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Mani Madhava Chakyar

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{{Short description|Indian actor (1899–1990)}}
{{For|the 1994 Indian film on him|Mani Madhava Chakyar: The Master at Work}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Nāṭyācārya [[Padma Shri|Padma Śrī]]
| name = Mani Madhava Chakyar
| honorific_suffix = Vidūṣakaratnaṁ
| image = Mani Madhava Chakyar.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Mani Madhava Chakyar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1899|02|15}}
| birth_place = Karayad,[[Perambra]] [[Kozhikode]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1990|01|14|1899|02|14}}
| death_place = [[Ottappalam]], [[Kerala]], India
| yearsactive = 1910–1990
| occupation =
| spouse = P. K. Kunjimalu Nangiaramma
| website =
| awards = 1964: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 1964: [[Paderewski]] Foundation (New York) Certificate of Merit 1974: [[Padma Shri]] 1975: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] 1976: [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] 1982: [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] 1982: [[Govt. of India]] Emeritus Fellowship 1982: Kalidasa Academy Fellowship 1983: [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Fellowship 1987: [[Tulsi Samman]] 1991: [[Guruvayur Temple|Guruvayoorappan]] Sammanam
}}
[[Guru]] '''Mani Madhava Chakyar''' ([[IAST]]: ''Māṇi Mādhava Cākyār'')
(15 February 1899 – 14 January 1990) was an Indian performance artist<ref>{{Citation
| title=Cultural News from India
| url=https://books.google.com/books?q=chakyar&um=1&start=80
| publisher=[[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], [[Govt. of India]]
| year= 1982
| page= 77
}}</ref> and [[Sanskrit]] scholar
<ref name = "rss">{{Citation
| editor-link=Radha Vallabh Tripathi
| editor-last=Tripathi
| editor-first=Radha Vallabh
| title=INVENTORY OF SANSKRIT SCHOLARS
| publisher=RASHTRIYA SANSKRIT SANSTHAN, New Delhi
| year=2012
| isbn= 978-93-86111-85-2
| pages= 38
}}</ref>
from [[Kerala]], considered to be the greatest [[Chakyar Koothu]] and [[Koodiyattam]] (ancient [[Sanskrit]] drama theatre tradition) artist and authority of modern times.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060416/spectrum/main2.htm| title=Spectrum| publisher=The Sunday Tribune, 16 April 2006| access-date=29 June 2007| archive-date=30 September 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041352/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060416/spectrum/main2.htm| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "oxford">{{Citation
| editor-link=Ananda Lal
| editor-last=Lal
| editor-first=Ananda
| title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre
| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], USA
| year=2004
| isbn= 978-0-19-564446-3
| pages= 75–76
}}</ref> He was considered as the authority of ''[[Abhinaya]]'' (the classical Indian acting style) and ''[[Nātyaśāstra]]''.

Known as "the Emperor of [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa-Abhinaya]]",<ref>[[Akavur Narayanan]], ''Shatam Jiva Sharadah'', [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi weekly]], March (15–21) 1987, p. 20.</ref> he was a practitioner of ''Rasa-Abhinaya.''<ref>enacting different sentiments in their perfection</ref> His ''Netrābhinaya''<ref>enacting different sentiments, etc. through the beautiful and masterly movements of eyes only</ref> was widely recognized, and he was noted for his use of facial expression, particularly the eyes, in performance. He was versed in the traditional Koodiyattams and the prabandhas used in [[Chakyar Koothu]]. He explained the concepts, methods, and practices of [[Koodiyattam]] and Chakyar Koothu in detail. He had studied the ''[[Nātyaśāstra]]'' of [[Bharata Muni]], as well as the acting traditions of [[Kerala]]. He had knowledge of both the theory and practice of Koodiyattam, and was a teacher and practitioner of these art forms and Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite news |title=On a mission of a cultural sort |date=17 June 2005 |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/06/17/stories/2005061702540300.htm |access-date=21 July 2007 |archive-date=26 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026054003/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/06/17/stories/2005061702540300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He was the first one to take Koodiyattam and Chakyar Koothu outside the precincts of the temples of Kerala to all over India and to impart training in Kudiyattam to non-[[Chakyar]] disciples including foreigners. He had produced many disciples in [[Kutiyattam]] and other classical arts like [[Kathakali]].<ref name = "oxford"/> He was a Sanskrit scholar and was used to give lectures and talks in Sanskrit.

He is the author of ''[[Nātyakalpadrumam]]'' – an encyclopaedic treatise on all aspects of Koodiyattam. He was a [[Fellow]] of national art academies including [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]<ref>supreme state art academy of [[Govt. of India]]</ref> and recipient of coveted titles like "''Nātyāchārya''", "''Vidūshakaratnam''" and awards including [[Padma Shri]] and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]].

==Early life and education==
[[Image:Mani Madhava Chakyar as Ravana.jpg|thumb|left|Chakyar as ''[[Ravana]]'', at the age of 89, at [[Tripunithura]]. It was one of his last public Koodiyattam performances]]

Mani Madhava Chakyar was born on 15 February 1899, in his ancestral home at Thiruvangayoor near Karayad, near [[Perambra]] of [[Kozhikode]] district of Kerala. His father was Vishnu Sarma and mother was Savithri Illotamma. He belonged to the Mani family of [[Chakyar]]s of North Kerala, who for centuries have been the custodians of Koodiyattam – the traditional Sanskrit theatre - and Chakyar Koothu, another classical art form based on Sanskrit Champu [[Kavya]]s.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

He trained in Chakyar Koothu and Koodiyattam in traditional way, under the direct guidance of his uncles who were great scholars and masters of these art forms. They were Guru Māni Parameswara Chakyar, Guru Māni Neelakandha Chakyar and Guru Māni Narayana Chakyar.<ref name = "oxford"/> He belonged to the "Mani" tradition of Koodiyattam and Chakyar Koothu which gives importance to both ''Rasa-abhinaya'' and ''Vachika-abhinaya''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Chakyar was a [[Sanskrit]] scholar and gave lectures in Sanskrit. He studied ''Alankarashastra'', ''[[Nātyaśāstra]]'', ''[[Vyakarana]]'', ''[[Nyaya]]'', ''[[Jyotisha]]'', etc. in the traditional way, under scholars such as ''Panditaratnam'' Pazhedathu Sankaran Nampoothiripad. He was the student of Darsanakalanidhi Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran (the [[Maharaja of Cochin]]). He had his higher studies in ''Nyayashastra'' and ''Natya Shastra'' under him. Chakyar taught Sanskrit at Balakollasini Sanskrita Pathasala of [[Killikkurussimangalam]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

His first performance (''Arangettam'') of Koodiyattam was at the age of 14 at ''Trikkaikkunnu Temple'' of North Kottayam of [[Malabar district|Malabar]]. He performed the huge number of ''Atiyantara koothu''s of Mani family (the koothus which are assigned to the family from ancient times) in large number of temples stretching from Malabar to Thrissur. It consist of all devotional ritualistic [[Koothu]]s and [[Koodiyattam|Kudiyattam]]s including ''Anguliyanka'', ''[[Mattavilasa Prahasana]]'', ''Mantranka'', ''Ezhamanka'' (seventh act of ''Ascharyachoodamani'') about eight decades continuously in temples of Kerala. It includes ancient Kerala temples such as Matayikkavu [[Bhagavati|Bhagavathi Temple]] of [[Kannoor]], [[Taliparamba]] [[Rajarajeshwara Temple]], [[Kottiyoor]] Perumal Temple, [[Lokanarkavu Temple]] of [[Vatakara]], Thali (Tali) [[Shiva|Siva]] Temple of [[Kozhikode]], [[Thirunavaya]] Navamukunda temple, [[Thiruvegappura]] Sree Mahadeva Temple, Pandamangalam [[Krishna]] temple of [[Kottakkal]], Kotakkal Vishwambhara (Shiva) temple, Kallekkulagara Emoor Siva temple, [[Triprayar]] [[Sri Rama]] temple, Peruvanam Shiva temple of [[Cherpu]], [[Avittathur]] Shiva Temple etc. Chakyar won high renown for the artistry of his performance in these temples, as well as in many others.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

He married P. K. Kunjimalu Nangiaramma, the daughter of his uncle, Mani Parameshwara Chakyar. She was an exponent in female characters of Kudiyattams and [[Nangiǎr Kūthu]] and various [[Raga]]s and [[Shloka]]s used for the art form. She used to accompany him in the performances.<ref name="The Art of Mohiniyāttam">{{Citation
| author-link=Bharati Shivaji
| last=Shivaji
| first=Bharati
| title=The Art of Mohiniyāttam
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g87AAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava
| publisher=Lancer International
| year=1986
| isbn=978-81-7062-003-7
| page=28
| access-date=10 October 2007
| archive-date=24 May 2011
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524124800/http://www.google.co.in/books?id=_g87AAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava&dq=mani+madhava&pgis=1
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

==Master of Rasa-Abhinaya==
[[Image:Mani Madhava Chakyar-Sringara-new.jpg|thumb|left|<div style="text-align: center;border:none">''[[Sringāra]]'' Rasa-abhinaya of Guru Māni Mādhava Chākyār.</div>]]

He is considered as the all-time great master of ''Rasa-abhinaya'' (enacting sentiments in their perfection) with special reference to ''Netrābhinaya'' (enacting sentiments, etc. through the beautiful and masterly movements of eyes only). He was exceptionally well in the field of ''Satwika-Abhinaya''. He is considered as "one of the most wonderful theatre actors of the last century".<ref>''[[Sruti magazine|Sruti]]'' - ''India's premier Music and Dance magazine'', [[Chennai]], March 2008 {{cite web |url=http://www.sruti.com/2008/sruti_magazine_mar_2008.php |title=Sruti:Magazine - March 2008 Issue |access-date=2008-10-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516091559/http://www.sruti.com/2008/sruti_magazine_mar_2008.php |archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref>

He was known for his roles (which has importance of ''Satvika-Abhinaya'' in Koodiyattams) like Ravana (''Katti vesha''), [[Arjuna]] (''Pacha vesha''), Udayana (''Pacha vesha''), Jeemootavahana (''Pazhukka vesha'') etc.<ref name = vraghavan>Dr. V Raghavan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=O_U7AAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava p.21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524125225/http://www.google.co.in/books?id=O_U7AAAAMAAJ&dq=mani+madhava&q=mani+madhava&pgis=1#search |date=24 May 2011 }} ''Natya'', Bharatiya Natya Sangh, 1962.</ref>

His abhinaya of Kailasoddhārana (lifting of [[Kailasa]]) and Pārvatī Viraha (separation of [[Pārvatī]]),<ref name = "nylib">{{Citation
| author=New York Public Library
| title=Bibliographic Guide to Dance 1989
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UAbAAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava+chakyar
| publisher=[[New York Public Library]]
| year=1990
| isbn=978-0-8161-7127-9
| page=311
| access-date=3 February 2008
| archive-date=11 October 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011164713/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-UAbAAAAMAAJ&dq=mani+madhava+chakyar&lr=&hl=en
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name = "sngfilm">{{cite web| url=http://www.sangeetnatak.com/film.htm| title=Films of Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi| access-date=15 March 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927131850/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/film.htm| archive-date=27 September 2007| url-status=dead}}</ref> enriched with the Netrabinaya and ''Pakarnnaattam'' – Abhinaya (actor playing the role of another or more than one character shifting constantly without changing costume), were widely acclaimed.

He was known for the abhinaya of the slokas like ''"sikhinishalabham.."'' of the play ''Subhadradhananjayam'' by playing it with mere eyes. He was able to act in detail the [[Moth]]s falling in and out of the lamp fire by evoking his Netrabhinaya, with assigning different rasa's for female moth, male moth and the fire.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/07/31/stories/2007073150031600.htm |title=Indigenous Sanskrit theatre form|work=The Hindu|date=2007-07-31 |access-date=2013-09-30 |archive-date=7 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407200110/http://www.hindu.com/br/2007/07/31/stories/2007073150031600.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Guru's Abhinaya of the shloka ''smaramyavandhyadhipateh sutayah'' (स्मराम्यवन्त्यािधपतेः सुतायाः) from [[Bhasa]]'s [[Swapnavasawadattam]] is also widely acclaimed one.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Reforming the art form==
[[Image:Thoranayudham- Madras1.jpg|thumb|left|Chakyar and his troop performing ''Thoranayudham''<ref>A part of [[Bhasa]]'s play ''Abhiṣeka Nataka'' based on the epic [[Ramayana]].</ref> Koodiyattam (1962– Chennai). It was the first Koodiyattam performance outside Kerala. Mani Madhava Chakyar as ''Ravana'', Mani Neelakandha Chakyar as ''[[Hanuman]]'', [[Mani Damodara Chakyar]] as ''[[Vibhishana]]'' & PK.G Nambiar as ''Shankukarna''.]]

In 1949 he performed Chakyar Koothu for [[All India Radio]], which was the first time the art was performed outside [[Koothambalam]]. In 1955, under his leadership, Kutiyattam was performed outside the temple for the first time<ref name = "oxford"/> in his village at Killikkurussimangalam. For performing the art forms outside the temples he faced lot of objections from the Chakyar community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nri.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=12864&cat=21&sub=125 |title=Akavoor Narayanan |publisher=Nri.mathrubhumi.com |access-date=2013-09-30 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011164714/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/nri |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview, he remembered {{blockquote|My own people condemned my action (performing Koothu and Kutiyattam outside the precincts of the temples), Once, after I had given performances at [[Vaikom]], they even thought about excommunicating me. I desired that this art should survive the test of time. That was precisely why I ventured outside the temple.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Mani Madhava Chakkyar: The Master at Work'', K.N. Panikar, Sangeet Natak Akademi New Delhi, 1994</ref>}}

In 1962, under the leadership of [[V. Raghavan]]- an art and Sanskrit scholar - ''Sanskrit Ranga'' of [[Chennai|Madras]] invited Chakyar to perform Kutiyattam there. This was the first time Kutiyattam was performed outside Kerala by his troupe.<ref>{{Citation
| title=The Samskrita Ranga Annual
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_MvAAAAIAAJ&q=mani+madhava+cakyar
| publisher=Samskrita Ranga, Madras
| year=1963
| pages=10, 89
| access-date=2 January 2008
| archive-date=24 May 2011
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524125231/http://www.google.co.in/books?id=a_MvAAAAIAAJ&q=mani+madhava+cakyar&dq=mani+madhava+cakyar&pgis=1
| url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| author1=Venkatarama Raghavan
| author2=A. L. Mudaliar
| title=Bibliography of the Books, Papers & Other Contributions of Dr. V. Raghavan
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7t8ZAAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava
| publisher=New Order Book Co., India
| year=1968
| pages=240, 370
| access-date=2 January 2008
| archive-date=24 May 2011
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524125238/http://www.google.co.in/books?id=7t8ZAAAAMAAJ&dq=mani+madhava&lr=
| url-status=live
}}</ref>
<ref name="Ananda K 1980 p. 150">[[Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy]] and Venkateswarier Subramaniam, "The Sacred and the Secular in India's Performing Arts: [[Ananda K. Coomaraswamy]] Centenary Essays"(1980), Ashish Publishers, p. 150.</ref>
They performed at Madras on three nights, showing Kutiyattam scenes from three plays: Abhiṣeka, Subhadrādhanañjaya and Nāgānanda.<ref>{{Citation
| title=The Samskrita Ranga Annual
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vW2O6954zhsC&q=mani+madhava+chakyar
| publisher=Samskrita Ranga, Madras
| year=1967
| page=77
| access-date=3 February 2008
| archive-date=11 October 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011164715/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vW2O6954zhsC&q=mani+madhava+chakyar&dq=mani+madhava+chakyar&lr=&pgis=1&hl=en
| url-status=live
}}</ref>
Chakyar's performance made great impact on the people and art critics so that the artform and Chakyar himself became known outside Kerala.<ref name = vraghavan/> He was then invited to perform Kutiyattam at various places in North India during 1964, such as [[New Delhi]] and [[Banaras]].<ref>
{{Citation
| author-link=Akavoor Narayanan
| last= Narayanan
| first=Dr. Akavoor
| title=Vyakthivivekam (Essays)
| publisher=Poorna Publishers
| year=2006
| isbn= 978-81-7180-858-8
| pages= 11, 75
}}
</ref>

After Chakyar's first tour to New Delhi, he was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1964 for his contributions to Chakyar Koothu and Kutiyattam. This was his first national recognition.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

He performed Kudiyattam all over India and popularised the same. He along with his troop did Koodiyattam performance in places like [[Chennai|Madras]] (1962, 1973 & 1977), [[Madhura]] (1962), New Delhi (1964, 1966, 1974, 1979 & 1983), [[Banaras|Varanasi]] (1964 & 1979), [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (1973 & 1977), [[Ujjain]] (1982), [[Bhopal]] (1987) etc.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

The [[President of India]], [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], invited him to perform Kutiyattam at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in 1964 and was impressed by his exceptional acting skill. His Kutiyattam performances, lectures and demonstrations at well-known centres such as the Madras Music Academy, the International Centre for Kathakali in New Delhi, the Experimental Theatre in New Delhi and Bombay and the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] in Bombay brought him wide popularity and recognition.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

He choreographed and directed acts of the plays like [[Kalidasa]]'s ''[[The Recognition of Sakuntala|Abhijñānaśākuntala]]'', ''[[Vikramuurvashiiya|Vikramorvaśīya]]'' and ''[[Mālavikāgnimitra]]''; [[Bhasa]]'s ''[[Swapnavāsavadatta]]''<ref>{{Citation
| title=The Samskrita Ranga Annual
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YfQvAAAAIAAJ&q=madhava+chakyar
| publisher=Samskrita Ranga, Madras
| year=1987
| page=176
| access-date=6 March 2019
| archive-date=11 October 2020
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011164716/https://books.google.com/books?id=YfQvAAAAIAAJ&q=madhava+chakyar&dq=madhava+chakyar&hl=en
| url-status=live
}}</ref> and ''[[Pancharātra]]''; [[Harsha]]'s ''[[Nagananda]]'' for the first time in the history of Koodiyattam. He along with his troupe performed these Kutiyattams all over India.<ref name = "gurukulam">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/25/stories/2005032502310300.htm|title=New life for Koodiyattom act|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 March 2005|access-date=1 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111172358/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/25/stories/2005032502310300.htm|archive-date=11 November 2007|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

When his guru, Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran, wrote a new Sanskrit ''champu prabandha'' called ''[[Prahlādacharita]]'' and requested senior artists to study and perform the same on the Chakyar Koothu stage, they said it was impossible for them to stage such a new ''prabandha''. Then Thampuran asked Chakyar, who was then a comparatively young artist, to try. He agreed and studied a part of the ''prabandha'' within one night and performed the same on the next day at [[Tripunithura]] – the then capital of [[Cochin]] state (1962). The incident made the scholars to accept his mastery over both Sanskrit and the classical art form. After some months, he performed entire ''Prahlādacharita '' at the same stage.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

He performed Chakyar Koothu and Koodiyattam for [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]] for the first time, which helped to attract thousands of listeners to these traditional art forms. It was he who started '''[[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]]''' in Kudiyattam to popularise the same.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Teaching==
[[Image:Vidushaka-Mani Madhava Chakyar.jpg|thumb|right|Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar performing [[Chakyar Koothu]]]]
He is considered the greatest guru of Kutiyattam of the modern times, producing many accomplished disciples.<ref name = "oxford"/> He taught Koodiyattam for the first time to a non-[[Chakyar]] – [[Nambiar (Ambalavasi)|Nambiar]] caste member. He was a Polish student named Maria Christopher Byrski<ref>He later became Polish Government Ambassador to India. Now at Warsaw University. He has written numerous articles about Sanskrit drama traditions, and Kutiyattam</ref> (currently at Department of [[Indology]], [[Warsaw University]]), who was then a research student at [[Banaras Hindu University]], came to study the only surviving ancient [[Sanskrit drama]] Koodiyattam, from Guru around the early 1960s. He stayed at Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar's home and studied Koodiyattam in its traditional ''[[Gurukula]]'' way. Lot of research scholars came to study the [[Sanskrit drama]] from the ultimate exponent of Kutiyattam and Abhinaya Mani Madhava Cakyar. Dr. Farley Richmond ([[University of Georgia]], USA), noted Sanskrit drama scholar also studied about the ancient Sanskrit art form under Mani Madhava Chakyar by staying at his home at [[Killikkurussimangalam]]. He had filmed Rasa Abhinaya and Kutiyattam of the maestro.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/12/16/stories/2006121601660100.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125170610/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/12/16/stories/2006121601660100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2013-01-25 |title=Bowled over by Koodiyattam |publisher=The Hindu, 16 December 2006 }}</ref> [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] of All-India Handicrafts Board came to Guru Maani Madhava Cakyar's home to do research about the costumes used in Kutiyattam (Ahāryābhinaya) (1967). Indian theatre scholar Goverdhan Panjal ([[National School of Drama]]) studied about Koothambalams and Kutiyattam under the Guru (1975).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEX20060803235248 |title=Searching the soul of Indian theatre |publisher=New Indian Express, 4 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103029/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEX20060803235248 |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>

When [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] (a school for the performing arts) was founded by [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]], he invited authority of ''Rasa-abhinaya'', Mani Madhava Chakyar as the master trainer for ''Rasa-abhinaya'' to the [[Kathakali]] students. Later Kathakali Yogam- Katathandu, Kerala Kalamandalam, PSV Natyasangham- [[Kottakkal]] and [[Gandhi Seva Sadan|Gandhi Seva Sadanam Kathakali Academy]]- Perur used his services as visiting professor of ''Rasa-abhinaya'' and taught advanced students in Kathakali and Kutiyattam.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070516170852/http://www.kathakalisadanam.com/achievements.htm ''Gurus'', Perur Gandhi seva Sadanam]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/gandhi-seva-sadan-11.php |title=Gandhi Seva Sadan, Kerala tourism board |publisher=Keralatourism.org |access-date=2013-09-30 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120838/http://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/gandhi-seva-sadan-11.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://grass-roots.in/cache/index.php/7791| title=''The Statesman'', 24 July 2006| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928175755/http://grass-roots.in/cache/index.php/7791| archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>

He is known as ''"the master who gave eyes to Kathakali"''. His influence on the classical performing arts of Kerala is famous. Many Koodiyattam, [[Kathakali]], [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Mohiniyattam]] artists were trained by this great master.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070207041917/http://www.kathakalisadanam.com/achievements.htm Kathakali Sadanam, – Kathakali and Classic Arts Akademy in Ottapalam Taluk, Kerala, India]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=CIL |url=http://ignca.nic.in/nl002404.htm#Abhinaya |title=Events |publisher=Ignca.nic.in |access-date=2013-09-30 |archive-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001201136/http://ignca.nic.in/nl002404.htm#Abhinaya |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw61.html |title=Interview – Smitha Rajan – A Journey in Mohiniyattam.... by Anu Chellappa |publisher=Narthaki.com |date=2004-01-23 |access-date=2013-09-30 |archive-date=28 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328225738/http://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw61.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|author1=K. L. Gupta |author2=Ravi Bhushan |author3=Anurag Gupta |title=Reference India: Illustrated Biographical Notes on Men & Women of Achievements and Distinctions
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=mani+madhava
|publisher=Tradesman & Men India
|year=1976
|page=80}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/03/04/stories/2011030451030300.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Torchbearer of tradition | date=4 March 2011 | access-date=17 July 2011 | archive-date=10 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110065258/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/03/04/stories/2011030451030300.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/08/14/stories/2009081450800200.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Kathakali must get new-generation viewers | date=14 August 2009 | access-date=17 July 2011 | archive-date=10 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110065308/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/08/14/stories/2009081450800200.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/14/stories/2010061450140200.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Age cannot wither this maestro | date=14 June 2010 | access-date=17 July 2011 | archive-date=18 August 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818235442/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/14/stories/2010061450140200.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/22/stories/2006012200560200.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Making a habit of winning | date=22 January 2006 | access-date=17 July 2011 | archive-date=28 August 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828221533/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/22/stories/2006012200560200.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Kathakali artists including legendary [[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair]], [[Guru Kelu Nair]], Guru [[Anand Shivram]], Guru Kalamandalam Madhavan, [[Guru Gopinath]], [[Sadanam Krishnankutty]] are his disciples.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/15/stories/2008081550640300.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Unmatched thespian | date=15 August 2008 | access-date=17 July 2011 | archive-date=10 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110064956/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/15/stories/2008081550640300.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://kerala4u.in/171/the_galaxy_of_gurus Great Gurus] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607192554/http://kerala4u.in/171/the_galaxy_of_gurus |date=7 June 2007 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630103447/http://www.sruti.com/Assets/Sruti_box_Feb07/obituary_guru_govindan_kutty.pdf Obituary, Guru Govindan Kutty], [[Sruti magazine]], February 2007{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/02/16/stories/2007021600800300.htm|title=Abhinaya, his forte|location=Chennai, India|date=16 February 2007|access-date=10 May 2007|archive-date=24 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224030551/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/02/16/stories/2007021600800300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last=Kutty
|first=Kalamandalam Govindan
|title=Kathakali: The Dance-Theatre
|publisher=The Asiatic Society, Kolkata
|year=2004}}
</ref>

Guru, who was an eminent teacher and performer opened a ''Gurukulam'' (training centre) in 1982 for teaching Kutiyattam, Chakyar Koothu, Nangyar Koothu and related art forms at Killikkurussimangalam (Lakkidi).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.keralatourism.org/Training%20Centres%20of%20Kerala/centre_details.php?id=112| title=Training centres of Kerala, Kerala Govt.| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004220208/http://www.keralatourism.org/Training%20Centres%20of%20Kerala/centre_details.php?id=112| archive-date=4 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaheritage.org/perform/dance/dkerala.htm#Kutiyattam |title=Folk Dances of India- Kerala |publisher=Indiaheritage.org |access-date=2013-09-30 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002075235/http://www.indiaheritage.org/perform/dance/dkerala.htm#Kutiyattam |url-status=live }}</ref> After Guru's death it was named as ''Padmasree Mani Madhava Chakyar Smaraka Gurukulam'' in memory of the Guru. This institution still keeps its tradition and plays a major role in Kutiyattam teaching, revival and performance.<ref name = "gurukulam"/>

Guru, who had dedicated his life to Kutiyattam was concerned about the fate of this classical art form. Māni Mādhava Chākyār's conversation with famous Bharatanatyam dancer [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]], when she visited Guru at his residence a year before his death, reflects his anxiety<ref>P.T. Narendra Menon, ''Kulapati of Koodiyattam'', Sruti- India's premier Music and Dance magazine, August 1990 issue (71), p.27.</ref>{{cquote|At least Bharatanatyam is now world famous, with thousands of new votaries. What about Koodiyattam?.....I have done what I can. It has not been easy. One has to sacrifice a lot to learn Koodiyattam. How many persons will be ready for it these days? Will there be an audience capable of imbibing it?
}}

==Awards and honours==
Mani Madhava Chakyar received many titles, awards and degrees. He is one of the most felicitated artist from Kerala. His first major recognition came from HH Bhattan Thampuran<ref>greatest Sanskrit scholar of Kerala in this century</ref> (Bhatta [[Raja]]) of [[Kodungallur Kovilakam]] himself at the age of 22. Bhattan Thampuran awarded him with a ''Mudramothiram'' (signed ring) (1921). Mani Madhava Chakyar considered this Mudramothiram as the prestigious award that he ever got.<ref>K. A. Chandrahasan, ''In pursuit of excellence '' (Performing Arts), "The Hindu", Sunday 26 March 1989</ref>

He received the most prestigious sacred ''Vīrasringhala'' or ''Veerashringhala'' (It's a kind of Golden Bracelet, given to the greatest artist/scholar of that era) from [[Taliparamba]] [[Rajarajeshwara Temple]] (1923). He is the youngest one to receive this award, which is being given to the scholars of the supreme rank, only by the unanimous approval of a special body of temple consisting of eminent scholars. Till date no one else has received a Veerashringhala from there after Mani Madhava Chakyar.<ref>[https://archive.today/20091025211149/http://www.geocities.com/chavanapuzha/cmp-scholars.htm Scholars Honored] Best Namboodiri Site</ref> Another major Vīrasringhalas that he received are; from Valiya Thampuran of [[Kottakkal]] [[Kovilakam]] (1952), from Urpassikkavu of [[Thalassery]], from [[Jagadguru]] Shri [[Shankaracharya]] of [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]] (1961), from [[Samoothiri]] Raja of Kozhikode, given at the eve of Koodiyattam performance at [[Guruvayur Sree Krishna Temple]] (1964) and from [[Tripunithura]] Kovilakam (1989).

He was honoured with ''ponnada'' (a kind of silk cloth given as a gesture of honour and respect) from Maharani ([[Queen regnant|Queen]]) Of [[Travancore]], presented through ''Mahakavi'' [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] at Vaikom Mahadeva Temple. He was honoured by HH. Rajah of Palakkad with a ''Keshabharam Kireetam''<ref>Kind of [[Crown (headgear)|Crown]] used in Kutiyattam. See the crown in [[:Image:Mani Madhava Chakyar as Ravana.jpg]]</ref> at Hemambika Temple of Kallekkulangara (1962). He has received Gold Medals from Valiya Raja of Katathanadu, [[Pallikkunnu]] Bhagavathy Temple of [[Kannoor]], [[Avittathur]] (1962), Delhi [[Experimental theatre]] (1964) etc.

In 1930, he was awarded the title ''Nātyāchārya'' (''Guru of [[Natya]]'') by Kadathanadu Valiya Thampuran (Raja of [[Kadathanadu]]). He received the title ''Vidūshakaratna'', again from the Taliparamba Rajarajeshwara Temple (1954) for his excellence in performing "vidūshaka" in Koodiyattams. He was honoured by [[Fine Arts]] Society of [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] by giving the title ''Anushtanakalapravina''.

[[Government of India]] conferred [[Padma Shri]] (1974) and [[Emeritus]] [[Fellow]]ship (1982) on him. He was conferred by an honorary degree from [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1964.

He has received major National and International Awards and Fellowships such as

* 1964 – [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (New Delhi)<ref>[http://www.sangeetnatak.com/sna/awardeeslist.htm Sangeet Natak Akademi official list of awardees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216050006/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/sna/awardeeslist.htm |date=16 February 2012 }}</ref> - ''first national recognition for a Koodiyattam/Chakyar Koothu artist''.
* 1964 – [[Paderewski]] Foundation (New York) Certificate of Merit – ''first international recognition for Koodiyattam''.
* 1974 – [[Padma Shri]]<ref>Govt. of India, Padma Shree Awardees http://www.india.gov.in/myindia/images/ps_awards.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522114940/http://www.india.gov.in/myindia/images/ps_awards.pdf |date=22 May 2011 }}.</ref>
* 1975 – [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] – ''for the book [[Nātyakalpadrumam]]''
* 1975 – [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]<ref>[http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.com/pdf/fellowship-list/koothu-koodiyattam.pdf Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi official list] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007025644/http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.com/pdf/fellowship-list/koothu-koodiyattam.pdf |date=7 October 2011 }}</ref>
* 1982 – [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] (New Delhi)<ref>[http://www.sangeetnatak.com/sna/fellowslist.htm official list from Sangeet Natak Akademi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029184341/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/sna/fellowslist.htm |date=29 October 2010 }}</ref>
* 1982 – [[Government of India]] [[Emeritus]] [[Fellow]]ship<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5BkAAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava+chakyar+emeritus |title=p.156 Malayalam Literary Survey, published by Kēraḷa Sāhitya Akkādami, 1984 |access-date=2013-09-30 |year=1984 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011164721/https://books.google.com/books?id=M5BkAAAAMAAJ&dq=mani+madhava+chakyar&q=mani+madhava+chakyar+emeritus&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1982 – Kalidasa Academy Fellowship (''Ratna Sadasyata'') (1982)
* 1983 – Kerala Kalamandalam Fellowship
* 1987 – [[Tulsi Samman]] of Govt. of [[Madhya Pradesh]]<ref>Kalidasa Academy, Ujjain {{cite web |url=http://ujjain.nic.in/kalidasa_academi/kalidasa_samaroh.htm |title=Welcome to Holy City Ujjain - Kalidasa Samoroh |access-date=2007-05-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613165130/http://ujjain.nic.in/kalidasa_academi/kalidasa_samaroh.htm |archive-date=13 June 2007}}</ref><ref>Sunil Kothari, M.P. Government's cultural awards, [[Sruti magazine|Sruti]]. Issue 31, Apr 1987, p. 4-5 {{OCLC|79366285}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=M.P. Government's cultural awards: Kathak, Koodiyattam & Veena maestros receive Sammans. (Article, 1987) |publisher=[WorldCat.org] |date=2 February 2011 |oclc = 79366285}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-VtAAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava+chakyar |title=Manorama Year Book 1988 |access-date=2013-09-30 |year=1988 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011164724/https://books.google.com/books?id=E-VtAAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava+chakyar&dq=mani+madhava+chakyar&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpculture.in/html/tulsiaward.asp |title=Department of Culture, Govt. Of M.P |publisher=Mpculture.in |date=1982-02-13 |access-date=2013-09-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019051933/http://www.mpculture.in/html/tulsiaward.asp |archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>
* 1991 – [[Guruvayur Temple|Guruvayoor]] Devaswam Award etc.<ref>[http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.org/cawards.shtml about Guruvayurappan Samman] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221050910/http://www.guruvayurdevaswom.org/cawards.shtml |date=21 December 2007 }}</ref>

He was the first Chakyar Koothu and Koodiyattam artist to receive these.

He has received numerous Honours and Certificates from distinguished institutions and individuals such as ''Akhila Bharata Sanskrit Sammelan'' (World Sanskrit Conference) – New Delhi, Samskrita Ranga – Chennai, Fifth World Sanskrit Conference – [[Banaras]], ''[[Dr.S. Radhakrishnan]]'', [[Dr. Vibhuti Narayan Singh]] ([[Maharaja of Kasi]]), Satyanarayana Sinha, Bishnu Ram Medhi (Chief Minister of Assam), [[Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer]], Maharaja of [[Kollengode (gram panchayat)|Kollengode]], [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]], Dr. V. Raghavan, [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]], Dr. V.K Narayana Menon, [[Dr.Kapila Vatsyayan]] etc. etc.

Even though Guru Mani Madhava Chakkiyar received lot of national recognitions art critics widely believe that he truly deserved a lot more and recognitions came very late.<ref>Leela Venkatraman, ''An index of merit?'', "[[The Hindu]]", 27 December 1998 {{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo9812/98120100.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-05-16 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706121801/http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo9812/98120100.htm |archive-date=6 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
| author-link=M. Prabha
| last= Prabha
| first=M.
| title=The Waffle of the Toffs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqllAAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava
| publisher=Oxford & IBH
| year=2000
| isbn= 978-81-204-1359-7
| page= 95
}}
</ref> RKG (Editor, ''The Illustrated Weekly'', Columnist for ''[[Times of India]]'') observes,<ref>
{{Citation
| author-link=R.K. Gupta
| last=RKG
| title=India : A Nation in Turmoil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKkBbf7doAUC&q=Mani+Madhava+Chakyar&pg=RA1-PA256
| publisher=Vedam Books, New Delhi
| year=2000
| isbn= 978-81-7476-268-9
| page= 256
}}
</ref> {{cquote|..I felt angry when I learnt that a great artist like Mani Madhava Chakyar was awarded a mere Padma Shri. A man of his artistic genius and erudition deserved to be decorated with the highest state honour ([[Bharat Ratna]])
}}

==Publications==
{{main|Nātyakalpadruma}}

He has written an authoritative, award-winning book (in [[Malayalam]]) on Koodiyattam called ''[[Nātyakalpadrumam]]'' (1975).<ref>{{cite book|title=Nāṭyakalpadrumam|oclc = 44811805}}</ref> This work is being used as a reference by scholars and students. ''Natyakalpadrumam'' deals with all aspects of Koodiyattam in a scientific and critical manner. This book is considered the encyclopaedia of Koodiyattam.<ref name="Ananda K 1980 p. 150"/> It won the prestigious ''[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]'' (1976).<ref>see section ''Miscellaneous'' {{cite web |url=http://www.dcbooks.com/Kerala.htm |title=Kerala Sahithya Academy Awards |access-date=2007-01-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203082115/http://www.dcbooks.com/Kerala.htm |archive-date=3 February 2007}}</ref> This book is translated into [[Hindi]] by Sangeet Natak Akademi of New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/links/O_IND4-more.html| title=Books and films| publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], New Delhi| access-date=10 May 2007| archive-date=9 July 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224340/http://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/links/O_IND4-more.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nāṭyakalpadruma : Kerala kī Kūṭiyāṭṭam nāṭyakalā kī rūparekhā(Hindi) in WorldCat|oclc = 44811805}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://catalog.lib.washington.edu:2082/search?/aChakyar,+Mani+Madhava/achakyar+mani+madhava/-3%2C-1%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=achakyar+mani+madhava&3%2C%2C3
|title = Natyakalpadruma (Hindi)
}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

One of his other book is ''Matha Vilasam'' (Mattavilasam 1968), the choreography and play part (actor's manual – ''Attaprakara'') used in ''Mattavilasaprahasana'' Kudiyattam.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-VjAAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava|title=Mani Madhava Chakyar 1968|access-date=2013-09-30|isbn=9788170812999|last1=Malathi Devi|first1=K. K.|year=1995|publisher=Nag Publishers |archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011164744/https://books.google.com/books?id=0-VjAAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava&dq=mani+madhava&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> He wrote the ''Attaprakara''s of Abhijñānaśākuntala, Swapnavāsavadatta, Vikramorvaśīya, Mālavikāgnimitra, Pancharātra and [[Nagananda]] (Not published).

His biography (in Malayalam), ''[[Mani Madhaveeyam]]'' (1999) was published by Department of Cultural Affairs Publications of the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>Publications of Dept. of Culture, Kerala Govt. {{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215085741/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm |archive-date=15 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>First published as a series in the Malayalam weekly – ''[[Kalakaumudi]]'' in 1991</ref> This book showcased his achievements and contributions towards the arts.

Guru has written articles in various journals<ref>Mani Madhava Chakyar, "The Training Methods of ''Kudiyattam''", ''Sangeet Natak'', (special issue), no. 111-114</ref><ref>1971.[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/83238782&referer=brief_results "Mani Madhava Chakyar". Kalamandalam Annual. 33–34.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011164743/https://www.worldcat.org/title/mani-madhava-chakyar/oclc/83238782?referer=brief_results |date=11 October 2020 }}</ref> and presented number of papers in conferences on various aspects of Koodiyattam, Abhinaya, [[Raaga]]s, Natyasastra, Chakyar Koothu, Rasābhinaya in Kathakali etc.
{{Clear}}

==Films and documentaries==
There are several films and documentaries featuring Chakyar's Rasa-Abhinaya, Koodiyattam performances and life.

* ''[[Mani Madhava Chakyar: The Master at Work (film)|Mani Madhava Chakyar: The Master at Work]]'' (1994, English, [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker|Kavalam Narayana Panikar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/10/31/stories/2004103100780500.htm |title=renowned play writer, director, poet and fellow of Sangeet Natak Akademi and former secretary of Kerala Sangeet Natak Akademy |date=2004-10-31 |access-date=2013-09-30 |archive-date=1 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001062136/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/10/31/stories/2004103100780500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Central Sangeet Natak Academy, New Delhi) is a biographical film on the life and work of Chakyar.<ref name = "sngfilm"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/links/O_IND4-more.html| title=Asia-Pacific Database on Intangible Cultural Heritage| access-date=10 May 2007| archive-date=9 July 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224340/http://www.accu.or.jp/ich/en/links/O_IND4-more.html| url-status=live}}</ref> The film contains an interview with Chakyar where he explains the difficulty he had to face from hardliners when he took the traditional art forms outside temple for the first time in 1949. The film contains a session focussed on Rasa abhinaya by Chakyar, where he enacts various [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasas]].
* ''Parvati Viraham: Mani Madhava Chakyar as Ravana'' (1993, English, Central Sangeet Natak Academy, New Delhi) features Chakyar as Ravana in the ''[[Pārvatī]] Viraham'' (''separation of Pārvatī'') in Koodiyattam form. It shows the ''Pārvatī Viraham'' part of the ''Ascharyachodamani'' Kutiyattam and includes the ''Pakarnnattam'' abhinaya.<ref name = "sngfilm"/>
* ''[[Manifestations of Shiva (film)|Manifestations of Shiva]]'' (1980, English, Malcolm Leigh & Stella Kramrisch, Philadelphia Museum of Art, [[Asia Society]], USA) is a critically acclaimed<ref>{{cite journal|title=Manifestations of Shiva by Malcolm Leigh|author=Joan L. Erdman|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=27|issue=3 |date=Sep 1983|pages=577–579|jstor=850680|doi = 10.2307/850680}}</ref> documentary film; wherein Chakyar has performed as [[Lord Siva]] in Classical Indian dance form.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/210250?view=credit| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202003148/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/210250?view=credit| url-status=dead| archive-date=2009-12-02|title=Mani Madhava Chakkiar|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/157082/Manifestations-of-Shiva/overview| title=Manifestations of Shiva (1980)| first=C. Gerald| last=Fraser| access-date=10 February 2017| archive-date=4 June 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604043119/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/157082/Manifestations-of-Shiva/overview| department=Movies & TV Dept.| work=[[The New York Times]]| date=2012| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://afifest.studiosystem.com/project.aspx?projectid=71353| title=Manifestations of Shiva| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928052139/http://afifest.studiosystem.com/project.aspx?projectid=71353| archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>
* ''Kutiyattam - Sanskrit Theater of India''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=6558|title=Kutiyattam Sanskrit Theater of India|author=Farley Richmond|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041014112032/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=6558|archive-date=14 October 2004}}</ref> (2002, English, Multimedia CD, Farley Richmond (University of Georgia), The [[University of Michigan]] Press, USA) contains rare videos of Chakyar's Rasa Abhinaya including glimpses of his Netrabhinaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A2PIDT5VXIVNPO?sort%5Fby=MostRecentReview |title=Reviews from |website=Amazon |access-date=2013-09-30 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080033/http://www.amazon.com/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A2PIDT5VXIVNPO?sort_by=MostRecentReview |url-status=live }}</ref> The CD also contains the audios of recital of [[Shloka]]s and play parts by him.
* ''[[Kudiattam]]'' (1986, [[Hindi]], [[Prakash Jha]], India)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prakashjhaproductions.com/kudiattam.html |title=Kudiattam (1986) |publisher=Prakashjhaproductions.com |access-date=2013-09-30 |archive-date=24 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324130138/http://www.prakashjhaproductions.com/kudiattam.html |url-status=live }}</ref> features Chakyar's abhinaya and shows him explaining the concepts of Kutiyattam and its abhinaya techniques. It also features him teaching etc. This film has won Indian government's [[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film]] (1987).
* ''Mani Madhava Chakkiar'' (1977, English, Classic Films)<ref>"Mani Madhava Chakkiar", Classic Films, CS Krishnakumar, IA Iqbal</ref> is a documentary film about Chakyar. It shows his Abhinaya in different Kutiyattams, his Chakyar Koothu performance etc. It also gives a picture of his personal life.
* ''Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar'' (2009, [[Malayalam]], Krishnan Unni, Govt. of Kerala)<ref>[http://www.keralafilm.com/pdf/idsfk09_list.pdf] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717134040/http://www.keralafilm.com/pdf/idsfk09_list.pdf |date=17 July 2011 }}</ref> is a documentary about the guru. This project is by Information and Public Relations Dept. of Govt. of Kerala as part of capturing the eminent personalities in Kerala and to highlight their contribution to the State.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/31/stories/2008033154320600.htm| title=State's stalwarts captured on screen| location=Chennai, India| date=31 March 2008| access-date=6 November 2008| archive-date=7 October 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007104737/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/31/stories/2008033154320600.htm| work=[[The Hindu]]| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Prahladacharitham Chakyar Koothu'' (1986, audio, Harisree Audios, Kerala) features Chakyar Koothu performance of the prabandha Prahlādacharita, giving a glimpse into Chakyar's ability in narration and recital. It is unique because he did not perform Prahlādacharita after the death of his guru, Thampuran, in 1964, except for this recording.

Many of his Koodiyattam, Chakyar Koothu performances, demonstrations, interviews etc. were documented by [[Doordarshan]] centres of New Delhi, [[Bombay]], [[Bhopal]], [[Madras]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] etc. and [[All India Radio]] and is still being broadcast all over India. Documentation of Guru's Kutiyattam performance by Doordarshan Centre Bombai with English commentary of art critic and scholar [[V. K Narayana Menon]] is widely acclaimed.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Death and legacy==
[[Image:M.M.Cakyar Samadhi.jpg|thumb|left|The memorial to the Guru at his residence, that marks the spot of his cremation.]]
Chakyar died at the age of 90 on 14 January 1990 in a private hospital at [[Ottappalam]] due to natural causes. His body was cremated with full honours at his Killikkurussimangalam residence. There is a memorial at the spot of his cremation.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

His birth and death anniversaries are celebrated by various cultural programmes, commemorative sessions and Kutiyattam festivals by various cultural organisations and institutes.<ref name = "gurukulam"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980810/22251144.html |title=Nangiarkoothu alive and kicking |publisher=The New Indian Express, Kochi, 20 January 2007 |access-date=11 January 2008 |archive-date=21 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121082506/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980810/22251144.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.in/thehindu/lf/2002/03/11/stories/2002031101480200.htm |title=Honouring ritual arts |publisher=The Hindu, 11 March 2002 |access-date=11 January 2008 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011164743/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2002/03/11/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/nri/story.php?id=68565 |title=ദുബായില്‍ പാരമ്പര്യകലകള്‍ നിറഞ്ഞാടി - Gulf - Mathrubhumi NRI |publisher=Mathrubhumi.com |date=2009-11-29 |access-date=2013-09-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002220315/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/nri/story.php?id=68565 |archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref>

He is one of the most felicitated artist from Kerala and was the first recipient of all major awards for Chakyar Koothu and Koodiyattam. [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]]'s annual Koodiyattam Award is known as ''Maani Madhava Puraskaram''<ref>{{cite web |author=Razi Rahman |url=http://www.kalakeralam.com/artnews/sangeetha_award.htm |title=The recognition of Kutiyattam, the Sanskrit theatre form of Kerala, as a remarkable example of the oral less-known art under the spotlight of global attention, and made the world citizen responsible for the protection and promotion of this art |publisher=Kalakeralam.com |access-date=2013-09-30 |archive-date=18 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418022535/http://www.kalakeralam.com/artnews/sangeetha_award.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> as a tribute to him.

Many of Chakyar's films are still screened regularly at art theatres across and outside India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081901660200.htm |title=Gems from the dust |location=Chennai, India |date=19 August 2005 |access-date=11 January 2008 |archive-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026062847/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081901660200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/31/stories/2009013153090200.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Films on luminaries | date=31 January 2009 | access-date=17 July 2011 | archive-date=10 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110065452/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/31/stories/2009013153090200.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/09/11/stories/2008091150810300.htm |title=Culture on show |location=New Delhi, India |date=11 September 2008 |access-date=10 February 2013 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011164742/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2008/09/11/ |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=live }}</ref> His Kutiyattam and Chakyar Koothu performances and other documentaries are broadcast from major [[Doordarshan]] and [[All India Radio]] stations regularly (Guru himself had initiated performance of these art forms for these media for the first time).{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Art and cultural festivals are organised by various associations as a dedication to Chakyar regularly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980810/22251144.html |title=SPIC-MACAY festival |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=10 August 1998 |access-date=11 January 2008 |archive-date=21 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121082506/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980810/22251144.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==See also==
* [[Thulall]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Sruti magazine|Sruti]]- ''India's premier Music and Dance magazine'', [[Chennai]], August 1990 issue (71) dedicated to the Guru
*L.S. Rajagopal, ''The Wizard of Eyes'', Journal of [[Madras Music Academy]], 1974
* {{Cite book
| author-link=M.K.K. Nayar
| last=Nayar
| first=M.K.K
| title=Classical Arts of Kerala
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AfVkAAAAMAAJ&q=mani+madhava+chakyar
| publisher=Current Books, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| year=1990
| isbn=978-81-240-0011-3
}}
*[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/dance/article2795689.ece K. K. Gopalakrishnan, ''Eyes that conveyed myriad moods '' (Art/Dance)], "[[The Hindu]]", 12 January 2012
*''Natyacharya Mani Madhava Chakyar'', [http://www.attendance-india.com/#2009 Attendance – The Dance Annual of India 2009]
*Vijay Shankar, ''Mani Madhava Chakyar'', Bhavan's Journal, [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], v.30, p. 67, 16 June 1984
* {{Cite book
| author-link=Māni Mādhava Chākyār
| last=Chākyār
| first=Māni Mādhava
| title=Nātyakalpadrumam
| publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi
| year=1991
| title-link=Nātyakalpadrumam
|language=hi}}
*{{Cite book
| author-link=Akavoor Narayanan
| last=Narayanan
| first=Dr. Akavoor
| title=Arangaaliyavar
| publisher=Poorna Publications, [[Kozhikode]]
|language=ml}}
*{{Cite book
| author=collection of articles
| title=Manjusha – A tribute to Mani Madhava Chakyar
| publisher=Mani Madhava Chakyar Smaraka Gurukulam, [[Killikkurussimangalam]]
| year=2005
|language=ml}}
*{{Cite book
| author-link=Akavoor Narayanan
| last= Narayanan
| first=Dr. Akavoor
| title=Vyakthivivekam
| publisher=Poorna Publishers
| year=2006
| isbn= 978-81-7180-858-8
| page= 75
|language=ml}}
*{{Cite book
| author-link=Das Bhargavinilayam
| last=Bhargavinilayam
| first=Das
| title=Mani Madhaveeyam(biography of Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar)
| publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, [[Government of Kerala]]
| year=1999
| isbn= 978-81-86365-78-6
| title-link=Mani Madhaveeyam
|language=ml}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mani Madhava Chakyar}}
{{wikiquote|Mani Madhava Chakyar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041014112032/http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=6558 Kutiyattam: Sanskrit Theater of India] (Multimedia CD) by Dr.Farley Richmond (It contains rare video collections of Rasa Abhinaya and Netrabhinaya by the maestro)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091126163657/http://rediff.com/millenni/birju.htm Kathak maestro Birju Maharaj on top Indian dancers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091202003148/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/210250?view=credit Chakkiar, Mani Madhava] at the [[British Film Institute]]
* {{YouTube|MTRuyGd8QPE|video clip: Kutiyattam – Natyacharya Mani Madhava Chakyar as Ravana}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakyar, Mani}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Acting theorists]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:Koodiyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]

Minsar

2026-05-02T03:08:47Z

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{{Short description|Former Indian enclave in Tibet}}
__NOTOC__
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Minsar
| native_name = Moincêr
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:Moincer, Tibet.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = Tibet
| coordinates = {{coord|31.18|N|80.76|E|display=title,inline|region:CN_type}}
| population_total =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{PRC}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous regions of the People's Republic of China|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of the People's Republic of China|Prefecture]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ngari Prefecture|Ngari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|County]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gar County|Gar]]
| website = 
}}
'''Minsar'''<ref name="Mehra">{{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=An "agreed" frontier: Ladakh and India's northernmost borders, 1846-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIduAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=236|isbn=978-0-19-562758-9 }}: "'''Minsar''' ('''Missar''') – Ladakhi enclave in West Tibet close to Lake Manasarowar; during the Dogra-Tibet War (1841-2), the Dogras stored their supplies here."</ref> or '''Moincêr'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Missar''',<ref name="Mehra"/> and '''Menze'''.}} ({{bo|t=མོན་འཚེར|w=mon 'tsher|s=mön tser}})<ref name="KNAB">{{Cite web |title=Geographical names of Tibet AR (China): Ngari prefecture |website=KNAB Place Name Database |publisher=Institute of the Estonian Language |date=2018-06-03 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54ng.htm}}</ref> or '''Menshi''' ({{zh|c=门士|p=Mén shì}})<ref name="KNAB"/> is a village and the centre of a township in the [[Ngari Prefecture]] of the [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] region of China.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/7697648 Moincêr Township], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 16 August 2022.</ref> Between 1684 and 1950s, it was a treaty enclave of [[Kingdom of Ladakh]], which later in 1846 became [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] under British suzerainty.{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=125–126}} Since late 1950s, it has been administered by Tibet Autonomous Region, China.<ref name="Arpi">Claude Arpi, [https://www.indiandefencereview.com/china-celebrates-its-republic-day-in-minsar-the-indian-village-in-tibet/ China celebrates its Republic day in Minsar, the Indian village in Tibet], Indian Defence Review, 6 October 2019.</ref>

Minsar is located south-west of Mount [[Kailash]] (Mount Ti-se). It is close to the Tirthapuri Monastery on the bank of the [[Sutlej]] River. The Chinese National Highway [[G219]] passes by Minsar.

== History ==
Prior to the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]] (1679–1684), the Kingdom of Ladakh controlled the whole of the [[Ngari Prefecture|Ngari]] region (present day western Tibet). Central Tibet, consolidated by the [[Fifth Dalai Lama]], conquered and occupied Ngari, but was driven back from Ladakh proper by the forces of the [[Mughal Empire]] from [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]].{{efn|At the time of the war, Ladakh was formally a vassal state of the Mughal Empire via Kashmir, even though the vassalage was not ardently observed.}} Lhasa sent the sixth Drukchen from Bhutan, [[Gyalwang Mipham Wangpo]] to negotiate truce terms with Ladakh. In the resulting [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]], Ladakh agreed to cede the whole of western Tibet to Lhasa retaining only a tract around Minsar for supporting the worship at Mount [[Kailas]].{{sfnp|Bray, Ladakhi and Bhutanese Enclaves in Tibet|2003|pp=192–193}}

Minsar appears to have been used for porterage for the Ladakhi trade caravans to Tibet.<ref name="Fisher">{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=125–126}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Minsar depends on its small [[coal]]-mining industry; from which it once produced large amounts of [[ore]] from its nearby mines. The village is small and its villagers live depending heavily on yaks for agriculture and trade.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Sheet-62-manasarowar-1925.jpg|Map including Minsar ("Menze or Missar") and Tirthapuri Gompa
File:Moincer, Tibet.jpg|A side street of Moincêr
File:Milrepa in Thirtapuri.png|Statue of Milarepa in Tirthapuri Gompa
</gallery>

{{clear left}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Bray |first=John |chapter=Ladakh! and Bhutanese Enclaves in Tibet |editor=Alex McKay |title=History of Tibet, Volume 3: The Encounter with Modernity: c.1895-1959 |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-30844-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/thehistoryoftibetvol3alexmckay_373_j |via=archive.org |pages=191–201 |ref={{sfnref|Bray, Ladakhi and Bhutanese Enclaves in Tibet|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org |pages=125–126 |ref={{sfnref|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}}}}

==See also==
*[[List of towns and villages in Tibet]]

{{Ngari Prefecture}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moincer}}
[[Category:Populated places in Ngari Prefecture]]
[[Category:Township-level divisions of Tibet]]
[[Category:Gar County]]
[[Category:British India]]

James McNabb Cuningham

2026-04-27T16:04:39Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: added a post - done

{{Short description|British surgeon-general}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
|name=James McNabb Cuningham
|image=Portrait of James Cuningham Wellcome M0016182.jpg
|image_size=
|caption=
|birth_date=2 June 1829
|birth_place=
|death_date={{death date and age|1905|6|26|1829|6|2|df=y}}
|death_place=[[London]]
|occupation=Physician
|known_for=
}}
'''James McNabb Cuningham''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CSI}} (2 June 1829 – 26 June 1905) was a British surgeon-general in India.

==Biography==
Cuningham was born on 2 June 1829. He was son of Major William Cunningham, of the 54th Bengal infantry, who entered the service in 1804 and retired on 18 May 1833. Cuningham, who modified the spelling of his surname, was born at the [[Cape of Good Hope]], when his father was on leave from 1827 to 1829. He received his medical education at [[Edinburgh University]], where he graduated M.D. in 1851, his thesis on the medical conditions of the aorta being commended. In 1892 he was made hon. LL.D. of Edinburgh.

Cuningham joined the Bengal medical service as an assistant surgeon on 20 November 1851; was promoted surgeon on 12 March 1864; surgeon-major on 20 November 1871, and surgeon-general on 29 March 1880, retiring on 31 March 1885. His first important charge in India was as superintendent of the central prison at Bareilly in 1861; he afterwards held a similar position at Meerut, and was appointed superintendent of the government press, north-west provinces, in 1863.

Cuningham was secretary of the sanitary commission appointed in 1866 under [[Sir John Strachey]], first president, to report and advise on the health of European troops and on the sanitary state of India generally. He was made professor of hygiene at the Calcutta medical college in 1866 ; in 1869, sanitary commissioner for the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal presidency]], and from 1875 until his retirement for the whole Indian empire. In 1880 he became in addition head of the Bengal medical department, with the rank of surgeon-general.

Cuningham's administrative faculties rather than scientific knowledge enabled him to carry through a great sanitary work. He wrote and spoke well, although his habit of mind tended to scientific agnosticism, and he doubted the value of bacteriological research. In the reorganisation of medical administration in India in 1880 Cuningham played a chief part. With Surgeon-general (afterwards Sir Thomas) Crawford, principal medical officer of the British forces in India, he drew up a report, known as the Crawford-Cuningham commission, for the complete amalgamation of the army medical department and the [[Indian Medical Service|Indian medical service]], which, issued in August 1881, was rejected by the war office. Cuningham left India on 4 April 1885, and on 16 June 1885 he was made [[Order of the Star of India|C.S.I.]] He was appointed honorary surgeon to Queen Victoria on 15 August 1888, and from 1891 to 1896 was on the army sanitary committee, representing India in 1894 at the international sanitary conference at Paris.

He died in London on 26 June 1905. He was twice married: (1) on 2 March 1854, to Mary, only daughter of James McRae, and (2) to Georgina Euphemia, daughter of Robert Reid Macredie, on 11 April 1889. He left two sons and a daughter by the first marriage.

Cuningham was author of, besides official sanitary reports: 1. 'A Sanitary Primer for Indian Schools,' Calcutta, 1879. 2. 'Cholera; What the State can do to prevent it,' Calcutta, 1884, translated into German with a preface by Dr. Max von Pettenkofer, Brunswick, 1885.

==References==
{{DNB12|wstitle=Cuningham, James McNabb|first=D'Arcy|last=Power|authorlink=D'Arcy Power|volume=01}}

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By-election

2026-04-27T10:09:49Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: adjusted lead also and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Election to fill a vacant political office}}
{{Elections}}
A '''by-election''' (sometimes spelled '''bye-election'''<ref>{{cite Irish legislation|year=1930|type=act|number=1|name=Seanad Bye-Elections Act 1930|date=12 February 1930|access-date=27 Apr 2026}}</ref>, and also known as a '''special election''' in the United States and the Philippines, or a '''bypoll''' in India) is an election used to fill an office that has become vacant between general elections.

A vacancy may arise as a result of an incumbent's death or resignation, or when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (because of a [[recall election|recall]], a prohibited [[dual mandate]], criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance), or when an election is invalidated by voting irregularities. In some cases a vacancy may be filled by a method other than a by-election (such as the outgoing member's party nominating a replacement) or the office may be left vacant. These elections can be held anytime in the country.

An election to fill a vacancy created when a general election cannot take place in a particular constituency (such as if a candidate dies shortly before election day) may be called a by-election in some jurisdictions, or may have a distinct name (''e.g.'', '''supplementary election''', as in [[List of Australian federal by-elections|Australia]]).

== Origins ==

The procedure for filling a vacant seat in the [[House of Commons of England]] was developed during the [[English Reformation Parliament|Reformation Parliament]] of the 16th century by [[Thomas Cromwell]]; previously a seat had remained empty upon the death of a member. Cromwell devised a new election that would be called by the king at a time of the king's choosing. This made it a simple matter to ensure the seat rewarded an ally of the crown.<ref>Jennifer Loach. ''Parliament Under the Tudors.'' Clarendon Press. Oxford. 1990. p. 36</ref>

During the eighteen-year [[Cavalier Parliament]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], which lasted from 1661 to 1679, by-elections were the primary means by which new members entered the House of Commons.<ref>''By-Elections in British Politics.'' UCL Press, London. 1997 pg. 1</ref>

== In assemblies ==

=== In single-member constituencies ===
[[File:The Brentford Election (BM Y,4.574).jpg|thumb|A 1768 political cartoon about a by-election during the [[Middlesex election affair]].]]

By-elections are held in most nations that elect their parliaments through [[single-member constituencies]], whether [[Two-round system|with]] or [[First-past-the-post voting|without]] a [[Two-round system|runoff]] round. This includes most [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, as well as non-Commonwealth countries such as France and Italy (until 2006).<ref>{{cite book |language=it |url=https://www.academia.edu/2420626 |first=Giampiero |last=Buonomo |title=I subentri nelle assemblee parlamentari |publisher=Quaderni costituzionali |date=2006}}</ref> However, in some cases, such as the [[French National Assembly]], by-elections are only used to fill some vacancies, with the others being filled by the assumption of a seat by a [[running mate]] nominated by the vacator.{{cn|date=November 2024}} If a vacancy arises shortly before a planned general election, there is usually no by-election and the seat remains vacant until the general election.

In the United States, these contests have been called "special elections" because they do not always occur on [[Election Day (United States)|Election Day]] like regular congressional elections. Special elections are held when a seat in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], [[State legislature (United States)|state legislature]], or [[Local government in the United States|local legislature]] becomes vacant. At the federal level, the [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 4: Vacancies|U.S. Constitution]] requires that vacancies in the House of Representatives be filled with a special election<ref>{{cite constitution|article=1|clause=4|section=2|polity=United States|date=1789}}</ref> (unlike the [[US Senate|Senate]], where it is up to law of the state involved to determine how the vacancy is filled).<ref>{{cite constitution|amendment=17|section=2|polity=United States|ratified=1913}}</ref> In most cases where a vacancy is filled through a special election, a primary will also be held to determine which candidates will represent the major parties.

=== In multi-member constituencies ===
When one seat in a [[Multi-member district|multi-member constituency]] becomes vacant, the consequences vary. For example, a by-election may be held to fill just the vacancy, all the seats in the constituency could be contested in the by-election, or the vacancy could be filled by other means.

Typically, [[party-list proportional representation]] systems do not hold by-elections. Instead, the most successful unelected candidate named on the vacator's list fills the vacancy automatically. However, Turkey is an exception, as it holds by-elections when too many seats become vacant in the parliament (as in [[1986 Turkish parliamentary by-elections|1986]]) or a repeat vote has to be held (as in [[2003 Siirt Province by-election|2003]]).

In multi-member district systems that do not employ party lists – [[single transferable vote]], [[single non-transferable vote]] and [[plurality at-large]] – vacancies may be filled by a by-election. This is done, for example, in the [[Dáil]] of the Republic of Ireland (STV), in the [[Parliament of Vanuatu]] (SNTV), and in the [[Senate of the Philippines]] (Pl. AL). In those systems, alternatives to holding a by-election include:

# re-determining the election results with the vacators disregarded, as in [[Tasmania]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tasmania's Hare-Clark Electoral System |url=http://www.electoral.tas.gov.au/pages/ElectoralInformation/HareClark.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423035117/http://www.electoral.tas.gov.au/pages/ElectoralInformation/HareClark.html |archive-date=2011-04-23}}</ref> or the [[Australian Capital Territory]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casual Vacancies in the Legislative Assembly |date=25 March 2021|url=http://www.elections.act.gov.au/elections_and_voting/casual_vacancies_in_the_legislative_assembly}}</ref>
# keeping the seat vacant until the next general election. This usually occurs if a vacancy arises shortly before a planned general election (within six months in New Zealand).
# nominating another candidate with the same affiliation as the former member, such as [[European Parliament]] seats in the Republic of Ireland.

For the [[Australian Senate]] (in which each state forms a multi-member constituency elected via [[single transferable vote]]), the state parliament appoints a replacement in the event of a vacancy; in 1977 a referendum amended the Constitution to require that the person appointed must belong to the same political party (if any) as the Senator originally elected to that seat. The states with an [[upper house]] elected via STV (NSW, Victoria, and South Australia) use the same method, except for Western Australia, which holds a recount of ballots to determine the new winner, with sitting members retaining their seats.

=== In mixed systems ===
[[Mixed-member proportional representation]], [[Additional-member system|additional member]], and [[parallel voting]] systems, in which some members are chosen by [[party list]]s and some from single-member constituencies, usually hold by-elections to fill a vacancy in a constituency seat; for example, the [[Assassination of Shinzo Abe|assassination of]] [[Shinzo Abe]] resulted in a by-election in [[Yamaguchi 4th district|Yamaguchi's 4th district]], which Abe represented in the [[House of Representatives of Japan]] (elected under parallel voting).<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2022 |title=Abe's Widow, Akie, Not to Run in Lower House By-Election |work=nippon.com |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2022072101152/ |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> If a vacancy arises in a party list seat, it would be filled in the manner usual for party-list proportional systems; for example, on the resignation of [[Darren Hughes]] from the [[Parliament of New Zealand]] in March 2011, [[Louisa Wall]] filled the seat after all the five candidates above her on the [[New Zealand Labour Party]]'s list declined it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2011 |title=Louisa Wall back in Parliament |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10717554 |access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref>

Exceptions to this rule exist: In the German [[Bundestag]], which uses mixed-member proportional representation, by-elections were originally held upon the vacancy of any constituency seat. This was changed in January 1953, since which time vacancies in constituency seats have been filled by the next candidate on the state list of the party which won the seat, in the same manner as vacancies among list seats. Confusingly, this change occurred alongside a switch from [[mixed single vote]], where a single set of votes was used for both constituency and list seats, to a conventional two-vote mixed member proportional system – a change which granted constituency members an electoral mandate distinct from the party's list seats. By-elections were then only held if a vacancy arose in a constituency seat and there was no associated party list with which to fill it – typically, if the former member was elected as an [[Independent politician|independent]]. This was referred to as a substitute election (''Ersatzwahl''). Since no independents had been elected to the Bundestag since the first legislative period, no such substitute election ever took place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wahlrecht.de/lexikon/nachwahl.html|title=Nachwahl|publisher=Wahlrecht.de|access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref> In the [[Electoral system of Germany#Hisotry|2023 electoral reform]] (which most prominently changed the rules for electing constituency candidates, so that the party's lowest-performing constituency candidates would not be elected if their election would give the party seats beyond its proportional share of the vote, albeit still retaining separate sets of votes for the constituency and list seats), this has been changed again so that party candidates have to have a party list (and therefore, their vacancies would be filled from the list) and any vacancies left by independent candidates remain vacant until the next election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bundeswahlleiterin.de/en/service/glossar/e/ersatzwahl.html|title=Ersatzwahl|work=Election Glossary|publisher=Die Bundeswahlleiterin|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref>

== In executive positions ==
By-elections are also possible on [[Direct election|directly-elected]] executive positions such as presidents, governors and mayors. Most presidents have vice presidents that do not necessiate such procedures.

[[:Category:United States gubernatorial special elections|Gubernatorial]] and [[:Category:Mayoral special elections in the United States|mayoral]] special elections have been held in the United States.

In the Phlippines, special elections for the president and vice president are to be held if both positions are vacant at the same time, and the next scheduled presidential election is more than 18 months away.

In South Korea, presidential elections held outside schedule after the president was vacated, such as in [[2025 South Korean presidential election|2025]], but the winner serves an entire full term instead of just the remaining months of the original term.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2025 |title=South Korea holds a snap presidential election Tuesday. Here's what to know |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-korea-presidential-election-lee-kim-aa1280dfd753eb8cff54706f6b1c4578 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604161151/https://apnews.com/article/south-korea-presidential-election-lee-kim-aa1280dfd753eb8cff54706f6b1c4578 |archive-date=4 June 2025 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> By-elections to local officials are also held.

By-elections for mayor and magistrates are held in Taiwan.

The [[List of mayors of Vaduz|mayor of Vaduz]], the capital of Liechtenstein, was determined in a [[2024 Vaduz mayoral by-election|2024 by-election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sele|first=David|date=25 August 2024|title=Vaduz hat einen neuen Bürgermeister|url=https://www.vaterland.li/liechtenstein/politik/vaduz-hat-einen-neuen-buergermeister-art-574449|access-date=25 August 2024|work=[[Liechtensteiner Vaterland]]}}</ref>

== Significance and consequences ==

=== Direct effects ===

By-elections can be crucial when the ruling party has only a small majority. In [[parliamentary system]]s, party discipline is often so strong that the governing party or coalition can only lose a [[vote of no confidence]] after losing enough supporters, whether by floor-crossing or through losing by-elections, for it to become a [[minority government]]. Examples are the [[Callaghan Ministry|Labour government of James Callaghan 1976–1979]] and [[Second Major ministry|Conservative government of John Major 1992–1997]]. In the [[United States Senate]], [[2010 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|Scott Brown's election]] in 2010 ended the [[filibuster]]-proof [[supermajority]] formerly enjoyed by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]].

By-elections can also be important if a minority party needs to gain one or more seats to gain [[official party status]] or the [[balance of power (parliament)|balance of power]] in a minority or coalition situation. For example, [[Andrea Horwath]]'s win in an [[Ontario]] provincial by-election in 2004 allowed the [[Ontario New Democratic Party]] to regain official party status with important results in terms of parliamentary privileges and funding.

In Australia, a by-election in 1996 in the [[Queensland]] state electoral district of [[Electoral district of Mundingburra|Mundingburra]] overturned the results of the [[1995 Queensland state election|1995 state election]]. In that election, held in July 1995, [[Wayne Goss]] and his [[Queensland Labor Party|Labor Party]] had won by a slim 45-seat majority in a 89-seat parliament. The seat of Mundingburra had been awarded to the Labor Party on the basis of a majority of 16 votes. However, in December 1995 the Court of Disputed Returns threw out the result in Mundingburra after it was found that 22 overseas military personnel had been denied the chance to vote. Consequently, a by-election for Mundingburra was held in February 1996, in which the electorate was won by the opposition [[Liberal National Party of Queensland|Liberal Party]], pushing the Goss government into minority. A vote of no confidence in the government was then passed by the opposition, with the support of Independent [[Liz Cunningham]]. Following the no confidence vote, [[Rob Borbidge]] the leader of the [[Queensland National Party|Nationals]] the senior partner in the coalition became premier until his government's defeat in the [[1998 Queensland state election|1998 state election]].

=== Predictive value ===
Non-experts often interpret by-election results as a [[Bellwether (politics)|bellwether]] or early indicator of the results of the next general election, but political scientists generally caution against overinterpretation. The evidence suggests that while the margin of victory relative to the district's normal performance may be relevant, other indicators generally provide stronger evidence with a larger sample size.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nate Silver |date=September 13, 2011 |title=A Guide to Cutting Through Special-Election Spin |url=http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/a-guide-to-cutting-through-special-election-spin/ |website=FiveThirtyEight}}</ref>

A 2016 study of special elections to the [[United States House of Representatives]] found "that while candidate characteristics affect special election outcomes, presidential approval is predictive of special election outcomes as well. Furthermore, we find that the effect of presidential approval on special election outcomes has increased in magnitude from 1995 to 2014, with the 2002 midterm representing an important juncture in the nationalization of special elections."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knotts |first1=H. Gibbs |last2=Ragusa |first2=Jordan M. |date=2016-01-02 |title=The Nationalization of Special Elections for the U.S. House of Representatives |journal=Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=22–39 |doi=10.1080/17457289.2015.1063497 |s2cid=216142342 |issn=1745-7289}}</ref>

Seats which have unexpectedly changed hands in by-elections often revert to the former party in the next general election. One reason for this is that [[voter turnout]] at by-elections tends to be lower and skewed toward highly motivated supporters of the opposition party.

=== Indirect impact ===
[[File:MaryEllenSmith1918SunsetMag.tif|thumb|200px|[[Mary Ellen Smith]] became the first woman in the [[Legislative Assembly of British Columbia]] in a 1918 by-election, the first election in which women of the province could vote.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.leg.bc.ca/dyl/Pages/1917-Women-Win-the-Right-to-Vote.aspx |title=1917 – Women Win the Right to Vote |website=Legislative Assembly of British Columbia}}</ref>]]
By-election upsets can have a psychological impact by creating a sense of momentum for one party or a sense of impending defeat for a government. For example, in Canada, [[Deborah Grey]]'s [[1989 Beaver River federal by-election|1989 by-election victory]] in [[Beaver River (federal electoral district)|Beaver River]] was seen as evidence that the newly formed [[Reform Party of Canada]] would be a serious political contender and that it posed a serious political threat for the ruling [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservatives]]. Similarly, the upset 1960 by-election victory of [[Walter Pitman]] in [[Peterborough (electoral district)|Peterborough]] as a "[[New Party (Canada)|New Party]]" candidate was a significant boost for the movement to replace the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] with an unnamed "New Party" which would be integrated with the labour movement. Pitman's candidacy in a riding in which the CCF was traditionally weak was seen as a test of this concept, and his upset victory convinced the CCF and the labour movement to launch the [[New Democratic Party]] (NDP). [[Gilles Duceppe]]'s 1990 upset landslide by-election victory in [[Laurier—Sainte-Marie]] with 66% of the vote on behalf of the newly formed [[Bloc Québécois]] was the first electoral test for what was initially a loose parliamentary formation created two months earlier after several Quebec MPs defected from the Progressive Conservative and Liberal parties to protest the failure of the [[Meech Lake Accord]] and provided the first indication that the party could be a serious force in the province of Quebec. On the strength of the by-election victory, the BQ went on to be officially formed as a party in 1991 and win 54 seats in the 1993 federal election, enough to form the Official Opposition.

By-elections may occur singly or in small bunches, especially if the authority responsible for calling them has discretion over the timing and can procrastinate. They are sometimes bunched to save money, as holding multiple by-elections is likely to cost more than holding a by-election to fill the vacancies all at once. In Canada, in 1978, [[By-elections to the 30th Canadian Parliament|15 by-elections were held on a single date]], restoring the House of Commons to 264 members. The media called it a "mini-election", a test of the Liberal government's popularity with a general election due in less than a year. In Hong Kong, in January 2010, five members of the Legislative Council from the [[Pro-democracy camp]], one from each of Hong Kong's five geographical constituencies, resigned and stood in simultaneous by-elections, at which the entire electorate would participate, in an attempt to stage a [[Five Constituencies Referendum|de facto referendum]] on democratizing the Hong Kong political system. The effect of the manoeuvre was blunted when the [[Pro-Beijing camp]] refused to stand candidates against them.

=== Upsets ===

==== Australia ====

The [[1918 Swan by-election]] was held following the death of [[John Forrest]]. The seat was traditionally a safe seat for the [[Nationalist Party (Australia)|Nationalist Party]] against the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]], but the emergence of the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]] lead to a "[[Spoiler effect|three-cornered contest]]". As Australia used a [[first-past-the-post]] system at the time, the conservative vote was split between the Country and Nationalists, allowing Labor candidate [[Edwin Corboy]] to come in first place and win the seat. The Swan by-election is cited as the reason for the introduction of [[Instant-runoff voting|preferential voting]], to prevent Labor from benefiting from a divided opposition in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Antony |author-link=Antony Green |year=2004 |title=History of Preferential Voting in Australia |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2004/guide/prefhistory.htm |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=Antony Green Election Guide: Federal Election 2004 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref>

The [[2018 Wentworth by-election]] was held after the resignation of former prime minister [[Malcolm Turnbull]], who had served as the member for [[Division of Wentworth|Wentworth]] since 2004. Wentworth was considered an exceptionally safe seat for the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]], as it had only ever been held by the Liberal Party and its predecessor parties since its creation in 1901. Former Ambassador to Israel [[Dave Sharma]] was preselected as the Liberal Party's candidate for the by-election. The major challenger in the by-election was independent candidate [[Kerryn Phelps]]. A huge 17.7% [[two-party-preferred]] swing was required for the Liberal Party to lose the seat. Ultimately, the Liberals suffered a 19.0% swing to Phelps, the largest by-election swing in Australian history, which won her the seat. This loss deprived the Liberal Party of its majority in federal Parliament, forcing them into a [[minority government]].

==== Canada ====
In 1942, the Conservatives' [[Arthur Meighen]] (who had already served as Prime Minister during the 1920s) sought to re-enter the [[House of Commons of Canada]] through a by-election in [[York South]]. His surprise defeat at the hand of [[Joseph W. Noseworthy]] of the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] ended his political career, and may also have been a factor in the Conservative Party's decision to move to the left and rebrand itself the Progressive Conservative Party under Meighen's replacement. Noseworthy's victory was also a significant breakthrough for the CCF giving it credibility as a national party where it has previously been seen as a Western Canadian regional protest party.

On November 1, 1944, General [[Andrew McNaughton]] was appointed to Cabinet as [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Minister of Defence]] without having a seat in parliament, after his predecessor resigned during the [[Conscription Crisis of 1944]]. A by-election was arranged in [[Grey North (federal electoral district)|Grey North]] which the opposition [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative party]] contested. The major campaign issue became the government's policy of "limited conscription" during World War II, which McNaughton supported, and which the Conservatives rejected. They called, instead, for "full conscription". McNaughton was defeated in the February 1945 by-election. As a result, with confidence in his government undermined, Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] called the [[1945 Canadian federal election|1945 federal election]] several weeks later; originally he had intended to postpone the election until the war was clearly won. McNaughton sought a seat in the 1945 contest but was again defeated, and resigned shortly after.

The most recent example of a cabinet minister appointed from outside parliament having to resign after losing a by-election was in 1975, when Minister of Communications [[Pierre Juneau]] was appointed to [[Pierre Trudeau]]'s Liberal cabinet directly from the private sector, and tried to enter parliament through a by-election in [[Hochelaga (electoral district)|Hochelaga]]. Juneau unexpectedly lost to the Progressive Conservative candidate and resigned from cabinet 10 days after his by-election defeat.

In [[Ontario]], [[John Tory]], leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]] ran in a 2009 by-election in [[Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock (provincial electoral district)|Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock]], after he convinced one of his caucus members to step down, in hopes of re-entering the [[Ontario legislature]]. His by-election defeat resulted in his resignation as party leader.

==== Hong Kong ====

In the [[March 2018 Hong Kong by-elections]], the [[pro-democracy camp]] lost their majority status for the first time in the [[Geographical constituency]] part of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] By-elections were held after six pro-democracy lawmakers were disqualified by the [[High Court of Hong Kong]] during the [[oath-taking controversy]]. The pro-democracy camp was considered safe in the de facto [[first past the post]] by-election because both pro-democracy camp and [[pro-Beijing camp]] would only nominate one candidate to fill in the by-election. However, the pro-democracy camp lost twice in [[Kowloon West (1998 constituency)|Kowloon West]], which had been considered a safe seat for them.

==== Singapore ====
{{main|By-elections in Singapore}}

Under Article 49(1) of the [[Constitution of Singapore]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963?ProvIds=pr49-#pr49- | title=Constitution of the Republic of Singapore – Singapore Statutes Online }}</ref> a by-election should be called for any vacancy arising from a constituency—particularly [[Single Member Constituency]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PEA1954?ProvIds=pr24-#pr24- | title=Parliamentary Elections Act 1954 – Singapore Statutes Online }}</ref>—within a reasonable time period.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elitigation.sg/gd/s/2013_SGCA_39 | title=[2013] Sgca 39 }}</ref> Since the introduction of partial self-governance in 1955, 34 by-elections have been held, and some have been major upsets:
* In the [[1957 Cairnhill by-election]], the then-ruling [[Labour Front]] government saw its vote collapse to 19.23% from 47.58% in the [[1955 Singaporean general election|previous general election]].
* Each by-election in 1961 was important for the survival of the ruling party's small majority.
** After being dismissed as the [[Ministry of National Development (Singapore)|Minister for National Development]], [[Ong Eng Guan]] resigned his seat. Standing in the [[1961 Singaporean by-elections|1961 by-election in Hong Lim]] as an independent, he polled 73.31% of the vote, the largest loss of votes for an incumbent party in a by-election.
** The [[1961 Singaporean by-elections|1961 by-election in Anson]] saw a comeback by the opposition leader, the [[Workers' Party (Singapore)|Workers' Party]] Chairperson and former Chief Minister, [[David Marshall (Singaporean politician)|David Marshall]].
* In the [[1981 Anson by-election]], the Workers' Party Secretary-General [[J. B. Jeyaretnam]] broke the ruling PAP's monopoly in Parliament, marking the first opposition presence since 1966 and the re-entry of the Workers' Party into Singapore's legislature since 1961.
* The [[2013 Punggol East by-election]] was the first time the [[People's Action Party]] lost a seat in a by-election since 1981 and the last time the ruling party failed to retain a constituency in a by-election.

==== Ireland ====

A [[2014 Dublin South-West by-election|by-election]] held in [[Dublin South-West]] during 2014 provided a very surprising upset. The [[Sinn Féin]] candidate, Cathal King, was the favourite to take the seat. Sinn Féin had done extremely well in the area during [[2014 Irish local elections|that year's local elections]]. Sinn Féin captured high percentages of the first preference vote across the constituency. However, the [[Anti-Austerity Alliance]] candidate, [[Paul Murphy (Irish politician)|Paul Murphy]], was elected on the eighth count. Although Murphy had received a lower first preference total than Cathal King, he outperformed the Sinn Féin candidate in attracting transfers. Murphy then took his seat in the [[31st Dáil]]. As a direct result of this defeat in the by-election, Sinn Féin hardened their stance against [[Irish Water]] and called for the complete abolition of water charges in Ireland.

==== United Kingdom ====
In 1965, the [[British Foreign Secretary]] [[Patrick Gordon Walker]] stood in the [[1965 Leyton by-election|Leyton by-election]] for election to the [[UK Parliament]], having been defeated in controversial circumstances in [[Smethwick in the 1964 general election|Smethwick]] at the previous year's [[1964 United Kingdom general election|general election]]. His appointment as a senior minister while not a member of either house of Parliament was against convention, and he therefore sought to regularise the position by standing in the first available by-election, which was at [[Leyton]] in January 1965. However a strong swing against Labour resulted in Gordon Walker's defeat: as a result, he resigned as Foreign Secretary.

==== United States ====

In 2010, [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Scott Brown (politician)|Scott Brown]] defeated [[Martha Coakley]] in the [[2010 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|Massachusetts special election to the United States Senate]]. Coakley, a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], had been widely expected to win, but Brown unexpectedly closed the gap and won, a shocking result in the heavily-Democratic state of Massachusetts. This eliminated the Democratic Party's [[Filibuster in the United States Senate|filibuster-proof]] majority of 60 votes and ended 53 of the 56 years ruled by the [[Kennedy family]]. Another upset occurred in the [[2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama|2017 special election in Alabama]], one of the most heavily Republican states in the nation. Democrat [[Doug Jones (politician)|Doug Jones]] defeated Republican [[Roy Moore]] in a close race after Moore was [[Roy Moore sexual misconduct allegations|accused of sexual assault by multiple women]].

== See also ==

* [[UK parliamentary by-elections]]
* [[Widow's succession]]
* [[Types of democracy]]
* Lists of by-elections and special elections by jurisdiction
** Australia: [[List of Australian federal by-elections]]
*** New South Wales: [[List of New South Wales state by-elections]]
*** Northern Territory: [[List of Northern Territory by-elections]]
*** Queensland: [[List of Queensland state by-elections]]
*** South Australia: [[List of South Australian House of Assembly by-elections]]
*** Victoria: [[List of Victorian state by-elections]]
*** Western Australia: [[List of Western Australian state by-elections]]
** Canada: [[List of federal by-elections in Canada]]
*** Alberta: [[List of Alberta by-elections]]
*** British Columbia: [[List of British Columbia by-elections]]
*** Manitoba: [[List of Manitoba by-elections]]
*** New Brunswick: [[List of New Brunswick by-elections]]
*** Newfoundland and Labrador: [[List of Newfoundland and Labrador by-elections]]
*** Nova Scotia: [[List of Nova Scotia by-elections]]
*** Ontario: [[List of Ontario by-elections]]
*** Saskatchewan: [[List of Saskatchewan by-elections]]
*** Quebec: [[List of Quebec by-elections]]
*** Yukon: [[List of Yukon by-elections]]
** Dominica: [[List of by-elections in Dominica]]
** Falkland Islands: [[List of Falkland Islands by-elections]]
** France: [[List of by-elections to the National Assembly (France)]]
** Hong Kong: [[List of Hong Kong by-elections]]
** Hungary: [[List of Hungarian by-elections]]
** Jamaica: [[Jamaican parliamentary by-elections]]
** Ireland: [[List of Dáil by-elections]], [[List of Seanad by-elections]]
** Italy: [[By-elections in Italy]]
** Liberia: [[List of by-elections in Liberia]]
** Malaysia: [[List of parliamentary by-elections in Malaysia]]
*** States in Malaysia: [[List of state by-elections in Malaysia]]
** Nauru: [[List of Nauruan parliamentary by-elections]]
** New Zealand: [[List of New Zealand by-elections]]
** Philippines: [[List of special elections in the Philippines]]
** Solomon Islands: [[List of Solomon Islands by-elections]]
** South Korea: [[List of South Korea by-elections]]
** Tuvalu: [[List of by-elections in Tuvalu]]
** United Kingdom: [[Lists of United Kingdom by-elections]]
** United States:
*** [[List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives]]
*** [[List of special elections to the United States Senate]]
** Zimbabwe: [[2022 Zimbabwean by-elections]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/ese/ese06 Electing Local Authorities]—article from the [http://www.aceproject.org ACE Project]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:By-Election}}
[[Category:By-elections| ]]
[[Category:Elections by type]]

Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao

2026-04-23T05:47:12Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: Adding biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Dwarampudi Chandrasekhar Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Kakinada City Assembly constituency|Kakinada City]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Dwarampudi Chandrasekhar Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[Dwarampudi Chandrasekhar Reddy]]
| constituency1 = [[Kakinada City Assembly constituency|Kakinada City]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao''', popularly known as '''Konda Babu''', is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He has been elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing the [[Kakinada City Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kakinada City, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao @ Kondababu with 113014 defeats YSRCP's Dwarampudi Chandrasekhara Reddy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kakinada-city-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548230-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao @ Kondababu, TDP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao @ Kondababu, Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/andhra/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/vanamadi-venkateswara-rao-@-kondababu-01041-4 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

K. L. N. Prasad

2026-04-19T22:07:42Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: added data - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. L. N. Prasad
| birth_name =
| caption = Founder Of AndhraJyothy News Paper
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|07|27|1928|01|01|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = April 03, 1970
| term_end = July 16, 1987
| succeeding =
| successor =
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse = Prabhavati
| children = 7
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''K. L. N. Prasad''' (1928–1987) was an Indian politician. He was a [[Member of Parliament]] representing [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/p.pdf | title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="Rao2015">{{cite book|author=Dr N Bhaskara Rao|title=Chronicles of a village boy in New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_ICgAAQBAJ&pg=PT64|accessdate=17 April 2018|date=19 October 2015|publisher=Authorsupfront Publishing Services P L|isbn=978-93-84439-58-3|pages=64–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Link: Indian Newsmagazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9sxAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=17 April 2018|year=1982|page=32}}</ref><ref name="Sabha1980">{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha|title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_i83AAAAIAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Council of States Secretariat}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Y.S. Rajasekhara}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Indian mass media owners]]

Prabhat Kumar (civil servant)

2026-04-19T07:10:01Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: new bio

{{Short description|Biography}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabhat Kumar
| image = List of Indian Commissioners.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Shri Prabhat Kumar
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]]
| occupation = Civil servant
| years_active = 1994–present
| employer = [[Government of India]]
| organization = [[Indian Revenue Service (Custom and Indirect Taxes)]]
| known_for =
| title =
}}

'''Prabhat Kumar''' is an Indian civil servant who serves as a Principal Commissioner of Customs and Indirect Taxes under the [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC)]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Prabhat Kumar promoted as Principal Commissioner of Customs {{!}} |url=https://whispersinthecorridors.in/detail/104932-Prabhat+Kumar+promoted+as+Principal+Commissioner+of+Customs.html |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Whispersinthecorridors}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=Prabhat Kumar IRS transferred to DG Nachin Mumbai ZTI {{!}} Indian Bureaucracy {{!}} IAS, IPS, IFS Transfers, Government Appointments & PSU News |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/prabhat-kumar-irs-transferred-to-dg-nachin-mumbai-zti/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://dri.nic.in/writereaddata/imcaseupload/Order_No._59_.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511183827/https://dri.nic.in/writereaddata/imcaseupload/Order_No._59_.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=dri.nic.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar joined the Indian Revenue Service in 1994. In the year 2025, he serves as Principal Additional Director General at the [[National Academy of Customs Indirect Taxes and Narcotics|National Academy of Customs, Indirect Taxes and Narcotics (NACIN)]], the apex training institution for officers in the indirect tax domain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Academy of Customs, Indirect Taxes & Narcotics |url=https://www.nacin.gov.in/ZCMumbai/ZCDirectory.html |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=www.nacin.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-07 |title=CBIC: Govt elevates three senior IRS officers to Principal Commissioner rank |url=https://legendofficers.com/cbic-govt-elevates-three-senior-irs-officers-to-principal-commissioner-rank/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=LegendOfficers.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024, Kumar was elected chairman of [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)]] alumni [[PanIIT Alumni India]] for the term 2025–2027. PanIIT is the umbrella organization representing alumni from all Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). He previously served as global president of the [[IIT Delhi]] alumni association.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=PanIIT Alumni India Elects IIT Delhi Alumnus Prabhat Kumar, IRS, as Chairman |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/paniit-alumni-india-elects-iit-delhi-alumnus-prabhat-kumar-irs-as-chairman-6449 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Delhi Alumni Association |url=https://iitdalumni.com/f/-Congratulations-Mr-Prabhat-Kumar-IRS-on-being-appointed-as-the-Chairman-of-PanIIT-Alumni-India-PIAI-42074 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=iitdalumni.com}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Prabhat}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kumbh Express

2026-04-17T06:22:22Z

Stickerlabelingmachine:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Kumbh Express
| image = Kumbha_Express_-_Train_board.jpg
| caption = Kumbha Express train board.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|12|31}}
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| ridership = Reviews indicate the train frequently deals with overcrowding, particularly in sleeper class, with unauthorized passengers occupying seats.
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH)
| stops = 25
| end = {{stnlnk|Dehradun}} (DDN)
| distance = {{convert|1589|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 29 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = 5 days a week
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Rake sharing with 13035/13036 [[Upasana Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 13037 / 13038
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|54|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 13037 / 13038 '''Kumbh Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Dehradun}} in India. The train was introduced in 2009 between {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Haridwar}}. Later it was extended to {{stnlnk|Dehradun}} on 13 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/kumbh-mela-2021-railways-extends-kumbh-express-from-howrah-to-dehradun-for-commuters-details-inside-10022067|title=Kumbh Mela 2021: Railways extends Kumbh Express from Howrah to Dehradun for commuters | Details inside|date=8 January 2021}}</ref>

It operates as train number 13037 from Howrah Junction to Dehradun and as train number 13038 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]. This train is also widely considered as the fastest train in the route of Howrah to Dehradun with also a high priority.

==Coaches==

The train presently has 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|First AC]], 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], 4 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Pantry Car]], 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper class]], 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Unreserved/General]], 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|SLR]] (Seating cum Luggage Rake) & 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|EOG]] (End On Generator Car) coaches additionally, it also has a [[pantry car]]. As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 13037 Kumbh Express covers the distance of 1589 kilometres in 29 hours 10 mins (54 km/h) and 29 hours 30 mins as 13038 Kumbh Express (54 km/h).

==Routeing==

The 13037/13038 Kumbha Express runs from Howrah via {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Chittaranjan}},
{{stnlnk|Madhupur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jasidih}}, {{stnlnk|Jhajha}},
{{stnlnk|Jamui}},
{{stnlnk|Kiul}},
{{stnlnk|Mokama}},
{{stnlnk|Bakhtiyarpur Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Buxar}},
{{stnlnk|Dildarnagar Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Sultanpur Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Maharaja Bijli Pasi}},
{{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}, {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Moradabad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Laksar Junction}},
{{stnlnk|Haridwar}} to
Dehradun

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Loco Shed]]-based [[Howrah railway station|HWH]] [[WAP-5]]/[[WAP-7]] locomotive from Howrah to Dehradun and vice versa.

==Timings==

* 13037 Kumbh Express leaves Howrah Junction every day except Tuesday and Friday at 13:00 hrs IST and reaches Dehradun at 18:10 hrs IST the next day.
* 13038 Kumbh Express leaves Dehradun every day except Wednesday and Saturday at 21:45 hrs IST and reaches Howrah Junction at 03:15 hrs IST on the second day.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 13035/13036 [[Upasana Express]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wqun9aLA838|title=[HD] 12370 Kumbha Express overtakes 12238 Begampura Express at Baksha - YouTube|publisher=youtube.com|accessdate=2014-04-30}}
*http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/er/notice/1382605760900_Tender%20Notice.pdf

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate= 8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumbha Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Trains from Haridwar]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Nurpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:16Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: new details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nurpur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 6
| map_image = 6-Nurpur constituency.svg
| mla = [[Ranbir Singh Nikka]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:91269}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Department, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://himachal.nic.in/showfile.php?lang=1&dpt_id=6&level=1&sublinkid=21406&lid=19924 |access-date=2022-09-20 |website=himachal.nic.in}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Nurpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. [[Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh|Nurpur]] is part of [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Nurpur Assembly constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/nurpur.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. Singh ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Kewal Singh ||
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3| [[Sat Mahajan]]
|rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Kewal Singh
|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Sat Mahajan]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1996 By-Election
|[[Ranjit Singh Bakshashi]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Rakesh Pathania]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Sat Mahajan]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Rakesh Pathania]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Ajay Mahajan]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Rakesh Pathania]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ranbir Singh Nikka]]
|
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranbir Singh Nikka]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=44,132 |percentage=62.45% |change={{increase}}8.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Mahajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,380 |percentage=35.92% |change={{decrease}}7.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sali Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=325 |percentage=0.46% |change={{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=302 |percentage=0.43% |change={{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manisha Kumari |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=286 |percentage=0.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Singh Dhadwal |party=Independent politician |votes=239 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,752 |percentage=26.54% |change= {{increase}}16.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,664 |percentage=75.40% |change= {{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,717 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Pathania]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,871 |percentage=53.82% |change={{increase}}41.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Mahajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,229 |percentage=43.57% |change={{decrease}}2.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harnam Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=484 |percentage=0.75% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=454 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,642 |percentage=10.25% |change= {{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,790 |percentage=77.97% |change= {{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,099 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Mahajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,546 |percentage=46.31% |change={{increase}}8.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Pathania]] |party=Independent politician |votes=23,179 |percentage=40.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ranbir Singh Nikka]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,868 |percentage=11.98% |change={{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sali Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=346 |percentage=0.60% |change={{decrease}}9.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N.S Pathania |party=Himachal Swabhiman Party |votes=338 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,367 |percentage=5.87% |change= {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,318 |percentage=76.75% |change= {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,679 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}15.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Pathania]] |party=Independent politician |votes=29,128 |percentage=44.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Mahajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,963 |percentage=38.06% |change={{decrease}}15.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kewal Singh Pathania |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,570 |percentage=10.02% |change={{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malvika Pathania |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,003 |percentage=6.10% |change={{decrease}}31.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhaju Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=345 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narendar Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=335 |percentage=0.51% |change={{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,165 |percentage=6.35% |change= {{decrease}}9.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,582 |percentage=74.38% |change= {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,170 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur<ref name="Election Commission of India">{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sat Mahajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,049 |percentage=53.20% |change={{increase}}7.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Pathania]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,450 |percentage=37.27% |change={{decrease}}13.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh Bakshashi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,852 |percentage=4.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=984 |percentage=1.63% |change={{decrease}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=676 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harnam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=617 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Pal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=447 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,599 |percentage=15.93% |change= {{increase}}10.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,244 |percentage=78.69% |change= {{increase}}3.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,740 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur<ref name="Election Commission of India">{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Pathania]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,516 |percentage=50.33% |change={{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh Bakshashi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,110 |percentage=45.39% |change={{decrease}}2.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,633 |percentage=3.35% |change={{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,406 |percentage=4.94% |change= {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,710 |percentage=75.35% |change= {{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,232 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|1996 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Nurpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh Bakshashi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,511 |percentage=47.81% |change={{decrease}}15.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Pathania]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,422 |percentage=45.27% |change={{increase}}14.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,847 |percentage=6.64% |change={{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,089 |percentage=2.54% |change= {{decrease}}30.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,900 |percentage=68.23% |change= {{decrease}}10.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,176 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sat Mahajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,961 |percentage=63.31% |change={{increase}}18.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Megh Raj Awasthi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,870 |percentage=30.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,437 |percentage=5.33% |change={{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,091 |percentage=32.99% |change= {{increase}}24.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,744 |percentage=78.51% |change= {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,598 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kewal Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=21,879 |percentage=52.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sat Mahajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,436 |percentage=44.34% |change={{decrease}}17.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gobind Ram Hitor |party=Independent politician |votes=395 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=356 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Choudhary |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=223 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,443 |percentage=8.28% |change= {{decrease}}17.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,577 |percentage=74.88% |change= {{decrease}}3.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,855 |ref = |change= {{increase}}36.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sat Mahajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,643 |percentage=62.02% |change={{increase}}11.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Megh Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,460 |percentage=36.18% |change={{increase}}28.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Kishore |party=Independent politician |votes=306 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prita Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,183 |percentage=25.84% |change= {{increase}}15.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,673 |percentage=78.28% |change= {{decrease}}4.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,877 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sat Mahajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,384 |percentage=50.54% |change={{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kewal Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=12,085 |percentage=39.70% |change={{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Megh Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,192 |percentage=7.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pyare Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=177 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,299 |percentage=10.84% |change= {{increase}}4.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,437 |percentage=83.50% |change= {{increase}}7.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,065 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sat Mahajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,617 |percentage=51.09% |change={{increase}}9.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kewal Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=11,105 |percentage=44.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=383 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=210 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harcharan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=132 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,512 |percentage=6.12% |change= {{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,697 |percentage=75.56% |change= {{increase}}13.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,221 |ref = |change= {{increase}}41.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}1.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kewal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,079 |percentage=49.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satya Prakash |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,949 |percentage=41.85% |change={{decrease}}5.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,187 |percentage=8.35% |change={{increase}}3.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,130 |percentage=7.95% |change= {{decrease}}18.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,215 |percentage=62.09% |change= {{increase}}8.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,514 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nurpur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,878 |percentage=47.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rattan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,591 |percentage=21.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,239 |percentage=18.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Chand |party=Communist Party of India |votes=611 |percentage=4.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kumar |party=Swatantra Party |votes=556 |percentage=4.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Raj |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=448 |percentage=3.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,287 |percentage=26.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,323 |percentage=55.73% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,535 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Kangra district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|32.3|75.89|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:34Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pedakurapadu
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (85- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Bhashyam Praveen]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]<ref>{{Cite web
|url= https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/subdivision-blocks/
|title= Mandals
|website= palnadu.ap.gov.in
|access-date=2025-08-25
}}</ref>
| loksabha_cons = [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
| constituency_no = 85
| reservation = None
| established = 1955
| electors = 222,675
| type = SLA
}}

'''Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Palnadu district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects represtatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url= https://chanakyya.com/Assembly-Details/AndhraPradesh/Pedakurapadu
|title= Assembly Constituency Details Pedakurapadu
|website=chanakyya.com
|access-date=2025-07-27
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Bhashyam Praveen]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pedakurapadu Assembly Election Results 2024: Pedakurapadu Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/pedakurapadu-constituency-result-1085 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 222,675 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Bellamkonda]]
|-
| [[Atchampet mandal, Palnadu district|Atchampet]]
|-
| [[Krosuru]]
|-
| [[Amaravathi mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Amaravathi]]
|-
| [[Pedakurapadu]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| rowspan=3 |Ganapa Ramaswamy Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Pathimunnisa Begam
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Ganapa Ramaswamy Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Allamsetti Viseswara Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Kasaraneni Sadasivarao]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=4|[[Kanna Lakshmi Narayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2|Kommalapati Sridhar
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Namburu Sankara Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Bhashyam Praveen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2024"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Bhashyam Praveen]]|votes=1,12,957|percentage=53.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Namburu Sankara Rao]]
|votes = 91,868
|percentage = 43.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pamidi Nageswara Rao|votes=1,290|percentage=0.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,184|percentage=0.57|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 21,089 |percentage=10.08|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,09,298|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2024"/>

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2019 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Namburu Sankara Rao]]|votes=99577|percentage=50.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kommalapati Sridhar]]|votes=85473|percentage=43.19|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14104|percentage=7.12|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=197887|percentage|percentage=88.81|change=-0.43}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222800|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2014 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kommalapati Sreedhar]]|votes=90,310|percentage=50.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Bolla Brahma Naidu]]|votes=81,114|percentage=45.21|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,196|percentage=5.12|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=179,421|percentage=89.24|change=+5.36}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,155|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2009 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kommalapati Sreedhar]]|votes=69,013|percentage=45.63|change=+5.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Noorjahan Pathan]]|votes=59,135|percentage=39.10|change=-17.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Basu Linga Reddy]]|votes=14,760|percentage=9.76|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,878|percentage=6.53|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=151,249|percentage=82.88|change=+9.25}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,999|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 2004 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kanna Lakshmi Narayana]]|votes=76,912|percentage=56.72|change=+8.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Revathi Rosaiah Doppalapudi]]|votes=54,791|percentage=40.41|change=-5.72}}
{{Election box majority||votes=22,121|percentage=16.31|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=135,591|percentage=73.63|change=+5.20}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,142|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kanna Lakshmi Narayana]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=62,197|percentage=48.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sambasiva Reddy Venna]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=59,349|percentage=46.13%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,848 |percentage=2.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=132,083|percentage=70.26%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,999|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kanna Lakshmi Narayana]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=68,677 |percentage=53.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sambasiva Reddy Venna]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=56,555|percentage=43.74%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,122 |percentage=9.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=131,725|percentage=74.84%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,999|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kanna Lakshmi Narayana]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=67,149 |percentage=54.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kasaraneni Sadasivarao]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=55,167|percentage=44.64%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,982 |percentage=9.70% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=127,189|percentage=72.08%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,455|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kasaraneni Sadasivarao]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=49,051 |percentage=50.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Syed Mahaboob]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=41,222|percentage=42.59%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,829|percentage=8.09% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=99,598|percentage=71.91%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,513 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate = [[Viseswara Rao Allamsetti]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=50,700 |percentage=60.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ganapa Ramaswamy Reddy]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=29,682|percentage=35.35%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,018 |percentage=25.03% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=85,383|percentage=66.36%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,662 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Janata Party|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ganapa Ramaswamy Reddy]]|party= Janata Party |votes=45,052 |percentage=49.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Syed Mahaboob]]|party=Indian National Congress (I)|votes=41,757|percentage=46.25%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Fathi Munnisa Begum]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,591|percentage=1.76%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,295 |percentage=3.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=92,312|percentage=71.30%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,475 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Janata Party |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Fathi Munnisa Begum]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=45,583 |percentage=60.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ganapa Ramaswamy Reddy]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=29,063|percentage=38.29%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,520 |percentage=21.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=77,441|percentage=73.10%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,937 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ganapa Ramaswamy Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=38,228 |percentage=62.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pathumbaka Venkatapathi]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=17,709|percentage=28.78%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,519 |percentage=33.34% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=64,289|percentage=70.75%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,874 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ganapa Ramaswamy Reddy]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=17,720 |percentage=41.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pathumbaka Venkatapathi]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=15,444|percentage=36.06%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,276 |percentage=5.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=45,079|percentage=61.82%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,925 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Krishikar Lok Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Pedakurapadu<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1955 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | website= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= [[Ganapa Ramaswamy Reddy]]|party= Krishikar Lok Party |votes=24,078 |percentage=57.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Darsi Lakshamaiah]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=17,879|percentage=42.61%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,199 |percentage=14.77% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=41,957|percentage=63.66%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,900 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Krishikar Lok Party ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.47|80.25|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Palnadu district}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Palnadu district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Malakpet Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:15Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: made new details initial version.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malakpet
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (58-Malakpet highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Malakpet Assembly constituency within Telangana
| district = [[Hyderabad district, India| Hyderabad]]
| division =
| state = [[Telangana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
| constituency_no = 58
| established = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1951}}
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Ahmed bin Abdullah Balala]]
| party = {{party index link|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| electors = 2,61,705
}}

'''Malakpet Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is one of 15 constituencies in the capital city of [[Hyderabad]]. It is part of [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Ahmed bin Abdullah Balala]] of [[AIMIM]] is representing the constituency for third time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aimim.in/ahmed-bin-abdullah-balala/ |title=Ahmed Bin Abdullah Balala | All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |access-date=2015-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222095014/http://www.aimim.in/ahmed-bin-abdullah-balala/ |archive-date=2015-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="election2018" />

==Extent of the constituency==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following [[neighbourhood]]s:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Neighbourhood
|-
| [[Malakpet]]
|-
| [[Saidabad]]
|-
| [[Chanchalguda]]
|-
| [[Azampura]]
|-
| [[Moosarambagh]]
|-
| [[Gaddiannaram]] (part)
|-
| [[Chaderghat]]
|-
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
| 1952
| Abdul Rahman
| {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 1957
|rowspan=2| Mir Ahmed Ali Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 1962
|-
| 1967
|rowspan=2| [[Sarojini Pulla Reddy]]
|-
| 1972
|-
| 1978
| Kandala Prabhakar Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1983
|rowspan=2| [[Indrasena Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1985
|-
| 1989
| P. Sudhir Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1994
| [[Malreddy Ranga Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 1999
| [[Indrasena Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2004
| [[Malreddy Ranga Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2009
| rowspan=1|[[Ahmed bin Abdullah Balala]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=1}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
|-
| 2014<ref name=election2014/>
| rowspan=3|[[Ahmed bin Abdullah Balala]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2018<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|2023
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Malakpet}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| candidate = Ahmed Balala
| votes = 55,805
| percentage = 42.27%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Shaikh Akbar
| votes = 29,699
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Samreddy Surender Reddy
| votes = 23,731
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Teegala Ajith Reddy
| votes = 18,646
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = Other
| candidate = Other
| votes = 5,024
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 881
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 26,106
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,32,024
|percentage = 42.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Malakpet<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| candidate = [[Ahmed bin Abdullah Balala|Ahmed Balala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/42780/266|title=IndiaVotes AC: Malakpet 2018|website=Indiavotes.com|access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref>
| votes = 53,281
| percentage = 42.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = Mohammed Muzaffar Ali Khan
| votes = 29,769
| percentage = 23.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ale Jeetendra
| votes = 20,880
| percentage = 16.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = C Satish Kumar
| votes = 17,103
| percentage = 13.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 920
| percentage = 0.74
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 23,512
| percentage = 19.1
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Malakpet<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| candidate = [[Ahmed bin Abdullah Balala|Ahmed Balala]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS0158.htm?ac=58 |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |website=eciresults.nic.in |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518212311/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS0158.htm?ac=58 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| votes = 68,391
| percentage = 38.78
| change = +3.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = B. Venkat Reddy
| votes = 45,375
| percentage = 24.08
| change = -13.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = C. Satish Kumar
| votes = 11,378
| percentage = 18.6%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 23,263
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| swing = +2.97
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Malakpet]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.37|78.49|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Anjana (actress)

2026-04-13T14:22:19Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: Creating new data

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjana
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1988–1997
}}

'''Anjana''' is an Indian actress known for her roles in [[Kannada cinema]]. She was one of the most prominent actresses during the early 1990s and appeared in more than 20 films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=HT Kannada |title=Sandalwood News: ನೆನಪಿದ್ದಾರಾ ಅಜಗಜಾಂತರ ನಟಿ ಅಂಜನಾ; ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ತಮ ಅವಕಾಶಗಳಿದ್ದರೂ ಇದ್ದಕ್ಕಿದ್ದಂತೆ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಬಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ದು ಏಕೆ? |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-why-ajagajantara-movie-actress-anjana-left-kannada-film-industry-ondu-cinema-kathe-rsm-181690770900044.html |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808151640/https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-why-ajagajantara-movie-actress-anjana-left-kannada-film-industry-ondu-cinema-kathe-rsm-181690770900044.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Anjana debuted in ''[[Shabarimale Swamy Ayyappa]]'' (1990). Her breakthrough role was ''Ajagajantara'' (1991).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಕಾಶಿನಾಥ್‌ ಟಾಪ್‌ 5 ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/vk-gallery/actors/kashinath-top-5-movies/photoshow/62550789.cms |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801053148/https://vijaykarnataka.com/vk-gallery/actors/kashinath-top-5-movies/photoshow/62550789.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She starred in successful films like ''[[Ondu Cinema Kathe]]'' (1992), ''[[Hatamari Hennu Kiladi Gandu]]'' (1992), ''[[Nishkarsha]]'' (1993), ''[[Aathanka]]'' (1993), and [[Jaana (film)|''Jaana'']] (1994). Her other notable performances include ''[[Policena Hendthi]]'' (1991), ''[[Megha Mandara]]'' (1992)'','' ''[[Roshagara]]'' (1992), ''Looty Gang'' (1994), and ''[[Bangarada Kalasha]]'' (1995).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=ನೆನಪಿದ್ದರಾ ಅಜಗಜಾಂತರ ಚಿತ್ರದ ನಟಿ ಅಂಜನಾ??ಈಗ ಹೇಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಎಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾರ ಗೊತ್ತಾ? - Hindustan Prime |url=https://hindustanprime.in/2824 |access-date=24 July 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724040833/https://hindustanprime.in/2824 |url-status=live}}</ref> She quit film in 1997 and last appeared in ''Enoondre'' (1997) as [[Dheerendra Gopal]]'s granddaughter. She resides in Mumbai.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Rendum Rendum Anju]]'' (''Tamil'')
| Chithra
|-
| rowspan="4" |1990
|''[[Shabarimale Swamy Ayyappa]]''
|Mohini
|-
|''[[Neti Charitra]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neti Charitra (1990) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AFAY/info |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (Telugu)
|Mounica
|-
|''Kiladi Thatha''
|
|-
|''[[Police Bharya]]'' (Telugu)
|-
| rowspan="6" |1991
|''[[Ajagajantara]]''
|
|-
|''[[Policena Hendthi]]''
|
|-
|''[[Marikozhundhu]] (Tamil)''
| Uma
|-
|''Central Rowdy''
|
|-
|''[[Intlo Pilli Veedhilo puli]] (Telugu)''
| Devi
|-
|''Veera Dheera''
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1992
|''[[Roshagara]]''
|Priya
|-
|''[[Ondu Cinema Kathe]]''
|Radha
|-
|''Nanna Thangi''
|
|-
|''[[Mysore Jaana]]''
|
|-
|''[[Megha Mandara]]''
|Sneha
|-
|''[[Hatamari Hennu Kiladi Gandu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1993
|''[[Nishkarsha]]''
|Durga
|-
|''Mojina Maduve''
|
|-
|''[[Aathanka]]''
|
|-
|''[[Kiladigalu]]''
|Inspector Anjana
|-
| rowspan="3" |1994
|''[[Jaana (film)|Jaana]]''
|Beena
|-
|''Gopi Kalyana''
|Sharada
|-
|''Looti Gang''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995
|''[[Bangarada Kalasha]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ganeshana Galate]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996
|''Veera Bhadra''
|
|-
|''Thali Pooje''
|
|-
|1997
|''Enoondre''
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|10593717}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anjana}}
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
{{Improve categories|date=November 2023}}

Timotheos Thomas

2026-04-08T05:15:55Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: Adding page

{{Short description|Metropolitan of Kottayam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific_prefix = [[His Eminence]] "Naheero" [[Mar (title)|Mor]]
| name = Mor Timotheos Thomas
| honorific_suffix = [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] of [[Kottayam]] Diocese, Secretary to the Holy Episcopal Synod
| title = Kottayam Diocesan Metropolitan & Secretary to the Holy Episcopal Synod
| image = H.G Thomas Mor Thimothios.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| church = [[Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = Kottayam Diocese
| see = [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Holy Apostolic See of Antioch & All East]]
| elected = 
| term = 
| quashed = 
| predecessor = [[Geevarghese Mor Gregorios]], Kottayam Diocese & [[Thomas Mor Theophilose]],(Outside Kerala Diocese)
| successor =
| opposed =
| other_post = 
| ordination = 21 May 1975 (Kassisso)
| ordained_by = [[Baselios Paulose II]] Catholicos
| consecration = 3 January 1991
| consecrated_by = [[Baselios Paulose II]] Catholicos
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|7|11}}
| birth_place = Areeparambu, [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| buried = 
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| religion = [[Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church]]
| residence = St.Joseph's Cathedral Kottayam
| parents = Mr. Kurian Kuruvilla and Mrs. Annamma Kuruvilla
| spouse = 
| children =
| occupation =
| profession = 
| education = B.D. and M.Th in Theology, United Theological College, Bangalore
| alma_mater = [[University of Erlangen-Nuremberg|Erlangen-Nuremberg University]]
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
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| coat_of_arms_alt = 
| feast_day =
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| saint_title =
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}}
'''Mor Timotheos Thomas''' is the Metropolitan of [[Kottayam]] Diocese and Secretary to the Holy Episcopal Synod of the [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]. Mor Themotheos Thomas was ordained as the Metropolitan of the Outside Kerala Diocese on 3 January 1991 by Mor [[Baselios Paulose II]] Catholicos of the East.<ref name="syrianchurch.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.syrianchurch.org/bio/MalankaraPrelates/bio_TimThomas.htm|title=Mor Thimotheos Thomas|website=www.syrianchurch.org|accessdate=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222210307/https://www.syrianchurch.org/bio/MalankaraPrelates/bio_TimThomas.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niranamdiocese.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=75|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004033537/http://www.niranamdiocese.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=75|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 October 2011|title=Bishops|last=Administrator|website=www.niranamdiocese.org|accessdate=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/church-denies-burial-to-priyankas-granny-for-marrying-a-hindu/43186|title=Church denies burial to Priyanka's granny for marrying a Hindu |publisher=[[Times Now]] |date=12 July 2016 |accessdate=19 March 2018}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:His Gracious.jpg|thumb|His Eminence at Baptism]]
Thomas was born on 11 July 1949 in the Muriyankal family of the Lakkattoor village (Kottayam District, Kerala, India) to Kurian Kuruvilla and Annamma Kuruvilla, the sixth of their eight children.

== Education ==
Thomas had his initial primary education in the village CMS (the Anglican Church Missionary Society) School. Middle School and High School education were completed at the Amayannoor High School. In 1964, while in the ninth grade, Thomas was ordained Korooyo by Mor Philoxenos Paulose (later Catholicose [[Baselios Paulose II]]) who was then Metropolitan of the Kottayam diocese. His parish priest, Corepiscopus Thomas Mattathil, imparted early instruction in Syriac and liturgical rites. Having completed the Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC) examination in 1965, Thomas joined the [[Baselius College]], Kottayam, for the Pre-Degree course. Subsequently, he joined the [[CMS college]], Kottayam, where he continued till 1972, graduating with bachelor's and master's degrees in English literature.<ref name="syrianchurch.org" />

== Theological education ==
[[File:Holy Baptism at Manjanikara Dayaro.jpg|thumb|Holy Baptism ceremony held by Metropolitan H.E Thomas Mor Thimothios.]]
In 1973 Thomas joined the Old Seminary, Kottayam for theological studies. He could study there only for a year due to a volatile situation in the Malankara Church, which had its echoes on the Seminary too. Finding it difficult to continue, Thomas joined the [[Manjinikkara Dayara|Manjanikkara Dayro]] for Syriac Studies and priestly formation. Under the spiritual guidance of Jacob Madapattu Rabban (later Metropolitan Mor Yulius Ya`qub), he completed liturgical studies. During the one-year stay at the monastery, he completed a Bachelor of Education degree at the NSS Training College, Pandalam.

== Priesthood ==
While at the seminary, Metropolitan of Kottayam diocese [[Geevarghese Mor Gregorios (Perumpally Thirumeni)]] ordained him shamshono (full deacon). In 1975 Mor Philoxenos Paulose ordained him Kassisso (priest). Thereupon Thomas began to assist the vicar of his parish. Later he began to teach at the T.M. High School, Perumpilavu near Kunnamkulam. While teaching there, he assisted K.V. Kuriakose (later Mor Yulius Kuriakose), at the Simhasana Church, Kunnamkulam. When late Mor Philoxenos Paulose was consecrated Catholicose of the East, he invited Thomas to assist him at the Muvattupuzha Aramana. After a few months, Thomas was appointed vicar of the St. Mary's Church, Bangalore. This became a turning point in his life. He served in this capacity for eight years until 1984. During this period, along with his pastoral duties, Thomas completed the [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] and [[Master of Theology|M.Th.]] degrees from the [[United Theological College (Bangalore)|United Theological College]], [[Bangalore]]. St. Mary's Cathedral in Bangalore was built during this period.<ref name="syrianchurch.org" />

== Bishopric ==
[[File:His Eminence with Baby Girl 1.jpg|thumb|His Eminence Thomas Mor Thimothios Metropolitan with Baby Girl.]]
In 1984 Thomas became the [[vicar]] of St. Peter's Church, New Delhi, where he served for two years. In 1986 he left for Germany for higher studies and joined the [[University of Erlangen-Nuremberg|Erlangen-Nuremberg University]]. After completing studies in the German language, he moved to the Goettingen University in 1987 to pursue Syriac patristic studies. He returned to India in 1990, after being elected to the bishopric of the Outside Kerala diocese. On 3 January 1991, Thomas was ordained '''Mor Timotheos Thomas''' to assist the Metropolitan of the Outside Kerala diocese Mor Theophilos Thomas, who was getting old. On 12 January 1992 Theophilos Thomas died, and Mor Timotheos assumed full responsibility for the diocese.

The Metropolitan established his administrative office at Mulund, Bombay. A new publication, "The Vision" was started thereafter and continues to be published as a bilingual monthly. Following the [[1993 Latur earthquake]], Thomas Mor Timotheos launched a rehabilitation program with the support of the entire Church. A Gram Jyothi Social Welfare Centre was established at the Harangul village in Latur which served three villages with health clinics and educational programs. A mission center was organized at Anagalpura near Bangalore city and the center started functioning along with St. George's School.

In 1999 when the late Metropolitan of Kottayam Diocese, Gregorios Geevarghese fell ill, Mor Timotheos Thomas assumed responsibility for the Kottayam diocese. After Gregorios Geevarghese died on 22 February 1999, full responsibility for the diocese was entrusted to Mor Timotheos. In addition, Thomas Mor Timotheos assumed responsibilities as Assistant Metropolitan for the Southern Kerala Dioceses of Thumpamon, Niranam, and Quilon for a short period. He served as the President of the Youth League of the Malankara Church.
<ref>{{cite news|title=Mar Themothios back in the saddle|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Mar-Themothios-back-in-the-saddle/article14416067.ece|work=The Hindu|date=11 June 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Ecumenical activities ==
Mor Timotheos Thomas participated in the Vienna Consultations—the dialogue between the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Oriental Orthodox]] Churches. He represented the Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church in the eighth assembly of the [[World Council of Churches]], held at Zimbabwe in 1998. Thomas Mor Timotheos is a regular participant in forums hosted by the National Council of Churches in India (NCCI) and served for fours years as the President of NCCI Unit I. He was also a key participant in the dialogue between the Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church which produced breakthroughs in controversial issues such as inter-confessional marriages. {{As of|2013}} Thomas Mor Timotheos was the president of the [[Bible Society of India]], Kerala Auxiliary.

== Patriarchal honor ==
[[File:The Most Reverend Metropolitan H.G Thomas Mor Thimothios during the Sacrament of Baptism with the Holy Myron.jpg|thumb|The Most Reverend Metropolitan H.E Thomas Mor Thimothios during the Sacrament of Baptism with the Holy Myron.]]
Moran Mor Ignatius Zakka Ist Iwas, the Patriarch of Antioch and Supreme Head of the Universal Syrian Orthodox Church honored Mor Thimotheos with the title "NAHEERO" which means "Brilliant" as a token of appreciation to his valuable services to the Syriac Orthodox Church In India.

== Episcopal contributions ==

Mor Themotheos Thomas has significant role in the development of the present Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church in India, especially in the outside dioceses. The "Greater India Outside Arch diocese" under his jurisdiction is divided into 4 separate dioceses called Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi and Mylapore (Chennai) which are administered by different metropolitans now. The efforts and labor of Mor Themotheos significantly helped the present growth of outside Kerala Jacobite dioceses into a worth position. Mor Themotheos ordained 6 present metropolitans of the church into the priesthood " Kassiso". No other bishop in the Jacobite church has that record as of now. Priests ordained by Mor Themotheos serving as Bishops are Mor Osthatheos Pathrose (Bangalore), Mor Eusebious Kuriakose (Delhi), Mor Coorilose Geevargese (Niranam), Mor Phelexinos Zacharias (Idukki), Mor Alexandrios Thomas (Mumbai), and Mor Thimotheos Matthew (Former Patriarchal Secretary).

Mor Themotheos is the founder of pre-marital counseling programs in Jacobite Syrian church. First, he started it on his diocese, and later on it was implemented to the whole church. Mor Themotheos served as the President and Resident Metropolitan of M.S.O.T seminary for 9 years ( 1991–2000).Later Dr. Mor Theophilose Kuriakose succeeded him. Mor Themotheos served as a Professor of MSOT Seminary as well. He has very well depth knowledge about the Christian church history and proved his gifted talent as a well known scholar in the Patristic studies. He is very keen into the missionary activities of the Jacobite Church. "Anagalapura Mission Centre, Hosur Mission Centre and Mysore Road Mision Centre " are under his leadership is an emerging movement in the current mission field of Jacobite Syrian Church.

Mor Themotheos is elected as the "Secretary" to the Holy Episcopal Synod of the Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church in India by the regional synod of Church held on 2018 December.

== See also ==
* [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]]
* [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Jacobite Syrian Christian Metropolitans}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Timotheos}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church bishops]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]

J. Hassain

2026-04-07T15:49:38Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: added a pg - done

{{BLP sources|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. Hassain
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1943|10|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ranipet
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
| term_start1 = 1989
| term_end1 = 1991
| predecessor1 = [[M. Kadirvelu]]
| successor1 = [[N. G. Venugopal]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater = C. Abdul Hakeem College (BA), Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai (BL)
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Lorry Owner
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''J. Hassain''' (or J. Hassan) is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from the [[Ranipet]] area of the [[Ranipet district]]. Hassain, who completed his Bachelor of Arts degree at [[C. Abdul Hakeem College]] in [[Melvisharam]] and his Bachelor of Law degree at [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]] (Chennai Law College). He contested as an [[Independent politician|independent]] candidate in the [[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet assembly constituency]] in the [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], won, and became a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly WHO'S WHO 1989. Madras-9: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Secretariat, Madras 600009. 1989. p. 98.</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranipet<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=J. Hassain |party=Independent politician |votes=27,724 |percentage=30.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kuppusami |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,784 |percentage=25.80% |change=-7.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kovi Mohannan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,738 |percentage=17.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kadirvel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,813 |percentage=11.73% |change=-43.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Vilvanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,088 |percentage=10.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Govindaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,755 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=650 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,940 |percentage=4.27% |change= -18.27% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,179 |percentage=57.43% |change= -18.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,533 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -25.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hassain, J.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mount Mary College, Chümoukedima

2026-04-01T21:17:20Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Chümoukedima#Education]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
{{R from school}}
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Ponni C/O Rani

2026-03-31T16:10:19Z

Stickerlabelingmachine:

{{Short description|Tamil language soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image =
| genre = [[Soap opera]] [[Family]]
| creator = Radaan Mediaworks [[Radhika Sarathkumar]]
| writer = S. Kumaresan
| screenplay = S. Kumaresan
| creative_director = Radhika Sarathkumar
| director = N. Sundareshwaran (Episodes 1-133) S.S.Seravanan (Episodes 134-416) Rajan Maariyappan (Episodes 417-483)
| starring = Preethi Sanjeev Manohar Krishnan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_episodes = 483
| producer = Radhika Sarathkumar
| company = Radaan Mediaworks
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| music =
| cinematography = S. Sethupathi
| editor = R. Pooja
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes per epi
| channel = [[Kalaignar TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|06|27|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|01|20|df=yes}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''''Ponni C/O Rani''''' is a [[Tamil language]] family soap opera directed by Rajan Maariyappan (earlier by N. Sundareshwaran and S.S.Seravanan) and produced by Radaan Mediaworks with [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] as the Creative Director.

The show acts as a sequel to the 2013 series [[Vani Rani (TV series)|''Vaani Rani'']], with the characters Vaani and Rani shown in extended cameo appearances. To show the continuity, S. Kumaresan was finalised as the screenplayer and storywriter. R.Sethupathi was the Lead [[Cinematographer]] while R.Pooja was the Editing Head.

The show began on 27 June 2022 and ended on 20 January 2024 on [[Kalaignar TV]]. It was telecasted every Monday to Saturday and it is also shown on Kalaignar TV's [[YouTube]] channel. Promos and sneak-peeks were also uploaded by the channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/kalaignar-tv-bolsters-its-prime-time-line-up-with-two-new-fiction-shows-ponni-c-o-rani-and-kannethirey-thondrinal/|title=Kalaignar TV bolsters its Prime Time line up with two new fiction shows Ponni C/o Rani and Kannethirey Thondrinal|date=June 27, 2022 |publisher=www.medianews4u.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>

==Storyline==
The story continues from the end of [[Vani Rani (TV series)|''Vaani Rani'']]. The plot is centered on Vaani and Rani's best friend Ponni's life. Ponni is a young woman married to Rajaram. They both were blessed with four children, Surya, Chandru, Aishwarya and Priya. Rajaram has an elder sister Visalam whose husband is Vinayagam. Pounu who was Ponni's close friend and her family (husband Naagapan and son Senthil) also stayed in Ponni's house until they shifted to their village.

'''Theme 1 (episode 1 to 174):''' In the past, a long time before Ponni and Rajaram's marriage, Rajaram was engaged with a woman [[Pushpavalli]]. Visalam and Vinayagam were arranging the marriage ceremony. However, on the marriage day, Pushpavalli deserted Rajaram and ran away from Chennai with her lover Anand to Mumbai. Rajaram went to extent of committing suicide, but he was stopped by Vinayagam. After a long time, he was finally married to Ponni. Thereafter, his life became prosperous, and he was leading a company named Ponni Mills. Twenty-five years after his marriage with Ponni, Pushpavalli shifts back to Chennai and gets to know about Rajaram's prosperity. She feels jealous. The storyline is based on how Pushpavalli tries to enter into Rajaram's life and breaks his family apart without Ponni getting to know about their past. This storyline also features the involvement of Vaani and Rani at certain instances.

'''Theme 2 (episode 1 to 174):''' Ponni's son Surya was dating a girl, Pavithra. However, he was not willing to tell the same to his parents. But, when Rajaram's rich friend Manickam came asking Surya's hand for his daughter Swetha, Surya's greed for money made him betray Pavithra and run after Swetha. Their marriage was arranged with several problems. On their marriage day, due to the involvement of Vaani and Rani, Surya changed his mind and wished to marry Pavithra. In the wish of having Swetha as his daughter in law, Rajaram decided to get his other son Chandru married to Swetha. This storyline is focused on how the secret of Surya-Pavithra's relationship gets out followed after how Chandru-Swetha manage to live with each other against their will.

'''Theme 3 (episode 175 to 229):''' After a long time, Pushpavalli, her husband (Anand) and daughter (Bhuvana) were killed in a car accident. Her other daughter Pooja was under the impression that Rajaram was the cause of the accident and vowed to go against Rajaram's family. Ponni, by her kind nature, allows Pooja to stay in her house, unaware of her wrong intentions. Rani, due to her sharp wit gets to know about Pooja's intentions and plays a key role in revealing Pooja's true identity.

'''Theme 4 (episode 213 to 436):''' A nemesis, Maya entered into Ponni's life. She was also running a Mill Company (Rajaram's rival company). She joined hands with Pooja and tried to bring down Ponni and Rajaram's company. After she lost the office-faceoff, it was revealed that Maya was Ponni's long-lost stepsister. In the past, Ponni's father Velusamy married another lady Devanae who gave birth to Malar. Malar was later renamed to Maya. This storyline was mainly centered on the clash between the two sisters where Ponni was not aware of her sisterly relationship with Maya. After getting to know the truth, the storyline also covers the consequences of this bond between the two rivals.

'''Theme 5 (episode 250 to 442):''' Surya's tea shop had an employee Chinnathambi who was in love with Ponni's daughter Aishwarya. She also began to share feelings for him. However, Rajaram detested Chinnathambi. Coincidentally, Chinnathambi's marriage was fixed with his cousin Malli by Malli's father Muthupandi against Chinnathambi's will. Later, Aishwarya and Chinnathambi with the help of Maya ran to a [[hill station]] and married secretly. After their marriage, to wreak havoc in Ponni's family, Maya engaged Malli to rebel against Chinnathambi leading to Chinnathambi and Aishwarya getting separated for a while due to a misunderstanding. With the help of Rani, the couple gains trust and reunites together.

'''Theme 6 (episode 273 to 478):''' Swetha could not give birth to a baby, which is why Bharathi was chosen as the surrogate mother. However, Bharathi started to have feelings for Chandru, leading to Swetha detesting her. Thereafter, Swetha became pregnant, but Bharathi continued to be in touch with Chandru and later on married him secretly as well. Chandru was seen showing a lot of care and love for Bharathi which made Swetha get a doubt whether Chandru loves Bharathi. This storyline is focused on the truth of Chandru's feelings and marriage secret to come out, facing the consequences.

'''Theme 7 (episode 401 to 436):''' One day, Maya met Rajaram's look-alike who went by the name Kaali. Looking at him, Maya hatched a plan to kidnap Rajaram and send Kaali in Rajaram's disguise so that he could wreak havoc in Ponni's house.

'''Theme 8 (episode 436 to 483): ''' Maya turns over a new leaf and removes her hatred for Ponni's family. However, Kaali was greedy for money, hence, with the help of his girlfriend Ramaa, he made Maya and Rajaram unconscious and disguised himself as Rajaram to loot away all their money at once. To wreck more havoc, Kaali brings Chinnathambi's ex-fiancé Malli into the house to live with him, followed by him creating more problems leading to Chinnathambi forced to live with Malli again due to a misunderstanding created by Kaali. This storyline features Vaani, as to how she would solve the case and get the family happy again.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Preethi Sanjeev as Ponni Rajaram (Rajaram's wife, Surya-Chandru-Aishwarya-Priya's mother)
*Manohar Krishnan in a [[dual role]] as:
**Rajaram (Ponni's husband, Surya-Chandru-Aishwarya-Priya's father)
**Kaali (Rajaram's look-alike, Ramaa's boyfriend)
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar]] in a dual role:
**Vaani Bhoominathan (Ponni's best friend, Rani's twin-sister, advocate)
**Rani Saaminathan (Ponni's best friend, Vaani's twin-sister, homemaker)

===Others===
*Sasilaya / Akila Krishnan as Maya Velusamy (Ponni's step-sister, Velusamy's daughter)
*Unknown / Usha Elizabeth Suraj as Visalam Vinayagam (Vinayagam's wife, Rajaram's sister)
*Arjun as Surya Rajaram (Pavithra's husband, Ponni-Rajaram's son)
*Dhanalakshmi [[Shiva]] as Pavithra Surya (Surya's wife, Anuradha's daughter)
*Shankaresh Kumar as Chandru Rajaram (has two wives Swetha and Bharathi, Ponni-Rajaram's son)
*Aruljothi Arockiaraj / Mounika as Swetha Chandru (Chandru's wife, Manickam-Padma's daughter)
*Nancy / Sherin Jaanu / VJ Lavanya as Aishwarya Chinnathambi (Chinnathambi's wife, Ponni-Rajaram's daughter)
*Prabhakaran as Chinnathambi (Aishwarya's husband, Malli's cousin and ex-fiancé)
*Hema Chinaraj as Priya Rajaram (Ponni-Rajaram's daughter)
*Vincent Roy as Velusamy (Ponni's father, Maya's step-father, Devanae's husband)
*Keerthi as Bharathi Chandru (Chandru's second wife)
*Pavithra as Ramaa (Kaali's girlfriend)
*Malar as Malli (Chinnathambi's cousin and ex-fiancé, Muthupandi's daughter, Shantha's granddaughter)
*Vijayalakshmi / [[S. N. Parvathy]] as Shantha (Chinnathambi and Malli's grandmother, Muthupandi's sister)
*Arvind Kathare / Birla Bose as Manickam (Swetha's father, Padma's husband)
*A Ravivarma as Vinayagam (Visalam's husband, Pushpavalli's rival)
*Karpagavalli as Pounu Naagapan (Naagapan's wife, Senthil's mother)
*Harish G as Senthil Naagapan (Pounu-Naagapan's son, Bhuvana's boyfriend)
*Raghavi Sasikumar as Pushpavalli Anand (Anand's wife, Evil minded, Rajaram's ex-fiancé)
*Vetrivelan as Anand (Pushpavalli's husband, Bhuvana-Pooja's father)
*Unknown / Shri Akila as Bhuvana Anand (Pushpavalli-Anand's daughter, Senthil's girlfriend)
*Dhachayani / VJ Thara as Pooja Anand (Pushpavalli-Anand's daughter, evil-minded)
*Bhargavi as Bhargavi (Maya's ex-assistant)

== Production ==
===Development ===
After producing serials in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/radhika-puts-end-card-to-chithi-2-in-sun-tv-opening-as-ponni-on-kalaignar-tv-458739.html|title=சன்டிவியில் 'சித்தி'க்கு என்ட் கார்டு போட்ட ராதிகா.. அடுத்து கால் பதிக்கும் டிவி சேனல் எது தெரியுமா?|date=18 May 2022|publisher=tamil.oneindia.com|access-date=9 August 2023|language=ta}}</ref> Radaan Mediaworks decided to begin telecasting serials on other channels. Firstly, [[Kalaignar TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/radikaa-sarathkumar-ditches-sun-tv-to-launch-new-serial-on-another-channel-5115211.html|title=Radikaa Sarathkumar Ditches Sun TV To Launch New Serial On Another Channel|date=5 May 2022|publisher=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref> The shooting of this serial commenced in March 2022.

=== Casting ===
*Preethi Sanjiv, Manohar Krishnan were cast to lead the ensemble cast of the show.
*A.Ravivarma, Arjun, Dhanalakshmi, Shankaresh, Nancy, Raghavi were cast as supporting actors.
*Raadhika was cast as Vaani and Rani from the 2013 [[Vani Rani (TV series)|''Vaani Rani'']] series to play an extended cameo-dual-role.
*Aruljothi Arockiaraj and Arvind Kathare were playing supporting roles but were replaced by VJ Mounika and Birla Bose respectively.
*Usha Elizabeth entered the show as a replacement for the role Visalam while VJ Thara replaced Dhachayani as Pooja.
*After Nancy quit the show, Sherin Jaanu replaced her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sherin-janu-announces-her-exit-from-the-tv-show-ponni-c/o-rani-will-vj-lavanya-play-aishwarya/articleshow/100148125.cms|title=Sherin Janu announces her exit from the TV show Ponni C/O Rani; will VJ Lavanya play Aishwarya?|date=23 May 2022|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=11 May 2023|language=en}}</ref> However, she also left resulting in VJ Lavanya to play the role.
*In March 2023, Sasilaya joined the cast, but in November 2023 she quit the series,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sasilaya-quits-ponni-c/o-rani-midway/articleshow/105064291.cms|title=Actress Sasilaya quits 'Ponni c/o Rani' midway|work=The Times of India |date=8 November 2023 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=8 November 2023|language=en}}</ref> and was replaced by Akila Krishnan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/akila-krishnan-joins-ponni-c/o-rani-says-i-am-really-excited-to-play-the-role/articleshow/105262113.cms|title=Akila Krishnan joins 'Ponni c/o Rani', says "I am really excited to play the role"|work=The Times of India |date=16 November 2023 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=16 November 2023|language=en}}</ref>
*Later, Prabhakar and Vijayalakshmi entered the cast however Vijayalakshmi was replaced by S.N.Parvathy.
*In May 2023 Keerthi joined the show as Bharathi,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/keerthi-joins-ponni-c/o-rani-says-i-am-really-excited/articleshow/100267549.cms|title=Keerthi joins 'Ponni c/o Rani'|date=16 May 2022|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=9 August 2023|language=en}}</ref> followed by Malar joining as Malli in August 2023, both to spice up the drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/television-actress-malar-joins-the-cast-of-ponni-co-rani/articleshow/102566282.cms|title=Television actress Malar joins the cast of Ponni c\o Rani|date=23 May 2022|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=9 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>

==Prequel==
=== Vaani Rani ===
{{Main|Vani Rani (TV series)}}

A prequel series ''Vaani Rani'' is the base story of this serial. ''Vaani Rani'' focuses on the story of the two sisters, Vaani and Rani who are poles apart in nature and the way they face their problems in life. The show starred Radhika Sarathkumar, [[Venu Arvind]], and [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] in lead roles.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28816870}}

{{Kalaignar TV shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponni C O Vani Rani}}
[[Category:Kalaignar TV television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sequel television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Radaan Mediaworks]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Coorg Legislative Assembly

2026-03-28T23:28:02Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: adding first entry added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The '''Coorg Legislative Assembly''' was a legislative body which introduced laws for [[Coorg State]] from 1950 to 1956. It had its origins in the Coorg Legislative Council established on 26 January 1924 as a representative body of the Chief Commissioner's [[Coorg Province|province of Coorg]]. When the [[Constitution of India]] came into force on 26 January 1950, the name of the body was officially changed to Coorg Legislative Assembly. The first and only general election to the assembly took place in [[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election|1952]]. It was eventually dissolved in 1956 when Coorg State was merged with the neighbouring [[Mysore State]].

== History ==
The Coorg Legislative Council was formed on 28 January 1924 as a representative body for the inhabitants of Coorg Province. It initially consisted of twenty members, fifteen of whom were elected and five nominated. The franchise was enlarged by the [[Government of India Act 1935]] and the [[Indian Independence Act, 1947]]. In 1947, the number of members was reduced by two when the European constituency was abolished.

The Constitution of India replaced the legislative council with a legislative assembly consisting of 24 members from 18 constituencies, of which six were two-member constituencies and twelve were single-member constituencies.<ref name="CoorgECI1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4106-coorg-1951/ | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951: To the Legislative Assembly of Coorg (Kodagu) | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013656/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_COORG.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> Coming into force on 26 January 1950, one election was held to the assembly, in 1952.

== Members of the Coorg Legislative Assembly, 1952 ==
Candidates of only two political parties [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) contested the elections. [[Thakkadi Party]] candidates contested as [[Independent politician|Independents]] such as the independence activist [[Pandyanda Belliappa]] (elected from Ammathi Nad Constituency).<ref name="CoorgECI1951" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnathpur |first=Rakshith S. |date=12 August 2020 |title=When Kodagu merged with Mysore: A short political history of the region |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/when-kodagu-merged-mysore-short-political-history-region-130609 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106213309/https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/when-kodagu-merged-mysore-short-political-history-region-130609 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnathpur |first=Rakshith |title=When Kodagu merged with Mysore: A short political history of the region |url=http://codavanationalcouncil.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/when-kodagu-merged-mysore-short-political-history-region.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219145322/http://codavanationalcouncil.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/when-kodagu-merged-mysore-short-political-history-region.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=codavanationalcouncil.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganapathy|first=Shanthi|date=21 May 2019|title=First General Elections in Coorg-1951 …remembering the first Parliament Elections|url=https://starofmysore.com/first-general-elections-in-coorg-1951-remembering-the-first-parliament-elections/|access-date=28 February 2026|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US|archive-date=14 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114030451/https://starofmysore.com/first-general-elections-in-coorg-1951-remembering-the-first-parliament-elections/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! MLA
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! rowspan=2 |1
| rowspan=2 | [[Sanivarasanthe Assembly constituency|Sanivarasanthe]]
| P. K. Chennayya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kuttur Mallappa|K. Mallappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 2
| [[Somwarpet North Assembly constituency|Somwarpet North]]
| C. K. Kalappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 3
| [[Somwarpet South Assembly constituency|Somwarpet South]]
| H. T. Muthanna
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
! 4
| [[Kushalnagar Assembly constituency|Fraserpet]]
| G. Lingarajayya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! rowspan=2| 5
| rowspan=2| [[Suntikoppa Assembly constituency|Sunticoppa]]
| [[Gundugutti Manjanathaya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| P. Lakha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 6
| [[Madikeri Town Assembly constituency|Mercara Town]]
| B. S. Kushalappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 7
| [[Murnad Assembly constituency|Murnad]]
| C. A. Mandanna
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 8
| Mercara Nad
| P. D. Subbaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! rowspan=2| 9
| rowspan=2| Srimangala Nad
| K. P. Karumbayya
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| G. Subbaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
! 10
| Hudikeri
| K. K. Ganapathy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
! 11
| Berriath Nad
| [[C. M. Poonacha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! rowspan=2 |12
| rowspan=2| Ponnampet Nad
| Yeravara Belli
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| P. Nanamaya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 13
| Virajpet Town
| N. G. Ahamed
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
! rowspan=2| 14
| rowspan=2 | Virajpet Nad
| Harijan Nanja
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| P. C. Uthayya
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
! 15
| Ammathi Nad
| [[Pandyanda Belliappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
! rowspan=2| 16
| rowspan=2| Siddapur
| Bettakurubara Kala
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Muruvanda Machaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! 17
| Napoklu Nad
| A. C. Thimmaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
! 18
| [[Bhagamandala Nad Assembly constituency|Bhagamandala Nad]]
| Konana Devaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bopanna, P. T. ''The Rise and Fall of the Coorg State'', 2009
* Muthanna, I. M. ''Coorg Memoirs'', 1971

[[Category:Coorg State]]
[[Category:Historical state legislatures in India]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Coorg State]]

CMantham

2026-03-28T19:07:46Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: adding some stub more to come.

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language crime thriller film}}
{{orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cmantham
| image = CMantham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sudhakar Paani
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Prasanth Tata
| starring = Vajrayogi Shreya Bharti
| cinematography = Srinivas Vinnakota
| editing = Amar Reddy
| music = S. Suhas
| studio = TR Dream Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language =
}}

'''''CMantham''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language crime thriller film directed by Sudhakar Paani and produced by Prasanth Tata. The film stars Vajra Yogi, Shreya Bharti and Anil Lingampally in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-14 |title=‘Cmantham’ to Hit Theatres on Nov 14: RP Patnaik Extends Best Wishes |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/cmantham-to-hit-theatres-on-november-14-rp-patnaik-extends-best-wishes-328390.html |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=www.telugutimes.net |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Vajra Yogi as Abhayanandhan
* Shreya Bharti as Abhignya
* Anil Lingampally as C.I.
* Praveen Dhacharam as Ramana
* Kakinada Nani as Head Constable

== Production ==
The film is directed by Sudhakar Paani and produced by Prasanth Tata under the banner of TR Dream Productions. The music is composed by S Suhas, with cinematography by Srinivas Vinnakota and edited by Amar Reddy.

== Reception ==
''[[The Hans India]]'' critic stated that "Cmantham succeeds as an engaging crime thriller with its gripping storyline, strong performances, and well-crafted climax."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-11-18 |title=Cmantham: A gripping crime thriller |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/cmantham-a-gripping-crime-thriller-1024412 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

''[[News18]]'' wrote that "Overall, this Simantham crime thriller is a good experience for all sections of the audience."<ref>{{cite news |title=Cమంతం మూవీ రివ్యూ.. క్రైమ్ థ్రిల్లర్ మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/cmantham-crime-thriller-movie-review-and-rating-slb-ws-l-2960733.html |work=[[News18 Telugu]] |date=18 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|37919259}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]

Kesoram Industries

2026-03-22T11:29:14Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: added a data - done

{{Short description|Indian industrial company}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kesoram Industries
| logo = kesoram_logo.gif
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|502937}}|{{NSE|KESORAMIND}}}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1919}}
| location_city = [[Kolkata]]
| location_country = India
| products = {{hlist|Tyres|cement|rayon}}
| key_people =
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|4035|c}} (2024)
| net_income = {{negative increase}} {{INRconvert|-385|c}} (2024)
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.kesocorp.com}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2024|03|31|lc=y|df=US}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kesoram Industries' net loss widens to Rs 244.42 crore in Q4 FY24 |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/cement/kesoram-industries-net-loss-widens-to-rs-244-42-crore-in-q4-fy24/109505599 |publisher=Economic Times |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
}}
'''Kesoram Industries Limited''' is an Indian industrial company which produces rayon and related products such as viscose [[rayon]] and filament yarn.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kesoram Industries Ltd |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/KSRM.NS/ |publisher=Reuters |access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref> It was once part of the BK Birla Group.

== History ==
Kesoram Industries Limited started its business as Kesoram Cotton Mills in 1919. After a partnership, the first rayon plant was built in 1959 under the name Kesoram Rayon. Shortly after the plant was built, the company also started the production of tires and cement under the brand name [[Birla Tyres]] and Birla Shakti Cement respectively. In 1986, another cement plant, known as Vasavadatta Cement, was commissioned by it at [[Sedam]], [[Gulbarga district]], [[Karnataka]]. The name of the company was changed to Kesoram Industries Limited on 9 July 1986. Since then, Kesoram Industries listed on four stock exchanges: the [[National Stock Exchange of India]], the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], the [[Calcutta Stock Exchange]], and the [[Bourse de Luxembourg]].

Kesoram Industries entered into a joint venture with Maharashtra Seamless Limited and Dhariwal Infrastructure Private Limited in 2012 for working a coal block allocated to it by the Central Government in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/kesoram-industries-ltd/stocks/companyid-13474.cms|title = Kesoram Inds. |work = The Economic Times|access-date = 23 August 2015}}</ref>

During 2014–15, the company sold a tyre plant to [[JK Tyres]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://profit.ndtv.com/news/earnings/article-kesoram-industries-q4-net-marginally-up-at-rs-349-crore-1411150|title = Kesoram Industries Q4 Net Marginally Up At Rs 349 Crore|work = NDTV Profit|access-date = 25 May 2016}}</ref> In 2018, Kesoram Industries [[demerger|demerged]] its tire manufacturing business [[Birla Tyres]], as part of a debt reduction plan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kesoram to demerge tyre division, help to pare Rs 1000cr debt |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kesoram-to-demerge-tyre-division-help-to-pare-rs-1000cr-debt-118120400888_1.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Birla Tyres later filed for [[insolvency]] and was taken over by a consortium led by Himadri Speciality Chemicals and [[Dalmia Group|Dalmia Bharat Refractories]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Birla Tyres set to roll again, acquisition finalised by consortium of Himadri and Dalmia |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/birla-tyres-set-to-roll-again-acquisition-finalised-by-consortium-of-himadri-and-dalmia/cid/1977074 |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref>

In 2019, after the death of [[Basant Kumar Birla]], his daughter Manjushree Khaitan became the chairperson of Kesoram Industries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manjushree Khaitan named Kesoram Industries' Chairman |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/manjushree-khaitan-named-kesoram-industries-chairman/article28594719.ece |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=19 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, Khaitan died after a brief illness.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kesoram Industries Chairperson Manjushree Khaitan Dies At 68 |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/kesoram-industries-chairperson-manjushree-khaitan-dies-at-68 |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=NDTV Profit |date=16 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Kesoram Industries announced that it would demerge and sell its 10.75 MTPA cement business to [[UltraTech Cement]] for {{INRconvert|5379|c}} in an all-stock deal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aravindh |first1=Sai |title=UltraTech To Buy Kesoram Industries' Cement Business For Over Rs 5,300 Crore |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/kesoram-to-merge-cement-business-with-ultratech |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=NDTV Profit |date=30 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The sale is expected to complete by the end of 2024, leaving Kesoram Industries with its rayon and transparent paper packaging businesses held by its subsidiary Cygnet Industries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kesoram's cement business demerger into UltraTech Cements may be completed by December |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/kesoram-industries-cement-business-demerger-into-ultratech-cements-may-be-completed-by-december/cid/2032769 |access-date=20 August 2024 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref>

== Business ==
Kesoram Industries Limited has one major division:<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/announcements/others/kesoram-industries-ltd-reply-to-clarification-sought-by-the-exchange/article7512808.ece|title=Kesoram Industries Ltd reply to clarification sought by the exchange |work = Businessline|date = 7 August 2015}}</ref>

=== Present business ===
* '''Kesoram Rayon''' - Established in 1959, Kesoram Rayon is a viscose rayon filament yarn and cellophane paper manufacturing unit. Situated on the banks of the Ganges, the factory has over 2,700 employees and 52 spinning machines, with an installed capacity of 6,500 MT per annum.

=== Former businesses ===
* '''[[Birla Tyres]]''' - Birla Tyres was first established in 1991 as part of Kesoram Industries Limited. It later collaborated with tyre manufacturer [[Pirelli]] in the production and development of its tyres.
* '''Birla Shakti Cement''' - Under the cement division of Kesoram Industries Limited, Birla Shakti manufactured and sold cement. The division operated two cement manufacturing plants located at Sedam, Karnataka (the Vasavadatta Cement Plant) and Basantnagar, near [[Ramagundam]] in [[Telangana]] (the Kesoram Cement Plant).<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.indiainfoline.com/company/kesoram-industries-ltd/summary/329|title = Kesoram Inds. Summary|work = India Infoline |access-date = 7 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/Vasavadatta-Cement-to-enhance-capacity/article20240860.ece|title = Vasavadatta Cement to enhance capacity |work = Business Line|access-date = 8 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-kesoram-ind-eyes-stronger-foothold-in-cement-market-2488036|title = Kesoram Ind eyes stronger foothold in cement market|work = DNA India|access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref>

==Recent developments==
In December 2025, the [[Birla family]] exited Kesoram Industries following the sale of their promoter stake to Frontier Warehousing Limited.<ref>{{cite news |title=Birlas exit Kesoram Industries |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/cement/birlas-exit-kesoram-industries/articleshow/125791180.cms|work=The Economic Times |date=December 2025 |access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cement companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Tyre manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1919]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1919]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]

Second Anglo-Sikh War

2026-03-21T22:25:21Z

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{{Short description|1848–49 conflict between the British and Sikh empires}}
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{{More citations needed|date=May 2010}}
{{Cleanup infobox|date=April 2024}}
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = '''Second Anglo-Sikh War'''
|partof = [[Anglo-Sikh War (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh War]]s

{{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/1|total_width=300
| image1=The_Battle_of_Gujrat.jpg
| alt1=
| image2=Sher Singh Attariwala leading a cavalry charge in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, ca.1850.jpg
| alt2=
| image3='The Surrender of Moolraj' (Diwan Mulraj) during the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–9), ca.1891.jpg
| alt3=in the
| image4=Captured_Sikh_guns_parked_in_Ambala_cantonment_in_the_aftermath_of_the_Second_Anglo-Sikh_War,_by_John_McCosh,_circa_April_1849.jpg
| alt4=
| image5=Sketch Map to Illustrate the Second Anglo-Sikh War from 'A Short History of the Sikhs' (1915), by Charles Herbert Payne.jpg
| alt5=
}}From top to bottom, left to right: {{flatlist|
* [[Battle of Gujrat]]
* [[Sher Singh Attariwalla]] leading a cavalry charge
* Surrender of the governor of [[Multan]], [[Mulraj Chopra]], during the [[Siege of Multan (1848–1849)|siege of Multan]]
* Captured Sikh guns in [[Ambala Cantonment]]
* Sketch map illustrating the war by Charles Herbert Payne
}}
| date = 18 April 1848 – 29 March 1849 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=4|day1=18|year1=1848|month2=3|day2=29|year2=1849}})
| place = [[Punjab]]
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = {{tree list}}
* {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[British Empire]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]]
{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = [[File:Sikh Empire flag.svg|24px|link=]] [[Sikh Empire]] '''Supported by:''' [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1843–1879).svg|12px]] [[Emirate of Kabul]]{{cn|date=December 2025}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Sir Hugh Gough]] {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Charles Cureton (British Army officer)|Charles Cureton]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Herbert Benjamin Edwardes|Herbert Edwardes]] {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Sir Walter Gilbert, 1st Baronet|Walter Gilbert]]
| commander2 = [[Jind Kaur]]{{Surrendered}} [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra|Mulraj Chopra]]{{Surrendered}} [[Sher Singh Attariwalla|Sher Singh]]{{Surrendered}} [[Chattar Singh Attariwalla|Chattar Attariwalla]]{{Surrendered}}
| strength1 = 24,000-32,000 men 97 field guns 67 siege guns{{sfn|Roy|2008|p=298}}
| strength2 = 35,000-60,000 men<ref name=Patwant>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Patwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ |title=Empire of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh |last2=Rai |first2=Jyoti M. |date=2008 |publisher=Peter Owen |isbn=978-0-7206-1323-0 |pages=256 |language=en}}</ref> 66 guns
| casualties1 = '''Total: 8,403''' 3,379 killed 4,920 wounded 104 missing<ref>Farwell, p.58</ref>
| casualties2 = '''Total: 6,500''' 2,584 killed 2,583 wounded 1,333 missing
| territory = Dissolution of the Sikh Empire and annexation of Punjab (including its Northwest Frontier) as a [[Punjab Province (British India)|province]] by the East India Company
}}
{{Campaignbox Second Anglo-Sikh War}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Sikh wars}}

The '''Second Anglo-Sikh War''' was a military conflict fought between the [[Sikh Empire]] and the [[East India Company]], which took place from 1848 to 1849. It resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and what subsequently became the [[North-West Frontier Province]], by the East India Company.

On 19 April 1848, [[Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew|Patrick Vans Agnew]] of the civil service and Lieutenant William Anderson of the Bombay European regiment, having been sent to take charge of [[Multan]] from [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra]], were murdered there; within a short time, the [[Sikh]] troops joined in open rebellion. [[Governor-General of India]] [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] agreed with [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Sir Hugh Gough]], the commander-in-chief, that the British [[East India Company]]'s military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies, nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately. He also foresaw the spread of the rebellion, and the necessity that must arise, not merely for the capture of Multan, but also for the entire subjugation of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. He therefore resolutely delayed to strike, organized a strong army for operations in November, and himself proceeded to the Punjab. Despite the brilliant successes gained by [[Herbert Benjamin Edwardes|Herbert Edwardes]] against Mulraj, and Gough's indecisive victories at the [[Battle of Ramnagar]] in November and at the [[Battle of Chillianwala]] on 13 January 1849, the stubborn resistance at Multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government. At length, on 22 January, Multan was taken by General Whish, who was thus set at liberty to join Gough's army. On 21 February, Gough won a complete victory at the [[Battle of Gujrat]]. The Sikh army was pursued to [[Rawalpindi]], where it laid down its arms, and their Afghan allies retreated from the [[Punjab]], leaving the region to the [[British Empire|British]].

After the victory at Gujrat, Lord Dalhousie [[Punjab Province (British India)|annexed the Punjab]] for the East India Company in 1849. For his services the Earl of Dalhousie received the thanks of the British parliament and was advanced in the peerage to [[marquess]], the usual honor for governors general of India.

==Background==
[[File:Punjab map (topographic) with cities.png|thumb|Topographical map of The Punjab, "Land of 5 Waters"]]
The Sikh Confederacy [[Misl]]s of the Punjab were consolidated into an Empire and expanded by Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] during the early years of the nineteenth century. During the same period, the British East India Company's territories had been expanded until they were adjacent to the Punjab. Ranjit Singh maintained an uneasy alliance with the East India Company, while increasing the military strength of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] to deter British aggression against his state and to expand Sikh territory to the north and north west, capturing territory from [[Afghanistan]] and [[Kashmir]].

When Ranjit Singh died in 1839, the Sikh Empire began to fall into disorder. There was a succession of short-lived rulers at the central [[Durbar (court)]], and increasing tension between the Army, which also saw itself as the embodiment of the state and religion, and the Durbar. The East India Company began to build up its military strength on the borders of the Punjab. Eventually, the increasing tension goaded the Sikh Army to invade British territory, under weak and possibly treacherous leaders.<ref name=eos>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx
|title=Anglo-Sikh War I (1845–46) |last1=Hasrat |first1=B. J.
|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism
|publisher=Punjabi University Patiala
}}</ref>

The hard-fought [[first Anglo-Sikh war]] ended in defeat for the Sikh Empire which had to cede parts of the [[Punjab region]] to the [[British Empire|British]].

===Aftermath of the first Anglo-Sikh war===
At the end of the war, the Sikh Empire was forced to cede some valuable territory (the [[Jullundur Doab]]) to the East India Company, and [[Gulab Singh]], the ruler of [[Jammu]], was allowed to acquire entire [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]] from the Sikh Empire by a large cash payment to the East India Company.<ref>Hernon 2002, p. 575</ref> Moreover, a British garrison began stationing in Lahore due to the [[Treaty of Bhairowal]], and Sir [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]] was appointed as the first Resident in Lahore.<ref>{{cite book |title=Political Diaries of the Agent to the Governor General, North West Frontier and Resident at Lahore from 1 January 1847 to 4 March 1848 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |place=Lahore |year=2005 |edition=reprint |isbn=969-35-1766-0 |page=i }}</ref> The boy Maharaja [[Duleep Singh]] of the Sikh Empire was allowed to retain his throne, but the British Resident had "full authority to direct and control all matters in every Department of the State".<ref>Article 2 of the Treaty of Bhyroval.</ref>

[[File:Photograph of Maharaha Duleep Singh during his reign as a child monarch of the Sikh Empire, by John McCosh, Lahore, ca.1848 (detail).jpg|thumb|Photograph of Maharaja Duleep Singh during his reign as a child monarch of the Sikh Empire, by John McCosh, Lahore, ca.1848]]

The regency of Maharani [[Jind Kaur]], who is Duleep Singh's mother, was replaced by a Council of Regency composed of leading Chiefs and Sirdars acting under the control and guidance of the British Resident.<ref>Articles 4, 5 and 10 of the Treaty of Bhairowal</ref> She continually tried to regain some of her former influence as Regent and was eventually exiled by Lawrence. While some Sikh generals and courtiers welcomed her dismissal, others resented Lawrence's action.<ref>Hernon 2002, p. 576</ref> Furthermore, the Sikh Sardars were forced to considerably reduce their territorial and judicial control leaving only four Sardars in charge of the judiciary, with Sardar [[Chattar Singh Attariwalla]] controlling the area between the [[Jhelum]] and the [[Indus]], Sardar Kahan Singh Mann controlling [[Lahore]], Sardar Ram Singh Jallawala controlling the Chaj [[Doab]], and Sardar [[Lehna Singh Majithia]] controlling the [[Majha]] including lands south east of the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] up to the hills and down to [[Kasur]].<ref>Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs (1839–1974), Vol. II, p. 62.</ref>

Some of the Sikh Army had to be kept in being, since many predominantly [[Muslim]] areas of the Sikh Empire threatened to ally with [[Dost Mohammed Khan]] in Afghanistan or to lapse into disorder, and only force of arms could keep them in subjugation. The British were unwilling to incur the financial and manpower costs of using large numbers of British or [[Bengal Army]] units for this task. To the contrary, the [[Governor-General of India]], [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Viscount Hardinge]] sought to make economies after the war by reducing the size of the Bengal Army by 50,000 men. The [[Sardars]] (generals) of the Sikh Army naturally resented carrying out the orders of comparatively [[Henry Lawrence's "Young Men"|junior British administrators]].

Early in 1848, Sir Henry Lawrence, who was ill, departed on leave to England. Although it was assumed that his younger brother [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]] would be appointed in his place, [[James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]], who had replaced Lord Hardinge as Governor-General, appointed Sir [[Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet|Frederick Currie]] instead. Currie was a legalist, based in [[Calcutta]], who was unfamiliar with military matters and with the Punjab.<ref>Allen 2000, pp. 145–146</ref> While the Lawrences were comparatively informal and familiar with the junior officers who were Residents and Agents in the various districts of the Punjab, Currie was stiffer in manner and was inclined to treat his subordinates' reports with caution. In particular, he refused to act on reports from [[James Abbott (Indian Army officer)|James Abbott]], the Political Agent in [[Hazara region|Hazara]], who was convinced that Sardar Chattar Singh Attariwalla was actively plotting a rebellion with other [[Sardar|Sirdars]].

==Sikh rebellions==

===Multan rebellion===
The city of Multan was part of the Sikh kingdom, having been captured by Ranjit Singh in 1818. In 1848, it was governed by a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] viceroy, [[Dewan Mulraj]]. After the end of the First Anglo-Sikh war, Mulraj had behaved independently. When he was required by the British-controlled Durbar in [[Lahore]] to pay an increased tax assessment and revenues which were in arrears, Mulraj attempted to give up power to his son, so as to maintain his family's position as rulers. Currie instead appointed Sardar Kahan Singh Mann to succeed to the governorship and appointed a British Political Agent, Lieutenant [[Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew|Patrick Vans Agnew]], to accompany him.

On 18 April 1848, Kahan Singh and Vans Agnew arrived at Multan with another officer, Lieutenant William Anderson, and a small escort. Mulraj handed over the keys of the fortress, but as Vans Agnew's party attempted to take possession, they were attacked by a party of Mulraj's irregular troops, and a mob from the city. Both officers were wounded, and were rescued by Kahan Singh. They were taken to a mosque outside the city. Their escorts defected to Mulraj, and the two officers were murdered by the mob the next day.<ref>Allen 2000, pp. 149–150</ref>

Mulraj later claimed that he had not instigated these attacks, but he was committed to rebellion because of them.<ref>Hernon 2002, p. 578</ref> He presented Vans Agnew's head to Kahan Singh and told him to take it back to Lahore.<ref>Allen 2000, p. 150</ref> The news of the killings spread over the Punjab, and unrest and disquiet increased. Large numbers of Sikh soldiers deserted the regiments loyal to the Durbar to join those prepared to rebel under the leadership of Mulraj and disaffected Sirdars.

====Battle of Kinyeri====
Lieutenant [[Herbert Edwardes]], the British Political Agent in [[Bannu]], had been near Multan in April but was unable to save Vans Agnew. He hastily levied some [[Pakhtun]] irregular troops.

On 18 June 1848, 8,000 Bhawalpuris under Futteh Mohammed Khan, aided by 3,000 Sikh irregulars under Lieutenant Edwardes, fought 8,000 Sikhs under Rung Ram. The Bhawalpuris were repulsed in an attack on the Sikh positions, but the arrival of Lieutenant Edwardes' guns turned the scale towards the favour of the Bhawalpuris, and at a second attempt the entrenchments were stormed and captured, with a loss to the victors of 300 men. The Sikhs lost 500 killed in the action, and many more during their flight to Multan.

====Battle of Suddusain====
Fought 1 July 1848, when a force of Bhawalpuris and British 18,000 strong, under Lieutenant Edwardes, encountered 12,000 Sikhs under Malraj. The Sikhs attacked, but were beaten off, largely owing to the superiority of the British artillery, and defeated with heavy loss. The Bhawalpuris then proceeded to chase the remaining scattered Sikhs all the way to [[Multan]].

====Siege of Multan====
Multan, defended by the Sikhs, under Mulraj, was besieged by Lieutenant Edwardes with about 1,200 men in July 1848.

On learning of the events at Multan, Currie wrote to Sir [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Hugh Gough]], the Commander in Chief of the Bengal Army, recommending that a major British force should at once move upon Multan. However Gough, supported by Dalhousie, the Governor General, declined to order major units of the East India Company to the Punjab until the end of the hot weather and monsoon seasons, which would not be until November.<ref>Malleson, p. 40</ref> Instead, Currie ordered only a small force from the Bengal Army under General Whish, and several contingents of locally recruited irregulars and detachments of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] to join the siege. These forces joined Edwardes at Multan between 18 and 28 August. To the alarm of several Political Agents, the force from the Sikh Army included a large contingent commanded by Sardar [[Sher Singh Attariwalla]], Chattar Singh's son.

Some Political Agents were already taking action to forestall outbreaks of rebellion. Captain [[John Nicholson (East India Company officer)|John Nicholson]], leading irregular cavalry based at [[Peshawar]], seized the vital fort of [[Attock]] on the [[Indus River]] from its Sikh garrison while they were still unprepared, or undecided on rebellion. Nicholson's force then linked up with James Abbott's local Hazara levies to capture the [[Margalla Hills]] which separated Hazara from the other parts of the Punjab. When Chattar Singh openly rebelled in August, his force was unable to leave Hazara without fighting a battle. Although Chattar Singh twice succeeded in capturing the passes through the hills, he nevertheless failed to take advantage of this (possibly because of dissension among his senior officers and continual harassment by pro-British irregulars), and retreated into Hazara.

On 14 September, Sher Singh's army openly rebelled at Multan. He did not join Mulraj however. He and Mulraj conferred at a carefully chosen neutral site, at which it was agreed that Mulraj would give some money from his treasury to Sher Singh's army, which would march north into the Central Punjab and ultimately rejoin Chattar Singh. Meanwhile, Whish was forced to raise the siege on 22 September.

As the cold weather began in November, substantial contingents from the East India Company's armies at last took the field. A contingent from the [[Bombay Army]] (administered separately from the Bengal Army) had been ordered to reinforce Whish and besiege Multan. This force was delayed by a petty squabble over seniority and could arrive only when its first commander (who was senior to Whish and refused to serve under him) was replaced by a more junior officer. Whish's army was supplied and reinforced by sea and river transport up the rivers Indus and Chenab. Whish renewed the siege of Multan on 27 December, with 17,000 men and 64 guns. After a heavy bombardment the city was stormed on 2 January 1849. On 22 January, Mulraj surrendered the citadel. He was imprisoned for the remainder of his life. The ending of the siege allowed Whish, with large numbers of heavy guns, to reinforce the army under Sir Hugh Gough.

The British loss during the siege was 210 killed and 910 wounded.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heritage History |url=https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=resources&s=war-dir&f=wars_sikh|access-date=2021-01-15|website=heritage-history.com}}</ref>

===Lahore rebellion===

====Battle of Rungur Muzl Fort====
Rungur Muzl fort was controlled by [[Sher Singh Attariwalla]] and was the first sign of revolt from the Lahore Durbar. The Sikhs from the army saw the British troops coming in and attacked them with full force. The Sikhs won the battle but soon they surrendered as there was a very small force.{{when|date=January 2021}}{{vague|date=January 2021}}{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

====Siege of Shahpur Kandi Fort====
On the night of 14 August 1848, Wazir Ram Singh Pathania with his small Rajput army attacked the fort of Shahpur Kandi which was situated on the bank of river Ravi and held it, but after the siege of fort from 3 to 18 September 1848 by a strong force of [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]] from Hoshiarpur, he along with 400 of his band took shelter at Rasual (Gujrat) Camp of The Sikh Commander [[Sher Singh Attariwalla]] and Basakha Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pathania Genealogy|url=https://www.geni.com/surnames/pathania|access-date =1 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wazir Ram Singh Pathania, and the memory of Shahpurkandi|url=https://himachalarchives.blogspot.com/2022/06/wazir-ram-singh-pathania-and-memory-of.html|access-date=31 October 2024|quote=According to official documents, Wazir Ram Singh confessed during his trial that in 1848, Maharani Jindan Kaur despatched messages to different princely states of the hills, to which Nurpur, Kangra, Jaswan, Datarpur, and Paramanand (equivalent to Hoshiarpur in Punjab) replied. In his own confession, he describes how he was asked to work with Bhai Maharaj Singh. Ram Singh met Bhai Maharaj Singh in Jhang and was given large quantities of money with instructions to wait and prepare for the battle.}}</ref>

====Battle of Ramnagar====
{{main|Battle of Ramnagar}}
Sir Hugh Gough led his main force against Sher Singh's army, which defended the line of the River Chenab for several weeks. On 22 November, the Sikhs repelled a British cavalry attack on a bridgehead on the eastern side of the river at the [[Battle of Ramnagar]]. Although they subsequently withdrew from their exposed bridgehead, the Sikhs captured a British gun and inflicted heavy losses. They regarded the battle as a victory and their morale was raised.

====Battle of Sadulpur====
On 3 December 1848, Gough despatched a cavalry force under Major General [[Joseph Thackwell]] to cross the Chenab upstream of Ramnagar and turn the Sikh left, but Thackwell then paused to await infantry reinforcements, allowing the Sikhs to withdraw without interference.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butalia |first=Romesh C. |title=The Evolution of the Artillery in India: From the Battle of Plassey (1757) to the Revolt of 1857 |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=9788170238720 |pages=312 |quote=The battle of Sadulpur: After their defeat at Ramnagar, the British decided to move a large force higher up across the river and then attack Ramnagar by a flanking advance along the river. Along with two troops of horse artillery, two light field batteries, part of the cavalry brigade and about three infantry brigades, Brigadier Thackwell closed further up on 1 and 2 December, and on 3 December reached near the village of Sadulpur where he halted to receive more reinforcements. The Sikhs were holding the position with their artillery and infantry in the centre and the cavalry on the wings. As soon as the Sikh artillery opened up, the British withdrew. The Sikhs then advanced with their cavalry under cover of their artillery but the advance was checked by the British horse artillery and cavalry. Thereafter the battle was mainly between opposing guns, and lasted about two hours. The British had 24 killed and 57 wounded. The Sikhs slowly withdrew at night.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Butani |first=D. H. |title=The Third Sikh War?: Towards Or Away from Khalistan? |publisher=Promilla |year=1986 |isbn=9788185002026 |pages=50}}</ref> Gough claimed this indecisive action as a victory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Cuthbert Collin |title=Essays in Indian History, in Honour of Cuthbert Collin Davies |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1973 |isbn=9780210223420 |pages=52}}</ref>

====Battle of Chillianwala====
{{main|Battle of Chillianwala}}

At the start of 1849, Amir [[Dost Mohammed Khan]] of Afghanistan sided with the rebellious Sikhs, who agreed to cede the city of [[Peshawar]] and its surrounding area which had been conquered by Ranjit Singh early in the nineteenth century. Dost Mohammed Khan's support of the Sikhs was cautious, but when 3,500 Afghan horsemen approached the vital fort of [[Attock]] on the Indus River, its garrison of Muslim troops installed earlier by Nicholson defected. This allowed Chattar Singh to move out of Hazara and march west and then south, intending to link up with Sher Singh's army. Dalhousie had earlier ordered Gough to halt operations while waiting for Multan to fall, which would allow Whish to reinforce him. Learning of the fall of Attock, he instead ordered Gough to destroy Sher Singh's army before Chattar Singh could join him.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Gough unexpectedly encountered Sher Singh's position near the [[Jhelum River]] on 13 January 1849. Sher Singh had cunningly concealed his army, and Gough was faced with the choice of withdrawing, or attacking when it was late in the day. Gough unhesitatingly took the latter course. The resulting [[Battle of Chillianwala]] was desperately fought. Gough's troops, attacking into thick scrub without effective artillery support, suffered heavy losses. Some units lost their colours (which was regarded as a disgrace) and part of one British cavalry regiment fled in panic, resulting in the loss of four guns, also reckoned a humiliation. Sher Singh's army was also hard hit, losing twelve of its own guns.

Three days of heavy rain followed, discouraging both sides from renewing battle. After both armies had faced each other for three days without renewing the action, both withdrew. Sher Singh continued northwards to join Chattar Singh, which made the battle into a strategic British defeat. Gough nevertheless claimed a victory, which Dalhousie scornfully dubbed as "perhaps poetical."

There was much alarm at the losses Gough had suffered. His tactics were severely criticised. Military experts in Britain described him as a "superannuated general who could not mount his horse without assistance" and he was replaced by General [[Charles James Napier]], who would require several weeks to arrive from England.<ref>James 1997, p. 117</ref> Some junior officers reckoned that the true cause of the setback lay lower down the ranks. Promotion in both the British and Bengal armies came slowly, and by the time officers were appointed to command regiments and brigades, they were too old, and worn out by harsh climate and disease. At Chillianwala, several senior officers had proved unable to command their units effectively.<ref>Allen 2000, p. 192</ref>

====Battle of Dullah====
In the aftermath of [[Battle of Chillianwala|Chillianwala]], [[Sher Singh Attariwalla]] sent a force of 100 cavalries along with 500 infantry of the Sikh Regiment and fought another battle with British on 16 January 1849 at Heights of Dullah, the Sikh chiefs supported Ram Singh Pathania and his Rajput men. In return, the British sent a huge force under the command of [[Sir Francis Wheler, 10th Baronet|Brigadier Wheeler]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Twelve Years of a Soldier's Life in India: Being Extracts from the Letters ...
|first1= William|last1= Stephen|first2= Raikes|last2= Hodson|date= 1859|pages=84–85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXgOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Ravee&pg=PA84|access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>

====Battle of Gujrat====
{{main|Battle of Gujrat}}

[[File:The Battle of Gujrat.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Gujrat]], the most decisive battle of the second Anglo-Sikh war]]
Meanwhile, Whish's force completed their siege works around Multan, their batteries opened fire and made a breach in the defences, which the infantry stormed. Mulraj surrendered on 22 January. The ending of the siege allowed Whish to reinforce [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Gough]]. In particular, Whish's division had large numbers of heavy guns, which the Sikhs lacked.

As Gough's army closed in on the Sikh Army, he sent [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson|William Hodson]] to scout the Sikh Army's position.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britishbattles.com/second-sikh-war/battle-of-goojerat/ | title=Battle of Goojerat }}</ref> Sher Singh attempted a last outflanking move, sending cavalry to cross the Chenab, and re-cross in Gough's rear. They were thwarted by heavy rains which made the river difficult to cross, and by British irregular cavalry led by [[Harry Burnett Lumsden]]. On 21 February, Gough attacked the Sikh Army at the [[Battle of Gujrat]]. Here, he began the battle with a three-hour bombardment from almost 100 guns, which drove the Sikhs from their hasty entrenchments. He then sent his cavalry, led by Sir Joseph Thackwell, and horse artillery after them in a pursuit which lasted for four hours. The Sikhs began gradually retreating into rougher territory filled with Muslim villagers who mainly supported the British against the Sikhs. The Sikh loss was estimated at between 3,000 and 5,000 men and 53 guns; the British casualties were 96 killed and 700 wounded.

On 12 March, Chattar Singh and Sher Singh surrendered to [[Sir Walter Gilbert]] near [[Rawalpindi]]. Some 20,000 men (mainly irregular cavalry) laid down their arms. The Afghan contingent hastily withdrew through [[Attock]] and [[Peshawar]], which the British reoccupied. [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] later signed a treaty acknowledging British possession of these cities. The British had also gained control of the [[Khyber Pass]] which became the westernmost boundary of the [[British Raj]]. British rule was largely welcomed by the local Muslim population which had detested the rule of the [[Sikh Empire]]. This was also due to the fact that the British reallowed the [[Adhan|Muslim call of prayer]] to go on which had been banned under the Sikhs.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

== War photography ==
[[File:Apothecary of the 2nd Bombay European Regiment during the Second Anglo-Sikh War, by John McCosh, 1849.jpg|thumb|[[Apothecary]] of the 2nd Bombay European Regiment during the Second Anglo-Sikh War, by John McCosh, 1849.]]
[[John McCosh]], a surgeon in the [[Bengal Army]], is considered by some historians to be the first [[War photography|war photographer]] known by name.<ref name="marien-2006">{{cite book |author=Mary Warner Marien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsolmLbz8igC |title=Photography: A Cultural History |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1856694933 |place=London |page=49}}</ref><ref name="papadopoulos-2011">{{cite book |author=Kari Andén-Papadopoulos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jp3CLLxyngUC |title=Amateur Images and Global News |publisher=Intellect Books |year=2011 |isbn=9781841506005 |page=45}}</ref> He produced a series of photographs documenting the Second Anglo-Sikh War. These consisted of portraits of fellow officers, key figures from the campaigns,<ref name="marien-2006" /> administrators and their wives and daughters, including Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew,<ref name="hannavy-2007">{{cite book |author=John Hannavy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ8DHBay4_EC |title=Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Photography |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2007 |isbn=9781135873264 |pages=1467–1471}}</ref>{{rp|911}} Generals Gough and Napier, and Dewan Mulraj of Multan.<ref name="uni-st-andrews">{{cite web |title=John McCosh |url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/imu/imu.php?request=browse&irn=993 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210026/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/imu/imu.php?request=browse&irn=993 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="taylor-2007">{{cite book |author1=Roger Taylor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnfBcmW-OkYC |title=Impressed by Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860 |author2=Larry John Schaaf |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0300124057 |pages=121–124}}</ref> He also photographed local people and architecture,<ref name="taylor-2007" /> artillery emplacements and the destructive aftermath.<ref name="hannavy-2007" />

==Aftermath==
[[File:Captured Sikh guns parked in Ambala cantonment in the aftermath of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, by John McCosh, circa April 1849.jpg|thumb|Photograph of captured Sikh guns parked in [[Ambala Cantonment|Ambala cantonment]] in the aftermath of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, by [[John McCosh]], circa April 1849]]
Lord Dalhousie proclaimed [[Punjab Province (British India)|Britain's annexation of the Punjab]] on 2 April 1849. His foreign secretary, Henry Meirs Elliot, arrived at Lahore to obtain the signatures of the members of the Council of Regency and [[Duleep Singh]]. A [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] was held in the [[Lahore Fort]] where Singh affixed his signatures to the document which confirmed the annexation. The Sikh defeat had several causes. Their administration of the population of the Punjab had been poor, which meant that their large armies found it difficult to find enough food while the East India Company had brought overwhelming force against them.{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} After the Second Anglo-Sikh War of 1848–49, the areas of the following districts were annexed by the Britishers: Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Rohtak, Bannu, Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Hazara, Jhang, Jhelum, Kohat, Lahore, Montgomerty, Multan, Muzaffargarh, Peshawar,Rawalpindi, Shahpur, and Sialkot districts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Abhijit |url=https://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/bardhan/e271_sp03/2_18.pdf |title=History, Institutions and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India (BREAD Working Paper No. 003) |last2=Iyer |first2=Lakshmi |date=January 2003 |publisher=Bureau for Research in Economic Analysis of Development |pages=39 |chapter=Appendix Table 1: Districts of British India, With Dates and Mode of Acquisition by the British}}</ref>

The Anglo-Sikh wars gave the two sides a mutual respect for each other's fighting prowess (although the war itself had been unchivalrously fought; the Sikhs took no prisoners at Chillianwala, and the British had taken no prisoners at [[Battle of Gujrat|Gujrat]]). There was an increased recruitment of people from various communities of the Punjab in the Punjab Irregular Force under British command. These recruits fought for the East India Company during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], against the mutineers and other opponents (mostly high-caste Hindus from Eastern provinces, and forces or loyalists of Shia, Maratha and Mughal rulers). These Punjabi recruits had especially little sympathy with the Hindu mutineers of the Bengal Army, ironically contributed to by the latter's role in helping the British in the Anglo-Sikh wars. A long history of enmity of the Sikhs with Mughal rule did not help the mutineers' cause either, given their choice of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] as a symbolic leader.{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}

==Battle honour==
The battle honour "''[[Punjaub]]''" was distributed with a free hand to all regiments employed in the operations of the Anglo-Sikh Wars during 1848–49 vide Gazette of the Governor General 277 of 1849, and the list of regiments honoured was issued vide. GoGG 803 of 1853. The Bombay Army was awarded separately and the spelling was changed from 'Punjaub' to 'Punjab' vide ''[[Gazette of India]]'' No. 1079 of 1910. Forty of the honoured units of the [[Bengal Army]] were consumed by the Mutiny. India has now raised a memorial at [[Ferozepore]] to pay homage to men of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] who laid down their lives in the Anglo-Sikh Wars and the battle honour is considered to be [[Repugnant battle honours of the Indian Army|repugnant]].<ref>Singh 1993, {{page needed|date=December 2014}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Allen (writer) |title=Soldier Sahibs |publisher=Abacus |year=2000 |isbn=0-349-11456-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Hernon |first=Ian |title=Britain's Forgotten Wars |publisher=Sutton Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=0-7509-3162-0}}
* {{cite book|last=James |first=Lawrence |year=1997 |title=Raj, Making and unmaking of British India |publisher=Abacus}}
* {{cite book |last=Malleson |first=George Bruce |title=Decisive Battles of India|year=1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9996 }}{{Full citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Battle of Gujrat (1849) |first=Kaushik |last=Roy |editor-last=Hodge|editor-first=Carl Cavanagh |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914: Volume 1 (A-K)|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-0-313-33406-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtEZ7Zq7s-gC&pg=PA298}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Sarbans |year=1993 |title=Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757–1971|publisher=Vision Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7094-115-6}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Farwell|first=Byron|author-link=Byron Farwell|title=Queen Victoria's Little Wars|publisher=Wordsworth Military Library|year=1973|isbn=1840222166}}
* {{Citation | last = Greenwood | first = Adrian | author1-link = Adrian Greenwood | year = 2015 | title = Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde | publisher = History Press | place = UK | page = 496 | isbn = 978-0750956857 | url = http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html | access-date = 26 November 2015 | archive-date = 21 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160221172547/http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html/ | url-status = dead }}.
* {{cite book |last=Lawrence-Archer |first=J. H. (James Henry) |title=Commentaries on the Punjab Campaign, 1848–49. Including some additions to the history of the Second Sikh War, from original sources|url=https://archive.org/details/commentariesonpu00lawr|access-date=4 March 2014|year=1878|publisher=[[W. H. Allen Ltd]]}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Battles of the Second Anglo-Sikh War}}
* [http://www.sikhlionz.com/anglosikhwar2.htm Second Anglo-Sikh War]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120162429/http://www.searchsikhism.com/anglo.html Anglo-Sikh Wars]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Indo–British conflicts|years=|before=[[First Anglo-Sikh War]]|after=[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sikhism}}
{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Sikh War, 2nd}}
[[Category:Anglo-Sikh wars|*Second]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1848]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1849]]
[[Category:Military history of British India]]
[[Category:1848 in India]]
[[Category:1849 in India]]
[[Category:History of the Bombay Engineer Group]]
[[Category:History of the Bengal Engineer Group]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]

Siege of Mirpur

2026-03-19T07:06:40Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: Adding a info

{{Short description|Part of the First Kashmir War in 1947}}
{{Cleanup|date=April 2025|reason=The article is full of constantly repeated information}}
{{Verify sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Mirpur
| partof = the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]] and [[Kashmir conflict]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = '''Mirpur City:''' 15 Oct – 25 Nov 1947<ref name=":11">{{Harvb|Gulati|2000|p=167}}</ref> '''Mangla fort:''' 15 Oct – 24 Dec 1947<ref>{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=170}}</ref>
| place = [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Old Mirpur]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| map_type = Kashmir
| map_relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|33.1834|73.7837|display=inline,title|name=Old Mirpur}}
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-coordinates = {{coord|33.1834|73.7837}}
| territory = Mirpur becomes part of the territory administered by Pakistan, known as Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)
| result = Siege Successful<ref name=":11" />
* State forces abandon Mirpur
* Mirpur falls to Azad army
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Azad Kashmir}} [[Azad Kashmir Regular Force|Azad Army]] '''Supported by''' {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Dominion of India]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| commander1 =
| commander2 =
| units1 = {{flagicon|Azad Kashmir}} [[Azad Kashmir Regular Force|Azad Army]]{{efn|Also referred to as the [[Mujahideen]]}}
* Tribal militias
* Muslim deserters{{efn|the Muslim troops of Jammu and Kashmir state forces had defected to Azad army side}}
* Pakistani volunteers
| units2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]
* Mirpur Brigade
* Local militias
{{air force|India}}
| strength1 = Two infantry battalions
| strength2 = ≈ 610–560 men
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
}}

The '''siege of Mirpur'''<ref>{{Harvb|Cheema|2014|p=57}} : {{Harvb|Saraf|2015|p=240}}</ref> was a military operation initiated by [[Pakistan]]-backed [[Azad Kashmir Regular Force|Azad Kashmir rebels]] against the garrison of the city of [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] in the princely state of [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]]. It began on 15 October 1947, during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|First Kashmir War]], with the objective of capturing the city in support of its accession to [[Pakistan]].

Following the capture of [[Bhimber]], the [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Army]] considered it necessary to seize Mirpur and neutralize the threat posed by the Jammu and Kashmir state forces stationed there. By 15 October, the Azad forces had come under attack from the Mirpur and [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]] garrisons, and some Muslim troops reportedly defected from the state forces to join the Azad forces.

The outer defensive posts of Mirpur were eliminated, and communication with the [[Mangla|Mangla Mai fort]] was severed. The Azad Army rapidly mobilized its forces before the [[Indian Army]] could intervene, while the state forces maintained their positions, awaiting reinforcements. [[Khan Muhammad Khan of Mong|Khan Muhammad Khan]] and [[Afzal Guru|Captain Afzal]] led the effort to dismantle the outposts and launched an assault on the town. However, they withdrew due to heavy shelling and continuous [[strafing]] by the [[Indian Air Force]].

In the meantime, [[Tribe|tribesmen]] and volunteers from Poonch arrived to assist the Azad Army, bringing captured ammunition and [[Mortar (weapon)|three-inch mortars]].

On 24 November, the [[Azad Kashmir|Azad]] Army launched an offensive and overran the post in the southwestern part of the city. After six hours of combat, the state forces' resistance collapsed.

Due to dwindling ammunition supplies, the senior officers of the [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]] state forces decided to abandon the city and evacuate civilians to a safer location. At [[Mangla|Mangla Mai]], the garrison held out against the Azad forces for one month and twenty days, until the fort' gate was destroyed by sustained bombardment. The garrison, now encircled, capitulated.

With the fall of [[Mirpur Tehsil|Mirpur tehsil]], the route to [[Jhangar]] became unsecured, and military operations in [[Kotli|Kotli tehsil]] continued thereafter. On 25 May 1949, prisoners from the Jammu and Kashmir state forces were repatriated after being held at Ali Beg for ten months.

== Background ==
After capturing [[Bhimber]], the [[Azad Kashmir|Azad]] Army targeted [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] to neutralize Jammu and Kashmir state forces stationed there. By October 1947, Muslim troops from the state forces defected, weakening Mirpur's defenses. The Azad Army severed communications with Mangla Fort and advanced to the city's outskirts. On 15 October, Azad forces attacked the Mirpur and Poonch garrisons, and by 18 October, [[Muslims|Muslim]] troops from the Jammu and Kashmir state forces had [[Defection|defected]].<ref name=":8">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=45}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=December 2025}}

By this point, the Azad forces had surrounded both Poonch and the [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|city of Mirpur]].<ref name=":8" /> Due to the desertion of [[Muslims|Muslim]] troops from the state forces, the security situation deteriorated.<ref name=":9">{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=235}}</ref> The situation in [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]] improved after an air link was established. [[Dadyal Tehsil|Dadyal]] and [[Chechian]] posts were abandoned, with two platoons stationed at Phala-da-Gala to maintain surveillance. A vehicle that had been ordered to bring aid was ambushed, and the two [[Platoon|platoons]] were withdrawn to Mirpur following the dispatch of a relief team.<ref name=":0">{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=243}}</ref>

The withdrawal of forward platoons from Phala-da-Gala severed communications with the [[Mangla|Mangla Mai]] garrison and allowed the [[Azad Kashmir|Azad]] forces to advance to the outskirts of Mirpur, making the town more accessible.<ref name=":0" /> Recognizing that their advantage depended on capturing Mirpur before reinforcements from the [[Indian Army]] could arrive, the Azad forces quickly mobilized and launched a major assault on the town on 6 November. Meanwhile, the state forces, anticipating imminent support from the Indian Army, held their positions in an effort to prevent the fall of Mirpur.<ref name=":0" />

== Siege ==
The outer posts in the [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur area]] had been eliminated by [[Azad Kashmir|Azad]] forces, and the remaining [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]] state forces had [[Entrenchment (fortification)|entrenched themselves]] in the town of [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]]. A relief column from [[Nowshera District|Nowshera]] was dispatched by the [[Indian Army]] to support the state forces but was ambushed, suffered heavy losses, and was unable to advance further.<ref name=":1">{{Harvb|Suharwardy|1983|p=144}}</ref>

Captain Muhammad Khan and Captain Afzal effectively eliminated the outposts and led an attack on the town, but withdrew due to heavy shelling and constant strafing by the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name=":1" /> In the meantime, tribesmen and volunteers from Poonch city arrived to aid the Azad Army, bringing captured [[ammunition]] and three-inch [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]]. These mortars were used by Azad troops to [[Shell (projectile)|shell]] the city at night<ref name=":1" />

On 20 November, Azad forces attacked and gained control of the southwestern portion of the city. However, they were pushed back after a night of skirmishes with [[Military reserve force|reserve forces]] commanded by Lieutenant Krishen Singh. The wireless set available to the garrison ceased functioning, and the [[Indian Air Force]] did not carry out further strikes, allowing [[Azad Kashmir|Azad]] forces to intensify their attacks.<ref>{{Harvb|Palit|1972|pp=171–72}}</ref>

On 24 November, the Azad Army launched an offensive that eliminated the post in the southwestern part of the city. After six hours of battle, resistance collapsed.<ref name=":6">{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=172}}</ref> Most of the city came under fire, and Azad forces continued to enter from the southwest. All posts held by the Jammu and Kashmir state forces came under attack, and the city was eventually overwhelmed.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

=== State forces abandon Mirpur city ===
As Azad Army troops entered the city, emergency signals were sent to Indian aircraft overhead. In response to the worsening situation and depleted ammunition, senior officers of the [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]] state forces decided to abandon the city and evacuate civilians to a safer area.<ref name=":2">{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=173}}</ref> Panic ensued, and many Mirpuri civilians reportedly [[Suicide|took their own lives]] as rumors of the evacuation spread. Of approximately 18,000 [[Civilian|civilians]], only 15,000 were able to join the retreat, leaving about 3,000 behind in [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=248}}</ref>

The combined column of civilians and [[State police|state troops]] began retreating towards [[Jhangar]].<ref name=":2" /> A small company was left behind to stall the Azad troops with addition of two jets of the Indian air force, which bombarded Azad army positions.<ref name=":2" /> The column on its way faced heavy fire from an Azad army positions and scattered, after regrouping the [[Muslims|Azad]] guides were forced to lead the column. The guides would deceive and escape from the state forces and again the column was met with heavy [[Azad Kashmir|Azad]] army resistance.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
[[File:Pakistan - Azad Kashmir - Mirpur.svg|thumb|216x216px|Map of Azad Kashmir with the Mirpur District highlighted in red]]
The [[Indian Air Force]] provided [[Military aviation|air cover]] during the retreat, with jets intermittently targeting Azad positions to aid the column's movement.<ref name=":1" /> An [[Muslims|elderly man]] was recruited as a guide. Initially mistaking the column for Azad forces, he ultimately cooperated after realizing their identity.<ref name=":3">{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=173}}</ref> The [[Rearguard|rear guard]] remained engaged in combat throughout the day and suffered 15 casualties on 26 November. The column reached [[Jhangar]] by 28 November.<ref name=":3" />

=== Siege of Mangla Mai fort ===
From 18 October, the garrison at [[Mangla|Mangla Mai Fort]] came under continuous fire from Azad troops.<ref name=":4">{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=169}}</ref> On 7 November, an elderly woman took refuge in the fort, claiming that Mirpur had fallen and that many civilians, including her family, had been killed. She carried two letters; one for the fort's commander Jemadar Khajoor Singh, and another for a civilian inside the fort.<ref name=":4" />

One letter, written in [[Urdu]], and the other in [[English language|English]], were signed by Captain Mohamed Azam, a [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]] state forces officer. They instructed the garrison to surrender. However, the messages were ignored.<ref name=":4" />

The garrison consisted of Commander Jemadar Khajoor Singh, [[Havildar]] Ishri Singh, three other fort personnel, and [[Refugee|civilian Mirpuris]].<ref name=":10">{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=249}}</ref> While there was a [[Gunpowder|sufficient supply of gunpowder]] and a stockpile of [[Muzzleloader|antique muzzleloaders]], ammunition was scarce. The Mirpuri defenders reportedly used [[Rock (geology)|pebbles]] as makeshift projectiles. Water and food were also in short supply, and small groups were sent to fetch water from the river. All escape routes were blocked by [[Azad Kashmir|Azad]] forces, and the fort came under mortar attack, while the [[Indian Air Force]] ceased providing support.<ref name=":5">{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=170}}</ref>

On the night of 23–24 November, an attempted escape toward [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]] failed when the group was spotted and some members were captured.<ref name=":5" /> The [[garrison]] held out for one month and twenty days until, on 25 December, the fort's gate was destroyed by [[Azad Kashmir|Azad]] bombardment. Commander Khajoor Singh ordered the weapons destroyed and attempted to evacuate, but the fort was surrounded.<ref name=":5" /> The garrison and the commander capitulated to the Azad forces and the garrison was kept in the fort for another 20 days. They were taken to Ali Beg with other 3,600 [[Refugee|Mirpuri refugees]] at the holy buildings attempted to escape but were captured again and killed.<ref name=":5" />

== Aftermath ==
The [[Azad Kashmir|Azad]] forces reportedly handed over the cash found in the [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur treasury]] to their authorities to strengthen their military operations. In [[Jhangar]], Captain Afzal was killed in action, and the village of [[Gobindpur block|Gobindpur]], located in [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]], was renamed [[Afzalpur]] in his honor.<ref name=":1" /> With the fall of [[Mirpur Tehsil|Mirpur tehsil]], the route to [[Jhangar]] remained unguarded, and military operations in [[Kotli|Kotli tehsil]] continued. Following the collapse of outposts in the [[Kotli]] region, two companies of [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]] state forces were dispatched from [[Rawalakot]] to [[Kotli]], responding to urgent appeals for reinforcements.<ref>{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=174}}</ref>

On 26 November, the [[Paran Brigade|50 Para Brigade]] returned to [[Jhangar]] from [[Kotli]] and assumed control of the area. Meanwhile, the [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|disbanded Mirpur Brigade]] regrouped at [[Jhangar]]. A column composed of [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]] state forces and refugees from [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]], [[Kotli]], and [[Jhangar]] was formed and began moving toward [[Jammu]] on 29 November.<ref name=":10" /> The [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] negotiated the release of 2,800 survivors, who had been detained at Ali Beg for five months. Reports indicate that many other [[Detention (confinement)|detainees]] died due to [[Starvation|starvation or torture]], According to Palit, detainees at Ali Beg included women who were segregated and later reported abuse by Azad officers.<ref name=":5" />

== See also ==

* [[Partition of India]]

* [[Kashmir conflict]]
** [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]
** [[Military_operations_in_Ladakh_(1948)#Battles_and_operations|1947-48 India-Pakistan battles and operations]]

== Sources ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |date=2010 |title=1948: The Crucial Year in the History of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25664224 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=49–58 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=25664224 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ |title=The Crimson Chinar the Kashmir Conflict : a Politico Military Perspective |publisher=United Service Institution of India |year=2014 |isbn=9788170623014}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gulati |first=M. N. |title=Military Plight of Pakistan: Indo-Pak War, 1947–48, Volume 1 |publisher=Manas Publications |year=2000 |isbn=9788170491231 |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220135/page/n67/mode/2up?q=Nurhbuchung |via=archive.org}}
* {{Cite book |last=Palit |first=D. K.|title=Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles |publisher=Palit & Dutt |year=1972 |asin=B0006C8HKM |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3425/ |via=archive}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Sri Nandan |title=History of Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–48 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |year=1987 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553361/page/n15/mode/2up |via=archive.org}}
* {{Cite book |last=Riza |first=Shaukat |url=https://www.amazon.in/Pakistan-Army-1947-1949-Shaukat-Riza/dp/B0075MBYR4 |title=The Pakistan Army 1947–1949 |publisher=natraj publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-8185019635 |language=en}}
* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ym1uvgAACAAJ |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/part-ii-kashmiris-fight-for-freedom-vol-2-1947-1978-by-yusuf-saraf |archive-date=2021-03-29 |location=Mirpur |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sen |first=L. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7RwzAEACAAJ |title=Slender was the Thread: Kashmir Confrontation 1947–1948 |publisher=Sangam Books Limited |year=1994 |isbn=9780861316922 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=S.K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMwBAAAAMAAJ |title=Operation Rescue Military Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–49 |publisher=Vision Books |year=1977 |language=En |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3501/page/n211/mode/2up |archive-date=2021-01-20}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K.Brahma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ&q=History%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20rifles |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820–1956 The State Force Background |publisher=Lancer International |year=1990 |isbn=9788170620914 |language=en |format=Hardcover}}
** {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820–1956: The State Force Background |year=2010 |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195332/http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |orig-date=first published Lancer International 1990}}
*{{citation |last=Suharwardy |first=Abdul Haq |title=Tragedy in Kashmir |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjRuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Wajidalis}}
{{Sequence
| prev = [[Bhimber raid]]
| list = Battles of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947
| curr = Siege of Mirpur
| next = [[Siege of Kotli]]
}}
{{Portalbar|Pakistan|Kashmir|India}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirpur 1947}}
[[Category:Sieges involving India]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Pakistan]]
[[Category:October 1947 in Asia]]
[[Category:20th-century sieges]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]
[[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:Operations involving the Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Mirpur District]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Danapur

2026-03-15T17:11:48Z

Stickerlabelingmachine:

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Short description|Indian city in Patna district, Bihar}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Danapur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Dinapore/Dinapur, Danapur Nizamat
| sports_nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Bihar by population|City]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Station board of [[Danapur railway station]] at [[Khagaul]]
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|37|21|N|85|02|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna division|Patna]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Patna district|Patna]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|UA]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Patna]]
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 = 40 wards
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1887
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Parishad]]
| governing_body = Nagar Parishad Danapur Nizamat
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Ram Kripal Yadav]] ([[BJP]])
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name3 = [[Misa Bharti]] ([[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]])
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 182,241
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Magadhi language|Magadhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 801503
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06115
| registration_plate = BR-01
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Patna Regional Development Authority]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Danapur Nagar Parishad
| website = {{URL|danapur.biharurban.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Danapur Nizamat''' or '''Danapur''' is an Indian satellite town and one of six subdivisions ([[tehsil]]) in the [[Patna district]] of [[Bihar]] state.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Danapur.pdf City Development Plan for Danapur] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305210720/http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Danapur.pdf |date=5 March 2014 }} 2014-03-05</ref> The population was 182,241 at the 2011 India Census. It is part of the [[Patna Metropolitan Region]].<ref name="census1">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/175-dinapur-nizamat.html |title=Dinapur Nizamat City Population Census 2011 | Bihar |publisher=Census2011.co.in |access-date=2014-03-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305212700/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/175-dinapur-nizamat.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was constituted as a municipality in 1887.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC&q=danapur&pg=PA11 |title=Students' Britannica India — Google Books |isbn=9780852297605 |access-date=2014-03-05|last1=Hoiberg |first1=Dale |year=2000 }}</ref>
Danapur is also a shelter and hatchery for the migrating [[Siberian crane]]s, locally called ''Janhgil''. They visit every year during the monsoon season for breeding and leave this place before the start of the winter season. The Sub-Area Headquarters of Bihar and Jharkhand is situated in the [[Danapur Cantonment|army cantonment]] here.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramashankar |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101208/jsp/bihar/story_13271306.jsp |title=The Telegraph — Calcutta (Kolkata) | Bihar | Police force to hire 9000 ex-armymen |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2010-12-08 |access-date=2014-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221151150/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101208/jsp/bihar/story_13271306.jsp |archive-date=21 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/New-commander-of-Danapur-Army-HQ/articleshow/4475821.cms?referral=PM |title=New commander of Danapur Army HQ — The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2009-05-03 |access-date=2014-03-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201210156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/New-commander-of-Danapur-Army-HQ/articleshow/4475821.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=1 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2018, Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL) completed the construction work of a ten- metre-wide 10.6 km long road along the western embankment of Digha-Danapur canal (Rupaspur canal).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/construction-of-road-along-digha-danapur-canal-over/articleshow/64128589.cms|title=Construction of road along Digha-Danapur canal over|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> This road also passes underneath the 12.27 km long Digha-AIIMS elevated road ([[Patli Path]]) that connects NH-98 near [[AIIMS Patna]] to [[Digha, Patna|Digha]] on the [[Loknayak Ganga Path]] (or Patna Marine Drive) at Patna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/digha-aiims-elevated-road-gets-dec-date/articleshow/64140632.cms|title=Digha-AIIMS elevated road gets December date|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

Flagstaff [[ghat]] on the Ganges at Dinapur, [[Patna]], 1859 is one of the oldest ghats.<ref name="The story of the Lall Bazar Baptist Church Calcutta: being the history of Carey's church from 24th April 1800 to the present day">{{cite book|title=The story of the Lall Bazar Baptist Church Calcutta: being the history of Carey's church from 24th April 1800 to the present day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4saAAAAMAAJ|access-date=17 March 2011|year=1908|publisher=Edinburgh Press}}</ref> [[Gurdwara Handi Sahib]], a gurdwara of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], is a pilgrimage place for [[Sikh]]s. Naulakha Temple and various historical buildings of British rule are places of interest.

==Administration==
The Danapur sub-division ([[Tehsil]]) is headed by an IAS or State Civil Service Officer of the rank of [[Sub Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM).

===Blocks===
The Danapur Tehsil is divided into 4 [[Community development block|Block]]s, each headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO).

List of Blocks is as follows:
# Danapur
# [[Maner, Bihar|Maner]]
# [[Bihta]]
# [[Naubatpur]]

====List of villages====
The list of villages in ''Danapur-cum-Khagaul'' [[Community development block|Block]] (under Danapur [[Tehsil]]) is as follows: (GP is [[Gram Panchayat]]).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| Adampur || 70 || 1,371
|-
| Asopur || 73 || 2,342
|-
| Babakkarpur || 62 || 1,042
|-
| Bari Khagaul || 40 || 4,554
|-
| Birbhan Chak || 36 ||
|-
| Bishunpur || 133 || 2,144
|-
| Dalip Chak || 1,031 ||
|-
| Dariapur || 162 || 2,964
|-
| Dhibra || 51 || 1,334
|-
| Faridanpur || 3 || 953
|-
| Ganghara (GP) || 1,540 || 8,205
|-
| Gorgawan || 93 || 1,961
|-
| Habaspur || 70 || 4,733
|-
| Harsham Chak || 226 || 2,800
|-
| Hathia Kandh (GP) || 506 || 8,369
|-
| Hetanpur (GP) || 229 || 5,312
|-
| Jafarpur || 46 || 826
|-
| Jamsaut (GP) || 275 || 11,196
|-
| Kafarpur || 21 || 1,069
|-
| Kasim Chak (GP) || 197 || 1,722
|-
| Kedalpura || 103 || 1,639
|-
| Khedarpura || 28 || 1,167
|-
| Kothawan (GP) || 100 || 3,201
|-
| Kothia || 61 || 1,529
|-
| Lakhani Bigha (GP) || 193 || 4,985
|-
| Lodipur || 205 || 3,000
|-
| Madhopur || 278 || 3,765
|-
| Mainpura || 126 || 2,447
|-
| Maksudpur || 72 || 1,936
|-
| Mobarakpur (GP) || 166 || 4,775
|-
| Mustafapur || 170 || 2,357
|-
| Nasirpur || 26 || 67
|-
| Panapur (GP) || 1,992 || 26,310
|-
| Patlapur (GP) || 119 || 3,288
|-
| Sandalpur || 34 ||
|-
| Sarari (GP) || 248 || 4,269
|-
| Shankarpatti || 622 || 432
|-
| Shankarpur Khas || 138 || 2,026
|-
| Taufir Mangar Pal || 243 ||
|-
| Usri || 104 || 3,430
|-
| Usri Khurd || 43 || 1,389
|-
| Gola Road || 1163 || 7,284
|}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|align = left
|source = <ref name="autogenerated1"/>
|1991| 84,616
|2001| 131,176
|2011| 182,241
| footnote=
|}}
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Dinapur
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|92.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|6.48}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.81}}}}
As of the [[census]] of 2011, there were 182,241 with 97,129 men and 85,112 women residing in the city. Out of which 25,092 (13.77%) had children under the age of 6. There were 13,398 boys while 11,694 are girls. The [[population density]] as per 2001 data is about 113 persons/ha.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> The overall literacy rate is 78.4%, with the male literacy rate being 84.54% and the female literacy rate being 71.39%. The sex ratio of 882 per 1000 males was lower than the national average of 944. And child sex ratio of girls is 873 per 1000 boys.<ref name="census1"/>

==Geography==
Danapur is located on the bank of the River [[Ganges]].

According to the City development plan for Danapur, the city has a total area of 11.63 km2 and is divided into 40 wards.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==Politics==
{{Main|Danapur Assembly constituency}}

Danapur is part of [[Danapur Assembly constituency|Danapur]] Assembly constituency under the [[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency|Pataliputra]] Lok Sabha constituency.

==Education==
===Colleges===
* [[BS College, Danapur]]
* [[R.P. Sharma Institute of Technology]]
* DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SCIENCES & HOSPITAL

===Schools===
* Gyan Niketan, VVC Complex, Gola Road
* St Dominic Savios High School
* [[Army Public School, Danapur Cantt]]
* Kendriya Vidyalaya Danapur Cantt
* [[Dr. Dukhan Ram DAV Public School]], Gola Road<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated Schools List — Dr. Dukhan Ram DAV Public School |url=https://saras.cbse.gov.in/SARAS/AffiliatedList/AfflicationDetails/330124 |publisher=CBSE}}</ref>
* [St. Karen's High School, Patna]
* Children's Academy, Bailey Rd, Saguna More, Mainpura, Danapur

==Nagar Parishad Danapur Nizamat==
Nagar Parishad Danapur Nizamat looks after municipal works of Danapur area. The Nagar Parishad Danapur Nizamat (Municipal Council) was established in 1889. There are 40 wards under jurisdiction of Nagar Parishad Danapur Nizamat.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Flagstaff ghat on the Ganges at Dinapur, Patna, 1859.jpg|Flagstaff ghat in 1859
File:ArmyPublicSchool Ent.jpg|Army Public School, Danapur Cantt
File:Danapur Cantonment.jpg|Danapur Army Cantonment
File:K V Danapur Cantt (Main Gate).JPG|Kendriya Vidyala Danapur Cantt
</gallery>

== Notable people ==
* [[Abdur Rauf Danapuri]] (1874–1948), Indian Islamic scholar and political figure

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Bihta]]
*[[Danapur Cantt]]
*[[Khagaul]]
*[[Maner Sharif]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100416105758/http://www.patna.nic.in/ Official website of Patna]
*[http://www.ashasinha.in/ MLA Danapur Asha Sinha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101081031/http://www.ashasinha.in/ |date=1 November 2020 }}

{{Patna|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Patna district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Patna]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in India]]

Bengali theatre

2026-03-12T10:21:51Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: brief update article to improve readability additionally and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date= May 2010}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Nabanna Bengali theatre scene.png|thumb|A scene from ''[[Nabanna (drama)|Nabanna]]''.]]
{{Culture of Bengal}}
'''Bengali theatre''' primarily refers to theatre performed in the [[Bengali language]]. Bengali theatre is produced mainly in [[West Bengal]], and in [[Bangladesh]]. The term may also refer to some [[Hindi theatre]]s which are accepted by the Bengali people.

Bengali theatre has its origins in British rule. It began as private entertainment in the early 19th century.<ref name="kundu">{{cite book |last=Kundu |first=Pranay K. |year=1988 |chapter=Development of Stage and Theatre Music in Bengal |editor-last=Banerjee |editor-first=Jayasri |title=The Music of Bengal |location=Baroda |publisher=Indian Musicological Society |oclc=19624659}}</ref> In the pre-independence period, Bengali theatres played a pivotal role in manifesting dislike of the [[British Raj]]. After the independence of India in 1947, leftist movements in [[West Bengal]] used theatre as a tool for social awareness. This added some unique characteristics to the art form that still have strong effects. These groups differentiate themselves ideologically from commercial Bengali theatre.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

==Types==
[[File:Tohar Gaon.jpg|thumb|Play ''Tohar Gaon Bhi Ek Din'' staged by ''Sreejansena'' group]]
The many theatres in [[West Bengal]] can be broadly divided into [[Kolkata]]-based theatres and rural theatres. Outside Bengali-speaking areas, the term "Bengali theatre" primarily refers to Kolkata-based groups, as the rural theatres are less well-known. The two types are similar in form and content, but the Kolkata-based theatres are better funded and staffed. This is mainly due to the influx of expertise from rural areas to Kolkata in search of a larger audience.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

There are also Bengali [[Folk culture|folk]] theatres. There are many dialects of Bengali spoken in [[West Bengal]] and Bangladesh. The larger Bengali theatres use the dialect spoken in Kolkata, Bengali folk theatres have performances in some of the other Bengali dialects.

There is another category of Bengali theatre called [[Jatra (Bengal)|Jatra]], which is run commercially in rural [[West Bengal]] and Bangladesh. This traditional Bengali theatre form is mostly performed by travelling troupes. The most prominent characteristics of Jatra are melodramatic contents and presentation, exaggerated expressions and movements, and an extensive use of traditional musical instruments. Jatra originally explored subjects concerning the tales of [[Radha-Krishna]]. But at present, it has been modernized to feature crisis through stories.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=S. |last2=Thomas |first2=C. J. |year=2013 |title=Society, Representation and Textuality: The Critical Interface |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVC8kgEACAAJ |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0953-2 |lccn=2012044258}}</ref> Many popular Bengali film artists participate in Jatra.

[[Hindi theatre]]s which are accepted by the Bengali people include the productions of ''[[Rangakarmee]]'' (established 1976) directed by [[Usha Ganguly]], and productions by ''[[Padatik (Indian theatre group)|Padatik]]'' (established 1972) under [[Shyamanand Jalan]], who started with ''Anamika'' in 1955.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dharwadker |first=Aparna Bhargava |date=2005 |title=Theatres of Independence: Drama, Theory, and Urban Performance in India Since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&pg=PA401 |publisher=University of Iowa Press |page=440 |isbn=0-87745-961-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ahuja |first=Chaman |date=29 October 1997 |title=Calcutta, home to Hindi Theatre |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/advertise.nsf/%28docid%29/70B426B140A9AA74652569420029534A |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725211658/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/advertise.nsf/%28docid%29/70B426B140A9AA74652569420029534A |archive-date=25 July 2011 |via=Centre for the Study of Culture and Society Media Archive |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Following the [[independence of Pakistan]] in 1947, religion-based nationalism was strong and affected the theatre in eastern Bengal. In [[East Pakistan]] (modern-day Bangladesh), playwrights emerged such as Ibrahim Khan (1894–1978), Ibrahim Khalil (b. 1916), Akbar ad-Din (1895–1978) and others. These playwrights would create plays related to the Islamic history of [[the subcontinent]] and Middle East, glorifying past Muslim rulers as well as the history of the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Theatre |author=Zillur Rahman John}}</ref>

[[Natyaguru]] [[Nurul Momen]] was the pioneer by breaking away from these dramas glorifying Islam & moved to Bengali Nationalism. He believed that, Bengalis are Bengalis first, then next comes his religion. He was the trailblazer & doyen of Bengali theatre's progressiveness & secular tradition. [[Natyaguru]] [[Nurul Momen]]'s maiden play "Rupantor" and 2nd play [[Nemesis (Momen play)]] ushered in the Bengali nationalism in Bengali theatre; which imbibed Bengali nationalism in the theatrical & cultural fields and eventually, that led to the independence of [[Bangladesh]].

==Music==
The late 19th- and early 20th-century theatres had their own [[Bengali music]].<ref name="kundu"/> This form was pioneered by [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]; the era of Bengali theatre before him laid the groundwork, and after his death Bengali theatre music became more experimental.<ref name="kundu"/> During the era of Girish Chandra, all stage-plays included some form of traditional Bengali music, and dancer-singers who performed before and between the acts. Mythological plays would have [[Kirtan-anga]] songs, epics would include indigenous styles such as [[khyāmtā]], and comedies and farcical plays often included [[tappā]] songs by [[Nidhu Babu]].<ref name="kundu"/>

==Notable people==
===Bangladesh===
* [[Abdullah al Mamun (playwright)|Abdullah Al Mamun]]
* [[Abdul Kader (actor)|Abdul Kader]]
* [[Abul Hayat]]
* [[Abul Khair (actor)|Abul Khair]]
* Abdullah Hel Mahmud
* [[Afsana Mimi]]
* [[Ahmed Rubel]]
* [[Aly Zaker]]
* [[Asaduzzaman Noor]]
* [[ATM Shamsuzzaman]]
* [[Azizul Hakim]]
* [[Bijori Barkatullah]]
* [[Ejajul Islam]]
* [[Enamul Haque (actor)|Enamul Haque]]
* [[Ferdousi Mazumder]]
* Faiz Zahir
* [[Golam Mustafa]]
* [[Hridi Haq]]ue
* [[Humayun Faridi]]
* [[Jayanta Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Khairul Alam Sabuj]]
* [[KS Firoz]]
* [[Laila Hasan]]
* [[Litu Anam]]
* [[Lucky Enam]]
* [[Lutfun Nahar Lata]]
* [[Malay Bhowmick]]
* [[Mamunur Rashid]]
* [[Masud Ali Khan]]
* [[Momtazuddin Ahmed (dramatist)|Momtazuddin Ahmed]]
* [[Munier Choudhury]]
* [[Nasiruddin Yousuff]]
* [[Nazma Anwar]]
* [[Nazmul Huda Bachchu]]
* [[Natyaguru]] [[Nurul Momen]]
* [[Sara Zaker]]
* [[Saleh Ahmed (actor)|Saleh Ahmed]]
* [[Shabnam]]
* [[Shahiduzzaman Selim]]
* [[Shamima Nazneen]]
* [[Shanta Islam]]
* [[Sikandar Abu Zafar]]
* [[Selim Al Deen]]
* [[Subhash Dutta]]
* [[Suborna Mustafa]]
* [[Tamalika Karmakar]]
* [[Wahida Mollick Jolly]]

===West Bengal===
* [[Ajitesh Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Asit Bandopadhyay]]
* [[Sisir Bhaduri]]
* [[Ardhendu Sekhar Mustafi]]
* [[Bijon Bhattacharya]]
* [[Kshirode Prasad Vidyavinode]]
* [[Mohit Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Utpal Dutt]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Dutta]]
* [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]]
* [[Debshankar Haldar]]
* [[Dinabandhu Mitra]]
* [[Manoj Mitra]]
* [[Sambhu Mitra]]
* [[Tripti Mitra]]
* [[Shobha Sen]]
* [[Soumitra Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Dwijendralal Ray]]
* [[Badal Sarkar]]
* [[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]
* [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]]
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[Ramaprasad Banik]]
* [[Kaushik Sen]]
* [[Bratya Basu]]
* [[Goutam Halder]]
* Arun Mukherjee
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
* [[Debesh Chattopadhyay]]

==Notable theatre groups==
===Bangladesh===

* Dhaka Theatre – Founded in 1973 by Nasiruddin Yusuf; one of the leading theatre groups in Bangladesh and known for productions rooted in Bengali folk traditions.<ref name="NTIB">{{cite web |title=Group Theatre Movement |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Group_Theatre_Movement |website=Banglapedia |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

* [[Nagorik Natya Sampraday]] – Established in 1968 in Dhaka; one of the earliest modern theatre organisations in Bangladesh.<ref name="NTIB"/>

* Aranyak Natyadal – A Dhaka-based theatre troupe founded in 1971 and led by Mamunur Rashid.<ref name="NTIB"/>

* Theatre (Baily Road) – A theatre company established in 1972 by Abdullah Al Mamun and Ramendu Mazumdar.<ref name="NTIB"/>

* Natyachakra – A theatre group founded in Dhaka in 1972 and active in the Bangladeshi group theatre movement.<ref name="NTIB"/>

* [[Padatik Natya Sangsad]] – Founded in 1978; known for productions addressing social issues and national history. <ref>{{cite news |title=Padatik celebrates its theatre legacy |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/theatre/news/padatik-celebrates-its-theatre-legacy-1802713 |work=The Daily Star |date=23 September 2019 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

* [[Anushilan Natyadal]] – Established in 1979 in Rajshahi and known for socially conscious stage and street theatre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anushilan continues theatre activism |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/theatre/news/anushilan-continues-theatre-activism-1735423 |work=The Daily Star |date=29 April 2019 |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

* Arindam Natya Sampraday – A Chattogram-based theatre troupe active since the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arindam Natya Sampraday celebrates anniversary |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/lifestyle/arindam-natya-sampraday-celebrates-anniversary |work=The Financial Express |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

* Tirjak Natyadal – A theatre group from Chattogram involved in the regional group theatre movement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tirjak keeps theatre alive in Chattogram |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/theatre/news/tirjak-keeps-theatre-alive-chattogram-1809502 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

===West Bengal===
* [[Bohurupee]] Kolkata, India
* [[Bratyajon]] West Bengal, India
* [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA) and its branches
* [[Nandikar]] Kolkata, India
* [[Chetana (theatre group)|Chetana]] Kolkata, India
* [[Swapnasandhani]] Kolkata, India
* [[Sansriti]] Kolkata, India
* [[Bengal Repertory]]<ref name="8ththeatreolympics">{{Cite web |url=http://8ththeatreolympics.nsd.gov.in/en/play-single.php?ids=174 |title=Katha-Karnabhar Play |website=8th Theatre Olympics |publisher=National School of Drama |access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://samarthan.in/ngo/bengal-repertory/ |title=Bengal Repertory {{!}} Samarthan |work=Samarthan |access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref>
* [[Sahil Nandi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons}}
* ''Bengali stage, 1795-1873'', by Brajendra Nath Banerjee. Published by Ranjan Pub. House, 1943.
* ''Bengali theatre'', by Kironmoy Raha. Published by National Book Trust, India, 1978.
* ''The story of the Calcutta theatres, 1753-1980'', by Sushil Kumar Mukherjee. Published by K.P. Bagchi, 1982.
* ''The Bengali Drama: Its Origin and Development'', by P. Guha-Thakurta. Published by Routledge, 2001. {{ISBN|0-415-24504-4}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PnIh1m-gHf8C&dq=Bengali+theatre&pg=PP1 Excerpts]

{{Bengali Theatre}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Theatre}}
[[Category:Bengali theatre| ]]
[[Category:Theatre in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Theatre of India]]
[[Category:Theatre in Bangladesh]]

Assam macaque

2026-03-11T23:41:05Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Species of Old World monkey}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Assam macaque
| image = Assam macaque in Latpanchar April 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 03.jpg
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Macaca assamensis'' |author=Boonratana, R. |author2=Chalise, M. |author3=Htun, S. |author4=Timmins, R.J. |date=2020 |article-number=e.T12549A17950189 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12549A17950189.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Macaca
| species = assamensis<ref name = msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=161|id=12100530}}</ref>
| authority = [[John McClelland (doctor)|McClelland]], 1840
| range_map = Assam Macaque area.png
| range_map_caption = Assam macaque range
}}
[[File:Assam macaque (Macaca assamensis pelops) male head Nagarjun.jpg|thumb|''M. a. pelops'' in Nagarjun Forest, [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]]]
The '''Assam macaque''' ('''''Macaca assamensis''''') or '''Assamese macaque''' is a [[macaque]] of the [[Old World monkey]] family native to [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Since 2008, it has been listed as [[near-threatened species|Near Threatened]] on the [[IUCN Red List]], as it is experiencing significant declines due to [[poaching]], [[habitat]] [[degradation (geology)|degradation]], and [[habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]].<ref name=iucn/>

== Characteristics ==
The Assam macaque has a yellowish-grey to dark brown pelage. The facial skin is dark brownish to purplish. The head has a dark fringe of hair on the cheeks directed backwards to the ears. The hair on the crown is parted in the middle. The shoulders, head and arms tend to be paler than the hindquarters, which are greyish. The tail is well-haired and short. Head-to-body-length measures {{convert|51|to|73.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and the tail is {{convert|15|to|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Adult weight is {{convert|5|to|10|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>Françis, C. M. (2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=zWeS8A6nunIC&pg=PA271 ''A field guide to the mammals of South-East Asia'']. New Holland Publishers. {{ISBN|1-84537-735-4}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Assam-Makak 1670-2.jpg|thumb|Assam macaques in Shanghai Zoo]]
In Nepal, the Assam macaque occurs east of the [[Kali Gandaki]] river at elevations of {{cvt|200|-|1800|m}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wada, K. |year=2005 |title=The distribution pattern of rhesus and Assamese monkeys in Nepal |journal=Primates |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=115–119 |doi=10.1007/s10329-004-0112-x |pmid=15378425}}</ref> In northeastern India, it lives in tropical and subtropical semi[[evergreen forests]], dry [[Deciduous forests|deciduous]] and [[montane forest]]s up to elevations of {{cvt|4000|m}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Srivastava, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Mohnot, S. M. |year=2001 |title=Distribution, conservation status and priorities for primates in Northeast India |journal=ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=102–108 |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/primates/downloads/page102distributionne.pdf}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180919/http://wiienvis.nic.in/primates/downloads/page102distributionne.pdf |date=July 21, 2011 }}</ref> In Laos and Vietnam, it prefers elevations above {{cvt|500|m}}. It usually inhabits hilly areas above {{cvt|1000|m}}, but in the wetter east it also occurs in the lowlands below this elevation. In [[limestone]] [[karst]] forests, it also occurs at lower elevations.<ref name=iucn/>

==Ecology and behaviour==
Assam macaques are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]], and at times both [[arboreal]] and [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]]. They are [[omnivorous]] and feed on [[fruit]]s, leaves, [[invertebrate]]s and [[cereal]]s.<ref name=iucn/>
In [[Namdapha National Park]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], 15 groups were recorded in 2002 comprising 209 individuals. The population had a group density of 1.11 individuals per {{convert|1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and an average group size of 13.93 individuals.<ref name=Chetry2003>Chetry, D., Medhi, R., Biswas, J., Das, D. and Bhattacharjee, P. C. (2003). [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023%2FA%3A1023057401967 ''Nonhuman primates in the Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India'']. International Journal of Primatology 24(2): 383–388.</ref>
During a survey in Nepal's [[Langtang National Park]] in 2007, a total of 213 Assamese macaques were encountered in 9 groups in the study area of {{convert|113|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Troop sizes varied between 13 and 35 individuals, with a mean troop size of 23.66 individuals, and comprised 31% adult females, 16% adult males, and their young of various ages. They preferred [[maize]] kernals, followed by [[potato]] tubers, but also raided fields with [[wheat]], [[buckwheat]], and [[millet]].<ref>Regmi, G. R., Kandel, K. (2008). [http://www.psgb.org/Conservation/documents/Ganga%20Ram%20Regmi%20final%20report%20july%2008.pdf ''Population Status, Threats and Conservation Measures of Assamese macaque (''Macaca assamensis'') in Langtang National Park, Nepal''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422023106/http://www.psgb.org/Conservation/documents/Ganga%20Ram%20Regmi%20final%20report%20july%2008.pdf |date=2017-04-22 }}. A final report submitted to Primate Society of Great Britain, UK.</ref>

== Threats ==
The threats to this species' habitat include selective [[logging]] and various forms of anthropogenic development and activities, alien invasives, hunting and trapping for sport, medicine, food, and the [[pet trade]]. Additionally, [[Cross-breeding|hybridization]] with adjacent species poses a threat to some populations.<ref>Molur, S., Brandon-Jones, D., Dittus, W., Eudey, A., Kumar, A., Singh, M., Feeroz, M. M., Chalise, M., Priya, P. and Walker, S. (2003). [http://www.zooreach.org/downloads/ZOO_CAMP_PHVA_reports/2003%20Primate%20Report.pdf ''Status of South Asian Primates: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Report''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221173754/http://zooreach.org/downloads/ZOO_CAMP_PHVA_reports/2003%20Primate%20Report.pdf |date=2016-12-21 }}. Workshop Report, 2003. Zoo Outreach Organization/CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, India.</ref>

== Conservation ==
''Macaca assamensis'' is listed in [[CITES Appendix II]]. It is legally protected in all countries of occurrence. For the populations in India, the species is listed under Schedule II, part I of the Indian Wildlife Act.<ref name=Chetry2003/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101001055211/http://www.arkive.org/assam-macaque/macaca-assamensis/#text=All ARKive: Assam macaque (''Macaca assamensis'')]

{{C.Cercopithecinae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q738925}}

[[Category:Macaca]]
[[Category:Primates of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Laos]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Mammals of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Fauna of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Fauna of Assam]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1840]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John McClelland (doctor)]]

Dead Pixels (Indian TV series)

2026-03-08T05:45:30Z

Stickerlabelingmachine:

{{Short description|Indian Fantasy comedy series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since v1 from 2024; not only are there plenty of [[WP:AISIGNS]] in vocab distro, superficial analyses, etc., most of the quotations from reviews are fake}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dead Pixels (2023 TV series).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Fantasy comedy]]
| creator =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Dead Pixels]]''|Jon Brown}}
| developer =
| screenplay = Aditya Mandala
| story =
| writer = Akshay Polla
| director = Aditya Mandala
| starring = {{plain list|
*[[Niharika Konidela]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/niharika-konidela-dead-pixels-is-a-remake-of-a-british-show-adapted-perfectly-for-telugu-audiences/c145da5075976 | title=Niharika Konidela: Dead Pixels is a remake of a British show adapted perfectly for Telugu audiences | website=ottplay.com | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=17 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517063804/https://www.ottplay.com/news/niharika-konidela-dead-pixels-is-a-remake-of-a-british-show-adapted-perfectly-for-telugu-audiences/c145da5075976 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*Akshay Lagusani
*[[Sai Ronak]]
*[[Harsha Chemudu]]
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]]
*Bhavana Sagi
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Rohith Pisapati
| producer = {{plain list|
*Saideep Reddy Borra
*Sameer Gogate
*Rahul Tamada
}}
| cinematography = Fahad Abdul Majeed
| editor = Srujana Adusumilli
| music = Sidhartha Sadasivuni
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = {{plain list|
*[[BBC Studios|BBC Studios India]]
*Tamada Media Ltd
}}
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Dead Pixels''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] television series written by Akshay Polla and directed by Aditya Mandala. The series was produced by Saideep Reddy Borra, Sameer Gogate and Rahul Tamada under [[BBC Studios|BBC Studios India]] and Tamada Media Ltd. banners.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/bbcstudios/2023/bbc-studios-and-disney-hotstar-to-adapt-dead-pixels | title=BBC Studios and Disney+ Hotstar to adapt popular British modern comedy 'Dead Pixels' | website=[[BBC News]] | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=19 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119080926/https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/bbcstudios/2023/bbc-studios-and-disney-hotstar-to-adapt-dead-pixels | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280223/disney-hotstar-bbc-studios-developing-telugu-version-of-uk-sitcom-d.html | title=Disney+ Hotstar, BBC Studios developing Telugu version of UK sitcom -'Dead Pixels-' | website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=28 February 2023 | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=21 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421233104/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280223/disney-hotstar-bbc-studios-developing-telugu-version-of-uk-sitcom-d.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
It stars [[Niharika Konidela]], Akshay Lagusani, [[Sai Ronak]], [[Harsha Chemudu]], [[Rajeev Kanakala]] and Bhavana Sagi in lead roles. It premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 19 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/dead-pixels-streaming-now-on-disney-plus-hotstar-telugu-news-337127 | title=Dead Pixles streaming on Disney+Hotstar | website=indiaglitz.com | date=20 May 2023 | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=23 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523215410/https://www.indiaglitz.com/dead-pixels-streaming-now-on-disney-plus-hotstar-telugu-news-337127 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The series is a remake of the British [[comedy]] series ''[[Dead Pixels]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dead-pixels-telugu-adaptation-announced-by-bbc-studios-and-disney-hotstar/article66563023.ece | title='Dead Pixels' Telugu adaptation announced by BBC Studios and Disney+ Hotstar | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 February 2023 | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=7 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307091747/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dead-pixels-telugu-adaptation-announced-by-bbc-studios-and-disney-hotstar/article66563023.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==

Gayathri, Bhargav, and Anand share a deep passion for the video game "Battle of Thrones," shaping their personal and professional lives. Their pursuit of completing the game takes an unexpected turn with the arrival of Roshan in Gayathri's workplace. Roshan, seamlessly integrated into their gaming group, injects new dynamics into their relationships, both in the virtual world and reality. As the quartet faces unforeseen challenges, navigates evolving relationships, and grapples with the transformative impact of Roshan, the central question lingers: Did they successfully conquer the Battle of Thrones game? With differing opinions within the group, the narrative unfolds with a blend of facts and varied perspectives, maintaining a balanced tone.

==Cast==

*[[Niharika Konidela]] as Gayathri
*Akshay Lagusani as Bhargav
*[[Harsha Chemudu]] (Viva Harsha) as Anand
*[[Sai Ronak]] as Roshan
*Bhavana Sagi as Aishwarya
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Bhargav's father
*Bindu Chandramouli as Bhargav's mother
*Jayshree Rachakonda as Roshan's mother

== Episodes ==
=== Series overview ===
{{Series overview

| color1 = #3C5792
| link1 = #Season 1 (2023)
| episodes1 = 6
| released1 = {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=yes}}
}}

===Season 1 (2023)===
{{Episode table |background=#3C5792 |overall= |season=|title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Big Green Women
| DirectedBy = Aditya Mandala
| WrittenBy = Akshay Polla
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Motherless Boy
| DirectedBy = Aditya Mandala
| WrittenBy = Akshay Polla
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2= 3
| Title = The Wedding
| DirectedBy = Aditya Mandala
| WrittenBy = Akshay Polla
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2= 4
| Title = The House Party
| DirectedBy = Aditya Mandala
| WrittenBy = Akshay Polla
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2= 5
| Title = Red light cafe
| DirectedBy = Aditya Mandala
| WrittenBy = Akshay Polla
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2= 6
| Title = The Final Battle
| DirectedBy = Aditya Mandala
| WrittenBy = Akshay Polla
| OriginalAirDate= {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=yes}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
}}

==Reception==

A critic from [[123telugu]] gave the series 2/5 stars and stated that "Dead Pixels is a series that caters predominantly to gamers, showcasing commendable performances from Niharika and the cast. Nevertheless, the show may challenge viewers' patience with its lackluster storyline and narration. If you're not a gamer, skipping this series seems like a reasonable decision without any hesitation."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/dead-pixels-telugu-movie-review.html | title=Dead Pixels Telugu Movie Review | website=[[123telugu]] | date=19 May 2023 | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=19 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619081031/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/dead-pixels-telugu-movie-review.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Paul Nicodemus of [[The Times of India]] gave the series 2.5/5 stars and stated that In the series, "Niharika Konidela stands out with her impeccable acting skills, while Akshay Lagusani effectively portrays the introverted gamer. Harsha adds entertainment as a gaming comrade, and Bhavana Sagi excels as a sensible friend and flatmate. Despite strong performances, character backgrounds, except for Bhargav, remain unclear, limiting broader audience connection. The gaming-centric humor might not engage non-gamers fully, making the series more niche in appeal, catering primarily to gaming enthusiasts."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/dead-pixels/season-1/seasonreview/100307059.cms | title=Dead Pixels Season 1 Review : The niche series appeals to online gamers; others might find dead pixels | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=20 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520073644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/dead-pixels/season-1/seasonreview/100307059.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

A Critic from [[Eenadu]] wrote that "Niharika's captivating interpretation of the character Gayatri, complemented by exceptional performances from Bhargav, Akshay, and Sai Ronak, enhances the overall appeal of the series. Nevertheless, despite the evident technical proficiency, critiques indicate a requirement for more robust writing, emphasizing the necessity for the writer and director to enhance their craft."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/dead-pixels-web-series-review-starring-niharika-konidela/0203/123089786 | title=Dead Pixels Review: రివ్యూ: డెడ్‌ పిక్సెల్స్‌ (వెబ్‌సిరీస్‌).. రీ ఎంట్రీలో నిహారిక మెప్పించిందా? | language=Telugu | trans-title=Dead Pixels Review | website=[[eenadu]] | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=7 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707063851/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/dead-pixels-web-series-review-starring-niharika-konidela/0203/123089786 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Maragani Govardhan of [[Hindustan Times]] gave the series 2.25/5 stars and wrote In the heat of intense gaming, "Dead Pixels emerge as unwelcome distractions, disrupting the immersive experience and pulling focus from critical gameplay moments. For dedicated gamers, these glitches become irksome blemishes, detracting from the visual splendor of their virtual adventures."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/niharika-konidela-starred-dead-pixels-web-series-review-in-telugu-121684483961922.html | title=Dead Pixels Review: అంతా గేమ్ మయం.. డెడ్ పిక్సెల్స్ సిరీస్ ఎలా ఉందంటే? | language=Telugu | trans-title=Dead Pixels series Review | website=[[Hindustan Times]] | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=19 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519105509/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/niharika-konidela-starred-dead-pixels-web-series-review-in-telugu-121684483961922.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Avad Mohammad of [[OTTPlay]] gave the series 2/5 stars and stated that "Dead Pixels on Hotstar presents an unconventional storyline complemented by a cast delivering commendable performances. Despite the engaging characters, the series is faulted for its limited emotional depth, occasionally veering into over-the-top territory. Notably, Niharika Konidela's portrayal is a revelation, particularly appealing to gaming enthusiasts. However, for a broader audience, the show may seem whimsical and unnecessarily prolonged."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/dead-pixels-web-series-review-the-niharika-konidela-sai-ronak-show-is-silly-and-lacks-basic-emotions/e0338c73b0402 | title=Dead Pixels Telugu Web Series Review: Lacks emotional depth and is over the top | website=[[OTTPlay]] | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=30 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530235351/https://www.ottplay.com/review/dead-pixels-web-series-review-the-niharika-konidela-sai-ronak-show-is-silly-and-lacks-basic-emotions/e0338c73b0402 | url-status=live }}</ref>

A Critic from [[Sakshi TV]] gave the series 2.75/5 stars and stated that "Niharika personifies the carefree spirit of Gayatri with a remarkable urban flair, skillfully complemented by the performances of Akshay Lagosani, Bhavana Sagi, and the rest of the cast, who add significant depth to their respective roles. Tamada Media Pvt Ltd's dedication to excellence is evident in this technically sound exploration of the interplay between online gaming and real-world dynamics."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/dead-pixels-web-series-review-telugu-1627393 | title='డెడ్ పిక్సెల్స్' వెబ్‌ సిరీస్‌ రివ్యూ | language=Telugu | trans-title=Dead Pixels webseries Review | website=[[Sakshi TV]] | date=20 May 2023 | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=5 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605044732/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/dead-pixels-web-series-review-telugu-1627393 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[The Guild (web series)|''The Guild'' (web series)]]
* [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/dead-pixels/1260140614''Dead Pixels''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|27705464}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]

MK Kashmina

2026-03-04T21:32:49Z

Stickerlabelingmachine:

{{Short description|Indian football player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = MK Kashmina
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|3|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manipur]], India
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]], [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| clubnumber = 27
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = [[FC Kolhapur City|Kolhapur City]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2020–
| clubs3 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2023–2024
| clubs4 = [[ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]]
| caps4 = 3
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2024–2025
| clubs5 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2025
| clubs6 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| years7 = 2025–
| clubs7 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| caps7 =
| goals7 =
| nationalyears1 = 2014
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U16]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2017
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 =
| nationalgoals2 =
| nationalyears3 = 2017–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 4
| nationalgoals3 = 1
| medaltemplates =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 24 September 2023
}}
'''MK Kashmina''' (born 3 March 1999) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] from [[Manipur]], who will be playing as a midfielder for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]] and represents the [[India women's national football team]].

== Early life ==
Her father, Mohammed Kashim Ali, was a university-level football player and encouraged young Kashmina to play the game.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-12 |title=From 2017 to 2020, Kashmina aims to come full circle in the IWL! |url=https://www.arunfoot.com/from-2017-to-2020-kashmina-aims-to-come-full-circle-in-the-iwl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121041935/https://www.arunfoot.com/from-2017-to-2020-kashmina-aims-to-come-full-circle-in-the-iwl/ |archive-date=2021-01-21 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Arunava about Football |language=en-GB}}</ref> Her younger brother also played football as a goalkeeper.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-12 |title=Gokulam Kerala's Kashmina Devi bids for second IWL title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kashmina-devi-bids-for-second-indian-womens-league-title-gokulam-kerala-vs-kryhpsa-iwl-final/article30800742.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425212156/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kashmina-devi-bids-for-second-indian-womens-league-title-gokulam-kerala-vs-kryhpsa-iwl-final/article30800742.ece |archive-date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Domestic career ==
In 2012, her first big tournament was the [[Subroto Cup]] in Delhi representing [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-12 |title=Gokulam Kerala FC's Kashmina Devi Eyes Her Second Indian Women's League Trophy |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/gokulam-kerala-fcs-kashmina-devi-eyes-her-second-indian-womens-league-trophy-2498905.html |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108164603/https://www.news18.com/news/football/gokulam-kerala-fcs-kashmina-devi-eyes-her-second-indian-womens-league-trophy-2498905.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, she played for [[Eastern Sporting Union]] which defeated [[Rising Students Club|Rising Students]] to win the inaugural Indian Women's League on February 14. Later in 2022, she was selected to represent Manipur in the 36th National Games to be held in Gujarat from October 1 to 11.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's football team for National games announced : 06th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport12..060922.sep22 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=e-pao.net |archive-date=2022-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906022831/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport12..060922.sep22 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, she played for Gokulam Kerala in the IWL.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=IWL: Gokulam Kerala declare 27-member squad |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-04-iwl-gokulam-kerala-squad |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Khel Now |language=English |archive-date=2023-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816072256/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-04-iwl-gokulam-kerala-squad |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 November 2023, it was officially announced that Kashmina along with [[Kiran Pisda]] joined [[Prva hrvatska nogometna liga za žene|Croatian Women's League]] club [[ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb]] on a one-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-11-indian-football-kashmina-kiran-pisda-sign-for-znk-dinamo-zagreb|title=Kashmina, Kiran Pisda sign for Croatian club ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb|website=khelnow.com|date=8 November 2023|access-date=8 November 2023|first1=Alen Philip|last1=Mathew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108141518/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-11-indian-football-kashmina-kiran-pisda-sign-for-znk-dinamo-zagreb|archive-date=8 November 2023}}</ref>

== International career ==

* 2017: [[2012 AFC U-19 Championship|AFC U19 Championship]] 2017 Qualifiers;
* 2018: She made her Senior India debut in the [[AFC Women's Asian Cup]] qualifiers against Uzbekistan;<ref>{{Cite web |title=From 2017 to 2020, Kashmina aims to come full circle in the Hero IWL |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/from-2017-to-2020-kashmina-aims-to-come-full-circle-in-the-hero-iwl |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=the-aiff.com |archive-date=2020-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808200158/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/from-2017-to-2020-kashmina-aims-to-come-full-circle-in-the-hero-iwl |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2023: In March, she played two friendly matches in Jordan ahead of the Women's Olympic Football Tournament 2024 Asian Qualifiers Round 1 to be held in the Kyrgyz Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian women held to a stalemate by Jordan |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-held-to-a-stalemate-by-jordan |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=the-aiff.com |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605013317/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-women-held-to-a-stalemate-by-jordan |url-status=live }}</ref>

==International goals==
:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"
|-
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 10 September 2022 || [[Dasharath Rangasala]], [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] || {{fbw|MDV}} || align=center|6–0 || align=center| 9–0 || [[2022 SAFF Women's Championship]]
|}

==Honours==

'''Dinamo Zagreb'''
*[[Croatian Women's Football Cup]]: [[2023–24 Croatian Women's Football Cup|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://semafor.hns.family/utakmice/88802734/znk-osijek-znk-dinamo-1-1/|title=HNKŽ 23/24, Finale|website=semafor.hns|access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/62500?type=club MK Kashmina] at All India Football Federation

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmina, MK}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate women's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Eastern Sporting Union players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]
[[Category:ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC Women players]]
[[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Croatia]]

Pakalppooram

2026-03-03T21:39:53Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date = October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pakalpooram
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Anil Babu]]
| producer = [[Santhosh Damodharan]]
| writer = Rajan Kiriyath
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]|[[Geethu Mohandas]]|[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]|[[Harisree Ashokan]]|[[Babu Namboothiri]]|[[Salim Kumar]]}}
| music = [[Raveendran]]
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = P. C. Mohanan
| distributor = Damor Cinema
| released = {{Film date|2002|04|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pakalppooram''''' ({{translation|Daytime [[pooram]]}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy horror]] film directed by [[Anil Babu]] and written by Rajan Kiriyath. Starring [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Geethu Mohandas]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and [[Harisree Ashokan]]. It was released on 19 April 2002 and ran 100 days in Ernakulam Lulu Theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/pakalpooram-review-malayalam-pclurqcabjdde.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121131315/http://www.sify.com/movies/pakalpooram-review-malayalam-pclurqcabjdde.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2015|title=Pakalpooram|work=[[Sify]]|date=24 April 2003|access-date=11 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorsden.com/visit/viewshortstory.asp?id=6367|title=PakalPooram:A Malayalm Moview Review|work=Authors Den|date=31 December 2002|last=B. George|first=Sapna Anu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Malayalam Movie Review - Pagalpuram - Cast - Mukesh, Geethu Mohandas, Anil Babu, Jagathy Sreekumar, Saleem Kumar, Harisree Ashokan, C.I.Paul, Jagathy Sreekumar Director - Anil Babu, Producer - Santhosh Damodaran, Banner - Damor Cinema | url=http://www.malayalam.cinesouth.com/english/scopes/reviews/pagalpuram.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020601220529/http://www.malayalam.cinesouth.com/english/scopes/reviews/pagalpuram.shtml | archive-date=2002-06-01 | access-date=2025-03-18}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=September 2020}}
The story starts with Suryamangalathu Brahmadathan Namboothiri visiting a village, Bhrahmadesham, to capture a ghost. With the help of a maiden in the locality, he is able to capture the ghost. But he warns the people that if the holy anklet that he used to overpower the ghost is moved, she will reborn.

The maiden gets pregnant and so does the official wife of Brahmadathan Namboothiri. They give birth at the same place and the children are swapped.

A few years later, Gouridasan Namboothiri is living in a poor family with his mother and sisters. After Gouridasan's father, Suryamangalathu Brahmadathan Namboothiri's death, his mother, sisters, and he were thrown out of the family by his evil younger brother, Surya Namboothiri.

Later, in order to get his rights in the ancestral family property and to save his family from miseries, he and his friend Ayyappankutty masquerade themselves as the priests who have come to stop a vampire, in order to steal the documents of his rights. Anamika, Gouridas's cousin after getting to know his real identity, tells him to go to the village so that he can get the anklet where the legal documents are present and she promises to give him the other anklet which is in the temple inside the palace.

Later they understand that the place is in fact haunted by a vampire, and the story revolves around his struggles to stop the ghost, as his father had once succeeded.

Reaching Brahmadesham, they meet a girl named Seemanthini whom Gouridasan marries in front of a tribal community. In real, she is the reborn vampire. Meanwhile, Manikyan, the son of the maiden (who is actually the son of the official wife) gets to know who his real father is and he leaves to the palace in disguise. Gouri brings Seemanthini home and lies to Rishikeshan that she is his daughter. Using the help of a magic frog, Vamanam gets to know the truth of Seemanthini being a ghost and tells the same to Ayyappankutty, Manikyan and Rishikeshan, but fails to convince Gouridasan. After a dance battle between Anamika and Seemanthini, the latter is chosen to be Gouri's wife.

On the wedding night, Seemanthini tries to have sex with Gouridasan but is intervened with the arrival of Surya Namboothiri who reveals how he had killed many women and plans to molest and kill her. But she revels her vampire form and attacks him and this is witnessed by Gouri. Realizing that he was wrong, he goes to Anamika and forces her to sleep with him as in order to capture the vampire the presence of a maiden is required. Though she resists, he takes her forcefully.

After killing Surya, when the vampire returns, she witnesses Gouri getting intimate with Anamika which enrages her and she tries to attack her. Using this as an opportunity, Gouri successfully defeats the vampire.

In the end, Gouridasan and Anamika are married and all are happy.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Gouridasan Namboothiri
*[[Geethu Mohandas]] as Seemanthini / Vampire
*Dr. Kavitha Jose as Anamika
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Vamanan Namboothiri
*[[Harisree Ashokan]] as Ayyappankutty
*[[Babu Namboothiri]] as Sooryan Namboothiri
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Manikyan/Andipatti Arumugham
*[[Indrans]] as friend of Manikyan
*[[C. I. Paul]] as Rishikeshan Namboothiri
*[[Rizabawa]] as Suryamangalathu Brahmadathan Namboothiri
*[[Anil Murali]] as Ananthan
*[[Subair]] as Narayanan Namboothiri
*[[Jagannatha Varma]]
*[[Kannur Sreelatha]] as Brahmadathan's Wife
*[[Yamuna Mahesh|Yamuna]] as Manikyan's Mother
*[[J. Pallassery]]
*Sangeetha Thampi as Nandini
*[[Shanthi Arvind]] as Dancer in Hey Shingaari song
}}

==Soundtrack==

* Hey Shingaari - [[P Jayachandran]], [[K S Chitra]]
* Maayam chollum - [[K S Chitra]]
* Mohaswaroopini - [[K S Chitra]]
* Nadavazhiyum - [[Pandalam Balan]]
* Pakalpooram - [[Vidhu Prathap]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]

Juniors (film)

2026-03-03T18:06:32Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: added stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Juniors
| image = Juniors film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = J. Pulla Rao
| writer = [[Marudhuri Raja]] {{Small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Kasthuri Raja]]
| screenplay = J. Pulla Rao
| based_on = ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' (Tamil) by [[Kasthuri Raja]]
| producer = J. Bhagavan [[D. V. V. Danayya]]
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]] [[Sherin Shringar|Shireen]] Pavan Anil
| cinematography =
| editing = Gautham Raju
| music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| studio = Sri Balaji Art Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|1|24}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Juniors''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[coming of age film|coming of age]]-[[romantic drama film]] directed and co-written by debutant J. Pulla Rao. It is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' (2002). The film stars [[Allari Naresh]] and [[Sherin Shringar|Shireen]], who reprises her role from the original, along with newcomers Pavan and Anil in supporting roles.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Allari Naresh]] as Mahesh<ref name="Hindu" />
*[[Sherin Shringar|Shireen]] as Pooja<ref name="idlebrain" />
*Pavan as Mahesh's friend
*Anil as Vishnu
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Prakash Raj]] as the principal<ref name="Hindu" />
*[[Vizag Prasad]] as Pooja's father
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as a vagabond<ref name="Hindu" />
*[[Chittajalu Lakshmipati]]
*Jr. Relangi
*[[Gautam Raju]]
*Dasanna
*Pardhasaaradhi
*[[Prudhvi Raj]]
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
*[[Shweta Menon]]
{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Juniors |url=https://gaana.com/album/juniors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915040115/https://gaana.com/album/juniors |archive-date=15 September 2021 |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Preyasi
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length1 = 4:53
| title2 = Naa Gundello
| extra2 = Chakri, Kousalya
| length2 = 5:08
| title3 = Cheliya Cheliya
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length3 = 4:37
| title4 = Chesindhi
| extra4 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], Ravi Verma, Chakri
| length4 = 4:56
| title5 = Nighte Joru
| extra5 = [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length5 = 4:56
| title6 = Hello Hello
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length6 = 4:30
| total_length = 29:00
}}

== Release and reception ==
Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' criticised the film and stated that "Naresh and all the other college boys and girls get childish cheap roles. Even Naresh the only star attraction in the cast turns out to be a dud. Shireen, a debutante is a total misfit in the cast. Experienced character artistes suffer because of illogical and unsympathetic roles. Music and photography make no sense in this kind of drama".<ref name="Hindu" /> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]'' criticised the second half of the film, but praised the performances of Naveen, Sherin, Prakash Raj, Tanikella Bharani, and Sudhakar.<ref name="idlebrain" /> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "Juniors is strictly for the juveniles, adolescents, teens, youngsters and any other group that does not fit into either the kids or the adults category".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/juniors/telugu/juniors-movie-reviews-924-2.html|title=Juniors Review|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=12 May 2022|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512011543/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/juniors/telugu/juniors-movie-reviews-924-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=27 January 2003 |title=Crude and corny |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/crude-and-corny/article28397761.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915034813/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/crude-and-corny/article28397761.ece |archive-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="idlebrain">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Movie review – Juniors |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-juniors.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704110917/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-juniors.html |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3417786}}

[[Category:2000s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:2000s teen drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Indian teen drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films produced by D. V. V. Danayya]]

Coffee with a Killer

2026-03-03T09:10:18Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: adding basic details w/ refs

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by R. P. Patnaik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Coffee with a Killer.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| writer = R. P. Patnaik
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Sevenhills Satish
| starring = {{plain list|
* Temper Vamsi
* [[Ravi Prakash]]
* Siva Karthik
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]]
* [[Ravi Babu]]
* [[Satyam Rajesh]]
}}
| cinematography = Anush Gorak
| editing = Anush Gorak
| music = Bharath Madhusudhanan
| studio = Sevenhills Productions
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|1|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 104 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coffee with a Killer |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzIwMTEyMDIyMDAwMTM= |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Coffee with a Killer''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film written and directed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-28 |title=Music director RP Patnaik makes his directorial comeback with 'Coffee With A Killer'; Anil Ravipudi launches the trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/music-director-rp-patnaik-makes-his-directorial-comeback-with-coffee-with-a-killer-anil-ravipudi-launches-the-trailer/articleshow/94513588.cms |access-date=2025-02-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129002632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/music-director-rp-patnaik-makes-his-directorial-comeback-with-coffee-with-a-killer-anil-ravipudi-launches-the-trailer/articleshow/94513588.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features Temper Vamsi, [[Ravi Prakash]], Siva Karthi, [[Srinivasa Reddy]], [[Ravi Babu]], [[Satyam Rajesh]] and others in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=RP Patnaik's "Coffee With A Killer" Premieres On Aha Today |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/rp-patnaiks-coffee-with-a-killer-premieres-on-aha-today-1857995 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-01-31 |title=RP Patnaik's thriller 'Coffee With A Killer' starts streaming |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rp-patnaiks-thriller-coffee-with-a-killer-starts-streaming-941261 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 31 January 2025 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-27 |title=Coffee with A Killer to have direct-to-OTT release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/27/coffee-with-a-killer-to-have-direct-to-ott-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130145854/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/27/coffee-with-a-killer-to-have-direct-to-ott-release-on-this-date |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Plot ==
A professional Killer, was hired to kill his target in a busy coffee shop. But the same coffee shop if filled with different people, with different stories. How will the killer fulfill his task is the story.

==Cast==
{{cast list|
* Temper Vamsi as Killer
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Jagadeesh
* Siva Karthik
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Pothana
* [[Ravi Babu]]
* [[Satyam Rajesh]]
* Gemini Suresh as Suresh
* Ramprasad as Anand
* Mounika Chowdary
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
* Arjun Krishna as Giri
* Avanthika
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
* Sai
* Krishna Reddy
* [[Fish Venkat]]
* Anil Kumar
* Sree Rapaka as Komali
* Ambati Srinivas
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]
* [[Raghu Babu]] in a guest appearance
* Sri Sudha Bhimireddy as Mahi
* NPR as Vikram
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Coffee with a Killer'' was originally scheduled for a theatrical release but had a [[direct-to-video]] release on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 31 January 2025.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that, "''Coffee with a Killer'' is a suspense drama that has a great premise but the narration is made silly by adding silly tracks".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coffee with a Killer Review: RP Patnaik's film has a good concept but is dragged |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/coffee-with-a-killer-review-rp-patnaiks-film-has-a-good-concept-but-is-dragged-for-no-reason/67ae243b97244 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=35624241|title=Coffee with a Killer}}
*[https://www.aha.video/movie/coffee-with-a-killer ''Coffee with a Killer''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]

Parole (2022 film)

2026-03-03T02:33:22Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: new stub.

{{Short description|2022 crime thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parole
| image = Parole (2022 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dwarakh Raja]]
| producer = S. Madhusudhanan
| writer = [[Dwarakh Raja]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[R. S. Karthiik]] [[Linga (actor)|Linga]] [[Kalpika Ganesh]] Monisha Murali
| narrator = [[Vijay Sethupathi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Impressive Response To Trailer Of Gangster Flick 'Parole' Released By Vijay Sethupathi |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/impressive-response-to-trailer-of-gangster-flick-parole-released-by-vijay-sethupathi-news-223086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208100048/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/impressive-response-to-trailer-of-gangster-flick-parole-released-by-vijay-sethupathi-news-223086 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=outlookindia.com}}</ref>
| music = Rajkumar Amal
| cinematography = Magesh Thirunavukarasu
| editing = Muniez
| studio = Tripr Entertainment
| budget =
| gross =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|11|11|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dwarakh Raja: Parole is a family drama with a twist |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/nov/08/dwarakh-raja-parole-is-a-family-drama-with-a-twist-36397.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120072646/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2022/nov/08/dwarakh-raja-parole-is-a-family-drama-with-a-twist-36397.html |archive-date=20 November 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
'''''Parole''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language crime thriller film written and directed by [[Dwarakh Raja]], who previously made ''[[Kadhal Kasakuthaiya]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |title='பரோல்' politics பேசுற Non-political படம்..! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/director-say-about-parol-movie-qlkxjy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003150312/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/director-say-about-parol-movie-qlkxjy |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Linga and Karthiik RS team up for Parole |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/12/linga-and-karthiik-rs-team-up-for-parole-22224.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003150312/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/12/linga-and-karthiik-rs-team-up-for-parole-22224.html |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film features [[R. S. Karthiik]], [[Linga (actor)|Linga]], [[Kalpika Ganesh]] and Monisha Murali in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2022 |title=வடசென்னையை பற்றிய கதைகள் தீவிரமான மற்றும் அழுத்தமானதாக இருக்கும் - நடிகர் ஆர்.எஸ்.கார்த்திக் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-stories-about-north-chennai-are-intense-and-poignant-actor-rs-karthik-533871 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109054908/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-stories-about-north-chennai-are-intense-and-poignant-actor-rs-karthik-533871 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=Maalaimalar |language=ta}}</ref> The film began production during mid-2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=கேங்ஸ்டர் கதையாக, வரவேற்பைப் பெற்ற "பரோல்" டிரெய்லர்! |url=https://news7tamil.live/as-an-innovative-gangster-story-the-movie-trailer-of-parole-has-been-well-received-by-the-fans.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003170331/https://news7tamil.live/as-an-innovative-gangster-story-the-movie-trailer-of-parole-has-been-well-received-by-the-fans.html |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>

The film revolves around two brothers, firstly, Karikalan ([[Linga]]) and secondly, Kovalan ([[R. S. Karthiik]]), whose mother is expired. Both of them express how they feel about each other and how they have ended up where they are. The film's narrative is based on the [[Rashomon effect]].

==Plot==
Kovalan and Karikalan are brothers, Karikalan is in jail for the crimes he has committed however during his prison period their mother passes away. Whether Karikalan came out of jail in Parole for the last rites, did the divided brothers come together forms the crux of the story. It is told as an action-crime drama which is rooted in a cut-throat atmosphere. ''Parole'' also has a lot of characters who are primarily outlaws.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. S. Karthiik]] as Kovalan
**Ajith Kumar as young Kovalan
*[[Linga (actor)|Linga]] as Karikalan
**Jojin Johny as young Karikalan
*[[Kalpika Ganesh]] as Thendral
*Monisha Murali as Kavi
*[[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Advocate Gifty Maria
*Janaki Suresh as Aarayi
*Viswanath Mandalika as Kyoshi Sabesh
*Shivam as Beef
*Finally Bharath as Singapooran
*[[TSR Srinivasan]] as Trichy court judge
*Kasthuri Paati as Kovalan's neighbour
*Dennis as Phenyl
*''[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]'' Kumaravadivel as High court male judge
}}

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by first-timer Rajkumar Amal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2022 |title=Parole Movie Review |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/parole-movie-review-in-tamil-419065 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212112343/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/parole-movie-review-in-tamil-419065 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumar amal |url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/6yzVu7kXsvBwKUt3grfG0L?si=rJxjllZ9RgOlDC8VljJgaQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213083836/https://open.spotify.com/artist/6yzVu7kXsvBwKUt3grfG0L?si=rJxjllZ9RgOlDC8VljJgaQ |archive-date=13 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Parole
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Rajkumar Amal
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 November 2022
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:56
| language = Tamil
| label =
| producer = Rajkumar Amal
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year = 2021
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 23:56
| title1 = Vaa Maa Thendral
| extra1 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Mera Madha Margaya
| extra2 = Asal Kolaar, Rajkumar Amal
| lyrics2 = Asal Kolaar, Rajkumar Amal
| length2 = 3:05
| title3 = Neurobass Ninam
| extra3 = [[OfRo]]
| lyrics3 = [[Dwarakh Raja]]
| length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Anbe Gadhi
| extra4 = [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| lyrics4 = [[Dwarakh Raja]]
| length4 = 4:38
| title5 = Agandhaiye
| extra5 = Santhosh Jayakaran
| lyrics5 = Madhan Karky
| length5 = 4:23
| title6 = Po Maa Thendral
| extra6 = Santhosh Jayakaran
| lyrics6 = Puratchi Kanal
| length6 = 3:47
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "''Parole'' is not a great film, but definitely a very good attempt that deserves an applause for its power-packed writing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2022 |title=Parole Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/parole/movie-review/95432175.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112023528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/parole/movie-review/95432175.cms |archive-date=12 November 2022 |access-date=12 November 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13654572}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]

Ariyavan

2026-03-03T02:31:59Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: Creating new data

{{Short description|2023 film by Mithran R Jawahar}}
{{No plot|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ariyavan
| image = Ariyavan Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mithran R. Jawahar]]
| writer = Mithran R. Jawahar
| screenplay =
| story = Maariselvan Su
| producer = K. Kumar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Ishaaon
* [[Pranali Ghogare|Prranali]]
* [[Daniel Balaji]]
}}
| cinematography = K. S. Vishnu Shri
| editing = M. Thiyagarajan
| music = [[James Vasanthan]] [[Ved Shankar]] Giri Nandh
| studio = MGP Mass Media
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|03|03}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ariyavan''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Mithran R. Jawahar|Mithran R Jawahar]]. The film stars Ishaaon and [[Pranali Ghogare|Prranali]] in the lead roles with [[Daniel Balaji]], [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]], [[Supergood Subramani]] and [[Rama (actress)|Rama]] portraying supporting roles. The film was released theatrically on 3 March 2023. This marks the final film role of Daniel Balaji before his death on 29 March 2024.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Ishaaon as Jeeva
* [[Pranali Ghogare|Prranali]] as Nethra (voice dubbed by Akshaya Prabha)
* [[Daniel Balaji]] as Duraipandi
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]]
* [[Supergood Subramani]]
* [[Rama (actress)|Rama]]
* Ravi Venkatraman
* Nishma Chengappa
}}

== Production ==
The film was announced on 12 February 2022, mentioning Ishaaon's debut as an actor playing the lead role. Pranali Ghogare makes her Tamil debut with this film. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Mithran R Jawahar's next titled Ariyavan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/feb/12/mithran-r-jawahars-next-titled-ariyavan-39915.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305182527/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/feb/12/mithran-r-jawahars-next-titled-ariyavan-39915.html |archive-date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ariyavan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[James Vasanthan]], [[Ved Shankar]], and Giri Nandh
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 15 February 2023
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:18
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music South]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[James Vasanthan]]
| prev_title = [[Pareeth Pandari]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Ved Shankar]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Thorati]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Ariyavan
| year = 2023
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
}}
The music of the film is composed by [[James Vasanthan]], [[Ved Shankar]], and Giri Nandh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Naana Paranthena (Full Song) - Haricharan, Vandana Srinivasan, Sugavanam Vedshanker - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/naana-paranthena/G1otZ0xDQmk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305073602/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/naana-paranthena/G1otZ0xDQmk |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 12:18
| title1 = Yaarayuim Velgira
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics1 = Mohan Rajan
| music1 = [[James Vasanthan]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Naana Paranthena
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]]
| lyrics2 = Dhamayanthi
| music2 = [[Ved Shankar]]
| length2 = 4:22
| title3 = Ailasa Alaka
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] & [[Srinisha Jayaseelan|Sri Nisha]]
| lyrics3 = Mohan Rajan
| music3 = Giri Nandh
| length3 = 3:36
}}

== Reception ==
The film was released on 3 March 2023 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' wrote "Director Mithran Jawahar has directed the film with a conventional story and a different screenplay. He moves the scenes briskly by differentiating the characters and setting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2023-03-03 |title=Ariyavan |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ariyavan-25206 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307081343/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/ariyavan-25206 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> Logesh Balachandran from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and said "Ariyavan may not be a complete failure, but it lacks the substance and creativity needed to truly make an impact".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ariyavan Movie Review : Ariyavan is an average attempt at social commentary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ariyavan/movie-review/98370655.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303060221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ariyavan/movie-review/98370655.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-03-03 |access-date=2023-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave a mixed review "nothing could salvage this film that does not have its heart in its right place" 1 out of 5 starts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2023 |title=Ariyavan Movie Review: A fractured storyline with forgotten fundamentals |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/03/ariyavan-movie-review-a-fractured-storyline-with-forgotten-fundamentals-40569.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305174537/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/03/ariyavan-movie-review-a-fractured-storyline-with-forgotten-fundamentals-40569.html |archive-date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' reviewer gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-03-03 |title=அரியவன்: சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/ariyavan-cinema-review-910837 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303163115/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/ariyavan-cinema-review-910837 |archive-date=2023-03-03 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26695646}}
{{Mithran Jawahar}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Betul district

2026-03-02T04:21:49Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: minor edit

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Betul district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Muktagiri temples.jpg
|photo2a = Kukru Khamla.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Top: Muktagiri temples Bottom: Kukru Khamla
| image_map = MP Betul district map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Betul district in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|21|50|N|77|50|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title,inline}}
| coor_pinpoint = Betul, Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Narmadapuram Division|Narmadapuram]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = # [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]],
# [[Bhainsdehi]],
# [[Chicholi]],
# [[Multai]],
# [[Shahpur, Betul|Shahpur]],
# [[Amla, Madhya Pradesh|Amla]],
# [[Athner]],
# [[Ghoradongri]]
# [[Prabhat Pattan]]
# [[Bhimpur]]
| area_total_km2 = 10043
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,575,362
| population_footnotes = <ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|title=Distribution of population, sex ratio, density and decadal growth rate of population – State and District: 2011|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/mp/table-1.xls|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India|access-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 72.1%<ref name="http">{{cite web|title=Total Population, child population in the age group 0–6, literates and literacy rates by sex: 2011|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/mp/table-2.xls|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India|access-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 970<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = National Highway 47
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 100-125cm mm
| website = {{URL|https://betul.nic.in}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Betul district''' ({{IPA|hi|bɛːt̪uːl}}) is a [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|district]] in the southern part of [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] in central [[India]]. The city of [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]] serves as its administrative headquarters. The district is a part of [[Narmadapuram Division]].

The district lies along the [[Satpura Range]] bordering the Narmada Valley and Berar Plains. The district has much religious significance, namely the source of the [[Tapti River]] at [[Multai]] and the Jain temples of [[Muktagiri]].

== History ==
History of Betul traces its origin to Satyug according to Skand puran river [[Tapti River|Tapti]] in Satyug came to earth for protecting world from excessive heat therefore Tapti is also known as Adi Ganga. Moreover Lord [[Rama|Ram]] also passed through Betul during his pathway to south, Pandavas passed through Betul during the Agyaat vaas in Vidharbha and built a temple of [[Shiva]] in Barahling. Between 161 BC and 130 BC, Betul was the kingdom of the Kundala. From 9th to 12th century, the history of Jains is found in Betul, and its historical evidence can be seen in [[Muktagiri]] group of temples. A copper plate from the Rashtrakutas for a land grant was found in [[Multai]] dating from the 8th century, showing they had some control.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.07851 |title=Central Provinces District Gazetteers: Betul District |publisher=Pioneer Press |year=1907 |location=[[Prayagraj]] |language=en}}</ref>

At the end of the 13th century, Betul is mentioned again in the biography of Mukund Swami Raj, a revered saint who lived during the time of a Raja Jaitpal of Kherla and was sponsored by him.<ref name=":0" />

Founder of [[Sikhism]] [[Guru Nanak]] also visited the holy city and meditated for 15 days in [[Multai]] at the origin of holy river Tapti. According to the historian [[Firishta]], Kherla was part of the Gondwana region and was ruled by Narsingh Rai who appears to have been a Gond Raja in the 14th century. In 1398, encouraged by the Sultans of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] and [[Farooqui dynasty|Khandesh]], Narsingh Rai invaded [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani]] territory and devastated the region up to [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]]. In retaliation, the Bahmani Sultan led an expedition against Narsingh Rai seeking tribute, when Narsingh Rai responded defiantly, a battle was fought in which Kherla lost. Kherla then became a Bahmani vassal. In 1425, [[Hoshang Shah]] of Malwa invaded Kherla but lost twice. The third time he invaded the Kherla ruler didn't have time to organise a defence and asked for held from his overlords. Ahmed Shah fought a battle with Hoshang Shah and defeated him. In 1433 Hoshang Shah invaded Kherla again and killed Narsingh Rai, ending his dynasty, and annexed his territory to the Malwa Sultanate.<ref name=":0" />

In 1467, the Nizam-ul-Mulk, Governor of Berar, invaded Kherla again, having been provoked by Malwa's invasion of the Deccan. The Malwa and Bahmani armies fought a large battle, but the Bahmanis won and took the Kherla Fort. According to Firishta, the Bahmanis insulted the Kherla defenders and two Rajput brothers decided to avenge their honour. They pretended to kiss the feet of the governor, snatched swords from the guards and killed the governor, and died defending themselves. In the following negotiations, Kherla was returned to Malwa.<ref name=":0" />

The most popular of the Gond kings was Eel. During 16th and 17th century. Khedla fort of Betul was continuously invaded by the Mughals. Betul seems to have been part of the Kherla Sarkar of Ellichpur Subah, which also included parts of Chhindwara and Wardha districts. The north of the district was likely forested and did not have much Mughal control.<ref name=":0" />

During the age of Mughal decline, [[Bakht Buland Shah]], Ruler of Deogarh, annexed present Betul. In the 18th century, the area of Betul was ceded to the Maratha ruler of Berar [[Raghuji I|Raghavji Bhosale]], In 1818 AD in Sitavardi, the British Maratha war was fought. In the Treaty, the entire area of Betul was given to the British. During British period, the headquarters of Betul was at Betul Bazar. In 1822, the British shifted the district headquarters to Baddnoor dhana and made Betul the district headquarters. In the older times, Betul was called Badnoor ''Badd'' means bad and ''noor'' means eye and so Badnoor means evil eye. It is said that in the old times, criminals were kept at this place after mutilation. Hence the name of this place came to be known as Badnoor during the reign of be known as the Gond kings. Initially, Betul was divided into four administrative regions Bhaggudhana, Chunnidhana, Baddnoordhana and Tikari.<ref name=":0" />

Betul is called by the British as the area with a wonderful natural environment and Betul's natural beauty and high mountain peaks of Satpura range has mesmerized the crown hence Betul was described as a destination of vacations for British officials. Betul is going to complete the 200 golden years of its establishment in 2022. It was the same year in [[Shimla]] the capital of [[Himachal Pradesh]] when British officer Ross constructed the first British residence, a mere wood cottage. His successor Lt. Charles Patt Kennedy' erected the first pucca house in 1822 named after Lt. Kennedy as 'Kennedy House' of Shimla . Officer from northern command visited Betul and mentioned Betul and Shimla as the two faces of one coin in his dairy. Since then the unbroken relationship between Shimla and Betul which was established by the British in the pages of history continues till today.<ref name=":0" />

Once a freedom fighter was hanged in Faasi mines and since the area around named as Fassikhadan. The historic Kamani Gate was part of the Victoria Hostel built in the year 1902, where the children of British officers/employees and merchants were sent to stay for education. The Hindi meaning of Betul in cottonless, Cotton was not grown in this region of Berar. For this reason, it was named Betul.

Betul is remembered for the forest Satyagraha that took place in 1930. Ganjan Singh Korku and Banjari Singh Korku were prominent leaders of the movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest Satyagraha of Betul |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2820553 |date=n.d. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613130208/https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2820553 |archive-date=2024-06-13 |website=Indian Culture |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |place=New Delhi |language=English}}</ref> During this Satyagraha, mostly Gond and Korku tribals, sometimes with the leadership of Congress leaders and often against their direction, went to forests and cut trees and grass under the control of ''malguzars''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=David |date=1984-03-01 |title='A serious time': forest satyagraha in Madhya Pradesh, 1930 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468402100103 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=71–90 |doi=10.1177/001946468402100103 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Geography==
It lies almost wholly on the [[Satpura Range|Satpura range]] and occupies nearly the whole width of the range between the [[Narmada River|Narmada Valley]] on the north and the [[Berar Province|Berar]] plains on the south.

Betul district situated in the heart of India has the distinction of being the place of origin of the holy river [[Tapti River|Tapti]] and [[Wardha River|Wardha]]. Situated at the focal point of Akhand Bharat, this district shelters the tribal culture. This tribal-dominated district is situated between the Satpurs hills and Berar plains in the south.<ref>{{cite web | title=About District | District Betul, Government of Madhaya Pradesh | India | url=https://betul.nic.in/en/about-district/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Betul | Betul District, Madhya Pradesh, India | Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Betul }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,87,807|13=1911|14=3,90,386|15=1921|16=3,63,737|17=1931|18=4,06,252|19=1941|20=4,38,342|21=1951|22=4,51,655|23=1961|24=5,60,412|25=1971|26=7,36,196|27=1981|28=9,25,387|29=1991|30=11,81,501|31=2001|32=13,95,175|33=2011|34=15,75,362|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43356/download/47048/23%20A-2%20Madhya%20Pradesh.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Betul district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,575,362,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Betul |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/682/download/2376/DH_2011_2330_PART_A_DCHB_BETUL.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Gabon]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web|author=US Directorate of Intelligence|title=Country Comparison:Population|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2007|access-date=1 October 2011|quote=Gabon 1,576,665}}</ref> or the US state of [[Idaho]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Resident Population Data|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|archive-date=19 October 2013|access-date=30 September 2011|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|quote=Idaho 1,567,582}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 314th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert| 157 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 6.85%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Betul has a [[sex ratio]] of 970 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 70.14%. 19.62% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 10.11% and 42.34% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

The district has an area of {{cvt|10043|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Betul District – Statistics|url=http://betul.nic.in/stat.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327231126/http://betul.nic.in/stat.htm|archive-date=27 March 2012|access-date=20 July 2011|publisher=Collectorate, Betul, Madhya Pradesh}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Betul district (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|95.58}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|2.39}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|chartreuse|0.83}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|mediumblue|0.61}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.59}}
}}
Hindus are by far the most numerous with 95.58% and Muslims are 2.39%. Those from tribal religions are 0.83%, while Buddhists who were 9,600 in number.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages of Betul district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
| label1 = [[Hindi]]
| value1 = 44.69
| color1 = orange
| label2 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]]
| value2 = 27.69
| color2 = darkturquoise
| label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| value3 = 12.86
| color3 = red
| label4 = [[Korku language|Korku]]
| value4 = 11.13
| color4 = darkorchid
| label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value5 = 1.69
| color5 = orchid
| thumb = left
| other-label = Others
| other-color = grey
| other = y
}}

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 44.69% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]], 27.69% [[Gondi language|Gondi]], 12.86% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 11.13% [[Korku language|Korku]] and 1.69% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10211/download/13323/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2300.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Madhya Pradesh |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The local Hindi dialect is close to [[Malvi language|Malvi]] with some influence from Marathi and Bundeli. The dialect of Pawari/Bhoyari is exclusively spoken by the people of Kshatriya Pawar (Bhoyar Pawar) caste. Hindi is spoken throughout the district, especially in Multai and Amla tehsils, while Gondi is a majority or significant minority in Chicholi, Shahpur, Ghoda Dongri, Bhainsdehi and Athner tehsils. Marathi is spoken in the southern part of the district bordering Maharashtra.

Main tribes inhabiting the district are [[Gondi people|Gond]]s and [[Korku people|Korkus]]. The remaining population are castes like Kshatriya Pawar (Bhoyar Pawar), [[Rajput]], [[Brahmin]], [[Maratha]], [[Chamar]], [[Mali]], [[Pal (surname)|Pal]], [[Patil (surname)|Patil]], [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalwar]], [[Kunbi]] and [[Soni (caste)|Soni]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://betul.nic.in/History/history.htm|work=betul.nic.in}}
</ref>

==Tourist attractions ==
*Khamla Hill Station
*Sihari forest village
*Hanuman dol
*Balaji Puram
*Shri Ram Van Gaman path
*Mathardeo hills
* Akhand Bharat Kendra Bindu
*Ladi Bori Rest house
*Melghat tiger corridor
*Rani Pathar Waterfall
*Dharakho Forest range
*Dhapada Safari
*Satpura tiger reserve
*Khedi Waterfall
*Chikhlar Waterfall
*Chikaldhara Waterfall
*Kukru Hill Station
*Muktagiri Hills Jain group of temples
*Jatashankar
*Chhaval Renuka Maa
*Bhopali Chhota Mahadeo
*Kerpani Hanuman mandir
*Dhaarul Amba Mai
*Salbardi
*Tapti Udgam Multai
*Satpura Dam
*Sapna Ecotourism
*Churna wildlife
*Khedla Qila
*Bhavargad Qila
*Bhairav Garh
*Shiv mandir Bhensdehi
*Gawasen Forest trekking
*Tulja Bhawani Siddhpeeth Hiwra
*Barahling
*Sonaghati

== Education ==

* Kendriya Vidyalaya, Betul
*Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Betul
*Little Flower Senior Secondary School, Betul
*R D Public School, Kalapatha, Betul
*Satpuda Valley Public School, Sonaghati, Betul
*ELC English School, Betul
*Rathore College and School, Betul
*Government Jaywanti Haksar Post Graduate College, Betul
*Government Polytechnic College, Betul
*Shri Ram Pharmacy College, Jamthi, Betul
*Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Sadar Betul
*H.L. Agrawal B.Ed. College, Betul
*Shri Balaji Institute of Technology & Management, Betul
*Government Girls College, Betul
*Government Industrial Training Institute, Betul

== Transport ==
[[Betul railway station]] is a major railway station of its District, located between Bhopal and Nagpur station.<ref>{{cite web | title=97 Departures from Betul CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/15 }}</ref>

== Economy ==
'''Betul''' is the fastest developing district of Madhya Pradesh according to ministry of statics. Betul is emeriging as an example of development from bottom to top .As in 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named '''Betul''' one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It was one of the 24 districts in Madhya Pradesh previously receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).But today Betul has successfully achieved the title of one of the fastest emerging district in the central zone.<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Betul district}}
* [https://betul.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Betul district
|North = [[Hoshangabad district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Chhindwara district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Amravati district]], Maharashtra
|Southwest =
|West = [[East Nimar district]]
|Northwest = [[Harda district]]
}}

{{Districts of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Narmadapuram Division}}
{{Godavari basin}}
{{Narmada basin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Betul district}}

[[Category:Betul district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Madhya Pradesh]]

Chandra Siddhartha

2026-03-02T02:22:06Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian film director, screenwriter and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandra Siddarth.
| image =
| caption = Chandra Siddhartha Indian Film Director
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|5|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma mater = [[Nizam College]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| birth_name =
| othername =
| website =
| spouse =
}}
'''Chandra Siddartha''' is an [[Indian film]] director, screenwriter and producer known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-inscrutable-americans/210803|title=The Inscrutable Americans | Outlook India Magazine}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=13 May 2010 |title=Interview with Chandra Siddhartha |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/chandrasiddhartha-ab.html |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]}}</ref> He is known for producing the film ''[[Nirantharam]]'' (1995) and directing the films ''[[The Inscrutable Americans (film)|The Inscrutable Americans]]'' (2001) ''[[Aa Naluguru]]'' (2004), and ''[[Andari Bandhuvaya]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-inscrutable-director/article28245485.ece|title=The inscrutable director|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2004|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He served as Jury member at the [[57th National Film Awards|57th]], [[61st National Film Awards|61st]] and [[65th National Film Awards]], as well as the [[49th International Film Festival of India|49th IFFI]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/45_57thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=Jury-Chandra Siddhartha |work=57th NFA|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/41_61stNfaArchives.pdf|title=Jury-Chandra Siddhartha |work=61st NFA|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> He served as jury member for Andhra Pradesh state Nandi awards and South Indian cinematographers association movie awards.

==Early life and career==
Chandra Siddhartha was born to C. Poorna Chandra Rao and C. Sakunthala Devi. Siddhartha has attended [[Nizam College]] in Hyderabad and holds a degree in [[Telugu Literature]], from Osmania University. He has worked as an Assistant director for the 1991 film ''[[Jaitra Yatra]]'' with Uppalapati Narayana Rao.<ref name="auto"/>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]] (director) - ''[[Aa Naluguru]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2004response.html|title=Telugu Cinema Nandi 2004 award winners response|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for best home-viewing feature film]] - ''[[Andari Bandhuvaya]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=2771|title=Live Chennai: Nandi Film Awards 2010 announced,Nandi awards - 2011 Nandi awards - Nandi awards - BalaKrishna - Gowtam Menon - Nitya Menon - Vedam -Ganga Putrulu|website=www.livechennai.com}}</ref>
*[[Nandi Special Jury Award]] - ''Andari Bandhuvaya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2009.html |title=Nandi awards 2009 announced - Telugu cinema news |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2010-10-07 |accessdate=2012-04-16}}</ref>''

==Filmography==
;As director
{| class="wikitable"
! Movie
! Year
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2001
| ''[[The Inscrutable Americans (film)|The Inscrutable Americans]]''
| English
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Appudappudu]]''
| rowspan="7" | Telugu
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Aa Naluguru]]''
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Madhumasam]]''
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Idi Sangathi]]''
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Andari Bandhuvaya]]''
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Emo Gurram Egaravachu]]''
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Aatagadharaa Siva]]''
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240417/chandra-siddhartha-is-back.html|title=Chandra Siddhartha is back! | Chandra Siddhartha is back!|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=24 April 2017|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>
|-
|}
;As actor
*''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]'' (2019) as [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]

;As producer
*''[[Nirantharam]]'' (1995)
*''House Full''

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2485654}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddhartha, Chandra}}
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
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Old World flycatcher

2026-02-23T19:18:14Z

Stickerlabelingmachine:

{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{About|the Old World flycatcher family ''Muscicapidae''|the New World tyrant flycatcher family ''Tyrannidae''|Tyrant flycatcher||Flycatcher (disambiguation){{!}}Flycatcher}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Old World flycatchers
| image = SpottedFlycatcheronfence.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_caption = [[Spotted flycatcher]] (''Muscicapa striata'')
| taxon = Muscicapidae
| authority = [[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming J.]], 1822
| type_genus = ''[[Muscicapa]]''
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = See text
}}

The '''Old World flycatchers''' are a large family, the '''Muscicapidae''', of small [[passerine]] [[bird]]s restricted to the [[Old World]] ([[Europe]], [[Africa]] and [[Asia]]), with the exception of several vagrants and two species, [[bluethroat]] (''Luscinia svecica'') and [[northern wheatear]] (''Oenanthe oenanthe''), found also in North America. These are mainly small arboreal [[insectivore]]s, many of which, as the name implies, take their [[prey]] on the wing. The large family includes 357 species and is divided into 57 [[genera]].

==Taxonomy==
The name Muscicapa for the family was introduced by the Scottish naturalist [[John Fleming (naturalist)|John Fleming]] in 1822.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Fleming | first=John | author-link=John Fleming (naturalist)| year=1822 | title=The philosophy of zoology; or a general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. | volume=2 | publisher=Hurst, Robinson & Co | place=Edinburgh | page=240 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28230398 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and nomenclature of avian family-group names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Issue 222 | page=116 | hdl=2246/830 }}</ref> The word had earlier been used for the genus ''[[Muscicapa]]'' by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie; ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, espéces & leurs variétés. &c. | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | place=Paris | at=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010429 Vol. 1 p. 32], [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36011661 Vol. 2 p. 357] | language=la, fr}}</ref> Muscicapa comes from the Latin ''[[wikt:musca|musca]]'' meaning a fly, and ''[[wikt:capio|capere]]'' to catch.<ref>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n260 260]}}</ref><ref>{{L&S|musca1|musca}}, {{L&S|capio1|capere|ref}}</ref>

In 1910, the German ornithologist [[Ernst Hartert]] found it impossible to define boundaries between the three families Muscicapidae, [[Sylviidae]] (Old World warblers) and [[Turdidae]] (thrushes). He therefore treated them as subfamilies of an extended flycatcher family that also included [[Timaliidae]] (Old World babblers) and [[Monarchidae]] (Monarch flycatchers).<ref>{{ cite book | last=Hartert | first=Ernst | year=1910 | title=Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna systematische Übersicht der in Europa, Nord-Asien und der Mittelmeerregion vorkommenden Vögel. | volume=1 | page=469 | publisher=R. Friedländer & Sohn | place=Berlin | language=de | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14030276 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Taylor | first=B. | chapter=Old World Flycatchers (Muscicapidae) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | year=2020 | publisher=Lynx Edicions | doi=10.2173/bow.muscic3.01 | s2cid=216288554 | chapter-url=http://www.hbw.com/node/52322 | access-date=30 May 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Forty years later, a similar arrangement was adopted by the American ornithologists [[Ernst Mayr]] and [[Dean Amadon]] in an article published in 1951. Their large family, Muscicapidae, which they termed the "primitive insect eaters" contained 1460 species divided into eight subfamilies.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Mayr | first1=E. | author1-link=Ernst Mayr | last2=Amadon | first2=D. | author2-link=Dean Amadon | year=1951 | title=A Classification of Recent Birds | series=American Museum Novitates, Number 1496 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=17–19, 36–37 | hdl=2246/3994 }}</ref> The use of the extended group was endorsed by a committee set up following the Eleventh International Ornithological Congress held in Basel in 1954.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Mayr | first1=E. | last2=Greenway | first2=J.C. Jr. | year=1956 | title=Sequence of passerine families (Aves) | journal=Breviora | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard | volume=58 | pages=1–11 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3189827 }}</ref> Subsequent [[DNA–DNA hybridization]] studies by [[Charles Sibley]] and others showed that the subfamilies were not closely related to one another. As a result, the large group was broken up into a number of separate families,<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=E. | editor2-last=William | editor2-first=C.G. | year=1986 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World. | volume=11 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | pages=v–vi | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483694 }}</ref> although for a while most authorities continued to retain the thrushes in Muscicapidae.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Sibley | first1=C.G. | last2=Monroe | first2=B.L. | year=1993 | title=A Supplement to Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World | place=New Haven, Connecticut | publisher=Yale University Press | isbn=978-0-300-05549-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/supplementtodist0000sibl | url-access=registration }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last1=Clement | first1=P. | last2=Hathway | first2=R. | year=2000 | title=Helm Identification Guides: Thrushes | place=London | publisher=Christopher Helm | isbn=978-07136-3940-7 | page=28 }}</ref> In 1998 the [[American Ornithologists' Union]] chose to treat the thrushes as a separate family in the seventh edition of their ''Check-list of North American birds'' and subsequently most authors have followed their example.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Chats, Old World flycatchers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Committee on Classification and Nomenclature | year=1998 | title=Check-list of North American birds | edition=7th | publisher=American Ornithologists' Union | place=Washington D.C. | isbn=1-891276-00-X | page=495 | url=http://americanornithology.org/sites/default/files/files/imce-img/AOUchecklistPass-Mimidae.pdf#80 | access-date=2016-07-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118161854/http://americanornithology.org/sites/default/files/files/imce-img/AOUchecklistPass-Mimidae.pdf#80 | archive-date=2015-11-18 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Genera===
The family formerly included fewer species. At the time of the publication of the third edition of [[Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World]] in 2003, the genera ''[[Myophonus]]'', ''[[Alethe (genus)|Alethe]]'', ''[[Brachypteryx]]'' and ''[[Heinrichia]]'' were included in the thrush family [[Turdidae]].<ref name=h&m3>{{cite book | editor1-last=Dickinson | editor1-first=E.C. | year=2003 | title=The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | edition=3rd | place=London | publisher=Christopher Helm | isbn=978-0-7136-6536-9 | pages=659, 673 | url=https://archive.org/details/howardmoorecompl0000howa/page/659/mode/1up | url-access=registration }}</ref> Subsequent [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown that the species in these four genera are more closely related to species in Muscicapidae.<ref name=voelker2004>{{ cite journal | last1=Voelker | first1=G. | last2=Spellman | first2=G.M. | year=2004 | title=Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA evidence of polyphyly in the avian superfamily Muscicapoidea | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=30 | issue= 2| pages=386–394 | doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00191-X | pmid=14715230 | bibcode=2004MolPE..30..386V }}</ref><ref name=sangster2010>{{ cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=E. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | year=2010 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=57 | issue=1 | pages=380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 | pmid=20656044| bibcode=2010MolPE..57..380S }}</ref> As a consequence, these four genera are now placed here.<ref name=ioc/><ref name=h&m4>{{cite book | editor1-last=Dickinson | editor1-first=E.C. | editor2-last=Christidis | editor2-first=L. | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. | volume=2, Passerines | edition=4th | publisher=Aves Press | place=Eastbourne, U.K. | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 | pages=584, 598, 601, 607 }}</ref> In contrast, the genus ''[[Cochoa]]'' which was previously placed in Muscicapidae has been shown to belong in Turdidae.<ref name=voelker2004/><ref name=sangster2010/>

Two large [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies of species within Muscicapidae published in 2010 showed that the genera ''Fraseria'', ''Melaenornis'' and ''Muscicapa'' were [[monophyletic|non-monophyletic]]. The authors were unable to propose revised genera as not all the species were sampled and not all the nodes in their phylogenies were strongly supported.<ref name=sangster2010/><ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Zuccon | first1=D. | last2=Ericson | first2=P.G.P. | year=2010 | title=A multi-gene phylogeny disentangles the chat-flycatcher complex (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Zoologica Scripta | volume=39 | issue=3 | pages=213–224 | doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00423.x | s2cid=85963319 }}</ref> A subsequent study published in 2016, that included 37 of the 42 Muscicapini species, confirmed that the genera were non-monophyletic and proposed a reorganised arrangement of the species with several new or resurrected genera.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Voelker | first1=G. | last2=Huntley | first2=J.W. | last3=Peñalba | first3=J.V. | last4=Bowie | first4=R.C.K. | year=2016 | title=Resolving taxonomic uncertainty and historical biogeographic patterns in ''Muscicapa'' flycatchers and their allies | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=94 | issue= Pt B| pages=618–625 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.026 | pmid=26475615| doi-access=free | bibcode=2016MolPE..94..618V }}</ref>

[[File:Madagascar magpie-robin (Copsychus albospecularis pica) female.jpg|thumb|Madagascar magpie-robin ''Copsychus albospecularis pica'']]
[[File:Silverbird in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda.JPG|thumb|right|[[Silverbird (bird)|Silverbird]], monotypic genus ''Empidornis'']]
[[File:Tickell's Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis tickelliae) with feed W IMG 9340.jpg|thumb|[[Cyornis tickelliae|Tickell's blue flycatcher]], genus ''Cyornis'']]
[[File:Amber mountain rock thrush (Monticola sharpei erythronotus) male 2.jpg|thumb|Amber mountain rock thrush ''Monticola sharpei erythronotus'']]
[[File:Stonechat (Saxicola torquatus) male.jpg|thumb|European stonechat ''Saxicola torquatus'']]
[[File:Cyprus wheatear (Oenanthe cypriaca).jpg|thumb|upright|Cyprus wheatear ''Oenanthe cypriaca'']]

The [[International Ornithologists' Union]] recognises 357 species and divides the family into 57 genera. Subdivisions have been proposed by [[George Sangster|Sangster]] ''et al'' (2010).<ref name=ioc/><ref name=sangster2010/> For a complete list of species, see "[[List of Old World flycatcher species]]".

'''Family Muscicapidae'''
* '''Subfamily Muscicapinae''' ([[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1822)
** '''Tribe Copsychini''' ([[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1872)<ref>{{ cite book | last=Sundevall | first=Carl Jakob | author-link=Carl Jakob Sundevall | date=1872 | title=Methodi naturalis avium disponendarum tentamen. Försök till fogelklassens naturenliga uppställnung | language=Latin, Swedish, French | location=Stockholm | publisher=Samson & Wallin | page=8 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52164423 }}</ref>
*** ''[[Alethe (genus)|Alethe]]'' – alethes (2 species)
*** ''[[Tychaedon]]'' – scrub robins (5 species)
*** ''[[Cercotrichas]]'' – scrub robins (5 species)
*** ''[[Copsychus]]'' – magpie-robins or shamas (17 species)
** '''Tribe Muscicapini''' (Fleming, 1822)
*** ''[[Agricola (bird)|Agricola]]'' – flycatchers (2 species)
*** ''[[Fraseria]]'' – forest flycatchers (8 species)
*** ''[[Melaenornis]]'' – flycatchers (7 species)
*** ''[[Herero chat|Namibornis]]'' – single species: Herero chat
*** ''[[Silverbird (bird)|Empidornis]]'' – single species: silverbird
*** ''[[Sigelus]]'' – single species: fiscal flycatcher
*** ''[[Bradornis]]'' – flycatchers (3 species)
*** ''[[Myopornis]]'' – single species: Böhm's flycatcher
*** ''[[Artomyias]]'' – flycatchers (2 species)
*** ''[[Humblotia (bird)|Humblotia]]'' – single species: Humblot's flycatcher
*** ''[[Muscicapa]]'' – flycatchers (17 species)
* '''Subfamily Niltavinae''' (Sangster, Alström, Forsmark and Olsson, 2010)<ref name=sangster2016>{{ cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=Émile | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | year=2016 | title=Niltavinae, a new taxon of Old World flycatchers (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=4196 | issue=3 | pages=428–429 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4196.3.7 | pmid=27988667 | doi-access=free }}</ref>{{efn|The ornithologist Dario Zuccon pointed out that when George Sangster and colleagues erected the name "Niltavinae" for the subfamily, they did not provide a description as required by the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]]. Sangster and colleagues subsequently published a description in 2016.<ref name=sangster2016/><ref name=zuccon2011>{{ cite journal | last=Zuccon | first=D. | year=2011 | title=Taxonomic notes on some Muscicapidae | journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club | volume=131 | issue=3 | pages=196–199 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50781147 }}</ref>}}
** ''[[Leucoptilon]]'' – single species: white-tailed flycatcher
** ''[[Sholicola]]'' – blue robins (2 species)
** ''[[Niltava]]'' – niltavas (7 species)
** ''[[Cyanoptila]]'' – flycatchers (2 species)
** ''[[Eumyias]]'' – blue flycatchers (11 species)
** ''[[Anthipes]]'' – flycatchers (2 species)
** ''[[Cyornis]]'' – blue flycatchers (32 species)
* '''Subfamily Erithacinae''' ([[George Robert Gray|G.R. Gray]], 1846) – African forest robin assemblage{{efn|Dario Zuccon has argued that the correct name for the African forest robins assemblage is Cossyphinae (type genus ''Cossypha'' [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1825) as the name predates Erithacinae (G.R. Gray, 1846).<ref name=zuccon2011/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Vigors | first=Nicholas Aylward | author-link=Nicholas Aylward Vigors | year=1825 | title=''Cossyphina'' | journal=Zoological Journal | volume=2 | page=395 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2255532}}</ref>}}
** ''[[Erithacus]]'' – single species: European robin
** ''[[Swynnertonia]]'' – single species: Swynnerton's robin
** ''[[Pogonocichla]]'' – single species: white-starred robin
** ''[[Stiphrornis]]'' – forest robins (3 species)
** ''[[Cossyphicula]]'' – robin-chats (2 species)
** ''[[Chamaetylas]]'' – alethes (4 species)
** ''[[Cossypha]]'' – robin-chats (8 species)
** ''[[Cichladusa]]'' – palm thrushes (3 species)
** ''[[Angola cave chat|Xenocopsychus]]'' – single species: Angola cave chat
** ''[[Dessonornis]]'' – robin-chats (4 species)
** ''[[Sheppardia]]'' – akalats (11 species)
* '''Subfamily [[Saxicolinae]]''' ([[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1825)
** ''[[Irania (bird)|Irania]]'' – single species: white-throated robin
** ''[[Luscinia]]'' – nightingales and relatives (4 species)
** ''[[Myiomela]]'' – robins (3 species)
** ''[[Calliope (genus)|Calliope]]'' – rubythroats (5 species)
** ''[[Enicurus]]'' – forktails (8 species)
** ''[[Cinclidium (bird)|Cinclidium]]'' – single species: blue-fronted robin
** ''[[Myophonus]]'' – whistling thrushes (9 species)
** ''[[Heinrichia]]'' – single species: great shortwing
** ''[[Vauriella]]'' – jungle flycatchers (3 species)
** ''[[Leonardina]]'' – single species: Bagobo babbler
** ''[[Brachypteryx]]'' – shortwings (6 species)
** ''[[Larvivora]]'' – East and South-East Asian robins (6 species)
** ''[[Ficedula]]'' – flycatchers (34 species)
** ''[[Tarsiger]]'' – bush robins and bluetails (8 species)
** ''[[Heteroxenicus]]'' – single species: Gould's shortwing
** ''[[Phoenicurus]]'' – redstarts (14 species)
** ''[[Monticola]]'' – rock thrushes (15 species)
** ''[[Saxicola]]'' – stonechats and chats (14 species)
** ''[[Campicoloides]]'' – single species: buff-streaked chat
** ''[[Emarginata]]'' – chats (3 species)
** ''[[Pinarochroa]]'' – single species: moorland chat
** ''[[Thamnolaea]]'' – single species: mocking cliff chat
** ''[[Myrmecocichla]]'' – chats (8 species)
** ''[[Oenanthe (bird)|Oenanthe]]'' – wheatears (32 species)

The [[cladogram]] below is based on a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the family by Min Zhao and collaborators that was published in 2023. Some regions of the phylogenetic tree were not strongly supported by the sequence data.<ref name=zhoa>{{Cite journal | last1=Zhao | first1=M. | last2=Gordon Burleigh | first2=J. | last3=Olsson | first3=U. | last4=Alström | first4=P. | last5=Kimball | first5=R.T. | date=2023 | title=A near-complete and time-calibrated phylogeny of the Old World flycatchers, robins and chats (Aves, Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=178 | article-number=107646 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107646 | doi-access=free | pmid=36265831 | bibcode=2023MolPE.17807646Z }}</ref> Both the genera included and the number of species in each genera are taken from the list of birds maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela C. Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the [[International Ornithological Committee]] (IOC).<ref name=ioc/> Muscicapidae probably diverged from [[Turdidae]] in the early [[Miocene]], and the four subfamilies (Muscicapinae, Niltavinae, Cossyphinae and Saxicolinae) shared a most recent common ancestor around the middle Miocene.<ref name=zhoa/>

{{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1=Muscicapidae
|1={{Clade
|label1=Muscicapinae
|1={{clade
|label1=Copsychini
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Alethe (genus)|Alethe]]'' – alethes (2 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tychaedon]]'' – scrub robins (5 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cercotrichas]]'' – scrub robins (5 species)
|2=''[[Copsychus]]'' – magpie-robins, sharmas (17 species)
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Muscicapini
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Vauriella goodfellowi]]'' – slaty-backed jungle flycatcher (position uncertain)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Agricola (bird)|Agricola]]'' – flycatchers (2 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Fraseria]]'' – flycatchers (8 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Melaenornis]]'' – flycatchers (7 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Namibornis]]'' – herero chat
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Empidornis]]'' – silverbird
|2=''[[Sigelus]]'' – fiscal flycatcher
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Bradornis]]'' – flycatchers (3 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Myopornis]]'' – Böhm's flycatcher
|2=''[[Artomyias]]'' – flycatchers (2 species)
}}
}}
|2=''[[Muscicapa]]'' – flycatchers (17 species) & ''[[Humblotia (bird)|Humblotia]]'' – Humblot's flycatcher
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Niltavinae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Leucoptilon]]'' – white-tailed flycatcher
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Sholicola]]'' – blue robins (2 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Niltava]]'' – niltavas (7 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cyanoptila]]'' – flycatchers (2 species)
|2=''[[Eumyias]]'' – flycatchers (6 species)
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anthipes]]'' – flycatchers (2 species)
|2=''[[Cyornis]]'' – blue flycatchers, jungle flycatchers (36 species) many taxa unsampled
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Cossyphinae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Erithacus]]'' – European robin
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Swynnertonia]]'' – Swynnerton's robin
|2=''[[Pogonocichla]]'' – white-starred robin
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Stiphrornis]]'' – forest robin (position uncertain)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cossyphicula]]'' – robin-chats (2 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Chamaetylas]]'' – alethes (4 species)
|2=''[[Cossypha]]'' - robin-chats (8 species)
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Cossypha cyanocampter]]'' – blue-shouldered robin-chat (position uncertain)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cichladusa]]'' – palm thrushes (3 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Xenocopsychus]]'' – Angola cave chat
|2=''[[Dessonornis]]'' – robin-chats, ground robins (4 species)
}}
}}
}}
|2=''[[Sheppardia]]'' – akalats (11 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Chat (bird)|Saxicolinae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Irania (bird)|Irania]]'' – white-throated robin
|2=''[[Luscinia]]'' – nightingales, redstart, bluethroat (4 species)
}}
|2=''[[Calliope (genus)|Calliope]]'' – rubythroats (5 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Enicurus]]'' – forktails (8 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Cinclidium (bird)|Cinclidium]]'' – blue-fronted robin
|2=''[[Myophonus]]'' – whistling thrushes (9 species)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Myiomela]]'' – robins (3 species)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Heinrichia]]'' – great shortwing
|2=''[[Vauriella]]'' – jungle flycatchers (3 species) & ''[[Leonardina]] – ''Bagobo babbler
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Brachypteryx]]'' – shortwings (6 species)
|2=''[[Larvivora]]'' – robins (6 species)
}}
}}
|2=''[[Ficedula]]'' – flycatchers (34 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tarsiger]]'' – bush robins, bluetails (8 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Heteroxenicus]]'' – Gould's shortwing
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Phoenicurus]]'' – redstarts (14 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Monticola]]'' – rock thrushes (13 species)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Saxicola]]'' – bush chats, stonechats (14 species)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Campicoloides]]'' – buff-streaked chat
|2=''[[Emarginata]]'' – chats (3 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pinarochroa]]'' – moorland chat
|2=''[[Myrmecocichla]]'' – chats (8 species) & ''[[Thamnolaea]]'' – mocking cliff chat
}}
|2=''[[Oenanthe (bird)|Oenanthe]]'' – wheatears (32 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

==Description==
The appearance of these birds is very varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. They are small to medium birds, ranging from 9 to 22 cm in length.<ref name="HBW11">del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2006). ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]''. Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions. {{ISBN|84-96553-06-X}}.</ref> Many species are dull brown in colour, but the [[plumage]] of some can be much brighter, especially in the males.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.artfullbirds.com/Old%20World%20Flycatchers.html
|title=Old World Flycatchers Muscicapidae
|work=artfullbirds.com
|access-date=June 3, 2010}}</ref> Most have broad, flattened bills suited to catching insects in flight, although the few ground-foraging species typically have finer bills.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |last=Perrins |first=C. |editor-last=Forshaw |editor-first=Joseph |year=1991 |title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 194–195|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}</ref>

Old World flycatchers live in almost every environment with a suitable supply of trees, from dense forest to open scrub, and even the montane woodland of the [[Himalayas]]. The more northerly species migrate south in winter, ensuring a continuous diet of insects.<ref name=EoB/>

Depending on the species, their [[bird nest|nest]]s are either well-constructed cups placed in a tree or cliff ledge, or simply lining in a pre-existing tree hole. The hole-nesting species tend to lay larger clutches, with an average of eight eggs, rather than just two to five.<ref name=EoB/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/tyrant-flycatchers-tyrannidae Old World flycatcher videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
* {{Cite EB1911 |last=Newton |first=Alfred |authorlink=Alfred Newton |wstitle=Flycatcher |short=x}}
* {{Cite Americana |last=Ingersoll |first=Ernest |authorlink=Ernest Ingersoll |wstitle=Flycatcher |short=x}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q200989}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Muscicapidae|*]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Fleming (naturalist)]]

Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital

2026-02-13T17:35:06Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: adding a post from scratch.

{{notability|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital
| org_group = Directorate General of Health Services, Government of NCT of Delhi
| image = DDUHospital.png
| location = Hari Nagar, West Delhi
| region = New Delhi
| state = Delhi
| country = India
| healthcare = Public
| type = District / tertiary care hospital
| specialty = Multi-specialty
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation = Government medical colleges (Delhi) 
| beds = 640
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1970}}
| website = https://dduh.delhi.gov.in/en
}}

'''Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital''' (commonly abbreviated as '''DDU Hospital''') is a government-run multi-specialty tertiary care hospital located in Hari Nagar, [[West Delhi]], India. It is operated by the [[Government of Delhi|Government of the National Capital Territory]] (NCT) of [[Delhi]]. and provides emergency, inpatient, outpatient, diagnostic and specialist services to residents of West Delhi and neighbouring areas.

This 650+ bed hospital deals with around 5,000 patients daily on an OPD basis and admits three times its bed strength. The hospital also acts as the first referral centre for the 10,000 odd prisoners lodged in [[Tihar Jail]]. <ref>{{cite web |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/deen-dayal-upadhyay-hospital-three-on-one/ |title= Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital: Three on one |access-date= 19 January 2012}}</ref>

==History==
Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital was established in 1970 as a 50-bed district hospital to serve the growing population of West Delhi. The hospital was progressively expanded, increasing capacity to about 500 beds by the late 1980s and commissioning a trauma block in 2008 which further increased bed strength to 640 beds. The casualty (emergency) services became round-the-clock in 1998.
During the 2020 Covid crisis, it was a major center for Covid Care. <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/delhi/delhi-deputy-cm-manish-sisodia-visits-deen-dayal-upadhyay-hospital-to-review-covid-19-situation-1502963488.html |title= Health Minister visits DDU Hospital to review Covid Care |access-date= 19 April 2021}}</ref>

==Administration and governance==
The hospital is administered under the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Government of [[NCT of Delhi]], and functions as a fully state-funded public hospital.

==Facilities and infrastructure==
DDU Hospital is a multi-storey facility that includes:
* Outpatient departments (OPD) with scheduled registration counters.
* A 24-hour casualty/emergency department and a dedicated trauma block commissioned in 2008.
* [[Intensive Care Unit]] (ICUs), operation theatres, diagnostic laboratories, radiology/imaging services and pharmacy services.
* Blood transfusion / regional blood centre facilities (listed in hospital contacts and manuals).
* Dialysis Center & Kidney Care <ref>{{cite web |url= https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/delhi-govt-installs-300-dialysis-machines-in-16-hospitals-for-free-kidney-care-to-bpl-patients/120947837 |title= DDU Hosital Dialysis Center |access-date= 19 January 2026}}</ref>
* Oxygen Plant <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.expresshealthcare.in/news/deen-dayal-upadhyay-hospital-delhi-gets-its-own-oxygen-plant/428613/ |title= Oxygen Plant in DDU Hospital |access-date= 19 January 2026}}</ref>
* Cancer Care Centre (District-level & Day care) <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Jul/18/delhi-to-launch-day-care-cancer-centres-in-four-hospitals |title= Cancer Care Center Inaugration |access-date= 19 January 2026}}</ref>

==Medical services==
The hospital provides specialist and general services across multiple departments including general medicine, general surgery, orthopaedics, obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, ENT, ophthalmology, dermatology, psychiatry and anaesthesiology. Emergency care and trauma management form a central part of hospital services.

==Teaching and training==
DDU Hospital supports medical education<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/deen-dayal-upadhyay-hospital-to-become-a-medical-collegecumhospital/article6129230.ece |title= DDU Hospital to become Medical College |access-date= 19 January 2026}}</ref>, internships and paramedical and nursing training programs in coordination with government medical colleges and training institutes in Delhi; it also hosts continuing medical education (CME) activities and departmental teaching. It is a major center for [[Diplomate of National Board|DNB]] education and offers many specialities for Post-Graduate DNB Diploma studies. <ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/not-back-door-entry-in-dnb-seats-but-luck-of-the-draw-says-nbe/articleshow/80376900.cms |title= DDU Hosital DNB Seats news |access-date= 19 January 2026}}</ref>

==Role in public health and programmes==
As the major government hospital of [[West Delhi]], DDU Hospital participates in public health programmes and provides services under state and national schemes, including maternal and child health initiatives, immunization drives and other public health outreach. The hospital has been listed among Delhi government hospitals participating in dialysis expansion initiatives and other service-extension programmes.

==Location and access==
The hospital is located in the heart of Hari Nagar (near the Hari Nagar Clock Tower / Ghanta Ghar) and is accessible via Najafgarh Road, Ring Road and nearby metro lines (Dwarka–Connaught Place route approximately 2 km from the hospital). It serves as a referral facility for surrounding neighbourhoods and institutions.

==See also==
* [[Healthcare in India]]
* [[List of hospitals in Delhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dduh.delhi.gov.in/en/ Official Website]
* [https://health.delhi.gov.in/health/delhi-government-hospitals/ Delhi Govt Health Dept Hospitals List]

{{Authority control}}
{{Delhi}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Delhi]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1970]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1970]]
[[Category:1970s establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Healthcare in Delhi]]

Terminalia elliptica

2026-02-13T10:08:49Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: updated page

{{short description|Species of Terminalia}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Terminalia elliptica NP.JPG
|image_caption =
|genus = Terminalia
|species = elliptica
|authority = [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:171100-1 |title=''Terminalia elliptica'' Willd. |author= |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=6 September 2020 }}</ref>
|synonyms={{collapsible list|
*''Pentaptera coriacea'' Roxb.
*''Pentaptera crenulata'' (Roth) DC.
*''Pentaptera cuneata'' DC.
*''Pentaptera macrocarpa'' Wall.
*''Pentaptera maradu'' G.Don
*''Pentaptera tomentosa'' Roxb. ex DC.
*''Terminalia alata'' Roth
*''Terminalia arjuna'' var. ''angustifolia'' C.B.Clarke
*''Terminalia coriacea'' (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.
*''Terminalia coriacea'' Spreng.
*''Terminalia crenulata'' Roth
*''Terminalia macrocarpa'' Steud. ex Kurz
*''Terminalia ovata'' Rottler ex C.B.Clarke
*''Terminalia ovata'' var. ''angustifolia'' (Clarke) S.Yadav & M.R.Almeida
*''Terminalia tomentosa'' Wight & Arn.
}}
}}

'''''Terminalia elliptica''''' (sin. ''Terminalia tormentosa'') is a species of ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'' native to southern and southeast [[Asia]] in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 21 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=Saaj>Sal and Saaj Deforestation in West Nepal: [http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/02/07/top-story/ciaa-unearths-massive-deforestation-in-far-west/348506.html "Terminalia Tomentosa"]</ref> It is a prominent part of both dry and moist [[deciduous]] forests in southern India up to {{convert|1000|m|abbr=off}}.

Common names are '''asna'''; '''saj''' or '''saaj'''; '''Indian laurel'''; '''''marutham''''' (Tamil); '''''matti''''' (Kannada); '''ain''' (Marathi); '''taukkyan''' (Burma); '''sadar''', '''matti''' or '''marda''' (India); ''asana'' (Sri Lanka); and casually ''crocodile bark'' due to the characteristic bark pattern.

It is a tree growing to {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} tall, with a trunk diameter of 1 m. The [[fruit]] is ovoid, {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} long, with five wings not extending beyond the fruit apex.<ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132477 ''Terminalia'']</ref> The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is fire-resistant. The [[wood]] is coarse, fairly straight grained, dull to somewhat lustrous and without any smell or taste. The hardwood varies from light brown with few markings to dark brown or brownish black and figured with darker streaks. The [[sapwood (wood)|sapwood]] is reddish white and sharply differentiated. The [[heartwood]] is moderately durable and the sapwood is liable to powder-post beetle attack.<ref>Wood Technical Fact Sheet: [http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/Terminaliatomentosa.html Terminalia tomentosa complex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317215309/http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/Terminaliatomentosa.html |date=2007-03-17 }}</ref>

''Terminalia tomentosa'' has a remarkable attribute: some members of the species store water in the dry season. A survey conducted at [[Bandipur National Park]], India showed that a proportion of trees store water and there is a girth dependent increase in the frequency and amount of water storage. The mechanism and [[Ecophysiology|ecophysiological]] significance of this water storage is not known.<ref>''Current Science'', [http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_087_04_0416_0417_0.pdf "Water Storage in ''Terminalia tomentosa''"]</ref>
[[Image:Water storage in terminalia tomentosa.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Water storage in ''T. elliptica'']]

==Uses==
The wood is used for [[furniture]], cabinetwork, [[Woodworking joints|joinery]], paneling, specialty items, boat-building, railroad cross-ties (treated), decorative veneers and for musical instruments (e.g. for guitar fretboard).

The leaves are used as food by ''Antheraea paphia'' ([[silkworm]]s) which produce the tassar silk ([[Tussah]]), a form of commercially important [[wild silk]].<ref name=grin/><ref>{{cite web|title=Animals and Animal Projects|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ab598e/AB598E13.htm|website=fao.org|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref> The bark is used medicinally against [[diarrhoea]]. [[Oxalic acid]] can be extracted from it. The bark and especially the fruit yield [[pyrogallol]] and [[catechol]] to [[dye]] and [[tannin|tan]] [[leather]].

Water stored in the stem is often tapped and used as a source of potable water in the summer by forest folk. It is also thought to have curative value for stomach pain.

Outside of its native range, it is cultivated in southern [[China]].<ref name=foc/>

== In culture ==

In [[Theravada Buddhism]], a tree of this kind is said to have been used as the tree for achieving [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] (''[[Bodhi]]'') by the twentieth [[Tissa Buddha]]. (Other text books identify the ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' as the [[Bodhi tree]] of Tissa Buddha.)

==See also==
* [[List of Indian timber trees]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons cat inline}}
* {{Wikispecies inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3595750}}

[[Category:Terminalia (plant)|elliptica]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Flora of Indo-China]]

1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-11T08:10:00Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|State Assembly election in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox election
|election_name=1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
|ongoing=No
|type=legislative
|country=India
|previous_election=1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
|previous_year=1972
|next_election=1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
|next_year=1980
|seats_for_election=All 288 seats in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
|majority_seats=145
|election_date=25 February 1978
| turnout = '''67.59%''' ({{increase}}6.94%)

|party1=Janata Party
|seats1=99
|last_election1='''New'''

|party2=Indian National Congress
|seats2=69
|last_election2=222

| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Vasantdada Patil]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Vasantdada Patil]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| image3 =
| image1 = <div style="width:90px;"> '''JP'''</div>
| image2 = Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg
}}

The '''1978 Maharashtra State Assembly election''' was held in March 1978 for the fifth term of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha. A total of 288 seats were contested.<ref name= pdf>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3717-maharashtra-1978/ |title=Key Highlights of General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra, Election Commission of India }}Key Highlights of General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra, [[Election Commission of India]]&nbsp;{{small|([http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/SE_1978/Statistical_Report_1978_Maharashtra.pdf])}}</ref> Congress factions (u) and (i) formed the government and [[Vasantdada Patil]] was sworn in again as the Chief Minister.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://mls.org.in/pdf2020/Margadarshika%20Parishishta-%20Chief%20Minister%20list.pdf |title=Chief Ministers (1937 to 2019) |publisher=Maharashtra Legislature |lang=mr |access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

== List of participating political parties ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Colspan=2|Party
! Abbreviation
|-
! Colspan=4|National parties
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)|INC(I)]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
! Colspan=4|State parties
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|-
! Colspan=4|Registered (unrecognised) parties
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha}}
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|HMS]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
| [[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}
| [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]
| [[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|RPI(K)]]
|-
|}

== Results ==

===Party results ===
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Maharashtra State Assembly election, 1978<ref name= pdf />|sortable=yes}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 1978.svg]]
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of candidates 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of elected 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Change in vote %
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Janata Party]]{{Composition bar|99|288|{{party color|Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||215||99||{{increase}} 99||5,701,399||27.99%||{{increase}} 27.99% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]{{Composition bar|69|288|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||259||69||{{decrease}} 153||5,159,828||25.33%||{{decrease}} 31.03%
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]{{Composition bar|62|288|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||203||62||{{increase}} 62||3,735,308||18.34%||{{increase}} 18.34% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]{{Composition bar|13|288|{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||88||13||{{increase}} 6||1,129,172||5.54%||{{decrease}} 0.12%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]{{Composition bar|9|288|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||12||9||{{increase}} 8||345,008||1.69%||{{increase}} 0.92%
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|align="left"|[[All India Forward Bloc]]{{Composition bar|3|288|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||6||3||{{increase}} 1||166,497||0.82%||{{decrease}} 1.58%
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}
|align="left"|[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]{{Composition bar|2|288|{{party color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||23||2||{{increase}} 2||287,533||1.41%||{{increase}} 1.41% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Republican Party of India]]{{Composition bar|2|288|{{party color|Republican Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||25||2||{{nochange}}||215,487||1.06%||{{decrease}} 2.71%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||48||1||{{decrease}} 1||301,056||1.48%||{{decrease}} 1.25%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| 35
| 0
| {{Down}}1
| 369,749
| 1.82%
| {{Down}} 0.02%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 5
| 0
| {{Steady}}
| 88,654
| 0.44%
| {{Up}} 0.26%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]{{Composition bar|28|288|{{party color|Independent}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||894||28||{{increase}} 5||2,864,023||14.06%||{{increase}} 1.38%
|-style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''||1819||288||{{increase}} 18||20,367,221||67.59%||{{increase}} 6.94%
|-
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|-
|1||[[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]||68.84%||Mathkar Jayanand Shivram||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||41,331||61.82%||Bhalchandra Anant Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,992||31.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''20,339'''
|-
|2||[[Vengurla Assembly constituency|Vengurla]]||67.77%||Kinalkar Pundlik Atmaram||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||43,525||69.48%||Sitaram Narayan Desai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,743||23.53%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''28,782'''
|-
|3||[[Malvan Assembly constituency|Malvan]]||64.90%||Dalvi Yashwant Babaji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||35,221||59.00%||Keshavrao Vyankatesh Rane||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,429||19.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''23,792'''
|-
|4||[[Deogad Assembly constituency|Deogad]]||66.49%||Vasant Sadashiv Satam||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||39,499||68.07%||Rajabhau Mirashi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,774||25.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''24,725'''
|-
|5||[[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]||68.13%||Hatankar Laxman Rangnath||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||46,099||70.67%||Thakare Sahadeo Mukund||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,693||22.53%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''31,406'''
|-
|6||[[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]||63.32%||Abhyankar Kusum Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||29,901||46.17%||Paje Shantaram Laxman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,876||30.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''10,025'''
|-
|7||[[Sangameshwar Assembly constituency|Sangameshwar]]||62.95%||Jagannath Jadhav||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||40,263||67.57%||Bhuwad Laxmibai Babaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||11,770||19.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''28,493'''
|-
|8||[[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]]||65.74%||Shridhar Dattatray Natu||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||40,320||66.19%||Nikam Govind Shivajirao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,592||33.81%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''19,728'''
|-
|9||[[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]||72.05%||Shinde Rajaram Keshav||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||28,293||46.94%||Shinde Vasantrao Balwantrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,128||31.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''9,165'''
|-
|10||[[Khed Assembly constituency|Khed]]||63.87%||Bhosle Amrutrao Ganpatrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||30,158||52.04%||[[Husen Dalwai]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,506||47.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''2,652'''
|-
|11||[[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]||69.85%||Sakpal Gangaram Daulat||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||41,273||60.42%||Belose Ramchandra Vithal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,978||36.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''16,295'''
|-
|12||[[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]]||69.81%||Digambar Vinayak||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||37,413||60.03%||Shankar Babaji Alias Dadasaheb Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,046||35.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''15,367'''
|-
|13||[[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]||63.01%||Ukaye A. Shakur A. Karim||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||31,001||48.65%||Raut Ravindra Narayan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||26,607||41.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''4,394'''
|-
|14||[[Mangaon Assembly constituency|Mangaon]]||59.83%||Ram Vithhal Mahalunge||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,313||33.56%||Gaikwad Krishna Kalu||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,185||24.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,128'''
|-
|15||[[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]]||68.17%||Ambaji Tukaram Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,478||43.61%||Mohan Mahadeo Patil||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||25,541||39.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,937'''
|-
|16||[[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]]||72.23%||[[Datta Narayan Patil]]||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||34,958||48.22%||Khanvilkar Datajirao Krishnanarao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,723||29.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''13,235'''
|-
|17||[[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]]||65.35%||Dattatraya Narayan Patil||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||21,229||32.92%||Gajanan Narayan Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,637||24.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''5,592'''
|-
|18||[[Khalapur Assembly constituency|Khalapur]]||62.19%||Balkrishna Limbaji Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,587||33.17%||Raut Sumant Rajaram||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||15,656||24.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,931'''
|-
|19||[[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]||54.71%||[[Ranjit Bhanu]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||24,479||45.61%||Vyas Manjula Mukundray||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||10,848||20.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''13,631'''
|-
|20||[[Umarkhadi Assembly constituency|Umarkhadi]]||52.53%||Chorwadwalla Abdul Kader Ibrahim||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||26,191||41.46%||Zaidi Syed Mahammad||{{party name with color|All-India Muslim League}}||22,759||36.03%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''3,432'''
|-
|21||[[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]]||55.36%||Parikh Mohanlal Pranlal||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||38,872||63.84%||Popat Mohan Bhavanbhai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,580||15.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''29,292'''
|-
|22||[[Khetwadi Assembly constituency|Khetwadi]]||53.50%||Khan Khaleeq Ahmed||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||36,246||55.06%||Deshmukh Sahebrao Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||10,594||16.09%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''25,652'''
|-
|23||[[Opera House Assembly constituency|Opera House]]||66.23%||[[Jayawantiben Mehta|Jayawantiben Navinchandra Mehta]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||43,625||61.38%||Pramod Navalkar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||16,768||23.59%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''26,857'''
|-
|24||[[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill]]||55.41%||Balvantray Ambelal Desai||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||37,016||48.85%||Murli Deora||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,540||24.47%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''18,476'''
|-
|25||[[Chinchpokli Assembly constituency|Chinchpokli]]||55.89%||Kaviskar Suhas Tulaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||29,847||47.00%||Zute Bhikoba Dhondiba||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,469||21.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''16,378'''
|-
|26||[[Nagpada Assembly constituency|Nagpada]]||56.37%||[[Ishaq Jamkhanawala|Dr. Ishaq Jamkhanawala Abedin]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||32,416||54.94%||Kazi Umar Abdul Aziz||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,594||23.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''18,822'''
|-
|27||[[Mazgaon Assembly constituency|Mazgaon]]||65.74%||Kamat Dinanath Gajanan||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||30,120||47.13%||Bhosale Atmaram Tukaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||12,698||19.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''17,422'''
|-
|28||[[Parel Assembly constituency|Parel]]||72.54%||Vasu Desai||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||44,147||50.66%||Dattaji Salvi||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||16,856||19.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''27,291'''
|-
|29||[[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi]]||66.26%||Kamble Devidas Pundlik||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||28,606||36.69%||Datta Nalavade||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||15,532||19.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''13,074'''
|-
|30||[[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]]||65.10%||Kurane Pralhad Krushna||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||37,466||52.66%||Nanaware Vasant Pandurang||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||12,786||17.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''24,680'''
|-
|31||[[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]]||69.68%||N. K. Sawant||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||35,031||44.35%||Vamanrao Mahadik||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||18,883||23.91%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''16,148'''
|-
|32||[[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar]]||71.68%||Hemachandra Shankar Gupte||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||38,879||46.22%||[[Manohar Joshi]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||16,131||19.18%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''22,748'''
|-
|33||[[Matunga Assembly constituency|Matunga]]||59.74%||Kohli Sohansingh Jodhsingh||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||41,568||58.95%||Bhat Padma Subha||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||9,956||14.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''31,612'''
|-
|34||[[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]||60.52%||Frederick Michael Pinto||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||42,774||64.39%||Chitre P. M.||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||8,550||12.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''34,224'''
|-
|35||[[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]]||54.40%||Satyendra More||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||36,156||49.50%||Gaikwad Vishnu Babaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,754||21.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''20,402'''
|-
|36||[[Vandre Assembly constituency|Vandre]]||56.51%||Varde Sadanand Shankar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||44,245||67.95%||Pai Prabhakar Sanjeev||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,882||15.18%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''34,363'''
|-
|37||[[Kherwadi Assembly constituency|Kherwadi]]||66.63%||[[Ramdas Nayak]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||36,851||50.99%||Ahmed B. Zakaria||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,834||24.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''19,017'''
|-
|38||[[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]||56.76%||Pranlal Vora||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||46,382||66.60%||Pushpakant Anant Mhatre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||9,680||13.90%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''36,702'''
|-
|39||[[Amboli Assembly constituency|Amboli]]||59.29%||Ramesh Sheth||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||38,349||49.14%||Indulkar Pratap Mahadeo||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||17,965||23.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''20,384'''
|-
|40||[[Santacruz Assembly constituency|Santacruz]]||61.36%||Sinha Shobhanath Ramgajdhar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||42,544||53.24%||Pagraoot Vasantrao Dattatray||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||10,622||13.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''31,922'''
|-
|41||[[Andheri Assembly constituency|Andheri]]||58.79%||Nilkant Samant||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||37,585||44.79%||Sharma C. M.||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||18,838||22.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''18,747'''
|-
|42||[[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]||62.68%||Samant Padmakar Balkrishna||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||49,529||63.83%||Desai Subhash Rajaram||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||12,531||16.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''36,998'''
|-
|43||[[Malad Assembly constituency|Malad]]||57.47%||Kamal Desai||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||47,429||56.90%||Joshi Mangelal Durga Prasad||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||14,693||17.63%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''32,736'''
|-
|44||[[Kandivali Assembly constituency|Kandivali]]||48.65%||Upadhyaya Hasmukhbhai Vasantray||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||52,446||76.14%||Suryakant Matliya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,565||19.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''38,881'''
|-
|45||[[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]]||64.64%||[[Ram Naik]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||60,510||67.26%||Patil Ramakant Parshuram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||15,433||17.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''45,077'''
|-
|46||[[Trombay Assembly constituency|Trombay]]||57.30%||S. Balakrishnan||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||23,824||29.39%||Patil Amarnath Vaman||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||22,399||27.63%||style="background:{{party colour|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}"|'''1,425'''
|-
|47||[[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]||62.75%||[[Hashu Advani]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||43,028||56.32%||Rupavate Premchand Damodar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,297||25.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''23,731'''
|-
|48||[[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar]]||59.73%||Liyaqat Husain Ibarat Husain||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||26,590||38.29%||Syed Suhail Asharaf||{{party name with color|All-India Muslim League}}||11,960||17.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''14,630'''
|-
|49||[[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]]||65.44%||Khan Shamsul Haq||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||33,800||36.24%||[[Dutta Samant]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,617||25.32%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''10,183'''
|-
|50||[[Ghatkopar Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar]]||64.75%||Parekh Jayantilal Ghambhirdas||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||40,408||49.51%||Dadia Uttamchand Dosabhai||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||12,209||14.96%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''28,199'''
|-
|51||[[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup]]||66.89%||Sanzgiri Prabhakar Pandurang||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||47,708||48.66%||Patil Dinanath Bama||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,555||19.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''28,153'''
|-
|52||[[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]]||65.42%||Patwardhan Prabhakar Ramchandar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||56,061||58.94%||Trivedi Gaurishankar Satyanarayan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||17,265||18.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''38,796'''
|-
|53||[[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]]||67.97%||Gajanan Motiram Koli||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||49,123||54.72%||Satish Pradhan||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||20,231||22.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''28,892'''
|-
|54||[[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur]]||61.66%||Bhoir Gautam Posha||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||28,018||39.27%||Bhagat Balaji Kathod||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||14,214||19.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''13,804'''
|-
|55||[[Ulhasnagar Assembly constituency|Ulhasnagar]]||63.67%||Harchandani Sitaldas Khub Chand||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||39,309||56.91%||Ailani Parcharam Kewalram||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||20,379||29.50%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''18,930'''
|-
|56||[[Ambernath Assembly constituency|Ambernath]]||58.94%||[[Jagannath Patil]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||33,087||47.42%||Nakul Pundalik Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,470||33.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''9,617'''
|-
|57||[[Kalyan Assembly constituency|Kalyan]]||68.72%||[[Ram Kapse|Ramchandra Ganesh Kapse]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||51,933||54.22%||[[Krishnarao Dhulap|Krishnarao Narayan Dhulap]]||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||15,672||16.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''36,261'''
|-
|58||[[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]]||72.84%||Shantaram Gopal Gholap||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,242||61.45%||Pharde Damodar Lahu||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||24,792||36.07%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''17,450'''
|-
|59||[[Wada Assembly constituency|Wada]]||56.15%||Wani Somnath Rama||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||28,989||46.51%||Kale Shankar Ladku||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,047||27.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''11,942'''
|-
|60||[[Bhiwandi Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi]]||55.94%||Taware Parsharam Dhondu||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||20,774||29.47%||Hegde Prabhakar Madhavrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||18,600||26.39%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,174'''
|-
|61||[[Vasai Assembly constituency|Vasai]]||74.98%||Chaudhari Pandharinath Raghunath||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||49,163||58.03%||[[Tarabai Vartak|Tarabai Narsinh Vartak]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,412||37.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''17,751'''
|-
|62||[[Palghar Assembly constituency|Palghar]]||57.51%||Arjun Kakadya Shingade||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||32,635||58.24%||Shelar Janardan Bhiwa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,934||30.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''15,701'''
|-
|63||[[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]]||53.42%||Chavan Shankar Marya||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||26,224||47.73%||Kadu Mahadeo Gopal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,514||39.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''4,710'''
|-
|64||[[Jawhar Assembly constituency|Jawhar]]||52.93%||Kurhada Barkya Lakhya||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||29,934||54.08%||Bhoye Ramchandra Gopal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,284||31.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''12,650'''
|-
|65||[[Shahapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]||46.38%||Telam Krishnakant Ramachandra||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||20,817||49.98%||Patil Balu Mahadu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,162||46.01%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''1,655'''
|-
|66||[[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]]||52.19%||Wagh Bhau Sakru||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||20,120||38.39%||Damse Madhavrao Sakharam||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||12,850||24.52%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''7,270'''
|-
|67||[[Nashik Assembly constituency|Nashik]]||62.80%||Upadhye Vasant Ganesh||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||32,809||42.50%||Wavare Shantarambapu Kondaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||31,001||40.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''1,808'''
|-
|68||[[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali]]||59.50%||Ahire Babulal Soma||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||37,821||60.54%||Reporte Baburao Bhagaji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||14,688||23.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''23,133'''
|-
|69||[[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]||71.07%||Gadhak Suryabhan Sukdeo||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||36,255||52.42%||Avhad Nivrutti Mahadu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,205||33.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''13,050'''
|-
|70||[[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]]||74.96%||Patil Vinayakrao Pudlikrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||51,315||68.52%||Boraste Madhavrao Kashiram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||22,786||30.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''28,529'''
|-
|71||[[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]]||66.28%||Patil Janardan Deoram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,434||37.05%||Bhokade Nivrutti Ramji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,804||31.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''3,630'''
|-
|72||[[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]]||65.51%||Nahar Kanhiyalal Chunilal||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,243||30.93%||Kavade Bhanudas Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,000||30.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''243'''
|-
|73||[[Malegaon Assembly constituency|Malegaon]]||74.20%||[[Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||47,237||56.57%||Gazi Naseem Ahmed Khan Md. Mardan||{{party name with color|All-India Muslim League}}||19,192||22.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''28,045'''
|-
|74||[[Dabhadi Assembly constituency|Dabhadi]]||73.48%||Hiray Baliram Waman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||32,918||46.95%||Patil Shivaji Namdeo||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||25,036||35.71%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''7,882'''
|-
|75||[[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandwad]]||70.03%||Dawakhar Kisanrao Damodar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||23,168||35.77%||Deore Gyandeo Tukaram||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||20,836||32.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''2,332'''
|-
|76||[[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]]||57.08%||Gaikwad Bhagawant Dharmaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||23,321||41.61%||Amrita Kashiram Gaikwad||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||12,101||21.59%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''11,220'''
|-
|77||[[Surgana Assembly constituency|Surgana]]||51.35%||[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||7,527||15.58%||Chavan Harischandra Deoram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,932||14.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''595'''
|-
|78||[[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]]||57.85%||[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,218||58.33%||Bagul Babulal Hiraji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||11,885||22.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,333'''
|-
|79||[[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]]||66.91%||Pawar Laxman Totaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||30,992||49.93%||Pimpalse Vasantrao Bhuraji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||15,378||24.77%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''15,614'''
|-
|80||[[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]]||56.86%||Malusare Sukram Bhurya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||19,569||33.25%||Choudhari Govindrao Shivram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,540||31.50%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''1,029'''
|-
|81||[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]]||58.65%||Vasave Zina Samya||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||24,572||41.95%||Valvi Surupsing Fulji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,116||32.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''5,456'''
|-
|82||[[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar]]||67.09%||Ramesh Panya Valvi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,526||58.56%||Natawadkar Jayant Ganpat||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||30,095||41.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,431'''
|-
|83||[[Talode Assembly constituency|Talode]]||62.35%||Dilwarsing D. Padvi||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||14,968||30.54%||Valvi Abhimanyu Nuraji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,605||27.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''1,363'''
|-
|84||[[Akrani Assembly constituency|Akrani]]||57.62%||Jadhav Shankar Fugara||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||16,795||38.83%||Ukhalde Gosa Rupaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,580||24.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''6,215'''
|-
|85||[[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]]||76.40%||Rawal Jaydevsinh Jaysinh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,554||43.80%||Patil Purushottam Kalu||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||31,208||40.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,346'''
|-
|86||[[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]]||76.21%||Pralhadrao Madhavrao Patil||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||38,674||54.42%||Vyankatrao Tajani Randhir||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,224||38.30%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''11,450'''
|-
|87||[[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]]||72.60%||Shisode Madhukarrao Dipchand||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||20,034||29.45%||Rajput Mangalsing Nimji Alias Thansing Jibhau||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||17,956||26.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,078'''
|-
|88||[[Kusumba Assembly constituency|Kusumba]]||70.02%||Rohidas Chudaman Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||31,873||46.50%||Mali Sadashiv Shankar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,498||19.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''18,375'''
|-
|89||[[Dhule Assembly constituency|Dhule]]||66.18%||Khopade Kisanrao Manikrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||24,933||36.71%||Nerkar Hiraman Dhudaku||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||16,928||24.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''8,005'''
|-
|90||[[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]||56.51%||Dinakar Diwan Chavan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,144||54.91%||Jadhav Madhukar Gomaje||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,575||31.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,569'''
|-
|91||[[Parola Assembly constituency|Parola]]||67.93%||Uttamrao Patil||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||40,965||53.14%||Patil Bhaskarrao Rajaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,548||33.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''15,417'''
|-
|92||[[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]||68.67%||Gulabrao Wamanrao Patil||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||43,697||56.71%||Dabhade Ramdas Sugram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||20,983||27.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''22,714'''
|-
|93||[[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]]||72.56%||Chaudhari Madhavrao Kautik||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||23,637||36.04%||Patil Dhoundu Ukhaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,322||35.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''315'''
|-
|94||[[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]||72.06%||Patil Mahendrasinh Dharamsinh||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||25,829||33.66%||Wagh Parvatabai Chandrabhan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||19,267||25.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''6,562'''
|-
|95||[[Jalgaon Assembly constituency|Jalgaon]]||66.70%||[[Ishwarlal Jain|Ishwarlal Shankarlal Jain]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||30,099||40.31%||Shikh Mo. Ismail Ibrahim||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||22,684||30.38%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''7,415'''
|-
|96||[[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]||72.99%||Onkar Narayan Wagh||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||43,130||55.29%||Patil Krishnarao Maharu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,878||44.71%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''8,252'''
|-
|97||[[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]]||66.22%||Gajananrao Raghunathrao Garud||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||15,955||24.88%||Narayan Sonaji Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,536||21.10%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,419'''
|-
|98||[[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]]||58.29%||Bhole Devidas Namdeo||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,341||32.97%||Khadke Prakash Jagannath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||15,362||22.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,979'''
|-
|99||[[Yawal Assembly constituency|Yawal]]||68.36%||Choudhari Sindhu Parth||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||24,021||36.29%||Tadvi Mirabai Dagekha||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||19,617||29.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''4,404'''
|-
|100||[[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]||76.14%||Mahukar Dhanaji Chaudhari||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,961||36.19%||Sarode Gunwant Rambhau||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||17,287||23.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,674'''
|-
|101||[[Edlabad Assembly constituency|Edlabad]]||73.03%||[[Pratibha Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,578||42.87%||Ashok Devidas Phadke||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||30,879||41.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''699'''
|-
|102||[[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]]||77.42%||Arjun Awadhut Wankhade||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||34,663||45.95%||Mundhada Vinaykumar Premratan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||29,406||38.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''5,257'''
|-
|103||[[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]]||76.35%||Patil Shivajirao Bhiku||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||35,503||43.70%||Pawar Atmaram Totaram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||26,152||32.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''9,351'''
|-
|104||[[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]]||80.49%||Janardan Dattuappa Bondre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||27,785||32.45%||Bharat Rajabhau Bondre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,607||32.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''178'''
|-
|105||[[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]]||80.00%||Kharat Jayawantrao Kaluji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||27,632||34.30%||Shingane Bhaskarrao Sampatrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||20,112||24.96%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''7,520'''
|-
|106||[[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]]||77.31%||Saoji Subodh Kesh Keshaosa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||39,163||53.04%||Bajad Anant Tulshiram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||16,848||22.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''22,315'''
|-
|107||[[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]||71.42%||[[Pandurang Fundkar|Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||25,831||32.26%||Gawande Manikrao Pralhadrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,494||23.10%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''7,337'''
|-
|108||[[Jalamb Assembly constituency|Jalamb]]||72.46%||Dhokane Tulshiram Pandhari||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||26,228||36.34%||Tapre Bhaurao Namdeorao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||24,835||34.41%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''1,393'''
|-
|109||[[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]]||78.02%||Gangane Sudhakar Ramkrishna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||36,603||50.81%||Tidke Kashinath Shamrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||24,096||33.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''12,507'''
|-
|110||[[Borgaon Manju Assembly constituency|Borgaon Manju]]||71.48%||Apotikar Manikrao Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||44,990||61.12%||Patil Trimbak Pandhari||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||19,938||27.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''25,052'''
|-
|111||[[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]]||68.18%||Khan Mohammod Ajhar Hussein||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||36,853||51.14%||Jain Pramila W/O Shripal||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||23,856||33.10%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''12,997'''
|-
|112||[[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]||70.81%||Gujarathi Prakashchandra Alias Banduseth Nattulal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||22,469||31.79%||Akbar Vakil Sheikh Abdar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||18,434||26.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''4,035'''
|-
|113||[[Medshi Assembly constituency|Medshi]]||77.13%||Shinde Vitthalrao Kondaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||36,552||50.55%||Zanak Ramraoji Gopalrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,224||26.58%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''17,328'''
|-
|114||[[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim]]||58.65%||Wankhede Bhaurao Nagorao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||25,797||49.07%||Khobragade Bhaurao Nathuji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||12,548||23.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''13,249'''
|-
|115||[[Mangrulpir Assembly constituency|Mangrulpir]]||78.10%||Patil Anantkumar Kishanrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||28,438||37.00%||Rathod Gajadhar Ramsing||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,680||30.81%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''4,758'''
|-
|116||[[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]]||76.61%||Thakare Dhyandeorao Mukundrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||30,127||40.72%||Lahane Motiramji Udebhanji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||27,621||37.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''2,506'''
|-
|117||[[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]]||76.53%||Arvind Kamlakar Deshmukh||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||38,584||56.00%||Korpe Wamanrao Ramkrushna Alias Dr. Annasaheb Korpe||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||14,006||20.33%||style="background:{{party colour|All India Forward Bloc}}"|'''24,578'''
|-
|118||[[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur]]||78.37%||Bobde Shanarrao Krishana Rao||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||38,021||52.19%||Gawai Vasantrao Suryabhanji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||12,678||17.40%||style="background:{{party colour|All India Forward Bloc}}"|'''25,343'''
|-
|119||[[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat]]||62.31%||Patel Ramu Mhatang||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||34,998||61.09%||Sarage Hiralal Onkar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||14,444||25.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''20,554'''
|-
|120||[[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]]||75.53%||Bhokare Waman Rajirao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,178||30.12%||Deshmukh Sudam Alias Waman Dattaraya||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||23,446||29.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''732'''
|-
|121||[[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]]||78.23%||Ande Manadeorao Sadashio||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||48,012||67.30%||Gandhi Girish Maniklalji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||9,895||13.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''38,117'''
|-
|122||[[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa]]||78.34%||Thakur Chandrakant Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||41,455||59.84%||Mangle Natthuji Dewaji||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||14,965||21.60%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''26,490'''
|-
|123||[[Walgaon Assembly constituency|Walgaon]]||73.43%||Sable Bhau Bapurao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||45,789||66.11%||Ingole Bhagwant Maroti||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||10,259||14.81%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''35,530'''
|-
|124||[[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]]||66.44%||Bhuyar Surendra Chatrapal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||38,507||50.60%||Munirkhan Usmankhan||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||20,296||26.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''18,211'''
|-
|125||[[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]]||73.39%||Yadao Mangaldas Bholaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||40,828||58.87%||Dhepe Pravin Panjab||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||11,908||17.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''28,920'''
|-
|126||[[Chandur Assembly constituency|Chandur]]||80.12%||Savalakhe Sudhakar Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||52,622||71.01%||[[Pratap Adsad|Pratap Arunbhau Adsad]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||12,656||17.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''39,966'''
|-
|127||[[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]||77.99%||Chudiwal Shiochand Gowardhandas||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||64,168||70.92%||Wagh Dhairyashilrao Vinayakrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||11,890||13.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''52,278'''
|-
|128||[[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon]]||78.35%||[[Prabha Rau| Prabha Anand Rao]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||57,827||69.69%||Khobaragade Durwas Laluji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||15,310||18.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''42,517'''
|-
|129||[[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]||76.31%||Pramod Bhauraoji Shende||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||52,266||64.43%||Ramchandra Ghangare Marot||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||22,107||27.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''30,159'''
|-
|130||[[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]]||78.07%||Kolhe Deoraoji Zolbaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||56,668||60.86%||Hulke Pandharinath Vithobaji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||21,226||22.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''35,442'''
|-
|131||[[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]]||70.10%||Dakate Purushottam Mansaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||43,171||55.99%||Darne Shrawan Domaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||12,527||16.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''30,644'''
|-
|132||[[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]||69.43%||Bhosle Tajsingrao Rajelaxmanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||41,581||53.66%||Rai Rajni Kaushal Prasad||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||16,090||20.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''25,491'''
|-
|133||[[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]]||67.32%||Dongre Suryakant Jagobaji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||34,598||46.16%||Wasnik Balkrishna Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||32,121||42.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}"|'''2,477'''
|-
|134||[[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]||70.32%||[[Banwarilal Purohit]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||56,752||63.83%||Lendeprabhakar Natthu||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||12,023||13.52%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''44,729'''
|-
|135||[[Nagpur South Assembly constituency|Nagpur South]]||74.22%||Vanjari Govindrao Marotrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||45,025||56.81%||Dhepe Ramanand Dewaji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||27,368||34.53%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''17,657'''
|-
|136||[[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]||73.45%||Surve Bhausaheb Sitaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||30,650||40.50%||Ram Hedau||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||27,047||35.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''3,603'''
|-
|137||[[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]||71.98%||Mulak Bhaurao Govindrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||45,625||52.49%||Suklikar Sumatibai Balkrishna||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||33,531||38.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''12,094'''
|-
|138||[[Kalmeshwar Assembly constituency|Kalmeshwar]]||77.22%||Gaikwad Bhagwantrao Manikrao||{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}||55,202||71.00%||Wankhede Chandrashekhar Santoshrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||11,879||15.28%||style="background:{{party colour|All India Forward Bloc}}"|'''43,323'''
|-
|139||[[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]||78.26%||Mankar Mukundrao Govindrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||36,800||51.15%||Pawade Motiram Gulabrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||22,207||30.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''14,593'''
|-
|140||[[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]]||75.83%||Naik Ramji Chiman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||37,028||49.75%||Phate Shankerao Ramchandrarao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||24,034||32.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''12,994'''
|-
|141||[[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]||68.51%||Gunderao Fakiraji Mahajan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||28,535||38.86%||Pandurang Jairamji Hajare||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||23,350||31.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''5,185'''
|-
|142||[[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]]||80.00%||Karemore Subhashchandra Narayanraoji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||33,490||43.41%||Patel Ishwardayal Mahipalji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||15,982||20.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''17,508'''
|-
|143||[[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]]||79.46%||Dube Vithalprasad Sitaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||30,621||40.89%||Shende Govinda (Dada) Ramji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,230||29.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''8,391'''
|-
|144||[[Adyar Assembly constituency|Adyar]]||75.71%||Tighare Vitthalrao Sakharamji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||29,993||39.20%||Katekhaye Ramkrishana Zibalji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,177||25.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''10,816'''
|-
|145||[[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]||73.62%||Wasnik Laxminarayan Ganpat||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||40,768||50.79%||Meshram Nagorao Shrawan||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||27,005||33.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''13,763'''
|-
|146||[[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondiya]]||70.79%||Rajkumari Gopalnarayan Bajpayee||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||39,729||51.88%||Agrawal Radheshyam Harishchandra||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||21,033||27.47%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''18,696'''
|-
|147||[[Goregaon, Gondia Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]||79.20%||Nagpure Girjashankarsingh Hemrajsingh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||42,796||54.58%||Puranlal Dharmabhan Rahangdale||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||32,240||41.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''10,556'''
|-
|148||[[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]]||68.71%||[[Mahadeo Shivankar]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||35,727||47.38%||Bhaktawarti Dayaram Dashrath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||29,197||38.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''6,530'''
|-
|149||[[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]||81.49%||Bedarkar Madukar Tulshiramji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||39,908||45.40%||Kapgate Shamrao Pagaji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||36,093||41.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''3,815'''
|-
|150||[[Lakhandur Assembly constituency|Lakhandur]]||78.74%||Bhaiyya Hiralal Nathmalji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||38,157||43.34%||Diwathe Namdeo Harbaji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||33,595||38.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''4,562'''
|-
|151||[[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]]||64.81%||Narnaware Dinaji Vithobaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||30,374||46.52%||Weakey Sukhadeobabu Pundalik||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,384||29.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''10,990'''
|-
|152||[[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]]||62.75%||Madavi Dewaji Tanu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||26,485||44.31%||Atram Satyawanrao Raje Vishweshwarrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,396||40.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''2,089'''
|-
|153||[[Sironcha Assembly constituency|Sironcha]]||60.35%||Meshram Bhagwanshaha Jiwanshaha||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||41,667||81.14%||Talandi Penta Rama||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,283||10.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''36,384'''
|-
|154||[[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]]||66.54%||Musale Baburao Janardhan||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||30,786||43.11%||Mamulkar Prabhakar Bapurao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,873||34.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''5,913'''
|-
|155||[[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]]||70.20%||[[Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||38,018||47.44%||Dumbere Rajaram Tulsiram||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}||24,857||31.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''13,161'''
|-
|156||[[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli]]||77.29%||Bhandekar Deorao Bhayyaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||28,466||36.62%||Dada Deshkar Vakil||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||23,862||30.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''4,604'''
|-
|157||[[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri]]||77.83%||Bhendarkar Baburao Shrawanji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||54,717||61.37%||Kamble Marotrao Rakhaduji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||22,053||24.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''32,664'''
|-
|158||[[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]||78.68%||Sonwane Adkuji Shiwaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||55,117||60.77%||Korekar Gopalrao Keshaorao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||24,431||26.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''30,686'''
|-
|159||[[Bhadrawati Assembly constituency|Bhadrawati]]||72.28%||Nilkanthrao Yeshwantrao Shinde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||45,475||53.29%||Temurde Moreshwar Vithalrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||23,016||26.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''22,459'''
|-
|160||[[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]]||75.58%||Bapurao Harbaji Panghate||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||50,142||67.59%||Dada Sitaram Nandekar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,497||18.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''36,645'''
|-
|161||[[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon]]||68.25%||Dhurve Sudhakarrao Bakaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||57,404||79.19%||Kerzerkar Digambar Haribhau||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,666||7.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''51,738'''
|-
|162||[[Kelapur Assembly constituency|Kelapur]]||74.59%||Masram Lakhuji Marotrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||44,846||67.14%||Wagh Purushottam Vithalrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||14,916||22.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''29,930'''
|-
|163||[[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]||74.68%||[[Jambuwantrao Dhote|Jambhuwantrao Bapurao Dhote]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||55,608||73.78%||Gilani Walimohammed Noormohammed||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||15,654||20.77%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''39,954'''
|-
|164||[[Darwha Assembly constituency|Darwha]]||76.63%||Mandhana Harish Rameshwar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||45,194||59.55%||Ghuikhedkar Vishwasrao Balkrushna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,218||24.00%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''26,976'''
|-
|165||[[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]]||78.46%||Nanabhau Narayanrao Yembadwar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||49,051||59.48%||[[Shivajirao Moghe ]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||15,846||19.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''33,205'''
|-
|166||[[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]||81.11%||[[Sudhakarrao Naik|Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,485||53.29%||Paul Vasantrao Deorao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||31,958||39.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,527'''
|-
|167||[[Umarkhed Assembly constituency|Umarkhed]]||80.02%||Deosarkar Anantrao Apparao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,805||44.16%||Jahagirdar M. Amanulla M. Ibadulla||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||25,803||32.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,002'''
|-
|168||[[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]]||75.85%||Uttamrao Baliram Rathod||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,765||41.22%||Pachute Kishanrao Champatrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||20,902||31.03%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,863'''
|-
|169||[[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]]||73.41%||Pawar Niwruttirao Mahadji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||29,107||39.21%||Shinde Bapurao Shiwram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,101||39.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''6'''
|-
|170||[[Nanded Assembly constituency|Nanded]]||61.24%||Noorallah Khan Bismillah Khan||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||25,823||35.21%||M. Maqbool Salim Mohammed Khaja||{{party name with color|All-India Muslim League}}||19,981||27.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''5,842'''
|-
|171||[[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed]]||63.01%||Chandrakant Govindrao Maski||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||25,568||39.02%||Sirsat Sambhajirao Ramji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||15,481||23.63%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''10,087'''
|-
|172||[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]||71.31%||[[Shankarrao Chavan]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||34,896||50.77%||[[Deshmukh Balajirao Gopalrao]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,645||34.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''11,251'''
|-
|173||[[Biloli Assembly constituency|Biloli]]||64.37%||Patne Gangadhar Mahalappa||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||41,887||49.59%||Chavan Balwantrao Amrutrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,116||39.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''8,771'''
|-
|174||[[Mukhed Assembly constituency|Mukhed]]||49.76%||Ghate Madhukarrao Rangoji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,802||42.38%||Ravangaonkar Nagnathrao Satwaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||12,864||21.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''11,938'''
|-
|175||[[Kandhar Assembly constituency|Kandhar]]||57.93%||Kurude Gurunathrao Manikrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||29,825||42.17%||Bhoshikar Ishwar Rao Narayanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,422||27.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''10,403'''
|-
|176||[[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]||45.89%||Gaikwad Dnyanoba Hari||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||16,961||37.99%||Nandapurkar Satwaji Sadbaji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||13,663||30.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''3,298'''
|-
|177||[[Singnapur Assembly constituency|Singnapur]]||57.75%||Gawali Uttamrao Abaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,860||32.48%||Jadhav Manikrao Kishanrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||12,881||22.18%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,979'''
|-
|178||[[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]||61.75%||Jamkar Raosaheb Bapusaheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,700||41.50%||Gauhane Annasaheb Ramchandrarao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||23,616||38.13%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,084'''
|-
|179||[[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]]||57.74%||[[Panditrao Ramrao Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||25,583||41.32%||Kusale Narayanrao Girjaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||16,135||26.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''9,448'''
|-
|180||[[Kalamnuri Assembly constituency|Kalamnuri]]||60.78%||Maske Vithlrao Champatrao Naik||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||37,911||59.25%||Deshmukh Shiwajirao Shankarrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,972||28.09%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''19,939'''
|-
|181||[[Hingoli Assembly constituency|Hingoli]]||64.57%||Galande Dagduji Yeshwantrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||27,723||40.55%||Deshmukh Sahebrao Shankarrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||27,602||40.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''121'''
|-
|182||[[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]||53.76%||Gulabchand Nandlaji Rathi||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||17,247||31.62%||Manikrao Keshavrao Bhamble||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||16,621||30.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''626'''
|-
|183||[[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]||59.18%||Sakhram Gopalrao Nakhate||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,455||27.79%||Dakh Baba Saheb Marotrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||12,845||24.70%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,610'''
|-
|184||[[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]||63.23%||Borade Ramprasadji Vithalrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||19,296||31.49%||Sarkate Indrajit Ganpatrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||13,057||21.31%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''6,239'''
|-
|185||[[Ambad Assembly constituency|Ambad]]||60.76%||Bapusaheb Sakharam Solunke||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||26,180||37.98%||Ankushrao Raosaheb Tope||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,993||27.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''7,187'''
|-
|186||[[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]]||60.49%||Kisanrao Pandharnath Bhise||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||32,707||49.46%||Syed Abdul Majeed Syed Abdul Hakim||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||15,499||23.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''17,208'''
|-
|187||[[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]]||60.99%||Kolkar Shankarrao Limbajirao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||23,466||35.91%||Bundele Shankarsing Ghagansing||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||13,429||20.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''10,037'''
|-
|188||[[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]]||64.79%||Vithalrao Ramsing Patil||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||32,990||47.44%||Hanumantrao Gawanji Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||17,185||24.71%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''15,805'''
|-
|189||[[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]]||67.41%||Gadekar Namdeo Balwantrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||21,436||35.01%||Manikrao Palodkar Sandu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,327||31.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''2,109'''
|-
|190||[[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]]||63.01%||[[T. S. Patil|Tukaram Shankar Patil]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||31,450||45.45%||Pandurang Shenphadu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,075||34.79%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''7,375'''
|-
|191||[[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]]||57.03%||Uttamrao Keshavrao Patwari ( Bhalerao )||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||19,376||34.28%||Balwantrao Alias Balasaheb Ramrao Pawar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,740||33.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''636'''
|-
|192||[[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]]||49.01%||Laxman Eknath Manal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,128||44.88%||Asaram Sakharam||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||12,251||21.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,877'''
|-
|193||[[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]]||63.08%||Abdul Azim Abdul Hameed||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||42,716||50.90%||Kashinath Navander||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||27,230||32.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''15,486'''
|-
|194||[[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]||60.14%||Gawande Rambhau Eknath||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||33,414||47.01%||Keshaorao Vishwanath Awatade||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||31,606||44.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''1,808'''
|-
|195||[[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]||63.58%||Bhaurao Abaji Thorat||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||16,355||27.22%||Shivajirao Sahebrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||14,813||24.66%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''1,542'''
|-
|196||[[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]]||64.87%||Shivajirao Ankushrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,539||58.10%||Mindhe Ramrao Raosaheb||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||23,590||35.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,949'''
|-
|197||[[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]||69.92%||[[Prakashdada Solanke]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,762||52.89%||Bapusaheb Eknathrao||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||35,743||43.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,019'''
|-
|198||[[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]]||54.79%||Nawle Aadinath Limbaji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||27,069||43.20%||Kshirsagar Kesharbai Sonajirao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,499||23.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''12,570'''
|-
|199||[[Ashti Assembly constituency|Ashti]]||59.16%||Jadhav Laxmanrao Vithoba||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,135||27.55%||Jagtap Asrajirao Raoji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||17,677||24.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,458'''
|-
|200||[[Chausala Assembly constituency|Chausala]]||54.15%||Kokate Baburao Narsingrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,681||47.57%||Kadam Dnyanobarao Baburao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||28,329||41.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,352'''
|-
|201||[[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]]||40.37%||Bhagoji Nivruttirao Satpute||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,010||39.78%||Shamrao Laxmanrao Thorat||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||13,154||27.53%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''5,856'''
|-
|202||[[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur]]||66.56%||Raghunathrao Munde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,468||48.41%||[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||32,485||43.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,983'''
|-
|203||[[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmedpur]]||65.21%||Deshmukh Kishanrao Nanasaheb||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||29,325||46.15%||Nagargoje Bhagwanrao Kerbaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,612||41.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''2,713'''
|-
|204||[[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]]||65.38%||Jadhav Balasaheb Kishanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,455||34.96%||Patwari Manohar Digambarrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||19,482||27.85%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,973'''
|-
|205||[[Her Assembly constituency|Her]]||53.11%||Kamble Trimbak Pandurang||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||14,351||28.58%||Khadiwale Vithalrao Bapurao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13,284||26.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''1,067'''
|-
|206||[[Latur Assembly constituency|Latur]]||72.32%||[[Shivraj Patil|Shivraj Vishwanath Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,809||45.12%||Gomare Manoharrao Eknathrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||36,806||41.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,003'''
|-
|207||[[Kalamb Assembly constituency|Kalamb]]||56.70%||Ghodke Kundlik Eknath||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||19,982||35.94%||S. K. Kadam||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||16,431||29.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''3,551'''
|-
|208||[[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]||62.39%||Vasudeo Anandrao Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||22,947||34.83%||Subrao Mohanrao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,428||32.52%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''1,519'''
|-
|209||[[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]]||68.64%||[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr. Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,949||42.53%||Balbhimrao Narsing Rao Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||20,433||29.01%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,516'''
|-
|210||[[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]||71.09%||[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,321||30.34%||Patil Madhavrao Santram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||18,393||28.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''928'''
|-
|211||[[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga]]||77.19%||[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||41,664||49.10%||Shripatrao Gyanurao Solunke||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||35,955||42.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,709'''
|-
|212||[[Omerga Assembly constituency|Omerga]]||72.30%||Chalukya Bhaskarrao Shivram Pant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,327||46.69%||Kasture Vishwanath Baslingappa||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||29,560||39.07%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,767'''
|-
|213||[[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]||70.65%||Khaple Manikrao Bhimrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||28,438||47.46%||Patil Shivajirao Shahajirao ( Babhalgaonkar )||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,072||30.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''10,366'''
|-
|214||[[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]||74.11%||Patel Inayatalli Imamsaheb||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||35,305||53.19%||Mane Baburao Tulshiram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,692||29.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''15,613'''
|-
|215||[[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]||71.39%||Anandrao Narayan Devkate||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||24,458||39.03%||Patil Gurunath Shivappa||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||24,009||38.31%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''449'''
|-
|216||[[Solapur City South Assembly constituency|Solapur City South]]||68.10%||Rone Bhimrao Laxmanrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||22,085||34.77%||Kuchan Rajaram Sidramappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||21,731||34.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''354'''
|-
|217||[[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]||68.18%||[[Adam Narsayya Narayan]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||20,372||31.28%||Dikonda Vithalrao Sayanna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||17,123||26.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''3,249'''
|-
|218||[[North Sholapur Assembly constituency|North Sholapur]]||62.16%||[[Sushilkumar Shinde|Sushilkumar Sambhaji Shinde]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,795||45.59%||Ranshrungare Ramchandra Sakharam||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||14,624||25.85%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,171'''
|-
|219||[[Mangalwedha Assembly constituency|Mangalwedha]]||44.12%||Kamble Nivrutti Satwaji||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||12,379||28.83%||Dange Rambhajirao Alias Annasaheb Amabaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||8,774||20.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Republican Party of India}}"|'''3,605'''
|-
|220||[[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]]||76.27%||Shahjiroa Shankarrao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||26,771||39.82%||Nimbalkar Chandrakant Dattaji||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||21,863||32.52%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''4,908'''
|-
|221||[[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]||76.17%||Deshmukh Krishanarao Nanasaheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,859||50.59%||Surana Pannalal Premraj||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||29,067||42.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,792'''
|-
|222||[[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]]||65.50%||Parbat Krishnarao Kondiba||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||25,076||37.21%||Sampatrao Maruti Patil||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||22,308||33.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,768'''
|-
|223||[[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]||75.80%||Audumber Kondiba Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,205||49.52%||Paricharak Sudhakar Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||35,543||44.89%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,662'''
|-
|224||[[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola]]||65.36%||[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||47,625||63.69%||Ghadage Bajirao Dadasaheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,067||34.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''21,558'''
|-
|225||[[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]]||80.80%||Pati Shamrao Bhimrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||48,473||56.05%||[[Shankarrao Mohite-Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,025||42.81%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''11,448'''
|-
|226||[[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]]||74.11%||Namdeo Mahadeo Jagtap||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,589||51.94%||Devi Girdhadas Vithaldas||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||27,101||44.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,488'''
|-
|227||[[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]]||59.02%||Kamble Bajirao Dashrath||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||23,157||41.42%||Bharaskar Baburao Madhadev||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||23,133||41.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Republican Party of India}}"|'''24'''
|-
|228||[[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]]||65.51%||Nagwade Shivajirao Narayan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,102||58.24%||Gade Mohanrao Abaji||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||27,054||39.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,048'''
|-
|229||[[Ahmednagar South Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar South]]||68.83%||Kumar Saptarshi||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||19,039||27.92%||Paulbudhe Nath Jaywant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,691||27.41%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''348'''
|-
|230||[[Ahmednagar North Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar North]]||66.90%||Shelke Maruti Deoram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||35,820||47.62%||Mhaske Kisanrao Balaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,177||25.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''16,643'''
|-
|231||[[Pathardi Assembly constituency|Pathardi]]||63.84%||[[Babanrao Dhakne]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||37,134||54.55%||Khedkar Yadavrao Sonarao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,735||39.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''10,399'''
|-
|232||[[Shegaon Assembly constituency|Shegaon]]||71.19%||Langhe Vakilrao Baburao||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||23,872||35.19%||Nimbalkar Eknath Buvasaheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,877||33.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India}}"|'''995'''
|-
|233||[[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]]||79.16%||[[Govindrao Adik|Govindrao Wamanrao Adik]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,009||49.81%||Tekawade Janardanrao Yashwantrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||29,086||41.39%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,923'''
|-
|234||[[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]||71.02%||Ghogare Chandrabhan Bhausaheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,874||50.92%||Mhaske Annasaheb Sarangdhar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||20,656||34.07%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''10,218'''
|-
|235||[[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]]||77.48%||[[Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,414||57.11%||Jadhav Panditrao Gangadhar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||27,274||38.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,140'''
|-
|236||[[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]||72.04%||Pawar Kashinath Laxman||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,866||45.69%||Kadam Laxman Balwant||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||23,006||35.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,860'''
|-
|237||[[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]||68.69%||[[Shankarrao Kale]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,781||34.00%||Thube Prabhakar Appaji||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}||18,537||31.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,244'''
|-
|238||[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]||75.35%||[[Balasaheb Thorat|Vijay Bhausaheb Thorat]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,627||43.68%||[[B. J. Khatal-Patil]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||32,526||42.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,101'''
|-
|239||[[Nagar–Akola Assembly constituency|Nagar–Akola]]||57.97%||Ashok Yashwant Bhangare||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,636||37.89%||Deshmukh Eknath Shankar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||13,718||20.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,918'''
|-
|240||[[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]]||64.02%||Krishna Ramji Mundhe||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,017||44.72%||Jagdish Phule||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||28,297||43.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''720'''
|-
|241||[[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]||61.78%||Kale B. D.||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,542||48.07%||Temgire Kisan Shripati||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||23,967||46.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''575'''
|-
|242||[[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]||60.78%||Kandge Ram Janardan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,646||35.21%||Bachche Namdev Krishna||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||14,393||21.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,253'''
|-
|243||[[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]]||71.86%||Bhegade Krishnarao Dhondiaba||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,514||53.89%||Bhegade Nathubhau Baburao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||29,181||40.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,333'''
|-
|244||[[Mulshi Assembly constituency|Mulshi]]||64.01%||Mate Namdev Ramkrishanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,530||53.28%||Khilare Diwakar Jaisingrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||27,222||43.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,308'''
|-
|245||[[Haveli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Haveli]]||63.12%||Phuge Sopan Tukaram||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||41,325||48.97%||Landage Dnyaneshwar Pandurang||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,424||36.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''10,901'''
|-
|246||[[Bopodi Assembly constituency|Bopodi]]||61.29%||L. T. Sawant||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,750||41.18%||Kadam Shashikant Rajaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||18,473||34.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''3,277'''
|-
|247||[[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]||67.93%||[[Shanti Narayan Naik]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||48,696||56.38%||[[Suresh Kalmadi]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,393||42.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''12,303'''
|-
|248||[[Parvati Assembly constituency|Parvati]]||62.20%||Subhash Sarvagod||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||39,504||48.82%||Matre Shankarrao Gopalrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||21,748||26.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''17,756'''
|-
|249||[[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]||74.96%||[[Arvind Lele]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||52,190||60.96%||Ulhas Shedge||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,410||33.18%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''23,780'''
|-
|250||[[Bhavani Peth Assembly constituency|Bhavani Peth]]||67.63%||[[Bhai Vaidya|Bhalchandra Vaidya]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||34,586||47.69%||Kirad M. H. Alias Babanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||19,827||27.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''14,759'''
|-
|251||[[Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency|Pune Cantonment]]||66.57%||[[Vitthal Tupe]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||34,737||52.29%||Jaisingh Ganpat Sasane||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,251||45.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''4,486'''
|-
|252||[[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]]||64.33%||Daundkar Baburao Bhausaheb||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||32,727||56.40%||Palande Suryakant Gulabrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,299||43.60%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''7,428'''
|-
|253||[[Daund Assembly constituency|Daund]]||65.56%||Takawane Rajaram Bajirao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||26,940||34.33%||Krishna Rama Thorat||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||18,662||23.78%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''8,278'''
|-
|254||[[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur]]||73.75%||[[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,332||49.65%||Avate Ganapt Abaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||28,543||35.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,789'''
|-
|255||[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]||80.40%||[[Sharad Pawar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||49,685||59.96%||More Vijay Hanumantrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||31,047||37.47%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,638'''
|-
|256||[[Purandar Assembly constituency|Purandar]]||66.59%||Dada Jadhav||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||35,053||46.69%||Usral Shankarrao Dashrathrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||32,267||42.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''2,786'''
|-
|257||[[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor]]||73.83%||Jedhe Sampatrao Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||27,225||42.58%||Anantrao Narayan Thopate||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,727||41.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''498'''
|-
|258||[[Phaltan Assembly constituency|Phaltan]]||75.77%||Vijaysinh Alias Shivajiraje Malojirao Naik Nimbalkar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||32,011||43.46%||Kadam Suryajirao Shankarrao Alias Chimanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,539||41.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''1,472'''
|-
|259||[[Man Assembly constituency|Man]]||58.04%||Sonavane Vishnu Tatoba||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,541||50.63%||Lavangare Nitin Jagannath||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||19,622||31.50%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,919'''
|-
|260||[[Khatav Assembly constituency|Khatav]]||77.79%||Patil Keshavrao Shankarrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,404||56.29%||Patil Chnandrahar Alias Ramchandra Ganpatrao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||26,742||35.50%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,662'''
|-
|261||[[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]]||74.29%||Jagtap Shankarrao Chimaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,765||43.62%||Pandurang Nilkanthrao Alias Babasaheb Mane||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,745||35.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,020'''
|-
|262||[[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]]||75.10%||[[Prataprao Baburao Bhosale]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,899||56.00%||Jagtap Buvasaheb Abajirao||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||15,990||23.63%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''21,909'''
|-
|263||[[Jaoli Assembly constituency|Jaoli]]||68.96%||Bnilare Bhiku Daji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,217||31.25%||Sabale Balkrishna Anant||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||19,123||25.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,094'''
|-
|264||[[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]]||70.79%||Abhaysinh Shahumaharaj Bhosale||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||37,549||50.12%||Ghorpade Baburao Balasaheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,263||40.39%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''7,286'''
|-
|265||[[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]||70.94%||[[Balasaheb Desai|Daulatrao Shripatrao Desai]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||54,312||73.28%||Desai Bhagvantrao Anandrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||13,378||18.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''40,934'''
|-
|266||[[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]||71.59%||Keshavrao Patloji Pawar||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||35,141||46.53%||Kotwal Baburao Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,843||35.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''8,298'''
|-
|267||[[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]||71.78%||[[Yashwantrao Mohite|Yashwantrao Jijoba Mohite]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,885||63.86%||Mohite Shankarrao Pandurangrao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||22,228||29.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''26,657'''
|-
|268||[[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]||77.49%||[[Shivajirao Deshmukh|Shivajirao Bapusaheb Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||42,871||51.32%||Patil Rajaram Yashwant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,076||33.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''14,795'''
|-
|269||[[Walva Assembly constituency|Walva]]||82.43%||Shinde Vilasrao Bhauso||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,449||41.92%||[[Rajarambapu Patil|Rajaram Anand Patil]]||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||28,637||31.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,812'''
|-
|270||[[Bhilwadi Wangi Assembly constituency|Bhilwadi Wangi]]||79.07%||Sampatrao Annasaheb Chavan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,419||52.19%||Lad Ganpati Dada||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||21,097||25.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''22,322'''
|-
|271||[[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]||76.45%||[[Vasantdada Patil|Vasantrao Banduji Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,762||64.95%||Khot Bharamgonda Apuraya||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||20,204||26.91%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''28,558'''
|-
|272||[[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]]||75.21%||Shinde Mohanrao Alias Ramsing Ganpatrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,670||60.42%||Naikwadi Iliyas Yusuf||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||21,510||30.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''21,160'''
|-
|273||[[Tasgaon Assembly constituency|Tasgaon]]||74.54%||Dinkarrao (Aba) Krishnaji Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,178||62.22%||Vasudev Daji Jadhav||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||14,471||19.93%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''30,707'''
|-
|274||[[Khanapur Atpadi Assembly constituency|Khanapur Atpadi]]||67.37%||Salunkhe Sahajirao Ganapatrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||30,695||43.02%||Deshmukh Babasaheb Alias Rastumrao Chitrojirao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||16,674||23.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,021'''
|-
|275||[[Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Kavathe Mahankal]]||70.69%||Vitthal Shripati Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,278||60.44%||Appasaheb Gannapati Sagare||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||25,103||33.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,175'''
|-
|276||[[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]]||52.38%||Sohani Jayant Ishawar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||22,040||41.19%||Sankpal Dilip Pandurang||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||17,570||32.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,470'''
|-
|277||[[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]||82.48%||[[Ratnappa Kumbhar|Dr. Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,205||50.72%||Yadav Dinkarrao Bhausaheb||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||31,756||36.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,449'''
|-
|278||[[Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency|Ichalkaranji]]||78.24%||Patil Shivagonda Pirgonda||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||38,206||43.86%||[[Kallappa Awade|Kallappa Baburao Awade]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,686||29.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''12,520'''
|-
|279||[[Vadgaon Assembly constituency|Vadgaon]]||62.31%||Mane Nanasaheb Shantaram||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||25,835||38.04%||Samudre Jagannath Sitaram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,167||35.58%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''1,668'''
|-
|280||[[Shahuwadi Assembly constituency|Shahuwadi]]||78.82%||[[Udaysingrao Gaikwad|Udaysingrao Nanasaheb Gaikwad]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||53,625||69.33%||Patil Sadashiv Shankar||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||14,280||18.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''39,345'''
|-
|281||[[Panhala Assembly constituency|Panhala]]||74.07%||Patil Yeshwant Eknath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34,735||52.51%||Patil Shankarrao Dattatraya (Shingnapurkar)||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||14,580||22.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''20,155'''
|-
|282||[[Sangrul Assembly constituency|Sangrul]]||82.68%||Bondre Shripatrao Shankarrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,835||51.91%||Kalikate Govindrao Tukaram||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||32,996||39.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,839'''
|-
|283||[[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]]||82.34%||Jadhav Dinkerrao Bhauso||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,397||33.50%||Patil Shankar Dhondi||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||27,435||31.27%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,962'''
|-
|284||[[Kolhapur Assembly constituency|Kolhapur]]||74.21%||Sabnis Ravindra Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||23,877||30.49%||Salokhe Hindurao Krishnarao||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||18,904||24.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Janata Party}}"|'''4,973'''
|-
|285||[[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]]||73.50%||Patil Rajaram Babaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||27,329||34.02%||Patil Dayandeo Yashwant||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||22,874||28.47%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,455'''
|-
|286||[[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]]||84.87%||Ghatage Vikramsinh Jayasingrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||35,913||45.12%||Mandlik Sadashiv Dadoba||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||24,479||30.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''11,434'''
|-
|287||[[Gadhinglaj Assembly constituency|Gadhinglaj]]||80.69%||Ghali Shivaling Shivayogi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}||25,432||32.07%||Batkadli Nagapa Gurlingapa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,389||30.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|'''1,043'''
|-
|288||[[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]||78.20%||Vithalrao Bhairu Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||27,556||36.53%||Narsingrao Gurunath Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||26,749||35.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''807'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra State Assembly election}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1970s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1978 State Assembly elections in India|Maharashtra]]

Dietrich Brandis

2026-01-29T18:56:19Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: updated page

{{Short description|German botanist and forester (1824–1907)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = '''[[Order of the Indian Empire|Sir]]'''
| name = Dietrich Brandis
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]
| image = DietrichBrandis.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1824|03|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bonn]], Germany
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1907|05|29|1824|03|31|df=yes}}
| death_place = Bonn
| other_names =
| occupation = Botanist, forestry academic, civil servant
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot = Brandis
}}
Sir '''Dietrich Brandis''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|FRS}} (31 March 1824 – 28 May 1907) was a German-British [[botanist]] and [[forestry]] academic and administrator, who worked with the British [[Imperial Forestry Service]] in colonial India for nearly 30 years. He joined the British civil service in [[Burma]] in 1856, shortly afterwards became head of the British forestry administration in all of Burma, and served as Inspector General of Forests in India from 1864 to 1883. He returned to Europe in 1883, dividing his time between Bonn and [[Greater London]]. In retirement he dedicated himself to scholarly work, resulting in the book ''[[Indian Trees]]'' (1906), his ''[[magnum opus]]''. Brandis is considered the father of [[tropics|tropical]] [[forestry]] and has also been described as the father of scientific forestry. In addition to his work in India, he also had a significant influence on [[forest management]] in the United States.

== Early life, education and family ==
A member of the patrician [[Brandis family]], Dietrich Brandis was born in [[Bonn]], Germany, and was the son of the prominent philosopher [[Christian August Brandis]], who was tutor to the young [[King Otho of Greece]] and Professor of Philosophy at the [[University of Bonn]]. His grandfather [[Joachim Dietrich Brandis]] was personal physician to [[Marie of Hesse-Kassel|Queen Marie of Denmark and Norway]] and a member of the [[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]].

He studied at the universities of Copenhagen Biology, Göttingen Botany and Bonn Biology major and minor Geography and Antiquites, and in 1849, he took up a post as a lecturer in [[botany]] at Bonn. His interest in [[forest management]] was initially from a [[botany|botanical]] perspective.

In 1854, he married Rachel Marshman, a daughter of the Indian scholar and missionary [[Joshua Marshman]] and a sister of the wife of [[Henry Havelock|General Havelock]]. His brother-in-law Havelock was a friend of [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]], the Governor-General of India, and it was this connection that brought him to [[Burma]] and eventually India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rajan, Ravi|chapter=Imperial environmentalism or environmental imperialism?|year=1998|title=Colonial foresters and the agendas of forest management in British India 1800–1900|editor=Richard H. Grove, Vinita Damodaran and Satpal Sangwan |pages=324–371}}</ref> His first wife died in India in 1862, and during a two-year sabbatical in Europe from 1865 to 1867, he met and married [[Katharina Brandis|Katharina Hasse]], eighteen years his junior. She moved to India with him and the couple had six children, some of whom did not reach adulthood.<ref>{{cite DNB12|wstitle=Brandis, Dietrich |first=David |last=Prain}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=80|year=1908|url=https://archive.org/stream/philtrans03206745/03206745#page/n1/mode/2up|pages=iii-vi|title=Obituary Notices of Fellows deceased. Sir Dietrich Brandis, 1824–1907|doi=10.1098/rspb.1908.0046|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Dietrich Brandis was the father of supreme court justice [[Bernhard Brandis]] and the grandfather of the microbiologist [[Henning Brandis]].

== Forestry administrator in British India ==
Among other natural resources, the British government in India was interested in the use of [[forest produce]]. The felling of trees was unregulated, and between 1847 and 1850 the British government started to realize that the forests in India were being lost. In 1850, the British Association in Edinburgh formed a committee to study forest destruction at the behest of [[Hugh Francis Cleghorn|Hugh Cleghorn]]. In 1855, [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]], the [[Governor-General of India]] issued a Memorandum of the Government of India. This was based on reports submitted by [[John McClelland (doctor)|John McClelland]], then Superintendent of Forests in [[Burma]], at the time part of the British India.

=== Burma ===

Brandis joined the British civil service in 1856 as superintendent of the teak forests of [[Pegu]] division in eastern [[Myanmar|Burma]]. In 1858 he became head of the imperial forest administration of all of [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]].

During that time Burma's [[teak]] forests were controlled by militant [[Karen people|Karen]] tribals. He introduced the "taungya" system,<ref>King KFS, "Agro-silviculture (the taungya system)". University of Ibadan / Dept. of Forestry, Bulletin no. 1, 1968, 109pp.</ref> in which Karen villagers provided labour for clearing, planting and weeding teak plantations. In return, they were allowed to plant crops for the first few years between the trees. As the teak trees grew, villagers were moved to new land and the process was repeated. As a result of this process, many villagers became dependent on the state forestry service and local resistance to the state takeover of forests became increasingly difficult.

Based on his academic training, Brandis was initially interested in botany. His herbarium and botanical library, which he shipped from Calcutta to Rangoon, were lost when the boat carrying it capsized. This loss led him to shift his focus from botanical studies to forestry.

Brandis' work included the determination of teak volume, rate of growth, identifying rate of harvest, developing forest protection plans against pests and fire. He also introduced timber purchase rules, clearing rules and the establishment of managed teak areas called ''conservancies'' with officers who were appointed as ''Conservators''. Based on his experience, he helped formulate the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927#History|''Indian Forest Act of 1865'']].

== Contribution to forestry management in India ==

In 1864 Brandis became Inspector General of Forests in India, a position he served in for 20 years. He formulated new forest legislation and helped establish research and training institutions. The [[Imperial Forest School]] at [[Dehradun]] was founded by him. Brandis was created a Companion of the Indian Empire in 1878, and he became a Knight Commander of the same order in 1887.

Brandis documented the [[sacred grove]]s in Rajputana and ''Kans'' (woodlands) of [[Mysore]], the Garo and Khasia hills, which he visited in 1879, the ''[[Sacred grove|Devarakadus]]'' of [[Coorg]] in 1868, the hill ranges of the Salem district in the Madras Presidency in 1882, the ''Swami Shola'' on the [[Yelagiri Hills|Yelagiris]], the sacred grove at Pudur on the [[Javadi Hills|Javadis]] and several sacred forests on the [[Shevaroys]]. He was among the earliest in India to formally link forest protection with local peoples.

He also took an interest in the forest flora of northwest and central India and of Indian trees in general. Even after retirement, Brandis continued to work on Indian forestry and, at the age of 75, he started his principal botanical work, ''Indian Trees'', dealing with 4400 species. It was first published in 1906 and re-issued several times afterwards, the last time in 1971. He was posted at [[Balaghat]] in M.P. as a principal of forester training institute for a long time in his service period.

== Retirement ==
After his retirement from the position as Inspector General of Forests in India in 1883, he returned to [[Bonn]], but frequently visited England in the following years. From 1900 until 1906 he lived permanently in [[Kew]] in [[Greater London]]. He also supervised training of forestry students at the [[Royal Indian Engineering College]] in England for eight years (1888–1896). His interest in American affairs led him to take special care of American foresters visiting Europe, for which he received a personal letter of thanks by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904.<ref>R.P. Sharma, ''The Indian Forester'', vol. 112, 1986</ref> He was succeeded as Inspector General of Forests by [[Frederick Bailey (forester)|Lt Col Frederick Bailey]] of the [[Royal Engineers]].<ref>Whos Who in India, Riddick 1998</ref>

Shortly after returning to Bonn in late 1906, he was hospitalized and died a few months later on 28 May 1907.

== Broader influence ==
[[File:Dalbergia sissoo00.jpg|thumb|{{center|''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]'' from "''Illustrations of the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India''"}}]]

Brandis was also involved in forestry education in England at [[Royal Indian Engineering College|Coopers' Hill]]. He also influenced and mentored many like [[Berthold Ribbentrop]], [[Sir William P.D. Schlich|W. Schlich]] and [[Carl A. Schenck|C.A. Schenck]] of Germany (while a visiting professor at the [[University of Giessen]]), and [[Gifford Pinchot]] and [[Henry S. Graves|Henry Graves]] (the first and second chiefs of the USDA Forest Service) of the United States.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

He influenced the forestry movement in the United States by mentoring Pinchot, Graves, and others who came to study with him in Germany, and through his voluminous correspondence with many other men, such as Charles Sprague Sargent and [[Franklin Hough]] involved in establishing the U.S. national forest system. Pinchot relied heavily upon Brandis' advice for introducing professional forest management in the U.S. and on how to structure the Forest Service in 1905. His influence was so great that President [[Theodore Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] sent him a photograph in 1896 with the inscription
{{blockquote|"To Sir Dietrich Brandis, in high appreciation of his services to forestry in the United States. From Theodore Roosevelt."<ref>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, Volume 80, page V paragraph IV</ref>}}

== Honours ==
*Honorary member of the [[Royal Scottish Forestry Society|Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society]], 1874
*[[Fellow of the Royal Society]], 1875
*Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]], 1878
*Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]], 1887
*The honorary title Professor awarded by the Prussian Minister for Agriculture and Forestry, 1893
*Doctor honoris causa of law, [[University of Edinburgh]], 1898
*Honorary member of the [[Society of American Foresters]], 1904

== Legacy ==

Many species of plants are named after him:
* ''[[Cananga brandisiana]]'' (Pierre) Saff.
* ''[[Dendrocalamus brandisii]]'' (Munro) Kurz
* ''[[Diospyros brandisiana]]'' Kurz
* ''[[Ochlandra brandisii]]'' Gamble
* ''[[Macaranga brandisii]]'' King
* ''[[Millettia brandisiana]]'' Kurz
* ''[[Orophea brandisii]]'' Hook.f. & Thomson
* ''[[Quercus brandisiana]]'' Kurz
* ''[[Ardisia brandisiana]]'' Kurz
* ''[[Iodes brandisii]]'' Kurz
* ''[[Ixora brandisiana]]'' Kurz
* ''[[Loranthus brandisanus]]'' Kurz
* The genus ''[[Brandisia]]'' Hook.f. & Thomson is also named after him.

{{Botanist|Brandis|Brandis, Dietrich}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite journal | year = 1907 | title = Obituary: Sir Dietrich Brandis, F. R. S | journal = The Geographical Journal | volume = 30 | issue = 1| page = 97 }}
* Rao, V. S. 1961. ''100 years of Indian Forestry''. Souvenir. Forest Research Institute. Dehra Dun. [https://archive.org/details/100yearsofindian029827mbp scanned version]
* Herbert Hesmer. "Leben und Werk von Dietrich Brandis. Begründer der tropischen Forstwirtschaft, Förderer der forstlichen Entwicklung in den U.S.A., Botaniker und Ökologe". Abstracts of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vol. 58. XXIII u. 476. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen, 1975.
* James G. Lewis. [http://www.foresthistory.org/Publications/USFS%20centennial.html ''The Forest Service and the Greatest Good: A Centennial History''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311202626/http://www.foresthistory.org/Publications/USFS%20centennial.html |date=11 March 2017 }}. Durham, NC: [[Forest History Society]], 2005.
* S. S. Negi. ''Sir Dietrich Brandis: Father of Tropical Forestry''. Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 1991.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Weil | first1 = Benjamin | year = 2006 | title = Conservation, Exploitation, and Cultural Change in the Indian Forest Service, 1875–1927 | url = https://historycooperative.org/journal/conservation-exploitation-and-cultural-change-in-the-indian-forest-service-1875-1927/ | journal = Environmental History | volume = 11 | issue = 2| page = 57 | doi = 10.1093/envhis/11.2.319 | url-access = subscription }}
*{{cite ODNB|title=Brandis, Sir Dietrich (1824–1907)|author=David Prain, rev. M. Rangarajan|id=32045}}
*Michael Mann: "[https://www.projekt-mida.de/reflexicon/dietrich-brandis-1824-1907-botanist-and-founder-of-the-science-of-tropical-forestry/ Dietrich Brandis (1824–1907) – Botanist and Founder of the Science of Tropical Forestry]." in: ''MIDA Archival Reflexicon'' (2020), [http://d-nb.info/1182358047 ISSN 2628-5029], 6 pp.

== External links ==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Commons}}
*[http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/brandis/ Scanned plates from the Indian forest flora of Dietrich Brandis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203061337/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/brandis/ |date=3 February 2007 }}
*Jan Oosthoek, [http://www.eh-resources.org/colonial_forestry.html The colonial origins of scientific forestry in Britain]
*http://www.ifs.nic.in

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brandis, Dietrich}}
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1907 deaths]]
[[Category:British foresters]]
[[Category:German foresters]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London]]
[[Category:Forestry academics]]
[[Category:Imperial Forestry Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian foresters]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Scholars from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Giessen]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:German expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:19th century in Burma]]
[[Category:German emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:German fellows of the Royal Society]]

Arpā Pairī ke Dhār

2026-01-26T18:35:18Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: Creating a info

{{Short description|State song of Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Infobox anthem
|title = {{lang|hne|अरपा पैरी के धार}}
|transcription = {{translit|hne|Arpā Pairī ke Dhār|italic=no}}
|english_title = Streams of Arpa and Pairi
|type = song
|alt_title =
|en_alt_title =
|alt_title_2 =
|en_alt_title_2=
|image = Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg
|image_size =
|caption = [[Emblem of Chhattisgarh]]
|prefix = State
|country = [[Chhattisgarh]]
|author = Narendra Dev Verma
|lyrics_date =
|composer = Narendra Dev Verma
|music_date =
|adopted = 2019
|sound =
|sound_title =
}}
"'''{{lang|hne-latn|Arpā Pairī ke Dhār|italic=no}}'''" ({{translation| 'Streams of Arpa and Pairi'}}) is the state song of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]]. It was composed by [[Narendra Dev Verma]] and was officially adopted in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-arpa-parry-ke-dhar-become-chhattisgars-state-song-3299534|title=Chhattisgarh State Song : अरपा पैरी के धार... बना छत्तीसगढ़ का राजगीत|date=Nov 4, 2019|website=Nai Dunia|access-date=Apr 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321160340/https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-arpa-parry-ke-dhar-become-chhattisgars-state-song-3299534|archive-date=March 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/chattisgarhs-official-song-to-play-after-vande-mataram-to-mark-commencement-of-assembly-session20191122084816/|title=Chattisgarh's official song to play after Vande Mataram to mark commencement of assembly session|website=ANI News|access-date=Apr 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321160339/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/chattisgarhs-official-song-to-play-after-vande-mataram-to-mark-commencement-of-assembly-session20191122084816/|archive-date=March 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/---arpa-pairi-ke-dhaar----notified-official-song.html|title='Arpa Pairi Ke Dhaar' notified official song|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer|access-date=Apr 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321162727/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/---arpa-pairi-ke-dhaar----notified-official-song.html|archive-date=March 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The title of the anthem references the two main rivers of the state, the [[Arpa (river), Chhattisgarh|Arpa River]] and the [[Pairi River]].

==Lyrics==
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{|class="wikitable"
![[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] original!![[Devanagari transliteration]]!!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|{{lang|hne|<poem>अरपा पैरी के धार, महानदी हे अपार
इंद्रावती हा पखारय तोर पईयां
महूं पांव परव तोर भुँइया
जय हो जय हो छत्तीसगढ़ मईया

सोहय बिंदिया सहीं, घाट डोंगरी पहार
चंदा सुरूज बनय तोर नैना
महूं पांव परव तोर भुँइया
जय हो जय हो छत्तीसगढ़ मईया

सोनहा धाने के अंग, लुगरा हरियर हे रंग
तोर बोली हवे जइसे मैना
अंचरा तोर डोलावय पुरवईया
महूं पांव परव तोर भुँइया
जय हो जय हो छत्तीसगढ़ मईया

रायगढ़ हावय सुग्घर, तोरे मउरे मुकुट
सरगुजा अउ बिलासपुर हे बइहां
रायपुर कनिहा सही घाते सुग्घर फबय
दुर्ग बस्तर सोहय पैजनियाँ
नंदगाँव नवा करधनिया
महूं पांव परव तोर भुँइया
जय हो जय हो छत्तीसगढ़ मईया</poem>}}
|<poem>{{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|Arpā Pairi ke dhār, Mahānadi he apār
Indrāvatī ha pakhāray tor paīyañ
Mahuñ pañv parav tor bhuñiya
Jay ho jay ho Chattīsgaṛh maīya

Sohay bindiya sahiñ, ghāṭ ḍongari pahār
Candā surūj banay tor naina
Mahuñ pañv parav tor bhuñiya
Jay ho jay ho Chattīsgaṛh maīya

Sonha dhāne ke ang, lugra hariyar he rang
Tor boli have ja'ise maina
Ancara tor ḍolāvay puravaīya
Mahuñ pañv parav tor bhuñiya
Jay ho jay ho Chattīsgaṛh maīya

Rāygaṛh hāvay sugghar, tore ma'ure mukuṭ
Sarguja a'u Bilāspur he ba'ihañ
Rāypur kaniha sahi ghāte sugghar phabay
Durg Bastar sohay payjaniyañ
Nandgañv nava kardhaniya
Mahuñ pañv parav tor bhuñiya
Jay ho jay ho Chattīsgaṛh maīya}}</poem>
|{{lang|en|<poem>The steams of [[Arpa (river), Chhattisgarh|Arpa]] and [[Pairi River|Pairi]], immense is [[Mahanadi]],
Visited thy feet, too, hath [[Indravati]]
For thy land I pray,
Victory, victory to thee, Mother Chhattisgarh.

Like a small dot, the ghats of [[Dongri Mountain]],
The moon and sun, too, became eyes of thine.
For thy land I pray,
Victory, victory to thee, Mother Chhattisgarh.

Paddy like a gold limb, green is the cloth's colour,
Same is thy dialect as the beautiful Maina.
Thy lap swingeth eastward.
For thy land I pray,
Victory, victory to thee, Mother Chhattisgarh.

[[Raigarh district|Raigarh]] is as beautiful as a crown,
[[Surguja district|Sarguja]] and [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] are thine arms.
[[Raipur district|Raipur]] is like a waist, liberating beauty,
[[Durg district|Durg]] and [[Bastar district|Bastar]] are anklets,
[[Rajnandgaon district|Nandgaon]] is a new waistband.
For thy land I pray,
Victory, victory to thee, Mother Chhattisgarh.</poem>}}
|}</div>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian state songs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.lyricswithmusic.in/2022/07/arapa-pairi-ke-dhar-lyrics-in-hindi.html अरपा पैरी के धार, महानदी हे अपार पूरा गीत देखें] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819134917/https://www.lyricswithmusic.in/2022/07/arapa-pairi-ke-dhar-lyrics-in-hindi.html |date=2022-08-19 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKPhrjBheAA Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar]
*[https://chaturpost.com/know-what-is-the-relationship-between-the-father-in-laws-father-in-law-with-the-song-arpa-dhar/ Know, अरपा…पैरी के धार गीत से मुख्यममंत्री के ससुर का क्या है नाता] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326163500/https://chaturpost.com/know-what-is-the-relationship-between-the-father-in-laws-father-in-law-with-the-song-arpa-dhar/ |date=2022-03-26 }}
*[https://cgmusix.in/arpa-pairi-ke-dhar-mamta-chandrakar/ Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar Cg Song]
*[https://www.cgsongslyrics.com/2022/02/arpa-pairi-ke-dhar-song-lyrics-in-hindi.html अरपा पैरी के धार lyrics in Hindi - English]

{{Indian state songs}}
{{National anthems of Asia}}

[[Category:Indian state anthems]]
[[Category:Symbols of Chhattisgarh]]

Himalayan brown bear

2026-01-24T10:29:50Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: improved article

{{Short description|Subspecies of mammal}}
{{subspeciesbox
| name = Himalayan brown bear
| image = Medvěd plavý (Ursus arctos isabellinus).jpg
| image_caption = Himalayan brown bear
| genus = Ursus
| species = arctos
| species_link = Brown bear
| subspecies = isabellinus
| status = CITES_A2
| status_system = CITES
| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=CITES Appendices I, II and III |date=2023 |url=https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/app/2023/E-Appendices-2023-05-04.pdf |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=CITES}}</ref>
| authority = [[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]], 1826
| range_map = Himalayan brown bear area.jpg
| range_map_caption = Himalayan brown bear range
}}

The '''Himalayan brown bear''' ('''''Ursus arctos isabellinus'''''), also known as the '''Himalayan red bear''' or '''isabelline bear''', is a [[subspecies]] of the [[brown bear]] occurring in the [[western Himalayas]]. It is the largest mammal in the region, males reaching up to {{cvt|2.2|m}} long, while females are a little smaller. It is [[Omnivore|omnivorous]] and [[Hibernation|hibernate]]s in dens during the winter.

==Description==
Himalayan brown bears exhibit [[sexual dimorphism]]. Males range from {{cvt|1.5|to|2.2|m|ftin}} long, while females are {{cvt|1.37|to|1.83|m|ftin}} long. They are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Rathore |first=B. C. |date=2008 |title=Ecology of Brown Bear (''Ursus arctos'') with special reference to assessment of Human-Brown Bear conflicts in Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh and mitigation strategies |type=PhD thesis |publisher=Saurashtra University |place=Rajkot|url=https://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/K/944448050.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822180012/https://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/K/944448050.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
The Himalayan brown bear occurs in the western Himalayas from northeastern [[Pakistan]]<ref name=Fida2024>{{Cite journal |last1=Fida |first1=T. |last2=Ahmad |first2=F. |last3=Bosso |first3=L. |last4=Ali |first4=N. |last5=Din |first5=S. U. |last6=Kabir |first6=M. |date=2024 |title=Distribution, diel activity patterns and human-bear interactions of the Himalayan brown bear (''Ursus arctos isabellinus'') in the Deosai National Park, Pakistan |journal=Mammal Research |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=493–505 |doi=10.1007/s13364-024-00760-3}}</ref><ref name=Fida2025>{{Cite journal |last1=Fida |first1=T. |last2=Mohammadi |first2=A. |last3=Almasieh |first3=K. |last4=Bosso |first4=L. |last5=Ud Din |first5=S. |last6=Shamas |first6=U. |last7=Nawaz |first7=M. A. |last8=Kabir |first8=M. |date=2025 |title=Species distribution modelling and landscape connectivity as tools to inform management and conservation for the critically endangered Himalayan brown bear (''Ursus arctos isabellinus'') in the Deosai National Park, Pakistan |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=12 |article-number=1477480 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2024.1477480 |bibcode=2025FrEEv..1277480F |doi-access=free }}</ref> through the [[India]]n states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] to the Himalayas in central [[Nepal]].<ref name=iucn_suppl>{{cite journal |title=Brown Bear (''Ursus arctos'') isolated populations (Supplemented material to ''Ursus arctos'' Redlisting account) |author=McLellan, B.N. |author2=Proctor, M.F. |author3=Huber, D. |author4=Michel, S. |date=2016 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |volume=2016 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/pdf/121229971/attachment |access-date=May 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=McLellan, B.N. |author2=Proctor, M.F. |author3=Huber, D. |author4=Michel, S. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Ursus arctos'' |article-number=e.T41688A121229971 |date=2017 |amends=2017 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en}}</ref>
At present, it is unknown whether the Himalayan brown bear is connected to brown bear populations in the [[Karakoram]] Mountains and on the [[Tibetan Plateau]].<ref name=iucn_suppl/>

In Pakistan, the primary habitats of the Himalayan brown bear are the [[subalpine]] and alpine regions of [[Khunjerab National Park|Khunjerab]] and [[Deosai National Park]]s and other protected areas in Astore and Nanga Parbat.<ref name=Fida2024/><ref name=Fida2025/>

==Phylogenetics and evolution==
The Himalayan brown bear consists of a single [[clade]] that is the [[sister group]] to all other brown bears and the polar bear. The dating of the branching event, estimated at 658,000 years ago, corresponds to the period of a [[Middle Pleistocene]] episode of glaciation on the Tibetan plateau, suggesting that during this Nyanyaxungla glaciation, the lineage that gave rise to the Himalayan brown bear became isolated in a distinct refuge, leading to its divergence.<ref name="lan" />

Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the [[Gobi bear]] clusters with the Himalayan brown bear and may represent a relict population of this subspecies.<ref name="lan">{{cite journal |author1=Lan, T. |author2=Gill, S. |author3=Bellemain, E. | author4=Bischof, R. |author5=Zawaz, M.A. |author6=Lindqvist, C. |year=2017 |title=Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=284 |issue=1868|article-number=20171804 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.1804|pmid=29187630 |pmc=5740279}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
The bears go into [[hibernation]] around October and emerge during April and May. Hibernation usually occurs in a den or cave made by the bear.<ref name=Singh2023>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=A. |date=2023 |title=Rocky Road: Change is in the Air for the Himalayan Brown Bear |url=https://roundglasssustain.com/species/himalayan-brown-bear-denning-changes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822180756/https://roundglasssustain.com/species/himalayan-brown-bear-denning-changes |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |work=Roundglass Sustain}}</ref>

[[File:Two Cubs playing with Mother Himalayan Brown Bear.JPG|thumb|Himalayan brown bear with cubs on the trek from [[Gangotri]] to [[Gaumukh]] in [[Uttarakhand]], India]]

===Feeding===
Himalayan brown bears are [[omnivore]]s and will eat grasses, roots and other plants as well as insects and small mammals; they also like fruits and berries. They will also prey on large mammals, including [[sheep]] and [[domestic goat|goats]]. Adults will eat before sunrise and later during the afternoon.<ref name=Singh2023/>

==Threats and conservation==
The Himalayan brown bear is poached for fur and claws for ornamental purposes and internal organs for use in medicines. It is killed by shepherds to protect their livestock. In Himachal Pradesh, their home is the [[Kugti Sanctuary|Kugti and Tundah]] wildlife sanctuaries and the tribal [[Chamba district|Chamba]] region. The tree bearing the state flower of Himachal, [[buransh]], is the favourite habitat of the Himalayan brown bear. Due to the high value of the buransh tree, it is commercially cut causing further destruction to the brown bear's habitat.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/missing-snowman/article6618001.ece |title=Missing snowman |last=Tehsin|first=A. |date=2014 |work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref>

===Population and Conservation===
A bear population of about 150–200 individuals can be found in the northern region of Pakistan in an area of about 150,000 square kilometres (58,000 sq mi).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nawaz |first=M. A. |date=2007 |title=Status of the brown bear in Pakistan |journal=Ursus |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=89–100 |doi=10.2192/1537-6176(2007)18[89:SOTBBI]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> The Himalayan brown bear is classified as critically endangered in Pakistan.<ref name="Sheikh2003">{{Cite book |last1=Sheikh |first1=K.M. |url=https://zooreach.org/downloads/ZOO_CAMP_PHVA_reports/2003_CAMP_Pakistan_Mammals.pdf |title=Status and Red List of Pakistan's mammals, based on the Pakistan Mammal Conservation Assessment & Management Plan Workshop, 18–22 August 2003 |last2=Molur |first2=S. |publisher=IUCN Pakistan |year=2004 |place=Islamabad}}</ref> It is threatened by overgrazing and farming, poaching, the illicit trade in bear fat and pelts, the extraction of ethno-botanical plants, the unsustainable use of natural resources, and poor tourism.<ref name="Sheikh2003" /> The Deosai plateau in the western Himalayan regions is currently home to the most significant and stable Himalayan brown bear population.<ref name="Fida2024" /><ref name="Fida2025" /> Despite the fact that bear habitat is generally declining, the population in [[Deosai National Park]] is protected in a number of ways, especially from anthropogenic pressure, which is fueling the bear population's expansion.<ref name="Fida2024" /><ref name="Fida2025" />

===Threats from human waste===
In the [[Indian Himalayan region]], a rapidly growing threat to the bear population is the ingestion and dependency on human waste, primarily driven by expanding tourism and inadequate solid-waste management.<ref name="Arcadia2025Plastics">{{cite journal |last=McFarland |first=Maile |date=Spring 2025 |title=Plastics in the Peaks: The Hidden Threat to Himalayan Wildlife |journal=Arcadia |issue=5 |publisher=Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society |doi=10.5282/rcc/9951}}</ref>

Recent ecological studies suggest that as much as 75% of the Himalayan brown bear's diet now consists of scavenged waste from human dump sites. This dietary shift is driven by the loss of natural alpine habitat and the increased accessibility of waste, which creates a dangerous overlap between human and wildlife habitats, particularly near protected areas like the Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary. Scavenging on waste poses several health risks, including:<ref name="Arcadia2025Plastics" />
* Reduced nutritional intake compared to their natural diet.
* Ingestion of toxic chemicals, such as [[bisphenol A|BPA]], which can negatively affect reproduction, neurological systems, and mortality rates.
* Physical injury from plastic ingestion, which can cause blockage, ulceration, or perforation of the digestive tract, potentially leading to starvation or death.
* Exposure to pathogens and [[zoonotic disease]]s commonly found at waste dumps.

The issue is exacerbated by challenging topography and extreme climate in remote mountain areas, which make effective waste management difficult, leading to improper disposal methods like dumping and burning. Conservation efforts, such as those by activist groups like Waste Warriors in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, focus on improving waste management infrastructure and collaborating with local communities and government bodies to mitigate this threat.<ref name="Arcadia2025Plastics" />

==Association with the Yeti==
[[File:UrsusSkullSmit.jpg|thumb|Skull]]
"Dzu-Teh", a Nepalese term, has also been associated with the legend of the [[Yeti]], or Abominable Snowman, with which it has been sometimes confused or mistaken. During the [[Daily Mail]] Abominable Snowman Expedition of 1954, Tom Stobart encountered a "Dzu-Teh". This is recounted by [[Ralph Izzard]], the ''Daily Mail'' correspondent on the expedition, in his book ''The Abominable Snowman Adventure''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Izzard, R. |year=1955 |title=The Abominable Snowman Adventure |publisher=Hodder and Staoughton}}</ref> A 2017 analysis of DNA extracted from a mummified animal purporting to represent a Yeti was shown to have been a Himalayan brown bear.<ref name="lan" />

==In media==
* The [[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|2016 film]] based on [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' portrays [[Baloo]] as a Himalayan brown bear.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.pbs.org/video/nature-the-himalayan-bear-and-the-tibetan-fox/ Video of Himalayan brown bear and a Tibetan fox on the hunt] from PBS Video
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121215051532/http://dinets.travel.ru/russianbears.htm Red Bear]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310233806/http://www.cabernet.demon.co.uk/JAJ/snowman1954/1954-snowman-team.html Daily Mail Abominable Snowman]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929163122/http://www.wildlifesos.com/bearreport/Bear%20species%20found%20in%20India.htm Bear species found in India]

{{Arctos}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q944893}}

[[Category:Eurasian brown bears]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Asia]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Fauna of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Critically endangered biota of Asia]]

Korada Subrahmanyam

2026-01-14T09:43:22Z

Stickerlabelingmachine:

{{blpsources|date=March 2024}}
{{Short description|Sanskrit scholar (born 1954)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Korada Subrahmanyam
| image = Korada Subrahmanyam Photo.png
| image_size = 220px
| birth_place = [[Munganda]] ([[P. Gannavaram]]), [[East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh]]
| education = [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]]
| alma_mater = [[Andhra University]]
| organization = [[IIT Hyderabad]] & [[University of Hyderabad]]
| known_for = [[Sanskrit]],[[Philosophy]] and [[Linguistics]]
| notable_works = Mahavakyavicarah Vakyapadiyam Four Vrttis in Panini Theories of Language : Oriental and Occidental Pramanas in Indian Philosophy
| relatives = [[Jagannatha Panditaraja]] [[Khandavalli Lakshmi Ranjanam]] [[Korada Ramachandra Sastri]] [[Korada Ramakrishnaiya]] [[Korada Mahadeva Sastri]]
}}
'''Korada Subrahmanyam''' (born 1954) is an Indian Sanskrit grammarian and scholar. He served as a Professor of Sanskrit at the [[University of Hyderabad]], where he was associated with the Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS). Following his retirement, he served as an Adjunct Professor at the IIT Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Korada|first=Subrahmanyam|title=Faculty, CALTS, University of Hyderabad|url=http://calts.uohyd.ac.in/calts/faculty.php}}</ref> Prof.Korada was born into a family of Vedic scholars hailing from the [[Godavari]] delta region, known as [[Konaseema]]. His areas of specialization include Paninian Grammar, Philosophy of Language, Translation, [[Vedas]],[[Vedangas]] and [[Upanishads]].The Professor is also well versed in [[Mahābhāṣya]], Vākyapadīya, Laghumañjūṣā, ślokavārtikam and Tantravārtikam. He studied Astadasavidyasthanams, ie Vedas, Vedangas, Darsanas, Upavedas, and Puranas (Lectures are available on Youtube and Essays are available on ancient indianwisdom.com of Jijyasa Foundation, USA. He is the recipient of "Vedavyasa Sammanam",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Korada Subrahmanyam |url=https://indica.courses/our_team/prof-korada-subrahmanyam/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Indica Courses |language=en-US}}</ref> an honor bestowed upon scholars with expertise in Vedic studies and related fields.

== Education and career ==
Prof.Subrahmanyam was introduced to [[Sanskrit]] by his father Korada Subbavadhani(1913–1985), a ghanapāṭhī and [[Sanskrit]] scholar himself. He memorized [[Amarakosha]], a Sanskrit thesaurus at age five. After mastering Krishna [[Yajurveda]] and the [[Upanishads]], he went on to study [[Vyākaraṇa]] under Sripada Lakshminarayana Sastry([[Podagatlapalli]], [[East Godavari]]) and Kompella Subbaraya Sastry([[Narendrapuram]], [[East Godavari]]) in a traditional manner. Dr.Korada also gained proficiency in Vedanta under the tutelage of Rani Narasimha Sastry([[Narendrapuram]] EG Dist.) and Acarya Pullela Sriramacandrudu (Hyderabad) and Jyotisham under Chivukula Satyanarayana Murthy (Gopalapuram, EG Dist.). The professor also forayed into [[Mīmāṃsā]], [[Nyāya]], [[Vaiśeṣika]], [[Yoga]], Sānkhya, Sāmudrika, and Tantra gaining expertise through self-learning and interaction with scholars. The professor is a rare phenomenon, who had his schooling in both Oriental (Gurukula) and Occidental (University) fashions, which has benefited the Sanskrit lovers at large. He has contributed hundreds of posts to the Google group 'Bharatiya Vidvat Parishad' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Conversations |url=https://groups.google.com/g/bvparishat/search?q=korada |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=groups.google.com}}</ref> over the past few years, which are also published in his blog named "Koradeeyam".

Post bachelor's, Dr.Korada pursued his Master's and Ph.D. in [[Sanskrit]] from [[Andhra University]], [[Visakhapatnam]]. His Ph.D. dissertation titled '''''Mahāvākyavicārah'''''
( A Study of Discourse ) is considered to be a magnum opus in the field of [[Sanskrit Linguistics]]. Dr.Korada joined the [[University of Hyderabad]] as a faculty and retired in 2019 as a Professor. During his 31-year-long tenure, around 30 students worked with him for their MPhil and Ph.D. degrees.

== Research and publications ==
Some of the books published by the scholar include (available on archive.com ):

* ''Mahavakyavicarah'' (Ph.D. dissertation) - deals with the Study of Discourse in different systems of Indian Philosophy
* ''Vakyapadiyam'' (Brahmakanda only - English Translation) - explicates the cryptic meaning of [[Bhartrhari]]
* ''Four Vrttis in Panini'' - is an elaborated study of Vrttis in Paniniya with the help of various commentaries
* ''Theories of Language: Oriental and Occidental'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Korada |title=Theories of language: oriental and occidental |date=2008 |publisher=D. K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0455-7 |edition=1. publ |location=New Delhi}}</ref>– is a nutshell of ancient and modern linguistic theories
* ''Pramanas in Indian Philosophy'' - offers a panorama of Pramanas right from Vedas and Epics

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subrahmanyam, Korada}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]

{{India-linguist-stub}}

Guppedantha Manasu

2026-01-02T15:32:13Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: adding new pg and citations.

{{Short description|Indian Telugu Television Drama series}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Long plot|date=July 2024}}
{{Advert|date=July 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Guppedantha Manasu.jpg
| genre = Drama Family Romance
| based_on = [[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' Aadi Ganesh Ravi Surugula
| story = K Usha Rani
| director = Kapuganti Rajendra (Episode 1-100) Anil Anand Kumar Pantham
| starring = Mukesh Gowda Raksha Gowda [[Sai Kiran]] [[Jyothi Rai]]
| country = [[India]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1168
| producer = Rajiv Bhakshi Simni Karna Anil Anand
| cinematography = Lakshmi Srinivas
| editor = Suresh K Kasukurthi
| runtime = 21-23 mins
| company = [[BIG Synergy]]<ref name="exchange4media">{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/reliance-big-synergys-new-fiction-daily-guppedantha-manasu-on-star-maa-109745.html|title=Reliance Big Synergy's New Fiction Daily "Guppedantha Manasu" on Star Maa|website=Exchange4media|date=18 December 2020 |access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref> Bhoomi Entertainments
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2020|12|07}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2024|08|31}}
| related = [[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]
}}

'''''Guppedantha Manasu''''' (transl. ''Fist-Sized Heart'') is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] television series which aired on [[Star Maa]] from 7 December 2020 till 31 August 2024, at 7 p.m. IST from Monday to Saturday. It is also available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The main plot of the serial was taken from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language series ''[[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]'', which aired on [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reliance Big Synergy's New Fiction Daily "Guppedantha Manasu" on Star Maa - Exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/reliance-big-synergys-new-fiction-daily-guppedantha-manasu-on-star-maa-109745.html|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=18 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> It stars Mukesh Gowda, Raksha Gowda, [[Sai Kiran]] and [[Jyothi Rai]] in lead roles. The story showcases the ups and downs in the life of a brilliant and fiery-tempered professor of a college professor, when he clashes with his talented yet headstrong student.

== Plot ==

Rishendra 'Rishi' Bhushan is the young, brilliant and dynamic managing director (MD) and mathematics professor at a college in Hyderabad, Devendra Bhushan Institute of Science and Technology (DBST), which is owned by his family. He is rich, arrogant, hot-tempered, and is hostile towards his mother, Jagathi, due to a misunderstanding that she left him in his childhood because she didn't want him in her life and chose her career over him. Jagathi had left five-year old Rishi to care for her ailing parents. But his envious aunt Devyani did not let Jagathi come back home to Rishi, and poisoned young Rishi's mind against her. Rishi is raised by Devyani and his father, Mahindra, both of whom he loves and respects tremendously. An extremely talented and intelligent student, Rishi becomes a university gold medalist, and starts managing the DBST college. Rishi agrees for an arranged marriage with a friend, Sakshi, but breaks his engagement with her because Sakshi wants to do a PhD abroad first. Rishi and Jagathi are separated for twenty years, during which she did not try to meet or contact Rishi. While Jagathi remains miserable and profusely misses Rishi, he is both pained and enraged at her for leaving him.

Rishi's paths cross with Vasudhara 'Vasu', a headstrong and brilliant student from a village who dreams to become a teacher. Vasu escapes from a forced wedding to Rajiv, her elder sister's evil widower, who convinces Vasu's orthodox father Chakrapani 'Chakram' to let Rajiv marry her for the sake of his motherless child. Jagathi, who is Vasu's former teacher in her village, advises her to run away from home and study at her son Rishi's college, DBST. When Rishi learns that Jagathi sent Vasu, he deliberately sets a very difficult admission interview for her, which she passes painstakingly with Mahindra and Jagathi's help. Rishi admits Vasu to DBST and is now her mathematics professor.

Rishi and Vasu's ideologies initially clash at various instances. Vasu doesn't understand Rishi's animosity towards Jagathi, and he slaps her for insulting his character. But Vasu slowly earns Rishi's acceptance, support and favour with her hard work and sincerity. Rishi accompanies Vasu to the 'Youth Icon' contest and motivates her to win. Rishi also saves her multiple times from the lustful conspiracies of Rajiv, who is later jailed by SI Sireesh, Vasu's childhood friend. Jagathi proposes a project called 'Mission Education', which Rishi reluctantly agrees to lead at DBST, and eventually acquires Government support for it. Rishi reluctantly employs Jagathi as a professor at DBST, but ensures that no one knows she is his mother. Rishi recruits Vasudhara as his project assistant, and they all work together to make Mission Education a grand success. Mahindra, Vasu and Jagathi try hard to convince Rishi to forgive and reunite with Jagathi, but Rishi does not accept.

As Rishi and Vasu spend time together, they start developing feelings for each other. Vasu hallucinates Rishi's presence everywhere and longs for his support, while Rishi grows possessive of her and dislikes her spending time with her friend Sireesh. To make Rishi reveal his feelings for Vasu, Mahindra misleads Rishi into thinking that she is about to marry Sireesh. But instead, Rishi grows furious at Vasu for hiding things from him, avoids her, and fires her from the post of his assistant. A hurt Vasu tries hard to ask an unyielding Rishi what her mistake is and why he is angry with her. Finally, desperate, she stands for hours in the rain before Rishi relents and confronts her about marrying Sireesh. Vasu emotionally reveals that she isn't engaged to Sireesh, and begs Rishi to scold her all he wants, but not punish her by being distant or ignoring her. Rishi becomes friendly with Vasu again.

Rishi's friend Gautam comes from USA to stay with him, and to Rishi's annoyance, harbours feelings for Vasu. Against Devyani's wishes, Rishi reluctantly brings Jagathi to his house for the first time in 22 years to celebrate [[Makar Sankranti]], for Mahindra's happiness after he suffers a heart stroke. To stop Devyani from tarnishing Jagathi's reputation, Mahendra publicly reveals that Jagathi is Rishi's mother and his wife. Rishi's anger at this causes Jagathi and Mahindra to move out of Rishi's house. Jagathi informs Rishi that Mahindra's health is suffering as he misses Rishi. To Devyani's horror, Rishi brings both Jagathi and Mahindra back home to live together after 22 years, as a birthday gift for Mahindra. Vasu continually admires and appreciates Rishi's stellar character. Her concern for Rishi and eagerness to make him happy attract him to her. A proud Jagathi is constantly appreciated for Rishi's professional and personal virtues. Vasu rejects Gautam's proposal, citing that she interacts with him only because he is Rishi's friend. Sakshi returns, pausing her PhD to win Rishi back with Devyani's help, but is rejected vehemently by a furious Rishi. Sakshi insults Vasu for being close to Rishi, and warns her to stay away from him.

After deep thought, Rishi realizes and confesses his love for Vasu. But influenced by Sakshi, Vasu tells a stunned Rishi that she does not love him and does not believe his love for her, because he rejected both Jagathi and Sakshi in the past. Rishi resolves to stay away from Vasu, while she hallucinates him everywhere and can't concentrate in class or her part-time job. She makes several unsuccessful attempts to talk and apologize to Rishi, prays profusely for him when he meets with a road accident, plans a grand welcome for him in college when he recovers, gives him all her food despite being hungry, and realizes that she would die without Rishi when he risks his life to save his students and vasu save rishi from a fire in the chemistry lab publicly credits Rishi for her academic success and garlands him with flowers, feels jealous seeing him with Sakshi and vows to win him back, but is afraid to propose lest Rishi slap her and reject her in anger. Vasu constantly tries to appease Rishi's anger, while he scolds her for losing focus on her studies. When Sakshi publicly proposes marriage to a furious Rishi in college, Devyani begs him to marry her for their family's reputation. But Rishi forces Sakshi to call off their wedding with his deliberate negligence and open interest in Vasu. Vasu apologizes to Rishi and emotionally confesses her love to him, with a ring with their initials 'R' and 'V'. Rishi gracefully accepts her proposal on the condition that in his love, she won't neglect her education and career. Sakshi plots to prevent Vasu from writing her final examinations, but Rishi foils her plan. His threat to get her arrested causes Sakshi to flee. Vasu ranks first in the University and dedicates her success to Rishi and Jagathi.

Rishi slowly develops a positive impression on Jagathi as he observes her good behavior, good understanding of him and the similarity in their thoughts. Rishi grandly celebrates his parents' wedding anniversary for Mahindra's happiness. Mahindra and Vasu clash with an irritated Rishi in a bid to convince him to accept Jagathi as his mother. Triggered by Devyani, Mahindra and Jagathi leave Rishi's house for his happiness, but Rishi brings them back. Mahindra and Vasu apologize to Rishi for hurting him with their stubbornness. When Jagathi meets with a road accident, Rishi saves her life by donating blood to her and takes great care of her. Rishi employs Vasu at DBST to work for the Mission Education efforts. Devyani cunningly misrepresents Rishi's closeness with Vasu and maligns her publicly. But Rishi protects Vasu by declaring her as his fianceè. Rishi takes Vasu to her parents' house to fix their marriage, where Rajeev blackmails a terrified Vasu that he will kill Rishi if she does not marry him. Unknown to Rishi, a desperate Vasu wears a ''[[Mangala sutra|mangalasutra]]'' (nuptial chain) in his name and declares herself as Rishi's wife to her family, to save herself from marrying Rajeev. An angry Rajeev assaults Vasu's parents, who are saved by Rishi. Rajeev gets Vasu arrested under false charges of attempting to murder her parents so that she can marry Rishi. Fearing that Rajeev will harm Rishi, but rishi doesn't understand her and leave her in the prison. Devayani gave bail to vasu. Vasu's parents recover and close the case against her by testifying against Rajeev. Vasu returns to DBST college to win back Rishi's love and trust.

Rishi and his family are furious at Vasu without knowing the truth. Vasu tries to explain her situation but she never allows her and he is not ready to listen her view... vasu tries to call, text, and to meet him several times a day, happily takes the flowers that Rishi offers God at a temple, gives Rishi a head massage, prays for him to accept her back but rishi cannot understand her love. Hurting her with his harsh behaviour. Rishi ignores Vasu thinking that she married Rajeev, Seeing her nuptial chain, an uncomfortable Vasu is repeatedly asked who her husband is in college, but she remains silent fearing Rishi's wrath if she reveals that imagined her marriage with him. Rishi realize that there is no one in her life except him. Rishi lashes out at a scared Vasu for taking major decisions about their lives without telling him, public humiliation by Devyani, Rishi declares Vasu as his wife in front of the media, but firmly warns her in private that she simply wearing a [[Mangala sutra|mangalasutra]] in his name without his knowledge does not make her his wife. Vasu clears heart is more important than traditions rishi eventually understand her love and Brveness accepts Vasu in his life again. Rishi and Vasu get engaged in a grand ceremony.

Rishi's professional rivals try to besmirch his college's reputation, but he foils their plans. Rishi aspires to advance DBST college to new heights by offering medical degree courses. Rishi's cousin brother, Shailendra, returns home from USA. Jealous of Rishi's fame, career and achievements; Shailendra threatens a terrified Jagathi that he will kill Rishi and become the MD of DBST college. To save Rishi from Shailendra and send him away from the college, in front of the college board and education minister, Jagathi and Vasu falsely accuse a stunned Rishi of stealing college funds for his personal use. Furious and anguished at this character assassination, Rishi resigns and appoints Jagathi as the college MD. Jagathi and Vasu beg Rishi to forgive their betrayal. But Rishi can't understand their intentions and blindly misunderstood as usual as before. breaks his engagement with harsh words and behaviour. Poor Vasu leaves the city. Vasu also leaves, unable to stay in the city without Rishi. Vasu's mother dies of a heart attack after learning that Rishi has ended his relationship with Vasu. Fearing that Mahindra will bring Rishi back, Shailendra hires goons who stab Rishi. He is admitted to the hospital in a critical condition.

'''<big>Three Years Later</big>'''

Mahindra, Jagathi and Vasu are pained, lonely and miserable, living distant from each other and desperately hoping to find Rishi. Rishi's childhood friend, Angel, donates blood to him and saves his life. Angel's grandfather Vishwanandham, who chairs a college named "Vish college", requests Rishi to work there to control a group of delinquent students. For the first time in three years, Rishi runs into Vasu, who joins Vish college as a lecturer. Rishi is still cold towards a remorseful Vasu for betraying him three years ago, and rejects all attempts made by her and Chakram to gain his forgiveness. But Rishi stops Vasu when she tries to leave the city fearing his anger, and cares for her when she meets with an accident. Rishi reforms the unruly students by teaching them the importance of education and discipline, and improves Vish college's reputation via successful educational schemes. Mahindra and Jagathi are ecstatic to discover Rishi's whereabouts through Chakram, and try to spend time with him by creating collaborations between Vish college and DBST. Shailendra is horrified to learn that Rishi is alive and plans multiple, unsuccessful attacks on him. Vasu has a mental breakdown when Angel reveals that she loves Rishi. However, Rishi firmly rejects Angel's marriage proposal. Shailendra colludes with Rishi's professional rivals to take over DBST college, but Rishi foils his plans. An angry Shailendra tries to get Rishi shot, but Jagathi takes the bullet for him. Finally recognizing her love for him, Rishi accepts an overjoyed Jagathi as his mother and returns home with her. Honouring an emotional Jagathi's last wish, Rishi marries Vasu. Shailendra poisons Jagathi's food, and she passes away after witnessing her son's wedding, shattering Rishi and Mahindra.

Rishi is furious at Devyani for insulting a grieving Mahindra because he was drinking to cope with Jagathi's death, and leaves his house with Mahindra and Vasu. Hoping that a change of scenery will help Mahindra recover, Rishi takes him and Vasu to Araku, where they run into Mahindra and Jagathi's friend, Anupama, who also turns out to be Angel's aunt. Angel and Vishwanandham are unhappy at having lost Rishi. Vasu tries to reveal Shailendra's misdeeds to Rishi, but is terrified of his reaction. Shailendra tries to falsely accuse Vasu of murdering Jagathi, but Rishi saves her. Mahindra promises to give up alcohol for Rishi's happiness.

== Cast ==

=== Main cast ===

* Mukesh Gowda as Rishendra Bhushan a.k.a Rishi: Managing Director and Mathematics Professor at DBST college; Jagathi and Mahendra's son; Phanindra and Devyani's nephew and foster son; Vasu's professor, mentor, employer, love interest, and husband; Ravindra and Suhasini's nephew; Shailendra, Anju and Sanju's cousin; Gautam's and Angel's best friend; Dharani's brother-in-law.
* Raksha Gowda as Vasudhara Rishendra Bhushan a.k.a Vasu: student, youth icon, University topper, mission education Head, vish collage lecturer, Dbst collage MD, mentee, love interest, and rishi's wife, Jagathi's student and daughter-in-law; Chakrapani and Sumitra's youngest daughter; Vandana and Madhavi's younger sister.
* [[Sai Kiran]] as Mahendra Bhushan: Rishi's father; Board member at DBST college; Jagathi's widower; Vasudhara's father-in-law; Anupama's best-friend; Phanindra and Ravindra's brother; Shailendra, Anju and Sanju's uncle.
* Jyothi Rai as Jagathi Mahendra Bhushan: Rishi's mother; Mathematics professor at DBST college; Vasu's former professor and Mother-in-law; Mahendra's late wife; Shailendra, Anju and Sanju's aunt. (Dead)
* Madhavi Vootla (2020-2023) / Sangeetha Kondaveti (2023–present) as Devayani Phanindra Bhushan: Rishi's aunt and foster mother; Matriarch of the Bhushan family; Phanindra's wife; Mahindra and Ravindra's sister-in-law; Shailendra's mother; Dharani's mother-in-law.

=== Recurring cast ===

* Nava Bharath Balaji as Phanindra Bhushan: Rishi, Anju and Sanju's uncle; Patriarch of the Bhushan family; Devyani's husband; Mahendra and Ravindra's elder brother; Shailendra's father; Dharani's father-in-law
* Jyothi Poornima (2020-2022)/Seetha Mahalakshmi (2022–present) as Dharani Shailendra Bhushan: Rishi's sister-in-law; Shailendra's wife; Devayani and Phanindra's daughter-in-law
* Kiran Kanth as Gautham: Rishi's best friend
* [[Chandra Lakshman]] as Anupama: Mahindra & Jagathi's mutual friend
* Vasanthi (2020-2021)/Rasagnya Ritu (2022-present) as Sakshi: Rishi's former fiancée (Antagonist)
* Gopal Shyam as Rajiv: Vasu and Madhavi's brother-in-law; Vandhana's widower; Vishalakshi's son (Antagonist)
* Srinidhi as Pushpa: Rishi's student at DBST college; Vasu's classmate and best friend
* Suresh Babu as Shailendra Bhushan: Rishi's cousin brother; Phanindra and Devyani's son; Dharani's husband; Jagathi's murderer (Antagonist)
* Sudheer Challa as Ravindra Bhushan: Rishi and Shailendra's uncle; Suhasini's husband; Sanju and Anju's father; Mahendra and Phanindra's younger brother
* Vanitha as Suhasini Ravindra Bhushan: Rishi and Shailendra's aunt; Ravindra's wife; Sanju and Anju's mother
* Veena [[Swaroopa]] as Anjana "Anju" Bhushan: Rishi and Shailendra's cousin; Sanju's twin sister; Ravindra and Suhasini's daughter
* VJ Roshini as Sanjana "Sanju" Bhushan: Rishi and Shailendra's cousin: Anju's twin sister; Ravindra and Suhasini's daughter
* Avantika as Angel: Rishi's childhood friend
* Sudheer Chandra as Pandian: Rishi's student at Vish college
* Radha Krishna as Murugan: Rishi's well-wisher; Pandian's father
* Aparna as Madhavi: Vasu and Vandhana's sister; Chakrapani and Sumitra's daughter; Vikas's wife
* Adarsh as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Sireesh: Vasu's friend
* Balaji as Chakrapani "Chakram": Vasu, Madhavi and Vandhana's father; Sumitra's widower
* Ushashri as Sumitra (2020-2023): Vasu, Madhavi and Vandhana's late mother; Chakrapani's late wife
* Uma Shankar as Vikas: Madhavi's husband; Vasu's brother-in-law
* Uma Naidu as Vasu, Madhavi and Vandhana's aunt; Chakrapani's elder sister
* Gayathri Alluri as Vishalakshi: Rajiv's mother
* Indira Anand as Anupama's mother
* Bhargavi as Vandhana: Vasu and Madhavi's late elder sister; Rajiv's late wife; Chakrapani and Sumitra's late daughter (Posthumous presence in photographs)

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="background:#00cc00; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:#00cc00; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#00cc00; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:#00cc00; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#00cc00; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#00cc00; width:24%;"| Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]'' মোহর
|28 October 2019
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|3 April 2022
|Original
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Sarasu'' ಸರಸು<ref>{{Cite news|title=TV serial 'Mohor' to be remade in Kannada|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-serial-mohor-to-be-remade-in-kannada/articleshow/78928044.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 October 2020 }}</ref>
|11 November 2020
|[[Star Suvarna]]
|28 August 2021
|rowspan="6"|Remake
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''Guppedantha Manasu'' గుప్పెడంత మనసు
|7 December 2020
|[[Star Maa]]
|31 August 2024
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]'' शौर्य और अनोखी की कहानी
|21 December 2020
|[[StarPlus]]
|24 July 2021
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Koodevide (TV series)|Koodevide]]'' കൂടെവിടെ
|4 January 2021
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|22 July 2023
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''[[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukkenna Veli]]'' காற்றுக்கென்ன வேலி
|18 January 2021
|[[Star Vijay]]
|30 September 2023
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Swabhiman – Shodh Astitvacha]]'' स्वाभिमान – शोध अस्तित्वाचा
|22 February 2021
|[[Star Pravah]]
|6 May 2023
|}

== Reception ==
The pair of Rishi and Vasudhara, fondly called by fans as 'Rishidhara', is immensely loved and tremendously popular among audiences of all age groups.

In September 2022, Guppedantha Manasu became the top GEC show in Telugu television in both Urban and Rural ratings, breaking the 221-week long first place record of the Star Maa serial, [[Karthika Deepam (Telugu TV series)|Karthika Deepam]]. Guppedantha Manasu has also enjoyed the position of the most popular Telugu show, as well as the top viewed show across the whole of India, online on [[Disney+ Hotstar|Disney+Hotstar]] beginning from 2021. Guppedantha Manasu was the seventh most watched show on TV in the whole of India across all languages, in 2022.

In June 2022, Guppedantha Manasu became the top show in terms of Urban ratings and the top 2 GEC show overall for the Telugu audience, and has remained so ever since. In February 2022, the show became a top 3<ref>{{Cite news|title=Devatha slips to fourth spot; Guppedantha Manasu improves viewership in terms of TRP - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/devatha-slips-to-fourth-spot-guppedantha-manasu-improves-viewership-in-terms-of-trp/articleshow/80689327.cms|access-date=2022-02-10|website=The Times of India|date=4 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> show in both Telugu GEC and [[Star Maa]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Devatha slips to fifth spot; here's a look at the top 5 shows - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/devatha-slips-to-fifth-spot-heres-a-look-at-the-top-5-shows/articleshow/82606120.cms|access-date=2022-02-10|website=The Times of India|date=13 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In November 2021 and December 2021, the show received its highest ever ratings of 14+ TRP points.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/guppedantha-manasu/1260049160 Guppendatha Manasu] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Andhra Pradesh]]

Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2006–07

2025-12-14T23:35:09Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: added pg

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour |
series_name = India in South Africa 2006–07 |
team1_image = Flag of South Africa.svg |
team1_name = South Africa |
team2_image = Flag of India.svg |
team2_name = India |
from_date = 16 November 2006|
to_date = 6 January 2007|
team1_captain = [[Graeme Smith]]|
team2_captain = [[Rahul Dravid]] {{small|(Tests & ODIs)}} [[Virender Sehwag]] {{small|(T20I and 2 ODIs)}}|
no_of_ODIs = 5 |
team1_ODIs_won = 4 |
team2_ODIs_won = 0 |
team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[AB de Villiers]] (175)|
team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[MS Dhoni]] (139) |
team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Shaun Pollock]] (10) |
team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Zaheer Khan]] (6) |
player_of_ODI_series = [[Shaun Pollock]] (SA) |
no_of_twenty20s = 1 |
team1_twenty20s_won = 0 |
team2_twenty20s_won = 1 |
team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Albie Morkel]] (27)|
team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Dinesh Mongia]] (38)|
team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Charl Langeveldt]] (2)|
team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Zaheer Khan]] (2) [[Ajit Agarkar]] (2)|
player_of_twenty20_series = [[Dinesh Karthik]] (Ind)|
no_of_tests = 3 |
team1_tests_won = 2 |
team2_tests_won = 1 |
team1_tests_most_runs = [[Ashwell Prince]] (306) |
team2_tests_most_runs = [[Sourav Ganguly]] (214) |
team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Makhaya Ntini]] (15) |
team2_tests_most_wickets = [[S. Sreesanth]] (18) |
player_of_test_series = [[Shaun Pollock]] (SA)|}}
The '''Indian cricket team''' toured '''South Africa''' for three Tests, five Odis & one T20I from 16 November 2006 to 6 January 2007.

South Africa won the Test series 2–1. After India won the first Test at [[New Wanderers Stadium]] in [[Johannesburg]], South Africa rallied to win the 2nd Test at [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Kingsmead]] in [[Durban]] and the third Test at [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]] in [[Cape Town]].

South Africa won the ODI series 4–0, which was India's first ODI series without a win since 1997.

There was also one Twenty20 International, which India won.

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! Date
! Home captain
! Away captain
! Venue
! Result
|-
! colspan="6" | Tour Games
|-
|| One Day || 16 Nov 2006 ||[[Ashwell Prince]] ||[[Rahul Dravid]] || [[Willowmoore Park]] || {{cr|RSA}} won by 37 runs
|-
|| FC match || 7–10 Dec 2006 ||[[Jacques Rudolph]] ||[[VVS Laxman]] || [[Sedgars Park]] || {{cr|IND}} won by 96 runs
|-
! colspan="6" | One-day International Series
|-
|| 1st ODI || 19 Nov 2006 || [[Graeme Smith]] || [[Rahul Dravid]] || [[New Wanderers Stadium]] || Match abandoned due to rain.
|-
|| 2nd ODI || 22 Nov 2006 || [[Graeme Smith]] || [[Rahul Dravid]] || [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Kingsmead]] || {{cr|RSA}} won by 157 runs
|-
|| 3rd ODI || 26 Nov 2006 || [[Graeme Smith]] || [[Rahul Dravid]] || [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]] || {{cr|RSA}} won by 106 runs
|-
|| 4th ODI || 29 Nov 2006 || [[Graeme Smith]] || [[Virender Sehwag]] || [[Sahara Oval St George's|St George's Park]] || {{cr|RSA}} won by 80 runs
|-
|| 5th ODI || 3 Dec 2006 || [[Graeme Smith]] || [[Virender Sehwag]] || [[SuperSport Park]] || {{cr|RSA}} won by 9 wickets
|-
! colspan="6" | Twenty20 International
|-
|| 1st 20/20 || 1 Dec 2006 ||[[Graeme Smith]] || [[Virender Sehwag]] || [[New Wanderers Stadium]] || {{cr|IND}} won by 6 wickets
|-
! colspan="6" | Test Series
|-
|| 1st Test || 15–19 Dec 2006 ||[[Graeme Smith]] || [[Rahul Dravid]] || [[New Wanderers Stadium]] || {{cr|IND}} won by 123 runs
|-
|| 2nd Test || 26–30 Dec 2006 || [[Graeme Smith]] || [[Rahul Dravid]] || [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Kingsmead]] || {{cr|RSA}} won by 174 runs
|-
|| 3rd Test || 2–6 Jan 2007 || [[Graeme Smith]] || [[Rahul Dravid]] ||[[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]] || {{cr|RSA}} won by 5 wickets
|-
|}

==Squads==
{{clear}}
{| style="margin:0 auto;" id=toc
|align=center| '''Indian ODI Squad'''<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/266230.html Jaffer, Zaheer and Kumble added to ODI squad], retrieved from ESPNcricinfo, 30 October 2006</ref> || [[Image:Flag of India.svg|50px|Flag of India]]
|-
|align=center| [[Rahul Dravid]] (Captain) | [[Sachin Tendulkar]] | [[Virender Sehwag]] | [[Suresh Raina]] | [[Mohammad Kaif]] | [[Ajit Agarkar]] | [[Dinesh Mongia]] | [[Harbhajan Singh]]
[[Anil Kumble]] | [[Wasim Jaffer]] | [[Zaheer Khan]] | [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|Mahendra Dhoni]] [[wicketkeeper|(wk)]] | [[Irfan Pathan]] | [[Munaf Patel]] | [[Dinesh Karthik]] [[wicketkeeper|(wk)]] | [[S Sreesanth]] | [[VVS Laxman]]<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/rsavind/content/current/story/270058.html VVS Laxman was flown in as a replacement for Dravid following an injury during the 3rd ODI]</ref>
|-
|}

{{clear}}
{| style="margin:0 auto;" id=toc
|align=center| '''Indian Test Squad'''<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/rsavind/content/current/story/270425.html Ganguly in, Laxman appointed vice-captain], retrieved from ESPNcricinfo, 30 November 2006</ref> || [[Image:Flag of India.svg|50px|Flag of India]]
|-
|align=center| [[Rahul Dravid]] (Captain) | [[Sachin Tendulkar]] | [[Virender Sehwag]] | [[V. R. V. Singh]] | | [[Sourav Ganguly]] | [[Gautam Gambhir]] | [[Harbhajan Singh]]
[[Anil Kumble]] | [[Wasim Jaffer]] | [[Zaheer Khan]] | [[Irfan Pathan]]* | [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|Mahendra Dhoni]] [[wicketkeeper|(wk)]] | [[Munaf Patel]] | [[Dinesh Karthik]] [[wicketkeeper|(wk)]] | [[S Sreesanth]] | [[VVS Laxman]]
|-
|}

*Irfan Pathan was sent back home before the second test due to poor bowling form.

{{clear}}
{| style="margin:0 auto;" id=toc
|align=center| '''South Africa ODI Squad'''<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/south_africa/6128238.stm South Africa name unchanged squad], retrieved from BBC, 8 November 2006</ref> || [[Image:Flag of South Africa.svg|50px|Flag of South Africa]]
|-
|align=center| [[Graeme Smith]] (Captain) | [[Loots Bosman]] | [[Mark Boucher]] [[wicketkeeper|(wk)]] | [[Abraham de Villiers|AB de Villiers]] [[wicketkeeper|(wk)]] | [[Boeta Dippenaar]]<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/rsavind/content/story/270085.html Prince replaced Dippenaar for the last 2 ODIs]</ref> | [[Herschelle Gibbs]]
[[Andrew Hall]] | [[Justin Kemp]] | [[Jacques Kallis]] | [[Charl Langeveldt]] | [[André Nel]] | [[Makhaya Ntini]] | [[Robin Peterson]] | [[Shaun Pollock]] | [[Ashwell Prince]]
|-
|}

{{clear}}
{| style="margin:0 auto;" id=toc
|align=center| '''South Africa Test Squad'''<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/rsavind/content/current/story/271581.html South Africa announce Test squad], retrieved from ESPNcricinfo, 7 December 2006</ref> || [[Image:Flag of South Africa.svg|50px|Flag of South Africa]]
|-
|align=center| [[Graeme Smith]] (Captain) | [[Jacques Kallis]] | [[Mark Boucher]] [[wicketkeeper|(wk)]] | [[Abraham de Villiers]] | [[Jacques Rudolph]] | [[Herschelle Gibbs]]
[[Andrew Hall]] | [[Nicky Boje]] | [[Paul Adams (cricketer)|Paul Harris]] | [[Dale Steyn]] | [[André Nel]] | [[Makhaya Ntini]] | [[Hashim Amla]] | [[Shaun Pollock]] | [[Ashwell Prince]]
|-
|}

==Tour Match==
===Tour Match: Rest of South Africa v Indians, 16 November===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 16 November
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = Rest of South Africa
| score1 = 255/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 218 (49.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}
| runs1 = [[Jacques Rudolph]] 72[[Not out|*]] (53)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/43 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 79 (99)
| wickets2 = [[Dale Steyn]] 5/22 (10 overs)
| result = Rest of South Africa won by 37 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249208.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Willowmoore Park]], [[Benoni, Gauteng|Benoni]]
| umpires = [[Ian Howell]] and [[Brian Jerling]]
| motm = [[Dale Steyn]] (Rest of South Africa)
| toss = Rest of South Africa won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI ===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 19 November
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 =
| score2 =
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = Match abandoned
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavind/engine/match/249210.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Billy Doctrove]] (WI) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm =
| toss = No [[Toss (cricket)|toss]].
| rain =
| notes = Persistent rain prevented any play.
}}

===2nd ODI ===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 22 November
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 248/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 91 (29.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 119[[Not out|*]] (160)
| wickets1 = [[Munaf Patel]] 2/39 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 35 (51)
| wickets2 = [[André Nel]] 4/13 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 157 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavind/engine/match/249211.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Billy Doctrove]] (WI) and [[Ian Howell]] (SA)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat first.
| rain =
| notes = [[Wasim Jaffer]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
}}

===3rd ODI ===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 26 November
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 274/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 168 (41.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Justin Kemp]] 100[[Not out|*]] (89)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/42 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 63 (103)
| wickets2 = [[Shaun Pollock]] 4/26 (9 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 106 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249212.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Billy Doctrove]] (WI) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm = [[Justin Kemp]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat first.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===4th ODI ===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 29 November
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 243/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 163 (38.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 93[[Not out|*]] (123)
| wickets1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 2/42 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 47[[Not out|*]] (55)
| wickets2 = [[Justin Kemp]] 3/21 (4.1 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 80 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249213.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St George's Park Cricket Ground|St George's Park]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
| umpires = [[Billy Doctrove]] (WI) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat first.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

Virender Sehwag captained India after Rahul Dravid was ruled out for rest of the series following an injury. South Africa recovered from a bad start to reach 243 at the end of 50 overs. Gibbs remained unbeaten on 93 while [[Jacques Kallis|Kallis]] and [[Shaun Pollock|Pollock]] chipped in with 49 and 37 respectively. [[Anil Kumble]] was the best bowler for India on the day picking up 2 wickets for 42 runs. Chasing 244 under lights, India got off to a steady start losing their first wicket in the 6th over with 23 runs on the board. Wickets fell at regular intervals and this meant that India never had a chance of overhauling the South African score. [[Irfan Pathan]] was the pick of the batsmen scoring 47 runs.

=== 5th ODI ===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 3 December
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 200/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 201/1 (31.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 55 (97)
| wickets1 = [[Makhaya Ntini]] 3/32 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[AB de Villiers]] 92[[Not out|*]] (98)
| wickets2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 1/39 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249214.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Billy Doctrove]] (WI) and [[Ian Howell]] (SA)
| motm = [[Shaun Pollock]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

India put on another abysmal batting performance scoring just 200 off the allocated 50 overs. [[Sachin Tendulkar]] topscored for the visitors with a sedate 55 off 97 balls. [[Dinesh Mongia|Mongia]] and [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni|Dhoni]] chipped in with useful 40's.

South Africa reached the target in just 31.2 overs. [[Shaun Pollock|Pollock]] was named Man of the Match for his bowling performance which included 4 maidens and 2 wickets.

With this victory, South Africa wrapped up the series 4–0 with the first game washed out.

==Only T20I==
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 1 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 126/9 (20 Overs)
| score2 = 127/4 (19.5 Overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Albie Morkel]] 26 (18)
| wickets1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 2/10 (2.3 Overs)
| runs2 = [[Dinesh Mongia]] 38 (45)
| wickets2 = [[Charl Langeveldt]] 2/20 (4 Overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsavind/engine/match/255954.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Ian Howell]] (SA) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm = [[Dinesh Karthik]] (Ind)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = This is India's first T20I match.
*''[[Tyron Henderson]] (SA), [[Virender Sehwag]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Dinesh Mongia]], [[MS Dhoni]], [[Dinesh Karthik]], [[Suresh Raina]], [[Irfan Pathan]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Zaheer Khan]], [[Ajit Agarkar]] and [[S Sreesanth]] (Ind) all made their T20I debuts.''
*''[[Virender Sehwag]] (Ind) captained India [[List of India national cricket captains#T20I|for the first time in T20Is]].''
}}

India pulled off its first victory of the tour with a close Twenty20 win after Dinesh Karthik steered India towards victory with a controlled innings by Twenty20 standards. This was India's first Twenty20 International ever.

== Test Series ==

=== Tour Match: Rest of South Africa v India (7–10 December) ===

{{Test match
|date = 6–10 December
|team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=India}}
|team2 = {{cr|RSA|name=Rest of South Africa}}
|score-team1-inns1 = 316/7 (85 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 111[[Not out|*]] (176)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Morné Morkel]] 4/74 (19 overs)
|score-team2-inns1 = 138 (31.4 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Vaughn van Jaarsveld]] 52 (57)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sreesanth]] 4/55 (11.4 overs)
|score-team1-inns2 = 142 (53.4 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[Irfan Pathan]] 40* (66)
|wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Alfonso Thomas]] 7/56 (21.4 overs)
|score-team2-inns2 = 224 (48.5 overs)
|runs-team2-inns2 = [[Vaughn van Jaarsveld]] 66 (70)
|wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/36 (13 overs)
|toss = Rest of South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
|result = India won by 96 runs
|report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249209.html Scorecard]
|venue = [[Sedgars Park]], [[Potchefstroom]]
|umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] and [[Karl Hurter]]
|motm = [[Irfan Pathan]] (Indians)
|rain =
}}

===First Test===
{{Test match
|date = 15–19 December
|team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
|team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
|score-team1-inns1 = 249 (79.5 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 51[[Not out|*]] (101)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shaun Pollock]] 4/39 (17.5 overs)
|score-team2-inns1 = 84 (25.1 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ashwell Prince]] 24 (60)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[S. Sreesanth]] 5/40 (10 overs)
|score-team1-inns2 = 236 (64.4 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[VVS Laxman]] 73 (154)
|wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shaun Pollock]] 3/33 (16 overs)
|score-team2-inns2 = 278 (86.5 overs)
|runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ashwell Prince]] 97 (223)
|wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 3/54 (20 overs)
|result = India won by 123 runs
|toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
|venue = [[New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
|umpires = [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus)
|motm = [[S. Sreesanth]] (Ind)
|report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249215.html Scorecard]
|rain =
}}

India beat South Africa by 123 runs and took a 1–0 lead in the series. This was also India's first test victory in South African soil.

===Second Test===
{{Test match
|date = 26–30 December
|team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
|team2 = {{cr|IND}}
|score-team1-inns1 = 328 (91.3 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ashwell Prince]] 121 (212)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[S. Sreesanth]] 4/109 (24 overs)
|score-team2-inns1 = 240 (77.5 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 63 (115)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Makhaya Ntini]] 2/41 (15 overs)
|score-team1-inns2 = 265/8 (67.4 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shaun Pollock]] 63 (99)
|wickets-team1-inns2 = [[S. Sreesanth]] 4/80 (19 overs)
|score-team2-inns2 = 179 (55.1 overs)
|runs-team2-inns2 = [[MS Dhoni]] 47 (67)
|wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Makhaya Ntini]] 5/48 (19 overs)
|result = South Africa won by 174 runs
|toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
|venue = [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
|umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak), [[Mark Benson]] (Eng) and [[Ian Howell]] (SA)
|motm = [[Makhaya Ntini]] (SA)
|report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249216.html Scorecard]
|rain =
}}

===Third Test===
{{Test match
|date = 2–6 January
|team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
|team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
|score-team1-inns1 = 414 (151.1 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Wasim Jaffer]] 116 (244)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shaun Pollock]] 4/75 (29.1 overs)
|score-team2-inns1 = 373 (128.3 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Graeme Smith]] 94 (142)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/117 (42.3 overs)
|score-team1-inns2 = 169 (64 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 47 (134)
|wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dale Steyn]] 4/30 (7 overs)
|score-team2-inns2 = 211/5 (64.1 overs)
|runs-team2-inns2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 55 (84)
|wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 4/62 (21 overs)
|result = South Africa won by 5 Wickets
|toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
|venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]]
|umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Daryl Harper]] (Aus)
|motm = [[Graeme Smith]] (SA)
|report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249217.html Scorecard]
|rain =
}}

==Notes==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/249039.html Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket in 2006-07}}
{{International cricket tours of South Africa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Cricket Team in South Africa in 2006-07}}
[[Category:2006 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2006 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:2006–07 South African cricket season]]
[[Category:2007 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2007 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of South Africa|2006-07]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2006–07]]

Vitthal Langhe

2025-11-20T09:26:08Z

Stickerlabelingmachine:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Vitthal Vakilrao Langhe Patil''' (born 2 July 1967){{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He is an MLA from [[Nevasa Assembly constituency]] in [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar District]]. He won the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Shiv Sena|Shiv Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Nevasa (Maharashtra) Assembly Election Results 2024 Live: Winner, Runner-up, Candidates List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nevasa-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9684985/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Langhe is from [[Nevasa]], Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra. He is the son of Vakilrao Baburao Langhe. He passed Class 8 and later discontinued his studies in 1984 while studying Class 9 at Pravara Public School, Pravaranagar, [[Rahata taluka|Rahata taluk]], Ahilyanagar District.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vitthal Vakilrao Langhe(Shiv Sena):Constituency- NEVASA(AHMEDNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1102 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Langhe won from Nevasa Assembly constituency representing Shiv Sena in the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. He polled 95,444 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Gadakh Shankarrao Yashwantrao of [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiva Sena (UBT)]], by a margin of 4,021 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vitthal Vakilrao Langhe, SS Candidate from Nevasa Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/maharashtra/vitthal-vakilrao-langhe-s13aed2008a221e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Nevasa, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: SHS's Vitthal Vakilrao Langhe wins Nevasa with 95444 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/nevasa-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638349-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जिस सीट पर सबसे टफ थी फाइट वहां जीती शिवसेना, उद्धव गुट को 4 हजार वोटों से हराया |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/mumbai/politics/nevasa-election-result-2024-vitthal-vakilrao-langhe-of-ss-wins-maharashtra-vidhan-sabha-chunav-nevasa-mla/articleshow/115600664.cms |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> He first contested the [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] on the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket but lost to [[Shankarrao Gadakh]] of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] by a margin of 21,486 votes.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Langhe, Vitthal}}

[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]

Wimco Nagar Depot metro station

2025-11-14T18:42:37Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: Adding new article

{{Short description|Metro station in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date= January 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Wimco Nagar Depot Metro
| type = [[Chennai Metro]] station
| style = Chennai Metro
| image = Wimco Nagar Depot metro station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Ernavur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| line = {{color box|#{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}}}} [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)]]
| other =
| structure = Elevated, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Island platforms]] 
Platform-1 → [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai International Airport]] ''(to be extended to '''Kilambakkam''' in the future)'' Platform-2 → Train Terminates Here
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2022|03|14|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Single-phase 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
| code = SWD
| owned = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| coordinates = {{coord|display=title,inline}}
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=Blue|left1=|to-left1=|right1=Wimco Nagar|to-right1=Chennai International Airport|line2=Blue|left2=|to-left2=|note-mid2=''(Future Service)''|right2=Wimco Nagar |to-right2=Kilambakkam}}
| map_type = India Chennai
}}

'''Wimco Nagar Depot Metro station''' is a [[Rapid transit|Metro]] railway station on Line 1 Extension of the [[Chennai Metro]]. The station is one of the 10 stations in the Phase I northern extension and one of the 26 stations along the [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)]] of the Chennai Metro. The station will serve the neighbourhoods of [[Ernavur]] and other northern suburbs of Chennai. This station was inaugurated along with [[Tiruvottriyur Theradi metro station|Thiruvottriyur Theradi Metro Station]] on 14 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=Chennai metro rail opens two stations in phase-1 extension |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-opens-two-stations-in-phase-1-extension-7818959/ |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
With the inauguration of the northern extension of Blue line of Phase I, a depot was planned for the [[Wimco Nagar metro station]].<ref name="IRJ">{{cite web
| url = https://www.railjournal.com/regions/asia/chennai-metro-inaugurates-blue-line-extension/
| title = Chennai Metro inaugurates Blue Line extension
| last = Cuenca
| first = Oliver
| date = 16 February 2021
| website = International Railway Journal
| publisher = IRJ
| access-date = 18 February 2021
| quote = }}</ref> In January 2022, the Chennai Metro Rail Corporation decided to build a new station at this depot, located about 500 meters from the station.<ref name="TH_DepotStation">{{cite news | last = Sekar | first = Sunitha | title = Metro Rail plans a station at Wimco Nagar depot | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 5 January 2022 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metro-rail-plans-a-station-at-wimco-nagar-depot/article38129620.ece | access-date = 15 January 2022}}</ref>

==The station==
===Structure===
Wimco Nagar Depot is an elevated Metro station situated on the [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)]]. It is located in the neighbourhood of Ernavur, about 500 meters from the Wimco Nagar metro station.

===Station layout===
There will be two entrances for the Wimco Nagar Depot metro station.

{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Chennai International Airport metro station|Chennai International Airport]] '''Next Station:''' [[Wimco Nagar metro station|Wimco Nagar]] ''(to be further extended to [[Kilambakkam metro station|Kilambakkam]] in the future)''
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← Train Terminates Here
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|}

==Depot==
The elevated station will have a depot to maintain and park trains running between Washermanpet and Wimco Nagar. The depot will have 16 lines, including the one for the station. The depot will have a small station, a training facility, and other amenities for the depot staff and train operators. The depot station is separate from the Wimco Nagar elevated station and will be less than a kilometer away from the Wimco Nagar metro station. It will cover an area of 15,500 square meter and will be at a height of 12 meters. The depot will rest on 1,161 underground foundation pile columns. It is connected with a 1.8-meter-thick concrete raft on which 324 columns of varying thickness will be built. A four-level parking space will be built in these columns below the stabling lines. A 600-meter link corridor connects these lines with the mainline proceeding towards Wimco Nagar elevated station. Other features include a 7.5-meter-wide internal road around the depot, stormwater drains, and 600,000-liter (159,000 gallon) water tank. A 10,000-square-meter area near the depot will be earmarked for future parking spaces, besides a 1,055-square-meter auto coach washing plant with three levels for property development. Designed to handle all the 52 trains of the Metro, the depot is planned to be completed by December 2020.<ref name="CTBUH_Transit_Chennai">{{cite web
| url = https://www.ctbuh.org/news/transit-oriented-development-announced-in-chennai
| title = Transit-Oriented Development Announced in Chennai
| last =
| first =
| date = 8 January 2020
| website = Global Tall Building News
| publisher = CTBUH
| access-date = 14 September 2020
| quote = }}</ref>

The construction of the elevated depot began in 2018 at a cost of {{INR}} 2,300 million. The depot covers an area of 3.5 ha, with provision to station 12 trains. Other facilities in the depot include three inspections lines, one emergency repair line, and a small plant for washing trains.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sekar |first=Sunitha |title = Metro Rail extension gathers pace|newspaper= The Hindu|date=5 May 2018|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/metro-rail-extension-gathers-pace/article23778585.ece |access-date=12 May 2018}}</ref> The Metro Rail is planning to build a 60-meter-tall, 20-storied building above the elevated depot station for residential or office space.<ref name="CTBUH_Transit_Chennai"/>

{{Routemap
| title = Wimco Nagar Depot track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Wimco Nagar metro station|Wimco Nagar]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:35em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}

==Connectivity==
===Rail===
* [[Wimco Nagar railway station]]

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Wimco Nagar railway station]]
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Chennai Monorail]]
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro|blue line=yes}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]
[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Hirakud Captive Power Plant

2025-11-13T14:43:18Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: added new info - done

'''Hirakud Power Plant''' is a coal based [[captive power plant|captive]] thermal power plant located near [[Hirakud]] in [[Sambalpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. The power plant began commercial production in April 2013, is operated by the [[Hindalco Industries]]. The plant supplies power to Hirakud smelter of Hindalco Industries. The coal for the plant is sourced from Talabira captive coal mines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindalco.com/hirakud|title = Hirakud - Our major manufacturing locations - Operations}}</ref>

==Capacity==
It has an installed capacity of '''467.5 MW'''. The plant is functional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindalco.com/power |title=Operations | Power | Hindalco.com |access-date=2014-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326154154/http://www.hindalco.com/power |archive-date=2014-03-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|India|Energy}}
{{Power stations of Odisha}}

{{coord|21.529762|83.908647|display=title}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Odisha]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sambalpur district]]
[[Category:Hindalco Industries]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Odisha]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2013]]
[[Category:Aditya Birla Group]]

Dueball

2025-11-06T21:34:59Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: adding initial stub basic info

{{Short description|Sport}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Dueball
| image =
| caption =
| union = International Dueball Federation
| firstlabel =
| country/region = Worldwide
| registered =
| contact = No
| team = Teams
| mgender = Yes
| category = Outdoor, Indoor
| equipment = [[Ball (association football)|Football]] (indoor or turf football shoes)
| venue = Dueball court
| obsolete =
| olympic = No
| paralympic = No
}}
'''Dueball''' is a [[team sport]] played between two teams of twelve players, originating from [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is a combination of different sports such as basketball, handball and football in addition to some variety of techniques.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='India may host Asian dueball meet' |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/5/21/-India-may-host-Asian-dueball-meet-.html |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref> According to reports, there are no hard and fast rules to consider Dueball as an outdoor sport, and it can be played indoors as well as on beaches and turf grass. The sport is relatively new in the sporting context and it has a brief history as it was introduced in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Originated in city, dueball going places |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/5/4/Originated-in-city-dueball-going-places.html |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Format, rules and structure ==
[[File:Dueball ground (1).pdf|thumb|Dueball court where the game Dueball would be played at]]
Dueball is played with a schedule of two periods consisting of 20 minutes each and with an interval of five minutes. A team consists of 12 players whereas 7 players have to play inside the ground. A team will be adjudged the winner based on the highest score and a team has to score Due (goal) within the Due Board.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
The sport was invented by former Indian national field hockey player Firoz Khan in Nagpur in 2013. In an exclusive interview, the coordinator for the Dueball Federation of India, Yuvraj Padole accredited the sport as "made in India". September 20 is officially marked as the World Dueball Day. The game has spread to over 25 countries with the collective efforts of the International Dueball Federation and Asian Dueball Federation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DFI conducts referee development programme |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/5/20/DFI-conducts-referee-development-programme.html |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Madurai students part of title-winning dueball team |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/nov/02/two-madurai-students-part-of-title-winning-dueball-team-2629148.html |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 November 2023 }}</ref>

Countries such as Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe, Yemen, Indonesia have taken part at International Dueball Championships.<ref>https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/other-sports/180812/men-women-win-in-int%E2%80%99l-dueball</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Team sports}}

[[Category:Precision sports]]
[[Category:Ball games]]
[[Category:Association football variants]]
[[Category:Forms of basketball]]
[[Category:Sports originating in India]]

School of Law, University of Mumbai

2025-10-22T06:49:41Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: Adding new article

{{Short description|Law school in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university |
|name = School of Law, University of Mumbai
|image = [[File:School of Law, UoM.jpg|frameless|School of Law]]
|caption = Front Facade, School of Law
|logo =

[[File:Thane Campus.png|frameless]]
| mottoeng = "The Fruit of Learning is Good Character and Righteous Conduct"
|established = 2014
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
[[Law school]]

| chancellor = [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Devanand Shinde
|city = {{Flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]]
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|country = [[India]]
|students = 480
|undergrad = 480
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], 6 Acres
|affiliations = [[Bar Council of India|BCI]]; [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| coor = {{Coord|19|13|30.5|N|72|59|12.9|E|type:edu|display= title}}
| colours = {{color box|white}}{{color box|black}} White and Black
|website = [http://mu.ac.in/portal/thane-sub-campus University of Mumbai]
}}
The '''School of Law, University of Mumbai''' is a public institution for undergraduate [[legal education in India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MUCLET NOTIFICATION|url=http://mu.ac.in/portal/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/MUCLET.pdf}}</ref> It is established under Department of Law, University of Mumbai and is situated at the [[University of Mumbai, Thane Sub Campus]], [[Thane]], [[Mumbai]]. The college is one of the two law colleges in Mumbai University to offer B.B.A. - LL.B. Course, the other being University of Mumbai Law Academy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.umla.edu.in/ |title=University of Mumbai Law Academy |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816143938/http://www.umla.edu.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thane Sub Campus New paper|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/finally-thane-sub-centre/article_114019|archive-date=10 November 2020|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110105334/http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/finally-thane-sub-centre/article_114019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/thane-sub-centre-could-become-varsity-in-20-yrs/story-8viCrq6aC2gk0ctwPsdd5I.html|title = 'Thane sub-centre could become varsity in 20 yrs'|date = 10 May 2011}}</ref> School of Law is a University administered Institution. The Campus also houses [[Institute of Distance & Open Learning]] and Management courses.

== Admissions ==
Admissions to undergraduate courses happen through the Maharashtra Law CET.<ref>{{cite web|title=MUCLET NOTIFICATION 2|url=http://mu.ac.in/portal/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/MUCLET-Notification.pdf}}</ref> Maharashtra. It is conducted every year for the admission in undergraduate Legal Courses by Maharashtra Government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maha Law CET Brochure|url=http://dhepune.gov.in/News%20And%20Order/5LLB1.pdf}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
The College was built on a budget of 3 [[crore]] Rupees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/finally-thane-sub-centre/article_114019|title=Afternoondc.in|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110105334/http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/finally-thane-sub-centre/article_114019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The building is situated at the newly built sprawling 6.5 acre [https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/University+of+Mumbai's+Thane+Sub-Campus/@19.2252807,72.9863593,19z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0000000000000000:0x1a32b608a1e00a2e!8m2!3d19.225295!4d72.9870099?hl=en University of Mumbai Campus in Thane],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-university-subcentre-in-thane-completes-a-year-2094815|title=Mumbai University subcentre in Thane completes a year}}</ref>

It has the following amenities:

*Library
*Computer Lab
*Moot Court Hall
*Legal Aid Clinic
*In-house Canteen
*Reading Room
*Common Rooms
*Auditorium

==Academics==

===Undergraduate===

School of Law offers a five-year integrated B.B.A.-LL.B.(Hons.) Program.<ref>{{cite web|title=B.B.A.-LL.B. COURSE|url=http://mu.ac.in/portal/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/7.3-BBA-LLB-Skeletal-syllabus-25-08-2015.pdf}}</ref> It offers 60 seats each year. SoL follows a semester system with End Semester Exams happening every December and May. 75% Attendance is strictly mandatory and Bar Council dress code is followed by students.

====Extracurriculars====

Students are regularly provided with guest lectures on current issues and are taken for court visits and seminars.

==Moot Court & Debate Competitions==

The Students of School of Law have participated in many Moot Court Competitions and have its own [https://mcasolmu.wixsite.com/mcasol Moot Court Association]
SoL conducts intra as well as freshre's moot court every year.

Students have achieved and participated in:
*IM Nanavati Memorial Moot Court competition -2018
*BCI National Moot Court
*KES Law College Case Probe Competition - 2017
*10th National Moot Court Competition, K.C. Law College, Chuchgate
*Investigative Court Room Trial, D.Y. Patil Law College, Navi Mumbai
*Intra-College Moot Court Competition, Fort Campus, Fort
*Gnaritus - Model United Nations(MUN)
*Intra-Collegiate Debate Competitions
*GLC MUN - 2017

==Legal Aid Clinic==

The Legal Aid Clinic<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Legal-Aid-Clinic-at-MUs-Thane-centre/articleshow/53724724.cms|title = Legal Aid Clinic at MU's Thane centre}}</ref> (or committee, as is the practice now), established under Legal Service Authorities Act, 1987 which reads as "Develop, in consultation with the Bar Council of India, programs for clinical legal education and promote guidance and supervise the establishment and working of legal services clinics in universities, law colleges and other institutions". The Legal Aid Clinic at School of Law, University of Mumbai aims to provide every citizen with legal help, summary advice, self-help, community legal education, community development and various legal awareness program which is to be run Professors and students of School of Law, University of Mumbai.

==Fest==

School of Law undertakes annual fest every fall that has many competitions and games and celebrations. The University of Mumbai, Thane Sub Campus organises its own cultural festival as well as annual utsav "Khwaish". It consists of youth oriented events and is organised and managed by the students. It has participation from several colleges and encourages students to showcase their talent on a bigger platform. There are more than thirty events, cultural and academic.
* Khwaish 2017
Slogan - "DREAM"-In the City of Dreams, make a wish and be a part of Khwaइश‘17!

[[File:Khwaish.jpg|thumb|Khwaish Fest MUTC Banner]]

==Culture==
The College celebrates all the festivals throughout the year and has annual Week of Celebrations in Winter.

==See also==
*[[Legal education in India]]
*[[List of law schools in India]]
*[[List of colleges in Mumbai]]
*[[University of Mumbai]]

==Gallery==
[[File:SoL UoM Side fecade.jpg|thumb|600x400px|center|College Building]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

}}

[[Category:Law schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universities in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1855]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:1855 establishments in India]]

Miya Khan Chishti's Mosque

2025-10-19T20:03:30Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: small refine article based on references further and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Mosque and tomb in Shahibaug, Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Miya Khan Chishti's Mosque
| infobox_width =
| image = Miya Khan Chishti's Mosque Ahmedabad 1866.jpg
| caption = The mosque in 1866
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Ahmedabad
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque and tomb in [[Ahmedabad]]
| location = Shahibaug, [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.060238|72.5881854|region:IN-GR|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| sect = [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Chishti Order]]
| festivals =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]] and [[dargah]]
| functional_status = Active{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Is the mosque open for worship, or an historic site?}}
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu temple]]}}
| founded_by =
| funded_by = Malik Maksud Vazir
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1465
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| dome_quantity = {{circa|Six}} {{small|(maybe more)}}
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| module = {{Infobox historic site
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| designation1 = | designation1_offname = | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Miya Khan Chishti's Mosque''', or more correctly, the '''Miya Khan Chishti's Mosque and Tomb''', is a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[mosque]] and [[dargah]] complex, located on the bank of [[Sabarmati River]] in the Shahibaug area of [[Ahmedabad]], in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]].

== History ==
The Miya Khan Chishti's Mosque was built in 1465 by Malik Maksud Vazir, brother of Malik Bahauddin, for Miya Khan Chishti, whose family was the holder of office of city judge or ''Kazi'' during [[Gujarat Sultanate]] rule. The mosque is maintained by the family of Sardar Kazi Nasiruddin Fariduddin, the [[Chishti Order|Chishty]] first non-Talukdar Sardar of Gujarat.

== Architecture ==
The mosque is an example of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] which blends [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu temple]] architectural elements. There are three main domes surrounded by several smaller domes. The facade has ornated entrance and two [[minaret]]s with fine stone carvings. Both minarets were damaged in [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake]]. The mosque also sustained damage from [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]].<ref name=gg>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad |year=1879 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354/page/n290 284]}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu1">{{cite news |title=Adhesives injected to protect monuments |date=2001-02-19 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/19/stories/0219000h.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141211185431/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/19/stories/0219000h.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-12-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2014-12-11}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Near View Miya Khan Chishti's Mosque Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|The mosque in 1866
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Attributions ===
* This article includes public domain text from {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad|year=1879|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354|publisher=Government Central Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3354/page/n290 284]}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.vam.ac.uk/users/node/17520 Model of original mosque on VAM UK]

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Ahmedabad topics|status=collapsed}}

[[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1465]]
[[Category:Chishti Order buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat Sultanate mosques]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1460s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Sufi mosques in India]]
[[Category:Sufism in Ahmedabad]]

Janardan Thakur

2025-10-02T05:30:46Z

Stickerlabelingmachine: added new data

{{Short description|Indian editor and reporter (1936–1999)}}
'''Janardan Thakur''' (March 1, 1936 – July 12, 1999)<ref name="b749"/> was a veteran editor, political reporter and columnist.<ref name="s519"/> He was also the former editor of English-language daily newspaper, ''[[The Free Press Journal]]''.<ref name="s519">{{cite web | last=Roy | first=Biswajit | title=Shri Mahajan Condoles The Death Of Shri Janardhan Thakur| website= Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting| date=31 December 2002 |quote= a highly respected journalist whose contribution to the growth of journalism is commendable. | url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0799/r120799.html | access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="q543">{{cite web | title= Remembering Janardan Thakur | website=Rediff.com | date=13 July 1999 | url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/13thakur.htm | access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> As an author, he is most known for his book, ''All The Prime Minister’s Men'' (1977), which is considered a classic in political writing as well as on the ''[[Emergency (India)|Emergency period]]'' <ref name="s356">{{cite web | title=Indian Journalism in a New Era | website=OUP India | date=24 December 2018 |editor=Shakuntala Rao| url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_Journalism_in_a_New_Era/8S8DEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Janardan+Thakur+journalist&pg=RA1-PA13&printsec=frontcover |page= 13| access-date=24 January 2025}}</ref> and ''All the Janata Men'' (1978). <ref name="z727"/><ref name="w183">{{cite web | title= Must read 5 books that capture the era: 1962-1977 | website=Hindustan Times | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/75th-independence-day/politics/must-read-1962-1977 | access-date=24 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="n741">{{cite web | last=Kuruvilla | first=Elizabeth | title=6 books on the Emergency you should read | website=Mint | date=20 June 2015 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/76rmBGGHskSxjgequ7qvHK/The-muzzle-removed-Chronicles-of-the-Emergency.html | access-date=24 January 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Born March 1, 1936 in [[Bihar]], Thakur started his career with the [[Patna]]-based daily newspaper, ''Searchlight'', in December 1959.<ref name="b749">{{cite web | title=JANARDAN THAKUR DEAD | website=Telegraph India | date=12 July 1999 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/janardan-thakur-dead/cid/917872 | access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> Later, he remained a Jefferson Fellow at the [[East–West Center]], Hawaii in 1971. <ref name="z014">{{cite web | title=JEFFERSON FELLOWS, 1967 - 2018 | url=https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/filemanager/Professional_Development/Seminars/Jefferson%20Fellowships/JEFFS%20MASTER%20LIST%20-%20by%20country%2C%209.25.18.pdf|website= East–West Center | access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> He joined the [[Ananda Bazar Patrika]] group in 1976, and subsequently in the 1980s, he started freelancing and went on to become a syndicated columnist.<ref name="b749"/> He remained political journalist with the magazine, ''[[The Illustrated Weekly Of India]]'' and ''[[The Asian Age]]''.<ref name="z727">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Sanjukta | title=The Prime Minister’s Men: Indira Gandhi’s inner circle | website=Mint lounge | date=12 January 2019 | url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/the-prime-minister-s-men-indira-gandhi-s-inner-circle-111642591093894.html | access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> In 1990s, he moved to Mumbai and became the editor of newspaper, ''The Free Press Journal''. <ref name="b749"/><ref name="z727"/>

He also authored books like ''All the Prime Minister's Men after the Emergency''; ''All the Janata Men; V.P. Singh: A Quest for Power'', ''PMs: Nehru to Vajpayee'' and ''Faces: Forty in the Fray''.

==Personal life==
On July 12, 1999, at the age of 64, he died of a heart attack in Mumbai (then Bombay).<ref name="e303">{{cite web | title=Janardan Thakur dead | website=[[Rediff.com]] | date=12 July 1999 | url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/12jana.htm | access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="b749"/> He was survived by his wife, Purnima, daughters Chitra, Pooja and Richa, and son [[Sankarshan Thakur]], national editor of the newspaper, ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]''.<ref name="e303"/><ref name="s653">{{cite web | author=The Weekend Leader | title=‘I have been very fortunate with my editors | website=The Weekend Leader | url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/1105/scribes-story.html | access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103040/page/n3/mode/2up All The Prime Minister’s Men ]''. Vikas Publishing. 1977. ISBN 9780706905663.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/alljanatamen0000thak All the Janata Men]''. Vikas Publishing. 1978. ISBN 9780706906448.
* ''Indira Gandhi and Her Power Game''. Vikas Publishing. 1979. ISBN 9780706909852

* ''V.P. Singh: The Quest for Power''. Warbler Books. 1989.
* ''Prime Ministers: Nehru to Vajpayee'' (with [[Dom Moraes]]). Eshwar. 1999. ISBN 9788186982723.
* ''Faces: Forty in the Fray''. 1999. Business Publications Incorporated. ISBN 9788176930185.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://gfilesindia.com/emergency-years/ Book Excerpt: ''Prime Ministers: Nehru to Vajpayee'' by Janardan Thakur]
* [https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/10arun.htm His Last Column, 1999]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Janardan}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]