Swarg]]'', ''Anjaane Rishtey'', ''Talaashi'', ''[[Sangdil Sanam]]'', ''Yaad Rakhegi Duniya'', ''[[Woh Phir Aayegi]]'', ''[[Aaj Ka Goonda Raaj]]'', ''Sanam'', ''[[Adharm (1992 film)|Adharm]]'', and ''[[Rakhwala (1989 film)|Rakhwala]]''. Anand–Milind were one of the few new-age music composers of that period who regularly recorded with Kumar. Kumar's duets "Nazrein Milin" and "Tip Tip Baarish" with Asha Bhosle in ''Afsana Pyar Ka'' were hit songs.{{according to whom|date=April 2013}} His duets such as "Palkon Ke Tale" and "Mujhko Yeh Zindagi Lagti Hai" in ''Sailaab'' were hits too.{{according to whom|date=April 2013}} Kumar gained the reputation of being a singer who belted out hit songs irrespective of the film being a commercial success or critically panned.{{according to whom|date=April 2013}} Kumar also worked with Ram Laxman and songs such as the Lata-Amit Kumar duets "Main Jis Din Bhoola Doon" from ''Police Public'' in 1990 and "Le Le Dil" from ''100 days'' in 1991 became popular. In 1990, Asha-Amit duets such as "Aur Suno Kya Haal" and "Baj Uthe Gunghroo" from ''Chor Pe Mor'' and Asha-Amit duets such as "Main Khule Aam Khedun" and "Main Na Jhoot" from ''Indrajeet'' in 1991 became popular. In 1992, the Lata-Amit Kumar duet "Adhi Raat Ko" from ''Parampara'', composed by [[Shiv-Hari]] and Asha-Amit duets such as "Rimjhim Rimjhim Barse" and "Jo Aap Aye" from ''Jhooti Shaan'' were huge hits. Amit delivered more even in 1993, with ''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]''. The songs "Deewana Dil Deewana" and "Sachhi Yeh Kahani Hai" were written.{{according to whom|date=April 2013}}

Kumar also collaborated with another fresh talent from the 1990s, [[Jatin–Lalit]], who had Amit Kumar croon numbers in several films such as ''Paandav'' (1995), ''Silsila Hai Pyar Ka'', ''Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa'' and ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''. He even worked with Ilaiyaraaja for the song "Yeh Gulabi Shaam Ka Nasha", a duet with Asha from the film Mera Farz (1988). In 1996, his duet with Asha Bhosle in the film ''Sapoot'' – "Kajal Kajal Teri Ankhon Ka", composed by Anu Malik became popular.

Later in the decade, Kumar declined most singing offers citing that the quality of music was deteriorating since the 1990s and after the death of R.D. Burman in 1994, with whom Amit had a special bond, he withdrew himself from the film industry. Kumar started undertaking more live stage performances in various parts of the world since 1996.

During these years, he also composed and released music albums, including:
* ''MAD''
* ''Pyaar Toh Bas Pyaar Hai''
* ''Dam Dama Dam''
* ''Oh sweetheart''
* ''Surer raja''
* ''Sagarika''
* ''Jaanam''
* ''Forever Blue''
* ''Baba Mere''

Kumar sang songs for ''[[Raju Chacha]]'', ''[[Apna Sapna Money Money]]'' (2006), ''[[Kandahar (2010 film)|Kandahar]]'' (2010), ''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]]'', ''[[Himmatwala (2013 film)|Himmatwala]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web |title=Himmatwala: Kishore Kumar's son sings Naino Me Sapna |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Himmatwala-Kishore-Kumar-s-son-sings-Naino-Me-Sapna/Article1-1009160.aspx |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=13 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213060747/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Himmatwala-Kishore-Kumar-s-son-sings-Naino-Me-Sapna/Article1-1009160.aspx |archive-date=13 February 2013 }}</ref>

==Television career==
[[File:Shri Amit Kumar, son of the Legendary film personality late Kishore Kumar and Ms. Anooradha Patel (Grand daughter of Dadasaheb Phalke Awardee late Ashok Kumar) showing a painting by Ashok Kumar.jpg|thumb|Kumar with [[Anuradha Patel|Anooradha Patel]], showing a painting by [[Ashok Kumar]], at the IFFI-2010 in [[Panjim]], [[Goa]], 23 November.]]
In the late 1980s, Kumar performed voice work on [[Doordarshan]] TV serials such as ''Chunauti'' and ''Campus''. He also did songs for the television film ''Janam'', and sang the title tracks for the Hindi-dubbed version of Disney's animated series [[DuckTales (1987 TV series)|''Duck Tales'']] and ''[[Bob the Builder]]''.

Kumar was one of the judges in the singing reality show ''[[K for Kishore]]'', where singers tried to recreate the atmosphere of his father's songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/11sld1.htm|title=rediff.com: Meet the finalists of K for Kishore!|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> He was the main judge of the [[Zee Bangla]] singing competition ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa''. He provided the voice of character ''Guru'' in animated series ''Guru Aur Bhole'' which aired on [[Sony Yay]]. The character was inspired from Kishore Kumar's character from the film [[Padosan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amit Kumar about doing voiceover for his father Kishore Kumar's resembling character in a cartoon {{!}} Firstpost |date=28 May 2017 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kishore-kumars-son-lends-voice-to-cartoon-character-inspired-by-legendary-singer-3490039.html}}</ref>

==Acting career==
Amit Kumar acted in several films directed by and starring his father, which were ''[[Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein]]'' (1964), ''[[Door Ka Raahi]]'' (1971), ''[[Badhti Ka Naam Dadhi]]'' (1974), ''[[Shabhash Daddy]]'' (1979) and ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Zindagi]]'' (1982). In 1989, he made his last film appearance in his father's incomplete film ''[[Mamta Ki Chhaon Mein]]'', which starred himself, his stepmother [[Leena Chandavarkar]] and [[Rajesh Khanna]]. After his father's death in 1987, he took over as director and completed the film for release in 1989.
In his long career in film he acted in a Bengali film namely "Gayak". In this film the name of his character was Amit and it was of a struggling singer. He sang a number of songs for this film under the direction of Rabin Banerjee. This was the only Bengali film in his career where he acted and sang as a playback singer, for his own reel life for that same film. Besides he had a great role of playback singer in Bengali film industry and in this field he is really successful for over a few decades.

==Filmography==
{{main|Amit Kumar filmography}}
{{See|List of songs recorded by Amit Kumar}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role(s)
! Notes
|-
| 1964
| ''[[Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein]]''
|
| As child artist
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Door Ka Raahi]]''
|
|
|-
| 1974
| ''[[Badhti Ka Naam Dadhi]]''
| Fakkad 'Jhango'
|
|-
| 1979
| ''[[Shabhash Daddy]]''
|
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Chalti Ka Naam Zindagi]]''
| Amit/Johnny
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Mamta Ki Chaon Mein]]''
|
| As Director
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
===[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]]===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%" "textcolor:#000;"
! scope="col" width=5%|Year
! scope="col" width=39%|Song
! scope="col" width=45%|Film
! scope="col" width=2%|Music Director
! scope="col" width=39%|Lyricist
! scope="col" width=15%|Result
|-
| 1981
| "Yaad Aa Rahi Hai"
| ''[[Love Story (1981 film)|Love Story]]''
| rowspan="2"|[[Rahul Dev Burman|R.D. Burman]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Anand Bakshi]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 1982
| "Yeh Zameen Gaa Rahi Hai"
| ''[[Teri Kasam]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1988
| "[[Ek Do Teen (song)|Ek Do Teen]]"
| ''[[Tezaab]]''
| [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1989
| "Tirchhi Topiwale"
| ''[[Tridev]]''
|[[Viju Shah]]
|[[Anand Bakshi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1990
| "Kaisa Lagta Hai"
| ''[[Baaghi: A Rebel for Love|Baaghi]]''
| [[Anand–Milind]]
| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Films
|portal3 = India
}}
* {{IMDb name|0474776}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestMaleSinger}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Amit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kishore Kumar]]

[[kn:ಅಮಿತ್ ಕುಮಾರ್]]
[[pa:ਅਮਿਤ ਕੁਮਾਰ]]

Nishir Daak (TV series)

2026-02-26T02:58:10Z

Stormy43P6: new first stub added tags

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Nishir Daak poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| alt_name =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Folk horror]]|[[Supernatural horror film|Supernatural]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]}}
| creator = Aryaa Ray
| developer =
| based_on = [[Ghosts in Bengali culture#Nishi dak|Nishir daak]]
| writer = Sreejib
| screenplay = Sreejib
| director = [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
| creative_director =
| starring = {{startplainlist}}
* [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]]
* Sreeja Dutta
{{endplainlist}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = Binit Ranjan Moitra
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Mahendra Soni
| editor = Sumit Chowdhury
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Tuban
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = 20-24 minutes
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Nishir Daak''''' is a 2025 Indian Bengali language [[folk horror]] [[Supernatural horror film|supernatural]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] web series streaming on "Hoichoi".<ref>{{cite news |title='Nishir Daak' trailer: Hoichoi's latest thriller blends music with the supernatural |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/trailer-out-for-hoichois-latest-supernatural-series-directed-by-joydeep-mukherjee/cid/2127118#goog_rewarded |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=10 October 2025}}</ref> Conceptualized by Aryaa Ray and written by Sreejib, the series has been directed by [[Joydip Mukherjee]]. Produced by Mahendra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], the series stars [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]] and Sreeja Dutta in the lead roles. Rik Chatterjee, Sweta Mishra, Arunava Dey and Anubhav Kanjilal played other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=গানই ডেকে আনে মৃত্যু! হইচই-এর 'নিশির ডাক'-এ মিলেমিশে এক ভয়-রহস্য, রইল টিজার |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/hoichois-horror-series-nishir-daak-teaser-released-105821 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=8 October 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

The series revolves around six PhD students who go to Sonamukhi village to gather details about a lost classical singer Nishigandha Bhaduri. Reaching there, they unknowingly get trapped in ''Nishi'' 's curse and realize that the village is haunted from ''[[Ghosts in Bengali culture#Nishi dak|Nishir daak]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Bhaswati |title=সৃজা-সুরঙ্গনার ওয়েব সিরিজে ভয়ের উদ্রেক, 'নিশির ডাক' কবে আসছে? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/ott-platform-brings-a-horror-thriller-nishir-daak-directed0by-joydeep-mukherjee-1249491.html |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh|TV9 Bangla]] |date=10 October 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Sumit Chowdhury has done the editing while the cinematography has been handled by Tuban. It was streamed on "Hoichoi" on 17 October 2025, on the occasion of [[Kali Puja]] and [[Bhoot Chaturdashi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Aranya |title=নামছে অন্ধকার, বাড়ছে ভয়! কালীপুজোর আগেই শুনতে পারেন 'নিশির ডাক'! |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/darkness-will-descend-fear-is-increasing-nishir-daak-can-be-heard-before-kali-puja/tid/175567 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=The Wall |date=10 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Six PhD students researching on [[Rabindra Sangeet]], come across a letter written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. In it, he had mentioned the name of a singer whose singing Tagore loved himself. The name of the singer was Nishigandha Bhaduri, whose musical legacy has largely been absent in history. She was a forgotten classical singer and the fact that her singing was appreciated by none other than Tagore himself, made Titli and her five friends excited to know and find out about Nishigandha Bhaduri's history. To find out about her, they visited the village of Sonamukhi in [[West Bengal]], where her in-laws' house was situated.

About eighty-five years ago, Nishigandha was married to Sonamukhi village's zamindar's son, Rudrasekhar Ghosal. Upon reaching, they discover that the village of Sonamukhi is cursed and gripped by ancient legend of ''Nishi''. If anyone starts singing after nightfall, then ''Nishi'' comes for her revenge. Upon getting a "Nishir daak", the person who sang will ultimately face death in the hands of ''Nishi''. But when they were inside the dilapidated zamindar's house of Nishigandha's in-laws after nightfall, unaware about the curse, they started to sing Tagore songs. This lead them to face the obvious ''Nishir Daak'' and this cost them the life of two members of their group.

Their intellectual pursuit turned into a desperate fight for survival as they were caught in ''Nishi'' 's curse. Since internet and mobile networks not worked in that village, they could not ask for any help either. Past tragedies about six singers whom ''Nishi'' has killed, began to surface and it created a link between the past and the present. Upon uncovering more secrets of the village, Titli comes to know that the topic of their research, Nishigandha Bhaduri, is connected to the curse haunting this village. It is followed by strange occurrences and possessions. The story further reveals how Titli attempts to find the long hidden truth behind ''Nishi'' 's wrath, a forgotten sin - in the hope that it will break the village's curse and allow the vengeful spirit of ''Nishi'' to get peace, after which she will stop haunting singers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nishir Daak' to 'Bibhishon': 5 Bengali horror films and series to binge this Bhoot Chaturdashi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/five-bengali-horror-films-and-series-to-binge-photogallery/cid/2128591?slide=2#goog_rewarded |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=19 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=Vimalatha |title=OTT Movie: Head being severed in a dilapidated bungalow - A mother ghost is busy looking for her child - A disturbing Bengali horror movie |url=https://www.bigtvlive.com/ott/nishir-daak-web-series-streaming-on-hoichoi.html |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=Big TV Live |date=19 October 2025 |language=te}}</ref>

== Cast ==
Source:<ref>{{cite news |title=Music turns Macabre in supernatural thriller Nishir Daak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/music-turns-macabre-in-supernatural-thriller-nishir-daak/articleshow/124446432.cms |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=10 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathy |first1=Antara |title=hoichoi presents 'Nishir Daak' – Premiering 17th October |url=https://ibgnews.com/2025/10/11/hoichoi-presents-nishir-daak-premiering-17th-october/ |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=IBG News |date=11 October 2025}}</ref>

* [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]] as Nishigandha Bhaduri and ''Nishi''
* Sreeja Dutta as Titli
* Rik Chatterjee as Neel
* Sweta Mishra
* Arunava Dey
* Anubhav Kanjilal
* Satyam Bhattacharya as Rudrasekhar Ghosal, Nishigandha Bhaduri's husband
* Somak Ghosh
* Mainak Banerjee
* [[Rajdeep Gupta]]
* Rounak Dey Bhowmick as Writ
* Mukul Kumar Jana
* Arnab Banerjee
* Chhandak Choudhury

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#b30b0a |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Obhishaap
|DirectedBy = [[Joydip Mukherjee]]
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Notun Didi
|DirectedBy = Joydip Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Shoi
|DirectedBy = Joydip Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Ashalata
|DirectedBy = Joydip Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Porichoy
|DirectedBy = Joydip Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Shubho Bijoya
|DirectedBy = Joydip Mukherjee
|WrittenBy = Sreejib
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|21}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = b30b0a
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Announcement ===
''Nishir Daak'' marked the third collaboration between Satyam Banerjee and Surangana Bandyopadhyay after ''[[Ballabhpurer Roopkotha]]'' and ''Seshbela'' ; and their first collaboration in the OTT space. ''Nishir Daak'' also marked a shift for director [[Joydip Mukherjee]], from directing his usual Eken Babu films towards directing a musical horror web series.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=ফের একফ্রেমে সত্যম-সুরঙ্গনা, কার পরিচালনায় হইচই-এ দেখা যাবে অনস্ক্রিন জুটিকে? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/breaking-surangana-bandopadhyay-and-satyam-bhattacharya-will-be-seen-together-in-hoichoi-series-nishir-daak-119634 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=4 October 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Development and casting ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "I took a break from the industry owing to my studies. But when I got the offer for this web series, I understood that I will have to do it. This is my first series with director Joydip Mukherjee. I have learnt a lot from this series, specially the technical sides."
| source = — Sreeja Dutta, sharing her experience of working in ''Nishir Daak''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title='জোর গলায় বলতে পারি, এটা আমার সিরিজ,' ওটিটিতে প্রথম কাজ নিয়ে আর কী বললেন অভিনেত্রী সৃজা দত্ত? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/tollywood-actress-sreeja-dutta-playing-lead-in-upcoming-hoichoi-series-nishir-daak-100591 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=14 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
| align = right
| width =60%
}}

[[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]] said in an interview that the aspect which drew her the most when she was narrated the script for the first time was that how music was connected to the storyline.<ref name="t2">{{cite news |last1=A. Roy |first1=Priyanka |title=Surangana Bandyopadhyay talks about playing a ghost in Nishir Daak and what fascinates her about acting in the horror genre |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/surangana-bandyopadhyay-talks-about-playing-a-ghost-in-nishir-daak-and-what-fascinates-her-about-acting-in-the-horror-genre/2001784 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> Mainak Banerjee was cast in a [[cameo appearance]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=ওটিটিতে খল চরিত্রে মৈনাক বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়! কোন সিরিজে ভয় দেখাবেন অভিনেতা? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/breaking-actor-mainak-bannerjee-going-to-play-cameo-in-upcoming-hoichoi-series-nishir-daak-127692 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=3 October 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
{{Blockquote
| quote = I find it fascinating to portray a possessed character, as I have no emotional memory to draw from. My performance relies solely on the craft. I just carefully read the script, intently listen to what the director wants out of the scene or out of the whole series and try my best to do justice to the character given. Convincing the audience that I’m happy, or sad, or falling in love and convincing the audience that I’m possessed is equally difficult. I usually try not to think of it as a character in a horror film or series, or as a character who is possessed; it’s just another character that I need to do convincingly.
| author = [[Surangana Bandyopadhyay]]
| source = during an interview with ''[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]]''<ref name="t2" />}}

Sreeja Dutta shared one of her shooting experiences when they were filming in [[Bolpur]] at 2 am in the night. She said "A set light suddenly dropped and everyone was scared. Somehow the schedule was completed and everyone went home. In fact, I have felt a touch during the filming. Actually there are a lot of events associated with the old mansions and hence I believe, there is a certain type of energy in those places which results in these eerie feelings."<ref>{{cite news |title='নিশির ডাক' সিরিজের শুটিংয়ে ভয়ঙ্কর ঘটনার মুখোমুখি সৃজা-সুরঙ্গনা ! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/sreeja-dutta-surangana-bandyopadhyay-share-work-experience-in-series-nishir-daak-west-bengal-news-wbs25101000792 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=10 October 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The series features five [[Rabindra Sangeet]]s in its soundtrack, all of which has been penned and composed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. The songs have been rearranged by Binit Ranjan Moitra.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=A song promo of the Hoichoi series Nishir Daak establishes its classic horror set-up |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/a-song-promo-of-the-hoichoi-series-nishir-daak-establishes-its-classic-horror-set-up/2001804 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Majhe Majhe Tabo Dekha Pai
| music1 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| lyrics1 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| extra1 = {{ndash}}
| length1 = {{ndash}}
| title2 = Aay Tobe Shohochori
| music2 = Rabindranath Tagore
| lyrics2 = Rabindranath Tagore
| extra2 = {{ndash}}
| length2 = {{ndash}}
| title3 = Sarat Tomar Arun Alor Anjali
| music3 = Rabindranath Tagore
| lyrics3 = Rabindranath Tagore
| extra3 = {{ndash}}
| length3 = {{ndash}}
| title4 = Hare Rere Rere
| music4 = Rabindranath Tagore
| lyrics4 = Rabindranath Tagore
| extra4 = {{ndash}}
| length4 = {{ndash}}
}}

== Release ==
The series was streamed on 21 October 2025 on the Bengali OTT platform "Hoichoi", on the occasion of [[Kali Puja]] and [[Bhoot Chaturdashi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=The Horror! The Horror! Why Bengali cinema and OTT are finally waking up to fear |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali-cinemas-surprising-resurrection-the-rise-of-horror-in-ott/articleshow/123672175.cms |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Durga Puja Special: New Bengali shows to add thrill to your festive evenings |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/durga-puja-special-new-bengali-shows-to-add-thrill-to-your-festive-evenings-626912 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=Millennium Post |date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
Character posters for the main characters were released in September 2025. The teaser of the series was released on 4 October 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The teaser of a new Hoichoi series promises a tale of terror and vengeance |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-teaser-of-a-new-hoichoi-series-promises-a-tale-of-terror-and-vengeance/2001521 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

The trailer for the web series was released on 10 October 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The trailer of the Hoichoi series Nishir Daak builds an atmosphere of horror and suspense |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-trailer-of-the-hoichoi-series-nishir-daak-builds-an-atmosphere-of-horror-and-suspense/2001631 |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=16 October 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Sandipta Bhanja of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the series and wrote "''Nishir Daak'' is quite an entertaining web series in the horror genre during this time of Kali Puja. It successfully sends down shivers along your spine." She praised the acting of Surnagana Bandyopadhyay as ''Nishi'' and Sreeja Dutta, and the fear inducing storytelling but criticized the screenplay and production. She added that the to-and-fro shift between the past and present might confuse the viewers and also mentioned that that the writing and screenplay for the cursed episode could have been better.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=গান গাইলেই মৃত্যু! অমাবস্যার আবহে কতটা ভয় ধরাল 'নিশির ডাক'? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/hoichoi-nishir-daak-series-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130121028/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/hoichoi-nishir-daak-series-review/pid/1089021/ |archive-date=30 January 2026 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=20 October 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

Parama Dasgupta of ''[[Aajkal]]'' reviewed the series and opined "The storyline of ''Nishir Daak'' juxtaposes the royalty of periodic pieces with the story of this generation's youngsters. The parallel storyline quite interestingly blends horror folklore with new age fervor." She praised the vibrant cinematography, the background score, perfect usage of jump-scares by the director and Sreeja and Surangana's performance. But she bemoaned the inconsistent ending and the easily predictable twist at the end. She also added that that a number of unnecessary characters could have been curtailed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Parama |title=গানের টানে রহস্যভেদ! বনেদি বাড়ির উপাখ্যানে কতটা জোরালো 'নিশির ডাক'? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/review-of-hoichoi-series-nishir-daak-starring-sreeja-dutta-surangana-bandyopadhyay-102441 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130120450/https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/review-of-hoichoi-series-nishir-daak-starring-sreeja-dutta-surangana-bandyopadhyay-102441#goog_rewarded |archive-date=30 January 2026 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=25 October 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt38652020}}
*[https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/nishir-daak Nishir Daak] on Hoichoi
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Nishir-Daak/0MIZQR7O7DAZCMO0BX0NYH3B6Q Nishir Daak] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]

2023 Thathri land subsidence

2026-02-23T22:44:10Z

Stormy43P6:

{{short description|Geological event in Thathri town of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1174124499|this]] and possibly other edits by user; note [[WP:AISIGNS]], particularly the didactic disclaimer (edit is concurrent w/ GPT-4)}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2023 Thathri land subsidence
| image = Cracks in a house in Thathri.jpg
| caption = Cracks in a house in Nayi Basti [[Thathri]], 1 February
| date = {{start date|2023|02|01|df=yes}}
| location = [[Thathri]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coordinates = {{coord|33.145477|N|75.784099|E|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| property_damage = 23 structures
| displaced = ~300<ref>{{cite news |last1=SHAH |first1=SYED AMJAD |title=Geologists rule out sinking of land at Thathri in Doda |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/geologists-rule-out-sinking-of-land-at-thathri-in-doda |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |date=6 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
On 1 February 2023, a land [[subsidence]] event developed in the town of [[Thathri]] in the [[Doda district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India, resulting in 23 structures being declared unsafe and approximately 300 people being displaced.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Ganai |first1=Naseer |title=Jammu & Kashmir: One House Collapses, Several Develop Cracks In J&K's Doda, Villagers Fear Another Joshimath In Making |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/jammu-and-kashmir-one-house-collapses-several-develop-cracks-in-jk-doda-villagers-fear-another-joshimath-in-making-news-259375 |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=Outlook (Indian magazine) |date=4 February 2023}}</ref> The event has been described by geological experts as a multifactor [[landsliding]]. Buildings impacted include several houses, a mosque, a religious school for girls, and a cricket academy.<ref name="wire">{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Jehangir |title=After Joshimath, Land Subsidence in Jammu's Doda Forces Villagers to Scurry for Safety |url=https://thewire.in/environment/land-subsidence-jammu-doda-19-houses |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=4 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yawar |first1=Khan |title=Dream To Play For India Diminished As Our Cricket Academy In J&K Declared Unsafe |url=https://www.thequint.com/my-report/cricket-academy-in-jammu-kashmirs-doda-district-closed-due-to-cracks-after-landslide |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=8 February 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2023|2|9}}, a massive landsliding was reported at Nayi Basti which blocked [[National Highway 244 (India)|National Highway 244]] for hours.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fresh Landslide Strikes Batote-Kishtwar National Highway at Thathri {{!}} News — Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/fresh-landslide-strikes-batote-kishtwar-national-highway-at-thathri/videoshow/97793925.cms |access-date=11 February 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=10 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> As of 23 March 2023, the incident spot is declared as "not habitable" by [[Geological Survey of India]] report.<ref name="The Tribune India 2023"/>

==Incident==
In December 2022, residents of the Nayi Basti area of Thathri observed some minor cracks in houses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doda sinking: 'Where will we go,' locals appeal for help from J&K L-G Manoj Sinha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/doda-sinking-where-will-we-go-locals-appeal-for-help-from-jk-l-g-manoj-sinha/videoshow/97626390.cms |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=5 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ct">{{cite news |last1=Ayoob |first1=Anzer |title=Nayi Basti in Thathri, Doda District Sinking, Residents in Distress, Officials Assure Action |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/02/01/nayi-basti-in-thathri-doda-district-sinking-residents-in-distress-officials-assure-action/ |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=[[The Chenab Times]] |date=1 February 2023}}</ref>

In January 2023, [[Doda district]] administrators visited the location and reported that the cracks were minor.<ref name="ct"/><ref>{{cite news |title=J&K: Joshimath-like crisis strikes Doda district, 20 families shifted as walls crack, land sinks |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/jk-joshimath-like-crisis-strikes-doda-district-20-families-shifted-as-walls-crack-land-sinks/videoshow/97594604.cms |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

On 1 February 2023, [[The Chenab Times]] reported that four houses in the area developed cracks,<ref name="ct"/> and as of 6 February 2023, 21 houses have been affected.<ref name=":0" />

Residents have reported that about 100 families used to live in the township, most of whom have now been relocated by the district administration to safer locations.<ref name="wire"/>

On 9 February 2023, fresh landslides were reported at Nayi Basti Thathri which blocked [[National Highway 244 (India)|National Highway 244]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ayoob |first1=Anzer |title=Traffic "Suspended" as Fresh Landslide Strikes Batote-Kishtwar National Highway at Thathri |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/02/09/traffic-suspended-as-fresh-landslide-strikes-batote-kishtwar-national-highway-at-thathri/ |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[The Chenab Times]] |date=9 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Reactions and responses==

The residents of Nayi Basti have demanded that the district administration provide them with alternate lands and relief. On 1 February 2023, [[The Chenab Times]] reported that residents of Nayi Basti protested against the local administration for not acting on the issue.<ref name="ct"/>

On 3 February 2023, Deputy Commissioner Vishesh Paul Mahajan of Doda reported that the village of Nai Basti experienced significant land subsidence, causing the district government to relocate 19 families to more secure locations. He reported that three houses had already fallen down, and several others had sustained cracks. The district administration also declared a religious school and mosque in the area unsafe.<ref name="wire"/>

On 4 February 2023, Lieutenant Governor [[Manoj Sinha]] stated that the Jammu and Kashmir administration was closely monitoring approximately twenty structures in Doda that exhibited cracking. However, he denied that the situation is comparable to the land subsidence experienced in [[Joshimath]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cracks in houses not Joshimath-like situation: J&K Lt Governor |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/cracks-in-houses-not-joshimath-like-situation-jammu-and-kashmir-lieutenant-governor-manoj-sinha/cid/1914302 |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=4 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

A team of geologists led by [[G. M. Bhat]] determined that the Nayi Basti area in Thathri which was assumed to be sinking, is in fact sliding, causing cracks to develop in buildings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manhas |first1=Komal Singh |title=जम्मू के डोडा में हुए भू-धंसाव के कारणों का विशेषज्ञों ने किया खुलासा, जानिए क्या कहा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/geological-scientist-revealed-causes-of-landslide-cracks-in-houses-at-thathri-doda-jammu-know-details-5352351.html |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=News18 हिंदी |date=8 February 2023 |language=hi}}</ref> Continuous seepage of household water inside the land may be one of the main reasons for subsidence in Nayi Basti, according to Bhat.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhat |first1=Raja Muzaffar |title=Doda land subsidence: Improper drainage system among main causes, say geologists |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/urbanisation/doda-land-subsidence-improper-drainage-system-among-main-causes-say-geologists-87500 |date=6 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]] |language=en}}</ref>

As of 23 March 2023, Geological Survey of India (GSI) has recommended that the affected area is not habitable anymore.<ref name="The Tribune India 2023">{{cite web | author=The Tribune India | title=Land subsidence in JK's Doda: Victims face dark future as GSI recommends no habitation in affected area | website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|TribuneIndia News Service]] | date=23 March 2023 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/land-subsidence-in-jks-doda-victims-face-dark-future-as-gsi-recommends-no-habitation-in-affected-area-490655 | access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>

On 24 March 2023, the Jammu and Kashmir Government has formed a committee in response to the [[National Green Tribunal]]'s directives to suggest remedial measures for preventing environmental damage in District Doda. The panel is composed of the Chief Secretary, Jammu and Kashmir, as chairperson, the Principal Secretary to Government, Forest, Ecology, and Environment Department as member convenor, and members from various institutions, including Kumaon University, [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]], and [[Central Pollution Control Board]]. The committee is expected to complete its studies within two months and submit its report to the Tribunal by May 15, 2023. The committee has been given the freedom to take assistance from any other expert/institution and interact with stakeholders.<ref name="NGT-panel">{{cite news | title=Land subsidence in Doda's Thathri: Government Forms Committee to Prevent Environmental Damage | website=[[The Chenab Times]] |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/03/25/land-subsidence-in-dodas-thathri-government-forms-committee-to-prevent-environmental-damage/ | access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref>

On 03 June 2023, the Joint Committee, commissioned by the [[National Green Tribunal]] (NGT), has proposed the utilization of geospatial mapping techniques to identify [[Thathri]]-type foot slope zones throughout [[Doda district]]. The committee, led by the Chief Secretary of Jammu and Kashmir, aims to employ advanced technology for effective civil engineering project planning and management in the region, with the primary goal of averting environmental harm by avoiding unsuitable construction areas. Geospatial mapping, as advocated by the committee, involves analyzing data within a geographic context by overlaying various information layers, including land use, population density, and environmental factors. This approach assists urban planners in creating more sustainable cities by facilitating the analysis of population distribution, transportation networks, land use patterns, and environmental influences. The committee's recommendations encompass critical elements such as monitoring, construction prohibitions in affected zones, resident relocation, retention and gabion wall construction, natural diversion restoration, geotechnical assessments, and the establishment of a geo-portal for enhanced planning and monitoring. These measures, when properly executed and continuously monitored, can contribute to risk reduction and enhanced safety. However, it's important to recognize that slope instability is a multifaceted issue influenced by various factors, necessitating ongoing monitoring, reassessment, and adaptive strategies. To ensure safety, close coordination among departments, agencies, and stakeholders is indispensable, allowing for comprehensive and integrated planning that considers all relevant aspects of slope stability.<ref name="o901">{{cite news | last=Excelsior | first=Daily | title=NGT recommendations for Thathri | website=[[Daily Excelsior]] | date=3 June 2023 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ngt-recommendations-for-thathri/ | access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2023 disasters in India]]
[[Category:February 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Subsidences]]

Alexandra Girls' English Institution

2026-02-21T09:44:06Z

Stormy43P6: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Alexandra Girls' English Institution
| native_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = Trust In God And Be Not Daunted
| motto_translation =
| location = 31, Hazarimal Somani Marg,
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| zipcode = 400001
| coordinates = {{coord|18|56|07|N|72|49|53|E|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = Alexandra Native Girls' English Institution
| type = Private
| religious_affiliation =
| established = {{Start date|1863|09|01|df=yes}}
| founder = [[Manockjee Cursetjee]]
| closed = 
| school_board =
| district =
| authority = 
| oversight = 
| principal = Mrs. Kashmira Sarkari<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alexandragei.org/overview/members-of-staff/ |title=Members of Staff |publisher=Alexandra Girls’ English Institution |website=Alexandragei.org |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
| head = 
| staff = 63
| faculty =
| grades = 
| gender = Girls
| age_range = 
| enrollment = 830
| enrollment_as_of = 
| language = English
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| colors = 
| teams = 
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] (5–10) [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (nursery–4)
| website = {{URL|alexandragei.org}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Alexandra Girls' English Institution''' (commonly abbreviated as the '''AGEI'''), formerly known as the '''Alexandra Native Girls' English Institution''', is a [[Single-sex education|girls-only school]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India. Established on 1 September 1863 by [[Manockjee Cursetjee]] at his residence Villa Byculla, the institution is named after [[Alexandra of Denmark|Princess Alexandra]], who became the Princess of Wales upon her marriage to [[Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] on 10 March 1863.

The school was later moved to its present location at Hazarimal Somani Marg. Imparting education from [[Preschool|nursery]] to tenth grade, the school is affiliated with the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] for all the grades up to fourth grade and with the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] from fifth to tenth grade. Its [[student–teacher ratio]], 1:17, is better than the national ratio of 1:24.

== Foundation ==
[[File:Queen Alexandra, the Princess of Wales.jpg|left|thumb|The school was named after [[Alexandra of Denmark|Alexandra, Princess of Wales]].]]
The school was founded by Parsi businessman and judge [[Manockjee Cursetjee]] as the Alexandra Native Girls' English Institution on 1 September 1863 at his residence Villa Byculla in Mumbai (then known as Bombay).<ref name="Palsetia2001">{{Cite book |title=The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City |last=Palsetia |first=Jesse S. |page=151 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2001 |isbn=9004121145 |volume=17 |chapter=Identity and Social Reform}}</ref> He was of opinion that to bring the "required change in society" women's education was important, and with this vision he started this English medium school for Indian girls, initially with 13 students.<ref name="Palsetia2001" /> It was named after [[Alexandra of Denmark]], then [[Princess of Wales]] (who later became the [[queen consort of the United Kingdom]] and the [[British Dominions]], and [[empress consort of India]]), as Cursetjee believed that she would be an "ideal" for the girls to look up to.<ref name="Palsetia2001" /> The school was later moved to its present location at Hazarimal Somani Marg. It is one of the oldest girls' schools in Mumbai.<ref name="DNA20">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-oldest-girls-school-turns-150-1676409 |title=Mumbai's oldest girls school turns 150 |last=Pednekar |first=Pooja |date=16 April 2012 |access-date=5 July 2020 |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

The school reached its 150th anniversary in 2013 and started its sesquicentennial celebration 1 September 2012. The year-long celebration included issuing of a special postal cover, an inter-school festival, reunion of alumni and releasing school souvenir in April 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Mumbais-oldest-school-to-shift-to-new-age-International-Baccalaureate/articleshow/15246300.cms |title=Mumbai's 'oldest' school to shift to new-age International Baccalaureate |date=29 July 2012 |access-date=3 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |last=Bhandary |first=Shreya |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The school is affiliated with the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] (MSBSHSE).<ref name="Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.alexandragei.com/overview/profile/ |title=Profile |publisher=Alexandra Girls’ English Institution |website=Alexandragei.com |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806191126/http://www.alexandragei.com/overview/profile/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, it follows [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] for all the grades up to fourth grade, and from fifth to tenth grades it follows the [[Secondary School Certificate]] curriculum of the MSBSHSE.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Must For Mums: Mumbai |edition=Third |last=Mehta |first=Rina |chapter=Schools in Mumbai – Alexandra Girls’ English Institution |page=65 |isbn=978-8120417359 |publisher=Oxford and IBH Publishing |year=2009}}</ref> It is divided into four different sections: pre-primary section comprises grades nursery, lower and higher kindergarten, primary section is from first to fourth grade, middle section includes fifth to seventh grades and secondary school is made up of eighth, ninth and tenth grades.<ref name="Profile" /> Each grade is further divided into two divisions. The average strength of each grade is 35 and with a current strength of 63 teachers the [[student–teacher ratio]] of the school is 1:17,<ref name="Profile" /> which is better than the national ratio of 1:24.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/india-s-student-teacher-ratio-lowest-lags-behind-brazil-and-china-1568695-2019-07-14 |title=India's student-teacher ratio lowest among compared countries, lags behind Brazil and China |work=[[India Today]] |date=14 July 2019 |access-date=29 July 2020 |agency=[[Indo–Asian News Service]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Bhikaiji Cama]] – an Indian independence activist.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Darukhanawala| editor-first=Hormusji Dhunjishaw| title=Parsi lustre on Indian soil| volume=2| year=1963| location=Bombay (now Mumbai)| publisher=G. Claridge}}.</ref>
* [[Ruby Patel]] – a Parsi–Gujarati theatre actor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/she-was-the-real-ruby-of-theatre/22780226 |title=She Was The Real Ruby Of Theatre |date=13 May 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 |last=Fernandez |first=Fiona |location=Mumbai |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>
* [[Tanaaz Irani]] – a Hindi film and television actor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/did-you-know-zaban-sambhal-ke-actress-tanaaz-irani-has-a-25-year-old-daughter/16541 |title=Do you know Zabaan Sambhalke actress Tanaaz Irani has a 27-year-old daughter? |date=8 April 2020 |access-date=3 August 2020 |last=Wagh |first=Nikita |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1863]]
[[Category:1863 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Alexandra of Denmark]]

Basirhat High School

2026-02-21T02:25:42Z

Stormy43P6: Stub

{{Infobox school
| name = Basirhat High School
| native_name = বসিরহাট হাই স্কুল
| address = Near Sarat Biswas Road, Basirhat
| city = Basirhat
| state = West Bengal
| postal_code = 743411
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.661985|88.873824|display=inline,title}}
| type = Public school
| established = 1877
| school_board = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]]
| language = Bengali
| campus_type = Urban
| gender = Boys
| affiliation = WBBSE, WBCHSE
}}

'''Basirhat High School''' (Bengali: '''বসিরহাট হাই স্কুল''') is one of the oldest educational institutions in [[Basirhat]], [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Established in 1877, the school has been a prominent centre for secondary and higher secondary education in the region. It is affiliated with the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] (WBBSE) and the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] (WBCHSE).<ref name="banglarshiksha">{{cite web |title=Basirhat High School (ID 19114600704) |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19114600704 |website=Banglar Shiksha |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
Basirhat High School was established in 1877 during the British colonial period, making it one of the earliest schools in eastern Bengal. Over the years, it became a landmark institution for education and social reform in the Basirhat region.

In the year of 1929, the school was visited by [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]], one of India’s most prominent freedom fighters. His visit inspired students and teachers to participate in the freedom movement and spread awareness about national unity and self-reliance.<ref>{{cite web |title=When Subhas Chandra Bose Arrived at Basirhat High School in Horse-Drawn Carriage |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/netaji-jayanti-when-subhas-chandra-bose-arrived-at-basirhat-high-school-in-horse-drawn-carriage-8751792.html |website=News18 |publisher=Network18 |date=23 January 2024 |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose came at Basirhat school ‒ memories by students on Independence Day 2023 |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/24pargana-news/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-came-at-basirhat-school-memorises-by-students-on-independence-day-2023/articleshow/102750704.cms |website=Ei Samay |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref>

== Campus ==
The school is located on Dinesh Majumder Road, near the Sarat Biswas Road. It has a large urban campus with classrooms, a library, computer laboratories, and a playground. The school offers education from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web |title=Basirhat High School, North 24 Parganas |url=https://schools.org.in/north-twenty-four-pargana/19114600704/basirhat-high-school.html |website=Schools.org.in |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref>

== Academics ==
Basirhat High School follows the syllabus prescribed by the WBBSE for the Madhyamik (secondary) level and the WBCHSE for the Higher Secondary level. The medium of instruction is Bengali, with English taught as a second language.<ref name="banglarshiksha"/>

== Extracurricular activities ==
The school organizes various extracurricular activities, including annual sports, cultural programs, debates, and science exhibitions. Students also participate in district and state-level competitions.

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Dipendu Biswas]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://wbbse.wb.gov.in/ Official website of WBBSE]
* [https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/ Official website of WBCHSE]

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1857]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Basirhat]]

Publications Division

2026-02-19T05:57:21Z

Stormy43P6: new some stub w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian state publisher}}
{{Primary sources|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox publisher
|name = Publications Division (India)
|headquarters= Soochna Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi
|founded = 1941
|director general = Sheyphali Sharan
|owner = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], Govt. of India
|website = http://publicationsdivision.nic.in/
|image=Publications_division.png}}
'''Publications Division (India)''' is a publishing house in [[India]], with its headquarters at Soochna Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi. It functions as a division of the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]. It publishes books in [[Hindi]], English and other regional languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications Division receives Award for Excellence in Display at Delhi Book Fair 2023 {{!}} DD News |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/national/publications-division-receives-award-excellence-display-delhi-book-fair-2023 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
Established in 1941, Publications Division publishes books on a range of subjects including arts, culture, national heritage, biographies of national leaders in various fields, science, flora and fauna and children's literature. The house has published a 100-volume set of the collected works of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as well as individual volumes of his work.<ref name=About/>

The Publications Division also publishes journals including ''Yojana'', on development; ''Kurukshetra'', on rural development; ''Ajkal'', a literary magazine; ''Bal Bharati'', for children; and ''Employment News'', which lists government job openings.<ref name=About>{{Cite web |url=https://www.publicationsdivision.nic.in/index.php?route=page/about_us&page_id=8 |title=About Us |access-date=23 May 2021 |publisher=Publications Division }}</ref> It also participates in exhibitions and book fairs.

The materials are sold through agents, online, and via its own outlets: eight sales emporiums in [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Lucknow]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Patna]], and [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publicationsdivision.nic.in/index.php?route=page/distributionnetwork |title=Distribution Network |publisher=Publications Division |access-date=23 May 2021 }}</ref>

==Notable publications==
*Builders of Modern India: [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Hakim Ajmal Khan]] edited by [[Anshul Singh|Zafar Ahmad Nizami]]
*Builders of Modern India: [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] by [[Zafar Ahmad Nizami]]<ref name="hakim">{{cite book |author1=Zafar Ahmad Nizami |title=Builders of Modern India: Hakim Ajmal Khan|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1081516W/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan|via=OpenLibrary.org|publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]|edition=1988|language=English|access-date=31 May 2019|author1-link=Zafar Ahmad Nizami}}</ref>
*Builders of Modern India: [[Deendayal Upadhyaya|Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya]], Urdu translation by [[Raamish Siddiqui]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=BMI - Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya (Urdu) |publisher=Publications Division|url=https://www.publicationsdivision.nic.in/index.php?route=product/product&path=&product_id=3358&language=Urdu|last=|first=|date=|website=www.publicationsdivision.nic.in|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-05-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in India]]
[[Category:State publishers]]

{{india-media-stub}}
{{india-gov-stub}}
{{publish-company-stub}}

Sanjeev Kumar

2026-02-16T07:49:56Z

Stormy43P6: added info

{{Short description|Indian film actor (1938–1985)}}
{{About|the Indian actor|other people with the same name|Sanjeev Kumar (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjeev Kumar
| image = Sanjeev Kumar, Best Actor for Koshish.jpg
| caption = Sanjeev Kumar, {{circa|1973}}
| birth_name = Harihar Jethalal Jariwala
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1938|7|9|df=y}}<ref name=Go>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/sanjeev-kumar-facts-1080532-2017-11-06|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2020|title=Remembering Sanjeev Kumar, the 'Thakur' of Indian cinema|date=6 November 2017|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102171438/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/sanjeev-kumar-facts-1080532-2017-11-06}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day Surat, [[Gujarat]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|11|6|1938|7|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names = Haribhai
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1960–1985
| works = [[Sanjeev Kumar filmography|Full list]]
| spouse =
| partner =
}}

'''Sanjeev Kumar''' (born '''Harihar Jethalal Jariwala''';<ref name=":0" /> 9 July 1938 – 6 November 1985)<ref name=":0" /> was an Indian actor who worked in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Gujarati cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjeev Kumar: The common man's superstar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2021/dec/19/sanjeev-kumar-the-common-mans-superstar-2396362.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507210346/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2021/dec/19/sanjeev-kumar-the-common-mans-superstar-2396362.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Regarded as one of the greatest and finest actors in the history of [[Indian cinema]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/remembering-sanjeev-kumar-his-memoir-gives-an-insight-into-the-life-and-journey-of-the-actor-from-struggle-to-stardom/articleshow/92769007.cms|title=Sanjeev Kumar's memoir: Insights into his journey from struggle to stardom|date=9 July 2022|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=Go/> Kumar was known for his acting versatility. He acted in a wide variety of genres ranging from romantic drama to thriller. He was voted seventh among the "Greatest Actors of Indian cinema of All Time" in a poll conducted by ''[[Rediff.com]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Readers Choice: The Greatest Indian actors of all time|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-readers-choice-the-finest-indian-actors-of-all-time/20110627.htm|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614040357/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-readers-choice-the-finest-indian-actors-of-all-time/20110627.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> His [[double role]] in ''Angoor'' was listed among the "25 Iconic Performances of Indian cinema" by ''Forbes India'' on the occasion of celebrating 100 years of [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]].<ref name=":0">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sanjeev-Kumar Sanjeev Kumar: Movies, Photos, Videos, News & Biography | eTimes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528202040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sanjeev-Kumar |date=28 May 2018 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (1938-07-09). Retrieved on 2018-11-08.</ref>

He won several major awards, including two [[National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] in ''[[Dastak (1970 film)|Dastak]]'' (1970) and ''[[Koshish]]'' (1972). Some of his acclaimed performances include ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975), ''[[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' (1976) and ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' (1978), ''[[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]]'' (1970), ''[[Naya Din Nai Raat]]'' (1974), ''[[Yehi Hai Zindagi]]'' (1977), ''[[Devata (1978 film)|Devata]]'' (1978) and ''[[Ram Tere Kitne Naam]]'' (1985). His performances in [[comedy genre]] films, such as ''[[Manchali]]'' (1973), ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]'' (1978), ''[[Biwi-O-Biwi]]'' (1981) ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]'' (1982) and ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'' (1983) were also well received.

== Early life and background ==
Sanjeev Kumar was born as Harihar Jethalal Jariwala (also referred to as Haribhai)<ref name=ht12 /><ref name=tri /> on 9 July 1938 in [[Surat]] into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-sanjeev-kumar-birth-anniversary-know-the-story-behind-the-name-change-from-haribhai-23754828.html|title = किसके कहने पर हरिहर जेठालाल बन गये थे Sanjeev Kumar? दिलचस्प है 'हरिभाई' के नाम बदलने का किस्सा|date = 8 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Sanjeev Kumar had lots of women around him…"|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/sanjeev-kumar-had-lots-of-women-around-him-14412.html|access-date=2022-01-02|website=filmfare.com|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206213521/https://www.filmfare.com/features/sanjeev-kumar-had-lots-of-women-around-him-14412.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He came to Bombay when he was very young. A stint in a film school led him to [[Bollywood]], where he eventually became an accomplished actor. He is widely acclaimed by the critics and general public alike to be one of the all-time greatest actors of Indian cinema.

Kumar had two younger brothers and one sister. He spoke Gujarati, Hindi and English fluently.

==Career ==
{{main article|Sanjeev Kumar filmography}}

Kumar started his acting career as a stage actor, starting with [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]] in [[Bombay]] and later joining the Indian National Theatre.<ref name=tri>{{cite web | title = He was an actor for all seasons | publisher = The Sunday Tribune | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000813/spectrum/main3.htm | date = 13 August 2000 | access-date = 2013-08-12 | archive-date = 3 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180303211856/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000813/spectrum/main3.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Even as a stage actor, he had a penchant for playing older roles; at age 22, he played an old man in an adaptation of [[Arthur Miller's]] ''[[All My Sons]]''. In the following year, in the play ''[[Damru]]'' directed by [[A.K. Hangal]], he again played the role of a 60-year-old with six children.<ref name=ht12 />

He made his film debut with a small role in ''[[Hum Hindustani]]'' in 1960.<ref name=Kale>{{Cite web |title=Fans remember legendary actor Sanjeev Kumar on his 82nd birth anniversary |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/fans-remember-legendary-actor-sanjeev-kumar-on-his-82nd-birth-anniversary |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004032239/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/fans-remember-legendary-actor-sanjeev-kumar-on-his-82nd-birth-anniversary |url-status=live }}</ref> His first film as a protagonist was in ''[[Nishan (1965 film)|Nishan]]'' (1965). In 1968, he acted alongside [[Dilip Kumar]] in ''[[Sunghursh]]''. He also starred opposite [[Shammi Kapoor]] and [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] in the hit film ''[[Sachaai]]'' (1969).

He starred in the 1966 [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] film ''[[Kalapi (film)|Kalapi]]'', which was based on the poet [[Kalapi]]'s life, with him playing the title role, [[Padmarani]] playing the role of his wife, Rama and [[Aruna Irani]] as the love interest. The film was directed by [[Manhar Raskapur]].<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA94|access-date=21 April 2017|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77284-9|pages=94|archive-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412145349/https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA94|url-status=live}}</ref> Later [[Aruna Irani]] worked with him in another [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] film, ''Mare Javun Pele Par'' (1968).

In 1970, the movie ''[[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]]'', which was the remake of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] film ''Mare Javun Pele Paar'' (1968), brought Kumar national recognition. In 1972, he played in an Indo-Iranian film, ''[[Subah-O-Shaam]]''. This was when the director [[Gulzar]] first spotted him. Later he cast Kumar in the roles of older men in 4 films ''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'' (1972), ''[[Koshish]]'' (1973), ''[[Aandhi]]'' (1975) and ''[[Mausam (1975 film)|Mausam]]'' (1975). [[Gulzar]] cast Kumar in the roles of younger men in the films ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]'' (1981) and ''[[Namkeen]]'' (1982). He won the [[BFJA Awards for Best Actor (Hindi)]] for his portrayal of a deaf and mute person in ''[[Koshish]]'' opposite [[Jaya Bhaduri]]. He reached to his success when he starred in the box office hits ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972), ''[[Manchali]]'' (1973) and ''[[Aap Ki Kasam]]'' (1974). In 1973, he made a guest appearance during a song in a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie, ''[[Bharatha Vilas]]'' (1973). He performed in nine movies directed by [[Gulzar]]. [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] directed him in ''[[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'', for which he won the Filmfare Best Actor Award.

He did three films opposite famous [[Tamils|Tamil]] actress [[L. Vijayalakshmi]], including ''Husn Aur Ishq'' and ''Badal'' which became hits. Their first film was ''[[Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1966 film)|Alibaba Aur 40 Chor]]'' which was unsuccessful. His ''[[Raja Aur Runk]]'', released in 1968, was a great success. He did ''[[Kangan (1971 film)|Kangan]]'', ''[[Rivaaj]]'', ''[[Zindagi (1976 film)|Zindagi]]'', ''[[Be-Reham]]'', ''[[Archana (film)|Archana]]'' and ''[[Do Ladkiyan]]'' opposite [[Mala Sinha]]. He did ''[[Priya (1970 film)|Priya]]'', ''[[Anubhav (1971 film)|Anubhav]]'', ''Gustaaki Maaf'', ''[[Bachpan]]'' and ''[[Khud-Daar]]'' with [[Tanuja]]. He was paired with [[Raakhee]] in ''[[Angaare]]'', ''[[Paras (1971 film)|Paras]]'', ''[[Trishna (1978 film)|Trishna]]'', ''[[Shriman Shrimati]]'' and ''[[Hamare Tumhare]]''. His hits with [[Leena Chandavarkar]] included ''Apne Rang Hazar'', ''[[Manchali]]'' and ''[[Anhonee (1973 film)|Anhonee]]''. He was paired regularly with [[Sulakshana Pandit]] in films such as ''[[Uljhan]]'' and ''[[Waqt Ki Deewar]]'' and with [[Moushmi Chatterjee|Moushumi Chatterjee]] in ''Itni Si Baat'' and ''Daasi''.

The producers and directors of the South wanted to remake their [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films in [[Hindi]] with either [[Kumar]] or [[Rajesh Khanna]] in lead. It was these [[Hindi]] film remakes which elevated the success in his career. ''[[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]]'' and its [[Tamil language|Tamil]] version ''[[Engirundho Vandhaal]]'' were made simultaneously. ''[[Navarathri]]'' was remade as ''[[Naya Din Nai Raat]]''. [[Kumar]] reprised the role played by [[Thengai Srinivasan]] in ''[[Yehi Hai Zindagi]]'' which was a remake of ''[[Kaliyuga Kannan]]''. He starred as the lead ''[[Shaandaar (1974 film)|Shaandaar]]'' (1974) which was a remake of ''[[Kasturi Nivasa]]'' with [[Kannada]] actor [[Dr. Rajkumar]] in the lead. [[Kumar]] enacted the role played by [[AVM Rajan]] in ''Anadhai Aanandhan'', in its [[Hindi]] version ''[[Chanda Aur Bijli]]''. ''[[Gnana Oli]]'' was remade as ''[[Devata (1978 film)|Devata]]'' in 1978 with [[Kumar]] reprising the role originally played by [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. He also acted in ''[[Swarg Narak]]'' (1978) the remake of ''[[Swargam Narakam]].'' He played the role which [[N.T. Rama Rao]] did originally in ''Devina Chesina Manushulu'', in its [[Hindi]] version [[Takkar (1980 film)|Takkar]] in 1980. ''[[Tayaramma Bangarayya]]'' was remade as ''Shriman Shrimati'' in 1982, ''Raman Ethanai Ramanadi'' was remade as ''Raam Kitne Tere Naam'' in 1985. Kumar reprised the role played by R.Muthuraman in ''Alukuoru Aasai'' in its Hindi remake ''Itni Si Baat'' in 1981. Sivaji Ganesan gave Kumar a role in his own home production ''Gauri'' (1968), which was a remake of ''Shanti'' (1965). The role played by S.S. Rajendran in ''Shanti'' was re-enacted by Kumar in ''Gauri''.

Northern Indian producers and directors cast Kumar primarily in supporting roles in films like [[Khud-Daar]], [[Sawaal (film)|Sawaal]], [[Zabardast]], [[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]], and [[Silsila]]. Sanjeev Kumar's excellent comic timing entertained audiences in films such as ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'', ''Biwi O Biwi'' (1981),<ref>[http://www.webmallindia.com/buy-dvd-online-movie-biwi-o-biwi-p-105.html Buy BIWI O BIWI DVD online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017034022/http://www.webmallindia.com/buy-dvd-online-movie-biwi-o-biwi-p-105.html |date=17 October 2014 }}. Webmallindia.com. Retrieved on 2018-11-08.</ref> ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978 film)|Pati, Patni Aur Woh]]'', ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]'' (1982) and ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'' (1983).

His performances in films such as {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Charitraheen]]}}, ''Grihapravesh'', ''Chehre Pe Chehra'', [[Suraag]], ''Sawaal'' and ''Yaadgaar'' were appreciated by critics. Kumar always demonstrated a willingness to take on unconventional roles that challenged him as an actor. His role as Mirza Sajjad Ali,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chess Players: And Other Screenplays |author=Satyajit Ray |editor=Andrew Robinson |publisher=Faber |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-5711-4074-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/chessplayersothe00saty |url-access=registration }}</ref> a chess-obsessed Lucknowi (citizen of [[Lucknow]]), in [[Satyajit Ray]]'s classic ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' (1977) exemplified that aspect. His best-remembered roles were in the blockbuster films ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) and ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' (1978). His portrayal of the character [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]], from ''[[Sholay]]'' was regarded as one of his stellar performances. In ''[[Naya Din Nayi Raat]]'' (1974), Kumar reprised nine-roles. This film enhanced his status and reputation as a serious actor in [[Bollywood]]. He stood his ground against leading superstars such as [[Rajesh Khanna]] in ''Aap Ki Kasam''; [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Shashi Kapoor]] in the [[Yash Chopra]] multi-star cast film ''[[Trishul (film)|Trishul]]'' (1978) and Dilip Kumar in ''Sangharsh'' and ''Vidhaata'' (1982).

He did many regional films in different languages including [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and his mother land [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. In 1980, he starred in the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] movie ''Fauji Chacha''. He also made guest appearances in two Tamil films, ''Bharata Vilas'' and ''Uyarndhavargal'' (a remake of ''Koshish'').

== Personal life ==
Kumar remained single all his life. He had proposed to [[Hema Malini]] in 1973 and they remained in touch thereafter. [[Sulakshana Pandit]] later recounted having been in love with him and having proposed marriage to him which he politely declined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/aug2002/ivw9.html|title=Whatever happened to....... Sulakshana Pandit|publisher=Filmfare|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015075824/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/aug2002/ivw9.html|archive-date=15 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is speculated as a result of this rejection, Pandit chose to remain unmarried.

== Health problems and death ==
After his first heart attack, he underwent a bypass surgery in the U.S. However, on 6 November 1985, at the age of 47, he suffered a massive heart attack, which resulted in his death. His younger brother Nikul died before him, while his other brother Kishore died six months later.<ref name=ht12>{{cite web| title = Salt-and-pepper memories with Sanjeev Kumar| publisher = Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/editorial-views-on/ColumnsOthers/Salt-and-pepper-memories-with-Sanjeev-Kumar/Article1-954727.aspx| date = 4 November 2012| access-date = 2013-08-12| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130815011536/http://www.hindustantimes.com/editorial-views-on/ColumnsOthers/Salt-and-pepper-memories-with-Sanjeev-Kumar/Article1-954727.aspx| archive-date = 15 August 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/sanjeev-kumar|title=Sanjeev Kumar|publisher=upperstall.com|access-date=14 August 2010|archive-date=27 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527175247/http://www.upperstall.com/people/sanjeev-kumar|url-status=live}}</ref>

More than ten of Kumar's films were released after his death with the last one, ''[[Professor Ki Padosan]]'', released in December 1993. At the time of his death, only 75% of the film was complete and it was eventually decided to alter the storyline in the second half to explain the absence of Kumar's character.

==Artistry and legacy==
Kumar is regarded as one the greatest actors in Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Best Actors of Bollywood Ever |magazine=The Cinemaholic |url=https://thecinemaholic.com/best-greatest-bollywood-actors-of-all-time/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129234730/https://thecinemaholic.com/best-greatest-bollywood-actors-of-all-time/ |archive-date=29 November 2022}}</ref> He was known for his diverse roles, charm, elegance and ability to bring authenticity and depth to a wide range.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/remembering-sanjeev-kumar-celebrating-5-timeless-roles-on-his-birth-anniversary/articleshow/111611435.cms|title=Remembering Sanjeev Kumar: Celebrating 5 timeless roles on his birth anniversary|website=The Times Of India|date=9 July 2024|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> He did not mind playing roles that were non-glamorous, such as characters well beyond his age.<ref name=Kale/> In 2022, Kumar was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actors Who Conquered Hearts Of The Millions |work=Outlook India |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{quote box|align=left|width=31em|bgcolor=lightgrey|quote="Normally great acting performances are associated with tragedy, or the character exhibiting a panoply of emotions. It is not often that a comic role gets this status. The one exception is Sanjeev Kumar’s double role in Angoor (based on Shakespeare’s The Comedy of Errors) where he makes you joyful with effortless acting and amazing comic timing." |source=—''[[Forbes India]]'' on Kumar's performance in ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]'' (1982)<ref name="Forbes">{{cite journal |last=Prasad |first=Shishir |author2=Ramnath, N.S |author3=Mitter, Sohini |date=27 April 2013 |title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema |journal=[[Forbes India]] |publisher=Network 18 |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |access-date=19 April 2015 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112014841/http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
Dinesh Raheja of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' noted, "Sanjeev Kumar thrived in spite of defying many of Bollywood's norms for heroes. He defied the industry's unwritten-rules not out of necessity, but by choice. This actor did not have to sequin himself in designer duds to endear himself to the audience. He did so with his virtuoso performances."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/17dinesh.htm|title=Everyman's Hero: Sanjeev Kumar|website=Rediff.com|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' said, "Whether he made you cry in ''[[Koshish]]'', or laugh in ''[[Angoor (1982 film)| Angoor]]'', put you on the edge in ''[[Sholay]]'' or shocked you in ''[[Khilona (1970 film)| Khilona]]'', he could do it with ease. When a director hired Sanjeev Kumar, he hired the luxury of going to sleep. The actor would arrive at the fag end of the shift and wind up before the rest of them. Such was his easy talent. Sanjeev Kumar was a real actor."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/actor-for-all-seasons-sanjeev-kumar-5000.html |title=Actor for all seasons: Sanjeev Kumar|website=Filmfare.com|date=23 December 2013|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref> In 2010, ''[[Filmfare]]'' included Kumar's performances in ''[[Mausam (1975 film)|Mausam]]'', ''Aandhi'', ''Angoor'' and ''Sholay'' in its list of Bollywood's "80 Iconic Performances".<ref name="iconic">{{cite journal |url=https://tanqeed.com/filmfare-top-80-iconic-performances-old-article-2010/ |title=80 Iconic Performances |journal=Filmfare Via Tanqeed.com |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

Jyothi Jha of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "There is a popular saying: 'A flame that burns twice as bright, lasts half as long!' Sanjeev Kumar is the best way to define the life of the star".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanjeev-kumar-the-actor-who-had-predicted-his-death-and-obsessed-over-older-roles-9440112/|title=Sanjeev Kumar: The actor who predicted his death, obsessed over older roles|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=10 July 2024|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' stated, "An artiste par excellence, Kumar enjoyed a strong fan following due to his impressive screen presence, impeccable dialogue delivery and intelligent selection of roles. 'Hari Bhai' often played aged characters, proving that he was not afraid to experiment with his reel image."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/remembering-sanjeev-kumar-on-his-birth-anniversary-5-timeless-classics-that-prove-hari-bhai-was-an-actor-par-excellence-858891.html|title=Remembering Sanjeev Kumar on his birth anniversary: 5 timeless classics that prove ‘Hari Bhai’ was an actor par excellence|date=9 July 2020|access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>

== Awards ==
=== Film awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
! colspan="4"|[[National Film Awards]]
|-
|[[18th National Film Awards|1971]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Dastak (1970 film)|Dastak]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=20NFA.pdf | title=20th National Awards For Films (1971) | publisher=dff.nic.in. Directorate of Film Festivals | page=41 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170649/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=20NFA.pdf | archive-date=21 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|[[20th National Film Awards|1973]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Koshish]]''
|{{won}}
|-
! colspan="4"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|-
|[[16th Filmfare Awards|1969]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Shikar (1968 film)|Shikar]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiafm.com/celebrities/awards/11035/index.html|title=Sanjeev Kumar Awards|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211635/http://indiafm.com/celebrities/awards/11035/index.html|archive-date=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|[[18th Filmfare Awards|1971]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[21st Filmfare Awards|1974]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Koshish]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[23rd Filmfare Awards|1976]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Sholay]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Aandhi]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[24th Filmfare Awards|1977]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Mausam (1975 film)|Mausam]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|Arjun Pandit]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[25th Filmfare Awards|1978]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Yehi Hai Zindagi]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Zindagi (1976 film)|Zindagi]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[26th Filmfare Awards|1979]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Devata (1978 film)|Devata]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Trishul (1978 film)|Trishul]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[30th Filmfare Awards|1983]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Vidhaata]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
! colspan="4"|[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
|-
|1974
|[[BFJA Award for Best Actor (Hindi)|Best Actor (Hindi)]]
|''[[Koshish]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197437.htm|title=BFJA Awards|publisher=BFJA Awards|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100109013438/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197437.htm |archive-date=9 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

=== Other awards ===
* 1969 – Naval Stars Awards, Shanoo Varun Trophy by S.M. Nanda
* 1971 – Surat Jilla Leuva Patidar Gnyati.
* 1975 – Cinegoers Council (Delhi) Film Awards
* 1976 – Lion Club of North Calcutta Actor of the year for ''Mausam''
* 1984 – Maratha Seva Sangh Dist Khed
* Best Actor (Stage) for the Gujarati play ''Koi no Ladakh Vayo''
* Kalashri Art & Network "Lifetime Achievement Millenium 2000 Award" at Surat
* 18th National Award "Bharat Puraskar" by Information & Broadcast State Minister Mrs Nandini Satapthi at Shanmukhanand Hall (Mumbai)
* Army Officers Voice Association Trophy
* Andhra Pradesh Film Journalist Award
* Chitralok Cine Serjak Award (Ahmedabad)

== Government recognition ==
[[File:Sanjeev Kumar 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Kumar on a 2013 stamp of India.]]
A road has been named after him in [[Surat]], Gujarat as Sanjeev Kumar Marg, which was inaugurated by veteran actor [[Sunil Dutt]].

A school has been named after him in his home town [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], and was inaugurated by the then Mayor Kadir K. Pirzada. A postage stamp was released by [[India Post]] to honour him on 3 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Post | Philately | Stamps | Stamps 2013|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2013.aspx|access-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726165015/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Stamps2013.aspx|archive-date=26 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

An auditorium, named [[Sanjeev Kumar Auditorium]] built by the Surat Municipal Corporation at the cost of 108cr, was opened in his home town. It was inaugurated on 14 February 2014 by the then Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat remembers its proud son, versatile actor Sanjeev Kumar by inaugurating a grand auditorium in his honour|publisher=narendramodi.in|url=http://www.narendramodi.in/sanjeev-kumar-auditorium-in-surat/|access-date=18 July 2014|archive-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725115908/http://www.narendramodi.in/sanjeev-kumar-auditorium-in-surat/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
The Sanjeev Kumar Foundation<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sanjeevkumarfoundation.com/ |title=Sanjeev Kumar Foundation |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111225100/http://www.sanjeevkumarfoundation.com/ |archive-date=11 November 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> is a national level development organisation ([[NGO]]) directly benefiting children and their families every year, mainly focusing on education, healthcare, environment, culture and nutrition. From 2015 onwards the foundation has also been the sponsor of the annual Sanjeev Kumar Drama Competition held by the [[Surat Municipal Corporation]]. The awards and cash prizes are given in memory of Sanjeev Kumar to the best actor, actress, director and backstage technician every year.

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0474876|name=Sanjeev Kumar}}
* [http://www.forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/1 25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema]
{{NationalFilmAwardBestActor}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestActor}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestSupportingActor}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sanjeev}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]

Abhinav Gomatam

2026-02-15T06:31:16Z

Stormy43P6: basic updated section for accuracy and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhinav Gomatam
| image = Abhinav (cropped).jpg
| caption = Gomatam in 2020
| birth_name = Abhinav Gomatam
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (present-day [[Telangana]]), India
| alma_mater = Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2012–present
}}
'''Abhinav Gomatam''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Telugu films]].

== Early life ==
Abhinav Gomatam was born and brought up in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="U">{{Cite news|title=Abhinav Gomatam reveals unknown facts about Tharun Bhascker's Meeku Maathrame Cheptha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/abhinav-gomatam-reveals-unknown-facts-about-tharun-bhasckers-meeku-maathrame-cheptha/articleshow/71792912.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-02|website=The Times of India|date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909160517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/abhinav-gomatam-reveals-unknown-facts-about-tharun-bhasckers-meeku-maathrame-cheptha/articleshow/71792912.cms |archive-date=9 September 2021 }}</ref> He is an engineering graduate from Vignan Institute of Technology and Science.

== Career ==
He started his career with theater. He worked at [[Lamakaan]], UDAAN Performing Arts (Promoted by UDAAN Academy Of Arts And Education) and Aham Theatre. He worked in several short films and moved to Telugu cinema. His more recent film credits are ''[[Malli Raava]]'' (2017), ''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi]]'' (2018), ''[[Sita (2019 film)|Sita]]'' (2019), ''[[Falaknuma Das]]'' (2019) and ''[[Meeku Maathrame Cheptha]]'' (2019).<ref name="U"/><ref>{{cite news|author= Y Sunita Chowdhary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-meeku-mathrame-cheptha-marks-actor-abhinav-gomatams-tenth-film/article29813355.ece |title='Meeku Mathrame Cheptha' marks actor Abhinav Gomatam's tenth film |work=The Hindu |date=28 October 2019 |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> He received praise for his starring role in ''Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Suhas Yellapantula |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ee-nagaraniki-emaindi/movie-review/64785903.cms |title=Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi Movie Review |publisher=Times of India |date=29 June 2018 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref> A [[Cinema Express]] review also lauded Gomatam's performance in ''Meeku Maathrame Cheptha'', while dismissing the film overall.<ref>{{cite web|author=Murali Krishna CH |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2019/nov/01/meeku-maathrame-cheptha-review-vijay-deverakonda-s-debut-production-venture-is-let-down-by-a-weak-15257.html |title=Meeku Maathrame Cheptha Movie Review: Vijay Deverakonda's debut production venture is let down by a weak script |publisher=Cinema Express |date=1 November 2019 |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''

=== Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Artificial (2012 film)|Artificial]]'' || Manav || Short film ||
|-
|2013
|''The Delivery''
|Malik
|Short film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya (2014 film)|Maine Pyaar Kiya]]'' || Naveen's friend ||||
|-
| ''Billa Ranga'' || ||||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Jagannatakam (2015 Film)|Jagannatakam]]'' || Bunty ||||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Malli Raava]]'' || Dumbo || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi]]'' || Kaushik || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019 ||''Jessie'' || ||||
|-
|''[[Falaknuma Das]]'' || Psychiatrist || Cameo appearance||
|-
| ''[[Sita (2019 film)|Sita]]'' || Chakram || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telugucinema.com/news/tejas-sita-trailer-out |title=Teja's Sita trailer is out |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511231852/https://www.telugucinema.com/news/tejas-sita-trailer-out |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tejas-film-with-kajal-aggarwal-titled-as-sita-first-look-tomorrow/articleshow/67690244.cms |title=Teja's film with Kajal Aggarwal titled as 'Sita', first look tomorrow|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 January 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Meeku Maathrame Cheptha]]'' || Kamesh ||||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/meeku-maathrame-cheptha/movieshow/70894661.cms|title=Meeku Maathrame Cheptha|date=23 September 2019|website=Times of India|language=en|access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021 ||''[[Rang De]]'' || Yanam || ||
|-
|''[[Ichata Vahanamulu Niluparadu]]''
| Meenu's brother-in-law
|
|
|-
|''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]''
| Pramod
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Sehari]]''
| Vasu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|[[Virupaksha (film)|''Virupaksha'']]
| Surya's friend
|
|
|-
|''[[Spy (2023 film)|Spy]]''
| [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent Kamal
|
|
|-
|''[[Gandeevadhari Arjuna]]'' || Dinesh ||
|
|-
|''[[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]'' || Rahul ||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
| ''[[Kismat (2024 film)|Kismat]]''|| Abhi ||
|
|-
| ''[[Masthu Shades Unnai Raa]]''|| Manohar "Manu"||
|
|-
| ''[[Operation Valentine (film)|Operation Valentine]]'' || Dhruv ||
|
|-
|''[[My Dear Donga]]''
|Suresh
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Sundarakanda (2025 film)|Sundarakanda]]'' || Siddharth's friend ||
|
|-
|''[[Santhana Prapthirasthu]]''
|Subbu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]
|Musthafa
|
|
|-
|''ENE Repeat''
|Kaushik
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2023{{Ndash}}2024
|''[[Save the Tigers]]''
|Rahul
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Thulasivanam]]''
|
|[[ETV Win]]
|Cameo appearance
|}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm5118890}}
* {{Facebook|abhinav.gomatam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomatam, Abhinav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
{{Authority control}}

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing

2026-02-10T18:43:14Z

Stormy43P6: Adding some pg added tags

{{Short description|Research institute in India}}
{{Infobox research institute
| name = Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB)
| image = CIAB India logo.png
| caption =
| established = 2012<ref>{{cite news |title=Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare, Science & Technology and Earth Sciences Dr. Harsh Vardhan inaugurates state-of-the-art facilities at various research centres in Chandigarh and Mohali |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1706477 |work=www.pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=21 March 2021}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>
| type = [[Autonomous]] [[Research Institute]]
| budget = Government-funded
| research_field = Biotechnology, Bioprocessing, Agriculture, Nutraceuticals
| director = [[Ashwani Pareek]] ''(Additional charge)''
| city = [[Mohali]]
| state = Punjab
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| operating_agency= Government of India
| website = [https://www.ciab.res.in www.ciab.res.in]
| affiliations = [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT)
}}
'''Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing''' (CIAB) is an autonomous national institute under the [[Department of Biotechnology]], Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. It is headquartered in [[Mohali]], Punjab, and is uniquely focused on secondary agriculture — converting agricultural residues into high-value [[bioproducts]].

==Mission and Mandate==
The institute's mission is to advance knowledge, technologies, and processes related to the [[agrifood]] sector, linking research outcomes to societal impact through entrepreneurship and value addition.<ref name="ddnews">{{cite news |title=Dr. Jitendra Singh inaugurates India's first biomanufacturing institute, BRIC-NABI, to revolutionize agri-food sector |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/dr-jitendra-singh-inaugurates-indias-first-biomanufacturing-institute-bric-nabi-to-revolutionize-agri-food-sector/ |work=ddnews.gov.in |publisher=[[Doordarshan]] |date=28 October 2024}}</ref> CIAB’s mandate includes four major R&D areas:

*Value addition to primary processing residues and agricultural waste for edible products.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Negi |first1=P |last2=Pandey |first2=N |last3=Jyoti |last4=Mishra |first4=T |last5=Ahluwalia |first5=V |last6=Singh |first6=U |last7=Mishra |first7=BB |title=Isolation of Food Grade Dye from Flower Petals of Butea monosperma and Determination of Marker Compounds for Its Quantitative Analysis. |journal=ACS Omega |date=23 May 2023 |volume=8 |issue=20 |pages=17740–17747 |doi=10.1021/acsomega.3c00485 |doi-access=free|pmid=37251158|pmc=10210018 }}</ref>
*[[Waste valorization|Valorization]] of crop waste into specialty products and chemicals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Phukon |first1=Loreni Chiring |last2=Abedin |first2=Md Minhajul |last3=Chourasia |first3=Rounak |last4=Singh |first4=Sudhir P. |last5=Tayung |first5=Kumananda |last6=Rai |first6=Amit Kumar |title=Valorization of agro-wastes by Bacillus altitudinis XYL17 through simultaneous production of xylanase, xylooligosaccharides, and antioxidant compounds |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |date=July 2024 |volume=213 |article-number=118395 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118395}}</ref>
*Development of nutritionals, [[nutraceuticals]], and enhanced bioproducts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandna |first1=S |last2=Thakur |first2=NS |last3=Kaur |first3=R |last4=Bhaumik |first4=J |title=Lignin-Bimetallic Nanoconjugate Doped pH-Responsive Hydrogels for Laser-Assisted Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. |journal=Biomacromolecules |date=10 August 2020 |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=3216–3230 |doi=10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00695 |pmid=32631057}}</ref>
*[[Biosynthetic]] technology and [[synthetic biology]] for low‑volume, high‑value [[industrial enzymes]] and products.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Arshpreet |last2=Singh |first2=Saumya |last3=Kansal |first3=Sushil K. |last4=Garg |first4=Monika |last5=Krishania |first5=Meena |title=Production and characterization of anthocyanin-rich beer from black wheat by an efficient isolate Saccharomyces cerevisiae CMS12 |journal=Scientific Reports |date=11 April 2023 |volume=13 |issue=1 |article-number=5863 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-32687-1|pmid=37041167 |pmc=10090066 |bibcode=2023NatSR..13.5863S }}</ref>

===Research Focus===
CIAB focuses holistically on transforming agricultural residues into sustainable, value‑added bioproducts aligned with national goals like “''Doubling the Farmer’s Income''.” <ref>{{cite news |title=Union Minister Jitendra Singh Launches BRIC-NABI to Boost Agricultural Innovation |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/planet/industry/union-minister-jitendra-singh-launches-bric-nabi-to-boost-agricultural-innovation |work=Outlook Business |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] |date=29 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Rajender Singh Sangwan]]
*[[T. R. Sharma]]

==See also==
*[[Department of Biotechnology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities and colleges in Punjab, India}}
{{authority control}}

{{coord|30.6679|76.7210|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Research institutes established in 2012]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Punjab, India]]

Naveen D. Padil

2026-02-08T18:04:46Z

Stormy43P6: Done

{{short description|Indian theatre and film actor (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Naveen D. Padil

| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|11|11}}<ref name="dw1"/>
| birth_place = [[Padil]], [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| othername =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1994; 2008–present
| spouse =
}}

'''Naveen D. Padil''' (born 11 November 1969)<ref name="dw1"/> is an Indian theatre and film actor who has performed in over a thousand plays mostly in [[Tulu language]]. Known widely in the circles of Tulu theatre from his acting performances as a "Master of Comedy and Tragedy", he is called "Kusalda Arase" ({{Translation|The King of Comedy}}).<ref name="dw1">{{cite news|title=Mangaluru: Henry D'Souza, Navin Padil, Jayamala among Sandesha Awardees|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=285116|publisher=daijiworld|date=20 December 2014|accessdate=9 July 2015}}</ref> He is known mainly for his portrayal of comical characters. Padil along with [[Devadas Kapikad]] and [[Aravind Bolar]] formed a famous trio that appeared in Tulu comedy plays during the 1990s and early 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kapikad - Padil - Bolar : Triple Treat as Tulu Trio Come Together|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=131915|website=daijiworld.com|date=20 March 2012|accessdate=9 July 2015}}</ref>

== Career ==
Padil made his debut in films with the 1994 [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Vidheyan]]'' directed by the [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: From poverty to popularity in Tulu industry - 'Kusaldarase' Naveen Padil recalls journey|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=466394|publisher=daijiworld.com|accessdate=2 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402074245/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=466394|archivedate=2 April 2018|date=13 August 2017}}</ref> In the late 2000s, alongside his theatre career, Padil's got his break in films as he began appearing in [[Tulu cinema|Tulu films]] primarily. Popular films include ''[[Oriyardori Asal]]'' (2011), ''[[Telikeda Bolli]]'' (2012) and ''[[Chaali Polilu]]'' (2014). He also appeared in a supporting role in the 2011 [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada film]] ''[[Jarasandha (film)|Jarasandha]]''. In 2014, in recognition of his contribution to theatre, he was awarded at the 24th Sandesha Awards in the Arts segment.<ref name="dw1"/> His performance in the 2016 Tulu film ''[[Kudla Cafe]]'' won him the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Award a recognition of talent in regional film industry: Naveen D Padil|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/award-a-recognition-of-talent-in-regional-film-industry-naveen-d-padil/articleshow/58135643.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=13 April 2017|date=12 April 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Tulu films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role(s)
!Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Gaggara]]'' ||
|
|-
|2008
|''Birse''
|
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Oriyardori Asal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''Aamait Asal Eemait Kusal''
|
|
|-
|''[[Telikeda Bolli]]''
|
|
|-
|2013
|''Rikshaw Driver''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|''[[Kanchilda Baale]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jokulatike (2014 film)|Jokulatike]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rang (2014 film)|Rang]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chaali Polilu]]''
|Damu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
|''[[Soombe]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ekka Saka]]''
|Gopal
|
|-
|''[[Super Marmaye]]''
|Hari
|
|-
|''[[Chandi Kori]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Kudla Cafe]]''
|Bhaskar
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|''Yesa''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''Arjun Weds Amrutha''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pilibail Yamunakka]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Appe Teacher]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Umil]]''
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Girgit]]''
|
|
|-
|2020
|''2 Ekre''
|
|
|-
|2021
|''Gamjaal''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Abatara]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Magane Mahisha]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2023 || ''Pili'' || ||
|-
| ''Goujii Gammath''
|
|
|-
| ''Gosmari Family'' || ||
|-
| ''Circus'' || ||
|-
|''Yaan Superstar''
|Kiran
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2025 || ''Middle Class Family'' || ||
|-
| ''Gant Kalver'' || || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangaluru: Tulu film 'Gant Kalver' - to release soon|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=585335|access-date=2021-11-25|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jai (2025 film)|Jai]]'' || || Kannada - Tulu bilingual
|-
|}

===Kannada films===

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role(s)
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Achchu Mechchu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Jarasandha (film)|Jarasandha]]''
|
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Chella Pilli]]''
|
|
|-
|2017
|''Happy Journey''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[MLA (2018 Kannada film)|MLA]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ananthu vs Nusrath]]''
|Aithal
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Roberrt]]''
|Vishwanath Bhat's brother-in-law
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
|Lawyer
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Server(Kannada film)|Server]]''
|Bartender Giraki
|
|-
|2024
| ''[[Pepe (2024 Indian film)|Pepe]]''|| Rayappa ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'' || Booba ||
|-
|''[[Jai (2025 film)|Jai]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===Malayalam films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role(s)
!Notes
|-
|1994
|''[[Vidheyan]]''
|
|
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Channel
|-
|2015 - 2017
|''[[Majaa Talkies]]''
| Kotiyappa / Gundu Mava
|[[Kannada]]
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|-
|}

==Awards==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}
;[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]: ''[[Kudla Cafe]]''

; [[RED FM Tulu Film Awards]]
* 2014: Best Actor in a Comic Role: ''[[Oriyardori Asal]]''

;[[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015]]
* 2015: Best Actor in a Comic Role: ''[[Telikeda Bolli]]''
* 2015: Best Actor (Public Voting): ''[[Chaali Polilu]]''

==See also==
*[[Tulu cinema]]
*[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Regional film]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5923940}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padil, Naveen D}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tulu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Husn Bano

2026-02-07T22:53:53Z

Stormy43P6: Adding Stub...

{{Short description|Indian actress (1919–1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Husn Bano
| image = Husn Bano.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bano featuring in Lux advertisement, 1942
| birth_name = Roshan Ara
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1919|02|08}}
| death_date = {{Death date text|1977}} (Aged 58)
| birth_place = [[Singapore]],
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 1934–1975
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Husn Banu''' (1919 – 1977) was a [[Bollywood]] actress famous as a stunt actress after "Hanterwali Nadia", and later worked as a supporting actress in films from the 1930s to the 1970s. She was born in 1919 in [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/filmography/husn-banu/15242 |title=Husn Banu Complete Movies List from 1960 to 1934}}</ref>

==Early life==
Husn Banu was born as Roshan Ara on 8 February 1919, in [[Singapore]]. She was the daughter of actress Sharifa Bai (1930s) and the aunt of actress [[Nazima]].<ref name="The Magnificent Nazima">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JipFbGKR_FM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/JipFbGKR_FM |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=The Magnificent Nazima |via=YouTube |date=10 June 2019 |access-date=12 June 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She was admitted to a high school in [[Mumbai]] and passed the 12th standard from there. She was fluent in English, Gujarati, Marathi, Urdu, Bengali, and Hindi. She was also proficient in singing and dancing.

==Career==
Like her mother, Husn Banu started her career in Calcutta. She began her career under the direction of [[Nitin Bose]] in New Theatre's film [[Daku Mansoor]] with actresses [[Umasashi]] and K.L. Saigal in the lead role in 1934. The cast of the film included: [[K. L. Saigal]], Uma Shashi, [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Husnbanu, [[Pahari Sanyal]] and Nemo.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web |title=Daku Mansoor 1934 |url=http://www.citwf.com/film77965.htm |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |accessdate=3 September 2014}}</ref> [[Daku Mansoor]] was Banu's debut film.<ref name=cineplot>{{cite web |title=Husn Bano |url=http://cineplot.com/encyclopedia/husn-bano/ |website=cineplot.com |publisher=Cineplot.com |accessdate=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712201731/http://cineplot.com/encyclopedia/husn-bano/ |archive-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her mother, Shareefa, was not happy with the payments of New Theatre and brought her to Bombay where Husn Banu started getting roles in Wadia films. However, only C grade stunt action films were offered to her.

After 1940, she successfully gained roles in two social films made by Bharat Laxmi films. In 1941, she acted in two films from Bhavnani Productions and National Studios. Thereafter she gained only small or side roles.

In 1941, Husn Banu was selected for a film named [[Dhandora]] opposite [[Noor Mohammed Charlie|Noor Mohammad Charlie]] in the main role.

The movie named Jawani (1942) is her career's best film as an actress. She sang in Prem Nagar (1940) which was Naushad's debut film as a music director.
Husn Bano was one of the first actresses to whom famous singer [[Noor Jehan]] (who later went to Pakistan after independence) lent her voice in the film Dost in 1944.

She worked in films in both lead and character roles until her death in 1977. Her last film was Akhari Sajda.

Husn Bano acted in about 53 films and sang 44 songs across16 films in her lifetime.

== Personal life ==
She married Wadia's director Aspi Irani with whom she had a longtime affair. She built a big house named after her mother Shareefa, ‘Shareefa Manzil’ in Dadar, Bombay.

On the morning of 23 November 1986, her husband Aspi Irani left home for work and disappeared. He was declared a “Missing Person” by the police and never returned.

Husn Banu was considered to be so beautiful and glamorous that she was featured in a Lux Soap advertisement in the early 1940s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bombaymann2.blogspot.com/2020/06/husn-bano-actress-1940-real-name-roshan.html |title=Indian films and posters from 1930: Husn Bano-actress -1940-Real Name – Roshan Ara}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| 0052567}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]

Edmund Candler

2026-02-07T22:51:04Z

Stormy43P6: slightly adjusted intro per standard format additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|English journalist, novelist and educator}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
'''Edmund Candler''' (1874–1926) was an English journalist, novelist and educator notable for his literary depictions of colonial India. His fictional [[trope (literature)|trope]]s and settings are comparable in many ways to those of [[Rudyard Kipling]], a writer whom he self-consciously imitated.

== Life ==
Candler was educated at [[Repton School]] and [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]], where he graduated in [[classics]] in 1895.<ref>{{acad|id=CNDR892E|name=Candler, Edmund}}</ref> Candler embarked on a career in [[India]] which was to last intermittently for the next twenty-five years. He aimed to finance his literary ambitions by teaching, and was first employed by a school at [[Darjeeling]] in the Himalayan foothills. It was on the other side of the great range that he would first achieve prominence as a writer, after gaining an appointment as the Daily Mail correspondent accompanying the expeditionary force led by Sir [[Francis Younghusband]] into Tibet in 1903-4. His experiences in Tibet, including witnessing the storming of the Gyantse Dzong, later provided material for his travelogue ''The Mantle of the East'' and the short story 'At Galdang-Tso.' His account of the expedition, for which he is today principally known, was published in 1905 as ''The Unveiling of Lhasa''. He returned to teaching in India but resigned his post at Manikpur in Bengal in a heightened atmosphere of political unrest following the [[Alipore Bomb Case]]. He claims in his autobiography that he resolved to leave after finding a death-threat lying on his desk. Preferring the politically quiescent atmosphere of a princely state, he took up the post of Principal at [[Mohindra College]], [[Patiala]]. He left Patiala to serve as a war correspondent during the 1914–1918 War, and reported on the British capture of Baghdad for the ''Manchester Guardian'' in 1917.<ref>[http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/baghdad_candler.htm The Fall of Baghdad by Edmund Candler, ''Manchester Guardian'', 16 March 1917]</ref> On returning to India he was appointed Director of Publicity for the Punjab in 1919, a position which he held until his permanent retirement to England in 1921.<ref>See the short biography of Candler in ''Empire Writing'' (ed. Boehmer), Oxford University Press 1998, pp.474–475</ref>[[File:Mohindra College 2.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Mohindra College, Patiala]]

In comparison with most of the British population in India at the time Candler held some startlingly liberal and sympathetic views of Indian nationalism. Although he does regard the political resistance of his Bengali students with a very serious eye, he concedes in his autobiography that put in their position he too would seek a means of overthrowing imperial rule. However the lack of trust in those whom he wished to educate ultimately led him to despair of ever enjoying intimate friendship with Indians and to abandon hope in the British Empire as a civilising project. Disillusioned, he became gradually embedded in the political conservatism of 'Anglo-Indian' club society, and in 1913 his fellow-author [[E.M. Forster]] found him in the "loneliness and isolation of his life at Patiala"<ref>From Forster's Indian Diary, quoted by Robin Jared Lewis, E.M. Foster's Passages to India (pp.67–69)</ref> a cantankerous and creatively parched figure. Candler's work, most notably his self-portrait as the schoolmaster Skene in the novel ''Siri Ram: Revolutionist'', registers “the passage from romantic expectations to a disappointed acceptance of the unease which English and Indian generated in each other measures the distance between a traveller’s fantasies … and a white resident’s experiences.”<ref>Benita Parry, Delusions ''and Discoveries: India in the British Imagination'', Verso (London, 1998), p.129</ref>

==Writings==
In a letter of 1909 to his brother he writes that in his more confident moments he feels that “my stuff reeks of India more than any stuff but Kipling’s.”<ref>Benita Parry, ''Delusions and Discoveries: India in the British Imagination'', Verso (London, 1998), p.136</ref> Kipling had left India for the last time in 1891, and his admirer Candler self-consciously follows in his footsteps, literary and literal. The Kiplingesque image of India as a grandiose and irrational land comes naturally to Candler, and when describing locations significant in Kipling’s own fiction, such as [[Benares]] ([[Varanasi]]), he applies imaginative treatments and tropes such as the heroic, Romantic or Gothic to some degree pre-fabricated for him by his master. On some occasions he in fact cites Kipling directly. Kipling's fiction forms hence a palimpsest in which Candler, for all his considerable talent, is heavily enmeshed. He shows awareness however that India, which was by his time much further advanced upon its own project of self-definition, is no longer subject to British definitions. His major work of fiction, the novel ''Siri Ram: Revolutionist'', shows a writer caught awkwardly between his great predecessor and his own original and perceptive, if jaded, view of Indian youth. The novel arguably registers the passing of the ‘High Noon’ of the British Empire.

==Works==
* Edmund Candler, [https://archive.org/details/avagabondinasia00candgoog/page/n12/mode/2up ''A Vagabond in Asia''], Greening & Co. (London, 1900)
* Edmund Candler, [https://archive.org/details/cu31924023558194/page/n9/mode/2up ''The Unveiling of Lhasa''], E. Arnold (London, 1905)
* Edmund Candler, [https://archive.org/details/mantleofeast00canduoft/page/n7/mode/2up ''The Mantle of the East''], [[William Blackwood & Sons]], (Edinburgh; London, 1910)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''The Mantle of the East'' by Edmund Candler|journal=The Athenaeum |issue=4304|date=April 23, 1910|page=492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWGXxxq3kq4C&pg=492}}</ref>
* Edmund Candler, ''The General Plan'', W. Blackwood (Edinburgh, 1911),<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''The General Plan'' by Edmund Candler|journal=The Athenaeum |issue=4361|date=May 27, 1911|page=600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Y4AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA600}}</ref>
** (including ‘A Break in the Rains’ and ‘At Galdang Tso’)
* Edmund Candler, [https://archive.org/details/siriramrevolutio00candrich/page/n5/mode/2up ''Siri Ram – Revolutionist: A Transcript from Life''], Constable & Co. (London, 1914)
* Edmund Candler, ''The Long Road to Baghdad'', Cassell and Company, (London, 1919) [https://archive.org/details/longroadtobaghda00canduoft/page/n9/mode/2up Vol. I] [https://archive.org/details/longroadtobaghd01candgoog/page/n8/mode/2up Vol.II]
* Edmund Candler, [https://archive.org/details/thesepoy00canduoft/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Sepoy''], John Murray, (London, 1919)
* Edmund Candler, [https://books.google.com/books/about/Youth_and_the_East.html?id=-7AcAAAAIAAJ ''Youth and the East: An Unconventional Autobiography''], W. Blackwood (London and Edinburgh, 1924)<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/213980|title=''Youth and the East, an Unconventional Autobiography'' by Edmund Candler |year=1926 |last1=McLaughlin |first1=Isabella C. |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=700–701 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author |id=36363 | name=Edmund Candler}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Edmund Candler}}
* {{Librivox author |id=10655}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Candler, Edmund}}
[[Category:English male journalists]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Writers about India]]

Sophie Choudry

2026-02-04T21:00:48Z

Stormy43P6: typo fix

{{Short description|British singer and actress}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sophie Choudry
| image = Sophie Choudry graces at Timekeepers Chopard event (07) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Choudry in 2018
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|02|08}}
| birth_place = [[Manchester]], England
| othername = Sophia, Sophiya, Sophie
| occupation = Actress, singer, TV presenter
| alma_mater = London School of Economics, Sciences Po, Paris and London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
| yearsactive = 1999–present
| spouse =
| partner =
| website =
}}

'''Sophie Choudry''' (born 8 February 1982)<ref name="Birthday">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/yuvraj-singh-neha-dhupia-ekta-kapoor-at-sophie-choudrys-birthday-party/ |newspaper=Indian Express |title=Yuvraj Singh, Neha Dhupia, Ekta Kapoor at Sophie Choudry's birthday party |date=9 February 2014 |quote=Bollywood beauty Sophie Choudry celebrated her 32nd birthday with her B-town friends in Mumbai's popular Olive Bar on Saturday (February 8). |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=9 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806140324/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/yuvraj-singh-neha-dhupia-ekta-kapoor-at-sophie-choudrys-birthday-party/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sophie Choudry">{{cite web |url=http://mtvindia.com/vjs/sophie.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216191221/http://mtvindia.com/vjs/sophie.html |archive-date=16 February 2009 |title=VJ Sophie: Profile |publisher=MTV INDIA |access-date=6 March 2009}}</ref> is a British singer and actress based in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/music/ravishing-pictures-of-singer-actress-sophie-choudry/sophie-choudrys-pictures/articleshow/70589364.cms|title=Sophie Choudry's pictures|website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref> She has been active primarily in [[Hindi]]-language films and is also a former [[MTV India]] [[Video jockey|VJ]] and occasional model, and television presenter.<ref name="Birthday" />

==Early life==
Sophie Choudry was born in Manchester and brought up in [[London]].<ref name="I'm single and loving it">{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/sep/04/slide-show-1-sophie-chowdry-gets-candid-with-fans-on-rediff-chat.htm |title='I'm single and loving it' |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=4 September 2009 |archive-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905232218/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/sep/04/slide-show-1-sophie-chowdry-gets-candid-with-fans-on-rediff-chat.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Her father was a major fan of [[Sophia Loren]] and hence her birthname is "Sophia", however she now goes by the name "Sophie". She has an elder brother.<ref name="Sophie Choudry"/>

Choudry studied at [[London School of Economics]], graduating in [[European politics]] and French<ref name="Sophie Choudry"/><ref name="I'm single and loving it"/> and is also a gold medalist from the [[London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art]].<ref name="Sophia with love">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/12/16/stories/2004121600290200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509191529/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/12/16/stories/2004121600290200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2005 |title=Sophia with love... |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 September 2009 |location=Chennai, India |date=16 December 2004}}</ref> Furthermore, she studied for nearly two years at the [[Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris|"Sciences Po"]] in Paris, France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollyspice.com/view.php/2451-sophie-chaudhary-excited-about-aa-dekhen-zara.html |title=Sophie Chaudhary excited about Aa Dekhen Zara |publisher=bollyspice.com |access-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> BollySpice reports, that while still studying, Choudry became a VJ for [[Zee TV|Zee UK]].<ref name="bollyspice.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollyspice.com/view.php/3295-shaadi-no-1-is-something-i-will-never-regret-sophie-choudry.html |title="Shaadi No. 1 is something I will never regret!" – Sophie Choudry |publisher=bollyspice.com |access-date=4 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="Sophie Choudry"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/12/16/stories/2004121600290200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509191529/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/12/16/stories/2004121600290200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2005 |title=Sophia with love... |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 September 2009 |location=Chennai, India |date=16 December 2004}}</ref>

She took a few classes in [[Indian classical dance]] as [[Bharatnatyam]], which she learnt in London for four years as well as Western dances like [[salsa (dance)|salsa]].<ref name="bollyspice.com"/> She is also well trained in [[Western classical music]], which she learnt for three years in the UK from Helena Shenel,<ref name="The versatile veejay">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120901620200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040302190552/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120901620200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2004 |title=The versatile veejay |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 September 2009 |location=Chennai, India |date=9 December 2002}}</ref> as well as in [[Indian classical music]], which she learnt from Pandit Ashkaran Sharma.<ref name="Sophia with love"/>

==Career==

===Music===
Choudry began her singing career. When she was 12 years old,<ref>{{cite web |title=Interviews – Sophie Chaudhary |url=http://www.mahiram.com/2010/02/17/sophie-choudry/ |publisher=Mahiram.com |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724103641/http://www.mahiram.com/2010/02/17/sophie-choudry/ |url-status=live }}</ref> her talent was discovered by noted music director [[Biddu]], who launched her musical career.<ref name="Sophia with love"/><ref name="bollyspice.com"/> She, at first, lent her voice as a [[backup singer]] to playback singers like [[Shweta Shetty]] and [[Alisha Chinai]].<ref name="Sophie Choudry"/>

In 2000, Choudry started her career as a pop singer with her [[all-female band]] "Sansara" with a song which Choudry herself wrote ("Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai"). After their second hit “Habibi” the band separated and Choudry started her solo singing career, donning the videos "Habibi" and "Le Le Mera Dil" in 2002.<ref name="Sophia with love"/> Her latest single 'Aaj Naiyo Sauna'<ref name="Sapna Choudhary">{{Citation |last=Sapna Choudhary |title=Aaj Naiyo Sauna - Sophie Choudry{{!}} Aaj Naiyo Sona - Sophie Choudhary New |date=5 February 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0VJ7dy-R5c |access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref>

Choudry then moved to [[Mumbai]] in 2003, becoming a VJ for [[MTV India]] and hosting the popular show ''MTV Loveline'',<ref name="Sophia with love"/> which eventually gained her popularity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://buzz18.in.com/interviews/movies/im-indias-goldie-hawn-sophie-choudhry/107111/0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201044207/http://buzz18.in.com/interviews/movies/im-indias-goldie-hawn-sophie-choudhry/107111/0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2009 |title=I'm India's Goldie Hawn: Sophie Choudhry |publisher=buzz18.in.com |access-date=4 September 2009}}</ref>
Less than one year on, Sophie returned with her newest offering, “Sophie and Dr Love”. Her version of the song “Mera Babu Chail Chabila” became a chartbuster. She followed it up with what went on to become her biggest hit album “Babylove”. According to Choudry, she listened to over 400 songs to come up with her perfect 12.<ref name="Sophia with love"/> Songs on this album include "Ek Pardesi Mera Dil Le Gaya", "Jadugar Saiyaan", "Zuby Zuby", "Dil Ke Armaan", "Ghar Aaya Mera Pardesi", and "Bachke Rehna Re Baba".

In December 2009, Choudry launched her album ''Sound of Sophie'', which had no remixes, but only original numbers. The launch of this album marked her association with the [[Indian fashion]] brand [http://www.madameonline.com MADAME], who hired her as their first [[brand ambassador]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sophie at Madame store |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-parties/bollywood/Sophie-at-Madame-store/articleshow/6712896.cms |publisher=Times of India |access-date=22 December 2010 |date=9 October 2010}}</ref> She worked with well-known music composers such as [[Rishi Rich]], [[Bappi Lahiri]], Biddu and Gaurav Das Gupta in the album.<ref name="bollyspice.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/sep/04/slide-show-1-sophie-chowdry-gets-candid-with-fans-on-rediff-chat.htm |title='Mumbai has given me so much' |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=4 September 2009 |archive-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905232218/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/sep/04/slide-show-1-sophie-chowdry-gets-candid-with-fans-on-rediff-chat.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Choudry has also participated in ''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa'', Season 7.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sophie-chaudhary-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-season-7-1992920 |title=Sophie Chaudhary in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 7 {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |date=2 June 2014 |work=dna |access-date=10 January 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111173408/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sophie-chaudhary-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-season-7-1992920 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Films===
Sophie made her film debut with [[David Dhawan]]'s ''[[Shaadi No. 1]]'' in 2005.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dangor |first=Kimi |date=12 September 2005 |title=Chanel Switch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20050912-veejay-sophie-choudry-to-make-her-bollywood-debut-in-david-dhawans-shaadi-no-1-787126-2005-09-11 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date=19 January 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Her next release was ''[[Pyaar Ke Side Effects]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite interview |last=Choudry |first=Sophie |date=12 August 2009 |title='My curves are the sexiest part of me' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-sophie-on-maxim/20090812.htm |location=Mumbai |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref> In 2013, she appeared in an extended cameo in ''[[Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!]]'' and in a [[Item number|dance number]] in ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=22 July 2013 |title=Sophie Choudry misses out on dance number with Akshay Kumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sophie-choudry-misses-out-on-dance-number-with-akshay-kumar/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Mumbai |agency=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=19 January 2025 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=13 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813145926/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sophie-choudry-misses-out-on-dance-number-with-akshay-kumar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, she appeared in another dance number in Telugu-language film ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sophie-chaudhary-does-an-item-song/articleshow/28785430.cms|title=Sophie Chaudhary sizzles with item song|work=The Times of India |date=14 January 2014|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

===Other ventures===

In December 2017, she launched a wellness company called Lifetox with her partners. They developed a fitness ayurvedic tea called Fittox and more products including Lifetox vitamins since then.

==Filmography==
[[File:Sophie Choudry at Blackberry curve's launch party (2).jpg|thumb|Sophie Choudry at Blackberry curve's launch party]]

* ''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005 || ''[[Shaadi No. 1]]'' || Dimple Kothari || credited as Sophie
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Ke Side Effects]]'' || Tanya ||
|-
| ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]'' || Dilnaaz Bagga ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' || Herself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Aggar (2007 film)|Aggar]]'' || Nisha Raval ||
|-
| ''[[Speed (2007 film)|Speed]]'' || Monica Monteiro ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]'' || rowspan="2" | Herself || rowspan="2" | Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Kidnap (2008 film)|Kidnap]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2009 || ''[[Aa Dekhen Zara]]'' || Bindiya Avasti ||
|-
| ''[[Daddy Cool (2009 Hindi film)|Daddy Cool]]'' || Ayesha ||
|-
| ''[[Chintuji]]'' || Menka ||
|-
| ''Alibaug'' || Nisha ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2011 || ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]'' || rowspan="2" | Herself || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film; special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'' || Special appearance in the song
|-
| ''[[Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!]]'' || Mrs. Dixit ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2014 || ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'' || rowspan="2" | Herself|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film; special appearance in the song "London Babu"
|-
|2024
|''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha 2]]''
|Special appearance
|}

===TV appearances===
*2014 ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 7|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]'' as contestant - Eliminated 12 week - 31 August 2014

== Discography ==
* "Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai" (2000) as part of Sansara
* "Habibi" (2000)
* "Le Le Mera Dil" (2002)
* "Sophie & Dr. Love" (2003)
* "Baby Love - Sophie" (2004)
* "[[Aap Jaisa Koi]]" in ''Sweet Honey Mix'' (2004)<ref>{{cite web |title=Harry Anand - Sweet Honey Mix |url=https://www.discogs.com/Harry-Anand-Sweet-Honey-Mix/release/12725544 |website=[[Discogs]] |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aap Jaisa Koi Meri Zindagi Mein Aaye [Full Song] Sweet Honey Mix |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JJLRykmFBE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208103110/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JJLRykmFBE |archive-date=8 February 2019 |url-status=dead |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>
* "Sound of Sophie" (2009)
* "Hungama Ho Gaya" (2012) digital single
* "Hungama Ho Gaya" (2013) compilation album
* "Do You Know Baby" (2015)
* "Aaj Naiyo Sauna" (2019)
* “Gori Hai” (2022)
* “Aaj main Nachna” (2022)
* “Lips” (2024)

==Awards==
* 2001: UK Asian Pop Award for Best Female Newcomer<ref name="The versatile veejay"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desiclub.com/desimusic/desimusic_features/printlisting.cfm?id=56 |title=Omar Explores Sophia Choudry |publisher=desiclub.com |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709015006/http://www.desiclub.com/desimusic/desimusic_features/printlisting.cfm?id=56 |archive-date=9 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ganaga.com/itemgirls/Bollywood_Item_Girl_Sophie_Chaudhary.asp |title=Sophie Chaudhary |publisher=ganaga.com |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023162805/http://ganaga.com/itemgirls/Bollywood_Item_Girl_sophie_chaudhary.asp |archive-date=23 October 2008 }}</ref>
* 2004: Lycra MTV Style Award for Most Stylish Female in Music<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtvindia.com/styleawards/pastawards.html |title=The Lycra MTV Style Awards – Winners |publisher=[[MTV India]] |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306234045/http://www.mtvindia.com/styleawards/pastawards.html |archive-date=6 March 2009 }}</ref>
* 2005: Bollywood Music Award for Best Female Pop Artist
* 2019, Fit and Fab Icon
* 2023 Most stylish pop diva of the year , Bollywood Hungama
* 2024: Most stylish pop diva, [[Pinkvilla]]
* 2024: Most stylish pop sensation of the year, [[Bollywood Hungama]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1862678}}
* {{official website|http://www.sophiechoudry.in/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudry, Sophie}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Manchester]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:British expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:British video jockeys]]
[[Category:English expatriates in India]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English pop singers]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:Expatriate musicians in India]]
[[Category:British expatriate musicians]]
[[Category:Sciences Po alumni]]
[[Category:Singers from Manchester]]
[[Category:21st-century English actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century English singers]]
[[Category:21st-century English women singers]]

Blackmail (2018 film)

2026-02-03T19:52:16Z

Stormy43P6: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Blackmail
| image = Blackmail (2018 film).jpg
| alt = The poster features the face of a person wearing a Paperbag Mask and the title appears at the bottom.
| caption =
| director = [[Abhinay Deo]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]|Abhinay Deo|Apurba Sengupta|}}
| writer = '''Story & screenplay:''' Parveez Shaikh '''Dialogues:''' [[Pradhuman Singh Mall]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Irrfan Khan]]|[[Kirti Kulhari]]|[[Divya Dutta]]|[[Arunoday Singh]]|[[Omi Vaidya]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Amit Trivedi]] '''Guest composers:''' [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] [[Guru Randhawa]] '''Background score:''' [[Mikey McCleary]] Parth Parekh
| cinematography = [[Jay Oza]]
| editing = Huzefa Lokhandwala
| studio = {{ubl|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]|RDP Motion Pictures}}
| distributor = T-Series Films (India) [[Eros International]] (Overseas)
| released = {{film date|2018|4|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|18 |c|year=2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-blackmail-box-office-irrfan-khan-s-film-emerges-a-sleeper-hit-2602991|title=Blackmail-box- office:Irrfan Khan film gets emerges-a-sleeper-hit|publisher=DNA India|accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert| 28.81|c|year=2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-blackmail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183444/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-blackmail/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 April 2018|title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Blackmail - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 April 2018|publisher=|accessdate=30 April 2018}}</ref>
}}

'''''Blackmail''''' (stylised as '''''Blackमेल''''')<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abpnews.abplive.in/bollywood/irrfan-khan-upcoming-film-blackmail-trailer-released-797114|title=Blackमेल Trailer: जब ब्लैकमेल करते-करते खुद ही ब्लैकमेल होने लगा ब्लैकमेलर|publisher=[[ABP News]]|date=22 February 2018|accessdate=22 March 2018|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030431/http://abpnews.abplive.in/bollywood/irrfan-khan-upcoming-film-blackmail-trailer-released-797114|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[black comedy]] film co-produced and directed by [[Abhinay Deo]]. The film stars [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Kirti Kulhari]], [[Arunoday Singh]] and [[Divya Dutta]] in lead roles and is produced by [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]], Apurba Sengupta and Rohit KaduDeshmukh under the banner of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] and RDP Motion Pictures.<ref name="showsha">{{cite news|author=FP Staff|title=Blackmail: After Delhi Belly, stars Irrfan, Kirti Kulhari|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/blackmail-after-delhi-belly-irrfan-kirti-kulhari-4327453.html|work=[[The First Post|FirstPost]].com|date=30 January 2018|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="tnn">{{cite news|author=IANS|title=Irrfan Khan and Kirti Kulhari's Blackmail to release on this date|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/irrfan-khan-kirti-kulhari-blackmail-abhinay-deo-release-date-delhi-belly/194011|work=[[Times Now|TimesNow]]News.com|date=31 January 2018|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="tnie">{{cite news|author=IANS|title=Abhinay Deo's upcoming Irrfan Khan-starrer 'Blackmail' locked for release on April 6|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/jan/31/abhinay-deos-upcoming-irrfan-khan-starrer-blackmail-locked-for-release-on-april-6-1766072.html|work=[[The New Indian Express|NewIndianExpress]].com|location=Mumbai|date=31 January 2018|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/blackmail-teaser-why-is-irrfan-khan-running-naked-in-the-streets/story-LI5ZmZAymSIYhweTQvFHDN.html|title=Blackmail teaser: Why is Irrfan Khan running bare-chested on the streets?|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=14 February 2018|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref> ''Blackmail'' depicts the life of a married-man in his late 30s stuck in a full day-time job and unexciting life but things turn after he finds that his wife is having an extramarital affair.<ref name="showsha"/> The film had its theatrical release in India on 6 April 2018 and turned out to be a [[Sleeper hit|Sleeper Hit]] at the box office.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|section|date=September 2020}}
Dev Kaushal ([[Irrfan Khan]]) is a toilet paper sales executive who is leading a dispirited life professionally and personally. One day, to surprise his wife Reena Kaushal ([[Kirti Kulhari]]) he arrives early from the office. Instead, he finds his wife in bed with another man named Ranjit "Tommy" Arora ([[Arunoday Singh]]). Without doing anything, Dev leaves and decides to follow Ranjit to find out more about him.

Ranjit is married to Dolly Verma ([[Divya Dutta]]), who has a rich dad. Dev blackmails Ranjit after managing to collect his personal information. Ranjit arranges the money from Dolly. When Dolly's father asks Ranjit to return the cash, he blackmails Reena. Dev reveals his plans to his colleague Anand ([[Pradhuman Singh Mall]]). Reena asks Dev for money, saying it is for her dad's treatment. Dev gives her the money by asking for more from Ranjit. Reena keeps the money in a dust bin and Dev collects it, again.

As this is occurring, Dev's boss ([[Omi Vaidya]]) remarks that he is losing market share to [[bidet]] manufacturers. He is planning to sabotage the city water supply in order to show its population why they need toilet paper. He asks Dev to convince the [[Municipal corporation (India)]] to shut off the water for 12 hours, but is initially unsuccessful.

Anand, who has a crush on Prabha Ghatpandey ([[Anuja Sathe]]), a colleague, takes her on a date and reveals Dev's plans. The very next day Prabha blackmails Dev for money. Dev confronts Anand and then asks Ranjit for money. Ranjit in turn asks Reena for money and Reena asks Dev for the money. From the cash received earlier Dev sends the amount to Reena's account, while Reena puts the money in a dustbin. Ranjit collects it and throws it in a dustbin which Dev collects and gives to Prabha. Ranjit listens to Reena's advice and hires a detective, Chawla ([[Gajraj Rao]]) to catch the blackmailer. Prabha blackmails Dev again for more money but he visits her apartment to confront her and they argue. Prabha slips on her own during the argument and dies. Suddenly Prabha's parents arrive at the apartment. Dev manages to escape by wearing a mask made out of a Paper bag.

The next morning, police arrive and interrogate everyone in the office. Anand threatens Dev that he will reveal everything to the police because he believes that Dev has killed Prabha. Upon interrogation, Dev reveals to the police that Anand liked Prabha. Dev convinces Anand to hide the truth from the police. Using Anand's car Dev purchases the same bag he used last night and hides it in Anand's car, following which the police arrest Anand. Anand panics and reveals everything about Dev to the police but they don't believe him entirely. Meanwhile, Chawla calls Dev telling him he knows about his ruse.

The police then interrogate Dev. Dolly follows Ranjit and sees him together with Reena in the cinema hall. Anand comes out of police custody and fights with Dev, but Dev calms him down with the greed of money. Dev meets Chawla who starts blackmailing him for money. When Ranjit comes back home, Dolly tries to kill him, and as they fight Ranjit shoots her dead. Aghast, he hides her body. Dev blackmails Ranjit (to pay Chawla), warning he will reveal the affair to Dolly's father. Ranjit asks Reena for more money, and Reena asks Dev for money, but this time Dev refuses.

Dev tries to find out if Reena is lying to him about her father's treatment. Dev follows her, watching her sell her jewelry, and drops the cash in the dustbin at a Mall. Dev tries to take it out, but Ranjit reaches there first and takes the money. Dev takes pictures of Ranjit taking the money. Ranjit hides the money in the dustbin and waits there to catch the blackmailer. Dev bribes a security guard to take out that money. Ranjit tries to catch the guard, as Dev collects the money and then later gives it to Chawla. Dev then asks Chawla to call Ranjit and tell him that the blackmailer is Anand. Furious, Ranjit kills Anand. Dev sends the pictures of Ranjit taking money to Reena. Meanwhile, Dolly's parents call the police as they find out that Ranjit has murdered their daughter.

Back at home, heartbroken Reena deletes Ranjit's contact from her phone and messages Dev asking when he will come home. Dev deletes Reena's contact and walks out of the office.

A mid-credits scene reveals that the plan to shut off the city's water supply succeeded. This resulted in skyrocketing [[bottled water]] sales - exactly the opposite of what his boss wanted. A song plays showing Dev and Reena's wedding 7 years prior.

==Cast==
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as Dev Kaushal, a sales executive who works in a company that manufactures toilet papers. Dev is dissatisfied with his job because it doesn't pay him enough, as well as his marriage because his wife doesn't love him the way he loves her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/blackmail-abhinay-deo-irrfan-5127095/ |title=Blackmail director Abhinay Deo: Irrfan read the script in two hours and said yes |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* [[Kirti Kulhari]] as Reena Kaushal, a woman who is having an affair with Ranjit, who used to be her boyfriend before she married Dev.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/im-still-very-very-desirable/article23434628.ece |title='I'm still very, very desirable' |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Arunoday Singh]] as Ranjit Arora, a jobless man who married Dolly for her money and is later blackmailed by Dev for indulging in an affair with his wife Reena.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arunoday-singh-blackmail-5142504/ |title=Arunoday Singh: After Blackmail, I feel reborn as an actor |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Dolly Verma, Ranjit's wife and daughter of a rich and powerful businessman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/874642/self-made-journey-of-passion-divya-dutta-on-going-from-sweet-punjabi-to-embracing-her-dark-side |title='Self-made journey of passion': Divya Dutta on going from 'sweet Punjabi' to embracing her dark side |publisher=Scroll}}</ref>
* [[Pradhuman Singh Mall]] as Anand Tripathi, Dev's best friend & colleague and Prabha's love interest who is aware of everything that is happening in Dev's life.
* [[Omi Vaidya]] as Boss D. K., the boss of Dev, Anand and Prabha, who constantly comes up with bizarre ideas to promote his company's product.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-omi-vaidya-of-3-idiots-fame-in-abhinay-deo-s-next-2395827 |title=Omi Vaidya of '3 Idiots' fame in Abhinay Deo's next |publisher=[[DNA India]]}}</ref>
* [[Anuja Sathe]] as Prabha Ghatpande, a colleague of Dev and Anand, who blackmails Dev after Anand accidentally reveals everything about Dev's plan to her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/irrfan-is-unpredictable-in-a-good-way-anuja-sathe-gokhale/story-94fXaY5EfqWMcoGqUnwxdJ.html |title=Irrfan is unpredictable in a good way: Anuja Sathe Gokhale |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* [[Gajraj Rao (actor)|Gajraj Rao]] as Mr. Chawala, a private detective who is hired by Ranjit to find out the identity of his blackmailer. He always speaks in 3rd person to his clients, confusing.
* [[Vibha Chibber]] as Mrs. Chawala, a blind woman, Mr. Chawla's wife and a dealer of guns.
* Navratan Singh Rathore as Mr. Verma, Dolly's father.
* [[Neelima Azeem]] as Mrs. Verma, Dolly's mother.
* [[Atul Kale]] as BST Shankar.
* Anjali Ujawane as Mrs. Ghatpande, Prabha's mother.
* [[Abhijeet Chavan]] as Inspector Pramod Rawle.
* [[Urmila Matondkar]] as Mili, an [[item number]] in the song "Bewafa Beauty"; special appearance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/urmila-matondkar-comeback-is-a-special-song-in-irrfan-khans-raita-4685669/ |title=Urmila Matondkar's comeback is a special song in Irrfan Khan's Raita |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* Sharad Jadhav as a Police Constable
* Zaheer as a Boy at Chawl
* Suresh Yadav as Pandey Singh, a security guard at My Handy's office.
* Mridul Daas as Cashier at the Mobile Shop
* Pravina Bhagwat Deshpande as Mrs. Kaushal, Reena's mother
* Tanuka Laghate as a TV Reporter
* Rajesh S. Khatri as Mr. Kaushal, Reena's father

==Production==

===Development===

The genesis of the film traces back to 2014 when Abhinay Deo had announced that his next film would be a dark comedy set in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Delhi-Belly-director-to-make-a-comedy-again-Abhinay-Deo-comes-back-with-a-dark-comedy-after-three-years/articleshow/33484446.cms |title='Delhi Belly' director to make a comedy again |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Delhi-Belly-director-to-make-a-dark-comedy/articleshow/44884403.cms |title=Delhi Belly director to make a dark comedy |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In January 2015, it was reported that [[Rakesh Roshan]] would be producing Abhinay Deo's next film which would have [[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] as the lead actors playing husband and wife. [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]], [[Kunaal Roy Kapur]] and [[Vijay Raaz]] were also signed on to be a part of the project and the shooting was supposed to begin at the end of February.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rakesh-roshan-to-produce-a-film-starring-irrfan-khan-and-aditi-rao-hydari/ |title=Rakesh Roshan to produce a film starring Irrfan Khan and Aditi Rao Hydari |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditi-Rao-Hydari-to-play-Irrfans-wife-in-Abhinay-Deos-next/articleshow/46067348.cms |title=Aditi Rao Hydari to play Irrfan's wife in Abhinay Deo's next |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In June 2015, it was reported that Rakesh Roshan had dropped the project that he was doing with Abhinay Deo citing creative differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/film-starring-irrfan-khan-and-aditi-rao-hydari-shelved/16269181 |title=Film starring Irrfan Khan and Aditi Rao Hydari shelved? |publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rakesh-roshans-untitled-film-starring-irrfan-khan-aditi-rao-hydari-shelved/ |title=Rakesh Roshan's untitled film starring Irrfan Khan, Aditi Rao Hydari shelved |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> One year later in August 2016, Abhinay Deo said that after he completed the work on ''[[Force 2]]'', he planned to revive the film that he was supposed to do with Irrfan Khan before it was shelved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/irrfans-next-is-a-dark-comedy-with-abhinay-deo-1440781 |title=Irrfan's Next is a Dark Comedy with Abhinay Deo |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Irrfan-Khans-next-is-a-dark-comedy-with-Abhinay-Deo/articleshow/53559537.cms |title=Irrfan Khan's next is a dark comedy with Abhinay Deo |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In November 2016, Abhinay Deo's film was given a working title of ''Blackmail''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2016/11/14/working-with-john-abraham-in-force-2-director-abhinay-deo-interview/2/#67618ffef479 |title=Working With John Abraham In 'Force 2': Director Abhinay Deo Interview |work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> and in February 2017 it was confirmed that [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] had come on board to produce the film along with co-producer Rohit KaduDeshmukh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/gearing-up-for-the-reel-deal-bhushan-kumars-t-series-to-release-11-films-in-9-months/articleshow/57178447.cms |title=Gearing up for the reel deal! Bhushan Kumar's T-Series to release 11 films in 9 months |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In April 2017, it was reported that the title of the film had been changed to ''Raita'' and [[Kirti Kulhari]] would be playing the role of Irrfan's wife in the film instead of [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] who was the first choice of the director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/force-2-abhinay-deo-direct-irrfan-khan-kirti-kulhari-raita/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402135713/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/force-2-abhinay-deo-direct-irrfan-khan-kirti-kulhari-raita/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2017 |title=After Force 2, Abhinay Deo to direct Irrfan Khan and Kirti Kulhari in Raita |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the film began on 4 April 2017 and the entire shoot was done in [[Mumbai]] itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-marry-go-round-for-irrfan-khan-now/articleshow/59873260.cms |title=A marry-go-round for Irrfan Khan now |publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> In December 2017, the film was officially renamed as ''Blackmail'' and it was announced that the film would have its theatrical release on 30 March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/abhinay-deos-irrfan-khan-kirti-kulhari-starrer-blackmail-release-march-30/ |title=Abhinay Deo's Irrfan Khan – Kirti Kulhari starrer Blackmail to release on March 30 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name=md>{{cite news|author=The Hitlist Team|title=Irrfan Khan-starrer Blackmail has title woes|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/irrfan-khan-starrer-blackmail-has-title-woes/19275166|work=[[Mid-Day]] |location=[[Mumbai]]|date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>

==Marketing==

After the special screening for [[Amitabh Bachchan]] on 31 March 2018, the makers organized another special screening on 2 April 2018 in the absence of lead actor Irrfan Khan (who was undergoing treatment for a [[neuroendocrine tumor]] in the [[UK]]) for contemporary [[Bollywood]] film directors, which was attended by [[Rajkumar Hirani]], [[Amol Gupte]], [[Nishikant Kamat]], [[Ashutosh Gowarikar]], [[Tanuja Chandra]], [[Meghna Gulzar]], Ravi Udyawar, [[Rensil D'Silva]], [[Sudhir Mishra]], [[Sriram Raghavan]], [[Soumik Sen]], [[Pradeep Sarkar]], [[Mukesh Chhabra]] and others, to a positive response.<ref>{{cite news|last=D'Souza|first=Vinod|date=3 April 2018|title=Irrfan Khan's Blackmail Receives A Thumbs Up From Bollywood Film-makers!|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2018/irrfan-khan-blackmail-thumbs-up-bollywood-filmmakers-272798.html|work=FiLMiBEAT.com|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=HT Correspondent|title=Bollywood directors watched Irrfan Khan's Blackmail and their one-word review is 'genius'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-directors-watched-irrfan-khan-s-blackmail-and-their-one-word-review-is-genius/story-gjSVVDUPB3FJrz37Q4VtCO.html|work=[[Hindustan Times|HindustanTimes]].com|date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref><ref name=md/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Blackmail
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] and [[Guru Randhawa]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2018|3|23|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/blackmail-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1363026230?app=itunes&ign-itscg=0176&ign-itsct=1363026230-1363026230&ign-mpt=uo%3D4 |title=Blackmail (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=23|s=11}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = {{hlist|[[Amit Trivedi]]|[[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]|[[Guru Randhawa]]}}
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|OkRUF2JcZZw|Official Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| type =
| prev_title = [[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]
| prev_year = 2018
| title = Blackmail
| year = 2018
| next_title = [[Fanney Khan]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
| type =
| prev_title = [[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]
| prev_year = 2015
| title = Blackmail
| year = 2018
| next_title = [[Nawabzaade]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Guru Randhawa]]
| type =
| prev_title = [[Dil Juunglee]]
| prev_year = 2018
| title = Blackmail
| year = 2018
| next_title = [[Nawabzaade]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
}}

The album is a [[Compilation album|compilation]] of six tracks, four of which were composed by [[Amit Trivedi]] while the other two were composed by the guest musicians [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and [[Guru Randhawa]]. The lyrics of the songs were written by Amitabh Bhattacharya, Badshah, Guru Randhawa and Divine. The entire music album was officially released on 23 March 2018.

Guru Randhawa recreated his track "Patola", originally composed by Preet Hundal.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:11
| title1 = Happy Happy
| lyrics1 = Badshah
| music1 = Yo Yo Honey Singh
| extra1 = {{hlist|Badshah|[[Aastha Gill]]}}
| length1 = 2:46
| title2 = Patola
| lyrics2 = Guru Randhawa
| music2 = Guru Randhawa
| extra2 = Guru Randhawa
| length2 = 3:04
| title3 = Bewafa Beauty
| lyrics3 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| music3 = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| extra3 = [[Pawni Pandey]]
| length3 = 4:41
| title4 = Badla
| lyrics4 = {{hlist|Amitabh Bhattacharya|Divine|Dhaval Parab}}
| music4 = Amit Trivedi
| extra4 = {{hlist|Amit Trivedi|[[Divine (rapper)|Divine]]}}
| length4 = 3:41
| title5 = Nindaraan Diyaan
| lyrics5 = Amitabh Bhattacharya
| music5 = Amit Trivedi
| extra5 = Amit Trivedi
| length5 = 5:28
| title6 = Sataasat
| lyrics6 = Amitabh Bhattacharya
| music6 = Amit Trivedi
| extra6 = Amit Trivedi
| length6 = 3:30
}}

==Critical reception==

[[Rajeev Masand]] gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that, "It's the film's unique brand of humor – some of it pitch black and [[Coen brothers|Coen]]-esque – that makes Blackmail worth your time, despite its shortcomings."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/pitch-black/ |title=Pitch black |publisher=[[Rajeev Masand]]}}</ref> Sweta Kausal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that ''Blackmail'' is a "Fun filled and realistic story-telling made interesting with engaging and hilarious performances of Irrfan Khan and Divya Dutta".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/blackmail-movie-review-irrfan-khan-film-is-all-our-lives-with-jokes/story-SpMup6xafCXav1qlNSkPjI.html |title=Blackmail movie review: Irrfan Khan, Divya Dutta's black comedy is refreshing |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Rachit Gupta of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5 saying that, "The plot of Blackmail is its hero and it manages to strike a good balance between dark and funny. This is one of the most wickedly funny films that we’ve seen in a long time."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/blackmail/movie-review/63609942.cms |title=Blackmail Movie Review |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Raja Sen of [[NDTV]] gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 and said that, "Irrfan is incapable of giving a bad performance but Abhinay Deo's farce is too tacky and poorly-conceived to do Khan justice".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/blackmail-movie-review-irrfan-khan-suffers-through-a-messy-and-mediocre-film-1833532 |title=Blackmail Movie Review: Irrfan Khan Suffers Through A Messy And Mediocre Film |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 and said that, "The Irrfan Khan starrer begins promisingly but descends pretty quickly into flatness and sluggishness, a classic problem of not knowing quite how to play out a perky idea."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/blackmail-movie-review-irrfan-khan-kirti-kulhari-star-rating-5125164/ |title=Blackmail movie review: Irrfan Khan is terrific in the Abhinay Deo directorial |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6972140}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama movie|blackmail-2}}
[[Category:Films scored by Amit Trivedi]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Guru Randhawa]]
[[Category:Films scored by Badshah (rapper)]]
[[Category:2018 black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Abhinay Deo]]

Lakshmana (Krishna's wife)

2026-01-31T10:44:36Z

Stormy43P6: quick added references to improve readability also

{{Short description|Seventh queen consort of Hindu god Krishna}}
{{Distinguish||text=Duryodhana's daughter, [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Lakshmanaa|Lakshmanā]]}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox deity
| image = Mysore painting.jpg
| caption = Lakshmana and the other Ashtabharya, Mysore painting.
| spouse = [[ Krishna ]]
| name = Lakshmana
| type = Hindu
| texts = [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Harivamsa]], [[Mahabharata]]
| abode = [[Dvaraka]]
| dynasty = [[Yaduvanshi dynasty|Yaduvamsha]] (by marriage)
| other_names = Madri, Charuhasini
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Ashtabharya]]
| member_of = [[Ashtabharya]]
}}
'''Lakshmana''' ({{Langx|sa|लक्ष्मणा|translit=Lakṣmaṇā}}) or '''Lakshana''' is the seventh of the ''[[Ashtabharya]]'',<ref>{{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani|page = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/62 62]}}</ref> the eight principal queen-consorts of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Krishna]], an [[avatar]] of the god [[Vishnu]] and the king of [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]] in the [[Dvapara Yuga]] (epoch).

==Family and names==
The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' mentions Lakshmana, who is endowed with good qualities, as the daughter of an unnamed ruler of the kingdom of [[Madra]].<ref name="chap10">{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/57/en|title=Bhagavata Purana 10.58.57|author=Prabhupada|author-link=Prabhupada|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|access-date=21 February 2013|archive-date=20 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920104704/http://vedabase.net/sb/10/58/57/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''[[Padma Purana]]'' specifics the name of the king of Madra as Brihatsena.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mani | first = Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | year = 1975  | isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0 | author-link = Vettam Mani|page = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/448 448]}}</ref> Lakshmana describes Brihatsena to be a good [[veena]] player in a dialogue.<ref name="BegamudrePōtana1988"/> Some texts give her the epithet ''Madri'' or ''Madraa'' ("of Madra").<ref name="10.61.15">
{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/10/61/15/en|title=Bhagavata Purana 10.61.15|author=Prabhupada|author-link=Prabhupada|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]}}</ref><ref name="Wilson1870"/> However, the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' includes Lakshmana in the Ashtabharya list, but mentions another queen Madri, who is explicitly mentioned as the princess of Madra. The lineage of Lakshmana is not alluded to in the text. The text also calls her ''Charuhasini'', one with a lovely smile. The ''[[Harivamsa]]'' also calls her Charuhasini, but is not associated with Madra and another queen called Madri or Subhima is mentioned like the ''Vishnu Purana''.<ref name="Wilson1870">{{cite book|author=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=The Vishńu Puráńa: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=21 February 2013|year=1870|publisher=Trübner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RO8oAAAAYAAJ/page/n84 81]–3, 107–8}}</ref><ref name=Harivamsha>{{Cite web|url=http://mahabharata-resources.org/harivamsa/vishnuparva/hv_2_103.html|title= Harivamsha Maha Puraaam - Vishnu Parvaharivamsha in the Mahabharata - Vishnuparva Chapter 103 - narration of the Vrishni race|accessdate=25 January 2013|publisher=Mahabharata Resources Organization}}</ref>
==Marriage==
Lakshmana's father had organized a ''[[svayamvara]]'' ceremony, in which a bride chooses a groom from assembled suitors. The ''Bhagavata Purana'' mentions that Krishna abducts Lakshmana from the svayamvara, just like the demigod-eagle [[Garuda]] had stolen the jar of the elixir of life (''[[amrita]]'') from the gods.<ref name="Krishna">{{Cite web|title=Five Ques married by Krishna|url=http://krsnabook.com/ch58.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322132816/http://krsnabook.com/ch58.html|archive-date=22 March 2021|publisher=Krishnabook.com|accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="10.61.15"/> Another tale describes how Krishna wins Lakshmana in the svayamvara, by acing an archery contest. The kings [[Jarasandha]] and [[Duryodhana]] miss the target. The [[Pandava]] prince and Krishna's cousin [[Arjuna]], described as the best archer at times, missed his aim knowingly at the target with the arrow so that Krishna could win the hand of Lakshmana. Arjuna's brother [[Bhima]] refused to participate in deference to Krishna. Ultimately, Krishna wins by hitting the target.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/45238|title=The Ashta-Bharyas|last=Aparna Chatterjee|date=December 10, 2007|work=[[American Chronicle]]|accessdate=21 April 2010|archive-date=6 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206024252/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/45238|url-status=dead}}</ref> Krishna and his queens once visited [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]] to meet the Pandavas and their common wife, [[Draupadi]]. The proud and shy Lakshmana tells Draupadi that her marriage was also very exciting like Draupadi’s and narrates its tale.<ref name="BegamudrePōtana1988">{{cite book|author1=Rakosh Das Begamudre|author2=Pōtana|title=Amrutha of Sreemad Bhagavatha: adapted and translated from the Telugu original of Kavi Bammera Pothana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_IcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1988|publisher=Rakosh Das Beegamudre}}</ref>

==Children and death==
The ''Bhagavata Purana'' states that she had ten sons: Praghosha, Gatravan, Simha, Bala, Prabala, Urdhvaga, Mahashakti, Saha, Oja and Aparajita.<ref name=Genealogy>{{Cite web|url=http://krsnabook.com/ch61.html|title=The Genealogical Table of the Family of Krishna|accessdate=5 February 2013|publisher= Krsnabook.com}}</ref> The ''Vishnu Purana'' says that she has many sons headed by Gatravan.<ref name=" Wilson1870"/>

The ''Bhagavata Purana'' records the wailing of Krishna's queens and their subsequent leap in Krishna's funeral pyre immolating themselves (see ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/11/31/20/en |title=Bhagavata Purana 11.31.20 |author=Prabhupada |author-link=Prabhupada |publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613194505/http://vedabase.net/sb/11/31/20/en |archivedate=13 June 2010 }}</ref> The ''[[Mausala Parva]]'' of the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' which describes the death of Krishna and end of his race declares that only four committed, others kill themselves by burning themselves alive after being attacked by robbers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m16/m16007.htm|title=Mahabharata|accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=Sacred-texts.com|author=Kisari Mohan Ganguli|author-link=Kisari Mohan Ganguli}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category: Consorts of Krishna]]
[[Category: Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]

The Life and Times of George Fernandes

2026-01-24T20:01:38Z

Stormy43P6: started new article

{{Short description|Indian biographical book}}
{{Infobox book
|name = The Life and Times of George Fernandes
|author = Rahul Ramagyndam
|language = English
|country = India
|genre =
|publisher = [[Penguin Random House|Penguin Random House India]]
|media_type =
|cover_artist =
|isbn = 9780670092888
|image = The Life and Times of George Fernandes.jpg
|caption =
|series =
|release_date = 15 October 2022
|pages = 624
|awards =
}}
'''''The life and times of George Fernandes''''' is a biographical book about [[George Fernandes]] which is written by Rahul Ramagundam. The book is published by [[Penguin Random House India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-25 |title='The Life and Times of George Fernandes' released in Bengaluru |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/the-life-and-times-of-george-fernandes-released-in-bengaluru/article65935398.ece |access-date=2022-10-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/rahul-ramagundam-speaks-about-his-biography-of-george-fernandes-10990721.html First Post] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=Rahul Ramagundam speaks about his biography of George Fernandes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/rahul-ramagundam-speaks-about-his-biography-of-george-fernandes-10990721.html/amp |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> wrote, "Rahul Ramagundam, who wrote ''Gandhi’s Khadi'' (2008) and ''Including the Socially Excluded'' (2017), is out with his new book ''The Life and Times of George Fernandes'' (2022). Published by Penguin, it is a biography of a trade unionist who became a parliamentarian and minister. Fernandes was often embroiled in controversy for the decisions he made and positions he took. The author, who is an Associate Professor at the Centre for the Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], New Delhi, attempts to unpack various facets of the man’s life."

==Reception==
[[The New Indian Express]] wrote in a review "The book provides a credible account of how Fernandes, coming from a Catholic family in Mangalore, abandoned his seminary education in Bangalore and joined the Socialist Party after the latter was forced to leave Congress by the right-wingers of the party".<ref>{{Cite web |title='The life and times of George Fernandes' book review: Rebel without a pause |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2022/sep/04/the-life-and-times-of-george-fernandes-book-review-rebel-without-a-pause-2493805.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

[[The Hindu]] wrote in a review "Rahul Ramagundam’s The Life and Times of George Fernandes, therefore, is of interest not just in terms of one man’s life and political journey, but the coterminous streams of events and ideology that flowed with it".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=2022-10-07 |title=Review of The Life and Times of George Fernandes: Personal and political |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/minister-george-fernandes-personal-political-life/article65958493.ece |access-date=2022-10-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[The Hindustan Times]] wrote in a review "As Ramagundam writes early in the book, Fernandes is arguably the most important non-Congress and non-Hindutva politician in post-Independence India. His biography is not only his life story but also a subaltern narrative of modern India".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Review: The Life and Times of George Fernandes by Rahul Ramagundam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewthe-life-and-times-of-george-fernandes-by-rahul-ramagundam-101660312740237.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

[[The Indian Express]] wrote in a review "Rahul Ramagundam’s book ‘The Life and Times of George Fernandes’ is based on 12 years of research, and offers a deep dive into the personal and political life of the leader".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title='George Fernandes' biography to be released on August 26 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/george-fernandes-biography-rahul-ramagundam-august-26-8106794/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/fire-and-rain-in-his-book-rahul-ramagundam-strikes-a-balance-between-george-fernandess-private-and-public-worlds/cid/1891957 The Telegraph] wrote in a review "Ramagundam’s reconstruction and lucid narration of well-researched anecdotes engage readers with this new biography of George Fernandes, a fiery trade union leader, socialist, and an immensely successful politician for more than six decades."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire and rain |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/fire-and-rain-in-his-book-rahul-ramagundam-strikes-a-balance-between-george-fernandess-private-and-public-worlds/cid/1891957 |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/book-reviews/the-rebel-who-turned-politician-415093 Tribune India] wrote in a review "This biography is the result of an exhaustive research and the writer admits that he got “too immersed in microscopic detail and was unable to see the whole picture”. He found himself “in a deep sea of historical facts, assailed from every direction with uncertainty and tentativeness”. The result is an apt introduction to the life and times of George Fernandes."<ref>{{cite web |author1=Sandeep Sinha |title=Rahul Ramagundam's book chronicles the life and times of rebel-turned-politician George Fernandes |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/book-reviews/the-rebel-who-turned-politician-415093 |website=www.tribuneindia.com |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725211026/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/book-reviews/the-rebel-who-turned-politician-415093 |archive-date=July 25, 2022 |language=en |date=July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Life And Times of George Fernandes}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]

Niradevghar Dam

2026-01-24T16:40:15Z

Stormy43P6: new first info from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Niradevghar Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Niradevghar Dam D03016
| dam_crosses = Niira river
| location = Bhor
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|2430|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|58.53|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|99.38|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 2000<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Nira_Deoghar_D03016 | title=Nira Deoghar D03016 | accessdate=19 March 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|332130|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|14307|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.1001736|73.721375|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Niradevghar Dam''', also written as '''Nira Deoghar''' is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on Niira river near [[Bhor]], [[Pune district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|58.53|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|2430|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|99380|m3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|337390000|m3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=25 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Pune district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 2000]]
[[Category:Dams in Western Ghats]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Reshmi Boban

2026-01-15T20:26:47Z

Stormy43P6: new some page with sources...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}

'''Reshmi Boban''' is an Indian actress known for her performance in Malayalam films and television series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-17 |title=Reshmi Boban |url=https://www.omfmedia.com/actress/reshmi-boban/}}</ref> She made her acting debut with the television show ''Jwalayayi'' in 1999 and later made her film debut in 2003 through ''[[Manassinakkare]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ml:സാരിയിൽ സുന്ദരിയായി രശ്മി ബോബൻ: സോഷ്യൽ മീഡിയയിൽ ശ്രദ്ധ നേടി നടിയുടെ ചിത്രങ്ങൾ |trans-title=Rashmi Boban looks beautiful in a saree: The actress's pictures grabbed attention on social media |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=424844&u=reshmi-bobab-on-instagram |date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410171636/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=424844&u=reshmi-bobab-on-instagram |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-12 |script-title=ml:പത്തൊമ്പതാം വയസ്സില്‍ 35കാരിയായി അഭിനയിക്കേണ്ടി വന്നു ! ആദ്യം വിഷമം തോന്നിയെങ്കിലും പിന്നീട് അതുണ്ടായില്ല; തുറന്നു പറച്ചിലുമായി രശ്മി ബോബന്‍… |trans-title=Had to act as a 35-year-old at the age of nineteen! At first it felt awkward, but then it didn't; Rashmi Boban opens up... |url=https://www.rashtradeepika.com/resmi-boban-about-body-shaming/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=RashtraDeepika |language=ml}}</ref>

{{Infobox person
| name = Reshmi Boban
| birth_place = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/tv/2024/01/09/chat-with-actress-reshmi-boban.html|title=I took a five-year break from acting: Rashmi Boban interview|date=17 March 2025|access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref>
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = [[Boban Samuel]]
| children = 2
}}

==Television career==
===TV serials===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Reshmi Boban television credits
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1999–2000 || ''Jwalayayi'' || Dr. Parvathy || [[Doordarshan]] ||
|-
|1999 || ''Asooyapookkal'' || Mili || {{sdash}} ||
|-
|2000 || ''Devatha'' || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
|2000 || ''Harichandanam'' || || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
|2000–2001 || ''Hukka Huvva Mikkado'' || || [[Kairali TV]] ||
|-
|2001 || ''Peythoriyathe'' || || Surya TV ||
|-
|2002 || ''Sooryakanthi'' || || Doordarshan ||
|-
| {{When|reason=In what year(s)?|date=March 2023}} || ''Thulasidalam'' || || Surya TV ||
|-
| {{When|reason=In what year(s)?|date=March 2023}} || ''Angadipaattu'' || Seetha || Doordarshan ||
|-
| {{When|reason=In what year(s)?|date=March 2023}} || ''Maaya'' || Seema || Kairali TV ||
|-
| {{When|reason=In what year(s)?|date=March 2023}} || ''Pakida Pakida Pambaram'' || || ||
|-
|2003 || ''Chila Kudumba Chithrangal'' || || Kairali TV ||
|-
|2004 || ''Swapnam'' || || Asianet ||
|-
|2005 || ''Pavakoothu'' || || [[Amrita TV]] ||
|-
|2006 || ''Veendum Jwalayayi'' || || Doordarshan ||
|-
|2007 || ''Chitrashalabham'' || || Amrita TV ||
|-
|2007 || ''Velankani Mathavu'' || || Surya TV ||
|-
|2007–2008 || ''Sree Guruvayoorappan'' || Dhatri || Surya TV ||
|-
|2007–2008 || ''Sree Krishnaleela'' || || Surya TV ||
|-
|2007 || ''Nombarappoovu'' || Jaya || Asianet ||
|-
|2008 || ''Hello Kuttichathan'' || || Asianet ||
|-
|2008–2009 || ''Bhamini Tholkkarilla'' || Mary || Asianet ||
|-
|2009–2010 || ''[[Autograph (TV series)| Autograph]]'' ||Susanna || Asianet ||
|-
|2010 || ''Gajarajan Guruvayoor Keshavan'' || Bhagi || Surya TV ||
|-
|2011–2012 || ''Manassu Parayunna Karyangal'' || Dhanalakshmi || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||
|-
|2011–2012 || ''Sreekrishnan'' || || Surya TV ||
|-
|2016 || ''Puthooram Puthran Unnikuttan'' || || Asianet || Telefilm
|-
|2018–2019 || ''Adutha Bellodu Koodi'' || Suhasini || Zee Keralam ||
|-
|2019–2020 || ''Priyapettaval'' || Maheshwari || Mazhavil Manorama ||
|-
|2019 || ''Puttum Kattanum'' || Rashmi || Kairali TV ||
|-
|2020 || ''[[Chocolate (Malayalam TV series)|Chocolate]]'' || Roshan's mother || Surya TV ||
|-
|2021 || ''Arranged Marriage'' || Chitra || YouTube ||
|-
|2021 || ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi (TV series)|Pookkalam Varavayi]]'' || Parvathy || Zee Keralam ||
|-
|2021–2022 || ''[[Daya (TV series)|Daya]]'' || Kamala || Asianet ||
|-
|2023– 2024 || ''Shyamambaram'' || Medayil kovilakathu Vasundhara Devi || [[Zee Keralam]] ||
|-
|2023|| ''Mangalyam'' || Vasundhara || Zee Keralam ||extended cameo
|-
|2024-2025||''[[Gayathridevi Ente Amma]]''||Vasudha||Mazhavil Manorama||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-serial-gayathridevi-ente-amma-set-to-premiere-on-july-22-actress-shari-makes-her-malayalam-tv-comeback/articleshow/111903383.cms|title=New Serial 'Gayathridevi Ente Amma' Set To Premiere On July 22, Actress Shari Makes Her Malayalam TV Comeback|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=21 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024-2025||''Apoorvaragam''||Janaki||Zee Keralam||
|-
|2025-present ||''Amme Mookambike''||Indumathi ||[[Surya TV]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/actors-name-amme-mookambike-surya-tv-serial/|title=Amme Mookambike Surya TV Serial Star Cast, Launch Date, Telecast Time and Other Updates|website=Kerala TV}}</ref>
|}

===TV shows===
* 2013: Sreekandan Nair Show as Panelist
* 2014: Ruchibhedham (ACV) as Presenter
* 2014: Surya Challenge (Surya TV) as Participant
* Malayali Darbar (Amrita TV) as Panelist
* 2019: Paisa Paisa (Kerala Vision) as Participant
* 2020: Singing Chef (Surya TV) as Host
* 2021: Bzinga (Zee Keralam) as Participant
* 2022: Red Carpet (Amrita TV) as Mentor
* 2022: Flowers Oru Kodi [Flowers] as Participant
* 2022: [[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum]] Season 4 (Asianet) as Participant
* 2022: Parayam Nedam (Amrita TV) as Participant

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Reshmi Boban film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Manassinakkare]]'' || Molikutty ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006 || ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' || Bindhu ||
|-
| ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]'' || Anitha ||
|-
| ''[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]'' || Babu's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2007 || ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]'' || Sujatha ||
|-
| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || Alice ||
|-
| ''[[Vinodayathra]]'' || Ambili ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2008 || ''[[Kanichukulangarayil CBI]]'' ||Thanky Ratheesh ||
|-
| ''[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]]'' || Soumini ||
|-
| ''[[Sultan (2008 film)|Sultan]]'' || Dr.Ranjini ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2009 || ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]'' || Sainabha ||
|-
| ''[[Kana Kanmani (film)|Kaana Kanmani]]'' || Thresiamma ||
|-
| ''[[Duplicate (2009 film)|Duplicate]]'' || Nalini ||
|-
| ''[[Red Chillies (film)|Red Chillies]]'' || Stalin's wife ||
|-
| ''[[I. G. – Inspector General]]'' || Paul's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2010 || ''[[Plus Two (film)|Plus Two]]'' || Parvathy ||
|-
| ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]'' || Pauly's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Shikkar]]'' || Ramani ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' || Krishnanunni's kin ||
|-
| ''[[Katha Thudarunnu]]'' || Razia ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2011 || ''[[Janapriyan]]'' ||Vaishakan's sister ||
|-
| ''[[August 15 (2011 film)|August 15]]'' || Sadasivan's daughter||
|-
| ''[[Oru Marubhoomikkadha]]'' || Jose's wife||
|-
| ''Chandrayan'' || {{sdash}} || English film
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2012 || ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'' ||Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]'' || Saly ||
|-
| ''[[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]'' || Thamban's kin ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjaliyan]]'' || Pushpalatha ||
|-
| ''Ek SRK'' || {{sdash}} || Hindi film
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Sound Thoma]]'' || Amina Musthafa ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2016 || ''[[Jalam (film)|Jalam]]'' || Aruna Das ||
|-
| ''[[Thoppil Joppan]]'' || Susamma ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2017 || ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]'' || Alice ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Cinemakkaran]]'' || Chinnamma ||
|-
| ''[[Sakhavu (2017 film)|Sakhavu]]'' || Headmistress ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Mazhayathu]]'' || Lilly Miss ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]'' || Dr. Susan ||
|-
| ''[[Sachin (film)|Sachin]]'' || Radhamani ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Al Mallu]]'' || Gopika ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || Indhira ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Karnan Napoleon Bhagath Singh]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Heaven (2022 film)|Heaven]]'' || School Principal ||<ref name=heaven>{{Cite news |title='Heaven' movie teaser: Suraj Venjaramoodu to play a fierce cop in this investigation thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/heaven-movie-teaser-suraj-venjaramoodu-to-play-a-fierce-cop-in-this-investigation-thriller/articleshow/91664448.cms |date=19 May 2022 |access-date=1 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/heaven-movie-teaser-suraj-venjaramoodu-to-play-a-fierce-cop-in-this-investigation-thriller/articleshow/91664448.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Dear Vaappi]]'' || Company Owner ||
|-
| ''[[Neymar (film)|Neymar]]'' || Mary Thomas ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-04 |title=Hit duo Mathew Thomas and Naslen K Gafoor set to return with Neymar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mathew-thomas-naslen-k-gafoor-latest-film-neymar-8591967/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506194816/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mathew-thomas-naslen-k-gafoor-latest-film-neymar-8591967/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan=2|2025|| ''[[Bromance (2025 film)|Bromance]]'' || Binto's and Shinto's mother ||
<ref>{{cite web | title=Bromance OTT Release Date: When and where to watch Mathew Thomas' Malayalam comedy film online | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/bromance-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-mathew-thomas-arjun-ashokan-malayalam-film-online-657551.html }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sarvam Maya]]'' || Deepthi ||
<ref>{{cite web | title=Sarvam Maya Box Office Collection 2nd Weekend Prediction: Nivin Pauly Starrer To Enter The ₹100 Crore Club? | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2026/sarvam-maya-box-office-collection-2nd-weekend-prediction-nivin-pauly-film-to-enter-100-crore-club-495186.html}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3439501}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boban, Reshmi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

Manickavasagar (film)

2026-01-10T00:48:23Z

Stormy43P6: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manickavasagar
| image = Manikkavasagar 1939 film.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| producer = V. S. M. Gopalakrishna Iyer
| writer = Mayavaram K. Thiyagaraja Desikar
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = Based on the life of Saint [[Manikkavacakar]]
| starring = [[Dandapani Desikar|M. M. Dandapani Desikar]] M. S. Devasena [[N. S. Krishnan]] [[T. A. Mathuram]]
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography = P. V. Krishna Iyer
| editing =
| studio = Salem Sri Krishna Films
| distributor = [[Modern Theatres]]
| released = {{Film date|1939}}
| runtime = 211 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Manickavasagar''''' is a 1939 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[T. R. Sundaram]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://mininoolaham.blogspot.com/2021/07/manikkavasagar-1939.html |title=மாணிக்கவாசகர் |publisher=Salem Sri Krishna Films |year=1939 |type=[[song book]] |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623101125/http://mininoolaham.blogspot.com/2021/07/manikkavasagar-1939.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and was produced by V. S. M. Gopalakrishna Iyer. The film stars [[Dandapani Desikar|M. M. Dandapani Desikar]] and M. S. Devasena.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1939 – மாணிக்கவாசகர் – சேலம் ஸ்ரீகிருஷ்ணா பிலிம்ஸ் – மாடர்ன் தியேட்டர்ஸ். |trans-title=1939 – Manickavasagar – Salem Sri Krishna Films – Modern Theatres. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1939-cinedetails22.asp |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126005644/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1939-cinedetails22.asp |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="akila">{{Cite book |last=Vijayakumar |first=Akila |title=Thamizh Cinema Ulagam Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1 March 2019 |location=Chennai |pages=350–352 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film depicts the life story of Saint [[Manikkavacakar]].

== Cast ==
The list was compiled from the book Thamizh Cinema Ulagam<ref name="akila" />
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[Dandapani Desikar|M. M. Dandapani Desikar]] {{small|as}} Manickavasagar
*P. B. Rangachari {{small|as}} Pandiyan
*C. V. V. Panthulu {{small|as}} Lord Shiva
*[[N. S. Krishnan]] {{small|as}} ''Mestri'' Vengupillai
*S. S. Kokko (Real name: Pasupuleti Srinivasulu Naidu) {{small|as}} Kalimuthu
*[[T. S. Durairaj]] {{small|as}} ''Chithal'' (Labour Assistant)
*T. V. Devanadha Iyengar {{small|as}} Velayutha Kothan
*K. V. Venkatarama Iyer {{small|as}} Pattar, stammerer
*R. P. Yagneshwara Iyer {{small|as}} Pattar
*P. Ramaiah Sastry {{small|as}} Deekshitar
*Professor Mallaiah {{small|as}} Atheist Minister
*K. R. Sundaresan {{small|as}} Thiruchitrambala Yogi
*S. R. Sami {{small|as}} Minister, Old man
*Sami Sadasivam {{small|as}} Old man
*K. R. Singh {{small|as}} Atheist King
*M. N. S. Parthasarathy {{small|as}} Atheist Minister
*Subramanian {{small|as}} Minister's stableman
*Narayana Singh {{small|as}} Soldier, Labourer
*Saminathan {{small|as}} Soldier
*Venu {{small|as}} Civilian T0m-tom beater
*Mylvagana Iyer {{small|as}} Temple priest
*A. Narasimha Raju
*K. P. Lakshmanan
*N. M. Rajasami Naidu
*Ramalingam
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*M. S. Devasena {{small|as}} Manonmani
*M. N. S. Shantha Devi {{small|as}} Manohari
*[[T. A. Mathuram]] {{small|as}} Amrutham
*P. S. Gnanam {{small|as}} Karumbu
*[[U. R. Jeevaratnam]] {{small|as}} Dumb woman
*[[C. T. Rajakantham]] {{small|as}} Ponnammal
*Seethalakshmi {{small|as}} Deekshitar's wife
*Devaram Rajamma {{small|as}} Vandhi
*Pushpa Rajamani
*P. K. Vanaja
*Aandaal
*Chellam
*Akilambal
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by V. S. M. Gopalakrishna Iyer and was directed by [[T. R. Sundaram]]. Mayavaram K. Thiyagaraja Desikar wrote the screenplay and dialogues. Cinematography was handled by P. V. Krishna Iyer and audiography was done by Sardar Eswara Singh. The film was shot and processed at [[Modern Theatres]], Salem.<ref name="akila" />

== Soundtrack ==
Some of the hymns sung by Saint Manickavasagar was included in the film. Mayavaram K. Thiyagaraja Desikar wrote the lyrics for the other songs. No music director was credited but the names of instrumentalists are credited.<ref name="akila" />
;Orchestra
*G. Rajagopal Naidu - Fiddle (Violin)
*C. Rangasami - Harmonium
*K. Ambigadas - Tabla
*B. Rangaiya Naidu - Clarinet
*C. Ramachandran - Piano, Dilruba

;List of songs (Manickavasagar hymns)
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singer/s !! Ragam !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || ''Namachivaaya Vaazhga'' || || Bhoopalam ||
|-
| 2 || ''Mukthineri Ariyaadha'' || rowspan=4|M. M. Dandapani Desikar || Devagandhari ||
|-
| 3 || ''Utraarai Yaan Venden'' || Sahana ||
|-
| 4 || ''Ammaiye Appa Oppilaa'' || ||
|-
| 5 ||''Thiruvalar Thamarai'' || Biyakadai ||
|-
| 6 || ''Valaindhadhu Villu'' || || Malgosh ||
|}
*''Thiruvalar Thamarai'' is from Thirukovaiyar; others are [[Thiruvasagam]]

;Songs penned by K. Thiyagaraja Desikar
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singer/s !! Ragam !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || ''Thiruvarul Purivaye'' || Group || Kalyani ||
|-
| 2 || ''Vaadhavooranpaa'' || || Sankarabharanam ||
|-
| 3 || ''Maamarathile Poo'' || || rowspan=3|Themmangu ||
|-
| 4 || ''Kattikarumbe'' || ||
|-
| 5 || ''Kaariyathai Nee Mudithu'' || ||
|-
| 6 || ''Aalavaayamar Adhiye Deva'' || P. B. Rangachari || Kambodhi ||
|-
| 7 || ''Maanidap Pethai'' || M. M. Dandapani Desikar P. B. Rangachari || Ragamaliga ||
|-
| 8 || ''Aasai Mannaa'' || rowspan=3|C. V. V. Panthulu || ||
|-
| 9 || ''Kooliyaal Velai Seyya'' || Sindhu Bairavi ||
|-
| 10 || ''Inneram Velai Seydhathu Podhum'' || ||
|-
| 11 || ''Adimai Konde Yenai'' || rowspan=6|M. M. Dandapani Desikar || Poorvi Kalyani ||
|-
| 12 || ''Adikkadi Yenai Edhirthu'' || ||
|-
| 13 || ''Ini Enakkethu Vichaaram'' || Mohanam ||
|-
| 14 || ''Vendaam Vendaam Vedhanai'' || Abhogi || 03:26
|-
| 15 || ''Deva Deva Moova Mudhale'' || Hindustani Mukhari ||
|-
| 16 || ''Utraarai Yaan Venden'' || Sahana || 03:10
|-
| 17 || ''Kannatti Namba Nalla Jodi'' || || ||
|-
| 18 || ''Nambadhe Nambadhe'' || || Senjurutti ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{youTube|0zfhowdg7gg|Vendaam Vendaam}}
*{{youTube|jPZCVQuuxWg|Utrarai Yaan Venden}}
{{Modern Theatres}}
{{T. R. Sundaram}}

[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1939 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Rajagopal Naidu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Durgi, Rayagada district

2026-01-09T22:12:05Z

Stormy43P6: Adding initial place from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Durgi
| settlement_type = Panchayat
| image_skyline = Jagannath Temple of Durgi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Jagannath Temple of Durgi
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|20|47.06|N|83|36|0.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayagada District|Rayagada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 421
| population_total = 1792
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal Pin Code]]
| postal_code = 765019
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = 06856
| registration_plate = OD 18
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Durgi''' is a census village & Panchayat headquarters of Bissam Cuttack Block in [[Rayagada district]] of [[Odisha]], [[India]]. A total of 439 families are residing in this village.

== Geography ==
Durgi is located at {{coord|19.34|N|83.60|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|421|m|ft|abbr=on}}.The village is surrounded by forests with mostly Sal (''Dalbergia Latifolia''), Teak (''Tectona Grandis'') and Mango trees. Forests and hills completely cover its outer region.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref name=Census2011>{{cite web|title=Durgi Population|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/425427-durgi-orissa.html|publisher=Census2011|accessdate=4 July 2015}}</ref> the total population of the village is 1792, out of which the male population is 858 and the female population is 934. Durgi village has a higher literacy rate compared to Odisha's literacy rate. In 2011, the literacy rate of Durgi village was 75.51% compared to 72.87% of Odisha. In Durgi, Male literacy stands at 81.50% while female literacy rate was 70.18%. The population of children aged 0-6 is 232 which makes up 12.95% of total population of village. Average sex ratio of Durgi village is 1089 which is higher than Odisha state average of 979. The child sex ratio for Durgi as per census is 886, lower than Odisha average of 941. Durgi village has a substantial population of Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 29.80% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 15.79% of total population. The major language spoken in this region is [[Odia language|Odia]]. Though Odia is predominantly spoken in Durgi, there is a diverse cultural mix with people speaking in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] as well. The tribal populated villages around Durgi are using a tribal language called "Kandho".

== Transportation and communication ==

=== Road ===
*Durgi is connected to other parts of Odisha by state highway SH17 (Gunupur-Digapahandi-Berhampur) and SH04 (Paralakhemundi-Gunupur-Rayagada-Koraput). The nearest major town is [[Gunupur]] 40 km away and [[Rayagada]] which is 51 km away.
*[[Odisha State Road Transport Corporation]], and Private buses run daily between Durgi to other parts of Odisha and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The place is well connected to [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Berhampur]], [[Rayagada]], [[Koraput]], [[Jeypore]], [[Bhawanipatna]], [[Paralakhemundi]], [[Palasa]], [[Srikakulam]], [[Vijayanagaram]], and [[Visakhapatnam]].

===Railway===
Durgi is well connected with the nearby railway stations like Gunupur (40;km away), Muniguda (35;km away) and Rayagada (51; km away). [[Gunupur railway station|Gunupur]], which is connected by the 90 km long {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] railway line to Naupada railway junction on the [[Howrah-Chennai main line]].

[[Rayagada railway station]] is an important station from where direct trains are available to Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Bhubaneswar, Raipur, New Delhi, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Puri, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and other cities. Rayagada Railway station comes in between Visakhapatnam-Raipur main line. Trains towards Raipur are passing through Muniguda railway station.

===Air===
The nearest airport is the [[Visakhapatnam Airport]] at a distance of 240 km towards the south. The other nearest airports are the [[Bhubaneswar Airport]], which is about 370 km, and [[Raipur Airport]], which is around 340 km.

==Politics==
As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Durgi village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village. Current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Bissam Cuttack (ST) Assembly Constituency is Sri Jagannath Saraka of [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]], who won the seat in State elections of 2014 for the first time.<ref name="Odisha Assembly Election Results 2014">{{cite web|last1=Election Results 2014|first1=Odisha Assembly Constituency|title=State Assembly Election Result in elections.in|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/bissam-cuttack.html|website=elections.in|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=7 July 2015}}</ref>
Durgi comes under the [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Sri Saptagiri Urlaka of [[Indian National Congress|INS]] is the present elected [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] of the Koraput (ST) Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="Indian Parliamentary Election Results 2014">{{cite web|last1=Election Results 2014|first1=Indian Parliamentary Constituency|title=Parliamentary Election Result in elections.in|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/parliamentary-constituencies/koraput.html|website=elections.in|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=5 July 2015}}</ref> After independence, Durgi has been playing a prominent role in politics in Rayagada District in general and Bissam Cuttack constituency in particular. Many leaders are emerged from the land of Durgi and contributed significantly in politics. The popular personalities like Sri Trinath Das (Block Chairman, Bissam Cuttack) and Sri Sudhir Das (President of BJD, Rayagada District)<ref name="BJD President">{{cite web|title=Presidents for all Districts|url=http://www.enewsinsight.com/odisha-insight/bjd-announces-presidents-for-all-districts/|publisher=The News Insight|accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> do belongs from this place.<ref name="District Presidents of BJD">{{cite web|title=List of District President|url=http://tathya.in/news1/install/upgradestat.log.resources.txt/Home/tabid/55/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/265/BJD-Dist-Prez-list-out.aspx|website=tathya.in/|publisher=Tathya Media|accessdate=25 July 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725203753/http://tathya.in/news1/install/upgradestat.log.resources.txt/Home/tabid/55/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/265/BJD-Dist-Prez-list-out.aspx|archivedate=25 July 2015}}</ref> Chief Ministers like late Biju Patnaik, Navin Patnaik and Giridhar Gomango also visited to this place for their socio-political work.
==Villages==
The wards/ villages coming under Durgi Panchayat are:- Durgi, Bhaleri, Kundanpadar, Rengabai, Barangpadar, Thambalpadhu, Budhanagar, Kachapai, Kalipadar, Kurankul, Tentili Kalipadar, Mulipada, Dharamguda, Balipadar, Haduguda, Huruguda, Khariguda and IAY Colony.
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="130px" heights="130px" perrow="6">
File:Kalyan Mandap, Durgi.jpg|Kalyan Mandap, Durgi
File:Panchayat Office, Durgi.jpg|Panchayat Office, Durgi
File:Jagannath Mandira.jpg|Sri Jagannath Temple
File:Bijayananda Club.jpg|Bijayananda Youth Club
File:Forest office, Durgi, Andhra Pradesh, India.jpg|Forest Office
File:PWD Bungalow, Durgi.jpg|PWD Bungalow, Durgi
File:R.I OFFICE.JPG|R.A.I Office, Durgi
File:Primary Health Centre, Durgi.jpg|Primary Health Centre, Durgi
File:Durgi Hospital.JPG|Durgi Hospital
File:PS High School, Durgi.JPG|PS High School, Durgi
File:High School, Durgi.JPG|PS High School, Durgi
File:Radhakanta Matho.jpg|Radhakanta Matho, Durgi
File:Bird eye view of Durgi Jagannath Temple.jpg|Bird eye view of Durgi Jagannath Temple
File:Radha Krishna mandira.jpg|Radha Krishna Temple
File:Village View1.jpg|Durgi village view1 in rain season
File:Village View2.jpg|Durgi village view2 in rain season
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rayagada district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Rayagada district]]

S. M. Saadi

2026-01-02T20:28:43Z

Stormy43P6: new first page w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. M. Saadi
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]]
| term2 = 2011–2016
| predecessor2 = Biswanath Ghosh
| successor2 = Tapas Kumar Saha
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
}}

'''S. M. Saadi''' is an Indian politician from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

==Early life and family==
Saadi was born in {{circa|1960}} to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslims]] in [[Nadia district]]. He was the son of late Wadudur Rahman.<ref name=neta/>

==Career==
Saadi was a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 2011 to 2016 elected from [[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]].<ref name=neta>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1308|title=S.M. Sadi(Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))):Constituency- PALASHIPARA(NADIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/cpim-selected-s-m-sadi-as-lok-sabha-election-2024-candidate-at-krishnanagar/cid/1502999|title=সিপিএমের প্রার্থী সাদিই|first=নিজস্ব|last=সংবাদদাতা|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saadi, S. M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino

2025-12-24T17:43:38Z

Stormy43P6: added info

{{short description|Polish military song of WWII}}
[[File:Red Poppies of Monte performed in Italy 1944.jpg|thumb|300px|Men of the Third Carpathian Rifle Division hear ''The Red Poppies'' performed by [[:pl:Alfred Schütz (kompozytor)|Alfred Schütz]]'s orchestra, May 1944.]]
'''''Czerwone maki na Monte Cassino''''' ('''The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino''') is one of the best-known [[Poland|Polish]] [[military songs]] of [[World War II]].<ref name="bd"/> It was composed in May 1944 in [[Italy]], during the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]], on the eve of the [[Polish Army]]'s capture of the [[Germany|German]] stronghold.

==History==
In early 1944 a German stronghold, dug in at the ancient [[Benedictine]] [[monastery]] atop [[Monte Cassino]], had blocked the [[Allies in World War II|Allies]]' advance toward [[Rome]]. The forces of several Allied countries had attempted since mid-January [[battle of Monte Cassino|to capture the German fortress]]. For a fourth major assault, which began on 11 May 1944, Polish troops were rotated in.<ref name="Ford2004"/>

The song's melody was composed during the night of 17–18 May 1944 by {{ill|Alfred Schütz (composer)|lt=Alfred Schütz|pl|Alfred Schütz (kompozytor)}}, a composer, actor and member of the Polish Soldiers' Theater garrisoned at [[Campobasso]] in the shadow of Monte Cassino.<ref name="okul"/> Two opening [[stanza]]s were written at that time by [[Feliks Konarski]] ("''Ref-ren''" — "Refrain"), a poet and songwriter and soldier of the [[Polish II Corps]] commanded by Major General [[Władysław Anders]].<ref name=okul/> The third stanza was written a few days later.<ref name=okul/>

The third verse, Konarski wrote several hours later. In his memoirs, he wrote:

"For the first time singing Red poppies on Monte Cassino, we all cried. Soldiers cried with us. [[Papaver rhoeas|Red poppies]], which bloomed over night, became one more symbol of bravery and sacrifice - a tribute of alive ones, whom for love of freedom died for freedom of people."

The fourth and final stanza was written a quarter-century later, in 1969, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the battle.<ref name="four"/> That final stanza is the least known and is sometimes omitted.<ref name=four/>

On 18 May 1944, the day following the song's composition, the Poles stormed and captured the precincts of the Monte Cassino [[monastery]]. Later that day, the song was first performed at General Anders' headquarters to celebrate the Polish victory.<ref name="wolnaeuropa"/> ''The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino'' won popularity with the troops and was soon published by a Polish-American newspaper in [[New York (state)|New York]]. It was later published in Poland.<ref name="szczecin"/> It was banned, however, during the [[Stalinist]] period in the [[People's Republic of Poland]], when the government sought to minimize memory of the wartime [[Polish Armed Forces in the West]].<ref name="google"/>
It is featured, however, in [[Andrzej Wajda]]'s film ''[[Ashes and Diamonds (film)|Ashes and Diamonds]]'', made in 1958, after the death of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]].

==Copyright==
Schütz moved to [[Munich]] in 1961 and died there in 1999. After the death of his wife, as they had no heir, under German law the state of [[Bavaria]] acquired copyright, and [[Royalty payment|royalties]] for commercial use of the "Red Poppies" melody were paid to it through [[GEMA (German organization)|GEMA]], the German organization of collective management of [[copyright]].<ref name=royal/>
In 2014 the Polish Song Library together with Polish lawyer Bogusław Wieczorek took action to retrieve the copyright and received a formal reply from Bavarian authorities of willingness to pass the copyright to the Polish state. In 2015 a further attempt was made by the Polish Consulate General in Munich and on 15 September 2015 Bavaria renounced all rights to the song and melody, which were transferred to Poland.<ref name="copyright"/>

==See also==
* [[Monte Cassino Commemorative Cross]]
* [[Polish cemetery at Monte Cassino|Polish Military Cemetery at Monte Cassino]]
* [[Polish Cemetery at Casamassima|Polish Military Cemetery at Casamassima]]
* "[[In Flanders Fields]]"
* ''[[Papaver rhoeas]]''
* [[Remembrance poppy]]

==References==
{{refbegin}}
<references>

<ref name="bd">{{cite book|author=Brian Murdoch|title=Fighting Songs and Warring Words: Popular Lyrics of Two World Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBEefbYlKmIC&pg=PA195|accessdate=20 May 2012|date=24 May 1990|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-03184-4|page=195}}</ref>

<ref name="Ford2004">{{cite book|author=Ken Ford|title=Cassino 1944: Breaking the Gustav Line|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MymRm_dfqgkC&pg=PA84|accessdate=18 May 2012|date=27 April 2004|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84176-623-2|page=84}}</ref>

<ref name="four">{{in lang|pl}} Jerzy Trzesicki, [http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~antora/WIERSZE/CASSINO/TEXT_JT.HTM Cassino-tekst]</ref>

<ref name="google">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey C. Goldfarb|title=Beyond Glasnost: The Post-Totalitarian Mind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aHEDQ0HbyIC&pg=PA63|accessdate=20 May 2012|date=15 April 1992|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-30098-6|page=63}}</ref>

<ref name="okul">{{in lang|pl}} Bogdan Okulski, description of the song in the ''Wojenko, wojenko'' album, 1995.</ref>

<ref name="szczecin">{{in lang|pl}} [http://www.lo9.szczecin.pl/szkola/o_szkole/hymn.html Monografia "Czerwonych maków" - hymnu IX LO w Szczecinie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021026152951/http://www.lo9.szczecin.pl/szkola/o_szkole/hymn.html |date=2002-10-26 }}</ref>

<ref name="wolnaeuropa">{{in lang|pl}} Bogdan Żurek, [http://www.wolnaeuropa.pl/archiwum_21.html Czerwone maki], Radio Wolna Europa.</ref>

<ref name="royal">Bogusław Wieczorek, [http://www.boguslawwieczorek.pl/2014/12/royalties-for-playing-unofficial-national-anthem-of-poland-go-to-germany/ Royalties for playing unofficial national anthem of Poland go to Germany], Własność intelektualna w praktyce [2020-11-18].</ref>

<ref name="copyright">Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland, [http://www.msz.gov.pl/en/news/copyright_on__the_red_poppies_on_monte_cassino__transferred_to_poland Copyright on ''The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino'' transferred to Poland], [2015-09-14].</ref>

</references>
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20030416024809/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~antora/WIERSZE/CASSINO/MAKI-NUTY.htm Text (Polish) and music]
*[https://prokonsul.blogspot.com/2012/05/red-poppies-on-monte-cassino.html Lyrics (Polish and English)]
* {{YouTube|eAfizXfIXWo|Film}} showing the [[Polish 2nd Corps]] at Monte Cassino, with ''Czerwone maki na Monte Cassino'' played in the background.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Red Poppies On Monte Cassino}}
[[Category:1944 songs]]
[[Category:Polish patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Songs of World War II]]
[[Category:Songs about Italy]]
[[Category:Battle of Monte Cassino]]
[[Category:Poppies]]

Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari

2025-11-26T00:01:45Z

Stormy43P6: started a data

{{Short description|Islamic scholar (1892–1961)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari
| image = Syed-Ataullah-Shah-Bukhari-RA.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| other_name = Shah jee
| birth_name = Syed Ata Ullah Shah
| birth_date = 23 November 1892
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1961|08|21|1892|09|23}}
| death_place = [[Multan]], [[West Pakistan]], [[Pakistan]]
| resting_place = [[Multan]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Khatabat
* orator
* poet
* political activist
* historian
* Islamic scholar
}}
| citizenship = {{Flag|British India|name=British Indian}} (1892–1947) {{Flag|Pakistan|name=Pakistani}} (1947–1961)
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| office1 = President of [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]
| term_start1 = 29 December 1929
| term_end1 = 1930
| term_start2 = 1946
| term_end2 = 1948
| office3 = 1st Emir of [[Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat]]
| term_start3 = 1949
| term_end3 = 1961
| predecessor3 = ''None (office created)''
| successor3 = Qazi Ahsan Ahmed Shuja Abadi
| party = [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]
| children = [[Syed Abuzar Bukhari]] [[Syed Ata-ul-Mohsin Bukhari]] [[Syed Ata-ul-Muhaimin Bukhari]] Syed Ata-ul-Momin Bukhari
| religion = [[Islam]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
| honorific prefix = Shah Jee
}}

'''Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari''' ([[Urdu]] سید عطاء اللہ شاہ بخاری)<ref name="umm1">{{cite book |author1=Sayyidah Umm-e-Kafeel Bukhari |title=Sayyidi wa Abi |publisher=Bukhari Academy |location=[[Multan]] |url=https://archive.org/download/omartlg_yahoo_Syd/syd.pdf |accessdate=28 April 2020 |language=Urdu}}</ref> (23 September 1892 – 21 August 1961), was a [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]] [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]] and a [[Religion in politics|Religio-political figure]]<ref>Chaudhry Afzal Haq, ''Tarikh-e-Ahrar'', (Lahore:Maktabah Majlis-e-Ahrar, 1940) P.47</ref> from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was one of the [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]]'s founding members. His biographer, [[Agha Shorish Kashmiri]], states that Bukhari's greatest contribution had been his germination of strong anti-British feelings among the Indian Muslims.<ref>Samina Awan, ''Political islam in colonial Punjab Majlis-e-Ahrar 1929–1949'', P.153, Politics of Islamic symbolism, The MAI: Politics of Personalities, [[Oxford University Press]]</ref>

He is one of the most notable leaders of the Ahrar movement which was associated with opposition to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposition to the establishment of an independent Pakistan]], as well as opposition to the [[Ahmadiyya Movement]].<ref>{{cite book |first = Kalim|last = Bahadur|title = Democracy in Pakistan: crises and conflicts|page = 176|publisher = Har Anand Publications|year = 1998}}</ref>

He is considered as a legendary rhetoric, which made him famous among the Muslims.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parveen |first1=Dr Kausar |last2=Awan |first2=Prof Dr Samina |date=2021-09-30 |title=ATA'ULLAH SHAH BUKHARI: 20TH CENTURY MUSLIM FIREBRAND AND ORATOR OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN SOUTH ASIA |url=https://www.phs.com.pk/index.php/phs/article/view/137 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |language=en |volume=69 |issue=3 |issn=0030-9796}}</ref>

==Birth and education==
Born in [[Patna]], [[British India]], in 1892, he received his early religious education in what is now [[Gujrat City|Gujrat]], [[Pakistan]] and learned the [[Qur'an]] by heart from his father Hafiz Syed Ziauddin.<ref>Shorish Kashmiri, ''Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari'' (Lahore: Maktaba-i-Chattan, 1969), vol. 1, p. 19.</ref> He migrated to [[Amritsar]] in 1914 when he was 22 years old. He completed his early education by subscribing to a purist view of Islam. Although Bukhari did not subscribe to the [[Deobandi movement]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kashmiri |first=Shorish |url=https://archive.org/details/20230605_20230605_0715/page/n43/mode/1up |title=Syed Ata Allah Shah Bukhari: Sawanih o Afkar |publisher=Matbuat-i Chatan |year=2012 |isbn=9789695035641 |location=Pakistan |pages=50 |language=ur}}</ref> he was influenced by some Deobandi scholars, including [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kashmiri |first=Shorish |url=https://archive.org/details/20230605_20230605_0715/page/n43/mode/1up |title=Syed Ata Allah Shah Bukhari: Sawanih o Afkar |publisher=Matbuat-i Chatan |year=2012 |isbn=9789695035641 |location=Pakistan |pages=50 |language=ur}}</ref>

Bukhari began his career as a religious preacher in a small mosque in [[Amritsar]], and taught the Quran for the next 40 years.<ref>Shorish Kashmiri, ''Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari'' (Lahore: Chattan, 1978)</ref> He shared friendship with a section of socialists and communists but did not accept their ideology completely.<ref>Samina Awan, ''Political islam in colonial Punjab Majlis-e-Ahrar 1929–1949, P.154'', Politics of Islamic symbolism, The MAI: Politics of Personalities, [[Oxford University Press]]</ref> He was ‘imbued with a brilliant exposition of [[Romance (love)|romantic]] socialism, and led Muslims to a restlessness activism'.<ref>Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Modern Islam in India, p. 277.</ref> He studied the [[Sahih Bukhari]]<ref>Janbaz Mirza, ''hayat-e-ameer-e-shariyat'', (Lahore: Maktaba-i-Tabsra, 1968), p. 14.</ref> in jail when he was imprisoned for an anti-government religious speech.

==Religious and political career==

He started his religious and political career in 1916. His speeches graphically portrayed the sorrows and sufferings of the poor, and would promise his audience that the end of their sufferings would come about with the end of British rule.<ref>Abdul Latif Khalid Cheema, Prof. Abbas Najmi, ''Syed-ul-Ahrar'', p.98 (Maktabah Tehreek-e-Talba-e-Islam, Chichawatni, 1977).</ref> As the first step of his political career, he began to participate in the movements of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1921 from [[Kolkata]] where he delivered a loaded speech and was arrested on 27 March 1921 because of that speech. He became an eyesore to the administration, and an official view about him said:
''Ata Ullah Shah is a man, who it is better to lock up in jail, away from Congress leaders than to parley with. He has spent a considerable part of his life preaching sedition. He is an amusing speaker, who can influence a crowd.''<ref>''See REPORT of THE COURT OF INQUIRY constituted under PUNJAB ACT II OF 1954 to enquire into the PUNJAB DISTURBANCES OF 1953'' (Lahore: National archives of Pakistan, 1954).</ref> After Nehru report<ref>Janbaz Mirza, ''Karvan-i-Ahrar'' (Lahore: Maktaba-i-Tabsra, 1968), vol. 1, p. 80.</ref> Bukhari created All India [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geourdu.com/khabrain/others-news/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81-%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%90-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1/ |title=Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari or Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam |publisher=Geourdu.com |accessdate=28 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105190558/http://www.geourdu.com/khabrain/others-news/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81-%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81-%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%90-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1/ |archivedate=5 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> with [[Maulana Mazhar Ali Azhar|Mazhar Ali Azhar]], [[Chaudhry Afzal Haq]], [[Maulana Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi|Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi]], [[Sheikh Hissam-ud-Din|Hissam-ud-Din]], [[Master Taj-uj-Din Ansari|Master Taj-ud-Din Ansari]] and [[Maulana Zafar Ali Khan|Zafar Ali Khan]] on 29 December 1929. Later on the prominent Barelvi orator [[Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah]] also joined them. He was also the founding father of Majlis-e-Ahrar, Indian nationalist Muslim political movement in India. In 1943, Ahrar passed a resolution [[opposition to the partition of India|opposing the partition of India]] and "introduced a sectarian element into its objections by portraying Jinnah as an infidel in an attempt to discredit his reputation."<ref name="Khan2015">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Adil Hussain |title=From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia |date=2015 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9780253015297 |page=148 |language=English|quote=Soon thereafter, in 1943, the Ahrar passed a resolution officially declaring itself against partition, which posed a problem in that it put the Ahrar in direct opposition to the Muslim League. The Ahrar introduced a sectarian element into its objections by portraying Jinnah as an infidel in an attempt to discredit his reputation.}}</ref> He led a movement against [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]] and held an ''Ahrar Tableegh Conference'' at [[Qadian]] in 21–23 October 1934. Bukhari was a central figure in the [[Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat|Khatme Nabuwwat]] Movement of 1953,<ref>''REPORT of THE COURT OF INQUIRY constituted under PUNJAB ACT II OF 1954 to enquire into the PUNJAB DISTURBANCES OF 1953''</ref> which demanded that government of Pakistan declare the [[Ahmadiyya|Qadianis]] as non-Muslims.

==Oratory and poetry==
He became known for his [[Public speaking|oratory]]. He was also a poet and most of his poetry was in [[Persian language|Persian]]. His poetic verses were compiled by his eldest son [[Syed Abuzar Bukhari]] in 1956 under the name of ''Sawati-ul-ilham''.<ref>Syedah Umm-e-Kafeel, ''Syedi-wa -abi'', (Multan:Maktabah Ahrar, Bukhari academy, 2007), P.156</ref>

==Death==
Bukhari died on 21 August 1961.<ref>Janbaz Mirza, last chapter, ''hayat-e-ameer-e-Shariyat''</ref> He is buried in [[Multan, Pakistan]]. on Tareen Road Children Complex.

== Books ==
Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari's speeches, sermons, and writings have been compiled into several books and collections, reflecting his powerful oratory, deep knowledge of Islamic theology, and unwavering opposition to colonialism and sectarianism. Notable books (and compilations of his work) include:

* '''{{lang|ur|خطباتِ بخاری}}''', ''The Sermons of Bukhari'' — a collection of his famous sermons and speeches delivered across India.
* '''{{lang|ur|احرار کا پیغام}}''', ''The Message of the Ahrar'' — his speeches and writings on the ideology and mission of the Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam.
* '''{{lang|ur|خطبے اور مقالات}}''', ''Speeches and Essays'' — selected addresses and articles covering religion, politics, and social reform.
* '''{{lang|ur|یادگارِ بخاری}}''', ''Memorial to Bukhari'' — a posthumous compilation of his sayings, poetry, and biographical sketches.
* '''{{lang|ur|قادیانیت کی حقیقت}}''', ''The Reality of Qadianism'' — his critiques of the Ahmadiyya movement, reflecting his prominent role in the Khatm-e-Nubuwwat movement.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Yaqoob |first1=Hafiz Sajid |last2=Amjad |first2=Muhammad |date=2021 |title=Role of Syed Atta Ullah Shah Bukhari in the Religious Movements of Sub-Continent (Analytical Study) |url=https://journals.uom.edu.pk/murjis/article/view/189 |journal=Malakand University Research Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=99–114 |issn=2708-6577}}
* [http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/E-Paper/lahore/2012-09-07/page-9 Syed Ata ullah shah bukhari ka aqeeda-e-khatm-e-nubuwwat]
* [http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/E-Paper/Lahore/2011-09-07/page-9/detail-3 Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhaqri ka khitab (Nawai-waqt Newspaper)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928160129/http://www.dailypak.com/epaper/2010/August/21-08-10/allimages/col-2.html Column of Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402071037/http://e.jang.com.pk/08-19-2011/Lahore/pic.asp?picname=05_05.gif Column of Professor Khalid Shibbir Ahmad]
* {{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/27449945/Sawaneh-Syed-Ataullah-Shah-Bukhari-RA-by-Agha-Shorish-Kashmiri|title=Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari|author=Agha Shorish Kashmiri}}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/52233745/hayat-e-ameer-Shariat-by-janbaz-mirza%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7|title=Hayat-e-Ameer-e-Shariat|author=Janbaz Mirza}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425013944/http://www.ahrarindia.com/sayeedAlahrar.html Syed-ul-Ahrar, Ameer-e-Shariat, Khateeb-ul-Hind, Maulana Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari (rehmatullah-e-allaih]
* [http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/E-Paper/Lahore/2012-06-29/page-9/detail-5 Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari ki zindagi (Nawai-waqt Column)]
{{Refend}}

{{Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat}}
{{Islamic scholars from Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1961 deaths]]
[[Category:Critics of Ahmadiyya]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Writers from Patna]]
[[Category:People from Multan]]
[[Category:20th-century poets]]
[[Category:Pakistani religious writers]]
[[Category:Emirs of Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat]]
[[Category:Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat people]]
[[Category:Presidents of Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Founders of Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam]]

List of accolades received by Hum Tum (film)

2025-11-12T01:20:44Z

Stormy43P6: refine structure also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{italic title|string=Hum Tum}}
{{Infobox awards list
| name = ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
| image1 = Rani Mukerji 2001.jpg
| caption = [[Rani Mukerji]] garnered several accolades for her performance in ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''.
| wins = 18
| nominations = 62
| award1 = [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| award1W = 1
| award1N = 6
| award2 = [[Filmfare Awards]]
| award2W = 5
| award2N = 8
| award3 = [[Global Indian Film Awards]]
| award3W = 2
| award3N = 13
| award4 = [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| award4W = 1
| award4N = 5
| award5 = [[National Film Awards]]
| award5W = 1
| award5N = 1
| award6 = [[Screen Awards]]
| award6W = 4
| award6N = 12
| award7 = [[Stardust Awards]]
| award7W = 2
| award7N = 5
| award8 = [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| award8W = 2
| award8N = 12
}}

''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' ({{translation|Me and You}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Kunal Kohli]]. Produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under his banner [[Yash Raj Films]], the film stars [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Rani Mukerji]], with [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Kirron Kher]], [[Jimmy Shergill]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]]. ''Hum Tum'' follows the encounters of Karan and Rhea, who run into each other on several occasions under various circumstances. The film marked Mukerji's third film with Yash Raj Films.

The film has several short animation sequences, which were created by [[Kathaa Animations]] headed by [[Prakash Nambiar]], with special effects done by [[Tata Elxsi]]. The cinematography is done by Sunil Patel. [[Jatin–Lalit]] composed the music, while lyrics were written by [[Prasoon Joshi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/anex/y2k6/headlines/anex1446.htm |title=Animation Dimensions acquires Katha Animation, scales to 300 |publisher=Animation Xpress.com |date=18 December 2006 |access-date=2011-09-16 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film was a success at the [[Box Office|box office]], with a gross of {{INRConvert|432.2|m}}. It became the [[List of Hindi films of 2004|sixth highest-grossing film]] of the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boxofficeindia.com|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA==|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132208/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA%3D%3D|archive-date=14 October 2013|access-date=2011-09-15|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hum Tum : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7146/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115215144/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7146/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2009|access-date=2011-09-15|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

The film received several accolades. At the [[52nd National Film Awards]] in 2005, Khan was awarded the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]]. At the [[50th Filmfare Awards]], ''Hum Tum'' received 8 nominations and won 5 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Kohli), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Mukherji), [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Comedian]] (Khan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] ([[Alka Yagnik]] for "Hum Tum"), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Scene of the Year|Best Scene of the Year]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |date=2006 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |pages=116–119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=26 August 2021 |work=[[Filmfare]] }}</ref> At the [[6th IIFA Awards]], ''Hum Tum'' received 5 nominations and won [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Mukherji). ''Hum Tum'' also earned two [[Global Indian Film Awards]], four [[Screen Awards]], two [[Stardust Awards]], and two [[Zee Cine Awards]].

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|List of accolades received by ''Hum Tum''}}
|-
!scope="col" | Award
!scope="col" | Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col" | Category
!scope="col" | Recipient(s)
!scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[Anandalok Awards|Anandalok Puraskar Awards]]
| 2005
|[[Anandalok Award for Best Actress (Hindi)|Best Actress (Hindi)]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=tgind>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061121/asp/calcutta/story_7029301.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827214943/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061121/asp/calcutta/story_7029301.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 27, 2007|title=Anandalok Purashkar|publisher=www.telegraphindia.com|accessdate=2008-11-14|location=Calcutta, India|date=21 November 2006}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" |[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="7" |30 April 2005
|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |<ref>Bollywood Movie Awards:
* {{cite web |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar275.htm |title=Bollywood Awards announce nominee list |work=Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=Indian Television |access-date=27 August 2021 |date=30 March 2005 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827120527/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar275.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php|title=Winners of Bollywood Movie Awards 2005 |publisher=[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124901/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php|archive-date=2 November 2013|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ba/venue.htm|title=Bollywood Movie Awards 2005 |publisher=[[Bollywood Movie Awards]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408172504/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ba/venue.htm|archive-date=8 April 2005|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|[[Kunal Kohli]], [[Siddharth Anand]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |[[50th Filmfare Awards|26 May 2005]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/shah-rukh-rani-mukherjee-bag-awards/article27322991.ece |title=Shah Rukh, Rani Mukherjee bag awards |date=27 May 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 August 2021 |author=[[United News of India]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210826123504/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/shah-rukh-rani-mukherjee-bag-awards/article27322991.ece |archive-date=26 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{won}}
|-
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Jatin–Lalit]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Alka Yagnik]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{won}}
|-
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Scene of the Year|Best Scene of the Year]]
|Late night snack scene
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="13" |[[Global Indian Film Awards]]
| rowspan="13" |25 January 2005
|Best Film
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13" |<ref>Global Indian Film Awards:
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.mygifa.com/awards_2005.html|title=2005 Global Indian Film Awards |publisher=[[Global Indian Film Awards]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125175534/http://www.mygifa.com/awards_2005.html|archive-date=25 January 2007|access-date=26 August 2021}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://indiafm.com/awards/gifa/nominees2004.shtml |title=Global Indian Film Awards Nominees – 2004 |publisher=[[Global Indian Film Awards]] |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207105051/http://indiafm.com/awards/gifa/nominees2004.shtml |archive-date=7 February 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mygifa.com/default.php|title=2005 Global Indian Film Awards Winners |publisher=[[Global Indian Film Awards]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125175729/http://www.mygifa.com/awardwinners2005.html|archive-date=25 January 2007|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best Producer
|[[Aditya Chopra]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|rowspan="2"|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Story
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Comedy Role
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Music
|[[Jatin-Lalit]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editing
|Ritesh Soni
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Sunil Patel
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|[[Kunal Kohli]], [[Siddharth Anand]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Art Direction
|Sharmista Roy
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[6th IIFA Awards|11 June 2005]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>International Indian Film Academy Awards:
* {{cite web |url=http://www.indya.com:80/specials/iifa05/vote.html |title=IIFA 2005 |publisher=Indya.com |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050504103340/http://www.indya.com/specials/iifa05/vote.html |archive-date=4 May 2005 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/24/veer-zaara-sweeps-6th-iifa-awards|title=Veer-Zaara Sweeps 6th IIFA Awards |date=13 June 2005|publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]]|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214140526/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/24/veer-zaara-sweeps-6th-iifa-awards|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/veer-zaara-wins-7-iifa-awards/article27384232.ece |title=Veer-Zaara wins 7 IIFA awards |date=13 June 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Muthalaly |first=Susan |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826123103/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/veer-zaara-wins-7-iifa-awards/article27384232.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Alka Yagnik]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
|[[52nd National Film Awards|21 October 2005]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kalam-to-film-artists-you-make-people-laugh-and-cry-so-aim-high/article27496909.ece |title=Kalam to film artists: you make people laugh and cry, so aim high |date=2 October 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617095134/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kalam-to-film-artists-you-make-people-laugh-and-cry-so-aim-high/article27496909.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |21 January 2006
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>Producers Guild Film Awards:
* {{Cite web |title=2nd Apsara Producers Guild Awards Nominations |url=http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_nominees.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109123057/http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=27 August 2021 |publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}
* {{Cite web |title=2nd Apsara Producers Guild Awards Winners |url=http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109200917/http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=27 August 2021 |publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2006 |title=Bhansali's 'Black' bags 10 Apsara Awards |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bhansali-s-black-bags-10-apsara-awards/story-E1Xw5M9ot1IJL6jK79AYzO.html |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021430/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bhansali-s-black-bags-10-apsara-awards/story-E1Xw5M9ot1IJL6jK79AYzO.html |archive-date=19 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
|[[Kunal Kohli]], [[Siddharth Anand]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Alka Yagnik]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="12" |18 January 2005
|[[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="12" |<ref>Screen Awards:
* {{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/starlight-express/ |title=Starlight Express |date=23 January 2005 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827120532/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/starlight-express/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/awards/screen/nominees2004.shtml |title=11th Annual Screen Awards – Nominees for the year 2004 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111033331/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/screen/nominees2004.shtml |archive-date=11 January 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>
* {{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9771 |title=And The Award Goes To... |date=28 January 2005 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411034540/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9771 |archive-date=11 April 2005 |access-date=30 August 2021 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/awards05/awards.html |title=Choose your winner! |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211080550/http://www.screenindia.com/awards05/awards.html |archive-date=11 February 2005 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.indya.com/specials/screenawards05/jodi.html |title=Star Jodi No 1 Contest |publisher=Indya.com |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127013956/http://www.indya.com/specials/screenawards05/jodi.html |archive-date=27 November 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Jatin-Lalit]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback]]
|[[Babul Supriyo]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]
|[[Alka Yagnik]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Prasoon Joshi]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]], [[Siddharth Anand]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|[[Tata Elxsi]], Pankaj Khandpur and Kathaa Animation
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |20 February 2005
|[[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male|Star of the Year – Male]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stardustindia.com:80/stardust_awards2005.htm |title=Max Stardust awards nominations |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206001033/http://www.stardustindia.com/stardust_awards2005.htm |archive-date=6 February 2005 |access-date=30 August 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnnworld.com/stardust.php|title=Stardust Awards – Celebrating New Talent|last=Motwani|first=Ashok|date=21 February 2005|website=Diaspora News & Network|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=22 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622060014/https://www.dnnworld.com/stardust.php}}</ref>
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Female|Star of the Year – Female]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Hottest New Director
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Standout Performance by a Lyricist
|[[Prasoon Joshi]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="12" |26 March 2005
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="12" |<ref>Zee Cine Awards:
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar130.htm|title=Zee Cine Awards 2005 nominations announced |date=16 March 2005|publisher=Indian Television|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208043424/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/mar/mar130.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/28zee.htm |title=Veer-Zaara: Hot fave at the Zee awards! |date=28 March 2005 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |access-date=1 September 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200803052659/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/28zee.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
|[[Rani Mukerji]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male]]
|[[Rishi Kapoor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
|[[Kirron Kher]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Jatin-Lalit]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Prasoon Joshi]] for "Hum Tum"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|Ritesh Soni
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|[[Kunal Kohli]], [[Siddharth Anand]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Song Recording
|Vijay Dayal
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Publicity Design
|
|{{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0378072/awards/?ref_=tt_awd Awards and nominations received by ''Hum Tum''] at [[IMDb]]

[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film|Hum Tum]]

Kula Deivam (TV series)

2025-11-11T19:19:53Z

Stormy43P6:

{{Short description|2015 TV series}}
{{For|1956 tamil film|Kula Dheivam (disambiguation){{!}}Kula Deivam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kula Deivam serial logo.jpg
| caption = 
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = '''Dialogue by''' Arumugam.karu
| screenplay = Baskar Sakthi
| creative_director = [[Thirumurugan (director)|Thirumurugan]]
| director = [[Thirumurugan (director)|Thirumurugan]]
| starring = [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]] [[Vadivukkarasi]] [[Srithika Saneesh]] [[Surjith Ansary]] [[Nikitha Murali]] [[Sangavi Jeyachandran]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 897
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Saroja Muniyandi]] [[Jyothi Thirumurugan]]
| company = [[Thirumurugan (director)|Thiru Pictures]]
| theme_music_composer = Sanjeev Rathan
| opentheme = "Achuvellam Pacharasi Mavilakku"
| composer = Sanjeevrathan
| cinematography = Sarath Chandar
| editor = Prem Manikandan Ravi
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|5|11}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|4|13}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kula-deivam-serial-comes-to-an-end-with-success-celebrations-on-15th-april/articleshow/63760325.cms|title=Kula Deivam serial comes to an end with success celebrations on 15th April|website=The Times of India|date=14 April 2018 }}</ref>
}}

'''Kula Deivam''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language soap opera directed by [[Thirumurugan (director)|Thirumurugan]] and starring [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], Nikitha Murali and [[Srithika Saneesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Gopi-is-back-with-yet-another-family-drama/articleshow/47324810.cms|title=Gopi is back with yet another family drama|website=The Times of India|date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> It was broadcast on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from Monday to Saturday from 11 May 2015 to 13 April 2018 for 897 Episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/31370/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Kuladeivam---Thirumurugans-new-serial.htm|title= Kuladeivam Thirumurugans new serial|website=[[Dinamalar]]|date= 10 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/kuladheivam-serial-telecast-on-sun-tv-034530.html|title= Kuladeivam new serial on Sun TV|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date= 12 May 2015}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
It follows the story of the couple Sundram and Gnanambal who stays together with their children and grandchildren. Problems arise in their close-knit family when the different generations clash with each other.

Gnanambal lives in a village with her daughter Alamelu, who loves her very much. In the same village, resides her other two elder children, Doraipandi and Mangalasundari. Doraipandi is married to Nirmala and has two sons, Amudhan and Vetrivel. Mangalasundari is married to Karunakaran who works in the ships, and they have two daughters, Kayalvizhi and Velvizhi. Both Doraipandi and Mangalasundari hate their mother Gnanambal, believing her to be a woman of low-dignity, due to a misunderstanding in an incident in the past. Gnanambal longs for their love, but they have no respect for her. They are also not fond of Alamelu staying with her, and forbid their children from meeting or interacting with her. Doraipandi believes that his mother’s actions are the reason that their father, Sundaram left them.

In reality, Sundaram, lives as Arunachalam in Chennai, and is a big businessman. He has two children, Keshav and Kalpana. Keshav is married to Aarti, and have to children, the spoilt brat Rohit and Ananya. Kalpana is married to Agustine and they have 3 daughters, Shreya, Shruti and Shewtha. Actually, Sundram assumed the name Arunachalam after his friend. Years ago, Sundaram left Ganambal and his children in search of work. He meets Arunachalam, a street vendor and works in his shop and befriends him. Arunachalam married a woman, against her parents’ wishes, and both eloped. They have two children Keshav and Kalpana, whom he had not met yet. He is due to meet them in a few days time. In a turn of events, Arunachalam is killed by his village people and Sundaram, wearing glasses just like Arunachalam, is assumed as their father by Keshav and Kalpana. Not wanting to hurt the children’s feelings, Sundaram becomes Arunachalam.

Not knowing any truth, Alamelu works in Arunachalam’s office. Slowly the truth comes out. The grandchildren are happily united. Doraipandi and Managala too get to know that their mother was framed by a worker in the past and unite with her. While Kalpana turns over a new leaf and agrees to share the property with Doraipandi, Mangala and Alamelu, Keshav resists. Many events occur and in the end the family reunites and the show ends with Alamelu’s marriage with Aadhavan.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]] as Sundaram/Arunachalam (Male lead)
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Gnanambal Sundaram (Female lead)
* [[Srithika Saneesh]] as Alamelu Sundaram (Female lead)
*Sharvan Rajesh as Aadhavan
*Nikitha Murali as Aavani

===Supporting===
* Anjana K R / Ranjana Nachiyaar as Kalpana Augustine
* Raghavan Durairaj as Karunakaran
* Ashwanth Karthi as Mahendran
* D.S.Parthi as Boopalan
* Aravamudhan as Augustine
* Sateesh Kumar as Keshav Arunachalam (Main Antagonist; Died in Serial, killed by Aarthi)
* Rani as Aarthi Keshav
* [[Shanthi Arvind]] as Mangalasundari Karunakaran
* Surjith Ansary as Amudhan Doraipaandi
* Sangavi Jeyachandran as Kayalvizhi Karunakaran, Harshan’s ex-wife
* Bavithran G (Bavithran.Bavin) as Rohit Keshav, Keshav’s son, Manmadhan
* Sreepriya Ilayaraj as Keerthy Rohit, Rohit’s late wife
* Hema Rajkumar as Shobana
* Padmini Saravanan as Shobana's Mother
* R.J Shoba as Nimmu alias Nirmala Doraipaandi <ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/alamu-wants-be-villi-036289.html|title= Alamu wants be villi|website=tamil.filmibeat.co|date= 19 August 2015}}</ref>
* B.Venkat Subramanian as Nathan
* [[S. Rajasekar|S.Rajasekar]] as Peter, Augustine Father
* Vara Lakshmi as Esther, Augustine Mother
* VJ Sasikala Nagarajan as Seetha
* Giridhar Thirumalachary as Sivagiri (Nathan's father)
* Jayashree Nair as Nathan's mother
* Kannan as Niranjan, Psycho Killer (Antagonist, Jailed)
* Ashok Kumar as Daas
* [[Ganesh Babu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/39690/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Ganesh-Babu-returns-to-small-screen.htm|title= Ganesh Babu Returns to Small screen|website=[[Dinamalar]]|date= 11 November 2015}}</ref> as Doraipaandi
* Birla Bose as Arunachalam (Killed by Thyagu)
* Rajkanth as Inspector Ranjith (Antagonist; Died in serial, Killed by Gnanambal)
* Ganesh SD as 'Fresh' Praveen (Antagonist; Jailed)
* Sreedharan Gopalan as Harshan, Kayalvizhi’s ex-husband
* Aishwarya Ramsai as Ananya Keshav
* Madhumitha Illayaraja as Velvizhi Karunakaran
* Geetha Narayanan as Kodeeswari
* K.G.Vinodkumar as Engineer Saravanan (Antagonist; Died in serial, Killed by Thyagu)
* Ishitha Varsha as IPS Shenbaga (Assistant Commissioner of Police)
* Kavya as Sudha (Killed by Inspector Ranjith)
* Yazar Hammed as Vetrivel Doraipaandi
* Kaviya as Shreya Siddharth
* Dacutt as Siddharth
* [[Ashwin (actor, born 1987)|Ashwin Kumar]] as Arjun
* [[Pavithra Janani]] as Shruthi
* Boopathy Raja as Thyagu (Antagonist; Died in serial, Killed by Gnanambal)
* Iyappan Unni as Gokul (Software Engineer)
* Anu Parami / Premi as Thangam
* Sivalingam Babu as Aadhavan's father
* Revathee Shankar as Aadhavan's mother
* Karthik as Perumal
* Muneesh Raja as Mumoorthy (Mumu)
* Arunadevi as Young Gnanambal
* Devi Teju as Lathika (Aarthi's friend, Died in Serial, killed by Niranjan)
* Krishna Kumar as Lathika's Husband

==Production==

Speaking about the series, director [[Thirumurugan (director)|Thirumurugan]] said, "Unlike [[Nadhaswaram (TV series)|''Nadhaswaram'']], which was entirely shot in a small village, ''Kula Deivam'' will have a city connect. There are two families -one is in the rural areas and the other is from the city. How these two families function differently is the main plot of this mega series. I have also sketched characters from three different generations. How they connect with each other is also one of the plots."<ref name=":0" />

==Original soundtrack==
===Title song===
It was written by lyricist [[Palani Bharathi]], composed by music director Sanjeev Rathan, and was sung by Anand, [[Anitha Karthikeyan]].

===Soundtrack===
{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Achuvellam Pacharasi Mavilakku (அச்சுவெல்லம் பச்சரிசி மாவிளக்கு)
| lyrics1 = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| extra1 = Anand, Anitha Karthikeyan
| length1 = 3:26
}}

==Ratings==
According to BARC ratings (Tamil Nadu + Puducherry)' Mega Serial household television ratings, the pilot episode week of That's Kula Deivam earned a averaging 13.8% rating. While the final episode week scored an 8.5% rating.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tholaikatchi.in/trp-ratings-2017/|title=Tamil trp ratings 2017|publisher=www.tholaikatchi.in/|access-date=2017-10-17|language=ta}}</ref> It became one of the most watched tamil television program. In week 42 of 2017 and the following week, it was at fifth and fourth position.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BARC Tamil shows TRP week 42: Television premiere of Vijay Theri leads the list of top five programmes|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/photos/entertainment/barc-tamil-shows-trp-week-42-television-premiere-of-vijay-theri-leads-the-list-of-top-five-programmes-2617|website=[[News Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BARC Tamil Shows TRP week 43 Pichaikkaran Deiva Magal Nandini top five programmes|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/photos/entertainment/barc-tamil-shows-trp-week-43-pichaikkaran-deiva-magal-nandini-top-five-programmes-2636|website=News Nation}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
|- bgcolor="blue"
!style="width:10pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Year
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Award
!style="width:80pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Category
!style="width:70pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"| Recipient
!style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Result
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| rowspan="3" | [[Galatta Nakshathra Awards|1st Galatta Nakshathra Awards]]
| Best Actress
| [[Srithika]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| [[T. S. B. K. Moulee]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| Rani
| {{Nom}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sun TV]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220928/http://www.suntvnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=1&channelname=SUN%20TV&LanguageID=1&Type=q Official Website] {{in lang|en}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Giriraj Kaur

2025-11-01T20:10:01Z

Stormy43P6: Adding the post basic info

{{Short description|Regent of Bharatpur from 1900 to 1918}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Giriraj Kaur
| title = Maaji Sahiba
| image = Maaji Sahiba with her son.png
| succession = Regent of [[Bharatpur State]]
| reign = 27 August 1900 – 28 November 1918
| reign-type =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 24 August 1922
| death_place = [[Lohagarh Fort]], [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]], [[British Raj]] (now [[India]])
| burial_place =
| consort = yes
| spouse = [[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Ram Singh]]
| issue = [[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur|Kishan Singh]]
| house = [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] (by marriage)
}}

'''Giriraj Kaur''' was a Maharani of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] as the wife of [[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Ram Singh]]. After her husband's deposition in 1900, she was the regent of Bharatpur during the minority of her son [[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur|Kishan Singh]].

== Background ==
She was the daughter of the Zamindar of Deoli in Bharatpur and married [[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Ram Singh]], the Maharaja of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], as his second wife.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=92}}</ref> She had a son with her husband, [[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur|Kishan Singh]], who was born on 4 October 1899 at Moti Mahal, [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=41}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfUvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely states in colonial India-I |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=144 |language=en}}</ref>

== Regent of Bharatpur ==
Her husband, [[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Ram Singh]], visited [[Mount Abu]] in 1900, where he killed one of his private servants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Ajmer-Merwara (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfo4AQAAMAAJ |title=Report on the Administration of Ajmer-Merwara |date=1902 |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7If217KeokC |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1909 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=262 |language=en}}</ref> As a consequence, he was deposed by the Government of India on 27 August 1900,<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Kumara Padmanabha Sivasankara |url=https://archive.org/details/manyworlds0000unse/ |title=Many Worlds: An Autobiography |date=1965 |others=Internet Archive |publication-date=1965 |pages=160}}</ref> and his infant son, [[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur|Kishan Singh]], was installed on the same date on the throne of Bharatpur.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> During his minority, his mother, Giriraj Kaur, acted as regent from 27 August 1900 to 28 November 1918, until he came of age.<ref name=":0" /> She sent her son to [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]], and appointed special tutors to guide his studies.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8408 |title=Speeches by lord Hardinge of Penshurst : viceroy and governor-general of India |date=1913 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta |pages=434}}</ref>

She was granted the [[Order of the Crown of India|Imperial Order of the Crown of India]] in the [[1918 New Year Honours]] list.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Committee |first=Indian National Congress British |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHI-AQAAMAAJ |title=India |date=1918 |publisher=Published for the Proprietors, Indian National Congress |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> She took great interest in the art of her country, particularly in architecture and gardening, and was compared to Nawab [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shahjahan]], Begum of [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouFFAQAAMAAJ |title=Country Life |date=1915 |pages=831 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Visits to England ===
During her son [[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur|Kishan Singh]]'s minority, she, along with him, extended visits to [[England]] in 1908 and 1910 for the benefit of his health and were presented to [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/aclarch0000269a296/page/ |title=ACL-ARCH 00269 Indian Princes And The Crown |pages=92}}</ref>

=== After regency ===
On 28 November 1918, [[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur|Kishan Singh]] was invested with full ruling powers by [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|Viscount Chelmsford]], thereby becoming the ''[[de facto]]'' ruler of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chelmsford |first=Frederic John Napier Thesiger |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924073030821 |title=Speeches by Lord Chelmsford, viceroy and governor general of India |date=1919 |publisher=Simla : Printed at the Government Monotype Press |others=Cornell University Library |pages=115–121}}</ref> [[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur|Kishan Singh]] wasted so much money that he nearly bankrupted [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=1995-07-13 |title=OBITUARY:The Maharaja of Bharatpur |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-the-maharaja-of-bharatpur-1591345.html |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> In 1924 alone, he spent 7.8 million rupees, which was more than twice the State's income.<ref name=":8" /> His mother, during her lifetime, had striven her best to stop his excesses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lothian |first=sir Arthur Cunningham |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142939 |title=Kingdoms Of Yesterday |date=1951 |pages=97}}</ref>

== Delhi Durbars ==
{{Main|Delhi Durbar}}She attended the Delhi Durbars of 1903 and 1911.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxQiAQAAMAAJ |title=The Historical Record of the Imperial Visit to India, 1911 |date=1914 |publisher=government of India |pages=127–128 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Durbar of 1903 ===
She, along with her son, [[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur|Kishan Singh]], then only three years, attended the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1903.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7733 |title=History of the Delhi Coronation Durbar : held on the first of January 1903 to celebrate the Coronation of his Majesty King Edward vii Emperor of India |date=1904 |publisher=John Murray Albemarle, London |pages=107–108}}</ref>

=== Durbar of 1911 ===
She, along with her son, [[Kishan Singh of Bharatpur|Kishan Singh]], attended the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911, and at a reception held on 13 December 1911 by [[Winifred Hardinge, Baroness Hardinge of Penshurst|Winifred Hardinge]], she was presented to [[Mary of Teck]].<ref name=":7" />

== Philanthropy ==

=== Lady Hardinge Medical College ===
{{Main|Lady Hardinge Medical College}}
She contributed a sum of Rs. 7,500 for the marble flooring of the entrance hall of [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]], which is named after [[Winifred Hardinge, Baroness Hardinge of Penshurst|Winifred Hardinge]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Penshurst |first=Charles Hardinge Baron Hardinge of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCc3AQAAMAAJ |title=Speeches |date=1916 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Print., India |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref>

== World War I ==
During [[World War I]], she placed all the resources of her State at the disposal of the Government of India,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OqjAAAAMAAJ |title=United Empire |date=1916 |pages=148 |language=en}}</ref> including two motor cars and a chauffeur, with all expenses covered, and contributed Rs. 2,000 to the Indian Relief Fund.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pati |first=Budheswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASZvjTV1LdUC |title=India and the First World War |date=1996 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-581-8 |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Provinces (India) |first=Central |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNeZEAnpW_gC |title=The Central Provinces Gazette |date=1914 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Moti Mahal Palace ==
In 1916, she built the Moti Mahal Palace in white sandstone.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Jack Denton |url=https://archive.org/details/forestsofnight00scot |title=Forests of the night |date=1959 |publisher=New York, Rinehart |others=Internet Archive |pages=181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/BharatpurState |title=BharatpurState |pages=4}}</ref>

== Death ==
She died at [[Lohagarh Fort]], [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] on 24 August 1922.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Meena |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH--DwAAQBAJ |title=RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ |publisher=New Era Publication |language=en}}</ref>

== Honours ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Year
!Honour
!Class
!'''Ribbon'''
!Post-nominal letters
|-
|{{flagu|British Raj|name=British India}}
|1903
|[[Delhi Durbar Medal (1903)]]<ref name=":4" />
|Gold
|[[File:Delhi_Durbar_1903_ribbon.jpg|70x70px]]
|
|-
|{{flagu|British Raj|name=British India}}
|1911
|[[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)]]<ref name=":7" />
|Gold
|[[File:UK_King_George_V_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg|70x70px]]
|
|-
|{{flagu|British Raj|name=British India}}
|1918
|[[Order of the Crown of India|Imperial Order of the Crown of India]]<ref name=":6" />
|
|[[File:UK_Order_of_the_Crown_of_India_ribbon.svg|70x70px]]
|CI
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Giriraj}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]

Jagdish Bishnoi

2025-10-18T15:06:49Z

Stormy43P6: updated page

{{short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor = lightblue
| birth_name =
| fullname = Jagdish Kumar Singh Bishnoi
| nickname =
| nationality =
| birth_place = [[Dhorimana]], Barmer, Rajasthan
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| country = India
| sport =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| medaltemplates =
}}

'''Jagdish Bishnoi''' (born 20 May 1972) is an Indian [[javelin throw]]er. He competed at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in [[Sydney]], in the [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|men's javelin throw]].<ref>{{Cite sports-reference |name=Jagdish Bishnoi |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bi/jagdish-bishnoi-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418031620/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bi/jagdish-bishnoi-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{Footer Asian Champions men's javelin throw}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bishnoi, Jagdish}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]

{{India-sport-bio-stub}}

Karkamb

2025-10-01T17:36:44Z

Stormy43P6: Adding New Post

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Karkamb
| other_name = Karkam
| settlement_type = Village
[[File:Karkamb.jpg|thumb|Historical Vesh]]
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|51|46.8|N|75|17|53.3|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pandharpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Sarpanch]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 62.11
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 17456
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 413302
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02186
| registration_plate = MH-13
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Solapur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madha]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.karkamb.mahapanchayat.gov.in/home}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karkamb''' is a village in [[Pandharpur]] [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]] in [[Solapur]] district of the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Karkamb is the biggest village in [[Pandharpur]] [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]] by population and it is mainly known for grapes production. Its name is derived from Kankamba Devi Temple in the village.

==Demographics==
In 2011, the village had 2,845 households and a population of 16398 (9,073males and 8,383 females).<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census of India - Village Population - Karkamb|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=515707&category=VILLAGE}}</ref>

==History==

Karkamb is a well known historical place. The village has historical significance. Karkamb was a prominent part of the [[Maratha Empire]]. [[Sambhaji Maharaj]] visited Karkamb in during their reign. It is said {{by whom|date=February 2022}} that the temple of the 'KANKAMBA DEVI' (Village Deity) was built by the Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj.
Karkamb is also famous as a birthplace of 'Bajari Amati' (Market Curry).

==Kankamba Devi Temple==
[[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] historical steps are in Karkamb village.
Kankamba Devi Temple in Karkamb from whom the village of Karkamb derives its name. Each year festival is celebrated. Many events are arranged during this period. Temple is famous and many peoples visit from all around nearby villages.

==Makdum Shah Baba Dargah==

Each year a Fair (Urs or Urus or jatra) is arranged and celebrated in Karkamb, which is a symbol of [[Hindu-Muslim unity]] in the village.

==Notable landmarks==
* Kankamba Devi Temple
* Makdum Shah Baba Tomb
* Lal Masoba
* Vijay Sugar
* Gajanan Bappa Sanjiwan Samadhi
* Sidhhanath temple

==Economy==

Karkamb's economy is primarily driven by agriculture. Grape processing factories and sugar factories are found in the area.

Karkamb is famous for grape production. Kanak Chaman a co-operative company established in 1985 made big changes to the economy in karkamb. They built India's first co-operative cold storage in Karkamb. It is enraguated by chief minister of maharashtra Mr Sharad Pawar. Karkamb grapes are exported to the Western and several Middle Eastern countries.

Nowadays Pomegranate orchards and its production is very large in Karkamb.

[[File:Karkamb Pomegranate.jpg|thumb]]

==Transport==

Karkamb have important road connection on the Pandharpur-[[Tembhurni]] route. S.T Buses are passes from Pandharpur, Tembhurni and Solapur. Distance between Karkamb and Solapur is 78.6 km vie NH65 and 89.5 km vie NH204 (Tembhurni to Pandharpur) and NH65. Distance between Karkamb and Pandharpur is 22.0 km. Distance between Karkamb and Tembhurni is 26.5 km.

==Education==

Colleges and schools found in Karkamb include the following:
* Adarsh Prashala & Jr. College Karkamb
* Dayanand College Commities, Rambhau Joshi, High school, Karkamb
* New English School, Karkamb
* Galaxy English Medium School

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=590651|title=2011 Census of India - Village - Karkamb}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://villageinfo.in/maharashtra/solapur/pandharpur/karkamb.html|title=VillageInfo - Karkamb}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Solapur district]]

Terna River

2025-09-27T16:14:45Z

Stormy43P6: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Infobox river|name=Terna River|map=|country=[[India]]|region=[[Dharashiv district]] of [[Maharashtra]] & flowing through Ausa & Nilanga talukas in [[Latur District]] of [[Maharashtra]]|landmark=Upper [[Terna Dam]], Makni Dam}}

'''Terna River''' is a tributary of the [[Manjira River]], which in turn is a tributary of the [[Godavari River]], flowing through the [[Dharashiv district]] in [[Maharashtra]]. It flows through the [[Ausa Taluka|Ausa]] and [[Nilanga Taluka|Nilanga]] Talukas in the [[Latur District]].

Terna River originated in Terkheda Ta Washi, [[Osmanabad]]. The river is the main source for irrigational purposes for Osmanabad, also known as Dharashiv. The Upper [[Terna Dam]] and Makni Dam are erected on this river.<ref name="india9">{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Terna-River-30524.htm|publisher=india9.com|title=Terna River in India|accessdate=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref name="nrsc">{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Terna_Major_Irrigation_Project_JI00479|publisher=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|title=Lower Terna Major Irrigation Project JI00479 -|accessdate=2016-11-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|18.0631|76.9510|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]