https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=StevieJ461261267 Bharatpedia - User contributions [en] 2026-08-17T11:57:57Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uthiramerur_Assembly_constituency&diff=542898 Uthiramerur Assembly constituency 2026-05-07T08:36:16Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Added</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 36<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Uthiramerur.svg<br /> | district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kancheepuram]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | mla = [[K. Sundar]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2021<br /> | name = Uthiramerur<br /> | electors = 246,177 <br /> | reservation = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Uthiramerur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Kancheepuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 36. It comprises [[Uthiramerur taluk]] and a portion of [[Kanchipuram taluk]] and forms a part of [[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&amp;%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification &amp; Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | [[O. Srinivasa Reddiar]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[K. M. Rajagopal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[S. Pakkur Subramanyan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[S. Jagathrakshakan]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[K. Narasimma Pallavan]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[K. Sundar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[Kanchi Panneerselvam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[K. Sundar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[V. Somasundaram]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[K. Sundar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[P. Ganesan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[K. Sundar]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> |2026<br /> |[[J. Munirathinam]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.02}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.48}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.84}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.46}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.71}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.11}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.03}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|68.85}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.01}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.71}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|41.25}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.39}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sundar]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mageshkumar|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate|candidate=S. Sridhar|party=[[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Maram Maasilamani|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. Munirathinam]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 246177|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Uthiramerur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a036|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sundar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=93,427 |percentage=44.38% |change=+1.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Somasundaram]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=91,805|percentage=43.61%|change=+6.7}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kamacthi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=11,405|percentage=5.42%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. V. Ranjithkumar]]|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=7,211|percentage=3.43%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Susaiappar|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|votes=2,100|percentage=1.00%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,622 |percentage=0.77% |change= -5.35% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=210,529|percentage=80.86%|change=-2.15%}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=442|percentage=0.21%}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260,367 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.36% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sundar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,513 |percentage=43.02% |change=-0.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ganesan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,357 |percentage=36.90% |change=-14.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gangadharan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=24,221 |percentage=12.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajendran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,184 |percentage=4.62% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,647 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,156 |percentage=6.12% |change= -2.08% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=198,773 |percentage=83.00% |change= -3.45% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,472 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.73% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Ganesan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=86,912 |percentage=51.75% |change=+11.31 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponkumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,146 |percentage=43.55% |change=-5.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mohanavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,917 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Gurumurthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,407 |percentage=0.84% |change=+0.14 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. J. Arokiasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,133 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Deivasigamani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,063 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,766 |percentage=8.20% |change= -0.11% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=167,946 |percentage=86.46% |change= 7.20% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,258 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.00% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sundar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,488 |percentage=48.75% |change=+13.4 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Somasundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,472 |percentage=40.44% |change=-16.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Murugesan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,335 |percentage=7.15% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,070 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Lakshimi Narasiman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,043 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Rajavelu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,010 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,016 |percentage=8.31% |change= -12.82% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=144,596 |percentage=79.25% |change= 12.68% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,455 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.73% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Somasundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,824 |percentage=56.48% |change=+30.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sundar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,202 |percentage=35.35% |change=-17.5 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Radha Krishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,668 |percentage=2.04% |change=-0.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ravi Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,499 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Tamil Vendan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,399 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Parvendan |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=1,293 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Managa |party=Independent politician |votes=834 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,622 |percentage=21.13% |change= -5.33% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=130,716 |percentage=66.57% |change= -7.38% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,375 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.63% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sundar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,086 |percentage=52.84% |change=+27.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. K. Gnanasekaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,994 |percentage=26.38% |change=-29.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kamalambal |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=19,143 |percentage=15.31% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Janakiraman |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,446 |percentage=2.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gv. Mathiazhagan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,401 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,092 |percentage=26.46% |change= -3.38% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=125,058 |percentage=73.95% |change= 3.36% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,287 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.61% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kanchi Panneerselvam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,367 |percentage=55.46% |change=+33.09 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sundar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,273 |percentage=25.62% |change=-9.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Viswanathan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=20,552 |percentage=17.99% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,094 |percentage=29.84% |change= 17.50% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=114,265 |percentage=70.59% |change= 9.30% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,439 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 20.75% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Sundar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,304 |percentage=34.71% |change=-4.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sundar Raman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,175 |percentage=22.37% |change=-34.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Era. Anbarasu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,057 |percentage=13.37% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=12,019 |percentage=13.33% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jagathrakshakan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,921 |percentage=9.89% |change=-47.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Devraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,307 |percentage=2.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Elumalai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,784 |percentage=1.98% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Elango |party=Independent politician |votes=473 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,129 |percentage=12.34% |change= -5.27% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=90,191 |percentage=61.29% |change= -16.52% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,706 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.50% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Narasimma Pallavan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,797 |percentage=57.21% |change=+8.1 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. V. M. A. Ponmozhi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,007 |percentage=39.60% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Devaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,784 |percentage=2.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,790 |percentage=17.61% |change= 15.81% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=101,024 |percentage=77.81% |change= 8.12% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,151 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.10% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Jagathrakshakan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,303 |percentage=49.11% |change=+4.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramadoss |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,717 |percentage=47.31% |change=+34.86 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Seetharama Naicker |party=Janata Party |votes=1,434 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=983 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=564 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,586 |percentage=1.80% |change= -14.45% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=88,172 |percentage=69.69% |change= 2.40% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,261 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.08% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pakkur Subramanyan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,877 |percentage=45.03% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Erajagopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,294 |percentage=28.78% |change=-40.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,647 |percentage=12.45% |change=-15.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Radhakrishnan |party=Janata Party |votes=8,641 |percentage=11.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Kuppuswamy Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=1,998 |percentage=2.58% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,583 |percentage=16.25% |change= -24.34% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=77,457 |percentage=67.29% |change= -8.30% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,733 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -23.83% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Rajagopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,462 |percentage=68.85% |change=+4.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,896 |percentage=28.27% |change=-7.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. E. Pachaiyappan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,027 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,566 |percentage=40.59% |change= 12.57% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,385 |percentage=75.60% |change= -7.64% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,108 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.84% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Rajagopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,689 |percentage=64.01% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. S. Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,814 |percentage=35.99% |change=-17.72 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,875 |percentage=28.02% |change= 12.92% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=74,503 |percentage=83.23% |change= 5.47% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,974 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.30% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=O. Srinivasa Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,766 |percentage=53.71% |change=+15.29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Doraswamy Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=24,276 |percentage=38.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Deenadayalu Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,705 |percentage=2.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T .G. Sundaramoorthy |party=Tamilnad Socialist Labour Party |votes=1,421 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthumari Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=771 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinna Kannu Naicker |party=Swatantra Party |votes=630 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,490 |percentage=15.09% |change= 12.26% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=62,871 |percentage=77.76% |change= 23.36% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,188 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 12.46% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=18,385 |percentage=41.25% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Duraiswamy Nayagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,122 |percentage=38.42% |change=+2.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Munuswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,706 |percentage=10.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugesa Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,416 |percentage=7.66% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jagannathan |party=Independent politician |votes=939 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,263 |percentage=2.83% |change= -7.40% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=44,568 |percentage=54.40% |change= 0.96% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,928 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.86% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Uthiramerur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,144 |percentage=36.39% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Duraiswami Naicker |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=9,449 |percentage=26.16% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Srinivasalu Naidu |party=Republican Party of India |votes=8,192 |percentage=22.68% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jagannadan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,698 |percentage=7.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Singara Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,636 |percentage=7.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,695 |percentage=10.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=36,119 |percentage=53.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,590 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12.6146|N|79.7584|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Kanchipuram district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zou_language&diff=546609 Zou language 2026-05-04T21:28:03Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language of Burma and India}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> | name = Zou<br /> | altname = Zo<br /> | image = Shukla Zoulai.svg<br /> | imagescale = <br /> | imagecaption = 'Zo Lai' in Zolai alphabet<br /> | states = Manipur, India<br /> | region = Tonzang: [[Chin State]], [[Chin Hills]];&lt;br&gt;<br /> In India: [[Mizoram]] and [[Manipur]], [[Chandel district|Chandel]], [[Singngat]] subdivision and Sungnu area; [[Churachandpur]] districts; [[Assam]].<br /> | ethnicity = [[Zou people|Zou]]<br /> | speakers = {{sigfig|87,500|2}}<br /> | date = 2012<br /> | ref = e25<br /> | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan<br /> | fam2 = [[Kuki-Chin languages]]&lt;ref name=Haokip&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haokip|first=Pauthang|title=Socio-linguistic Situation in North-east India|year=2011|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-8180697609|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnYShQ7TryMC&amp;pg=PA55}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | fam3 = [[Northeastern Kuki-Chin languages]]<br /> | script = [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Zoulai alphabet]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/zoulai.htm|title=Zoulai|website=Omniglot.com|access-date=2021-12-28|archive-date=2021-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228173614/https://omniglot.com/writing/zoulai.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | iso3 = zom<br /> | glotto = zouu1235<br /> | glottorefname = Zo<br /> }}<br /> '''Zou''' (also spelled '''Zo''' and known as '''Zokam''') is a language of the [[Northeastern Kuki-Chin languages|Northeastern]] branch of [[Kuki-Chin languages]]&lt;ref name=Haokip /&gt; originating in western [[Burma]] and spoken also in [[Mizoram]] and [[Manipur]] in northeastern [[India]].<br /> <br /> The name Zou is sometimes used as a cover term for the languages of all [[Mizo people]] (Zo people) i.e., [[Kuki people|Kukish]] and [[Chin people]]s, especially the [[Zomi people]].<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> <br /> The set of 23 Zou consonantal phonemes can be established on the basis of the following minimal pairs or overlapping words. Besides these 23 Phonemes, 1 consonant is a borrowed phoneme (i.e. /r/), which is found only in loan words, in very rare cases (e.g. /r/ in /rəŋ/ &quot;color&quot;). Along with these consonants, Zou has 7 vowels: i, e, a, ɔ, o, u, ə.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Yashawanta |first2=Lukram |last2=Himmat |date=February 2013 |title=Zou Phonology |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2013/zouphonologyfinal.pdf |journal=Language in India |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=683–701 |access-date=2019-02-19 |archive-date=2018-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123155118/http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2013/zouphonologyfinal.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+ Consonant Phonemes<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> ![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br /> ![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/&lt;br&gt;[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br /> ![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Plosive]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{IPA link|p}}<br /> |{{IPA link|t}}<br /> |{{IPA link|c}}<br /> |{{IPA link|k}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|{{IPA link|ʔ}}<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{IPA link|pʰ}}<br /> |{{IPA link|tʰ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|kʰ}}<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{IPA link|b}}<br /> |{{IPA link|d}}<br /> |{{IPA link|ɟ}}<br /> |{{IPA link|g}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Affricate]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|tʃ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Fricative]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |{{IPA link|v}}<br /> |{{IPA link|s}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|h}}<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|z}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br /> |{{IPA link|m}}<br /> |{{IPA link|n}}<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|ŋ}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|l}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]<br /> |<br /> |({{IPA link|r}})<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Semivowel]]<br /> |{{IPA link|w}}<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|j}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |+Vowels<br /> !<br /> ![[Front vowel|Front]]<br /> ![[Central vowel|Central]]<br /> ![[Back vowel|Back]]<br /> |-<br /> ![[Close vowel|Close]]<br /> |{{IPA link|i}}<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|u}}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br /> |{{IPA link|e}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{IPA link|ə}}<br /> |{{IPA link|o}}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|ɔ}}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Open vowel|Open]]<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|a}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Orthography==<br /> ===Vowels===<br /> * a - [a]<br /> * aw - [ɔ]<br /> * e - [e/ə]<br /> * i - [i~j]<br /> * o - [o]<br /> * u - [u~w]&lt;ref name=&quot;omniglot.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Zou language, script, and pronunciation |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zou.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=2019-07-06 |archive-date=2019-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706155644/https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zou.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> * b - [b]<br /> * ch - [c]<br /> * d - [d]<br /> * g - [g]<br /> * h - [h], [ʔ] at the end of a syllable<br /> * j - [ɟ]<br /> * k - [k]<br /> * kh - [kʰ]<br /> * l - [l]<br /> * m - [m]<br /> * n - [n]<br /> * ng - [ŋ]<br /> * p - [p]<br /> * ph - [pʰ]<br /> * r - [r]<br /> * s - [s]<br /> * t - [t]<br /> * th - [tʰ]<br /> * v - [ʋ]<br /> * z - [z]&lt;ref name=&quot;omniglot.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Types of Zo verbs ==<br /> The Zo verbs can be classified into three types: Stem (1), Stem (2), Stem (3) as given below:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Philip Thanglienmang Tungdim |title=A Descriptive Grammar of the Zo Language |url=https://an-in.academia.edu/philipthanglienmangtungdim |website=Academia |access-date=22 March 2019 |date=2012 |archive-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325112817/http://an-in.academia.edu/philipthanglienmangtungdim |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Types of Zo Verbs <br /> |Stem 1<br /> |Stem 2<br /> |Stem 3<br /> |Stem 4<br /> |-<br /> |piê-give<br /> |pie?<br /> |pe-<br /> |pieh<br /> |-<br /> |puo-carry<br /> |puo?<br /> |po-<br /> |pua-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Numbers==<br /> [[Zomi]] numbers are counted as follows:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Philip |last=Thangliènmâng Tungdim |title=Zo-English-Hindi Kizìlna Lȁibú |trans-title=Self-tutor book of Zo-English-Hindi |url=https://www.academia.edu/3715035 |access-date=20 August 2019 |date=2011 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621013852/https://www.academia.edu/3715035 |url-status=live |isbn=978-81-920282-0-0 |publisher=Zou Cultural-cum-Literature Society India |location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Numeral!!Zou!!English!!Hindi<br /> |-<br /> !0 <br /> |{{lang|zom|be̋m}} || zero || {{lang|hi|शून्य}} {{translit|hi|śūnya}}<br /> |-<br /> !1 <br /> |{{lang|zom|khàt}} || one|| {{lang|hi|एक}} {{translit|hi|ek}}<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |{{lang|zom|nì:}} || two ||{{lang|hi|दो}} {{translit|hi|do}} <br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |{{lang|zom|thum}} || three ||{{lang|hi|तीन}} {{translit|hi|tīn}}<br /> |-<br /> !4<br /> |{{lang|zom|li:}}|| four || {{lang|hi|चार}} {{translit|hi|cār}}<br /> |-<br /> !5<br /> |{{lang|zom|nga:}} || five || {{lang|hi|पाँच}} {{translit|hi|pā̃c}}<br /> |-<br /> !6<br /> |{{lang|zom|gùh}} || six || {{lang|hi|छह}} {{translit|hi|chah}}<br /> |-<br /> !7<br /> |{{lang|zom|sagí}} || seven || {{lang|hi|सात}} {{translit|hi|sāt}}<br /> |-<br /> !8<br /> |{{lang|zom|giét}} || eight ||{{lang|hi|आठ}} {{translit|hi|āṭh}}<br /> |-<br /> !9<br /> |{{lang|zom|kuó}} || nine || {{lang|hi|नौ}} {{translit|hi|nau}}<br /> |-<br /> !10<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwm}}, {{lang|zom|sôm}} || ten|| {{lang|hi|दस}} {{translit|hi|das}}<br /> |-<br /> !11<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwm leh khàt}} || eleven ||{{lang|hi|ग्यारह}} {{translit|hi|gyārah}}<br /> |-<br /> !12<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwm leh nì}} || twelve || {{lang|hi|बारह}} {{translit|hi|bārah}}<br /> |-<br /> !13<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwm leh thum}} || thirteen ||{{lang|hi|तेरह}} {{translit|hi|terah}}<br /> |-<br /> !14<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwm leh li:}}|| fourteen || {{lang|hi|चौदह}} {{translit|hi|caudah}}<br /> |-<br /> !15<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwm leh nga:}} || fifteen || {{lang|hi|पंद्रह}} {{translit|hi|pandrah}}<br /> |-<br /> !16<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwm leh gùh}} || sixteen || {{lang|hi|सोलह}} {{translit|hi|solah}}<br /> |-<br /> !17<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwm leh sagí}} || seventeen || {{lang|hi|सत्रह}} {{translit|hi|satrah}}<br /> |-<br /> !18<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwm leh giét}} || eighteen ||{{lang|hi|अठारह}} {{translit|hi|aṭhārah}}<br /> |-<br /> !19<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwm leh kuó}} || nineteen || {{lang|hi|उन्नीस}} {{translit|hi|unnīs}}<br /> |-<br /> !20<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwmnì}} || twenty || {{lang|hi|बीस}} {{translit|hi|bīs}}<br /> |-<br /> !30<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwmthum}} || thirty || {{lang|hi|तीस}} {{translit|hi|tīs}}<br /> |-<br /> !40<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwmli:}} || forty || {{lang|hi|चालीस}} {{translit|hi|cālīs}}<br /> |-<br /> !50<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwmnga:}} || fifty || {{lang|hi|पचास}} {{translit|hi|pacās}}<br /> |-<br /> !60<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwmgùh}} || sixty || {{lang|hi|साठ}} {{translit|hi|sāṭh}}<br /> |-<br /> !70<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwmsagí}} || seventy || {{lang|hi|सत्तर}} {{translit|hi|sattar}}<br /> |-<br /> !80<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwmgiét}} || eighty || {{lang|hi|अस्सी}} {{translit|hi|assī}}<br /> |-<br /> !90<br /> |{{lang|zom|sàwmkuò}} || ninety || {{lang|hi|नव्वे}} {{translit|hi|navve}}<br /> |-<br /> !100<br /> | {{lang|zom|zȁ}} || hundred || {{lang|hi|सौ}} {{translit|hi|sau}}<br /> |-<br /> !1,000<br /> |{{lang|zom|sa̋ng}}, {{lang|zom|tȕl}} || one thousand || {{lang|hi|हज़ार}} {{translit|hi|hazār}}<br /> |-<br /> !10,000<br /> | {{lang|zom|si̋ng}}, {{lang|zom|tȕlsàwm}}, {{lang|zom|sa̋ngsàwm}} || ten thousand ||{{lang|hi|दस हज़ार}} {{translit|hi|das hazār}}<br /> |-<br /> !100,000<br /> |{{lang|zom|nuòi}}, {{lang|zom|tȕlzà}}, {{lang|zom|sa̋ngzà}} || one hundred thousand, one lakh || {{lang|hi|लाख}} {{translit|hi|lākh}}<br /> |-<br /> !1,000,000<br /> |{{lang|zom|nuòisàwm}}, {{lang|zom|sa̋ngtȕl}}, {{lang|zom|tȕltȕl}} || one million || {{lang|hi|दस लाख}} {{translit|hi|das lākh}}<br /> |-<br /> !10,000,000<br /> |{{lang|zom|thȅn}}, {{lang|zom|vâibêlsié}}, {{lang|zom|kráwl}} || ten million, one crore ||{{lang|hi|करोड़}} {{translit|hi|karoṛ}}<br /> |-<br /> !100,000,000<br /> |{{lang|zom|thȅnzà}}, {{lang|zom|kráwl sàwm}} || one billion, ten crore || {{lang|hi|अरब}} {{translit|hi|arab}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Writing systems==<br /> Zou is often written in a Latin script developed by Christian missionary J.H. Cope. In 1952, M. Siahzathang of Churachandpur created an alternative script known as Zolai or Zoulai, an [[alphabet]]ic system with some [[Abugida|alphasyllabic]] characteristics. The user community for the script is growing- Zou cultural, political, and literary organizations began to adopt the script beginning in the 1970s, and more recently, the [[Government of Manipur|Manipur State Government]] has shown support for both Siahzathang and the script.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Anshuman |title=Introducing the Zou Script |url=http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10254r2-zou.pdf |access-date=30 December 2019 |date=29 September 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718045320/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10254r2-zou.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Ian James |author2=Mattias Persson |title=Script for Zou |url=http://skyknowledge.com/zolai.htm |website=skyknowledge.com |access-date=19 February 2019 |date=March 2012 |archive-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232631/http://skyknowledge.com/zolai.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Linguistic relations==<br /> Zou among the [[Northeastern Kuki-Chin languages]] is closely related to the Central languages such as the [[Mizo languages|Duhlian]] (Lusei/Lushai) or [[Mizo language]] ([[endonym]] in [[Mizo languages|Duhlian]] or [[Lushai]] is ''Mizo ṭawng''), the [[lingua franca]] language of [[Mizoram]].{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}<br /> <br /> Zou as spoken in India is similar to the [[Paite language]] of the [[Paite people|Paite]], though Zou lacks the word-final glottal stops present in Paite.&lt;ref name=&quot;bareh&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Manipu|year=2001|publisher=Mittal|isbn=978-81-7099-790-0|pages=260ff|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&amp;pg=PA260|access-date=22 November 2010|chapter=Zou}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Their language is called Zou which is similar to the language spoken by the Paite. Unlike the Zou, the Paite possess the terminal glottal stop 'h'. For example, a word for 'good' is ''hoih'' in Paite while it changes into ''hoi'' in the Zou language. [[Sannemla]] ([[Zou folksongs]]) are also popular among the Paite, although they are rendered in their individual dialect bearing the characteristic phonetic differences.&quot; {{Cite book |author1=Singh, Kumar Suresh |title=People of India: Manipur |author2=Horam, M. |author3=Rizvi, S. H. M. |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India by Seagull Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7154-769-2 |page=253 |name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographical extent==<br /> At its largest extent, the geographic area covered by the language group is a territory of approximately 60,000 square miles (160,000 km2) in size, in [[Burma]], [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]].&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopaedia of South-Asian tribes - Volume 8 - Page 3436 Satinder Kumar - 2000 &quot;According to the 1981 census, 12,515 persons speak the Zou language&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; However political boundaries and political debates have distorted the extent of the area in some sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |quote=But against the background of all such conflict the Zomi National Congress went a step further in its argument for a Zomi identity by claiming Thado language as Zomi language. In the Kuki-Chin group of tribes, numerical strength has played ... |author=Gopalakrishnan, Ramamoorthy|year=1996|title=Socio-political framework in North-East India|location=New Delhi|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|page=150|oclc=34850808}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===In Burma===<br /> It is used in [[Chin State]], [[Tiddim]], and the [[Chin Hills]]. Use of Burmese has increased in the Zo speaking Chin State since the 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Evaluating the Impact of Family Devotions Upon Selected Families from the Zomi Christian Community of Tulsa |oclc= 645086982 |page=7 |author=Nang Khen Khup |type=Thesis |publisher=Oral Roberts University |year=2007 |quote=The Zomi language is descended from the Tibeto-Burman language domain. Though each tribal group speaks its own dialect, Burmese is widely used in Zoland (Chinland) due to Burmanization of military regime for over five decades}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ethnologue'' reports that Zou is spoken in the following townships of Myanmar.<br /> <br /> *[[Chin State]]: [[Tonzang]], [[Hakha]], and [[Tedim]] townships<br /> *[[Sagaing Division]]: [[Kalay]], [[Khampat]], and [[Tamu, Burma|Tamu]] townships<br /> <br /> ===In India===<br /> *[[Manipur]]<br /> **[[Chandel district]]: [[Singngat]] subdivision and the Sungnu Sachih / Kana area<br /> **[[Churachandpur district]]<br /> *[[Mizoram]]<br /> *[[Assam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shyamkishor, Ayangbam|title=In Search of Common Identity: A Study of Chin-Kuki-Mizo Community in India|journal=International Journal of South Asian Studies: A Biannual Journal of South Asian Studies|volume=3|issue=1|page=131&amp;ndash;140|url=http://www.qbase.co.in/pu/sites/default/files/ijsas13082010.pdf#page=135|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321194245/http://www.qbase.co.in/pu/sites/default/files/ijsas13082010.pdf#page=135|archive-date=2012-03-21|url-status=dead|access-date=2014-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===In Bangladesh===<br /> In Bangladesh it is used by the [[Bom people|Bawm people]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Loncheu |first=Nathan |year=2013|editor-last=Dena |editor-first=Lal |title=Bawmzos: A Study Of The Chin-Kuki-Zo Tribes Of Chittagong|location=New Delhi|publisher=Akansha Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8370-346-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Reichle |first=Verena |year=1981|title=Bawm language and lore: Tibeto-Burman area|series=Europäische Hochschulschriften series 21, Linguistik: volume 14|location=Bern, Switzerland|publisher=P. Lang|isbn=978-3-261-04935-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{Cite book| last=DeLancey |first=Scott |year=1987 |chapter=Part VIII: Sino-Tibetan languages |editor-last=Comrie |editor-first=Bernard |title=The World's Major Languages |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=797–810 |isbn=978-0-19-520521-3}}<br /> * {{Cite thesis |last=Thang |first=Khoi Lam |year=2001 |title=A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Chin |degree=MA |location=Chiang Mai |publisher=Payap University |url=https://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_PDF/Khois-Proto-Reconstruction-of-Chin-revised.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902223631/https://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_PDF/Khois-Proto-Reconstruction-of-Chin-revised.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-02}}<br /> * {{Cite thesis |last=Button |first=Christopher Thomas James |year=2009 |title=A Reconstruction of Proto Northern Chin in Old Burmese and Old Chinese Perspective |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=London |publisher=University of London |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29548/1/10731704.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530204422/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29548/1/10731704.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-30}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Button |first=Christopher Thomas James |year=2011 |title=Proto Northern Chin |series=STEDT monograph |volume=10 |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |isbn=978-0-944613-49-8}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.academia.edu/735120/Zo_Tonology Zo Tonology]<br /> *[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/zou.htm Omniglot Zou]<br /> *[https://www.tongdot.com Tongdot]<br /> {{Incubator|code=zom}}<br /> <br /> {{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br /> {{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}<br /> {{Languages of Burma}}<br /> {{Languages of Northeast India}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kuki-Chin languages]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Manipur]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunflower_(web_series)&diff=538312 Sunflower (web series) 2026-05-04T09:38:32Z <p>StevieJ461261267: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian web series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Sunflower web series poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Promotional poster<br /> | genre = {{Plain list|<br /> * [[Crime]]<br /> * [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]<br /> * [[Comedy]]<br /> }}<br /> | creator = [[Vikas Bahl]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | starring = [[Sunil Grover]]<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 2<br /> | num_episodes = 16<br /> | composer = {{unbulleted list<br /> |'''Background score'''|Sahej Bakshi|Sarvesh Shrivastava <br /> }}<br /> | network = [[ZEE5]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2021|06|11|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = present<br /> | company = [[Reliance Entertainment]]<br /> | director = {{Plain list|<br /> * [[Vikas Bahl]]<br /> * Rahul Sengupta<br /> * Navin Gujral<br /> }}<br /> | writer = Vikas Bahl<br /> =Jasmeet Singh Bhatia Season 2<br /> | editor = Konarak Saxena<br /> | cinematography = [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]<br /> | list_episodes = Sunflower (web series)#Episode list<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Sunflower''''' is an Indian [[black comedy]] [[web series]] created by [[Vikas Bahl]] for [[ZEE5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunil Grover Begins Shoot for Web Series Sunflower by Vikas Bahl|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sunil-grover-begins-shoot-for-web-series-sunflower-by-vikas-bahl-3056444.html | publisher=News18 | agency=IANS | date=8 November 2020 | accessdate=8 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vikas Bahl Digital Debut|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/web-series/vikas-bahl-will-debut-with-the-web-series-sunflower-on-zee5?pageId=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is produced by [[Reliance Entertainment]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=8 June 2021|title=Reliance Entertainment's 'Sunflower' to premiere on ZEE5 on 11 June|work=Livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/reliance-entertainment-s-sunflower-to-premiere-on-zee5-on-11-june-11623129147590.html|access-date=8 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunil grovers first look in murder nystery sunflower unveiled|url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/entertainment-hindi/sunil-grover-first-look-in-murder-mystry-sunflower-unveiled-releasing-on-zee5-dark-after-tandav-4654417/}}&lt;/ref&gt; starring actor-comedian [[Sunil Grover]] in the lead role as Sonu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunil Grover on 'Sunflower' first look: Poster builds intrigue around my character|date=10 May 2021 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/sunil-grover-on-sunflower-first-look-poster-builds-intrigue-around-my-characteractor-comedian-sunil-grover-says-the-first-look-poster-of-his-upcomi-703783}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunil Grover On His First Look In 'Sunflower': &quot;It Builds A Lot Of Intrigue Around The Plot&quot;|date=10 May 2021 |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/sunil-grover-on-his-first-look-in-sunflower-it-builds-a-lot-of-intrigue-around-the-plot/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunil grovers look revealed after amazon prime video|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-sunil-grover-first-look-from-web-series-sunflower-revealed-after-amazon-prime-video-controversial-tandav-21632222.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The cast includes actors like [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Girish Kulkarni]], [[Mukul Chadda]], [[Shonali Nagrani]], [[Sonal Jha]] and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunil Grover-led web series Sunflower offers intrigue, actor says 'It will blow your minds'|date=12 April 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/sunil-grover-led-web-series-sunflower-offers-intrigue-actor-says-it-will-blow-your-minds-7270542/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first season consisted of 8 episodes, it started streaming on ZEE5 on June 11, 2021, and received generally positive reviews from critics and audience for its direction, writing and acting.<br /> <br /> Following its release, ZEE5 renewed the series for a second season, with actress [[Adah Sharma]] joining the cast for the season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Adah Sharma joins Sunil Grover in 'Sunflower Season 2', says 'After The Kerala Story...'|date=10 January 2024 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/adah-sharma-joins-sunil-grover-in-sunflower-season-2-says-after-the-kerala-story-13595822.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Manoj Bajpayee's Bandaa, Sunil Grover's Sunflower S2 to Huma Qureshi's Tarla: ZEE5 unveils new slate'|work=Hindustan Times|date=20 May 2023|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/manoj-bajpayees-bandaa-sunil-grovers-sunflower-s2-to-huma-qureshis-tarla-zee5-unveils-new-slate-101684570665263.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second season premiered on March 1, 2024.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The story revolves around a murder mystery based in a middle-class housing society in Mumbai called &quot;Sunflower&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vikas Bahl-Rahul Sengupta pair up for ZEE5's 'Sunflower'|date=16 October 2020 |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/vikas-bahl-rahul-sengupta-pair-up-for-zee5s-sunflower/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Sunil Grover]] as Sonu Singh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunil Grover's look in sunflower|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-sunil-grover-look-in-the-upcoming-crime-comedy-series-sunflower-has-been-revealed-4023123.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Adah Sharma]] as Rosie Mehta&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Sunflower' S2 trailer: Adah Sharma joins Sunil Grover in murder mystery comedy|date=15 February 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/sunflower-season-two-trailer-adah-sharma-joins-sunil-grover-in-murder-mystery-comedy-ranvir-shorey-zee5-2502637-2024-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Inspector S. Digendra<br /> * [[Girish Kulkarni]] as Sub Inspector Chetan Tambe <br /> * [[Mukul Chadda]] as Mr. Ahuja<br /> * [[Radha Bhatt]] as Mrs. Ahuja<br /> * [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Dilip Iyer<br /> * Ashwin Kaushal as Mr Raj Kapoor<br /> * Ria Nalavade as Paddy Iyer<br /> * [[Shonali Nagrani]] as Naina Kapoor&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunflower (Zee5) Web Series Cast, Review, Release Date, and More {{!}} Reviewkaro|url=https://www.reviewkaro.in/2021/06/sunflower-web-series-zee5-wiki.html|access-date=2021-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Sonal Jha]] as Mrs Iyer<br /> * Nirvair Bhan as Monty<br /> * Navdeep Tomar as Society Watchman<br /> *[[Sameer Khakhar]] as abusive heart-patient&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-03|title=You can't break an image easily. A number of actors have been stuck in their images: Samir Khakar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/you-can-t-break-an-image-easily-a-number-of-actors-have-been-stuck-in-their-images-samir-khakar/story-qN9cunrVS3hclL7PV4bI0I.html|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-13|title=Sunflower Web Review: Seedy|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/sunflower-web-review-seedy-23177904|access-date=2021-07-28|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Sal Yusuf]] as Chairman of Sonu Singh's Company<br /> * Salonie Patel as Aanchal<br /> * Annapurna Soni as Maid Kamini<br /> * Dayana Erappa as Justina<br /> * Pallavi Das as Juhi<br /> * [[Ajay–Atul]] as judges of singing competition (guest appearance)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=indiaatoz|date=2021-07-07|title=Sunflower Review: Sunil Grover's Vikas Bahl Director Is An Overly Dark Comedy That Only Causes Confusion|url=https://indiaatoz.in/sunflower-review-sunil-grovers-vikas-bahl-director-is-an-overly-dark-comedy-that-only-causes-confusion/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=India A2Z|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Simran Nerurkar as Gurleen<br /> * [[Aarav Chowdhary]] as Ramesh Kapoor&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunflower full cast and crew|website = [[IMDb]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13304410/fullcredits?ref_=m_ttfc_3#cast}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Jaimin Panchal<br /> * Shayank shukla as Aditya khanna<br /> <br /> ==Episodes==<br /> ===Series overview===<br /> {{Series overview<br /> <br /> |color1 = #FCF75E<br /> |link1 = #Season 1 (2021)<br /> |episodes1 = 8<br /> |released1 = {{Start date|2021|06|11|df=yes}}<br /> <br /> |color2 = #006400<br /> |link2 = #Season 2 (2024) <br /> |episodes2 = 8 <br /> |released2 = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=yes}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Season 1 (2021) ===<br /> {{Episode table |background=#FCF75E |EpisodeNumber=5 | EpisodeNumber2=5 |title=17 |director=18 |writer=18 |airdate=16 |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 1<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br /> |Title = A Murder<br /> |DirectedBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |WrittenBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|11|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Murder is executed by Neighbours and they tried to hide the evidences. Sonu was not aware and very careless in his dealings with police, which brought him under notice of police. <br /> |LineColor = FCF75E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 2<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 2<br /> |Title = A Break-in<br /> |DirectedBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |WrittenBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|11|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Neighbour, Mr Ahuja tried to dispose of the Evidence and was very close, but could not do so completely. Mumbai Police personnel broke into the Flat with his Girlfriend to make illicit relations and Mr Ahuja could not get away with Coconut Straw and sleep till Morning under the influence of Alcohol. The delivery boy who delivered Chinese Food to both Sonu and Kapur was apprehended. <br /> |LineColor = FCF75E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 3<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 3<br /> |Title = A Discovery<br /> |DirectedBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |WrittenBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|11|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = In another parallel story, Society members are portrayed who are trying to safeguard their cultural interest from Ultra Modern anti-cultural Newbies. Police made Delivery Boy and Sonu, for the recap of Murder night counter between them. The comic incidence of Sonu with Cab Driver is depicted humorously. Sonu and his crush at the office are depicted in a typical manner.<br /> |LineColor = FCF75E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 4<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 4<br /> |Title = The Coconut<br /> |DirectedBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |WrittenBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|11|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Maid was apprehended. Sonu tried to be part of the Party at his self claimed Social Influencer Neighbour. Coconut Vendor who delivers every second day arrives at Sunflower, who came to know of the Murder. In the same context, Police tried to locate the Coconut. In the Office, Sonu's Crush lands to his peer. Mr Ahuja trying to get rid of Coconut and eventually it landed in Sonu's Dustbin. <br /> |LineColor = FCF75E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 5<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 5<br /> |Title = A Crush<br /> |DirectedBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |WrittenBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|11|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Previous quarrel over parking between Ahuja and Kapoor is shown. Maharashtra Police found a bottle of rat poison and thought Sonu was behind Murder and tried to falsely frame them. Son's Crush is impressed by falsely assuming Sonu as a Bad Boy. <br /> |LineColor = FCF75E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 6<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 6<br /> |Title = A Heart Attack<br /> |DirectedBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |WrittenBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|11|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Boss of Sonu, is trying to find the accused who leaked his upcoming product, coincidentally Her daughter found the same at the Sonu's Neighbour Party. Sonu tried to save himself by hiding. Inspector came again to Mr Ahuja and asked about the presence of his newspaper with Kapoor's dead body. <br /> |LineColor = FCF75E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 7<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 7<br /> |Title = A Recollection<br /> |DirectedBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |WrittenBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|11|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Sub Inspector visits Ex Wife of Kapoor, who is with younger brother of Kapoor as live in Partner. Inspector recalls steps over building column joining both flats and visits Mr Ahuja balcony to confirm and detected few other signs.<br /> |LineColor = FCF75E<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 8<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 8<br /> |Title = A Chase<br /> |DirectedBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |WrittenBy = Vikas Bahl<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|06|11|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Maharashtra Police find false motive for Sonu to murder Kapoor with the help of Ex of Sonu. But Sonu was kidnapped just before Police was about to arrest him. <br /> |LineColor = FCF75E<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Season 2 (2024) ===<br /> {{Episode table |background=#006400 |EpisodeNumber=5 | EpisodeNumber2=5 |title=17 |director=18 |writer=18 |airdate=16 |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 9<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br /> |Title = A Confession<br /> |DirectedBy = Navin Gujral<br /> |WrittenBy = Surya Menen, Jasmeet Singh Bhatia<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Sonu is back at Sunflower Society! Police officers Tambe and Digendra race to arrest him for his involvement in the Kapoor murder case. An unexpected theft and confession add a twist to the tale. <br /> |LineColor = 006400<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 10<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 2<br /> |Title = The Punjab Story<br /> |DirectedBy = Navin Gujral<br /> |WrittenBy = Surya Menen, Jasmeet Singh Bhatia<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = The police question Sonu and the Ahujas, and Sonu takes them through his adventures in Punjab. Romance brews in Digendra’s life. Sunflower Society comes across Rosie, the mysterious new tenant. <br /> |LineColor = 006400<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 11<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 3<br /> |Title = Cross Connection<br /> |DirectedBy = Navin Gujral<br /> |WrittenBy = Surya Menen, Jasmeet Singh Bhatia<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Love knocks on Sonu’s door with the beautiful yet sly Rosie. Alarm bells go off for Digendra and Tambe when they learn about Rosie's arrangement with Mr Kapoor. Sonu makes it back to the list of suspects.<br /> |LineColor = 006400<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 12<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 4<br /> |Title = Lucky Number 786<br /> |DirectedBy = Navin Gujral<br /> |WrittenBy = Surya Menen, Jasmeet Singh Bhatia<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = The investigation takes a turn when Digendra and Tambe find new information connecting Sonu to the case. But a shocking revelation leads them to a new and unlikely suspect.<br /> |LineColor = 006400<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 13<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 5<br /> |Title = The Dead Eye<br /> |DirectedBy = Navin Gujral<br /> |WrittenBy = Surya Menen, Jasmeet Singh Bhatia<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Digendra questions Iyer about his involvement in the case. More leads and new details give the seemingly straightforward case a strange turn.<br /> |LineColor = 006400<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 14<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 6<br /> |Title = The Glitter<br /> |DirectedBy = Navin Gujral<br /> |WrittenBy = Surya Menen, Jasmeet Singh Bhatia<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Sonu and Rosie’s romance continues. Mr Kapoor’s maid, Kamini Bai, sheds more light on the case that seems to implicate Sonu yet again. Digendra finds the actual murder weapon at an unlikely place. <br /> |LineColor = 006400<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 15<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 7<br /> |Title = Piggy<br /> |DirectedBy = Navin Gujral<br /> |WrittenBy = Surya Menen, Jasmeet Singh Bhatia<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = All the facts, the usual suspects, and the murder weapon now paint a clearer picture for officers Digendra and Tambe. The dark side of Iyer gets revealed.<br /> |LineColor = 006400<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 16<br /> |EpisodeNumber2 = 8<br /> |Title = Last Piece of the Puzzle<br /> |DirectedBy = Navin Gujral<br /> |WrittenBy = Surya Menen, Jasmeet Singh Bhatia<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|01|df=yes}}<br /> |ShortSummary = Sonu finds himself at the centre of the mess as his connection with Rosie entangles him further in the murder case. The case is finally closed with the revelation of the unexpected murderer. <br /> |LineColor = 006400<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The first seasons of this [[ZEE5]] original web series premiered on June 11, 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunil grovers sunflower release date|date=11 May 2021 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/may/11/sunil-grovers-sunflower-series-gets-release-date-2300895.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunil grovers viral photo from the webseries sunflower on ZEE5 makes kapil sharma jealous|date=11 May 2021|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/ott/sunil-grover-viral-photo-from-the-web-series-sunflower-on-zee5-make-kapil-sharma-jealous-650131.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second season premiered on March 1, 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunil Grover Starrer Sunflower Season 2 trailer out, to release on this date|date=16 February 2024 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/sunil-grover-starrer-sunflower-season-2-trailer-out-to-release-on-this-date}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Critical reception ==<br /> ===Season 1===<br /> Archika Khurana from [[The Times of India|TOI]] says that Sunflower Season 1 is an engrossing thriller laced with dark humor. TOI rates the web series at 3 out of 5. The web series could have been a bigger success if it did not have a laid-back execution. Sunil Grover gets full marks as he plays the role of Sonu Singh to perfection.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Sunflower Season 1 Review: An engrossing thriller laced with dark humour|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/sunflower/season-1/seasonreview/83262318.cms|access-date=2021-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From Vakaao, Aashna Varshney says that the web series is a great watch as Sunil Grover and the major plotline both impresses you as the season progresses. Many different subplots make the web series a little disturbing as the focus seems to be losing from the main murder mystery plot. However, the main storyline and Sonu Singh's performance is worth the watch and a recommended entertainer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vakaao - Sunflower Web Series Review|url=https://vakaao.com/news/sunflower-web-series-review|access-date=2021-07-28|website=vakaao.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Divy Tripathi from Film Companion says that this web series is a beautiful experience with spot-on direction and acting. Ranveer Shorey plays the character of a no-nonsense cop with perfection and teamed with Girish Kulkarni, the duo looks perfect as investigating officers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tripathi|first=Divy|date=2021-06-16|title=Sunflower, On Zee5: A Beautiful Experience With Spot-On Acting And Direction|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/sunflower-web-series-review-zee5-a-beautiful-experience-with-spot-on-acting-and-direction-sunil-grover-ranvir-shorey-vikas-bahl/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Season 2===<br /> The season drew mix response from critics. [[The Times of India]] rated it 3 out of 5 and called it as &quot;Overall, ‘Sunflower 2’ offers a compelling continuation&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunflower Season 2 review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/sunflower/season-2/seasonreview/107981713.cms|access-date=2024-03-04|website=Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[News 18]] too rated it 3 out of 5 while praising the work of Sunil Grover and Adah Sharma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunflower 2 Review: Sunil Grover And Adah's Chemistry Is One of the Best Things About This Season|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sunflower-2-review-sunil-grover-adah-sharma-chemistry-is-one-of-the-best-things-about-this-season-8798487.html|access-date=2024-03-04|website=News 18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Firstpost]] was less welcoming of the show, commenting, &quot;Sunflower tries to pack in way too many things into one season, mainly to create a complete package.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sunflower Season 2 Review: Sunil Grover and Adah Sharma's comic thriller is a dried-up continuation to an already tepid show<br /> |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sunflower-season-2-review-sunil-grover-and-adah-sharmas-comic-thriller-is-a-dried-up-continuation-to-an-already-tepid-show-13743815.html|access-date=2024-03-04|website=Firstpost|date=March 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> *{{IMDb title|id=tt13304410}}<br /> *''[https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/sunflower/0-6-3284 Sunflower]'' at [[ZEE5]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian web series]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003%E2%80%9304_Ranji_Trophy&diff=482146 2003–04 Ranji Trophy 2026-05-01T11:28:21Z <p>StevieJ461261267: added new article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Cricket tournament}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=December 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket tournament<br /> | name = 2003–04 Ranji Trophy<br /> | image = Ranji_trophy.jpg<br /> | imagesize = 285px<br /> | fromdate =<br /> | todate =<br /> | caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.<br /> | administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]<br /> | cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]<br /> | tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]<br /> | host =<br /> | champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<br /> | count = 36<br /> | participants = 27<br /> | matches = <br /> | attendance =<br /> | player of the series =<br /> | most runs = [[Dheeraj Jadhav]] (Maharashtra) (1066)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 2003/04 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/3/Ranji_Trophy_2003-04/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | most wickets = [[Narendra Hirwani]] (Madhya Pradesh) (45)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 2003/04 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/3/Ranji_Trophy_2003-04/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website =<br /> | previous_year = 2002–03<br /> | previous_tournament = 2002–03 Ranji Trophy<br /> | next_year = 2004–05<br /> | next_tournament = 2004–05 Ranji Trophy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2003–04 Ranji Trophy''' was the 70th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Mumbai defeated Tamil Nadu on first innings lead. Maharashtra won the Plate division title.<br /> <br /> [[Wasim Jaffer]] of Mumbai took 23 catches in nine matches which is the record for most catches in a season by a fielder.<br /> <br /> ==Group Matches==<br /> ===Elite Group===<br /> <br /> ;Group A<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:120px&quot;|Team&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2003-04/IND_LOCAL/RJI/ELITE/RJI-ELITE_2003-04_TABLE.html |title=Ranji Trophy, 2003/04 Elite Group Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|Played| Matches played}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|NR|No result}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|Bonus|Bonus points}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|Points|Points}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<br /> | 7 || 3 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 2 || '''22''' <br /> |- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]<br /> | 7 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''14'''<br /> |- <br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | 7 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || '''13'''<br /> |- <br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> | 7 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 1 || '''11'''<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Andhra Pradesh cricket team|Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | 7 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 0 || '''6'''<br /> |- <br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]<br /> | 7 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || '''6'''<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]<br /> | 7 || 0 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''4'''<br /> |- <br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]<br /> | 7 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''2'''<br /> |}<br /> * {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Mumbai and Railways qualified for the Elite Group [[#Knockout Matches|knockout stage]].<br /> <br /> ;Group B<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:120px&quot;|Team&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2003-04/IND_LOCAL/RJI/ELITE/RJI-ELITE_2003-04_TABLE.html |title=Ranji Trophy, 2003/04 Elite Group Points Table |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|Played| Matches played}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|W|Won}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|L|Lost}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|NR|No result}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|Bonus|Bonus points}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width:25px&quot;|{{abbr|Points|Points}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | 6 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || '''15''' <br /> |- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]<br /> | 6 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 1 || '''15''' <br /> |- <br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br /> | 6 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || '''15''' <br /> |- <br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]<br /> | 6 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || '''9''' <br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]<br /> | 6 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' <br /> |- <br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]<br /> | 6 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || '''6''' <br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]<br /> | 6 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''4''' <br /> |}<br /> * {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Tamil Nadu and Hyderabad qualified for the Elite Group [[#Knockout Matches|knockout stage]].<br /> <br /> ==Knockout stage==<br /> {{4TeamBracket|nowrap=y<br /> | seed-width = 25px<br /> | team-width = 125px<br /> | score-width = 125px<br /> | RD1 = Semifinals<br /> | RD2 = Final<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed1 = '''B2'''<br /> | RD1-team1 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''<br /> | RD1-score1 = '''481 &amp; 306'''<br /> | RD1-seed2 = A2<br /> | RD1-team2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] <br /> | RD1-score2 = 342 &amp; 117/5<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed3 = B1<br /> | RD1-team3 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]<br /> | RD1-score3 = 166 &amp; 158<br /> | RD1-seed4 = '''A1'''<br /> | RD1-team4 = '''[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]'''<br /> | RD1-score4 = '''476'''<br /> <br /> | RD2-seed1 = B2<br /> | RD2-team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | RD2-score1 = 294 &amp; 353/4<br /> | RD2-seed2 = '''A1'''<br /> | RD2-team2 = '''[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]'''<br /> | RD2-score2 = '''613'''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Final==<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 26–30 March 2004<br /> | team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 294 (97.2 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dinesh Karthik]] 109 (136)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Nilesh Kulkarni]] 6/83 (32.2 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 613 (200.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Amol Muzumdar]] 146 (291)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Vidyut Sivaramakrishnan]] 3/146 (42.5 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 353/4 (149 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] 110 (338)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sairaj Bahutule]] 2/77 (32 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | result = Match drawn<br /> | report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2003-04/IND_LOCAL/RJI/KNOCK-OUTS/TN_BOM_RJI_ELITE-FINAL_26-30MAR2004.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]<br /> | umpires = MS Mahal and SK Porel<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Tamil Nadu on the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = Mumbai won the 2003/04 Ranji Trophy through its first innings lead.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Scorecards and averages==<br /> *[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/3/Ranji_Trophy_2003-04.html CricketArchive]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2003-04}}<br /> [[Category:2003 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:2004 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2003–04]]<br /> [[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]<br /> <br /> {{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samruddhi_Manjunath&diff=532381 Samruddhi Manjunath 2026-04-29T13:45:36Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Added</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1983)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> '''Samruddhi V. Manjunath''' (born 1 June 1983) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from [[Mulbagal Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Kolar district]]. He represents [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] Party and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samruddhi V Manjunath in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/samruddhi-v-manjunath-mulbagal-candidate-s10a145c003/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Manjunath is from [[Mulabagilu|Mulbagal]], Kolar district. His father later Venkataramappa was a farmer. He completed his pre university course in 2001 from Government Boys Pre University College, Srinivasapura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samruddhi V. Manjunath(JD(S)):Constituency- MULBAGAL (SC)(KOLAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7587 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Manjunath won from [[Mulbagal Assembly constituency]] representing [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] party in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 94,254 votes and defeated his nearest rival, V. Adinarayana of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 26,268 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Mulbagal Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates &amp; more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/mulbagal-assembly-constituency/articleshow/99697729.cms |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Manjunath, Samruddhi}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1983 births]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kolar district]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chacha_Zindabad&diff=493060 Chacha Zindabad 2026-04-26T22:41:44Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Started The Pg W/ Sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1959 film directed by J. Om Prakash}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Chacha Zindabad <br /> | image = Chacha Zindabad.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[J. Om Prakash]]<br /> | producer = [[J. Om Prakash]]<br /> | writer = [[Om Prakash]], Jagdish Kanwal<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = [[Kishore Kumar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anoop Kumar]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Anita Guha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Om Prakash]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tun Tun]]&lt;br&gt;[[Raj Mehra]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bhagwan Dada]]<br /> | music = [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]]<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1959}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | budget = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Chacha Zindabad''''' is a 1959 Indian [[comedy]] and drama film directed by [[J. Om Prakash]] and starring [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Anita Guha]] and [[Tun Tun]] and [[Om Prakash]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chacha Zindabad Movie: Review ! Release Date (1959)|url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chacha-zindabad/|access-date=2024-08-22|website=Bollywood Hungama|date= January 1959|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Raj |first=Ashok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Chacha+Zindabad%22&amp;pg=PT187 |title=Hero Vol.1 |date=2009-11-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-02-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The protagonist is portrayed as a Westernized individual whose parents wish for him to marry a traditional girl, played by Anita Guha. The character is depicted as a freak, contrasting sharply with his prospective bride, who is good at classical dance and music. The two characters enter into a pact to show their disapproval of each other to their parents. They gradually develop genuine feelings for each other and fall in love.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Kishore Kumar]]<br /> * [[Anita Guha]]<br /> * [[Om Prakash]]<br /> * [[Anoop Kumar]]<br /> * [[Bhagwan Dada]]<br /> * [[Raj Mehra]]<br /> * [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]]<br /> * [[Tun Tun]]<br /> * [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]]<br /> * Rammohan Sharma<br /> * [[Gajanan Jagirdar]]<br /> * Keshav Rana<br /> * Edwina<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Chacha Zindabad'' was produced and directed by [[J. Om Prakash|Om Prakash]]. [[Anita Guha]] starred as the heroine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-04 |title=Kishore Kumar The Actor: A Legend's Journey Down the Years Part 2 {{!}} Peeyush Sharma |url=https://learningandcreativity.com/silhouette/kishore-kumar-actor-singer-2/ |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Silhouette Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was produced under Om Prakash's own banner &quot;Light and Shade&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=criticalcollective.in |url=https://criticalcollective.in/SpecialProjectEssayListing.aspx?id=1491 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=criticalcollective.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Anoop Kumar]] played a supporting role in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anoop Kumar Ganguly |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/anup-kumar-ganguly |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> Music was by [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In an interview, [[Lata Mangeshkar]] recalled an experience from her career. Following the recording of a song which featured a classical singer adopting a ramba-samba style to attract her boyfriend, she suggested that the song be sung by someone else, as she didn't enjoy the recording process. After some initial protests from Om Prakash, he ultimately agreed to her request and the song was later sung by [[Asha Bhosle]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |title=I am far from perfect - I have a fierce temper |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/i-am-far-from-perfect-i-have-a-fierce-temper/articleshow/21305914.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-15 |title=Tujhse Naraaz Nahin Zindagi… - Seniors Today |url=https://seniorstoday.in/trending/tujhse-naraaz-nahin-zindagi |access-date=2024-08-25 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rabe |first=Nate |date=2015-04-12 |title=Asha Bhosle: Captivating the world (and unlikely collaborators) with her voice |url=https://scroll.in/article/657855/asha-bhosle-captivating-the-world-and-unlikely-collaborators-with-her-voice |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Track listing&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mahajan |first=Rohit |title=The mad mad world of Kishore da |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/entertainment/the-mad-mad-world-of-kishore-da-482180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Chacha Zindabad Songs: Chacha Zindabad MP3 Songs by Madan Mohan Online on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/chacha-zindabad |access-date=2024-08-26 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chacha Zindabad - Asha Bhosle, Manna Dey, Lata... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/chacha-zindabad-mr0002489328 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = <br /> | all_lyrics = [[Rajendra Krishan]]<br /> | title1 = Preetam Daras Dikhao (Raga Lalit)<br /> | note1 = version 1<br /> | extra1 = Lata Mangeshkar, Manna Dey<br /> | length1 = 4:53<br /> | title2 = Ae Haseeno Nazneeno<br /> | extra2 = Kishore Kumar<br /> | length2 = 5:52<br /> | title3 = Jao Ji Jao Tumhein Maan Liya Saiyan<br /> | extra3 = Asha Bhosle<br /> | length3 = 4:45<br /> | title4 = Bach Gaye Hum Dono Phanste Phanste (Tera Mera Chacha ZIndabad)<br /> | extra4 = Lata Mangeshkar, Kishore Kumar<br /> | length4 = 6:12<br /> | title5 = Nazren Utha Ke Zara Dekh Le<br /> | extra5 = Asha Bhosle<br /> | length5 = 4:02<br /> | title6 = Des Chhudaye Bhes Chhudaye<br /> | extra6 = Kishore Kumar<br /> | length6 = 7:19<br /> | title7 = Bairan Neend Na Aaye (Raga Kafi)<br /> | extra7 = Lata Mangeshkar<br /> | length7 = 3:14<br /> | title8 = Badi Cheez Hai Pyar Mohabbat<br /> | extra8 = Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar<br /> | length8 = 3:22<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']] recalls a scene during which the character played Kishore Kunar climbs a water tank while being drunk as a symbol of the &quot;free spirit&quot; of the actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_8vAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22chacha%20zindabad%22 |title=Outlook |date=2005 |publisher=Hathway Investments Pvt Limited |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Filmindia]]'' was very critical of the film and found it neither amusing nor intelligent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CK6si3nbwIsC&amp;q=%22chacha+zindabad%22 |title=Filmindia |date=1960 |publisher=Filmindia Publications |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The film was however described as &quot;a hilarious comedy&quot; by Sathya Sara and Abrar Alvi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Saran |first1=Sathya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVD7dajMt3YC&amp;dq=%C2%A0J+Om+Prakash+Zindabad&amp;pg=PA42 |title=Ten Years with Guru Dutt: Abrar Alvi's Journey |last2=Alvi |first2=Abrar |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08221-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to ''Silhouette Magazine'', the movie was a hit in 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=tt0337596}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1959 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1959 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Madan Mohan]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by J. Om Prakash]]<br /> [[Category:1959 comedy-drama films]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._L._Venkatarama_Iyer&diff=539096 T. L. Venkatarama Iyer 2026-04-23T05:52:24Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Added</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian judge and musician (1893–1971)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable|Hon'ble Mr. Justice]]<br /> | name = T. L. Venkatarama Iyer<br /> | honorific_suffix =<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | office = Third president of the [[Madras Music Academy]]<br /> | term_start = 1965<br /> | term_end = 2 January 1971<br /> | predecessor = K. V. Krishnaswami Iyer<br /> | successor = T. S. Rajam<br /> | office1 = [[Law Commission of India|Chairman, 2nd Law Commission of India]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1958<br /> | term_end1 = 1961<br /> | prime_minister1 = [[J. L. Nehru]]<br /> | appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[M. C. Setalvad]] (1st)<br /> | successor1 = Jeevan Lal Kapur (3rd)<br /> | office2 = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]<br /> | term_start2 = 4 January 1954<br /> | term_end2 = 24 November 1958<br /> | nominator2 = [[M. Patanjali Sastri]]<br /> | appointer2 = Rajendra Prasad<br /> | office3 = Judge of the [[Madras High Court]]<br /> | term_start3 = 7 January 1951<br /> | term_end3 = 24 November 1953<br /> | nominator3 = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;<br /> | appointer3 = Rajendra Prasad<br /> | predecessor2 = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;<br /> | successor2 = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1893|11|25}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1971|1|2|1893|11|25|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tirunelveli Lakshmanasuri Venkatarama Iyer ''' (25 November 1893 – 2 January 1971) was a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]], a [[Carnatic music]]ian, and a [[musicologist]].&lt;ref name=hindu&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/Music-holds-court-literally/article12373966.ece|title=Music holds court, literally|author=V. Sriram|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 November 2012|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191126053511/https://www.thehindu.com/arts/Music-holds-court-literally/article12373966.ece|archive-date=26 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> T. L. Venkatarama Iyer hails from [[Arikesavanallur|Harikesanallur]], [[Tirunelveli district]], Tamilnadu. He was born in a family with a tradition in music and research. His father, M. Lakshmanasuri was a Sanskrit scholar and was instrumental in bringing up his son to the level he achieved later in life.<br /> Venkatarama Iyer was a close relative of [[Muthiah Bhagavatar|Harikesanallur Muthiah Bhagavatar]] (a recipient of Sangeet Kalanidhi award in 1930), and was a disciple of Ambi Dikshitar (a grand-nephew of [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]). <br /> &lt;ref name=carnatica&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnatica.net/special/legal1.htm|title=Legal Personalities and their role in promoting Carnatic music - Part 1|website=carnatica.net|author=Mohan Parasaran|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191126071812/http://www.carnatica.net/special/legal1.htm|archive-date=26 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Law ==<br /> T. L. Venkatarama Iyer graduated from Madras Christian law College in 1916. After doing apprenticeship under Sir [[Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer]], he started practicing in the [[Madras High Court]] from 1917. He became a Judge of the Madras High Court in 1951 and continued to serve till November 1953. Thereafter he served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1954 up to 1958. During his tenure as Supreme Court Judge, he was also part of the constitutional bench. <br /> In 1958, T. L. Venkatarama Iyer held the office of the Chairman of the Second Law Commission of India till 1961.<br /> <br /> == Carnatic music ==<br /> He was an authority on Muthuswami Dikshitar's compositions. He had trained musicians like Vidya Shankar, [[D. K. Pattammal]], Kalpagam Swaminathan, S. Srinivasa Rao and Kannamma Sharma.<br /> In April, 1928, an Experts Committee consisting of some of the leading musicians and scholars was appointed by the [[Madras Music Academy]]. The committee was to advise the Music Academy on all technical matters including music education on correct and modern lines. T. L. Venkatarama Iyer was one of its members.&lt;ref name=carnatica /&gt;<br /> He succeeded K V Krishnaswami Iyer, upon the latter's death in 1965, and served as the 3rd president of the Madras Music Academy until his death in 1971.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://musicacademymadras.in/past-presidents/|title=Past Presidents|website=musicacademymadras.in|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602025204/https://musicacademymadras.in/past-presidents/|archive-date=2 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Disciples ===<br /> He taught several disciples, prominent among them being Sangeeta Kalanidhis D.K.Pattammal and B Rajam Iyer. His disciples include Sandhyavandanam Srinivasa Rao, Vidya Shankar and B Krishnamurthy.<br /> <br /> === Publication ===<br /> He published the life of Muthuswami Dikshitar as a book entitled ''The Life of Muthuswami Dikshitar''.&lt;ref name=carnatica /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> *[[Sangita Kalanidhi]] conferred by the Madras Music Academy in 1944&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://musicacademymadras.in/awards/sangita-kalanidhi/|title=Sangita Kalanidhi Awardees|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191126074617/https://musicacademymadras.in/awards/sangita-kalanidhi/|archive-date=26 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] - 1964<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{cite book |last=Gadbois |first=George H. |title=Judges of the Supreme Court of India: 1950–1989 |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807061-0 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198070610.001.0001 |pages=46–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIAyDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT51}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43950783?seq=1 Book Review]<br /> *[http://www.tlvefoundation.org/index.php TLV Foundation]<br /> <br /> {{Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]<br /> [[Category:Carnatic singers]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]<br /> [[Category:1893 births]]<br /> [[Category:1971 deaths]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilika_Assembly_constituency&diff=494163 Chilika Assembly constituency 2026-04-16T04:42:11Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Started A Pg More To Come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Chilika}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Chilika<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | constituency_no = 118<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = 118-Chilika.svg<br /> | map_caption = Chilika Assembly constituency in [[Khordha district]]<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | division = Central Division<br /> | district = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]<br /> | established = 1974<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = Prithiviraj Harichandan 2024.jpg<br /> | mla = [[Prithviraj Harichandan]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 2,34,073{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chilika''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Khordha district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=115|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424125608/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&amp;cid=115|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Jatni (115) District: Khordha|accessdate= 22 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This constituency includes [[Banapur]], [[Balugaon]], and Chilika block.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Elected members==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp58.htm|title= 58 - Chilika Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 22 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|BJP}}|49.51}}<br /> {{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.29}}<br /> {{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|46.70}}<br /> {{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.59}}<br /> {{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|52.81}}<br /> {{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|57.40}}<br /> {{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.33}}<br /> {{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|68.72}}<br /> {{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.80}}<br /> {{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|50.14}}<br /> {{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|41.61}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Since its formation in 1951, 12 elections were held till date.<br /> <br /> List of members elected from Chilika constituency are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Candidate&gt;{{cite web|title= Chilika Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/chilika.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 24 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2024 Odisha Assembly Election Results - Chilika&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[Prithviraj Harichandan]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Candidate&quot; /&gt;<br /> |Bibhuti Bhusan Harichandan<br /> |{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |Raghunath Sahu<br /> |{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Bibhuti Bhusan Harichandan<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |Debendranath Mansingh<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Debendranath Mansingh<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |1974 (Bypoll){{efn|In [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], no nomination was filed, thus no election was held.}}<br /> |Raghunath Ray<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> Voting was held on 25 May 2024 in the 3rd phase of the Odisha Assembly Election &amp; 6th phase of the Indian General Election. The counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024 assembly election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Prithviraj Harichandan|Prithiviraj Harichandan]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Raghunath Sahu by a margin of 4,566 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;2024 Odisha Assembly Election Results - Chilika&quot;&gt;{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Odisha Assembly Election Results - Chilika |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S18118.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615115033/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S18118.htm |archivedate=15 June 2024 |accessdate=15 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Chilika}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Prithviraj Harichandan]]<br /> |votes = 83,264<br /> |percentage = 49.51<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Raghunath Sahu<br /> |votes = 78,698<br /> |percentage = 46.8<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Pradeep Kumar Swain<br /> |votes = 3,082<br /> |percentage = 1.83<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,048<br /> |percentage = 0.62<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 4,566<br /> |percentage = 2.71<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,68,161<br /> |percentage = 71.84<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Biju Janata Dal <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> In the 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Prithviraj Harichandan]] by a margin of 10,856 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Chilika&lt;ref name=&quot;TP Ass Cand&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=20 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]]<br /> |votes = 80,133 <br /> |percentage = 50.29<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Prithviraj Harichandan]]<br /> |votes = 69,277 <br /> |percentage = 43.48<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Pradip Kumar Swain<br /> |votes = 4,939 <br /> |percentage = 3.1<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 881 <br /> |percentage = 0.55<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 10856<br /> |percentage = 6.81<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,59,340 <br /> |percentage = 70.84<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> In 2014 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Bibhuti Bhusan Harichandan defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Raghunath Sahu by a margin of 541 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Candidate&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> | title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Chilika}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Bibhuti Bhusan Harichandan<br /> |votes = 69,433<br /> |percentage = 46.7<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Raghunath Sahu<br /> |votes = 68,892<br /> |percentage = 46.34<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Manasi Pradhan<br /> |votes = 5,182<br /> |percentage = 3.49<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,310<br /> |percentage = 0.88<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 541<br /> |percentage = 0.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,48,671<br /> |percentage = 73.3<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 2,00,341<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> In 2009 election, [[Biju Janta Dal]] candidate Raghunath Sahu defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Bibhuti Bhusan Harichandan by a margin of 3,066 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=3066 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Chilika&lt;ref name=election2009&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Raghunath Sahu<br /> |votes = 57,216<br /> |percentage = 45.59<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Bibhuti Bhusan Harichandan<br /> |votes = 54,150<br /> |percentage = 43.15<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Manas Ranjan Mangaraj<br /> |votes = 11,204<br /> |percentage = 8.93<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 3,066<br /> |percentage = 2.44{{efn|%of total valid votes}}<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,25,512<br /> |percentage = 66.04{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 68.12%}}<br /> |change = {{down}}2.08<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,90,062<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Khordha district}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br /> {{coord|19.52|85.10|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Khordha district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]<br /> [[Category:1974 establishments in Orissa]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agartala_Town_Assembly_constituency&diff=484810 Agartala Town Assembly constituency 2026-04-15T23:29:19Z <p>StevieJ461261267: added place</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Agartala Town<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | state = [[Tripura]]<br /> | established = 1963<br /> | abolished = 1967<br /> | electors = 18,132<br /> | mla = K. Bhattacharjee<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | constituency_no =<br /> | latest_election_year = [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | district =<br /> | loksabha_cons =<br /> | reservation =<br /> }}<br /> '''Agartala Town Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. Bhattacharjee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 1967 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Agartala Town&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Bhattacharjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,853 |percentage=54.26% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Islam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,250 |percentage=33.65% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. K. P. Debi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,119 |percentage=8.86% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. K. Banoopadhaya |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=409 |percentage=3.24% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,603 |percentage=20.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=12,631 |percentage=73.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,132 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}<br /> {{coord|23.847|91.283|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Agartala]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]<br /> [[Category:1963 establishments in Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]<br /> {{Tripura-geo-stub}}</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uma_Chandi_Gowri_Sankarula_Katha&diff=542470 Uma Chandi Gowri Sankarula Katha 2026-04-13T17:53:04Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Uma Chandi Gowri Sankarula Katha<br /> | image = Uma Chandi Gowri Shankarula Katha.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[K. V. Reddy]]<br /> | writer = [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]] {{small|(dialogues)}}<br /> | screenplay = K. V. Reddy<br /> | story = K. V. Reddy&lt;br /&gt;Pingali Nagendra Rao&lt;br /&gt;[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]<br /> | producer = [[Aluri Chakrapani|Chakrapani]]&lt;br /&gt;[[B. Nagi Reddy|Nagi Reddy]]<br /> | starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]&lt;br /&gt;[[B. Saroja Devi]]<br /> | cinematography = Madhav Bulbule<br /> | editing = G. Kalyana Sunder&lt;br /&gt;D. G. Jayaram<br /> | music = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]<br /> | studio = [[Vijaya Productions]]<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1968|1|11}}<br /> | runtime = 166 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Uma Chandi Gowri Sankarula Katha''''' ({{Translation|The story of Uma, Chandi, Gowri and [[Shiva|Sankara]]}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by [[K. V. Reddy]]. The film was produced by [[Nagi Reddi]] and [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] under the [[Vijaya Productions]] banner. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], with music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Masura |title=సినిమా: ఉమా చండి గౌరీ శాంకురాల కథ |language=te |trans-title=Cinema: Uma Chandi Gowri Shankarula Katha |work=[[Visalaandhra]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GYH/0,466,2550,2116 |access-date=24 September 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006081823/https://indiancine.ma/documents/GYH/0,466,2550,2116 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=Radha |date=21 January 1968 |title=రూప వాని: ఉమా చండి గౌరీ శాంకురాల కథ |language=te |trans-title=Roopa Vaani: Uma Chandi Gowri Shankarula Katha |work=[[Andhra Prabha]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GYG/0,0,2550,1688 |access-date=24 September 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130712/https://indiancine.ma/documents/GYG/0,0,2550,1688 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Released on 11 January 1968, the film was a commercial failure.{{Sfn|U. Vinayaka Rao|2012|p=99}}<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> In a debate among [[Saptarishi|Saptarushis]] where [[Bhrigu]] contends [[Jamadagni]] regarding the superiority of males &amp; females in the universe. To explore it, Bhrigu moves to [[Mount Kailash|Kailasa]], assigning hermitage's responsibility to his wife, Puluma Devi. After landing, it's an inopportune time when [[Shiva|Siva]] &amp; [[Parvati]] conducts [[Tandava]]. So, the guard couple bars him, whom he curses as demons Aaha &amp; Oohu. Plus, Bhrigu swore a curse to Parvati's condone to take three births on Earth and suffer from misfortune. Enraged, Parvati reserves his fortune to be a demon Lambakasura and carry out mass torture when he begs for mercy. Here, Siva pardons him saying he will be spending most of his time in sleep, and he will be relieved after a fight with him. Nevertheless, to Parvati, Siva shortens to arise as triplets at once, and he too comes forth to shield her. Now, she originates into 3 in the womb of Puluma. There after, Lambakasura trounces to Earth, mingling with Aaha &amp; Oohu. Once, he onslaughts on his hermitage about to slay the triplets when a big rip occurs, and they split. The first is gained by King Ananda Bhupati, the second to tribal thieves chieftain Billu Dora, and the third by a prostitute, Seshayyamma. They are reared as Uma, Chandi, &amp; Gowri respectively. Devastated, Puluma attempts self-sacrifice when Siva rescues her and takes a small boy's form. Jamadagni shelters the two, and Puluma raises the boy, calling him Jaya Shankar. <br /> <br /> Years roll by, and Shankar molds as a gallant &amp; savior of hermitages from periodic attacks of Lambakasura, who is ongoing in bed. To seek vengeance, Aaha &amp; Oohu wizardly connect Shankar with Uma in the fort for a short while. The two suffer from romantic agony, and Shankar walks on, affirming to marry her. Amid, he acquaints &amp; squabbles with spitfire Chandi and proposes further to Billu Dora. Billu Dora stipulates that Shankar be his staff of a thief, and he adopts it. Once Shankar bets with Chandi and intrudes into the fort for robbery. Therein, he reconciles with Uma, tracing it. Ananda Bhupati mandates to seize him, but Shankar absconds. In that track, he encounters imploring Gauri, the Lord, to rescue him from their profession when Shankar mimics proclaiming to arrive as a [[Jangam]]. Like that, Shankar traps Seshayyamma and continues his crush on the three sisters. Uma angsts over Shankar, and knowing it in disguised form, he boards again into the fort and flees with her. Ananda Bhupati backs his soldiers to capture them when they detect Chandi and forcibly lock up her along with Billu Dora. Parallelly, Gauri is presented before Ananda Bhupati's judiciary to address an issue. Everyone is startled by their resemblance and realizes they are sibling. <br /> <br /> Simultaneously, Lambakasura awakes, lusts on Uma, whom he abducts, and cages in an inaccessible place. In her quest, Shankar softens the pain of [[Gandharva]], who facilitates him in transforming into Lambakasura's body, which is in sleep at this instant. At the same time, he warns that the demon gets his shape. However, Shankar frees Uma in Lambakasura attire. Alongside, misinterpreting Lambakasura as Shankar Aaha &amp; Oohu shifts him to the palace of Anand Bhupati. Subsequently, he is tortured to awake for the whereabouts of Uma when Jamadagni discerns and divulges the actuality. Shankar reaches his hermitage and acquires his pure form. Listening to the complete story, Puluma declares the 3 are her daughters, and they speed to the fort. By then, roused Lambakasura upheavals when Shankar arrives, kills him, and Bhrigu recoups. At last, it unites Bhrigu &amp; Puluma, and Uma, Chandi &amp; Gauri mingle into Parvati and set foot in Kailasa with Siva. Finally, the movie ends with a proclamation: ''If the mighty forsook their patience a while, it leads to huge catastrophes.''<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Shiva|Siva]] / Jaya Shankar<br /> *[[B. Saroja Devi]] as [[Parvati]]/ Uma, Chandi &amp; Gowri (Triple role)<br /> *[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Bhrigu/Demon<br /> *[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as King Ananda Bhupati <br /> *[[Ramana Reddy]] as Butkai<br /> *[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as [[Jamadagni]]<br /> *[[Padmanabham]] as Madan Singh<br /> *Balakrishna as Omkaram<br /> *[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Lekhapataka<br /> *Dr. Sivaramakrishnaiah as Billu Dora<br /> *[[Rushyendramani]] as Pulimadevi<br /> *Chayadevi as Seshayyamma<br /> *[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as a queen<br /> *Suryakala as Madan Singh's wife<br /> *Meena Kumari as Chathurika<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Uma Chandi Gowri Shankarula Katha<br /> | type = film<br /> | artist = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 1968<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = Soundtrack<br /> | length = 28:00<br /> | label = <br /> | producer = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]<br /> | prev_title = <br /> | prev_year = <br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> Music composed by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]. Lyrics were written by [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uma Chandi Gowri Shankarula Katha (1968)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=5 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405060204/http://indiancine.ma/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |&quot;Aahasakhi Ee Vaname&quot;<br /> |[[P. Susheela]]<br /> |3:01<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |&quot;Emito Ee Maya&quot;<br /> |[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br /> |3:59<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |&quot;Abbalalo o Abbalalo&quot;<br /> |Ghantasala<br /> |2:43<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |&quot;Kalagantiva Cheli&quot;<br /> |Ghantasala<br /> |2:47<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |&quot;Nannu Varinchu Veerudu&quot;<br /> |[[L. R. Eswari]]<br /> |2:45<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |&quot;Nee Leela Loney&quot;<br /> |Ghantasala, P. Susheela<br /> |3:19<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |&quot;Sri Gowri&quot;<br /> |P. Leela<br /> |2:32<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |&quot;Siggulolike Sengari&quot;<br /> |Ghantasala, L. R. Eswari<br /> |3:34<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |&quot;Yelamarachinaavo&quot;<br /> |[[S. Janaki]]<br /> |3:20<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> <br /> * {{Citation |author=U. Vinayaka Rao |title=Telugu Cine Rangam - Pouranika Chitralu |date=2012 |publisher=[[Telugu Academy]] |location=Hyderabad |url=http://www.sathyakam.com/pdfImageBook.php?bId=26999 |accessdate=6 October 2022}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0267060}}<br /> {{K. V. Reddy}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1968 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1968 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1968 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by K. V. Reddy]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Pendyala (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu mythological films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian musical drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1960s musical drama films]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begur_inscriptions_and_hero_stones&diff=490304 Begur inscriptions and hero stones 2026-04-01T19:15:51Z <p>StevieJ461261267: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Inscriptions in Bangalore South, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1253891853|This 2024 rewrite]]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on legacy, vocab distribution typical of 2024 LLMs etc}}<br /> {{Coord|12.876651|N| 77.626294|E|type:landmark|display=title}}<br /> [[File:Naganatheshvara Temple (9th century) at Begur, Bengaluru.JPG|thumb|379x379px|Panchalingeshwara Temple at Begur]]<br /> The '''Begur inscriptions and hero stones''' are significant archaeological and epigraphical artifacts located primarily in [[Begur, Bengaluru|Begur]], a locality within the [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bengaluru South]] taluk. Spanning a period from the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] dynasty (c. 6th-10th centuries CE) through the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and later periods (up to the 16th century CE), these artifacts are crucial for understanding the early history of [[Bengaluru]]. Notably, a 9th/10th-century inscription found here contains the earliest known written reference to &quot;[[Inscription stones of Bengaluru|Bengulooru]]&quot; (Bengaluru), challenging later narratives about the city's founding.<br /> <br /> The inscriptions and hero stones, mainly concentrated within the [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Panchalingeshwara Temple complex]] (also known as Nageshvara Temple), provide valuable insights into the region's political history, including the rule of the Western Gangas and Cholas, administrative divisions like ''Bempur-naadu'', and local conflicts. They also illuminate diverse religious practices, revealing the co-existence and patronage of both Hinduism (specifically [[Shaivism]]) and [[Jainism]], evidenced by temple grants and records of the ''[[sallekhana]]'' ritual. Furthermore, the artifacts shed light on socio-cultural aspects, such as the veneration of heroes (''viragallu''), community rituals, and the evolution of the [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages in the area. Ongoing conservation efforts, including digital preservation initiatives, aim to safeguard these irreplaceable links to Bengaluru's past.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Unsung heroes from past come alive, digitally |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/unsung-heroes-from-past-come-alive-digitally-2899438 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Estampage Highlighting the Place Name 'Bempurishwara' (Begur) in The Mallohalli 517CE Copper Plate Inscription.png|thumb|354x354px|Estampage Highlighting the Place Name 'Bempurishwara' (Begur) in The Mallohalli 517CE Copper Plate Inscription]]<br /> <br /> == Significance ==<br /> [[File:Wide Angle View Photograph of the Begur 900CE Pervvonashetti &amp; Buttanapati's Herostone With Inscription.jpg|thumb|376x376px|Inscriptions and herostones housed at Begur Nageshwara Temple Complex]]<br /> <br /> The Begur inscriptions and hero stones collectively hold immense significance for reconstructing the history and culture of the Bengaluru region and medieval South India more broadly.<br /> <br /> Begur has a long history, known in various periods by names such as Bempur, Veppur, and Behur.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; The earliest documented evidence of the settlement comes from a copper plate inscription dated 517 CE, cataloged as Doddaballapur inscription number 68 in Volume 9 of ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''. Inscriptions indicate that Begur, often referred to as Bempur-naadu or Begur-naadu, functioned as a significant administrative division (''naadu'') over several centuries. The existence of a fort and numerous inscriptions and hero stones dating from the 10th to the 16th centuries further underscore its historical importance within the Bengaluru region.<br /> <br /> '''Early history of Bengaluru:''' The most prominent significance lies in establishing the antiquity of the name &quot;Bengaluru&quot; . The c. 900 CE hero [[#Begur 900 CE Pervvonashetti and Buttanapati's herostone with inscription|stone]] mentioning the &quot;Bengaluru battle&quot; provides the earliest known written evidence for the place name, pushing its documented existence back by over 600 years compared to the 16th-century founding attributed to [[Kempe Gowda I]]. This finding fundamentally reshapes the understanding of the city's origins.<br /> <br /> '''Political and Administrative History:''' The inscriptions offer crucial data on the Western Ganga dynasty's administration in the region. They confirm Begur's status as an important administrative center (''naadu'') within Gangavadi and illuminate the role of powerful local chieftains like Nagatara, who acted as governors, military leaders, and patrons. References to specific Ganga kings (Ereyappa, Satyavakya Permmadi) and documented conflicts (Battle of Tumbepadi, battles against Beeravarma, Viramahendra) provide anchors for political chronology and illustrate interactions with contemporary powers like the Nolambas and possibly the Cholas or Chalukyas. The later Tamil inscriptions reflect the subsequent Chola political dominance.<br /> <br /> '''Religious Landscape:''' The inscriptions from [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]] reveal a strong presence of both [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]], highlighting the region's diverse religious practices. The [[#Begur 900 CE Nagatara's Somanatha Temple construction inscription|construction of the Somanatha temple]], now known as the [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Nageshwara temple]], by the chieftain Nagatara in 900 CE reflects the significance of temple building and religious patronage. This temple became the focal point of the Begur Panchalingeshwara temple complex, which later housed several other temples. An inscription from 900CE details the grant of tax revenues and lands to the Somanatha temple, highlighting the economic support provided to religious institutions. The inscription also mentions the practice of ''kālaṃkaḻci'' (foot-washing ritual), performed by Nagatara as an act of devotion, and records various donations to temples, indicating the community's active involvement in religious life. The prevalence of [[Jainism]] is evident from the [[#Begur 900 CE Tondabbe Sanyasana inscription|inscription mentioning Tondabbe]] as Nagatara's daughter, who chose the Jain ritual of ''Sanyasam'' (voluntary death) for her final moments, and another inscription documenting a donation to the [[#Begur 1426CE Chokkimayya Jinalaya inscription|Chokkimayya Jinalaya]], a [[Jain temple|Jaina Basadi]]. Additionally, hero stones commemorating individuals who died in battles reflect the warrior culture and the importance of valor in the society.<br /> <br /> '''Socio-Cultural Practices:''' Hero stones (''viragallu'') are particularly rich sources for understanding societal values and practices. They underscore the high cultural value placed on heroism, martial prowess, and self-sacrifice for the community, whether in large-scale battles ([[#Begur 900 CE Nagatara's herostone with inscription|Nagatara hero stone]]), defending cattle (''turugol'' stones like [[#Begur 900CE Bydukura Kerega Turugol and Uralivu herostone|Bydukura Kerega's]]), or protecting the village. The detailed sculptural depictions on stones like Nagatara's provide visual information on warfare techniques, weaponry, attire, ornamentation, and status symbols of the period. Inscriptions also record specific rituals like ''kālaṃkaḻci'' (foot-washing as part of a grant) and ''sallekhana'', offering glimpses into religious and social customs. These stones provide a unique window into the lives and ideals of individuals, including local leaders and potentially commoners, complementing records focused solely on royalty.<br /> <br /> '''Linguistic evolution:''' The inscriptions serve as primary data for tracing the development of the Kannada language and script during the c. 9th-15th centuries. The presence of later inscriptions also documents linguistic interaction and the influence of different ruling powers and communities in the region over time.[[File:Begur-Lake-Bangalore.jpg|thumb|555x555px|Begur Lake]]'''Urban development:''' The 900CE inscription mentioning the &quot;Benguluru&quot; battle is the first written record of the city's name, firmly establishing Begur as a crucial location in Bengaluru's early history and pushing back the documented history of the city's name by several centuries. The inscription that mentions twelve villages under the administration of Begur (Bempuru) points to the existence of a network of settlements in the region, indicating an early form of urban organization. These villages, including present-day Begur, Togur, and Hulimangala, offer a glimpse into the spatial extent of Begur's influence in ancient times. Additionally, the mention of specific locations like Tumbepadi (possibly present-day Tumbadi in [[Tumakuru district|Tumkur district]]) and Saraki (still bearing the same name today) provides valuable geographical context and helps in understanding the historical landscape of the region. The reference to &quot;khandugas&quot; of land in an inscription offers insights into the land measurement systems used during that period, contributing to our understanding of administrative practices and economic activities related to land ownership. Furthermore, the [[Begur Lake|Begur lake]], referred to as &quot;Veppur Periya Ēri&quot; in a 12th-century Tamil inscription, highlights the importance of water resources in the development of the settlement.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=Lakes of Bengaluru: Begur Lake, its fight for existence and a contentious Shiva statue in the middle of waterbody |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lakes-of-bengaluru-begur-lake-fight-existence-contentious-shiva-statue-waterbody-9003584/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The concentration of numerous inscriptions, hero stones, a major temple complex (Panchalingeshwara), and a fort indicates that Begur was a well-established and significant settlement during the medieval period, functioning as an administrative, religious, and likely economic hub. The epigraphic evidence thus contributes to understanding the patterns of early urban development in the Bengaluru region.<br /> <br /> In essence, the Begur site acts as a microcosm of medieval South Indian history, revealing the interplay of politics, religion, society, and culture through the enduring medium of stone inscriptions and memorial art.<br /> <br /> == Discovery and dating ==<br /> The discovery and documentation of Begur's inscriptions and hero stones represent a cumulative effort spanning over a century. The initial systematic recording was undertaken by [[B. Lewis Rice|Benjamin Lewis Ric]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;e, whose work published in the ''Epigraphia Carnatica'' (EC) series, particularly Volume 9 (1905) and its supplements, documented many of the inscriptions first known to scholarship. Rice's pioneering work laid the foundation for subsequent research.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nikumbh |first=Raj |date=2024-09-06 |title=Bangaluru Hero Stones or the Veeragallu |url=https://shabdh.com/bangaluru-hero-stones-or-the-veeragallu/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=shabdh |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following Rice, academic fieldwork and scholarly publications continued to uncover and analyze Begur's epigraphs. A notable example is the discovery and publication of the Nagatara temple construction inscription by historian Dr. Devarakonda Reddy in ''Itihasa Darshana'' (Volume 3),&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; the journal of the Karnataka Itihasa Academy. Such academic endeavors have refined interpretations and brought previously overlooked inscriptions to light. The &quot;Bengaluru War&quot; inscription, though identified and recorded in 1915, gained wider attention later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22764/page/n40/mode/1up?q=Eamathesvara+ |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological researches in Mysore during the year 1914-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> More recently, the &quot;Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project,&quot; initiated by The Mythic Society in 2021, represents a modern phase of discovery and documentation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Mythic Society |url=https://mythicsociety.org/inscription |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=mythicsociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; This project uses high-resolution 3D scanning technology not only to preserve existing inscriptions digitally but also to aid in their decipherment and has led to the identification of previously undocumented inscriptions in the broader Bengaluru region. This ongoing process highlights that the study of Begur's epigraphy is dynamic, with new information and interpretations emerging even in the 21st century.<br /> <br /> Dating these artifacts relies on several methodologies. For inscribed stones, '''paleography''', the analysis of the script's form and evolution, is a primary tool. J.F. Fleet's detailed analysis of the Kannada characters on the large Nagatara hero stone in ''Epigraphia Indica'' Vol. VI&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=E.hultzsch |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56212/page/n63/mode/1up?q=begur |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.vi |date=1900}}&lt;/ref&gt; provides a classic example, comparing letter forms to establish a relative chronology. '''Historical context''' is also crucial; inscriptions are often dated by referencing known rulers (like Ganga king Ereyappa or Satyavakya Permmadi) or specific events (like the &quot;Bengaluru battle&quot;) mentioned in the text. Cross-referencing details with other dated inscriptions from the region further aids in establishing timelines.<br /> <br /> However, challenges exist. Many hero stones (''viragallu'') lack inscriptions, making dating more complex.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I read stones |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/i-read-stones-2766423 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In such cases, dating relies on analyzing the '''sculptural style''', including depictions of clothing, weaponry, ornamentation, and artistic conventions, comparing them to dated examples.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kanisetti |first=Anirudh |date=2021-09-15 |title=Understanding the Art and Culture of the Begur Hero Stone |url=https://www.anirudhkanisetti.com/post/understanding-the-art-and-culture-of-the-begur-hero-stone |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Anirudh Kanisetti |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the intense urbanization of the Bengaluru region has resulted in many documented inscriptions being lost, damaged, or moved from their original locations, complicating verification and study. The Mythic Society's project attempts to track the current status of these stones, marking them as traceable, lost, or of unknown status on [[Inscription stones of Bengaluru|their digital maps]]. This multi-faceted approach, combining epigraphy, paleography, art history, historical correlation, and modern documentation techniques, is necessary to understand the chronology of the Begur artifacts.<br /> <br /> == Begur 900 CE Nagatara's Somanatha Temple construction inscription ==<br /> <br /> {{Infobox artifact<br /> | name = Begur 900 CE Nagatara's Somanatha Temple Construction Inscription<br /> | image = Digital Image of the Begur 900 CE Nagatara's Somanatha Temple Construction Inscription.png<br /> | image_caption = The Begur 900 CE Nagatara's Somanatha Temple construction inscription<br /> | material = [[Stone]]<br /> | height = {{convert|93|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | location = {{coord|12.876472|77.626222}}<br /> | writing = Kannada script of the time<br /> | image_size = 350<br /> | width = {{convert|95|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | created = {{start date and age|900|p=yes|br=yes}}<br /> | discovered_date = 1988<br /> | discovered_by = Dr Devarkonda Reddy<br /> | language = Kannada language of the time<br /> }}This stone inscription, dated paleographically to the early 10th century CE (c. 900 CE), documents the construction of the Somanatha Temple by the Western Ganga chieftain Nagatara. It provides significant insights into the political, religious, and social context of Begur during the Ganga period.<br /> <br /> === Context of the inscription ===<br /> This period marked the rule of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga Dynasty]] in the region, with [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]], serving as a vital administrative center under a powerful chieftain named Nagatara. He administered Bempur during the reign of the Western Ganga Dynasty in the 10th century CE and is mentioned in at least ten inscriptions found in [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]] and other parts of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. The inscription also references Satyavakya Permmadi as the reigning [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] ruler during this time, hailing Nagatara as the &quot;Kaliyuga Hanumanta&quot;. This title emphasizes Nagatara's strength and prowess as a loyal chieftain serving under the Western Ganga king. Furthermore, Nagatara features prominently in this inscription and is mentioned in several other inscriptions found across Bengaluru, highlighting his significant influence in the region. The fact that he commissioned the construction of the Somanatha Temple<br /> highlights his prominence and likely wealth. The inscription also sheds light on the prevailing religious practices and the significance of temple construction during this era, as the act of building a temple dedicated to [[Shiva|Somanatha]], a deity associated with [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]], points toward the prevalence of [[Shaivism]] in the region.<br /> <br /> === Summary ===<br /> This inscription records the construction of the [[Shiva|Somanatha]] Temple in [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]] by Nagatara. The Somanatha Temple, now known as the Nageshwara Temple, stands within the Begur Panchalingeshvara temple complex. This complex is also home to several other temples, including the Nagareshwara, Choleshvara, Kalikamba, Karneshwara, Parvati, Kali-Kammateshwara, and Suryanarayana temples. These other temples were constructed after the Somanatha Temple. According to the inscription, Nagatara built the Somanatha temple during the 10th century CE to commemorate his triumph over Beeravarma. As a gesture of devotion, he entrusted the temple to a revered Divyasakti Bhatta by performing a ceremonial foot-washing (''kālaṃkaḻci'') ritual and granting him authority over the temple. The inscription mentions that Nagatara made donations to the temple in the form of tax revenues and lands, referred to as ''Khandugas'', a unit of measurement for area. The specific details of the grant are illegible. It contains various warnings regarding the violation of the grant, along with incentives to safeguard it. This inscription is present in the precincts of the Panchalingeshwara temple complex.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=10MkVJhxpkbsDbhXxJpAS82KtKMI&amp;ll=12.876804757011119%2C77.62651643892289&amp;z=22 | title=The Incredible Inscription Stones of Bengaluru }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Physical characteristics ===<br /> [[File:Nageshvara Temple, Begur (1).jpg|thumb|357x357px|The Begur 900 CE Nagatara's Somanatha Temple construction inscription]]<br /> <br /> The inscription is engraved on a stone slab measuring 93&amp;nbsp;cm in height and 95&amp;nbsp;cm in width. The Kannada characters typically measure 3&amp;nbsp;cm tall, 4&amp;nbsp;cm wide, and 0.27&amp;nbsp;cm deep. This inscription was discovered in the mid-90s during clearance work at the temple foundation and subsequently published by historian Dr. Devarakonda Reddy in ''Itihasa Darshana'' (Volume 3), the journal of the Karnataka Itihasa Academy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=ಡಾ. ಸೂರ್ಯನಾಥ ಕಾಮತ್‌ |url=https://archive.org/details/kia.itihasadrashanas0000drsu/page/n175/mode/1up |title=ಇತಿಹಾಸ ದರ್ಶನ, ಸಂಪುಟ ೩ |last2=ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಣ್ ತೆಲಗಾವಿ |date=1988 |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಅಕಾದೆಮಿ |others=Servants of Knowledge |language=Kannada}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Transliterations of the text ===<br /> The transliteration has been published in ''Itihasa Darshana'' (Volume 3). The text below is the recent rereading of the inscription published by Mythic Society.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Line <br /> Number<br /> ![[Kannada script|Kannada]]<br /> ![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |಄ ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಸಮರ ಜಳಧಿ ಮಥನ &amp;nbsp;. . . . . . . . . .<br /> |಄ svasti samara jal̤a̤dhi mathana . . . . . . . . . .<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |ಭುವನ ಕೊಳ್ಗಣ್ಡಂ ಶ್ರೋಣೀತಪುರವರೇಶ್ವರ . . . . . . . ಶ್ವರ .<br /> |bhuvana kŏl̤ga̤ ṇḍaṃ śroṇītapuravareśvara . . . . . . . śvara<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |ಪಗಾತ್ಮಜಂ ಹರ ವೃಷಭ ಲಾಂಚನಂ ತ್ರಿಫ್ತಾತ್ಥಿಕಾಂಚನಂ ಬಲಿ<br /> |pagātmajaṃ hara vṛṣabha lāṃcanaṃ triphtātthi kāṃcanaṃ bali<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |ಷಣಂ ನನ್ನಿ ಪೆರ್ಬ್ಬಾಣಂ ಸಮರಪ್ರವೀಣ ಕಾಮಿನೀಕಾಮಂ ಮ .<br /> |ṣaṇaṃ nanni pĕrbbāṇaṃ samarapravīṇa kāminīkāmaṃ ma . .<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |ಸತ್ಯರಾಧೆಯಂ ಸಾಮನ್ತಸುನ್ದರಂ ಲೀಳಾಪುರನ್ದರಂ ಘಟೆಯ<br /> |satyarādhĕyaṃ sāmantasundaraṃ līl̤āpur ̤ andaraṃ ghaṭĕya<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |ಶ್ರೀಮತ್‌ ನಾಗತರಂ ಬೀರವರ್ಮನಂ ಸಾಧಿಸಿ ಬಲ್ಲವರಸ ರಟ್ಟ ಪ . .<br /> |śrīmat nāgataraṃ bīravarmmanaṃ sādhisi ballavarasa raṭṭa pa . .<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |.(ಬೆಂ)ಪೂರೊಳ್‌ ಸೋಮನಾತನ ದೇಗುಲಮಮ್ಮಾಡಿಸಿ ದಿವ್ಯಾಸಕ್ತಿ ಭ .<br /> |.(bĕṃ)pūrŏl̤ somanā ̤ tana degulamammāḍisi divyāsakti bha<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |. ಲ್ಲಾ ಕಾಲಕ್ಕಂ ತೆಱೆಯಾ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಕಾಲಂಕೞ್ಚಿ ಧಾರೆಯೆಱೆದು ಬ . .<br /> |llā kālakkaṃ tĕṟĕyā biṭṭu kālaṃkaḻci dhārĕyĕṟĕdu ba .<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |ಕ್ಕೆಞ್ಚಟ್ಟಗೆಯೂ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಕವಿಲನರೆಯದಾಯಮಂ ಕೊಟ್ಟು ಪ<br /> |kkĕñcaṭṭagĕyū biṭṭu kavilanarĕyadāyamaṃ kŏṭṭu pa<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |. &amp;nbsp;ತ್ತು ಖಣ್ಡುಗಂ ಮಣ್ನುಮಂ ಸರ್ವಭ್ಯನ್ತರ ಸಿದ್ಧಿಯಾಗಿರೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟನ್‌ . .<br /> |. ttu khaṇḍugaṃ maṇnumaṃ sarvabhyantara siddhiyāgirĕ kŏṭṭan .<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |ಸಿಯುಮನೞಿದೊಂ ಪಂಚಮಹಪಾತಕಂ ಄ ಸ್ವದತ್ತಂ ಪರದತ್ತಂ ವಾ .<br /> |siyumanaḻidŏṃ paṃcamahapātakaṃ ಄ svadattaṃ paradattaṃ vā .<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;ದಾನಂ ತ್ರಯಃ ಪತಕ ಯೋ ನರ || ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಸ್ವನ್ತುವಿಷಂ ಘೋರಾನಾದಿ&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;dānaṃ trayaḥ pataka yo nara || brahmasvantu viṣaṃ ghorānād&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;ಹನ್ತಿ ದೇವಸ್ವಂ ಪುತ್ರ ಪೌತ್ರಿಕಂ || ಈ ಶಾಸನಮಂ ಬಿೞ್ದೆಬಟ್ಟಗಿ ಕಡು&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;hanti devasvaṃ putra pautrikaṃ || ī śāsanamaṃ biḻdĕbaṭṭagi kaḍu&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |ದೆವುದುಈ ಕೊಡಂಗೆಯ್ವೋನುಣ್ಬಾತಂನೀ ದೇಗುಲಂಗಳಾ ಪಡಿಸಲಿ .<br /> |dĕvudu ī kŏḍaṃgĕyvonuṇbātaṃnī degulaṃgal̤ā̤ paḍisali .<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Begur 900 CE Nagatara's herostone with inscription ==<br /> {{Infobox artifact<br /> | name = Begur 900 CE Nagatara's Herostone<br /> | image = [[File:Digital Image of the Begur 900CE Nagatara's Herostone with Inscription.png|350px]]<br /> | image_caption = The Begur 900 CE Nagatara's Somanatha Temple construction inscription<br /> | material = [[Stone]]<br /> | height = {{convert|208|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | location = {{coord|12.974639|77.596028}}<br /> | writing = Kannada script of the time<br /> | image_size = 550<br /> | width = {{convert|200|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | created = {{start date and age|900|p=yes|br=yes}}<br /> | discovered_date = 1877<br /> | discovered_by = Probably B L Rice, the then Director of Mysore Archaeology Department<br /> | language = Kannada language of the time<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Context of the inscription ===<br /> The Western Ganga dynasty ruled parts of present-day [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] from the 4th to the 11th centuries CE. They were known for their patronage of the arts, literature, and architecture, and their reign witnessed significant cultural and economic developments in the region. This inscription falls within the later period of Ganga rule, a time marked by increasing pressure from neighboring kingdoms, such as the [[Rashtrakutas]] and the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]].<br /> <br /> The inscription mentions King Ereyappa as the ruler of Gangavadi-96,000, which was a very large administrative unit within the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga Kingdom]], highlighting the kingdom's extensive reach during this period. Feudatory chieftains like Nagatara played a crucial role in maintaining the Ganga kingdom's power and stability. They were responsible for governing specific territories, collecting taxes, and providing military support to the king.<br /> <br /> === Summary ===<br /> This inscription dates approximately to 900 CE,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrao |first=Michael |title=Hero stones for the bravehearts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/hero-stones-for-the-bravehearts-926376.html |website=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; coinciding with the reign of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga Dynasty]]. It specifically names Ereyappa as the ruler of Gangavadi-96000, a vast administrative division encompassing a significant portion of present-day Karnataka. Under Ereyappa's rule, Nagatara served as a key chieftain, governing Bempur (today's [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]]).<br /> <br /> This [[hero stone]] commemorates Nagatara's bravery and sacrifice. The inscription describes a fierce battle at Tumbepadi, likely present-day Tumbadi in [[Tumakuru district|Tumkur district]]. It recounts that Nagatara fought alongside Aiyyapadeva against Biramahendra. When it became evident that they were going to lose, Nagatara charged into the enemy ranks and was tragically killed by an elephant's peirce, which ultimately led to his demise. Moved by Nagatara's sacrifice, King Ereyappa posthumously honored him by bestowing the title &quot;Nagatara&quot; to Iruga and donated a group of twelve villages in the Bempur region.<br /> <br /> This act emphasizes the hierarchical nature of the Ganga administration, where the king ruled over vast territories through loyal chieftains like Nagatara, who governed specific regions. The [[Epigraphy|inscription]] also records a grant of twelve villages to Iruga, highlighting the king's authority to reward service and ensure continued allegiance. The battle at Tumbepadi suggests a complex interplay of alliances and rivalries among the chieftains under Western Ganga rule, which likely played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of the region. The inscription lists these villages, including Bempuru (today's Begur), Tovaguru (Togur), Puvinapullimangala (Hulimangala), Kutanidunalluru, Nalluru, Komarangundu, Iggaluru, Dugmonelmalli, Galanjavagilu, Saraki, Elkunte, Paravuru, and Kudale (Kudlu). This herostone is currently housed in the [[Government Museum, Bangalore|Government Museum, Bengaluru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=20 August 2017 |title=StoneInscriptionsOfBangalore by Udaya Kumar P.L - Issuu |work=Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/udayakumarp.l/docs/stoneinscriptionsofbangalore/36}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Physical characteristics ===<br /> This herostone with inscription is carved on a stone that measures 208&amp;nbsp;cm in height and 200&amp;nbsp;cm in width, with characters typically measuring 5&amp;nbsp;cm tall, 4&amp;nbsp;cm wide, and 0.26&amp;nbsp;cm deep.<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text ===<br /> The transliteration has been published by the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''. The text below is the recent rereading of the inscription published by Mythic Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n321/mode/2up |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Line <br /> Number<br /> ![[Kannada script|Kannada]]<br /> ![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಸಮಸ್ತ ಭುವನ ವಿನೂತ ಗಙ್ಗಕುಳ ಗಗನ ನಿರ್ಮ್ಮಳ ತಾರಾಪತಿ ಜಳಧಿ ಜಳವಿಪುಳ ವಳಯಮೇಖಳ ಕಳಾಪಾಳಂ<br /> |svasti samasta bhuvana vinūta gaṅgakul̤a ̤ gagana nirmal̤a t ̤ ārāpati jal̤adhi jal̤a̤vipul̤a val̤a̤yamekhal̤a kal̤āpāl̤aṃ<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |ಕ್ರಿತ್ಯೈಳಾಧಿಪತ್ಯ ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀಶ್ವಯಂ ವೃತಪತಿತಾಳ್ವಾದ್ಯಗಣಿತ ಗುಣ ಗಣ ವಿಭೂಷಣ ವಿಭೂಷಿತ ವಿಭೂತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಮದೆಱೆಯಪ್ಪರಸರ್‌<br /> |krityail̤ādhipa ̤ tya lakṣmīśvayaṃ vṛtapatitāl̤v̤ādyagaṇita guṇa gaṇa vibhūṣaṇa vibhūṣita vibhūti śrī madĕṟĕyapparasar<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |ಪಗೆವರೆಲ್ಲಮಂನ್ನಿಕ್ಷತ್ರಮ್ಮಾಡಿ ಗಙ್ಗವಾಡಿ ತೊಮ್ಭತ್ತಱುಸಾಸಿರಮುಮನೇಕ ಛತ್ರಚ್ಛಾಯೆಯೊಳಾಳುತ್ತಮಿೞ್ದು ಬೀರಮ<br /> |pagĕvarĕllamaṃnnikṣatrammāḍi gaṅgavāḍi tŏmbhattaṟusāsiramumaneka chatracchāyĕyŏl̤ā̤l̤utt̤ amiḻdu bīrama<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |ಹೇನ್ದ್ರನೊಳ್ಕಾದಲೆನ್ದು ಅಯ್ಯಪದೇವಙ್ಗೆಸಾಮನ್ತಸಹಿತಂ ನಾಗತ್ತರನಂ ದಣ್ಡುವೇೞ್ದೊಡೆ ತುಮ್ಬೆಪಾದಿಯೊಳ್ಕಾದಿ ಕಾಳೆಗ ಮಿಮ್ಬ<br /> |hendranŏl̤k̤ādalĕndu ayyapadevaṅgĕ sāmantasahitaṃ nāgattaranaṃ daṇḍuveḻdŏḍĕ tumbĕpādiyŏl̤k̤ādi kāl̤ĕg̤ a mimba<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |ೞಿದೊಡೆ ಆನೆಯೊಳಾನ್ತಿಱಿದು ಸತ್ತೊಡದಂ ಕೆಳ್ದೆಱೆಯಪಂ ಮೆಚ್ಚಿ ಇರುಗಙ್ಗೆ ನಾಗತ್ತರವಟ್ಟಂಗಟ್ಟಿ ಬೆಂಪೂರ್ಪ್ಪನ್ನೆರಡು<br /> |ḻidŏḍĕ ānĕyŏl̤ān̤ tiṟidu sattŏḍadaṃ kĕl̤dĕṟ ̤ ĕyapaṃ mĕcci irugaṅgĕ nāgattaravaṭṭaṃgaṭṭi bĕṃpūrppannĕraḍu<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;ಮಂ ಶಾಸನಬದ್ಧಂ ಕಲ್ನಾಡಿತ್ತನವಾವುವೆನ್ದೊಡೆ || ಬೆಂಪೂರು|| ತೊವಗೂರು ಪೂವಿನಪುಲ್ಲಿಮಙ್ಗಲ ಕೂತನಿಡುನಲ್ಲೂರು&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;maṃ śāsanabaddhaṃ kalnāḍittanavāvuvĕndŏḍĕ || bĕṃpūru|| tŏvagūru pūvinapullimaṅgala kūtaniḍunallūru&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;ನಲ್ಲೂರು | ಕೊಮ&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;nallūru | kŏma&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;ರಂಙ್ಗುನ್ದು || ಇ&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;raṅgundu || i&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;ಗ್ಗಲೂರು || ದು&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;ggalūru || du&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |ಗ್ಮೊನೆಲ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ<br /> |gmŏnĕlmalli<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |ಗೞಂಜವಾ<br /> |gaḻaṃjavā<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |ಗಿಲೂ<br /> |gilū<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |ಸಾಱಕಿ<br /> |sāṟaki<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |ಎೞ್ಕುಣ್ಟೆ ಪರವೂರು<br /> |ĕḻkuṇṭĕ paravūru <br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;ಕೂಡಲೆ | ಇನಿತುಮ&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |&lt;nowiki&gt;kūḍalĕ | inituma&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> |ಪೊಲಮೇರೆ ಸಹಿತ<br /> |pŏlamerĕ sahita<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |ಮಿತ್ತನೆಱೆಯಪಂ<br /> |mittanĕṟĕyapaṃ<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> |ಶವುಚರನ್ನಾಗರಂ<br /> |śavucarannāgara<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> |ಙ್ಗೆ ಮಙ್ಗಳ ಮಹಾಶ್ರೀ<br /> |ṅgĕ maṅgal̤a mahāśri<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> [[File:3D Scanning of the Begur 900CE Nagatara's Herostone with Inscription.jpg|thumb|right|269x269px|3D scanning of the Begur 900CE Nagatara's herostone with inscription]]<br /> <br /> The translation is published in the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] Volume 9.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n322/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt; The text reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;Be it well. When, a spotless moon in the sky the Ganga-kula praised in all the world, the self-chosen lord of the Lakshmi of sovereignty over the earth decorated at her waist with a zone of the wide circle of the waters of the ocean, his greatness adorned with the ornament of these and a host of countless virtues, Srimad Ereyaparasa, having made all his enemies powerless, was ruling the Gangavadi Ninety-six Thousand under the shadow of one umbrella, on ordering Nagatara along with his feudatories and the army to Ayyapa-Deva in order to fight against Bira Mahendra, fighting in tumbĕpādi when the battle was losing ground, going close up among the elephants, he slew and died.<br /> <br /> Hearing that, Ereyapa was pleased, and binding the Nagattara crown on Iruga, gave him the Bempur Twelve, secured by a sasana, as a kalnāḍ. Those are as follows, bĕṃpūru, tŏvagūru, pūvinapullimaṅgala kūtaniḍunallūru, nallūru, kŏmaraṅgundu, iggalūru, dugmŏnĕlmalli, gaḻaṃjavā, gaḻaṃjavāgilu, sāṟaki, ĕḻkuṇṭĕ, paravūru, kūḍalĕ. Thus much, with the fields anp boundaries, did Ereyapa give for the dutilul Nagatara, maṅgal̤a mahāśri.<br /> <br /> == Begur 900 CE Pervvonashetti and Buttanapati's herostone with inscription ==<br /> {{Infobox artifact<br /> | name = Begur 900CE Pervvonashetti and Buttanapati's Herostone<br /> | image = File:Digital image obtained by 3D scanning of The Beguru Bengaluru 900CE Kannada Inscription.png<br /> | image_caption = Digital image obtained by 3D scanning of the Beguru 900CE Pervvonashetti and Buttanapati's herostone with inscription<br /> | size = 442x442px<br /> | material = [[Stone]]<br /> | height = {{convert|125|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | location = {{coord|12.974639|77.596028}}<br /> | writing = Kannada script of the time<br /> | image_size = 350<br /> | width = {{convert|68|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | created = {{start date and age|900|p=yes|br=yes}}<br /> | discovered_date = 1914<br /> | discovered_by = R Narasimhachar, the then Director of Mysore Archaeology Department<br /> | language = Kannada language of the time<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Context of the inscription ===<br /> This [[Epigraphy|inscription]] was discovered in 1914 by R Narasimhachar and is a significant piece of evidence for understanding the early history of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. This inscription is housed in the [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Panchalingeshwara temple]] complex in Begur and is particularly noteworthy for being the earliest known written record of the name 'Bengaluru'. The inscription dates back to 900CE, a period marked by the presence of several powerful dynasties in South India. This Inscription was erected under the rule of the Western Gangas, whose rule was a prominent force in the region, controlling a significant portion of present-day Karnataka. [[File:3D Scanning of the Begur 900CE Pervvonashetti &amp; Buttanapati's Herostone With Inscription.jpg|thumb|3D Scanning of the Begur 900CE Pervvonashetti and Buttanapati's Herostone with inscription|left]][[File:Digital Image of the Word Bengulura (bĕṃgul̤ūra) Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Begur 900 CE Pervvonashetti and Buttanapati's Herostone with Inscription.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Digital Image of the Word Bengulura (bĕṃgul̤ūra) Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Begur 900 CE Pervvonashetti and Buttanapati's Herostone with Inscription. ]]The inscription has been the subject of several studies and interpretations by scholars like M.G. Manjunath, S. Karthik, and S.V. Padigar. These scholars have analyzed the inscription's linguistic features and historical context, offering various perspectives on its significance. R Narasimhachar, who discovered the inscription, emphasized its importance in debunking the then-popular story connecting the origin of Bengaluru's name to a Hoysala king, Ballala. The inscription provides a glimpse into the political landscape of the time, mentioning a battle that took place in or around 'Bengaluru.' However, it does not explicitly state whether the battle was fought within Bengaluru itself or over control of the area, leaving this question open for further historical investigation.<br /> <br /> === Summary ===<br /> This inscription was erected in memory of the heroic deaths of Nagatara's sons, Pervvonashetti and Buttanapati, in the battle of &quot;'''Bengulooru'''&quot;. The inscription mentions the term 'manĕvagati,' which refers to a hereditary servant who serves another's family; this term is used for Pervvonashetti, while 'vagati' is used for Buttanapati, differentiating the biological son from the adopted son.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=&quot;ಮನೆಮಗತಿ&quot; — Kannada (ಅರ್ಥ) to English meaning of &quot;ಮನೆಮಗತಿ.&quot; |url=https://alar.ink/dictionary/kannada/english/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF}}&lt;/ref&gt; This inscription is published in [[Epigraphia Carnatica]], Volume 9, Supplement, as Bangalore inscription number 174.<br /> [[File:Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Bĕṃgul̤ūra' in the Begur 900CE Pervvonashetti &amp; Buttanapati's Herostone With Inscription.png|thumb|521x521px|Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Bĕṃgul̤ūra' in the Begur 900CE Pervvonashetti &amp; Buttanapati's Herostone With Inscription. ]]<br /> <br /> === Preservation and recognition ===<br /> These inscriptions, along with others, were in a neglected condition within the temple precinct until 2018, promoting INTACH Bengaluru taking action by installing a protective glass gazebo on the southern side of the temple. The historical significance of this inscription was commemorated during the Lalbagh Republic Day flower show in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Bengaluru: Lalbagh's Republic Day Flower show to begin this week, theme to reflect city's history and evolution |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-lalbaghs-republic-day-flower-show-to-begin-this-week-theme-to-reflect-citys-history-and-evolution-article-97047551}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22764/page/n87/mode/1up?q=begur |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological researches in Mysore during the year 1914-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=B. Lewis Rice |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphia-carnatica-vol.-9-supplement/page/n38/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia Carnatica Vol. 9 Supplement}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is currently housed in the [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Panchalingeshwara temple complex.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sarumathi |first1=K. |date=9 October 2017 |title=Preserving Bengaluru's history etched in stone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/preserving-the-citys-history-etched-in-stone/article19829252.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bengaluru herostone will be shifted to city musuem&lt;!--sic--&gt; |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bengaluru-herostone-will-be-shifted-to-city-musuem/articleshow/61010648.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2 December 2012 |title=1000-year old inscription stone bears earliest reference to Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/1000-year-old-inscription-stone-bears-earliest-reference-to-bengaluru/articleshow/17446311.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Physical characteristics ===<br /> This herostone with inscription is carved on a stone that measures 125&amp;nbsp;cm in height and 68&amp;nbsp;cm in width, with characters typically measuring 7.6&amp;nbsp;cm tall, 7.4&amp;nbsp;cm wide, and 0.27&amp;nbsp;cm deep.<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text ===<br /> The transliteration has been published by the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''. The text below is the recent rereading of the inscription published by the Mythic Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Digital images of each of the characters of this inscription, images of the inscription itself, summary and the other information about the inscription have been shared via Akshara Bhandara software.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=110900 Akshara Bhandara software]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Line<br /> Number<br /> ![[Kannada script|Kannada]]<br /> ![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |ಶ್ರೀಮತ್‌ ನಾಗತ<br /> |śrīmat nāgata<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |ರನ ಮನೆವಗ<br /> |rana manĕvaga<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |ತಿಂ ಪೆರ್ವ್ವೊಣಶೆಟ್ಟಿ<br /> |tiṃ pĕrvvŏṇaśĕṭṭ<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |ಬೆಂಗುಳೂರ ಕಾಳೆ<br /> |bĕṃgul̤ūr a kāl̤ĕ<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |ಗದೊ. ತಾ . ಳ್ನಾಗ<br /> |gadŏ. tā . l̤nāg ̤ a<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |ತರನ ಮಗಂ ಬುಟ್ಟಣ<br /> |tarana magaṃ buṭṭaṇa<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |ಪತಿ ಸತ್ತಂ<br /> |pati sattaṃ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Begur 900 CE Tondabbe Sanyasana inscription ==<br /> {{Infobox artifact<br /> | name = Begur 900 CE Tondabbe Sanyasana Inscription<br /> | image = [[File:Digital Image of the Begur 900CE Tondabbe Sanyasana Inscription.png|200px]].<br /> | image_caption = Begur 900 CE Tondabbe Sanyasana Inscription<br /> | material = [[Stone]]<br /> | height = {{convert|148|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | location = {{coord|12.8710993|77.6231483}}<br /> | writing = Kannada script of the time<br /> | image_size = 125<br /> | width = {{convert|38|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | created = {{start date and age|900|p=yes|br=yes}}<br /> | discovered_date = 1905<br /> | discovered_by = B L Rice (Director of Mysore Archaeology Department) and team<br /> | language = Kannada language of the time<br /> | website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=108900<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Context of the inscription ===<br /> This inscription is erected on the mantapa pillar located at the entrance of the Begur fort. It is one of the very few inscriptions documented in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] which belongs to the [[wikipedia:Jainism|Jaina]] religion. The inscription's reference to Tondabbe's death through [[Sallekhana|Sanyasana]] suggests a strong Jain presence in [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]] during the 10th century CE.<br /> <br /> In [[Jain philosophy]], [[Sallekhana|Sanyasana]] is a significant path toward liberation from the cycle of birth and death. It involves a voluntary and rigorous renunciation of worldly possessions and attachments. In some cases, [[Sallekhana|Sanyasana]] can involve a specific ritualistic death known as &quot;Sanyasana-marana,&quot; which entails a gradual reduction of food intake leading to self-starvation.<br /> <br /> Jainism categorizes 48 types of death into three groups: bāla-maraṇa (childish or foolish death), paṇḍita-maraṇa (wise death), and paṇḍita-paṇḍitamaraṇa (the wisest of wise death). Sanyasana-marana is considered to fall under the paṇḍita-paṇḍitamaraṇa category, offering complete liberation from all bonds, including rebirth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shettar |first=S |title=Inviting Death: Historical Experiments on Sepulchral Hill |publisher=[[Primus Books]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-93-80607-42-9 |edition=Revised |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Summary ===<br /> This inscription records that Tondabbe, daughter of Nagatara, died through the ritual of Sanyasana.The inscription begins with the symbol ಄, representing &quot;siddham,&quot; signifying the achievement of success. The inscription includes the phrase &quot;bhadramastu jina sasanaya,&quot; meaning &quot;prosperity to the Jain inscription,&quot; a common [[Sanskrit]] invocation found in Jain inscriptions. The inscription is estimated to date back to around 900 CE based on the style of its characters. The inscription has been documented in the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] Vol 9 as Bengaluru Inscription Number 94.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n323/mode/2up |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 November 2022 |title=Know Your City: Begur Fort – One of the first historical landmarks that talks about existence of Bengaluru |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/know-your-city-begur-fort-historical-landmarks-existence-of-bengaluru-8291582/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A tale of Bangalore and its four forts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/a-tale-bangalore-its-four-2283919}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Incredible Inscription Stones of Bengaluru |url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=10MkVJhxpkbsDbhXxJpAS82KtKMI&amp;ll=12.877316355559765%2C77.63810455000001&amp;z=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A sculpture of a woman seated in the meditative padmasana posture is carved on the pillar just above the inscription. On either side of her shoulders are two smaller figures of women, apparently serving as attendants.<br /> <br /> === Physical characteristics ===<br /> This herostone with inscription is carved on a stone that measures 148&amp;nbsp;cm in height and 38&amp;nbsp;cm in width, with characters typically measuring 4&amp;nbsp;cm tall, 7.4&amp;nbsp;cm wide, and 0.21&amp;nbsp;cm deep.<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text ===<br /> [[File:Begur fort 900CE Tondabbe Kannada inscription.jpg|thumb|357x357px|3D scanning of the Begur 900CE Tondabbe Sanyasana inscription]]<br /> <br /> The transliteration has been published by the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]]. The text below is the recent rereading of the inscription published by Mythic Society.<br /> <br /> Digital images of each of the characters of this inscription, images of the inscription itself, summary and the other information about the inscription have been shared via Akshara Bhandara software.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=108900 Akshara Bhandara software]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Line <br /> Number<br /> ![[Kannada script|Kannada]]<br /> ![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |಄ ಭದ್ರಮಸ್ತು ಜಿ<br /> |಄ bhadramastu ji<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |ನ ಸಾಸನಾಯ ಶ್ರೀ<br /> |na sāsanāya śrī<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |ಮತ್ ನಾಗತರನ<br /> |mat nāgatarana<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |ಮಗಳ್ತೊಣ್ಡಬ್ಬೆ ಸ<br /> |magal̤tŏ̤ṇḍabbĕ sa<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |ನ್ಯಾಸನಂಗೆಯ್ದು<br /> |nyāsanaṃgĕydu<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |ಮುಡಿಪಿದಳ್<br /> |muḍipidal̤<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> The translation of the text is published in [[Epigraphia Carnatica]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n323/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt; The text is as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;Nagatara's daughter Tondabbe, ending her time in the manner appointed, died.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Begur 900CE Tondabbe's husband's herostone with inscription ==<br /> <br /> {{Infobox artifact<br /> | name = Begur 900CE Tondabbe's Husband's Herostone With Inscription<br /> | image = [[File:Digital Image of the Begur 900CE Tondabbe's Husband's Herostone With Inscription.png|290x290px]]<br /> | image_caption = The Begur 900CE Tondabbe's Husband's Herostone with inscription <br /> | material = [[Stone]]<br /> | height = {{convert|95|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | location = {{coord|12.876815|77.626444}}<br /> | writing = Kannada script of the time<br /> | image_size = 125<br /> | width = {{convert|91|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | created = {{start date and age|900|p=yes|br=yes}}<br /> | discovered_date = 1905<br /> | discovered_by = B L Rice (Director of Mysore Archaeology Department) and team<br /> | language = Kannada language of the time<br /> | website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=105900<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Nageshvara Temple, Begur (7).jpg|thumb|301x301px|Begur 900CE Tondabbe's Husband's Herostone with inscription]]<br /> <br /> === Context of the inscription ===<br /> This hero stone is located within the [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Panchalingeshwara temple]] complex. The herostone is considered unusual due to the fragmented nature of the inscription, as the existing portion contains only a few concluding lines. This has led to speculation that additional lines may have been present when the stone was originally installed but have since been lost. The [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] provides portions of these missing initial lines, aiding in forming a summary. Interestingly, the inscription references a female figure, which seems inconsistent with the sculpture of a seated male. This discrepancy suggests that additional text could have once explained this figure further.<br /> <br /> === Summary ===<br /> This hero stone depicts a scene of self-sacrifice, featuring a calmly seated male with a large cut on the neck, indicating severing, while another figure stands alongside, holding a large, heavy sword-like device intended to behead the hero. Combining the imagery on the hero stone with the text from Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. 9, it can be inferred that the hero was the husband of Tondabbe, Nagatara's daughter. The violent portrayal of the man's death implies that he was not a follower of Jainism, while his wife, Tondabbe, adhered to the Jain faith.<br /> <br /> === Physical characteristics ===<br /> This herostone with inscription is carved on a stone that measures 95&amp;nbsp;cm in height and 91&amp;nbsp;cm in width, with characters typically measuring 4&amp;nbsp;cm tall, 3&amp;nbsp;cm wide, and 0.24&amp;nbsp;cm deep.<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text ===<br /> The transliteration in both Kannada and IAST has been published in ''Epigraphia Carnatica''; however, in the Mythic Society's recent re-reading, only the last three lines have been fully documented, as the inscription is damaged. The text in the table has been taken from both [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] and the Mythic Society's re-reading.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n529/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n80/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Digital images of each of the characters of this inscription, images of the inscription itself, summary and the other information about the inscription have been shared via Akshara Bhandara software.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=105900 Akshara Bhandara software]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Line<br /> Number<br /> ![[Kannada script|Kannada]]<br /> ![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |ನಾಗತ್ತರನ<br /> |nāgattarana<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |ಮಗಳ್ಕೊ<br /> |magal̤k̤ŏ<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |ಣ್ಡಬ್ಬೆಯು<br /> |ṇḍabbĕyu<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |ಕತ್ತವ್ಯ<br /> |kattavya<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |ವೇಳೆಗೊ<br /> |vĕl̤ĕg̤ŏ<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |ಣ್ಡು ಸತ್ತಂ<br /> |ṇḍu sattaṃ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Begur 900CE Bydukura Kerega Turugol and Uralivu herostone ==<br /> <br /> {{Infobox artifact<br /> | name = Begur 900CE Bydukura Kerega Turugol and Uralivu Herostone<br /> | image = [[File:Digital Image of the Begur 900CE Bydukura Kerega Turugol &amp; Uralivu Herostone Inscription.png|370x370px]]<br /> | image_caption = Dhe Begur 900CE Bydukura Kerega Turugol and Uralivu Herostone Inscription Picture <br /> | material = [[Stone]]<br /> | height = {{convert|212|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | location = {{coord|12.876815|77.626444}}<br /> | writing = Kannada script of the time<br /> | image_size = 125<br /> | width = {{convert|139|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | created = {{start date and age|900|p=yes|br=yes}}<br /> | discovered_date = 1905<br /> | discovered_by = B L Rice (Director of Mysore Archaeology Department) and team<br /> | language = Kannada language of the time<br /> | website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115146<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Context of the inscription ===<br /> This hero stone sheds light on the two key concepts of ''Turugol'' and ''Uralivu''.<br /> <br /> ''Turugol'' refers to cattle raiding, reflecting the significant economic and cultural value of cattle as a primary source of wealth. Raiding parties often targeted villages to steal cattle. The Bydukura Kerega inscription, though primarily focused on ''uralivu'' (the destruction or ravaging of a town), suggests that Bydukura Kerega may have defended the town against raiders whose aims were not only to steal cattle but also to cause widespread harm.<br /> <br /> === Summary ===<br /> This hero-stone commemorates Bydukura Kerega's valiant death while defending a village from destruction and protecting the cattles. The inscription, though somewhat cryptic, suggest that Bydukura Kerega was the brother-in-law of a Tengalamadaka Gamunda. This inscription has been documented in Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. 9.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto9&quot; /&gt; The re-reading of the inscription has been published by the Mythic Society. Currently, this hero stone is housed in the [[Government Museum, Bangalore|Government Museum, Bengaluru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Incredible Inscription Stones of Bengaluru |url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=10MkVJhxpkbsDbhXxJpAS82KtKMI&amp;ll=12.991711876622219%2C77.60942205404906&amp;z=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Herostone is intricately divided into three sections, each depicting a different scene related to the hero's demise and afterlife. Starting from the bottom section, a battle scene is carved, showcasing the hero standing tall with a bow in one hand and a large sword in the other. His posture clearly indicates that he is either engaged in a fierce fight or poised to confront a formidable opponent. Tragically, his body is depicted as being pierced by two arrows. In front of him lie the lifeless bodies of two men, stacked one atop the other. Behind the hero, three small cow sculptures add context to the scene.<br /> <br /> Moving to the middle section, a dynamic representation of the hero rising towards heaven is depicted. Beside him, apsaras gracefully hold his hands, guiding him on his celestial journey. The topmost portion features the hero seated on a stool within a beautifully canopied structure, being attended by apsaras who hold chamaras (flywhisks), symbols of honor and reverence. These three distinct scenes are separated by a thick, rib-like horizontal section on which an inscription is meticulously carved. It is worth noting that this three-part representation of the heroic fighting scene is a common theme found in many hero stones.<br /> <br /> === Physical characteristics ===<br /> This herostone with inscription is carved on a stone that measures 212&amp;nbsp;cm in height and 139&amp;nbsp;cm in width, with characters typically measuring 4&amp;nbsp;cm tall, 5&amp;nbsp;cm wide, and 0.18&amp;nbsp;cm deep.<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text ===<br /> [[File:3D Scanning of the Begur 900CE Bydukura Kerega Turugol &amp; Uralivu Herostone Inscription.jpg|thumb|375x375px|3D scanning of the Begur 900CE Bydukura Kerega Turugol and Uralivu Herostone inscription]]<br /> <br /> This transliteration has been documented in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'' Vol 9. The text below is the Mythic Society's rereading.<br /> <br /> Digital images of each of the characters of this inscription, images of the inscription itself, summary and the other information about the inscription have been shared via Akshara Bhandara software.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115146 Akshara Bhandara software]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Line<br /> Number<br /> ![[Kannada script|Kannada]]<br /> ![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಶ್ರೀ ತೆಂಗಾಲಮದಕಇದು . ಗಾಮುಣ್ಡನ ಮಯ್ದುಂ ಬಯ್ದುಕೂರ ಕೆಱೆಗನ<br /> |svastiśrī tĕṃgālamadakaïdu . gāmuṇḍana mayduṃ baydukūra kĕṟĕgana<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |ಊರಾೞಿವಿನೊಳ್ಗೆಲೆ ಕಾದಿ ಸತ್ತ ಆ . . . . . . ಳ<br /> |ūrāḻivinŏl̤g̤ĕlĕ kādi satta ā . . . . . . l̤a<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Begur 1400CE Nagareshwara Temple Gowdu Sonnappa ==<br /> <br /> {{Infobox artifact<br /> | name = Begur 1400CE Nagareshwara Temple Gowdu Sonnappa<br /> | image = [[File:Digital Image of the Begur 1400CE Nagareshwara Temple Gowdu Sonnappa Inscription.png|516x516px]].<br /> | image_caption = Begur 1400CE Nagareshwara Temple Gowdu Sonnappa<br /> | material = [[Stone]]<br /> | height = {{convert|77|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | location = {{coord|12.876815|77.626444}}<br /> | writing = Kannada script of the time<br /> | image_size = 125<br /> | width = {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}}<br /> | created = {{start date and age|900|p=yes|br=yes}}<br /> | discovered_date = 1905<br /> | discovered_by = B L Rice (Director of Mysore Archaeology Department) and team<br /> | language = Kannada language of the time<br /> | website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=1011400<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Context of the inscription ===<br /> [[File:Wide Angle View Photograph of the Begur 1400CE Nagareshwara Temple Gowdu Sonnappa Inscription.jpg|thumb|left|304x304px|Wide angle view of the Begur 1400CE Nagareshwara Temple Gowdu Sonnappa inscription]]<br /> <br /> The inscription is located on the first door frame of the Nageshwara Temple, which lies within the Panchalineshwara temple complex.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1992 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurthy |first=P V |title=Bempureshwarasthanada Devalayagalu Mattu Shasanagalu Ondu Parichaya |year=2019 |language=Kannada}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Inscription is paleographically dated to 1400CE, while the architectural features of the Nageshwara Temple suggest it was likely built around 900 CE. This inscription is the only one found at the Nageshwara Temple, whereas other temples in the complex contain more inscriptions. It records the donation of equipment made by Gowdu Sonappa to the Nageshwara Temple. Gowdu Sonappa, the son of a merchant named Chellandi Shetti and was likely the headman of Begur or a nearby village. Donating equipment for temple rituals was a common practice, with similar records found in temples at [[Lepakshi]], Tirumala, Srirangam, and other locations.<br /> <br /> === Summary ===<br /> The equipment donated by Gauda Sonnappa to the Nageshwara Temple includes a ''hariyaana'' (plate), an ''addanige'' (low three-legged stool for placing a plate), a ''gampinavarathi'' (an unidentified type of arati), a ''dhooparati'' (stand for burning dhoop incense), a ''battalu'' (bowl), and a ''shanku'' (conch). This inscription is recorded in [[Epigraphia Carnatica]], Volume 9, as Bangalore Inscription Number 90.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n82/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Physical characteristics ===<br /> This inscription is carved on a stone that measures 77&amp;nbsp;cm in height and 30&amp;nbsp;cm in width, with characters typically measuring 4.1&amp;nbsp;cm tall, 3.6&amp;nbsp;cm wide, and 0.27&amp;nbsp;cm deep<br /> <br /> === Transliterations of the text ===<br /> It is published in the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] Volume 9.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The text below in the text is the Mythic Society's rereading.<br /> <br /> Digital Images of each of the characters of this inscription, images of the inscription itself, summary and the other information about the inscription have been shared via Akshara Bhandara software.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=1011400 Akshara Bhandara software]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Line<br /> Number<br /> ![[Kannada script|Kannada]]<br /> ![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ನಗರೇ<br /> |svasti śrī nagare<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |ಶ್ವರ ದೇವರಿಗೆ ಬೇ<br /> |śvara devarigĕ be<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |ಹೂರ ಚೆಲ್ಲಾಂ<br /> |hūra cĕllāṃ<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |ಡಿ ಸೆಟ್ಟಿಯ ಮ<br /> |ḍi sĕṭṭiya ma<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |ಗ ಗಉಡು ಸೊ<br /> |ga gaüḍu sŏ<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |ಂಣಪ್ಪನು ಕೊ<br /> |ṃṇappanu kŏ<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |ಟ್ಟ ಉಪಕರಣ<br /> |ṭṭa upakaraṇa<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |ಹರಿಯಾಣ ಅ<br /> |hariyāṇa a<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |ಡ್ಡಣಿಗೆ ಗಂಪಿ<br /> |ḍḍaṇigĕ gaṃpi<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |ನವಾರತಿ ಧೂಪಾ<br /> |navārati dhūpā<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |ರತಿ ಬಟ್ಟಲು ಶಂ<br /> |rati baṭṭalu śaṃ<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |ಕು<br /> |ku<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> The text of translation is published in the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;Be it well, For the god Nagaresvara, Behura Challandi-Setti's son Gaudu-Sonnappa gave vessels (namely) — a tray, a tripod, a bowl for the wave-offering of perfume and incense, and a conch-shell.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Begur 1426CE Chokkimayya Jinalaya inscription ==<br /> [[File:Begur 1426CE Kannada inscription.jpg|thumb|448x448px|Jain sculptures in Begur]]<br /> <br /> This 15th-century inscription records donations made to the Chokkimayya Jinalaya, a ''basadi'' (Jain temple) that once existed in Begur. The inscription was commissioned by Nagiya Kariyappa Dandanayaka, whose title, ''dandanayaka'', indicates he held a military position.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bhatia |first1=Pratipal |date=1961 |title=The Office of the Dandanayaka |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=24 |pages=71–74 |jstor=44140708}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, the inscription was discovered in '''Shravanappana Dinne'''. &quot;Shravanappa&quot; is a colloquial form of ''śramaṇa'', the term for a Jain monk, suggesting that the location's name reflects an earlier Jain presence. Although this inscription has been documented, its current physical condition remains unknown.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n528/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n81/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Incredible Inscription Stones of Bengaluru |url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=10MkVJhxpkbsDbhXxJpAS82KtKMI&amp;ll=12.87592505533096%2C77.62765585181913&amp;z=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text in English ===<br /> The text was published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;srimat-parama-gambhira-syad-vadamogha-lanchhanam | jiyat trailokya-nathasya sasanam Jina-sasanam ||<br /> <br /> svasti Saka-varusha 1349 neya Parabhava-samvatsaradalu sri-Mula-sanghada Desiya-ganada Kondakundauvayada Pustuka-gachchhadi srimatu Pra........siddhanti-devara shishyarappa srimachchhubhachandra-siddhanti-devara gudda Chakkimayyaua Nagiya Kariyappa-danda-nayakar appa danda Morasu-nadalvandekadi Kaliyur-agrahara kotta sarva-badha-pariharavagi Chokkimayya Jinalayam chandradityarullannaka salvantagi......dharmamanadasuvantagi (usual imprecatory phrases) srima...............ndanayaka Chokkimayya.............radu nilisidanu kalu ...... madisikotta.&quot;<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> The text was published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;Having the supreme profound syad-vada as a fruit-bearing token, may it prevail, the doctrine of the lord of the three worlds, the Jina doctriue. Be it well. (On the date specified), of the sri-Mula-sangha, Desiya-gana, Kondakundanvaya and Pustuka-gachha, Prasiddhanti-deva's disciple Subhachandra-siddhanti-deva's lay.disciple Chakkimayya's (son) Nagiya Kariyappa-dandanayaka when ruling Morasu-nad, made a grant (effaced) for the Kaliyur agrahara, that the Chokkiimayya Jinalaya might continue as long as sun and moon. Imprecations.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Begur 1300CE Vallala Jiyar inscription ==<br /> This is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription written in the [[Grantha script]]. It is a donatory inscription from the 14th century CE, made by Vallala Jiyar to the deity Tirunagesvaran of the Begur Panchalingeshwara Temple. The donation was intended to provide offerings of rice, sandalwood, and other items, as well as a procession during the festival in the month of [[Chaitra|chittirai]], for the benefit of Vallala Jiyar's father, Sembandai Jiyar. The inscription states that the grant is under the protection of the Mahesvaras. This inscription is documented in [[Epigraphia Carnatica]], but its current physical condition is unknown.<br /> <br /> === Transcription of the text in English ===<br /> The text was published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;.........purva-pakshattu Dutiyaiyum S'evva .. kkilamai nal Vallaja-Siyarena engal nayanar Tirunagisvaram-u........l tamappanar Sembandai-siyarkku naDr-aga Sittirai-ttiru-nal elundarula amudupadi sattuppadi ullitta sevaikka......kke vittom idarku-ttappuna-van Gangai-kkaraiyir-kuraypasuvai-kkonran pavatte povan sri-Mahesvara-rakshai.&quot;<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> The text was published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> (On the date specified), for the benefit of my father Sembandai-jiyar, I, Vallala-jiyar, made a grant for the god Tirunigesaramudaiyar to provide for offerings of rice, sandal and other requirements, and for a procession during the festival in the month of Sittirai. (Usual final imprecatory sentence). This grant is under the protection of Mahesvaras.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Begur 1262CE Rajaraja Karkata Maharaja Sokkanayan inscription ==<br /> This is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription written in the [[Grantha script]], dating to the 13th century CE. It records a land grant to the deity Tirunagesvaram-udaiya Mahadevar of the Begur [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur|Panchalingeshwara Temple]] by Rajaraja Karkata Maharaja Sokkanayan. The inscription is documented in ''Epigraphia Carnatica'', though its current physical condition is unknown.<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text in English ===<br /> The text was published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;Svasti sri Rajaraja-Karkkata-maharaja Sokkanayanena Tirunagesvaram-udaiya Mahadevarkku Orriyavanapalli nanjai punjai narppal-ellaiyum devark.........&quot;<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> The text was published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;I, Rajaraja-Karkata-maharaja Sokkanayan, granted the wet and dry lands with their four boundaries in the village of Orriyavanpalli for the god Tirunagesvaram-udaiya Mahadevar.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Begur 1110CE Tamattandan inscription ==<br /> This is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription written in the [[Grantha script]]. It is a donatory inscription from the 12th century CE, created during the Hoysala rule. The inscription documents a grant to the Begur Panchalingeshwara temple by Tamattandan, son of Solavelar, a chieftain of the Morasunadu. The inscription refers to the [[Begur, Bangalore|Begur]] lake as the Veppur Periya Ēri (Veppur's big tank). It is noted that Begur was historically also known as Veppur, a Tamilized form of the word.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The inscription is documented in ''Epigraphia Carnatica'', but its present physical status is unknown.<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text in English ===<br /> The text was published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;svastisri Poysala-Deva-rajya Mudikonda-Sola-mandalattu Rajendira-Sola-vala-nattu Murasu-nattu..............nattu gamundagalil Sola-velar magan Virudaraja-bayankara Murasu-nad-alvar magan Tamattandan ana Murasu.........rajan Veppur periya eri udaippa padan-kandaga-kalani devadanam aga nadapoguram. devadanam aga vittu ainnura-pon ner-madil-iduvittu i-kkoyilukku Era-battan magan Periyandan ana Narpattennayira-battanukku madapattiyam kaniy-aga ssada....kudattom inda dhanmam irikkuvan Gengai-karaiyil kurar-pasu-konran pavam-padu-van sri-Mahe........&quot;<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> The text was published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;During the rule of Poysala Deva, Tamattandan, alias Murasu rajan, son of Murasu-nad-alvar, terrible to titled kings, who was the son of Sola-velar — one of the gamundas of Murasu-nadu in Rajendira-Sola-vala-nadu of Mudigonda-Sola-mandalam — granted certain lands (specified) below the big tank of Veppur as a devadana, caused a surrounding wall to be built at a cost of 500 pon, and gave certain lands to Periyandan, alias Narpattennayira-battan son of Era-battan, for conducting the duties of superintendent of the matha (madapattiyam) in this temple.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Begur 1270CE Alagiyar and Vilakkavayiran inscription ==<br /> This is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] donatory inscription of the 13th century CE to the Begur Panchalingeshwara temple which records setting up of a goddess Tiruvidinachchiyar by an Alagiyar and a donation of a Lamp stand by Vilakkavayiran.The inscription is documented in ''Epigraphia Carnatica'' but its physical status is not known.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text in English ===<br /> The text was published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;.......gapakkam-udaiyan magan Alagiyar elunda.. livitta Tiruvidi-nachchiyaruni Avudai........yum elundarulivittar Puvadara,- ril Vilakkavayiran itta dipa-pattiram idai padinettu.&quot;<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> The text was published in the ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;pakkam-udaiyan's son Alagiyar set up (the image of) a goddess to be taken out in procession in the streets......Vilakkavayiran gave a lamp-stand weighing eighteen.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Begur 1294CE Kulottunga Sola Tagadadirayar Mara Sika Devar ==<br /> This is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] donatory inscription in the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] script dated to the 13th Century CE. It records the donation of offerings of rice for the god Kadikandiyaduram-udaiya-nayanarku of the Begur Panchalingeshwara temple by a Kulottunga Sola Tagadadirayar Mara Sika Devar. The inscription is documented in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'' but its physical status is not known.<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text in English ===<br /> The text was published in the ''Epigraphia Carnatica''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;svasti sri sarvabhuma-chakravattiga| sri-Posala-vira-Ramanata-Devarku 'yandu 40 vadu Adi-mada-mudal svasti sri Kulottunga-Sola Tagadadirayar Marasika-devarrena udaiyar Kadikandiyasuram-udaiva-nayanarku mun-nalil tiruppadimarr-illadapadiyale nam tiruppadimarru sellumpadikku nam-udaiya urgalil S'ikkanpajliy-eriyile kandaga-viraiyum Vettapajliy-eriyile kandaga-viraiyum Velluriy-eriyile iru-kandaga-viraiyum Idaiyiuril Munnilakuttaiyil kandagamum Tamaraikuttaiyil kanda-gamum aga viraiy-aru-kandagamum sandra-aditta-varai sella idukku vignam-panniavar Gamgai-karaiyil kural-pasuvai konra papattai. povan.&quot;<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> The text was published in the ''Epigraphia Carnatica.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;In the 40th year of the reign of the universal emperor sri-Posala-vira-Ramanadadevar, Aa there had been no provision made formerly for offerings of rice for the god Kadikandiyasuram-udaiya-nayanar, to provide for offerings of rice for the god, I, Kulottunga-Sola-Tagadadirayar Mara-Sika-devar, granted (from the date specified), to continue for as long as the moon and the sun exist, certain quantities (specified) of paddy from lands situated in different villages (named), (Usual final imprecatory sentence).&quot;<br /> <br /> == Begur 1300CE Dhoopa Deepa inscription ==<br /> This is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription in the [[Grantha script|grantha]] script.It is a 14th-century donatory inscription which is only published with the last verses of the record, it includes various ritual materials like conch, lamp, incense, water cups and bell. The inscription is documented in [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] but its physical status is not known.<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text in English ===<br /> The text was published in the ''Epigraphia Carnatica''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;........parikalam kalum tanni-vattil nal diipa-dipa mani sangu sri-Mahesvara-rakshai i-dharmam...... &quot;<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> The text was published in the ''Epigraphia Carnatica''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;water cups, incense-burner, lamp, bell and conch-shell to the temple. This charity is under the protection of Maheshvaras.&quot;<br /> <br /> == Begur 950CE Ravikanti Siddhanti's inscription ==<br /> It is an incomplete [[Kannada]] inscription dated paleographically to the 950 CE, the context or the meaning cannot be deduced from the reading. It is documented in the ''Epigraphia Carnatica'' Volume 9, its present physical status remains unknown.<br /> <br /> === Transliteration of the text in English ===<br /> The text was published in the ''Epigraphia Carnatica''.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n83/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;.....Setti Raya-putra....na-siddhanta-bha......vara sishyar Kumaranandi-bhattara.....Kamapura Bida-kandada Madambapattana.....bhimukhagaliyar kramadinda viharisuttu....&quot;<br /> <br /> === Translation ===<br /> The text was published in the ''Epigraphia Carnatica''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It reads as follows,<br /> <br /> &quot;Raya's son.....disciple of.......Kumaranandi-bhatara, with his face towards Kamapura and Madambapattaua of the Bide-kanda, accoruing to custom wandering about.....&quot;<br /> <br /> == Conservation and Current Status ==<br /> {{AI-generated|section=Conservation|date=August 2025}}<br /> The preservation of the Begur inscriptions and hero stones faces challenges common to historical monuments in rapidly urbanizing areas, alongside unique local factors. Many stones are located ''in situ'' within the Panchalingeshwara Temple complex or its vicinity, exposed to weathering and potential human impact. Some stones documented historically are now untraceable, likely victims of development, neglect, or vandalism. The condition of those remaining varies; some hero stones were reported as cracked or leaning precariously against walls.{{fact|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> A significant event concerning conservation occurred in 2015. The state Department of Archaeology, Museums and Heritage planned to relocate 15 veeragallu, including the historically crucial &quot;Bengaluru War&quot; stone, from the temple premises to the Government Museum in Bengaluru for better preservation. However, this plan met with strong opposition from Begur residents, who expressed concerns based on traditional beliefs that moving the stones would bring misfortune to the village. The entire [[gram panchayat]] signed a memorandum protesting the move. After a year of impasse, the authorities, including the endowment commissioner, decided to respect the local sentiments and abandoned the relocation plan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2015 |author=Kushala S |title=Veeragallu stones will stay put in Begur |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/veeragallu-stones-begur/articleshow/47376322.cms |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The revised strategy involved conserving the stones ''in situ'' by installing them on dedicated pedestals within the temple grounds. This episode highlights the complex interplay between heritage management protocols and local community beliefs and attachments to historical artifacts.{{or?|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> Complementing physical conservation efforts, the Mythic Society's &quot;Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project&quot; represents a major modern intervention.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Launched in 2021, this project aims to create high-resolution 3D digital models of all traceable inscriptions (estimated around 1500) in Bengaluru Urban, Bengaluru Rural, and Ramanagara districts, including those at Begur. Using non-contact 3D scanning technology (e.g., Artec Space Spider) and advanced software (e.g., MeshLab), the project creates &quot;digital twins&quot; of the inscriptions. These digital models serve multiple purposes:<br /> <br /> * '''Digital Preservation:''' They act as a permanent record, mitigating the risk of data loss due to physical damage or destruction of the original stones.   <br /> * '''Enhanced Research:''' The high-resolution models allow epigraphists to study the inscriptions remotely with tools for magnification, virtual relighting, and applying filters, often revealing details obscured on the physical stone and leading to more accurate readings and corrections of previous interpretations.   <br /> * '''Accessibility and Awareness:''' The digital data, including models, images, transliterations, translations, and contextual information, is made publicly accessible through online platforms, notably [[Inscription stones of Bengaluru#The 'Inscription Stones of Bengaluru' Google Map|an interactive GIS map]] ('Inscription Stones of Bengaluru' and a related 'Hero Stones' map). This democratizes access for researchers, students, and the general public, fostering greater awareness of local history. The project also publishes findings in journals and magazines like ''Bengaluru Itihaasa Vaibhava''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free &amp; Borrowable Texts, Movies, Music &amp; Wayback Machine |url=https://archive.org/search?query=subject:%22%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81+%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8+%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B3%96%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B5%22 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The project uses specific icons on its map to indicate the status of documented inscriptions: a green heart for traceable stones, a red skull for lost or destroyed ones, and a question mark for those whose current status is unknown. As of late 2023/early 2024, the project had surveyed over 1000 sites and digitally conserved over 400-600 inscriptions across the three districts.<br /> <br /> The current status of the Begur artifacts is thus a combination of physical presence (some ''in situ'' on pedestals , the major Nagatara hero stone in the Bangalore Museum ) and digital preservation through the ongoing Mythic Society initiative. This hybrid approach reflects both the challenges and the technological opportunities in safeguarding historical inscriptions in the 21st century.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puri_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=527351 Puri Lok Sabha constituency 2026-03-30T11:41:57Z <p>StevieJ461261267: creating first stub first draft - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Odisha}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> | name = Puri &lt;Br&gt;{{Small|OD-17}}<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Odisha/Puri.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Puri Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 15,89,698{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br /> | incumbent_image = Sambit Patra MP 2024.jpg<br /> | mp = [[Sambit Patra]]<br /> | party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[BJP]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | assembly_cons = [[Puri (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Puri]]&lt;br&gt;[[Brahmagiri (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Brahmagiri]]&lt;br&gt;[[Satyabadi (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Satyabadi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pipili (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pipili]]&lt;br&gt;[[Chilika (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chilika]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ranpur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranpur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nayagarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nayagarh]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Puri Lok Sabha Constituency''' is one of the 21 [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliamentary) Constituencies in [[Odisha]] state in Eastern [[India]].<br /> <br /> == Assembly Segments ==<br /> Assembly Constituencies which constitute this Parliamentary Constituency, after delimitation of Parliamentary Constituencies and Legislative Assembly Constituencies of 2008 are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/odisha/puri/electiondata.aspx|accessdate=25 March 2014|title =17 - Puri Parliamentary (Lok Sabha) Constituency}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> !District<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Leading<br /> {{small|(in 2024)}}<br /> |-<br /> |107<br /> |[[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Puri district|Puri]]<br /> |[[Sunil Kumar Mohanty]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}<br /> |-<br /> |108<br /> |[[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]<br /> |[[Upasna Mohapatra]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |109<br /> |[[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]<br /> |[[Om Prakash Mishra (politician)|Om Prakash Mishra]]<br /> |-<br /> |110<br /> |[[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili]]<br /> |[[Ashrit Pattanayak]]<br /> |-<br /> |118<br /> |[[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilika]]<br /> |[[Khordha district|Khurda]]<br /> |[[Prithviraj Harichandan|Prithiviraj Harichandan]]<br /> |-<br /> |119<br /> |[[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]<br /> |[[Surama Padhy]]<br /> |-<br /> |122<br /> |[[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]<br /> |[[Arun Kumar Sahoo]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Assembly Constituencies which constituted this Parliamentary Constituency, before delimitation of Parliamentary Constituencies and Legislative Assembly Constituencies of 2008 are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Orissa |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012916/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf |archivedate=2009-02-06 |accessdate=2008-09-20 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baliapatana, [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipili]], [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]], [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]], [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]], [[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilka]] and [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]].<br /> <br /> == Elected members ==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|52.58}}<br /> {{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|37.25}}<br /> {{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|33.03}}<br /> {{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.99}}<br /> {{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.98}}<br /> {{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.51}}<br /> {{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.82}}<br /> {{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|48.69}}<br /> {{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|59.85}}<br /> {{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.56}}<br /> {{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|59.87}}<br /> {{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|62.2}}<br /> {{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.47}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Since its formation in 1952, 18 elections have been held till date.<br /> <br /> List of members elected from Puri constituency are<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> |-<br /> ! Year <br /> ! Name <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> |[[Lokenath Mishra]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br /> |[[Chintamani Panigrahi]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> |[[Bibudhendra Mishra]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |[[Rabi Ray]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |[[Banamali Patnaik]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |[[Padmacharan Samantasinhar]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Brajamohan Mohanty]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |[[Nilamani Routray]]<br /> | {{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> |[[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |[[Pinaki Misra]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|rowspan=6|Biju Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Puri 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=15&amp;pcname=Puri&amp;submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Pinaki Misra]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Puri 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=17&amp;pcname=Puri&amp;submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Puri lok sabha election results 2024: Puri Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/odisha/puri-constituency-result-18517 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Sambit Patra]]<br /> |{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> Voting were held on 25th May 2024 in 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Sambit Patra]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Arup Patnaik|Arup Mohan Patnaik]] by a margin of 1,04,709 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title = [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Puri]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Sambit Patra]] <br /> |votes = 6,29,330<br /> |percentage = 52.58<br /> |change = {{increase}}6.21<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Arup Patnaik|Arup Mohan Patnaik]]<br /> |votes = 5,24,621<br /> |percentage = 43.83<br /> |change = {{decrease}}3.57<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Jay Narayan Patnaik<br /> |votes = 24,342<br /> |percentage = 2.03<br /> |change = {{decrease}}1.91<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 7,610<br /> |percentage = 0.64<br /> |change = {{no change}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 104,709<br /> |percentage = 8.75<br /> |change = {{increase}}7.72<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 12,01,434<br /> |percentage = 75.58<br /> |change = {{increase}}2.86<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019===<br /> In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pinaki Misra]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Sambit Patra]] with a margin of 11,714 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title = [[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Puri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;General Election 2019-Puri&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1817.htm?ac=17|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190708143848/http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1817.htm?ac=17|archive-date=2019-07-08|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;News18 Puri Lok Sabha Election Results 2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Puri Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 Live: Puri Constituency Election Results, News, Candidates, Vote Paercentage | date=2019-04-23 | url=https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/odisha/puri-election-result-s18p17/ | access-date=2019-07-08 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20190708140122/https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/odisha/puri-election-result-s18p17/ | archive-date=2019-07-08 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Pinaki Misra]]<br /> |votes = 5,38,321<br /> |percentage = 47.40<br /> |change = {{decrease}}2.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Sambit Patra]]<br /> |votes = 5,26,607<br /> |percentage = 46.37<br /> |change = {{increase}}25.61<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Satya Prakash Nayak<br /> |votes = 44,734<br /> |percentage = 3.94<br /> |change = {{decrease}}21.06<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 7,217<br /> |percentage = 0.64<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 11,714<br /> |percentage = 1.03<br /> |change = {{decrease}}24.31<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 11,36,124<br /> |percentage = 72.72<br /> |change = {{decrease}}1.99<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 15,62,331<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pinaki Misra]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Sucharita Mohanty by a margin of 2,63,361 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Odisha Result Status|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS18.htm?st=S18|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA|accessdate=31 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin |<br /> |title = [[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Puri]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1817.htm?ac=17|title = Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Election 2014 - Orissa, Constituency: Puri (17)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=987&amp;cid=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917143158/http://empoweringindia.org/new/Pconstituency.aspx?eid=987&amp;cid=17|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 September 2017|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=31 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Pinaki Misra]]<br /> |votes = 5,23,161<br /> |percentage = 50.33<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Sucharita Mohanty<br /> |votes = 2,59,800<br /> |percentage = 25.00<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Ashok Sahu<br /> |votes = 2,15,763<br /> |percentage = 20.76<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 9,150<br /> |percentage = 0.88<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,63,361<br /> |percentage = 25.34<br /> |change = ''-''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 10,39,487<br /> |percentage = 74.01<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 14,04,581<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pinaki Misra]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Debendra Nath Mansingh by a margin of 2,11,305 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title = [[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Puri]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Biju Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = [[Pinaki Misra]]<br /> |votes = 4,36,961<br /> |percentage = 47.98<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Debendra Nath Mansingh<br /> |votes = 2,25,656<br /> |percentage = 24.78<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]<br /> |votes = 2,09,287<br /> |percentage = 22.98<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 2,11,305<br /> |percentage = 23.22<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 9,10,431<br /> |percentage = 68.83<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br /> |winner = Biju Janata Dal<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Noteslist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Orissa}}<br /> {{coord|19.8|85.8|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Puri Lok Sabha constituency}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Puri district]]<br /> [[Category:Khordha district]]<br /> [[Category:Nayagarh district]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodh_Gaya&diff=462306 Bodh Gaya 2026-03-27T00:08:36Z <p>StevieJ461261267: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Historical city in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{stack|<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bodh Gayā<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = &lt;!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --&gt;<br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | image_style = <br /> | perrow = 1/2/2/2/1<br /> | image1 = Mahabodhi temple at Bodhgaya in Bihar 21.jpg<br /> | caption1 = The [[Mahabodhi Temple]]<br /> | image2 = Great Buddha Statue, Bodh Gaya.jpg<br /> | caption2 = [[Great Buddha (Bodh Gaya)|Great Buddha Statue]]<br /> | image3 = 018 Bodhi Tree (9219396225).jpg<br /> | caption3 = The Bodhi Tree<br /> | image4 = Mountain of Ashram.jpg<br /> | caption4 = Mountain of Ashrams, Vindhya range Bodh Gayā<br /> | image5 = Maitreya - Bodh Gaya ASI Museum - AN - 0216.jpg<br /> | caption5 = Maitreya Buddha at [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI Museum]]<br /> }}<br /> | nickname = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Bihar#India<br /> | pushpin_relief = yes<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|24.6950|N|84.9925|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = (2015){{refn|group=A|name=|Constituents of Bodh Gaya Plannina area are Bodh Gaya [[Nagar Panchayat]], 32 villages in Bodh Gaya [[Community development|CD]] block and 3 villages in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] CD block of Gaya district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://urban.bih.nic.in/News/NE-02-15-04-2015.pdf |script-title=ne:पत्रांक-213: ''राजगीर क्षेत्रीय आयोजना क्षेत्र'' एवं ''बोधगया आयोजना क्षेत्र'' के सीमांकन एवं घोषणा |publisher=Urban Development Housing Dept., Government of Bihar, Patna |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618174436/http://urban.bih.nic.in/News/NE-02-15-04-2015.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | area_blank1_title = City<br /> | area_blank1_km2 = 20.2<br /> | area_blank2_title = [[Regional planning]]<br /> | area_blank2_km2 = 83.78<br /> | population_total = 48,184<br /> | population_as_of = 2018<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_note = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 824231<br /> | registration_plate = BR-02<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = {{reflist|group=A}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox Buddhist term<br /> | title = Bodh Gayā<br /> | sa = <br /> | sa-Latn = <br /> | pi = <br /> | pi-Latn = <br /> | hi = बोधगया<br /> | hi-Latn = Bodhgayā<br /> | bn = বুদ্ধ গয়া<br /> | bn-Latn = <br /> | my = ဗုဒ္ဓဂါယာ<br /> | my-Latn = <br /> | zh = 菩提伽耶<br /> | zh-Latn = Pútíjiāyé<br /> | ja = ブッダガヤ/仏陀伽耶<br /> | ja-Latn = Buddagaya<br /> | jv = <br /> | jv-Latn =<br /> | kaw = <br /> | kaw-Latn = <br /> | km = ពុទ្ធគយា<br /> | km-Latn = Bŭdh Geăyéa<br /> | ko = 부다가야<br /> | ko-Latn = Budagaya<br /> | lo = <br /> | lo-Latn = <br /> | mnw = ဗုဒ္ဓဂါယာ<br /> | mnw-Latn = <br /> | shn = <br /> | shn-Latn = <br /> | si = බුද්ධගයා<br /> | si-Latn = <br /> | ta = புத்தகயை<br /> | ta-Latn = <br /> | th = พุทธคยา / โพธคยา<br /> | th-Latn = Phutthakhaya / Phothakhaya<br /> | bo = བྱང་ཆུབ་སྙིང་པོ་<br /> | bo-Latn = <br /> | vi = Bồ Đề Đạo Tràng<br /> | id = Bodh Gaya<br /> | kannada = <br /> | en = <br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Bodh Gayā''' is a religious site and place of pilgrimage associated with the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] complex, situated in the [[Gaya district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is famous for being the place where [[Gautama Buddha]] is said to have attained [[Enlightenment (Buddhism)|enlightenment]] ([[Pali]]: {{transliteration|pi|bodhi}}) under what became known as the [[Bodhi Tree]].&lt;ref name=Madan&gt;{{cite book |title=India through the ages |last=Gopal |first=Madan |year=1991 |page=176 |editor=K.S. Gautam |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since antiquity, Bodh Gayā has remained the object of [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites|pilgrimage]] and veneration for [[Buddhism|Buddhists]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kinnard |first=Jacob |title=When Is The Buddha Not the Buddha? The Hindu/Buddhist Battle over Bodhgayā and Its Buddha Image |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |pages=817 |issn=0002-7189}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] finds, including sculptures, show that the site was in use by Buddhists since the [[Mauryan|Maurya]] period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fogelin |first1=Lars |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199948239 |page=195}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> For Buddhists, Bodh Gayā is the most important of the four main pilgrimage sites related to the life of Gautama Buddha,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Buddhist Pilgrimage |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/b/buddhist-pilgrimage/ |journal=Asia |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927085509/http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/b/buddhist-pilgrimage/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; the other three being [[Kushinagar]], [[Lumbini]], and [[Sarnath]]. In 2002, [[Mahabodhi Temple]], located in Bodh Gayā, became a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2002/whc-02-conf202-25e.pdf#decision.23.15 |format=PDF |title=Decisions adopted by the 26th Session of the World Heritage Committee |publisher=[[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Committee]] |page=62 |access-date=10 July 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228043819/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2002/whc-02-conf202-25e.pdf#decision.23.15 |archive-date=28 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{BuddhasHolySites}}<br /> Bodh Gayā is considered the holiest site in Buddhism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/bodgaya.htm |title=Holy Sites of Buddhism: Bodh Gaya – Place of Enlightenment |website=buddhanet.net |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901113827/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/bodgaya.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Known as '''Uruvelā''' in the Buddha's time, it is by the bank of the [[Lilajan River|Lilājan River]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_12|title=Buddhism and Jainism|first=Arvind Kumar|last=Singh|date=2 July 2017|publisher=Springer, Dordrecht|pages=241–246|via=link.springer.com|doi=10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_12}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first temple at the site was built by [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] [[List of Maurya Emperors|Emperor]] [[Ashoka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056/ |title=Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207044335/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1056/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Traditionally, it is believed that the Buddha was born in 563 BCE on the next Baisakhi purnima (second full moon in calendar years that do not themselves start during full moon) in [[Lumbini]], [[Nepal]]. As Siddhartha, he renounced his family at the age of 29 in 534 BCE,&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Barua |first=Sukomal |year=2012 |chapter=Buddha Purnima |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Buddha_Purnima |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508210314/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Buddha_Purnima |archive-date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2012/04/22/spe03.asp |title=Spectrum &amp;#124; Sundayobserver.lk – Sri Lanka |publisher=Sundayobserver.lk |date=22 April 2012 |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013224257/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2012/04/22/spe03.asp |archive-date=13 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and travelled and meditated in search of truth. After practising self-mortification for six years at Uruvela (Buddhagaya) in Gaya, he gave up that practice because it did not give him liberation. Then he discovered the [[Noble Eightfold Path]] of his own and practised it, finally reaching enlightenment: complete freedom from lust ([[Raga (Sanskrit term)|Rāga]]), hatred ([[Dvesha]]), and delusion ([[Mohā]]), also known as the [[Three poisons]].<br /> <br /> At this point, the Buddha was abandoned by the five men who had been his companions in his earlier austerities, as all they saw was an ordinary man; mocking his well-nourished appearance, they said, &quot;Here comes the [[mendicant]] Gautama, who has turned away from asceticism. He is certainly not worth our respect.&quot; When they reminded him of his former vows, the Buddha replied, &quot;Austerities only confuse the mind. In the exhaustion and mental stupor to which they lead, one can no longer understand the ordinary things of life, still less the truth that lies beyond the senses. I have given up extremes of either luxury or asceticism. I have discovered the [[Middle Way]].&quot; This is explained as the path that is neither easy (his former life as a rich prince) nor hard (living in austere conditions, practising self-denial). Hearing this, the five ascetics became the Buddha's first disciples in Deer Park, [[Sarnath]], {{convert|13|km}} northeast of [[Varanasi]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}<br /> <br /> Gautama's disciples began to visit the place during the full moon in the month of [[Vesak|Vaisakh]] (April–May), as per the [[Hindu calendar]]. Over time, the place became known as Bodh Gayā, the day of enlightenment as [[Buddha Purnima]], and the tree as the Bodhi Tree.<br /> <br /> Bodh Gayā's history is documented by many inscriptions and pilgrimage accounts. Foremost among these are the accounts of the Chinese pilgrims [[Faxian]] in the 5th century and [[Xuanzang]] in the 7th century. The area was at the heart of a Buddhist civilisation for centuries, until it was [[Islamic invasion of India|conquered]] by Turkic armies in the 13th century.<br /> <br /> From the 11th to 13th centuries, Bodh Gayā was under the control of local chieftains known as the [[Pithipatis of Magadha]]. One of their rulers, Acarya Buddhasena, has been recorded as making a grant to Sri Lankan monks near the Mahabodhi temple.&lt;ref name=Balogh2021&gt;{{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Daniel |title=Pithipati Puzzles: Custodians of the Diamond Throne |date=2021 |publisher=British Museum Research Publications |pages=40–58 |isbn=9780861592289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk0NzgEACAAJ |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312191219/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk0NzgEACAAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 12th century, [[Muslim]] [[Turkic peoples|Turk]] armies led by [[Delhi Sultanate]]'s [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] and [[Bakhtiyar Khilji]] invaded and destroyed Bodh Gayā and nearby regions.&lt;ref name=unescosite1056&gt;{{cite web |title = Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya |url = https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&amp;id_site=1056 |publisher = UNESCO |access-date = 6 January 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129103731/https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&amp;id_site=1056 |archive-date = 29 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Contemporary and historic names ==<br /> The place name Bodh Gayā (also known as Bauddha Gyāh, Bodhgayā, Bodhi Gayā, Bodhīmaṇḍa, Boodh Gayā, Buddha Gayā and Budh Gyā)&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; came into use in the 18th century. Historically, it was known as Uruvela, Dharmāranya, Jayapura, Sambodhī ([[File:Sambodhi inscription.jpg|40px]], Saṃ + [[bodhi]], meaning 'Complete Enlightenment' in Ashoka's [[Major Rock Edict|Major Rock Edict No.8]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Juergensmeyer |first1=Mark |last2=Roof |first2=Wade Clark |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781452266565 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA148 |language=en |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312191147/https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA148 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vajrāsana (the '[[Diamond Throne]]' of the Buddha), or Mahābodhī ('Great Enlightenment').&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/pilgrim/pg_histbg.htm |title=A History of Bodh Gaya by Venerable S. Dhammika |publisher=Buddhanet.net |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202131530/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/pilgrim/pg_histbg.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bodh Gayā's main monastery used to be called the Bodhimanda-vihāra ([[Pali]]); it is now known as the [[Mahabodhi Temple]].<br /> <br /> ==Mahabodhi Temple==<br /> {{Main|Mahabodhi Temple}}<br /> The complex, about {{convert|110|km}} from [[Patna, India|Patna]], at {{Coord|24|41|43|N|84|59|38|E|}},&lt;ref name=&quot;nomination&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/p_dynamic/sites/passfile.cfm?filename=1056rev&amp;filetype=pdf&amp;category=nominations |format=PDF |title=Information Dossier for nomination of Mahabodhi Temple Complex, Bodhgaya as a World Heritage Site |publisher=[[Government of India]] |page=4 |access-date=10 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210120530/https://whc.unesco.org/p_dynamic/sites/passfile.cfm?filename=1056rev&amp;filetype=pdf&amp;category=nominations |archive-date=10 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; contains the Mahabodhi Temple with the [[Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya|Vajrasana]] or &quot;diamond throne&quot; and the [[Bodhi tree]]. This tree was originally a sapling of the [[Sri Maha Bodhi]] tree in [[Sri Lanka]], itself grown from a what is claimed to be a sapling of the original Bodhi tree.<br /> <br /> In approximately 250 BCE, about 200 years after the Buddha attained Enlightenment, Emperor [[Asoka]] visited Bodh Gayā to establish a monastery and shrine there.&lt;ref name=unesco/&gt;<br /> <br /> Representations of this early temple are found at [[Sanchi]], on the toraṇas of Stūpa I, dating from around 25 BCE, and on a relief carving from the stupa railing at [[Bharhut|Bhārhut]], from the early [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] period ({{Circa|185|73 BCE}}).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/jchArticles/Part%201.pdf Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, Part I]&quot; by John C. Huntington. ''Orientations'', November 1985 pg 61&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other Buddhist temples==<br /> {{gallery<br /> | Nipponji Temple Complex (47701746).jpg | Nipponji Temple<br /> | Bodhgaya (8716402933).jpg | Bangladesh Buddhist Vihara<br /> | Wat Thai Temple, Bodhgaya.jpg | [[Wat Thai Buddhagaya]]<br /> | Pal Tergar Monastery, Bodhgaya (8717524626).jpg | [[Prayer wheels]] at Tergar Monastery<br /> | Jagannath Temple (Bodhagaya), Bihar.jpg | The Hindu Jagannath temple, located near the Mahabodhi Temple<br /> | A temple complex at Bodhgaya, Bihar.jpg | A Budhhist sculpture from the Chinese Temple complex in Bodh Gayā<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Kittisirimegha of [[Sri Lanka]], a contemporary of [[Samudragupta]], erected with his permission a [[monastery|Sanghārāma]] near the Mahabodhi Temple, chiefly for the use of the Singhalese monks who went to worship the Bodhi tree. The circumstances in connection with the Sanghārāma are given by [[Xuanzang]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Samuel Beal|Beal]], op. cit., 133ff&lt;/ref&gt;{{full citation needed|date=July 2024}} who describes it as he saw it. It was probably here that [[Buddhaghosa]] met the Elder Revata, who persuaded him to come to Ceylon.<br /> <br /> Several Buddhist temples and monasteries have been built by the people of [[Tibet]], [[Mongolia]], [[Nepal]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Vietnam]], [[Sikkim]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Taiwan]], [[Thailand]], [[Bhutan]], and [[China]] in a wide area around the Mahabodhi Temple. These buildings reflect their respective countries' architectural and decorative styles. The statue of the Buddha in the Chinese temple is 200 years old, and was brought from China. Japan's Nippon temple is shaped like a [[pagoda]]. The Myanmar (Burmese) temple is also pagoda-shaped and is reminiscent of [[Bagan]]. The [[Wat Thai Buddhagaya|Thai temple]] has a sloping, curved roof covered with golden tiles and contains a massive bronze statue of the Buddha. Next to the Thai temple is a {{convert|25|m|ft|adj=on}} statue of the Buddha within a garden that has existed for over 100 years.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br /> <br /> ===Sujata Stupa===<br /> [[File:Sujata Stupa.jpg|thumb|Buddhist monks standing in front of the Sujata Stupa]]<br /> Across the [[Phalgu]] river is the [[Sujata Stupa]], in the village of [[Bakraur]]. The stupa was dedicated to the [[milkmaid]] [[Sujata (milkmaid)|Sujata]], who is said to have fed the Buddha milk and [[rice]] as he was sitting under a [[Banyan tree]], ending his seven years of fasting and [[asceticism]] and allowing him to attain [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|illumination]] through the [[Middle Way]].&lt;ref name=prasoon07&gt;{{cite book |last1=Prasoon |first1=Shrikant |title=Knowing Buddha: [life and teachings] |date=2007 |publisher=Hindoology Books |location=[Delhi] |isbn=9788122309638 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Us9wbjmvXfgC&amp;pg=PT32 |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312191237/https://books.google.com/books?id=Us9wbjmvXfgC&amp;pg=PT32 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Blasi |first1=Abigail |title=Lonely Planet India |date=2017 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781787011991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLU7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT1251 |language=en |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312191213/https://books.google.com/books?id=yLU7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT1251 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=dwivedi06&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Sunita |last2=Lama |first2=Dalai (foreword) |author-link2=14th Dalai Lama |title=Buddhist heritage sites of India |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa &amp; Co. |location=New Delhi |isbn=8129107384}}&lt;/ref&gt; The stupa was built in the 2nd century BCE, as confirmed by finds of black polished wares and [[punch-marked coins]] in the attending monastery.&lt;ref name=DGS&gt;{{cite book |last1=Geary |first1=David |last2=Sayers |first2=Matthew R. |last3=Amar |first3=Abhishek Singh |title=Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on a Contested Buddhist Site: Bodh Gaya Jataka |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136320675 |pages=35–36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f56437oiblUC&amp;pg=PA35 |language=en |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312191218/https://books.google.com/books?id=f56437oiblUC&amp;pg=PA35 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sujata Temple===<br /> [[File:Sujata Temple - Bodh Gaya (1).jpg|thumb|Stairway to Sujata Temple, Bakraur]]<br /> The Sujata Temple, in Sujata Village in Bakrour, is a significant historical and religious site associated with the life of Siddhartha Gautama, who later became the Buddha. This temple commemorates the pivotal moment when Sujata, a village woman, offered Siddhartha a bowl of rice milk, providing him with nourishment after years of severe asceticism. This is said to have given Siddhartha the strength to pursue the Middle Path, ultimately leading to his enlightenment. The temple stands near the banks of the Niranjana River, symbolising the site where this transformative event took place. The architecturally modest Sujata Temple attracts pilgrims and tourists. The surrounding village and the serene landscape add to the temple's spiritual ambiance, making it a place of contemplation and homage.<br /> <br /> ==The Great Buddha Statue==<br /> {{main|Great Buddha (Bodh Gaya)}}<br /> An {{convert|80|ft|m|adj=on}} statue of the Buddha, known as The Great Buddha Statue, is in Bodh Gayā. It was unveiled and consecrated on 18 November 1989. The consecration ceremony was attended by the 14th Dalai Lama, who blessed the statue, the first great Buddha ever built in the history of India. Under the slogan &quot;Spread Buddha's rays to the Whole World&quot;, Daijokyo{{clarification needed|date=January 2024}} spent seven years constructing the statue, mobilising 120,000 masons.<br /> <br /> ==Mahabodhi Temple bombings==<br /> {{See also|Bodh Gaya bombings}}<br /> [[File:Pipal tree temple of Bodh Gaya depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|thumb|180px|Illustration of the temple built by [[Asoka]] at Bodh Gayā around the Bodhi tree. Sculpture of the [[Satavahana]] period at [[Sanchi]], 1st century CE.]]<br /> On 7 July 2013, at around 5:15{{nbsp}}a.m., there was a low-intensity [[2013 Bodh Gaya blasts|bomb blast]] in the Mahabodhi Temple complex. This was followed by a series of nine low-intensity blasts that injured two monks, one Tibetan and one Burmese. These blasts were carried out by the Islamist terrorist organisation [[Indian Mujahideen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Tiwari |first=Deeptiman |title=Ranchi document helps NIA crack Bodh Gaya blast case |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ranchi-document-helps-NIA-crack-Bodh-Gaya-blast-case/articleshow/25281931.cms |access-date=6 November 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106102143/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ranchi-document-helps-NIA-crack-Bodh-Gaya-blast-case/articleshow/25281931.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Patna terror cell&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Gaikwad |first=Rahi |title=Patna terror cell behind Bodh Gaya strike too: NIA |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/patna-terror-cell-behind-bodh-gaya-strike-too-nia/article5322815.ece |access-date=7 November 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 November 2013 |author2=Yadav Anumeha |author3=Pandey Devesh |location=Patna, Ranchi, New Delhi |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109171957/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/patna-terror-cell-behind-bodh-gaya-strike-too-nia/article5322815.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Police defused two other bombs, one under the Buddha statue and one near Karmapa Temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Serial Blasts rock Mahabodhi temple in Bodha gaya: terror attack, Center says |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/serial-blasts-rock-mahabodhi-temple-in-bodh-gaya-terror-attack-centre-says/articleshow/20952763.cms |access-date=7 July 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709201724/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Serial-blasts-rock-Mahabodhi-Temple-in-Bodh-Gaya-terror-attack-Centre-says/articleshow/20952763.cms |archive-date=9 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=blast&gt;{{cite news |title=Nine blasts in Bodh Gaya, 2 injured |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nine-blasts-in-bodh-gaya-2-injured/article4891094.ece |access-date=7 July 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710180959/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nine-blasts-in-bodh-gaya-2-injured/article4891094.ece |archive-date=10 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 1 June 2018, a special [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) court of [[Patna]] sentenced five suspects in the case to life imprisonment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Five sentenced to life imprisonment in Bodh Gaya serial blasts case |url=https://headlinestoday.org/national/bihar/735/five-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-in-bodh-gaya-serial-blasts-case/ |access-date=2 June 2018 |agency=Headlines Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806114437/https://headlinestoday.org/national/bihar/735/five-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-in-bodh-gaya-serial-blasts-case/ |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> At the [[2001 Census of India|2001 census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=1 November 2008 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bodh Gaya had a population of 30,883. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Bodh Gaya has an average literacy rate of 51%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 63% and female literacy of 38%. 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> {{Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India.svg}}<br /> *Buses have been introduced by the [[BSTDC]] between [[Patna]] and Bodh Gaya via [[Rajgir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BSTDC halts AC Bus Services to Bodhgaya devoid of Passengers |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/08/bstdc-halts-ac-bus-services-for-bodhgaya-devoid-of-passengers/ |access-date=31 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809172703/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/08/bstdc-halts-ac-bus-services-for-bodhgaya-devoid-of-passengers/ |archive-date=9 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *A special caravan service called Wonder on Wheel, between Patna and Bodh Gaya, has been introduced by the Bihar Tourism Department.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bihar launches Tourist Caravan Service called Wonder on Wheel |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/04/bihar-launches-tourist-caravan-called-wonder-on-wheel/ |work=The Biharprabha News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501071627/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/04/bihar-launches-tourist-caravan-called-wonder-on-wheel/ |archive-date=1 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Gaya Airport]] is {{convert|7|km|mi|sigfig=1}} from Bodh Gaya and about {{convert|10|km|mi|sigfig=1}} from [[Gaya Junction railway station]].<br /> *Bodhgaya has restricted the use of [[auto rickshaw]]s, cars, and buses to make the site more peaceful. A permit is required to use cars or buses, and the only taxi available is an [[electric rickshaw]] that is mostly noiseless.<br /> <br /> ==Sister cities==<br /> Bodh Gaya has one official [[Twin towns and sister cities|sister city]]:<br /> *{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nara Prefecture]], Japan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Japan visit: Nitish proposes sister-state pact between Nara and Bodh Gaya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/japan-visit-nitish-proposes-sister-state-pact-between-nara-and-bodh-gaya/story-1oVujmOZUl6mUTLCyylslO.html |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=22 February 2018 |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518112145/https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/japan-visit-nitish-proposes-sister-state-pact-between-nara-and-bodh-gaya/story-1oVujmOZUl6mUTLCyylslO.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Cetiya]]<br /> * [[Bodhgaya inscription of Mahanaman]]<br /> * [[Sri Maha Bodhi]]<br /> * [[Lumbini]]<br /> * [[Sarnath]]<br /> * [[Kusinagar]]<br /> * [[Rajgir]]<br /> * [[Bakraur]]<br /> * [[Kurkihar hoard]]<br /> * [[Buddhist pilgrimage]]<br /> * [[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *Kinnard, Jacob N. (1998). When Is The Buddha Not the Buddha? The Hindu/Buddhist Battle over Bodhgayā and Its Buddha Image. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 66 (4), 817–839<br /> *Geary, David; Sayers, Matthew R; Amar, Abhishek Singh (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=U0_gCgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Mahabodhi+Society&amp;pg=PP1 Cross-disciplinary perspectives on a contested Buddhist site: Bodh Gaya jataka]. London, New York: Routledge<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Sister project links|voy=yes|d= Q176767}}<br /> *[http://www.buddhanet.net/bodh_gaya/menu.htm Detailed history of Bodhgaya] by Ven. S. Dhammika.<br /> *[http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/bodhgaya.htm Bihar state tourism development corporation (BSTDC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104054226/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/BodhGaya.htm |date=4 January 2007}}<br /> *[https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attractions-g424922-Activities-Bodh_Gaya_Gaya_District_Bihar.html Places to Visit in Bodh Gaya]<br /> *[https://www.indianguidemr.com/2022/12/bodh-gaya-bihar-bodh-gaya-tourism-2022.html Photos of Mahabodhi Temple &amp; Bodhgaya]<br /> {{RBK|31|Bodhgaya}}{{dead link|date=December 2020}}<br /> *[http://www.gayatobodhgaya.com/map.html Bodhgaya Map]<br /> <br /> {{Buddhism topics}}<br /> {{Gautama Buddha}}<br /> {{Magadh Division}}<br /> {{Tourist sites in Bihar}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bodh Gaya| ]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]<br /> [[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist sites in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Historic sites in India]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Gaya district]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Populated places established in the 6th century BC]]<br /> [[Category:Religious buildings and structures destroyed in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancestors_of_Meitei_confederacy&diff=486398 Ancestors of Meitei confederacy 2026-03-25T07:26:36Z <p>StevieJ461261267: added a entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{See also|Meitei confederacy}}<br /> [[File:Classical_Meitei_language_names_of_the_7_holy_clans_(Yek_Salai_Taret)_of_ancient_Meitei_ethnicity_(Meetei_race)_of_Kangleipak_civilisation_(early_Manipur),_in_the_traditional_Meetei_Mayek_script,_in_their_respective_7_sacred_colors.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Classical Meitei language]] names of the 7 groups of Meitei race of [[Kangleipak]] in their respective 7 sacred colors]]<br /> The Meitei community in Manipur was formerly divided into seven distinct clans. Every clan possessed its own lineage and collectively was referred to as a [[Yek Salai]].{{efn|&quot;Yek&quot; (ꯌꯦꯛ) means &quot;lineage&quot;; &quot;Salai&quot; (ꯁꯂꯥꯢ) means &quot;clan&quot;; and &quot;Taret&quot; (ꯇꯔꯦꯠ) means &quot;seven&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The People - Manipur Science and Technology Council (MASTEC) |url=https://mastec.nic.in/index.php/the-people.html |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=mastec.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Evolution of Meitei Society |url=https://www.ijaresm.com/evolution-of-meitei-society |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.ijaresm.com |quote=The confederacy was formed by the union of seven clans viz; Ningthouja, Angom, Khuman, Luwang, Kha-nganba, Moirang and Sarang-Leishanthem...}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each Yek Salai can trace its origins back to an ancient semi-mythical or a royal leader. The Yek Salais constitute the socio-political basis of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] and still shape Meitei identity and heritage. These Yek Salais form the social and political foundation of Ancient Kangleipak and continue to influence Meitei identity and culture in the present day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Evolution of Meitei Society |url=https://www.ijaresm.com/evolution-of-meitei-society |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.ijaresm.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> All seven sub-ethnic clans are thought to have descended from the same divine ancestor, the god [[Pakhangba]], according to mythological, religious, and traditional narratives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Manipuri Lais |url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#pakhangba |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=manipuri.itgo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These seven Meitei subgroups, nonetheless, were historically distinct ethnic groups with varied origins. Despite this, they shared a common language, although there were dialectal differences, a shared religion with different sects, and a collective homeland known as Kangleipak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Origin of the Meiteis 2 |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Origin_of_the_Meiteis_2 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On a brief note, not every people from each clan descends from the clan's common ancestors. An ancestor of a clan means the founder of the main lineage of the clan.&lt;ref name=&quot;komal EB1911&quot;&gt;{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Clan|volume=6|pages=419–421}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Mangang (Ningthouja) ==<br /> The first ever recorded [[Ningthouja]] ([[Mangang]]) ruler was [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]], who was also the first historically attested king of unified [[Kangleipak]]. Even though every [[Mangang]] today may have not descended from (Nongda Lairen) Pakhangba, he stands as the common ancestor of the clan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy |date=1998 |publisher=Parimal Publications |pages=64 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Neelbir |first=Sairem |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466642/page/n140/mode/1up |title=Erat Thouram Thounirol Lairik |date=2004 |publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India |location=India |pages=140 |language=mni}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Mangang as given the name, was previously composed of two groups—Mangang and Ningthouja— These two groups settled in different parts of Manipur:<br /> <br /> * [[Mangang (ancient tribe)|Mangang]]: They settled in the Loiching Phouoiching region of the Koubru-Laimaton range, and also in four other places, i.e, Langpachak, Wangon, Oksang, and Thiba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=406 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ningthouja]]: They established their throne at Kangla and lived in the valley regions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanajaoba 1988 4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&amp;dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&amp;pg=PA4 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Noni |first1=Arambam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&amp;pg=PA231 |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |last2=Sanatomba |first2=Kangujam |date=2015-10-16 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=231-232 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their sphere of influence was also Kanglei Lammahan, which included four villages: Khwai, Yaiskul, Khurai, and Wangkhei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> However, in the 7th century, the Mangang tribes were defeated and merged into the Ningthouja polity during the reign of King [[Naothingkhong]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=manipur channel &gt;&gt;History of Manipur ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur |url=https://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.The_Evolution_of_The_Meetei_State_By_K_Manikchand |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/2019/IJRSS_FEBRUARY2019/IJRSSFeb19RajRy.pdf |title=A Glimpse of the State formation of Ancient Manipur |pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kabui |first=Gangmumei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pf_muabVNIC |title=The History of the Zeliangrong Nagas: From Makhel to Rani Gaidinliu |date=2004 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |isbn=978-81-87502-76-0 |pages=48 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Wahengbam Ibohal, the Ningthoujas came to be known as Mangangs during the reign of [[Khongtekcha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463276 |title=The History Of Manipur |pages=334}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Luwang-Khuman ==<br /> {{Main|List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs}}<br /> <br /> The [[Khuman]] and [[Luwang]] clan share a common ancestor called [[Poireiton]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; through his two grandsons, [[Aalong]] and [[Pamingnaba]]. Aalong was elder and founded the [[Khuman dynasty]] meanwhile, the younger Pamingnaba founded the [[Luwang dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khelchandra Singh |first=Ningthoukhongjam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994 |title=Khuman Kangleirol |date=1980 |pages=1-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kullachandra Sharma |first=b |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468 |title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba |date=1998 |pages=1-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Luwang dynasty maintained political independence until 8th century when they were subdued by the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|2019|p=174}}<br /> <br /> The Khuman dynasty maintained political independence until 14th century when they were subdued by the Meitei king [[Ningthou Kongyamba|Kongyamba]], which resulted in the Khuman kingdom being merged into the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/2019/IJRSS_FEBRUARY2019/IJRSSFeb19RajRy.pdf |title=A Glimpse of the State formation of Ancient Manipur |pages=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|2019|p=178}}<br /> <br /> However, according to some other historians, the ancestor of Luwang and Khuman was Poireiton and [[Thongaren]] respectively.<br /> <br /> == Angom ==<br /> The [[Angom clan]] traces its ancestry to [[Pureiromba]], the founder and the first king of the [[Angom dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Manipur_Past_and_Present/-CzSQKVmveUC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Pureiromba+Angom&amp;pg=PA10&amp;printsec=frontcover |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They firstly lived at [[Kongba Maru]] and later lived with the [[Ningthouja|Ningthoujas]]. They later fled to Kontha and a section of the clan moved to [[Nongmaiching Ching]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=DEVI |first=KSH CHITRABHANU |date=2024-01-06 |title=Introducing a Holistic Approach to Preserve Kongba River of Manipur Will Enhance its Religious and Cultural Values » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/introducing-a-holistic-approach-to-preserve-kongba-river-of-manipur-will-enhance-its-religious-and-cultural-values/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; The capital of the Angom clan was at Kongba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Manipur_Past_and_Present/-CzSQKVmveUC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=kongba+angom&amp;pg=PA10&amp;printsec=frontcover |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pureiromba was a senior contemporary of the Meitei king [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]].{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|2019|p=96}}<br /> <br /> == Moirang ==<br /> The [[Moilang|Moirang]] clan traces its ancestry to Ngangningsing Atengba, and Nganghunthok.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; They were the sons of the same mother but different fathers.{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|2019|p=179}} As per the [[Moirang Ningthourol Lambuba|Moirang Ningthourol]], Ngangningsing is listed as the first [[List of rulers of Moirang|king of Moirang]], while his elder brother, Nganghunthok ruled at [[Mount Koubru|Koubru]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Moirang Moirang and Ebuthou Thangjing Part 5 |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Moirang_Kangleirol.History_of_Moirang_Moirang_and_Ebuthou_Thangjing_Part_5&amp;simple=True |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ngangningsing and Nganghunthok were the sons of Leinung Ngangsabi, the daughter of Nganba Khamchingkon Haiheiba (Urenhanba). According to Indramani, Ngangningsing was the progenitor of ''Moirang Ariba'' (old), while Nganghunthok was the progenitor of ''Moirang Anouba'' (new).{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|2019|p=179}}<br /> <br /> == Khaba-Nganba ==<br /> The [[Kha-Nganpa|Khaba-Nganba]] clan was originally two separate clans, Khaba, and Nganba. The Khabas were once powerful group, having ruled [[Kangla]] before the ascension of Meitei king [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]] although they had already declined.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Session |first=North East India History Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aC9uAAAAMAAJ |title=Proceedings of North East India History Association |date=1988 |publisher=The Association |pages=35, 38-39 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Hareshwar Goshwami, as well as the ancient Meitei text [[Chengleiron]], Nongda Lairen Pakhangba subjugated the powers of ''Sorarel Ariba Ahum'', who were the chiefs of three clans, viz. [[Salai Leishangthem|Chengleis]], [[Luwang|Luwangs]] and [[Kha Nganpa|Nganbas]].{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|2019|p=84-85}} After Nongda Lairen Pakhangba became king, the Khaba and Nganba clan lost its independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Th Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&amp;pg=PA28 |title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India |date=2014-06-02 |publisher=Quills Ink |isbn=978-93-84318-00-0 |pages=28 |language=en |quote=Quoting 'Pakhangba Laihui, “Panthoibi Khongul” etc., scholar Khelchandra stated in his article &quot;Sources of the History of Manipur&quot; at page 37 stated that the Khaba dynasty ruled in Manipur before 1st Century AD before Nongda-Lairen Pakhangba, the 1st recognized King of Kangla, ascended the throne in 33 AD.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarapot 2003 92&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Tarapot |first=Phanjoubam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsUJ0E3BXkMC&amp;dq=nongda+lairen+pakhangba&amp;pg=PA92 |title=Bleeding Manipur |date=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0902-1 |pages=92 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Irom Amubi Singh, King [[Naokhamba]], having learnt that Khabas were the enemies of his forefather, Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, decided to kill all the Khabas. The Khabas then scattered in different places and merged into other tribes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sanjenbam Jugeshwor |date=2023-06-29 |title=Relation between Meitei and other Ethnic Communities of Manipur as per old Books |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/articles/relation-between-meitei-and-other-ethnic-communities-of-manipur-as-per-old-books/ |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, the ancestor of Khaba-Nganba clan is taken as Nganba Khamchingkon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to some scholars, Khaba and Nganba descended from the Supreme God.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; It seems that during the time of Khaba Tulumba and Nganba Khamchingkon, the merger of the two groups took place.{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|2019|p=165}}<br /> <br /> == Sarang-Leishangthem (Chenglei) ==<br /> The founder and first king of the [[Chenglei]] clan was [[Nungou Yumthangba]]. His elder brother, Lamlekshang became went up to the hills and became Kabui.{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|2019|p=163, 233}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hemchandra |first=Chanam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466076 |title=Leithak Leikharol |date=2010 |publisher=Digital Library of India |pages=106, 130 |via=Archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nungou Yumthangba's younger brother, Lokpa (Thengkoipa) founded the Haorok-Konthou lineage.{{Sfnp|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|2019|p=163, 233}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Mangang Luwang Khuman]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> <br /> * {{Cite book |last=Goshwami |first=Hareshwar |url=https://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur |title=History of the People of Manipur |date=2019 |publisher=Yaol Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-9993057-0-3 |edition=2nd |location=London |ref={{SfnRef|Goshwami, History of the People of Manipur|2019}} |via=Archive.org}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Meitei people]]<br /> [[Category:History of Manipur]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._M._Durrani&diff=459361 G. M. Durrani 2026-03-24T23:07:27Z <p>StevieJ461261267: further improve citations for accuracy and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{tone|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Ghulam Mustafa Durrani<br /> | image = File:GMDurrani4.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | landscape = <br /> | alt = G. M. Durrani<br /> | caption = <br /> | alias = G.M.D. Sahab, Durrani Ji, Durrani Sahab, G.M. Sahab<br /> | birth_date = 8 September 1919<br /> | birth_place = [[Peshawar]], British India<br /> | origin = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India (Nationality-Indian)<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|1988|09|08|1919}}<br /> | death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India<br /> | genre = {{flatlist|<br /> * [[Bhajan]]<br /> * [[Filmi Devotional songs]]<br /> * [[Ghazal]]<br /> * [[Qawwali]]<br /> * [[Playback singing]]<br /> * Classical music<br /> * Patriotic songs<br /> }}<br /> | occupation = Singer, actor, music director, composer, radio drama artist<br /> | instrument = Vocalist, [[harmonium]], [[tanpura]]<br /> | years_active = 1935–1978<br /> | label = {{Flatlist|<br /> * [[Saregama]]<br /> * [[Columbia Records]]<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ghulam Mustafa Durrani''' (1919 – 8 September 1988; sometimes known as '''G. M. Durrani''')&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/g-m-durani|url-status=dead|title=G. M. Durrani profile|website=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|archive-date=9 September 2021|access-date=31 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909131631/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/g-m-durani}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt; was an Indian radio drama artist, [[playback singer]], actor and music director.<br /> <br /> ==Singer in many languages==<br /> Ghulam Mustafa Durrani was fond of music since childhood and was a radio drama artist and full-time singer of [[Lahore]] station, [[Delhi]] station and [[Mumbai]] station of AIR ([[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)]]) at a salary of Rupees 70 per month.&lt;ref name=Cineplot/&gt; His native language was [[Pashto]], but he had a strong command over Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi languages. He sang in many Indian languages including [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Pashto language]] in Indian movies in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. After the 1950s, Durrani sang very few songs. Durrani was the disciple of radio broadcaster [[Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari]], and Durrani also called [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]] 'my Guru'.&lt;ref name=Cineplot/&gt;<br /> <br /> To his credit, he tried to create his own identity as a playback singer and tried not to follow the then popular [[K. L. Saigal]] style of singing. Durrani was notable for sad songs, romantic songs, patriotic songs, Qur'an khawani, [[Qawwali|Qawwalis]], [[Ghazal|Ghazals]] and [[Bhajan|Bhajans.]] He was also one of the first Muslim singers to sing [[Hinduism|Hindu devotional songs]].&lt;ref name=&quot;anmolfankaar.com/&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.anmolfankaar.com/specials/ek-fankaar/112-g-m-durrani-the-forgotten-great-male-playback-singer-guzare-zamaane-ke-azeem-pratinidhi-gaayak.html|title=G. M. Durrani: The Forgotten Great Male Playback Singer (Guzare Zamaane ke Azeem Pratinidhi Gaayak)|access-date=31 October 2025|website=AnmolFankar.com website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403021846/http://www.anmolfankaar.com/specials/ek-fankaar/112-g-m-durrani-the-forgotten-great-male-playback-singer-guzare-zamaane-ke-azeem-pratinidhi-gaayak.html|archive-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Ghulam Mustafa Durrani was born in [[Peshawar]], [[British India]] in 1919.&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt; He was a Pathan ([[Pashtuns]]) and belonged to the [[Mohammadzai|Mohammad Zai]] tribe. He should not be confused as a direct descendant or have any relation with [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] – founder of Afghanistan.<br /> <br /> ==Family==<br /> His mother died when he was very young. His father was educated and of artistic mind, but very strict, and the only ally at the home was his loving grandmother. But she could also not protect him from his father's anger.<br /> <br /> ==Marriage==<br /> [[File:Jyoti Durrani.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Durrani's Wife Jyoti (her real name was Sitara Begum)]]<br /> <br /> Durrani married actress Jyoti (real name was Sitara Begum).&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt; Jyoti was the younger sister of actress Wahidan, who acted in many movies, including ''Alibaba''. Wahidan's daughter [[Nimmi]] was to become a big actress in the 1950s, too.&lt;ref name=&quot;anmolfankaar.com/&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> ===In Peshawar===<br /> The last job Durrani did in [[Peshawar]] was at a painter's shop where an artist always used to hum the tunes of the songs composed by highly respected Composer and Actor [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]]. He also started imitating those songs and got appreciation from the colleagues which inspired him. Durrani started practising Rafiq Ghaznavi's songs and assumed him as his master. During this time, his father took him to another job at his uncle's motor-part shop. But the artist within didn't stay long there and Durrani ran away from home to Lahore, with only 22 rupees in his pocket.<br /> <br /> ===In Lahore===<br /> In [[Lahore]], Durrani did odd jobs along with singing on radio. This brought him fame and passion for radio singing which took him to Delhi first, then to Bombay. He came to [[Mumbai|Bombay (now Mumbai)]] on 14 April 1935. In Mumbai, he somehow got a job at Mumbai Radio Station, and from there he got recognition. Filmwallahs started calling on him to sing.<br /> <br /> ===In Mumbai===<br /> [[File:Sohrab Modi.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Durrani's Bollywood Guru, Sohrab Modi]]<br /> <br /> His singing career started from AIR ([[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindilyrics.net/profiles/g.m.-durrani.html|title=G.M. Durrani, G.M. Durrani Information|website=hindilyrics.net website|access-date=31 October 2025|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030236/http://www.hindilyrics.net/profiles/g.m.-durrani.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Durrani was discovered by film producer [[Sohrab Modi]], when he was approximately 16 years old.&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt; Modi gave him his first chance around 1935 or 1936 in the movie ''[[Said-e-Havas]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/artist/gm-durrani|title=G.M. Durrani – Singer, Music Director, Actor &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Period piece|historical]] under the music director, classical musician [[Bundu Khan]], popularly known as &quot;Taan-Talwar&quot; Bundu Khan. It was a [[ghazal]], whose words were:<br /> <br /> '''&quot;Mastonko shem farz hai peena Sharab ka,&lt;br /&gt;gutti mein meri padh gaya qatara sharab ka&quot;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The English Translation of this Ghazal:<br /> '''&quot;The happy-go-lucky people imbibe liquor for euphoria but I drink because my first morsel of food had a drop of liquor in it.&quot;'''&lt;ref name=Cineplot&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cineplot.com/music/g-m-durrani-interview/|title=G.M. Durrani – Interview|work=Cineplot.com website|author=Vijay Padukone|url-status=dead|date=19 June 2010|archive-date=21 June 2011|access-date=31 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621225010/http://cineplot.com/music/g-m-durrani-interview/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===In Delhi===<br /> [[File:Akashvani Bhavan in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Akashvani Bhavan in Delhi]]<br /> <br /> When Durrani came to Bombay, the playback system was not there, and one had to act on-screen. He didn't like running around trees and refused to work further. He faced a lot of difficulties and could not return as people would call him a &quot;Kanjar&quot;. Minerva was to close down soon, too. He soon joined the Delhi Radio Station of AIR ([[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)]]) and later quit this job on 31 December 1940.&lt;ref name=Cineplot/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Durrani was working at the Delhi Radio Station where he got acquainted with poet [[Behzad Lucknavi]], whose many ghazals had been sung by Mallika-e-Ghazal (Queen of Ghazals) [[Begum Akhtar]].<br /> <br /> ===Shift to Mumbai===<br /> He later shifted to the Mumbai Radio Station where he met a big personality at the time, whom he considered one of his ustads (master), Station Director of Bombay station of AIR ([[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)]]), Baba-e-Nasharayat (Father of Broadcasting) [[Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari]], who helped the radio station advance. Durrani called Zulfiqar Ali Bukhari &quot;Ustad&quot;, to honour him. (Z. A. Bukhari, was the Station Director of Delhi station and Bombay station of AIR ([[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)]]). After the [[Partition of India]] and creation of [[Pakistan]], Bukhari was made first director-general of Radio Pakistan ([[Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation]]) and later, he served as general manager of PTV ([[Pakistan Television Corporation]])).<br /> <br /> G. M. Durrani's salary was soon fixed at Rs. 40 per month. Here, he was working as a 'Drama Artist'. He was soon counted as one of the best drama artists on the radio at that time. Over a period of three years, his salary had gone up to Rs. 70 per month.&lt;ref name=Cineplot/&gt; But fate would soon call him back to films.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Later, in 1939–40, when the concept of [[playback singing]] started, he was the first to lend his voice for a film titled ''[[Bahurani (1940 film)|Bahurani]]''. The film was made by [[Sagar Movietone]] and its music director was [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]]. Durrani was then working as a full-time Singer in AIR ([[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)]]). Those were British days and they were not allowed to do any private recordings. But Ghaznavi insisted. Durrani laid down some conditions, like; the [[Sound recording and reproduction|recording]] should be fixed on a Sunday night so that no outsiders would be allowed to enter the studio. Secondly, he said that his name shouldn't appear in credit titles or on discs. The song was a duet with Miss Rose, an Anglo-Indian, who didn't have much experience as a singer. He was paid Rs. 75 for the song as against his salary of Rs. 70 a month at AIR ([[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)]]). He then chucked his job on 31 December 1940 and decided to concentrate fully on his film career.&lt;ref name=&quot;anmolfankaar.com/&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Thereafter, he sang for, among others, noted music directors such as [[Khawaja Khurshid Anwar]], his friend [[Naushad]], Shankar Rao Vyas and A. R. Qureshi, (Better known as [[Alla Rakha]], Pandit [[Ravi Shanker]]'s famous [[tabla]] accompanist), for films like ''[[Mirza Ghalib (film)|Mirza Ghalib]]'', ''Humlog'', ''Magroor'', ''Shama'', ''Namaste'', ''Sabak'' and scores of others. He became very popular. Many singers started their careers with him and he inspired many others too.&lt;ref name=Cineplot/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/g._m._durrani-profile-3529-24.htm|title = G. M. Durrani}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was the idol of [[Mohammed Rafi]], who imitated him in the early days.&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt; In fact, in 1944, Rafi recorded what he considered his first [[Hindi]] language song for the film ''Gaon ki Gori'' (1944) for Shyam Sunder, &quot;Aji Dil Ho Kaaboo Mein To Dildaar Ki Aisi Taisi&quot;, with G. M. Durrani and chorus.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sangeetmahal.com/&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sangeetmahal.com/hof/singers_rafi.asp |title=Sangeet Mahal : The Music Greats |access-date=2007-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526060332/http://www.sangeetmahal.com/hof/Singers_Rafi.asp |archive-date=26 May 2007 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Geeta Dutt]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.geetadutt.com/gmdurani.html|title=Geeta Dutt – Musical Association with Playback Singers|website=www.geetadutt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; also started her career in her breakthrough movie, ''Do Bhai'', with the song &quot;Aaj Preet Ka Naata Toot Gaya&quot;, a duet with G. M. Durrani, for [[S. D. Burman]].<br /> <br /> Similarly, &quot;Haye Chorre Ki Jaat Badi Bewafa&quot;, a duet with G. M. Durrani, was [[Lata Mangeshkar|Lata]]'s first song for composer, [[Naushad]].<br /> <br /> Durrani has sung many songs during his career. His output later reduced. According to one story, he was influenced not to sing for some time after his [[Hajj]] visit and Rafi then helped him get back to singing, but by then his career was over. Music composer [[Khawaja Khurshid Anwar]], in his first film, ''Kurmai'' (Punjabi-1941) took Durrani as his assistant and later gave him the film ''Angoori'' (1943) as music director.<br /> <br /> ==Popularity==<br /> In the period of [[K. L. Saigal]], Surinder, [[Khan Mastana]] and G.M. Durrani were also famous. G. M. Durrani was one of the 40s famous playback singers. Durrani tried to make his own identity as a playback singer and not try to follow the K. L. Saigal style of singing. G. M. Durrani was a legendary Bollywood playback singer.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt; His singing style was to inspire Rafi and others in the years to come. Later G. M. Durrani became a model to many playback singers who followed. The soulful renditions of Durrani were to be reminded of by Talat's singing as well.<br /> <br /> [[Mohammed Rafi]] was influenced most notably, by G. M. Durrani,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/24th-december-1924-mohammed-rafi-legendary-playback-singer-was-born|title=24th December 1924: Mohammed Rafi, legendary playback singer, was born -|date=24 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; on whose style he based his singing. He sang with his idol in some of the songs such as &quot;Humko Hanste Dekh Zamana Jalta Hai&quot; (''Hum Sab Chor Hain'', 1956) and &quot;Khabar Kisi Ko Nahiin, Woh Kidhar Dekhte&quot; (''Beqasoor'', 1950).<br /> <br /> G. M. Durrani considered that his first famous song was &quot;Duniya Mein Sab Jode Jode&quot; in the film ''Sharda'' (1942), composed by Naushad.<br /> <br /> The song &quot;Neend Hamaari Khwaab Tumhaare Kitne Meethe Kitne Pyaare&quot;, that made him a real rage, was however, composed by Shyam Sundar, for his movie ''Nai Kahani''. This song, sung mostly by G. M. Durrani, with some support by child-star Balakram was playing everywhere. When he sang this song, the listeners went crazy. This timeless melody can never be forgotten by fans of Indian Cinema.<br /> <br /> Nearly 40 years later, when Tata Oil Mills did a program, ''Mortal Men Immortal Melodies'', to celebrate fifty years of talkies in India, they invited him to re-render the song. Although many had forgotten him, his voice was still great and he got applause for it.&lt;ref name=&quot;anmolfankaar.com/&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===As actor===<br /> *''Mumtaz Mahal'' (1957) (Director – Ram Daryani)<br /> *''Bhola Shikaar'' (1958) (Director – Akkoo)<br /> *''Bhumika'' (1977)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/bhumika-1977|title=Hindi Film Songs – Bhumika (1977) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Director – [[Shyam Benegal]], Producers – Lalit Mohan Bijlani, Freni Variava)<br /> *''Hum Log'' (1951)&lt;ref name=Cineplot/&gt;<br /> *''Aasman'' (1952)<br /> *''Yaad'' (1942)<br /> *''Ardhangini'' (1959)<br /> *''State Express'' (1938)<br /> *''Qismat Palat Ke Dekh''<br /> *''Baharen Phir Bhi Aayengi''<br /> *''Jawab Aayega''<br /> *''Kaise Kahun'' (1964)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/kaise-kahoon-1964|title=Hindi Film Songs – Kaise Kahoon (1964) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Director – Atma Ram, Producer – Ram Bellara)<br /> *''Zamana Badal Gaya''<br /> *''Baghi Haseena''<br /> *'' Shree Krishna Bhakti'' (1955)<br /> *''Pran Jaye Par Vachan Na Jaye''<br /> *''[[Lal Patthar]]'' (1971) (Director – Sushil Majumdar, Producer – F. C. Mehra, Eagle Films)<br /> *''Love &amp; God''<br /> *''Besharam'' (1978)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/besharam-1978|title=Hindi Film Songs – Besharam (1978) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Director – [[Deven Verma]], Producer – Deven Verma)<br /> *''Teesra Kaun'' (1965)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/teesra-kaun-1965|title=Hindi Film Songs – Teesra Kaun (1965) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Director – Mohammed Hussain, Producer – B. D. Kapoor)<br /> <br /> ===As singer===<br /> {{columns-list|colwidth=18em|<br /> *Aaj Ki Raat (1948)<br /> *[[Aabroo (1968 film)|Aabroo]] (1968)<br /> *Actor (1951)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/actor-1951|title=Hindi Film Songs – Actor (1951) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Aadmi (1958)<br /> *Akash Pari (1958)<br /> *Aan Baan (1943)<br /> *Anand Bhavan (1953)<br /> *Awara Shahzadi (1956)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/awara-shahzadi-1956|title=Hindi Film Songs – Awara Shahzadi (1956) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Aiye]] (1949)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/aiye-1949|title=Hindi Film Songs – Aaiye (1949) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Akalmand (1966)<br /> *[[Aparadhi (1949 film)|Aparadhi]] (1949)<br /> *Baghdad (1952)<br /> *Bade Bhaiya<br /> *Badshah Salamat (1956)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/badshah-salamat-1956|title=Hindi Film Songs – Badshah Salamat (1956) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Bazaar (1949 film)|Bazaar]] (1949)<br /> *[[Beqasoor]] (1950)<br /> *Bazooband (1954)<br /> *Bhai Jaan (1945)<br /> *Bharat Milap (1942)<br /> *But Taraash (1951)<br /> *Chand (1944)<br /> *Chandni Raat (1949)<br /> *Chhed Chhad (1943)<br /> *Chhoti Si Duniya (1953)<br /> *Churiyaan (1942)<br /> *Dada (1949)<br /> *Darshan (1941)<br /> *[[Deedar (1951 film)|Deedar]] (1951)<br /> *Dil Ki Basti (1949)<br /> *Diwani (1947)<br /> *Dhadkan (1946)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/dhadkan-1946|title=Hindi Film Songs – Dharkan (1946) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Dhoop Chaon (1954)<br /> *[[Do Bhai (1947 film)|Do Bhai]] (1947)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Doli (1947)<br /> *Dolti Naiya (1950)<br /> *Dukhiyari (1948)<br /> *[[Ek Din Ka Sultan]] (1945)<br /> *Ek Tha Ladka (1951)<br /> *Ek Thi Ladki<br /> *Ek Roz (1947)<br /> *Ek-Do-Teen (1953)<br /> *Gaon Ki Gori (1945)<br /> *Geet Govind (1947)<br /> *Ghar Ki Izzat (1948)<br /> *Ghayal (1951)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Gokul (1946)<br /> *Gumashta (1951)<br /> *Gul-E-Bakavali (1956)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/gul-e-bakavali-1956|title=Hindi Film Songs – Gul-E-Bakavali (1956) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Hamaari Shaan<br /> *[[Hanste Aansoo]] (1950)<br /> *Heer Ranjha (1948)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Hip Hip Hurray (1948)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Hum Log (1951)<br /> *Hum Sab Chor Hain (1956)<br /> *Ishara<br /> *Izzat (1952)<br /> *Jalte Deep (1950)<br /> *Jungle Ki Duniya (1959)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/jungle-ki-duniya-1959|title=Hindi Film Songs – Jungle Ki Duniya (1959) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Jeevan Taara (1951)<br /> *Jwalamukhi (unreleased)<br /> *Kaale Baadal (1950)<br /> *Karwan (1956)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/karwan-1956|title=Hindi Film Songs – Karwan (1956) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Kavita (1944)<br /> *Kaneez (1949)<br /> *Khel (1950)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Khushboo (1954)<br /> *Koshish (1943)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/koshish-1943|title=Hindi Film Songs – Koshish (1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Kurmai (1941)<br /> *Kuldeep (1946)<br /> *Laadla (1954)<br /> *Laaj (1946)<br /> *Lakeeren (1954)<br /> *Lalkaar (1944)<br /> *Lal Patthar (1971)<br /> *Lara Lappa (Punjabi)<br /> *[[Madhubala]] (1950)<br /> *Magroor (1950)&lt;ref name=Cineplot/&gt;<br /> *Maang (1950)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/maang-1950|title=Hindi Film Songs – Maang (1950) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Meharbani (1950)<br /> *Man Ka Meet (1950)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Meharbani (1950)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/meharbani-1950|title=Hindi Film Songs – Mehrbani (1950) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Mitti (1947)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/mitti-1947|title=Hindi Film Songs – Mitti (1947) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Mirza Sahiban (1947)<br /> *Musafir Khana (1955)<br /> *Nai Duniya (1942)<br /> *Nai Kahani (1943)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/nai-kahani-1943|title=Hindi Film Songs – Nai Kahani (1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Namaste (1943)&lt;ref name=Cineplot/&gt;<br /> *Nargis (1946)<br /> *Naqab Posh (1956)<br /> *Nazare (1949)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/nazare-1949|title=Hindi Film Songs – Nazaare (1949) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Neelampari (1952)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Nili (1950)<br /> *Nishan Danka (1952)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/nishan-danka-1952|title=Hindi Film Songs – Nishan Danka (1952) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Nirmal (1952)<br /> *Pehli Shaadi (1953)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Pathala Bhairavi (1952)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Pehle Aap (1944)<br /> *Pyar Ki Baaten (1951)<br /> *[[Ramayan (1954 film)|Ramayan]] (1954)<br /> *Romeo And Juliet (1947)<br /> *Samrat Chandragupt (1945)<br /> *Sansar (1951)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Sassi Punnu (1946)<br /> *Shair<br /> *Shama (1946)&lt;ref name=Cineplot/&gt;<br /> *Sharda (1942)<br /> *Sheikh Chilli (1956)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindilyrics.net/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Shikar (1955)<br /> *[[Sohni Mahiwal (1946 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]] (1946)&lt;ref&gt;[http://myswar.com/album/sohni mahiwal-1946 Sohni Mahiwal] {{dead link|date=December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Station Master<br /> *Suhaag Sindoor (1953)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/suhaag-sindoor-1953|title=Hindi Film Songs – Sohag Sindoor (1953) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Sunehre Din (1949)<br /> *Sunehre Qadam (1966)<br /> *Usha Kiran (1952)<br /> *Veer Arjun (1952)<br /> *[[Vikramaditya (film)|Vikramaditya]] (1945)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/vikramaditya-1945|title=Hindi Film Songs – Vikramaditya (1945) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Yateem (1945)<br /> *Zara Bachke, etc.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===As music director===<br /> The legendary Filmmaker, writer, Director and Music composer [[Khawaja Khurshid Anwar]] took G. M. Durrani in his first film, ''Kurmai'' (Punjabi-1941) as his assistant.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindi-films-songs.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hindi-films-songs.com/k-anwar-2.html|title=Hindi Movies / Films Songs|website=hindi-films-songs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Durrani also assisted his friend [[Naushad]] for his movies around this time and big break for him was coming soon in the form of the movie ''Nai Duniya'' (1942).<br /> <br /> G. M. Durrani composed the songs in these films:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/music_director/gm-durrani|title=G.M. Durrani – Song listing as Music Director, Composer &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> *'''''Vijay Laxmi''''' (1943)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/vijay-laxmi-1943|title=Hindi Film Songs – Vijay Laxmi (1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Barto Sudeshi Bano Sudeshi (Singer – G. M. Durrani, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricists – Neelkanth Tiwari, Kailash Matwala, J. S. Kashyap)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/vijay-laxmi-1943-varto-sudeshi-bano-sudeshi-5|title=Hindi Film Song – Barto Sudeshi Bano Sudeshi (Vijay Laxmi, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Chale Charan More Kunjan Ki Ore (Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricists – Neelkanth Tiwari, Kailash Matwala, J. S. Kashyap)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/vijay-laxmi-1943-chale-charan-more-kunjan-ki-ore-2|title=Hindi Film Song – Chale Charan More Kunjan Ki Ore (Vijay Laxmi, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Hum Jaan Gaye Re (Singer – Rajkumari, Music Director – G.M. Durrani, Lyricists – Neelkanth Tiwari, Kailash Matwala, J. S. Kashyap)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/vijay-laxmi-1943-hum-jaan-gaye-re-4|title=Hindi Film Song – Hum Jaan Gaye Re (Vijay Laxmi, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Is Bekaraar Dil Ko (Singer – Rajkumari, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricists – Neelkanth Tiwari, Kailash Matwala, J. S. Kashyap)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/vijay-laxmi-1943-is-bekaraar-dil-ko-8|title=Hindi Film Song – Is Bekaraar Dil Ko (Vijay Laxmi, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Koi Aaya Chamak Uthi (Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricists – Neelkanth Tiwari, Kailash Matwala, J. S. Kashyap)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/vijay-laxmi-1943-koi-aaya-chamak-uthi-7|title=Hindi Film Song – Koi Aaya Chamak Uthi (Vijay Laxmi, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Matlab Hai Mil Jaane Se (Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricists – Neelkanth Tiwari, Kailash Matwala, J. S. Kashyap)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/vijay-laxmi-1943-matlab-hai-mil-jaane-se-6|title=Hindi Film Song – Matlab Hai Mil Jaane Se (Vijay Laxmi, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Uyi Main Lut Gayi (Singer – Zohrabai, G. M. Durrani, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricists – Neelkanth Tiwari, Kailash Matwala, J. S. Kashyap)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/vijay-laxmi-1943-uyi-main-lut-gayi-1|title=Hindi Film Song – Uyi Main Lut Gayi (Vijay Laxmi, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Ye Naina Bade Deewane (Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricists – Neelkanth Tiwari, Kailash Matwala, J. S. Kashyap)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/vijay-laxmi-1943-ye-naina-bade-deewane-3|title=Hindi Film Song – Ye Naina Bade Deewane (Vijay Laxmi, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''''Angoori''''' (1943)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/angoori-1943|title=Hindi Film Songs – Angoori (1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Aa Kar Le Mann Ka Mol (Singers – G. M. Durrani &amp; Rajkumari, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricist – Rammurti Chaturvedi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/angoori-1943-aa-kar-le-mann-ka-mol-4|title=Hindi Film Song – Aa Kar Le Mann Ka Mol (Angoori, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Angoori Angoori Pyaala (Singer – A. D. Kunwar, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricist – Rammurti Chaturvedi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/angoori-1943-angoori-angoori-pyaala-1|title=Hindi Film Song – Angoori Angoori Pyaala (Angoori, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Jeet Liyo Jeet Liyo Jeet Liyo Re (Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricist-Rammurti Chaturvedi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/angoori-1943-jeet-liyo-jeet-liyo-jeet-liyo-re-9|title=Hindi Film Song – Jeet Liyo Jeet Liyo Jeet Liyo Re (Angoori, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Kaahe Tihar Jiya Daale (Singers – Various, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricist – Rammurti Chaturvedi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/angoori-1943-kaahe-tihar-jiya-daale-7|title=Hindi Film Song – Kaahe Tihar Jiya Daale (Angoori, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Loot Liyo Re (Singers – Various, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricist – Rammurti Chaturvedi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/angoori-1943-loot-liyo-re-2|title=Hindi Film Song – Loot Liyo Re (Angoori, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Man Hai Ek Paheli (Singer – G. M. Durrani, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricist – Rammurti Chaturvedi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/angoori-1943-mann-hain-ek-paheli-8|title=Hindi Film Song – Man Hai Ek Paheli (Angoori, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Main Na Jaihaun Akeli Bajariya (Singer – Kaushalya, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricist – Rammurti Chaturvedi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.com/song_details/angoori-1943-main-na-jaiyyo-main-na-jaiyyo-5|title=Hindi Film Song – Main Na Jaihaun Akeli Bajariya (Angoori, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.com|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-date=15 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115130808/http://myswar.com/song_details/angoori-1943-main-na-jaiyyo-main-na-jaiyyo-5|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Nainon Mein Naina Deenhon Daal (Singers – G. M. Durrani &amp; Kaushalya, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricist – Rammurti Chaturvedi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/angoori-1943-nainon-mein-naina-deenhon-daal-6|title=Hindi Film Song – Nainon Mein Naina Deenhon Daal (Angoori, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Sambhaal Ke Jaiyo Sakhi (Singer – G. M. Durrani, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricist – Rammurti Chaturvedi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/angoori-1943-sambhal-ke-jaiyyo-sakhi-3|title=Hindi Film Song – Sambhaal Ke Jaiyo Sakhi (Angoori, 1943) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''''[[Bhagya Laxmi]]''''' (1944)&lt;ref name=&quot;myswar.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/bhagyalaxmi-1944|title=Hindi Film Songs – Bhagyalaxmi (1944) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Ho Mujhse Aaj Kaun Dhanwan (Music Directors – G. M. Durrani, P. C. Dey)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/bhagyalaxmi-1944-ho-mujhse-aaj-kaun-dhanwan-5|title=Hindi Film Song – Ho Mujhse Aaj Kaun Dhanwan (Bhagyalaxmi, 1944) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Khaali Hai Daaman-E-Murad (Singer – [[Shanta Apte]], Music Directors – G. M. Durrani, P. C. Dey)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/bhagyalaxmi-1944-khaali-hai-daaman-e-murad-2|title=Hindi Film Song – Khaali Hai Daaman-E-Murad (Bhagyalaxmi, 1944) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Krishna Piya Ko Rijhana Aali (Music Directors – G. M. Durrani, P. C. Dey)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/bhagyalaxmi-1944-krishna-piya-ko-rijhana-aali-4|title=Hindi Film Song – Krishna Piya Ko Rijhana Aali (Bhagyalaxmi, 1944) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Meri Binti Suni Girdhari (Singer – Shanta Apte, Music Directors – G. M. Durrani, P. C. Dey)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/bhagyalaxmi-1944-meri-binti-suni-girdhari-6|title=Hindi Film Song – Meri Binti Suni Girdhari (Bhagyalaxmi, 1944) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **More Aangan Mein Chanda Lutaye Kiran (Music Directors – G. M. Durrani, P. C. Dey)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/bhagyalaxmi-1944-more-aangan-mein-chanda-lutaye-kiran-3|title=Hindi Film Song – More Aangan Mein Chanda Lutaye Kiran (Bhagyalaxmi, 1944) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **O Baadal Babul Se Kahiyo (Music Directors – G. M. Durrani, P. C. Dey)&lt;ref name=&quot;myswar.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> **Saawariya Jab Se Milaye Nain (Music Directors – G. M. Durrani, P. C. Dey)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/bhagyalaxmi-1944-saawariya-jab-se-milaye-nain-7|title=Hindi Film Song – Saawariya Jab Se Milaye Nain (Bhagyalaxmi, 1944) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **So Jaa Rajdulari So Jaa (Music Directors – G. M. Durrani, P. C. Dey)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/bhagyalaxmi-1944-so-jaa-rajdulari-so-jaa-1|title=Hindi Film Song – So Jaa Rajdulari So Jaa (Bhagyalaxmi, 1944) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''''[[Dhadkan (1946 film)|Dhadkan]]''''' (1946)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;<br /> **Aaye Doli Uthane Kahaar (Music Director – G. M. Durrani)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/dhadkan-1946-aaye-doli-uthane-kahar-4|title=Hindi Film Song – Aaye Doli Uthane Kahaar (Dharkan, 1946) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Baanka Raseela Mora Baalam (Music Director – G. M. Durrani)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/dhadkan-1946-baanka-raseela-mora-baalam-3|title=Hindi Film Song – Baanka Raseela Mora Baalam (Dharkan, 1946) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Dil Dheer Na Dhare (Music Director – G. M. Durrani)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/dhadkan-1946-dil-gheer-na-dhare-5|title=Hindi Film Song – Dil Dheer Na Dhare (Dharkan, 1946) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Dil Pehloo Se Uchhla Jaaye (Music Director – G. M. Durrani)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/dhadkan-1946-dil-pehloo-se-uchala-jaaye-1|title=Hindi Film Song – Dil Pehloo Se Uchhla Jaaye (Dharkan, 1946) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Jab Se Gaye Ho (Music Director – G. M. Durrani)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/dhadkan-1946-jab-se-gaye-ho-6|title=Hindi Film Song – Jab Se Gaye Ho Nain Mere Raah Takat Hain Teri (Dharkan, 1946) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Jo Dard Basaya Tha (Music Director – G. M. Durrani)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/dhadkan-1946-jo-dard-basaya-tha-7|title=Hindi Film Song – Jo Dard Basaya Tha (Dharkan, 1946) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Hum Mast Hawa Ke Jhonke Se (Singer – G. M. Durrani, Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricist – Zahoor Raja)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/dhadkan-1946-hum-mast-hawa-ke-jhonke-se-2|title=Hindi Film Song – Hum Mast Hawa Ke Jhonkon Se Lahrate Hain (Dharkan, 1946) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Maalik Mere Accha Nahin Dukhiyon Ko (Music Director – G. M. Durrani)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/dhadkan-1946-maalik-mere-accha-nahin-dukhiyon-ko-9|title=Hindi Film Song – Maalik Mere Accha Nahin Dukhiyon Ko (Dharkan, 1946) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Shab-E-Gham Aap Mere Paas (Music Director – G. M. Durrani, Lyricist-Zahoor Raja)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/dhadkan-1946-shab-e-gham-aap-mere-paas-8|title=Hindi Film Song – Shab-E-Gham Aap Mere Paas Aa Jayen To Kya Ho (Dharkan, 1946) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected songs==<br /> <br /> ===Solo Songs===<br /> *''Gul-E-Bakavali'' (1956) – Maaya Badi Bairan Tu – (Lyricists – Pyarelal Santoshi, Music Director – Gyan Dutt)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/gul-e-bakavali-1956-maaya-badi-bairan-tu-3|title=Hindi Film Song – Maaya Badi Bairan Tu (Gul-E-Bakavali, 1956) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Gul-E-Bakavali'' (1956) – Nagaawali Raj Hai Bakaavali Rani Hai – (Lyricist – Pyarelal Santoshi, Music Director – Gyan Dutt)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/gul-e-bakavali-1956-nagaawali-raj-hai-bakaavali-rani-hai-6|title=Hindi Film Song – Nagaawali Raj Hai Bakaavali Rani Hai (Gul-E-Bakavali, 1956) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Actor'' (1951) – Dil Tere Hijr Main Beemar Hai – (Lyricists – Nazim Panipati, Music Directors – Aziz Hindi, Mohammed Ibrahim)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/actor-1951-dil-tere-hijr-main-beemar-hai-1|title=Hindi Film Song – Dil Tere Hijr Mein Beemar Hai Thoda Thoda (Actor, 1951) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Awara Shahzadi'' (1956) – Nabi Ne Chahne Wale Nirali Shaan – (Music Director – Jimmy, Lyricist – Khawar Zaman)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/awara-shahzadi-1956-nabi-ne-chahne-wale-nirali-shaan-1|title=Hindi Film Song – Nabi Ne Chahne Wale Nirali Shaan (Awara Shahzadi, 1956) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Ek Din Ka Sultan]]'' (1945) – Falak Ke Chand Ka Hamne Jawab Dekh Liya – (M.D. – Shanti Kumar)<br /> *''[[Ek Din Ka Sultan]]'' – Kisi Ke Kooche Mein Gardan Kataane Jaate Hain – (M.D. – [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]])<br /> *''[[Aiye]]'' (1949) – Itni Si Kahani Hai – (Lyricist – Nakhshab Jarchvi, M.D. – Naushad)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/aiye-1949-itni-si-kahani-hai-2|title=Hindi Film Song – Itni Si Kahani Hai Itna Mera Afsana (Aaiye, 1949) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Aiye]]'' – Jigar Ke Tukde Hain Dil Ke Tukde – (M.D – Naushad)<br /> *''[[Aparadhi (1949 film)|Aparadhi]]'' (1949) – Zindagani Ka Maza Shadi Mein Hain – (M.D. – Suresh Phadke)<br /> *''Nargis'' (1946) – Ye To Bata Mere Khuda<br /> *''Kuldeep'' (1946) – Aye Chand Sitaro&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lyricsmasti.net/singers/g-m-durrani.html|title=None|accessdate=29 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Sharda'' (1942) – It Jaaye Ut Jaaye Nazariya Doley Ri<br /> *''Sharda'' (1942) – Duniya Mein Sab Jodey Jodey<br /> *''Sharda'' (1942) – Balahaari Re Kukadakun Bol<br /> *''Doli'' (1947) – Khel Nahi Gir Gir Ke Sambhalna – (Lyricist – Majrooh Sultanpuri, Music Director – Ghulam Mohammad)<br /> *''Chhoti Si Duniya'' (1953) – Is Toote Huye Dil Ka<br /> *''Chhed Chhad'' (1943) – Pee Kahaan Pee Kahaan – (Lyricists – Tanveer Ghazi, Music Director – Mushtaq Hussain)<br /> *''Chand'' (1944) – Aye Dil Mujhe Rone De – (Lyricists – Qamar Jalalabadi, Music Director – Husnlal Bhagatram)<br /> *''But Taraash'' (1951) – Ab Kaun Hai Is Tute Hue Dil Ka<br /> *''Bazaar'' (1949) – Pee Aaye Aakar Chal Bhi Diye<br /> *''Kaale Baadal'' (1950) – Kisi Bedard Ne Aisa Jalaya<br /> *''Nai Kahani'' (1943) – Hame kya hame kya<br /> *''Chand'' (1944) – Samjhe The Jise Apna<br /> *''Romeo And Juliet'' (1947) – Tumhe Sitaro Ne<br /> *''Ek Roz'' (1947) – Toota Hua Dil<br /> *''Ek Roz'' (1947) – Ek Bewafa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Bewafa Poetry in Urdu with Text and Images or Pics|url=https://pak-poetry.com/bewafa-poetry/|access-date=2021-01-24|website=Pak Poetry 24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne<br /> *''Darshan'' (1941) – Pardesi Babu<br /> *''Darshan'' (1941) – Main Pee Darshan<br /> *''Dolti Naiya'' (1950) – Meri Zindagi Bhi<br /> *''Jalte Deep'' (1950) – Nayi Ek Duniya<br /> *''Aaj Ki Raat'' (1948) – Pyaar Ki Shama<br /> *''Maang'' (1950) – Main Kisko Sunau<br /> *''Lakeeren'' (1954) – Mere Maalik Meri Kismat<br /> *''Pehle Aap'' (1944) – Dil Ke Pat Khol Ke<br /> *''Bhai Jaan'' (1945) – Aa Hosh Mein Deewano<br /> *''Madhubala'' (1950) – Ye Duniya Hai Bewafai Ki<br /> *''Madhubala'' (1950) – Kisi Ko Yaad Karta Hai<br /> *''Madhubala'' (1950) – Nayi Jawani Rut Mastani<br /> *''Dukhiyari'' (1948) – Ab Kisko Sunaane Chali<br /> *''Bazooband'' (1954) – Diya Bujhaao Jhatpat Jhatpat<br /> *''Yateem'' (1945) – Main Usse Karoon Pyar – (Lyricist – Ziya Sarhadi)&lt;ref name=&quot;hindi-films-songs.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> *''Khel'' (1950) – Hamein Ab Ye Jeena Ghawara – (Lyricist – Behzad Lucknavi, Music Director – Sajjad Hussain)<br /> *''Khel'' (1950) – Apni Mehfil Mein Phir Ik Baar – (Lyricists – Jan Nisar Akhtar, Music Composer – Sajjad Hussain)<br /> *''Mirza Sahiban'' – Khayegi Thokaren Jawani&lt;ref&gt;[http://mymp3singer.com/download/20750/05_-_khayegi_thokaren_jawani Khayegi Thokaren Jawani] {{dead link|date=December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Songs with Other Singers===<br /> <br /> [[File:G.M. Durrani &amp; all.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Durrani with other Singers]]<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Amirbai Karnataki====<br /> <br /> *''Aan Baan'' (1943) – Bolay mann ki maina – (M.D – [[Gyan Dutt]])<br /> *''Samrat Chandragupt'' (1945) – Aa Badla Hai Zamanaa – (Lyrics – Buddhi Chandra, M.D – C. Ramchandra)<br /> *''Diwani'' (1947) – Wafayein hamari na tum aazmana – (M.D – [[Gyan Dutt]])<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Asha Bhosle====<br /> *''Bade Bhaiya'' – Maine Jab Se Tumko Dekha Hai<br /> *''Ek-Do-Teen'' (1953) – Thumak-Thumak Chali Kaamini – (M.D. – [[Vinod ER]])<br /> *''Pyar Ki Baaten'' (1951) – Wo Hamse Mohabbat Kerte Hain – (M.D. – Khayyam)<br /> *''Jeevan Taara'' (1951) – O Chhup Chhup Ke Sapnon Mein Aata Hai Kaun – (M.D. – Vasant Desai, Lyrics – Prem Dhawan)<br /> *''Pyar Ki Baaten'' (1951) – Unko Rupye Me – (M.D – Bulo C. Rani &amp; Khayyam)<br /> *''Khushboo'' (1954) – Udhar Chand Nikla – (M.D – Shankar lal)<br /> *''Sandesh'' (1952) – Nas Nas Mein Meri<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Bhupinder Singh (musician)====<br /> *''Akalmand'' (1966) – O Bekhabar Tujh Kya Pata – (with [[Mahendra Kapoor]])<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Faiyaz Mohammed====<br /> *''Akash Pari'' (1958) – Rum Pum Pum Pum<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Geeta Dutt====<br /> *''[[Do Bhai (1947 film)|Do Bhai]]'' (1947) – Aaj preet ka naata toot gaya (Lyricist -[[Raja Mehdi Ali Khan]], Music Director – [[S. D. Burman]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/singer/g-m-durrani/|title=G. M. Durrani Songs Lyrics, Latest Albums &amp; Videos|website=LyricsBogie}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Geet Govind'' (1947) – Chamkat damkat damini (M.D. – [[Gyan Dutt]]) – with Abha<br /> *''Geet Govind'' (1947) – Viyogan deepshikha si jare (M.D. – [[Gyan Dutt]]) (with Rekharani)<br /> *''Heer Ranjha'' (1948) – Kafas ki qaid mein humko (M.D. – Aziz Khan)<br /> *''Hip Hip Hurray'' (1948) – Hip hip hurray-2, Dubeyji ko pakwan mila (M.D. – Hanuman Prasad)<br /> *''Hip Hip Hurray'' (1948) – Jawani Hum Guzare (with Shamshad Begum)&lt;ref name=Cineplot/&gt;<br /> *''Dil Ki Basti'' (1949) – Yahi hai dil ki basti (M.D. – Ghulam Mohammed)<br /> *''Dil Ki Basti'' (1949) – Kadam hai...nazuk dil hai tod na dena (M.D. – Ghulam Mohammed)<br /> *''Nazare'' (1949) – Mere man mein dol (M.D. – Bulo C. Rani)<br /> *''Nazare'' (1949) – Milate ho usiko (M.D. – Bulo C. Rani)<br /> *''Nazare'' (1949) – Duniya ki andheri raat mein (M.D. – Bulo C. Rani) – with Shamshad Begum<br /> *''Nazare'' (1949) – Bahar aayi chaman (M.D. – Bulo C. Rani) – with Shamshad Begum<br /> *''Dilruba'' (1950) – Humne khai hai mohabbat mein (M.D. – [[Gyan Dutt]])<br /> *''Jalte Deep'' (1950) – Nai ek duniya basayenge (M.D. – Sardul Kwatra)<br /> *''Khel'' (1950) – Teri nazaron ne mere seene pe fire kar diya (Lyricists – Khawar Zaman, M.D. – [[Sajjad Hussain (composer)|Sajjad Hussain]])<br /> *''Man Ka Meet'' (1950) – Machalta hua yeh dil (M.D. – Sardul Kwatra)<br /> *''[[Deedar (1951 film)|Deedar]]'' (1951) – Nazar phero na humse (M.D. – Shakeel Badayuni) – with Shamshad Begum<br /> *''Ghayal'' (1951) – O rani mainawati (M.D. – [[Gyan Dutt]]) – with Meena Kapoor<br /> *''Ghayal'' (1951) – Daiya re daiya (M.D. – [[Gyan Dutt]]) – with Meena Kapoor<br /> *''Sansar'' (1951) – Lucknow chalo ab rani (M.D. – Parthasarti, E. S. Shashtri, B. S. Kalla)<br /> *''Baghdad'' (1952) – Dile beqarar kahe baar baar (M.D. – Bulo C. Rani)<br /> *''Baghdad'' (1952) – Yeh pyar ki baatein (M.D. – Bulo C. Rani) – with Talat<br /> *''Neelampari'' (1952) – Jab tak chamke chand (M.D. – [[Khawaja Khurshid Anwar]])<br /> *''Nirmal'' (1952) – Tu jo mere pyar ki khichdi pakayega (M.D. – Bulo C. Rani)<br /> *''Patal Bhairavi'' (1952) – Jaoongi maike jaaongi (M.D. – Ghantsala)<br /> *''Usha Kiran'' (1952) – Jago jago jago bhor suhani (M.D. – Hanuman Prasad) – with Zohra and Asha<br /> *''Pehli Shaadi'' (1953) – Tum haan kah do (M.D. – Robin Chatterji)<br /> *''Awara Shahzadi'' (1956) – Hum tum se raazi (M.D. – Jimmy)<br /> *''Badshah Salamat'' (1956) – Dil ke darwaze mein hui khatkhat (M.D. – Bulo C. Rani)<br /> *''Sheikh Chilli'' (1956) – Madhoshi mein tanhai mein (M.D. – [[Vinod ER]])<br /> *''Akashpari'' (1958) – Ho gaye barbad hum acchha hua (M.D. – Inayat Ali)<br /> *''Akashpari'' (1958) – Ho khel nahin dil se voh dil ka lagana (M.D. – Inayat Ali)<br /> *''Jwalamukhi'' (unreleased) – Tum tana tum tana...balam koi karke bahana, chupke se chod na jana<br /> *non-film patriotic (1950) – Vande matram<br /> *''Lakeeren'' (1954) – Aabaad Jahaan Barbaad Kiya<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Iqbal Begum====<br /> *''Kurmai'' (Panjabi) (1941) – Gote Da Haar Ve -(with Rajkumari Dubey)&lt;ref name=&quot;films.hindi-movies-songs.com/&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://films.hindi-movies-songs.com/k-anwar.html|title=Hindi Movies / Films Songs|website=films.hindi-movies-songs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Kishore Kumar====<br /> *''Hamaari Shaan'' – Damdi damdi paisa paisa jod jod kar – (with Talat Mahmood), lyrics Anjum Jaipuri, music Chitragupta<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Khan Mastana====<br /> *''Sunehre Din'' (1949) – Jiya Ka Diya – (with Geeta Dutt and Shamshad Begum)<br /> *''Sunehre Din'' (1949) – Hum Mast Dilo Ko Lekar – (with Kalyani Das and Shamshad Begum)<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Lata Mangeshkar====<br /> *''Ek Thi Ladki'' – Lara Lappa Lara Lappa Laai Rakhda<br /> *''Chandni Raat'' (1949) – Haye Chhore Ki Jaat&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mymp3singer.com/download/18651/06_-_haye_chhore_ki_jaat |title=Haye Chhore Ki Jaat |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=19 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719005422/http://mymp3singer.com/download/18651/06_-_haye_chhore_ki_jaat |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Shair'' (1949) – Do Bichhade Huye Dil<br /> *''[[Aiye]]'' (1949) – Kar Sakega Na Juda Tumko&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.radjesh.com/Lata%20Mangeshkar/Lata_mangeshkar_1949.html |title=Lata Mangeshkar |website=www.radjesh.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119045253/http://www.radjesh.com/Lata%20Mangeshkar/Lata_mangeshkar_1949.html |archive-date=2013-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; (M.D – Nashad)<br /> *''[[Aiye]]'' (1949) – Duniya Badal Gayi Ki Muqaddar Bigad Gaya (M.D. – Naushad)<br /> *''Hum Log'' (1951) – Gaaye chala jaa<br /> *''Anand Bhavan'' (1953) – Hello, hello, Mr. Dil, kaho betaab ho kisliye<br /> *''Maang'' (1950) – Aao Baitho Baat Suno<br /> *''Caravan'' (1956) – Aye Sarban Aye Sarban – (Lyricist- Tanveer Naqvi, Music Director – S. Mohinder)<br /> *''Shikar'' (1955) Kya Haal Hai Huzoor Ke Dil Ka<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Mahendra Kapoor====<br /> *''Akalmand'' (1966) – O Bekhabar Tujh Kya Pata – (with [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)]])<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Manju Das====<br /> *''Chand'' (1944) – Watan Se Chala Hai<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Mohammed Rafi====<br /> *Sassi Punnu (1946) – ''Aashikon Ka Kaafila''<br /> *''Ek Thi Ladki'' (1949) – Lara Lappa Lara Lappa Laai Rakhda&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/celeb/g-m-durrani-and-mohammad-rafi-songs-list/4786/28313 |title=G. M. Durrani, Mohammad Rafi songs list &amp;#124; G. M. Durrani – Mohammad Rafi duet songs |access-date=21 April 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055502/http://www.gomolo.com/celeb/g-m-durrani-and-mohammad-rafi-songs-list/4786/28313 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Beqasoor]]'' (1950) – Khabar kisi ko nahin (with Mukesh) (M.D. – Anil Biswas)<br /> *Anand Bhawan (1953) – ''Usey Dhoondh Hi Lenge''<br /> *''Musafir Khanna'' (1955) – Kuchh Aankh Mili (M.D. – O. P. Nayyar)<br /> *''Zara Bachke'' – Aye Ishq Isse Barbad Na Kar (M.D. – Naushad)<br /> *''Gaon Ki Gori'' – Aji Dil Ho Kaabu Mein<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Mukesh (singer)====<br /> *''[[Beqasoor]]'' – Khabar kisi ko nahin (with Mohd. Rafi)<br /> *''Hanste Aansoo'' (1950) – Aise Mein Koi Chham Se<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Noor Jehan====<br /> *''Mirza Sahibaan'' (1947) – Haath Seene Pe Jo Rakh Do&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lyricsious.com/mirza-sahiban-1947.html |title=Mirza Sahiban – All Songs Lyrics (1947) |access-date=21 April 2015 |archive-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618161020/http://www.lyricsious.com/mirza-sahiban-1947.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (Lyricist – Aziz Kashmiri, M.D. – Pandit Amarnath Husnlal Bhagatram)<br /> *''Mirza Sahibaan'' (1947) – Tum Aankhon Se Door Ho&lt;ref&gt;[http://mymp3singer.com/download/20746/09_-_tum_ankhon_se_door Tum Aankhon Se Door] {{dead link|date=December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.madamnoorjehan.com/her-life-and-art/her-filmography/her-films/110-mirza-sahiban.html |title=Her life and art |access-date=21 April 2015 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419053540/http://www.madamnoorjehan.com/her-life-and-art/her-filmography/her-films/110-mirza-sahiban.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (M.D. – Pandit Amarnath Husnlal Bhagatram)<br /> <br /> ====Songs with P. Susheela====<br /> *''Gul-E-Bakavali'' (1956) – Bade Tum Veer Sahi Baat Badi Mat Karna (Lyricist – Pyarelal Santoshi, Music Director – Gyan Dutt)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/gul-e-bakavali-1956-bade-tum-veer-sahi-baat-badi-mat-karna-2|title=Hindi Film Song – Bade Tum Veer Sahi Baat Badi Mat Karna (Gul-E-Bakavali, 1956) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Parol Ghosh====<br /> *''Namaste'' (1943) – Ambua Pe Panchhi Bawara (Lyricist – D. N. Madhok, M.D. – Naushad)<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Rajkumari Dubey====<br /> *''Kurmai'' (Panjabi) (1941) – Gote Da Haar Ve (with Iqbal Begum)&lt;ref name=&quot;films.hindi-movies-songs.com/&quot;/&gt;<br /> *''Ishara'' (1943) – Dheere-Dheere Bol Mere Raja (Lyricist – D. N. Madhok, M.D. – [[Khwaja Khurshid Anwar]])&lt;ref name=&quot;hindi-films-songs.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> *''Station Master'' – Baras Gayi Raam Badariya Kaari (M.D. – Naushad)<br /> *''Kavita'' (1944) – Udd Jaau Main Sajan Re<br /> *''Meharbani'' (1950) – O Tujhko Nainon<br /> *''Nai Duniya'' (1942) – Prem Ne Mann Mein Aag Lagayi<br /> *''Nai Duniya'' (1942) – Dil Loot Liya Ji<br /> *''Nai Duniya'' (1942) – Barasan Laagi Badariya<br /> *''Yateem'' (1945) – Jhuum rahi baagon men bhigi&lt;ref name=&quot;films.hindi-movies-songs.com/&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Sandhya Mukhopadhyay====<br /> *''Izzat'' (1952) – Ishq Me Ho Jao Barbaad<br /> *''Izzat'' (1952) – Tera Jhoomta Shabaab Jaise<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Shamshad Begum====<br /> *''Suhaag Sindoor'' (1953) – Ho Jaise Sawan Mein Baadal – (Lyricist – Bharat Vyas, Music Director – Suresh Kumar)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/suhaag-sindoor-1953-ho-jaise-sawan-mein-badal-3|title=Hindi Film Song – Ho Jaise Sawan Mein Baadal (Sohag Sindoor, 1953) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Shama'' (1946) – Ek Yaad Kisiki Yaad Rahi ([[Ghulam Haider (composer)]])<br /> *''Laaj'' (1946) – Ab Hum Se Juda Mat Hona<br /> *''Ghar Ki Izzat'' (1948) – Taaron Ki Toliyon Ye Kaisa Hai<br /> *''Ghar Ki Izzat'' (1948) – Bahut Betakaluff Huye<br /> *''Kaneez'' (1949) – Tum Kya Jano Mera Mthe Ki Bindiya Ka Mol&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.shamshadbegum.com/her-career.html |title=Her Career |website=www.shamshadbegum.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117214423/http://www.shamshadbegum.com/her-career.html |archive-date=2013-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Deedar (1951 film)|Deedar]]'' (1951) – Nazar Phero Na Humse (M.D. – [[Naushad]])<br /> *''Hum Log'' (1951) – Bogi Bogi Bogi<br /> *''Hum Log'' (1951) – Gaye Chala Ja<br /> *''Dhoop Chaon'' (1954) – Ajeeb Rang Hai<br /> *''Naqab Posh'' (1956) – Ae Mere Majnu Meri (M.D. – Dhumi Khan)<br /> *''Gumashta'' – Tera Gora Gora Gaal<br /> *''Lara Lappa'' (Punjabi) – Mela Do Din Da<br /> *''Lara Lappa'' (Punjabi) – Akhiyan Wich Akhiyan Rehan De<br /> *''Hip Hip Hurray'' (1948) – Jawani Hum Guzare (with Geeta Dutt)<br /> *''Bade Bhaiya'' (1951) – Hello Sai Hello<br /> *''Dada'' (1949) – Dhil Die Jaa<br /> *''Nazaare'' (1949) – Puraane Chaahne Walon Se<br /> *''Sassi Punnu'' (1946) – Dekho Ji Kya Sama<br /> *''Mirza Sahiban'' (1947) – Aaj Miya ji Ko&lt;ref&gt;[http://mymp3singer.com/download/20748/07_-_miyan_ji_ko_chadh_jaye Aaj Miya ji Ko] {{dead link|date=December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Ek Tha Ladka'' (1951) – Ek Din Tumne<br /> *''Ek Tha Ladka'' (1951) – More Balma<br /> *''Dada'' (1949) – Chal Chal Chameli<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Sitara====<br /> *''[[Aabroo (1968 film)|Aabroo]]'' (1968) – Piya Milan Ki Rut Aayi Hai<br /> *''[[Aabroo (1968 film)|Aabroo]]'' (1968) – Gori Baanke Naino Se chalaye Jaadua<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Sudha Malhotra====<br /> *''Aadmi'' (1958) – Nayi Nayi Ye Preet<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Sulochana Kadam====<br /> *''Actor'' (1951) – Teri Galiyon Main Aayi<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Suraiya====<br /> *''Aaj Ki Raat'' (1948) – Haa Kyun Dil Mein Mere<br /> *''Aaj Ki Raat'' (1948) – Mere Aansuon Meri Hasraton<br /> *''Nili'' (1950) – Teri Zaalim Nigaahon Ne<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Talat Mahmood====<br /> *''Baghdad'' (1952) – Yeh pyar ki baatein [M.D. – Bulo C. Rani] – with Geeta Dutt<br /> *''Hamaari Shaan'' – Damdi damdi paisa paisa jod jod kar (with [[Kishore Kumar]], lyrics – Anjum Jaipuri, M.D. – Chitragupta)<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Trilok Kapoor====<br /> *''Laadla'' (1954) – Jal Tu Jalal Tu<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Uma Devi (Tun Tun)====<br /> *''Rashida Dulhan'' – Mohabat ne Chheda yeh kaisa taraana (M.D. – Ghulam Mohd.)<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Zeenat Begum====<br /> *''Chand'' (1944) – Aye Chand Bata Mujhko<br /> <br /> ====Songs with Zohrabai Ambalewali====<br /> *''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1946 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]'' (1946) – Chali Pyari Sakhi Sasural Dil Kyon Dole Na<br /> *''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1946 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]'' (1946) – Chenab Ke Behte Hue Paani<br /> *''[[Sohni Mahiwal (1946 film)|Sohni Mahiwal]]'' (1946) – Oh Tujh Pe Salaam Ae Mere Nakaam-e-Mohabbat<br /> *''Lalkaar'' (1944) – Bhanwron Na Tab Tak<br /> *''Doli'' (1947) – Dilli Ki Galiyon Mein (Lyricists-Nazim Panipati, Music Director-Ghulam Mohammad)<br /> <br /> ====Duet with other singers====<br /> *Hameeda Bano<br /> *Pushpa Hans, etc.<br /> <br /> ===Genres===<br /> <br /> ====Patriotic Songs====<br /> *''Koshish'' – Hindustan Waalon Geeta Ke Barq Uthaao (M.D. – Bashir Dehlvi)<br /> *''Koshish'' – Ae Hind Ke Sapooton Jaago Hua Savera (M.D. – Bashir Dehlvi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/aye-hind-ke-saputo/|title=Aye Hind Ke Saputo Lyrics – Koshish (1943) – G. M. Durrani|date=12 April 2015|website=LyricsBogie}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Gokul'' (1946) – Hum Todenge (Lyricists: Qamar Jalalabadi, Music Director: Sudhir Phadke)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/hum-todenge/|title=Hum Todenge Lyrics – Gokul (1946) – G. M. Durrani|date=19 March 2015|website=LyricsBogie}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Chand'' (1944) – Watan Se Chala Hai <br /> *''Gaon Ki Gori'' (1945) – Hindustan Ki Khatir<br /> *non-film patriotic (1950) – Vande matram (with Geeta Dutt)<br /> <br /> ====Hindu Devotional Songs====<br /> G. M. Durrani was one of the first Muslim singers to get to sing Hindu Devotionals.&lt;ref name=&quot;anmolfankaar.com/&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> *''Bharat Milap'' (1942) – Raghukul Reet Sada Chali Aayi (Lyricist – [[Tulsidas|Goswami Tulsidas]], M.D. – Shankar Rao Vyas)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/raghukul-rit/|title=Raghukul Rit Lyrics – Bharat Milap (1942) – G. M. Durrani|date=28 November 2012|website=LyricsBogie}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Bharat Milap'' (1942) – Jhananan jhananan baaj rahi hai (with Amirbai Karnataki) (Lyricist – [[Tulsidas|Goswami Tulsidas]], M.D. – Shankar Rao Vyas)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/jhanananan/|title=Jhanananan Lyrics – Bharat Milap (1942) – Amirbai Karnataki, Chorus, G. M. Durrani|date=28 November 2012|website=LyricsBogie}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Bharat Milap'' (1942) – Utho Utho Hey Bharat, Maharaj raam chandra ki jay (Lyricist – [[Tulsidas|Goswami Tulsidas]], M.D. – Shankar Rao Vyas)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/utho-utho-hey-bharat/|title=Utho Utho Hey Bharat Lyrics – Bharat Milap (1942) – Chorus, G. M. Durrani|date=28 November 2012|website=LyricsBogie}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Namaste'' (1943) – Aan milo morey Shyaam<br /> *''[[Vikramaditya (film)|Vikramaditya]]'' (1945) – Shambho Mahadev Shankar (Lyricist – Ramesh Gupta, M.D. – Shankar Rao Vyas)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/vikramaditya-1945-shambho-mahadev-shankar-5|title=Hindi Film Song – Shambho Mahadev Shankar (Vikramaditya, 1945) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Vikramaditya (film)|Vikramaditya]]'' (1945) – Om Jai Jai Shankar (with Amirbai Karnataki and Manna Dey) (Lyricist – Ramesh Gupta, M.D. – Shankar Rao Vyas)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/song_details/vikramaditya-1945-om-jai-jai-shankar-group-2|title=Hindi Film Song – Om Jai Jai Shankar (Group) (Vikramaditya, 1945) &amp;#124; MySwar|website=myswar.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Ramayan (1954 film)|Ramayan]]'' (1954) – Ram Chale Ram Chale Ban Chale Ram Raghuveer<br /> *''Veer Arjun'' (1952) – Vasudev Sutam Devam (Yadunath Dwarkanath Shyam Re Natwar Kunj Vihari)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/vasudev-sutam-devam/|title=Vasudev Sutam Devam Lyrics – Veer Arjun (1952) – G. M. Durrani|date=3 April 2015|website=LyricsBogie}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Gokul'' (1946) – Kahan Hamare Shyam Chale (Lyricists – Qamar Jalalabadi, M.D. – Sudhir Phadke)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/kaha-hamare-chale/|title=Kaha Hamare Chale Lyrics – Gokul (1946) – G. M. Durrani|date=19 March 2015|website=LyricsBogie}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Muslim Devotional Songs====<br /> *''Awara Shahzadi'' (1956) – Nabi Ne Chahne Wale Nirali Shaan (M.D. – Jimmy, Lyricist – Khawar Zaman)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Quraan Khawani====<br /> *''Lal Patthar'' (1971) – Quraan Khaani (M.D. – [[Shankar Jaikishan]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjmusic.org/music-score/singers/64|title=Shankar Jaikishan Music Scores (Singers-wise) G.M.Durrani : 3 Scores|website=www.sjmusic.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Filmi qawwali====<br /> *''[[Beqasoor]]'' (1950) – Khabar kisi ko nahin (with Mukesh and Rafi) (Lyricist – Ehsaan Rizvi, M.D. – Anil Biswas)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyricsindia.net/vyakti/478|title=LyricsIndia: G M Durrani|website=www.lyricsindia.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Filmi-ghazal====<br /> *''Ghayal'' (1951) – Hazaron khwahishein aisi ki har khwahish pe dam nikale (lyrics – [[Ghalib]], M.D. – [[Gyan Dutt]]))<br /> <br /> ==Punjabi Songs==<br /> In the 40s and 50s G.M. Durrani was the senior Punjabi singer-actor from Mohammad Rafi. K.L. Saigal died on 18 January 1947. Then G. M. Durrani was the most senior Punjabi singer-actor. Durrani tried to make his own identity and style as a playback singer and not try to follow the [[K. L. Saigal]] type of singing. In future, all singers like Mohd. Rafi, Talat Mahmood, Manna Dey, Kishore Kumar etc. were influenced with Durrani. They followed the style of Durrani. Top singer Noor Jehan was expecting for duets with G. M. Durrani to be the other singers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://apnaorg.com/articles/aujla-9/|title=Punjabi|website=apnaorg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A few songs are here:<br /> *''Lara Lappa'' – Mela Do Din Da (with Shamshad Begum)<br /> *''Lara Lappa'' – Akhiyan Wich Akhiyan Rehan De (with Shamshad Begum), etc.<br /> <br /> ==Pashto Song==<br /> *Mayin pa ta yam – (1940s)<br /> <br /> ==Short career==<br /> [[Manna Dey]] says on page 190-191 in Memories Come Alive:<br /> <br /> &quot;Durrani-ji had a mellifluous voice, but lacked staying power and failed to survive as a singer. To reach the heights of success, it is necessary to be practical as well and this is where Durrani-ji fell short. I learnt a great deal from his failure. I realized that when a producer spends a fortune on his film, he expects everyone in his team to put in his best effort to make it a success. And putting in one's best meant being ingenious and innovative, qualities without which an artiste is likely to get lost in the wilderness. That, precisely, is what happened to Durrani-ji and I cannot help feeling sorry for the way his career turned out.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;anmolfankaar.com/&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Manna Dey<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Spirituality and Death==<br /> G. M. Durrani had become spiritually inclined because of which he slowly left the industry. In an interview with [[Ameen Sayani]] in 1978, he said that he got bored of the materialistic world (like bungalow, motors, cars and other luxurious items) of [[Bollywood]] (Bombay Film Industry) and started avoiding film personalities. He started keeping a beard so nobody would recognize him. He sold all his luxurious items and started giving away money from his bank account to various Faqirs. Finally, he shifted to a small house and opened a general merchant shop after taking a loan.<br /> <br /> He died in Mumbai on 8 September 1988.&lt;ref name=Cinemaazi/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Some Famous Songs==<br /> A few of his famous songs are:<br /> *''Nai Kahani'' (1943) – Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.giitaayan.com/search.asp?s=G+M+Durrani&amp;browse=singer|title=giitaayan – Search results for 'G M Durrani'|website=www.giitaayan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Namaste'' (1943) – Dil Ke Pat khole ke dekhe<br /> *''Chaand'' (1944) – Ae Dil Mujhe rone De<br /> *''Nargis'' (1946) – Ye to bata mere khuda, lut gaya mera pyar kyun<br /> *''Shama'' (1946) – Ek yaad kisi ki yaad rahi (with Shamshad Begum) ([[Ghulam Haider (composer)]])<br /> *''Magroor'' (1950) – Hum to tere dil ke bangle mein aana mangta (with Shamshad Begum)<br /> *''Shair'' – Do Bichhde Huye Dil (with Lata Mangeshkar)<br /> *''Hum Log'' (1951) – Gaaye chala jaa (with Lata Mangeshkar)<br /> *''Kurmai'' (Punjabi) (1941) – Dil ainj ainj karda (Lyricist – [[D. N. Madhok]])&lt;ref name=&quot;hindi-films-songs.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> *''Mirza Sahiban'' (1947) – Haath seene pe jo rakh do to qarar aa jaye (with Noor Jehan)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mymp3singer.com/download/20753/02_-_haath_seene_pe |title=Haath seene pe |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224410/http://mymp3singer.com/download/20753/02_-_haath_seene_pe |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''Baghdad'' (1952) – Dil-e beqarar kahe baar baar (with Geeta Dutt)<br /> *''Izzat'' (1952) – Dhoondhta hoon har jagha kahin nahin tera pata<br /> *''Hum Sab Chor Hain'' (1956) – Hum ko hansta dekh zamana jalta hai (with Mohd. Rafi)<br /> *''Sunehre Qadam'' (1966) – Ye ghar aap ka hai (with Sudha Malhotra)<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Bulo C. Rani]]<br /> *[[List of Indian playback singers]]<br /> *[[List of Pashto-language singers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> *{{cite news|url=http://www.pakistanlink.com/sah/04252003.html|title=If Music Be the Food of Love|last=Hussain|first=S. Amjad |date=25 April 2003|work=Pakistan Link|quote=refers to Durrani as 'legendary' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030719184748/http://www.pakistanlink.com/sah/04252003.html |archive-date=2003-07-19 |accessdate=2008-10-13}} <br /> *{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_21-7-2003_pg7_42|title=NWFP govt's ban fails to dissuade music enthusiast. Old municipal worker shows off 14,000 rare Indian and Pakistani music pieces|last=Ali|first=Ghafar |date=21 July 2003|work=The Daily Times (Pakistan)|accessdate=2008-10-13}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> *{{IMDb name|id=0244334|name=G. M. Durrani}}<br /> *[http://www.geetadutt.com/gmdurani.html His association with Geeta Dutt]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Durrani, G. M.}}<br /> [[Category:1919 births]]<br /> [[Category:1988 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from British India]]<br /> [[Category:People from Peshawar]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male ghazal singers]]<br /> [[Category:Bhajan singers]]<br /> [[Category:Urdu-language singers]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]<br /> [[Category:Pashto-language singers]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male composers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male voice actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male radio actors]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]<br /> [[Category:All India Radio people]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hema_(actress)&diff=456041 Hema (actress) 2026-03-24T19:49:35Z <p>StevieJ461261267: brief add layout per standard format further and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Telugu actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Hema<br /> | image = Hema Telugu actress.jpg<br /> | caption = Hema in 2018<br /> | birth_name = Krishna Veni<br /> | birth_date = 1972&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afG2tIN1S4M |title=Actress Hema Revealed her Real Age {{!}} నా వయసు ఎంతో తెలుసా? వికీపీడియా పై ఫైర్ అవుతున్న నటి TeluguOne |date=2025-10-03 |last=TeluguOne |access-date=2025-10-04 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Razole, East Godavari district|Razole]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | othername = <br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | years_active = 1989–present<br /> | spouse = Syed Jaan Ahmed&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://myneta.info/andhra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=3175 |title=HEMA SYED MANDAPETA (EAST GODAVARI) |publisher=myneta.info |access-date=6 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | partner = <br /> | website = <br /> | awards = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hema''' (born '''Krishna Veni''') is an Indian actress and comedian who predominantly appears in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.zimbio.com/Telugu+Movies/articles/ajplZrMjN78/Character+Artist+Hema+terrific+accident |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225175106/http://www.zimbio.com/Telugu+Movies/articles/ajplZrMjN78/Character+Artist+Hema+terrific+accident |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2009 |title=Character Artist Hema had a terrific accident |publisher=zimbio.com |date=3 November 2009 |access-date=30 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has acted in more than 250 films as of 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucolours.com/id2-pid331-chH/profile/hema |title=Tollywood » Actress » Hema |publisher=telugucolours.com |access-date=30 January 2013 &lt;!-- at 4:56 PM IST --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Actress-Hema-to-contest-from-Mandapeta/articleshow/34032665.cms |title=Actress Hema to contest from Mandapeta |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She won [[Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian]] for her performance in ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=31 December 2020 |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information &amp; Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> She was born as Krishna Veni in a family from [[Razole, East Godavari district|Razole]], [[East Godavari district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 September 2020 |title=57-Year-Old Telugu Actress Hema Appears For Degree Entrance Exam |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/telugu-actress-hema-appears-degree-entrance-exam-br-ambedkar-open-university-124774 |access-date=17 March 2021 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509061225/https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/telugu-actress-hema-appears-degree-entrance-exam-br-ambedkar-open-university-124774 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She studied until seventh class, then discontinued her studies. She had an interest in films from her childhood. After acting in some, she got married. She made her comeback to film with ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'', and is now continuing her film career. She changed her name to Hema after coming to the film industry.<br /> She started working in films since 1989, it is about 35 years industry experience. She caught up in May 2024 in Bengaluru in relation to drug rackets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/hema-seeks-renewal-of-maa-membership|title=Hema seeks renewal of MAA membership|date=8 July 2024|website=Telugu Cinema}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{expand list|date=March 2017}}<br /> <br /> ===Telugu===<br /> ''Source''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Entertainment/famous-tollywood-character-artist-hema-biography.php |title=Hema Profile |publisher=altiusdirectory.com |access-date=30 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Role<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Note<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; | 1989<br /> | ''Chinnari Sneham''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Koduku Diddina Kapuram''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Swathi Chinukulu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Muddula Mavayya]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bala Gopaludu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Palnati Rudrayya''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Dharma Yudham''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Paila Pachis''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Vintha Dongalu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Ayyappa Swami Mahathyam''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bhale Donga]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jayammu Nischayammu Raa (1989 film)|Jayammu Nischayammu Raa]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 1990<br /> | ''[[Aggiramudu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Dr. Bhavani''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Adadhi''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chevilo Puvvu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Jayasimha''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Raja Vikramarka (1990 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Rambha Rambabu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lorry Driver (film)|Lorry Driver]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1991<br /> | ''Tholi Poddu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Teneteega''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rowdy Gaari Pellam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kshana Kshanam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1992<br /> | ''Hello Darling Lechipodama''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dabbu Bhale Jabbu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rowdy Inspector]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 1993<br /> | ''[[Money (1993 film)|Money]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Rendilla Pujari''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Aadarsam''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Mayadari Mogudu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Konguchatu Krishnudu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Pachani Samsaram''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Varasudu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mechanic Alludu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1994<br /> | ''Police Bharya''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Parugo Parugu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1997<br /> | ''Kodalu Didhina Kapuram''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2000<br /> | ''[[Jayam Manade Raa]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Goppinti Alludu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2001<br /> | ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naa Manasistha Raa]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2002<br /> | ''Vyamoham''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Premasallapam''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pilisthe Palukutha]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nee Sneham]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2003<br /> | ''[[Ninne Istapaddanu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vasantham]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Okariki Okaru]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tiger Harischandra Prasad]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 2004<br /> | ''[[Dost (2004 film)|Dost]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Anjali I Love U''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pallakilo Pellikoothuru]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anandamanandamaye]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bhadradri Ramudu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ammayi Bagundi]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[143 (2004 film)|143]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; | 2005<br /> | ''Friendship''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Alex''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naa Alludu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manasu Maata Vinadhu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sravanamasam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Andhagadu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Andarivadu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Oka Oorilo]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''123 From Amalapuram''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Athadu]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nuvvante Naakishtam]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bhageeratha (film)|Bhageeratha]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Danger (2005 film)|Danger]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; | 2006<br /> | ''[[Evandoi Srivaru]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Seetharamudu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Ramalayam Veedhilo Balu Madhumathi''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sri Ramadasu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mayajalam (2006 film)|Maayajaalam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Nee Navvu Chaalu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Roommates (2006 Telugu film)|Roommates]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Konte Kurrallu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Boss (2006 film)|Boss]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tata Birla Madhyalo Laila]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gopi – Goda Meedha Pilli]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pellaina Kothalo]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Annavaram (film)|Annavaram]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2007<br /> | ''[[Athidhi (2007 film)|Athidhi]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Desamuduru]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Gnapakam''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;22&quot; | 2008<br /> | ''Krushi''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kantri]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Deepavali (2008 film)|Deepavali]]''<br /> | Sirisha's sister<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Apada Mokkulavadu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mr. Medhavi]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Idi Sangathi]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bhale Dongalu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gamyam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Gita''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kalidasu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Sawaal''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bujjigadu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gorintaku (2008 film)|Gorintaku]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Aalayam''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Salute (2008 Telugu film)|Salute]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ashta Chemma]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2008 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Blade Babji]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Andamaina Abaddam''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kuberulu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Chedugudu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; | 2009<br /> | ''Rs 999 Matrame''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[A Aa E Ee (2009 Telugu film)|Aa Aa E Ee: Athanu Aame Inthalo Eeme]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Vaade Kavali''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mitrudu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bangaru Babu (2009 film)|Bangaru Babu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ride (2009 film)|Ride]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Magadheera]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Samardhudu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rechipo]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jayeebhava]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Saleem (film)|Saleem]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Maha Muduru''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;15&quot; | 2010<br /> | ''Yugalageetham''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Srimathi Kalyanam]]'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''Mouna Ragam''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Betting Bangaraju]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Buridi''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Hasini''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Chalaki''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Kothi Muka''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Ramdev''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Aunty Uncle Nandagopal''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Adi Nuvve''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Visu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Prathi Roju''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 2011<br /> | ''[[Golconda High School]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rajanna]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kandireega]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Veedu Theda]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kshetram (film)|Kshetram]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 2012<br /> | ''[[Rachcha]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Julayi]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (2012 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sudigadu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rebel (2012 film)|Rebel]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; | 2013<br /> | ''[[Sevakudu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''NRI''<br /> | <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/NRI/movie-review/19634043.cms/ |title=NRI Movie Review |work=The Times of India |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=28 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[1000 Abaddalu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kamina (film)|Kamina]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Doosukeltha]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bhai (2013 film)|Bhai]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[D for Dopidi]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 2014<br /> | ''[[Jump Jilani]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rabhasa]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Joru''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Erra Bus]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ee Varsham Sakshiga]]''<br /> | <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyindia.org/ee-varsham-sakshiga-review-rating-varun-sandesh-haripriya/ |title=Ee Varsham Sakshiga Review and Rating-Varun Sandesh, HariPriya |publisher=dailyindia.org |date=13 December 2014 |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203042903/http://www.dailyindia.org/ee-varsham-sakshiga-review-rating-varun-sandesh-haripriya/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2015<br /> | ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Vinavayya Ramayya''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[James Bond (2015 film)|James Bond]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Akhil (film)|Akhil]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kumari 21F]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 2016<br /> | ''[[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Shourya (2016 film)|Shourya]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Srimathi Bangaram''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hyper (2016 film)|Hyper]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Abhinetri]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Saptagiri Express (film)|Saptagiri Express]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2017<br /> | ''[[Lakshmi Bomb]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Samanthakamani (film)|Samanthakamani]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[SriValli]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Inkenti Nuvve Cheppu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2018<br /> | ''[[Raa Raa (2018 film)|Raa Raa]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ammammagarillu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Saakshyam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Silly Fellows]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019<br /> | ''[[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Guna 369]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 2020<br /> | ''[[Bombhaat]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2021<br /> | ''[[30 Rojullo Preminchadam Ela]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Konda Polam]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Crazy Uncles]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> | ''Kothala Rayudu''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | ''[[Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu]]''<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Tamil===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Role<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1991 || ''[[Eeramana Rojave]]'' || Shanthi's friend ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || ''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]'' || Azhagarsamy's second son-in-law's wife ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2007 || ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' || Bus passenger || Uncredited cameo<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Satyam (2008 film)|Satyam]]'' || Deiva's mother ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' || History teacher ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2016 || ''[[Saagasam]]'' || Madhu's stepmother || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'' || Devi's mother ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Other languages===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Role<br /> !Language<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Power (2014 Kannada film)|Power]]'' || Prashanti's mother || [[Kannada]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Tutak Tutak Tutiya]]''|| Devi's mother || [[Hindi]] ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Programme !! Role !! Channel !! Language !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1993 || ''Seetha Ramula Cinema Gola'' || Female lead || [[Doordarshan]] || rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> ||<br /> |-<br /> |1999<br /> |''[[Anveshitha]]''<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |[[Santhi Nivasam (TV series)|''Santhi Nivasam'']]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2019 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 3)|Bigg Boss 3]]'' || Contestant || [[Star Maa]] || Reality TV series; evicted on Day 9<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2021<br /> |''[[Alitho Saradaga]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Guest<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]<br /> |Talk show<br /> |-<br /> |''Sri Devi Drama Company''<br /> |As Attha in Kitty Party show<br /> |-<br /> |[[3 Roses (web series)|''3 Roses'']]<br /> |Rithika’s mother<br /> |[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Politics==<br /> In 2014, Hema contested as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and lost from [[Mandapeta (Assembly constituency)|Mandapeta]] constituency for [[Jai Samaikyandhra Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070218/stars-to-take-poll-position.html |title=Stars to take poll position |date=7 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === As MLA ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! S.no<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Assembly Constituency<br /> ! Result<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |2014<br /> |Mandapeta<br /> | {{no|Lost}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=1332553|name=Hema}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hema}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actors from East Godavari district]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women comedians]]<br /> [[Category:1967 births]]<br /> [[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Nandi Award winners]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aalankam&diff=483993 Aalankam 2026-03-24T17:45:19Z <p>StevieJ461261267: added article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2023 Indian Malayalam film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Aalankam_First_Look_Poster.jpeg<br /> | caption = Aalankam Poster<br /> | director = Shani Khader<br /> | writer = Shani Khader<br /> | producer = Shaji Ambalath, Betty Sathish Raval<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Lukman Avaran| Lukman Avran]]<br /> * [[Jaffar Idukki|Jaffer Idukki]]<br /> * Sharanya R<br /> * Gokulan M S<br /> * [[Sudhi Koppa]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = Sameer Haq<br /> | editing = [[Nishadh Yusuf]]<br /> | music = Kiran Jose<br /> | studio = Ziad India Entertainments Pvt Ltd.<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|03|10|[[Kerala]]|ref1=}}<br /> }}<br /> '''''Aalankam''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by Shani Khader starring [[Lukman Avaran]], [[Jaffar Idukki|Jaffer Idukki]], Sharanya R and Gokulan MS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |author=Asianet News |date=29 December 2022 |title='ലുക്മാന്‍, ഗോകുലന്‍, ജാഫര്‍ ഇടുക്കി; ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിക്കാന്‍ 'ആളങ്കം': ട്രെയ്‍ലര്‍|newspaper=Times of India |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/trailer/aalankam-malayalam-movie-trailer-lukman-avaran-jaffer-idukki-gokulam-rnnjl2 |access-date=2022-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; The film was released on 10 March 2023.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} <br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Aalankam, according to the film's creators,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |author=Times of India |date=30 December 2022 |title='Aalankam' trailer: Lukman Avaran starrer promises a mystery suspense thriller |language=en |newspaper=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/aalankam-trailer-lukman-avaran-starrer-promises-a-mystery-suspense-thriller/articleshow/96614449.cms |access-date=2022-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; it's a mystery thriller and the actors are portraying a grey shade characters and the movie is said to be a 'Garish Macabre'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |author=ManoramaOnline |date=25 October 2021 |title=ഒറ്റക്കാലനായി ജാഫർ ഇടുക്കി; കൂട്ടിന് ബാലുവും ലുക്ക്മാനും... |website=ManoramaOnline |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/10/25/alankam-movie-first-look.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |author=News18 |date=29 December 2021 |title=Aalankam അങ്കം കുറിച്ചു; യുവതാരങ്ങളുടെ 'ആളങ്കം' ട്രെയ്‌ലർ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |website= News18|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-trailer-for-the-movie-aalankam-released-mm-574190.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Jaffar Idukki]]<br /> * [[Lukman Avaran]] as Pookkal<br /> * [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]]<br /> * [[Sudhi Koppa]]<br /> * [[Mamukkoya]]<br /> * [[Kalabhavan Haneef]]<br /> * Kabir Kadir<br /> * [[Remya Suresh]]<br /> * Geethi Sangeetha<br /> * Deepak Parambol<br /> * Sharanya R<br /> * Sajesh Nambiar<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film is produced by Shaji Amabalath and Betty Sathish Raval under the banner Ziad India Entertainments Pvt Ltd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> The title of the film, ''Aalankam'', was announced on 25 October 2021 by the makers of the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The first-look poster, featuring Lukman Avaran, [[Jaffar Idukki|Jaffer Idukki]] and Gokulan MS was released on 25 October 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A suspense thriller that dwells through the life of gangsters.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The trailer was released on 25 December 2022 and the film released on March 10 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |author=Janmabhumi |date=22 January 2023 |title='ആളങ്കം ട്രെയിലര്‍ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി' |language=en |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/mollywood/aalankam-trailor-released |access-date=2022-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |author=Keralakaumudi |date=31 December 2022 |title='ലുക്മാന്റെ ആളങ്കം ട്രെയിലർ' |language=en |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=976993 |access-date=2022-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |author=Mangalam |date=1 January 2023 |title='ആളങ്കം ട്രെയിലര്‍ എത്തി' |language=en |url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/602084-latest-news.html |access-date=2022-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|15761408}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2023 Indian films]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shyam_Singha_Roy&diff=459750 Shyam Singha Roy 2026-03-22T17:53:09Z <p>StevieJ461261267: minor correct intro after review additionally and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2021 film by Rahul Sankrityan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}} <br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Shyam Singha Roy<br /> | image = Shyam singa roy poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Rahul Sankrityan<br /> | screenplay = Rahul Sankrityan<br /> | story = Janga Satyadev<br /> | producer = Venkat Boyanapalli<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Nani (actor)|Nani]]<br /> *[[Sai Pallavi]]<br /> *[[Krithi Shetty]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Sanu Varghese|Sanu John Varghese]]<br /> | editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]<br /> | studio = Niharika Entertainment<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|12|24}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | runtime = 157 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2021 |title=Shyam Singha Roy: సెన్సార్ పూర్తి చేసుకున్న శ్యామ్ సింగ రాయ్.. నిడివి ఎంతంటే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/shyam-singha-roy-censor-completed-here-are-the-details-sr-1129014.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218180104/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/shyam-singha-roy-censor-completed-here-are-the-details-sr-1129014.html |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=18 December 2021 |website=News18 |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | budget = {{INR|50}} crore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Shyam Singha Roy' box office collection day 3: Nani starrer collects Rs 30.50 crore in its first weekend! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/shyam-singha-roy-box-office-collection-day-3-nani-starrer-collects-rs-30-50-crore-in-its-first-weekend/articleshow/88520183.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228093622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/shyam-singha-roy-box-office-collection-day-3-nani-starrer-collects-rs-30-50-crore-in-its-first-weekend/articleshow/88520183.cms |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=28 December 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=The film which is reportedly made with a whopping budget of Rs 5 crores got released in Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada along with its original Telugu version has scored some decent numbers at the box office.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = ₹65 crore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 March 2023 |title=12 Highest-grossing movies of 'Dasara' actor Nani at the Tollywood Box-office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/12-highest-grossing-movies-of-dasara-actor-nani-at-the-tollywood-box-office/photostory/98860260.cms |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Shyam Singha Roy''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[period film|period]] [[romance film|romantic drama]] film&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2021 |title=Shyam Singha Roy |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en |quote=Shyam Singha Roy is a Telugu language drama in which an aspiring film director discovers that he has lived a previous life.}}&lt;/ref&gt; directed by Rahul Sankrityan. Partly set in the backdrop of [[Kolkata]] in the 1970s, it is based on the theme of [[reincarnation]]. The film stars [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] in a dual role alongside [[Sai Pallavi]] and [[Krithi Shetty]] in the female leads with [[Madonna Sebastian]] and [[Rahul Ravindran]] in the supporting roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=24 December 2021 |title='Shyam Singha Roy' review: Nani and Sai Pallavi make it immensely watchable |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/shyam-singha-roy-review-nani-and-sai-pallavi-make-it-immensely-watchable/article38028146.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224171315/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/shyam-singha-roy-review-nani-and-sai-pallavi-make-it-immensely-watchable/article38028146.ece |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=25 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film tells the story of Vasu, an aspiring director who is blamed for plagiarism, as he starts to experience visions of his previous life as Shyam Singha Roy, a fierce Bengali social reformer.<br /> <br /> The film was announced in February 2020. [[Principal photography]] took place from December 2020 to July 2021 in [[Hyderabad]] and Kolkata. It was theatrically released on 24 December 2021 and opened to mixed to positive reviews with critics praising the direction, story, music, editing, cinematography and cast performances while criticizing the screenplay.&lt;ref name=&quot;dh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 January 2022 |title='Shyam Singha received mixed reviews with critics praising the performances but criticising the screenplay.}}&lt;/ref&gt; It became the [[List of Telugu films of 2021|seventh highest-grossing Telugu film of 2021]].<br /> <br /> == Controversy ==<br /> The film includes sexually intimate scenes between the lead actors Nani and Krithi Shetty who had a 20 year long age gap between them. At the time of filming, Krithi Shetty, who played the lead actress was a minor (she was 17 years of age and Nani was 37 years of age when this movie was being filmed).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nani Gets Trolled After Krithi Shetty’s Confession Of Discomfort Over Lip-Lock Scene In Shyam Singha Roy |url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni65455338/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Vasu is an aspiring film director in [[Hyderabad]]. To impress a film producer, he starts making a short film and finds Keerthi, a [[psychology]] graduate to be the lead. After some resistance, Keerthi agrees to act in the film, and the shoot is completed within a few days. One day while shooting, some goons try to sexually harass Keerthi, leading to Vasu fighting them. In that ongoing fight, one of the goons hit him on his head, which leads him to ear bleeding and starts suffering from a [[Psychology|psychological]] disorder that temporarily manifest him into a different personality.<br /> <br /> Impressed with the short film, the producer green-lights Vasu's feature film. On that note, Vasu throws a party and invites his friends including Keerthy. At the end of the party when everyone left, Keerthy kisses Vasu as a sign of goodbye but Vasu pulls Keerthy into his bedroom where they both passionately kiss and [[making out|make out]] with each other. While making out, Vasu zones out and calls out a name Rosie which makes Keerthi think that he is cheating on her and breaks up. Disturbed, Vasu decides to move on and focus on the movie. A year later, Vasu releases his film, ''Uniki'', which turns out to be successful. Vasu is offered to remake the film in [[Hindi]] but during a press conference for the remake in [[Mumbai]], Vasu is arrested on charges of copyright infringement. A notable publishing house based in [[Kolkata]], SR Publications, alleges that Vasu copied their best-selling novel ''Astitva'' written by Shyam Singha Roy fifty years ago. In court, strong evidence is presented against Vasu, and Keerthi's cousin Padmavathi takes up the case. Vasu pleads his innocence and after a successful [[polygraph]] test, the court releases him on unconditional bail and gives them 3 days to present their case. Upon Keerthi's suggestion, Vasu undergoes a test in [[Tamil Nadu]] with the help of Keerthi's psychology professor, during which he reveals that he was Shyam Singha Roy in a past life and Rosie was his wife.<br /> <br /> In [[West Bengal]] in 1969, Shyam Singha Roy is an influential social reformer and revolutionary writer with communist ideologies, who comes from a conservative family. As his family disapproves of his methods, he decides to leave but stumbles upon Maitreyi, a [[devadasi]] from [[Bangladesh]] (then known as [[East Pakistan]]) who dances in the temple during the [[Navaratri]]. Despite being an atheist, Shyam visits the temple every night to see Maitreyi. One night, he asks her to sneak out of the temple with him and she reluctantly agrees. Shyam and Maitreyi fall for each other, and Shyam renames Maitreyi as Rosie. They decide to elope, however, on that night, the temple's high priest Mahant, who sexually preys on devadasis, selects a young girl to sleep with, which Rosie opposes. Mahant physically assaults Rosie in anger and disrespects her by urinating on her. Upon discovering this, an enraged Shyam attacks Mahant in the temple, during the Navaratri festival. After a fight, Shyam leaps onto the statue of [[Kali]], takes the sword, [[castration|castrates]] him, and throws him onto burning coal, killing him and removing the necklace on Maitreyi, implying the discontinuation of her duties as a devadasi.<br /> <br /> Shyam and Maitreyi, having formally changed her name to Rosie, move to [[Calcutta]] where he starts working in a printing press. By 1977, Shyam becomes an accomplished yet controversial writer of his time. On Rosie's suggestion, Shyam opens up a trust to rehabilitate devadasis. Shyam's brother, Manoj, requests him to visit their village to see their ailing elder brother. However, upon their arrival, his two elder brothers send Manoj to bring tender coconuts, which turns out to be a ploy to [[Honor killing|murder Shyam for bringing disrepute to their family]] by killing Mahant at the temple and marrying Rosie, who is not of their caste. Manoj arrives but is unable to save Shyam, who dies in front of him. The two elder brothers are killed in an accident a few years later and Shyam's nephews now run SR Publications, Singha Roy's publishing house.<br /> <br /> In the present, Vasu visits the printing press in Kolkata where Shyam worked. However, he is told that upon learning Shyam's disappearance, Rosie has left to find him. Padmavathi submits Vasu's hypnosis report as evidence in the court that Shyam Singha Roy is reincarnated as Vasu. However, the prosecution lawyer objects, stating there is no scientific evidence of reincarnation. While the court is about to give its judgment, an 85-year-old Manoj visits the court and declares Vasu to be Shyam's reincarnation. Upon being asked for proof, Manoj explains that Vasu adapted Shyam's short story ''Varna'' as his short film Varnam, but that story was never published in the public domain. Manoj submits Shyam's hand-written manuscript of the story as proof and withdraws the case as the chairman of SR Publications. Vasu is acquitted of all charges.<br /> <br /> Manoj reveals to Vasu that Rosie is alive and waiting for him. Vasu then visits an aged Rosie, who now runs a dance school named after Shyam. Upon meeting Vasu, both have an emotional reunion and as per her wish, Rosie dies peacefully in his arms.<br /> <br /> ==Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] in a [[dual role]] as <br /> **Vasudev Ghanta &quot;Vasu&quot;, an aspiring filmmaker<br /> **Shyam Singha Roy, a legendary Bengali writer<br /> * [[Sai Pallavi]] as Maithreyi alias Rosie Singha Roy, a former [[Devadasi]] turned Shyam's wife &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2022 |title=Sai Pallavi shares thank you note for Shyam Singha Roy team: 'Still in awe of what you've created' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/sai-pallavi-shares-thank-you-note-for-shyam-singha-roy-team-7739687/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204130657/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/sai-pallavi-shares-thank-you-note-for-shyam-singha-roy-team-7739687/ |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Krithi Shetty]] as Keerthi, Vasu's girlfriend (Voice dubbed by RJ Swetha). <br /> * [[Madonna Sebastian]] as Lawyer Padmavathi, Keerthi's cousin (Voice dubbed by [[Raveena Ravi]]).<br /> * [[Rahul Ravindran]] as Manoj Singha Roy<br /> * [[Abhinav Gomatam]] as Pramod<br /> * [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Debendra Singha Roy<br /> * [[Murali Sharma]] as Lawyer Krishnamurthy<br /> * [[Manish Wadhwa]] as Mahadev Mahant<br /> * [[Leela Samson]] as Psychologist<br /> * [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Judge J. Satyendra<br /> * [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Keerthi's father<br /> * [[Ankith Koyya]] as Bunny, Cinematographer for Vasudev<br /> * [[Barun Chanda]] as Sayan Sarkar, Printing Press Owner<br /> * Sadhwi Majumder as Shashi, Rosie's best friend<br /> * Pradeep Rudra as Shyam Singha Roy's nephew<br /> * [[Anurag Kulkarni]] in a cameo appearance in the song &quot;Pranavalaya&quot;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> On 18 December 2019, Rahul Sankrityan narrated a script to [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], which was considered to be an &quot;innovative story&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=kavirayani |first=suresh |date=18 December 2019 |title=Taxiwala director to join hands with Nani |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/181219/taxiwala-director-to-join-hands-with-nani.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124064930/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/181219/taxiwala-director-to-join-hands-with-nani.html |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The project was initially reported to be produced under Suryadevara Naga Vamsi's Sithara Entertainments banner, who initially worked with Nani in ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' (2019).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The film was announced in February 2020, with the title ''Shyam Singha Roy'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Nani's next titled 'Shyam Singha Roy' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nanis-next-titled-shyam-singha-roy-118891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305095544/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nanis-next-titled-shyam-singha-roy-118891 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was expected to go on floors in May 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 February 2020 |title=Nani 27 is titled Shyam Singha Rao |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/feb/24/nani-27-is-titled-shyam-singha-rao-17196.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126130438/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/feb/24/nani-27-is-titled-shyam-singha-rao-17196.html |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; although the launch was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Tollywood star Nani's next film with director Rahul Sankrityan titled Shyam Singha Roy |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/tollywood-star-nani-s-next-film-director-rahul-sankrityan-titled-shyam-singha-roy-510467 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403003908/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/tollywood-star-nani-s-next-film-director-rahul-sankrityan-titled-shyam-singha-roy-510467 |archive-date=3 April 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; During March 2020, [[A. R. Rahman]] was approached to compose music for the film,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Shyam Singha Roy: AR Rahman roped in for music composition? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shyam-singha-roy-ar-rahman-roped-in-for-music-composition/articleshow/74453425.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226180354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shyam-singha-roy-ar-rahman-roped-in-for-music-composition/articleshow/74453425.cms |archive-date=26 December 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Nirav Shah]] was in charge of handling the cinematography.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prestigious cinematographer Nirav Shah comes on board for Natural Star Nani's 'Shyam Singha Roy' - Telugu Movie News |url=https://www.xappie.com/entertainment-view/prestigious-cinematographer-nirav-shah-comes-on-board-for-natural-star-nanis-shyam-singha-roy-30146 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226172654/https://www.xappie.com/entertainment-view/prestigious-cinematographer-nirav-shah-comes-on-board-for-natural-star-nanis-shyam-singha-roy-30146 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=Xappie.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later [[Anirudh Ravichander]] was announced as the composer as Rahman apparently did not accept the offer. The film was meant to be Anirudh's third collaboration with Nani after ''Jersey'' and ''[[Nani's Gang Leader]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=14 April 2020 |title=Tollywood: Anirudh Ravichander to replace AR Rahman for Nani? |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood-anirudh-ravichander-to-replace-ar-rahman-for-nani-617299 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418104532/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood-anirudh-ravichander-to-replace-ar-rahman-for-nani-617299 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was expected to be made on a huge scale, marking the most expensive film in Nani's career.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=Nani changed producer because of budget differences? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/161020/nani-changed-producer-because-of-budget-differences.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120222220/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/161020/nani-changed-producer-because-of-budget-differences.html |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, producer Naga Vamsi wanted to cut down the budget citing the pandemic, as the estimated cost was much higher;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 October 2020 |title=Here's why Shyam Singha Roy's producer changed? |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/heres-why-shyam-singha-roys-producer-changed.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126132123/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/heres-why-shyam-singha-roys-producer-changed.html |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vamsi wanted to shelve the project, while Nani was completing the shoot of ''[[Tuck Jagadish]]''. Due to differences of opinion between Nani and Vamsi, the production was handed over to Venkat Boyanapalli, who produced the film under his newly established production company, Niharika Entertainment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nani refuses to cut the budget, changes the producer |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nani-refuses-to-cut-the-budget-changes-the-producer-news-telugu-ukucSzigjddaf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020055729/https://www.sify.com/movies/nani-refuses-to-cut-the-budget-changes-the-producer-news-telugu-ukucSzigjddaf.html |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 October 2020 |title=Nani's ambitious project 'Shyam Singha Roy' to get a new producer? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-s-ambitious-project-shyam-singha-roy-get-new-producer-135832 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306182131/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-s-ambitious-project-shyam-singha-roy-get-new-producer-135832 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 October 2020, a new poster was launched coinciding with [[Dusshera]], with the inclusion of composer [[Mickey J. Meyer]], cinematographer [[Sanu Varghese|Sanu John Varghese]] and editor [[Naveen Nooli]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Janani K. |date=25 October 2020 |title=Nani welcomes Sai Pallavi and Krithi Shetty to Shyam Singha Roy cast. See new poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-welcomes-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shetty-to-shyam-singha-roy-cast-see-new-poster-1734900-2020-10-25 |access-date=25 December 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Director Sankrityan revealed that the film is based on the theme of [[reincarnation]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2020 |title=Nani, Sai Pallavi's film Shyam Singha Roy launched, actor shares pictures from the ceremony |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nani-sai-pallavis-film-shyam-singha-roy-launched-actor-shares-pictures-from-the-ceremony-9098841.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120111458/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nani-sai-pallavis-film-shyam-singha-roy-launched-actor-shares-pictures-from-the-ceremony-9098841.html |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 October 2020 |title=Nani's 'Shyam Singha Roy' based on the theme of reincarnation? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-s-shyam-singha-roy-based-theme-reincarnation-136411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128055123/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-s-shyam-singha-roy-based-theme-reincarnation-136411 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and partially set against the backdrop of Kolkata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> [[Sai Pallavi]], who also collaborated with Nani in ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'', was cast in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title=Nani, Sai Pallavi reunite for upcoming Telugu film Shyam Singha Roy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/nani-sai-pallavi-reunite-for-upcoming-telugu-film-shyam-singha-roy/story-5TI20GiDFj8sJNb39DydvO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106052845/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/nani-sai-pallavi-reunite-for-upcoming-telugu-film-shyam-singha-roy/story-5TI20GiDFj8sJNb39DydvO.html |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was reported that [[Rashmika Mandanna]] was approached for a lead role,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rashmika Mandanna turns down the opportunity to work with Nani in Shyam Singha Roy? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rashmika-mandanna-turns-down-the-opportunity-to-work-with-nani-in-shyam-singha-roy/articleshow/76629194.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921135549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rashmika-mandanna-turns-down-the-opportunity-to-work-with-nani-in-shyam-singha-roy/articleshow/76629194.cms |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Nani teams up with Sai Pallavi and Krithi Shetty for Shyam Singha Roy - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-teams-up-with-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shetty-for-shyam-singha-roy/articleshow/78865777.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201065002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-teams-up-with-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shetty-for-shyam-singha-roy/articleshow/78865777.cms |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2020 |title=Sai Pallavi, Krithi Shetty on board Nani's 'Shyam Singha Roy' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sai-pallavi-krithi-shetty-board-nani-s-shyam-singha-roy-136121 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226101502/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sai-pallavi-krithi-shetty-board-nani-s-shyam-singha-roy-136121 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impressed by her song from Uppena and her photographs, Nani decided to cast [[Krithi Shetty]] in the film. [[Madonna Sebastian]] was also confirmed as a lead, marking her come back to the [[Telugu cinema]] after [[Premam (2016 film)|''Premam'']] (2016).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 April 2021 |title=Massive 6.5 crore set for Nani-starrer 'Shyam Singha Roy' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/massive-65-crore-set-for-nani-starrer-shyam-singha-roy/article34356217.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424064102/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/massive-65-crore-set-for-nani-starrer-shyam-singha-roy/article34356217.ece |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Murali Sharma]], [[Abhinav Gomatam]], and [[Rahul Ravindran]] were later included in the cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rahul Ravindran to play a key role in Nani, Sai Pallavi and Krithi Shetty starrer Shyam Singha Roy - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rahul-ravindran-to-play-a-key-role-in-nani-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shetty-starrer-shyam-singha-roy/articleshow/81631948.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170306/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rahul-ravindran-to-play-a-key-role-in-nani-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shetty-starrer-shyam-singha-roy/articleshow/81631948.cms |archive-date=25 December 2021 |access-date=25 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2021, Bengali actor [[Jisshu Sengupta]] was signed to play an important role in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Balach |first=Logesh |date=2 March 2021 |title=Bengali actor Jisshu Sengupta to play crucial role in Nani's Shyam Singha Roy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bengali-actor-jisshu-sengupta-to-play-crucial-role-in-nani-s-shyam-singha-roy-1774824-2021-03-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521193041/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bengali-actor-jisshu-sengupta-to-play-crucial-role-in-nani-s-shyam-singha-roy-1774824-2021-03-02 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This also marked the Telugu debut for [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, [[Leela Samson]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> The film was launched at a private ceremony in [[Hyderabad]] on 11 December 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=Nani kickstarts shooting for Shyam Singha Roy with Sai Pallavi in Hyderabad |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/dec/21/nani-kickstarts-shooting-for-shyam-singha-roy-with-sai-pallavi-in-hyderabad-30391.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127031034/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/dec/21/nani-kickstarts-shooting-for-shyam-singha-roy-with-sai-pallavi-in-hyderabad-30391.html |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the presence of the cast and crew,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 December 2020 |title=Nani's 'Shyam Singha Roy' is officially launched |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-s-shyam-singha-roy-officially-launched-139358 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210101032/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-s-shyam-singha-roy-officially-launched-139358 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Nani's father gave the muhurat shot for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2020 |title=Nani's Shyam Singha Roy launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/dec/10/nanis-shyam-singha-roy-launched-21703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420080958/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/dec/10/nanis-shyam-singha-roy-launched-21703.html |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Principal photography began on 21 December 2020 in [[Hyderabad]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rishita Roy Chowdhury |date=21 December 2020 |title=Shyam Singha Roy kicks off with Nani, Sai Pallavi and Krithi Shetty in Hyderabad - Movies News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shyam-singha-roy-kicks-off-with-nani-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shetty-in-hyderabad-1751598-2020-12-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221185527/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shyam-singha-roy-kicks-off-with-nani-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shetty-in-hyderabad-1751598-2020-12-21 |archive-date=21 December 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=Nani starts shoot of 'Shyam Singha Roy' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/dec/21/nani-starts-shoot-of-shyam-singha-roy-2239207.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101005643/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/dec/21/nani-starts-shoot-of-shyam-singha-roy-2239207.html |archive-date=1 January 2021 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Kolkata]]-themed street along with the [[Kalighat Kali Temple]] was constructed on a budget of {{INR}}6 crores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Naramaneni |first=Ram |date=8 January 2021 |title=Nani's Shyam Singha Roy: 'శ్యామ్‌ సింగరాయ్'‌ కోసం హైదరాబాద్‌లో కోల్‌కతా సెట్.. ఖర్చు ఏకంగా రూ.6 కోట్లు ! |url=https://tv9telugu.com/huge-kolkata-set-in-hyderabad-for-nani-shyam-singha-roy-385308.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807215951/https://tv9telugu.com/latest-news/huge-kolkata-set-in-hyderabad-for-nani-shyam-singha-roy-385308.html |archive-date=7 August 2023 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 January 2021 |title=A whopping 6 Cr set for Nani's Shyam Singha Roy |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/a-whopping-6-cr-set-for-nanis-shyam-singha-roy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093108/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/a-whopping-6-cr-set-for-nanis-shyam-singha-roy.html |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2021, the team began filming crucial scenes in Kolkata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Team of Nani, Sai Pallavi and Krithi Shetty starrer Shyam Singha Roy shoot in Kolkata - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/team-of-nani-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shetty-starrer-shyam-singha-roy-shoot-in-kolkata/articleshow/80888588.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215082947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/team-of-nani-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shetty-starrer-shyam-singha-roy-shoot-in-kolkata/articleshow/80888588.cms |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming was briefly halted due to [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]] and was resumed in July 2021. The Kolkata set in Hyderabad was damaged due to heavy rains and was restored by art director Avinash Kolla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2 July 2021 |title=Nani's 'Shyam Singha Roy' last shooting schedule begins in Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/nanis-shyam-singha-roy-last-shooting-schedule-begins-in-hyderabad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719085138/https://telanganatoday.com/nanis-shyam-singha-roy-last-shooting-schedule-begins-in-hyderabad |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming was completed on 26 July 2021 and post-production began.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Palisetty |first=Ramya |date=26 July 2021 |title=Nani and Sai Pallavi's Shyam Singha Roy shoot wrapped |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-and-sai-pallavi-s-shyam-singha-roy-shoot-wrapped-1832658-2021-07-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726063409/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nani-and-sai-pallavi-s-shyam-singha-roy-shoot-wrapped-1832658-2021-07-26 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Shyam Singha Roy<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = {{start date|df=yes|2022|1|15}}<br /> | recorded = 2020–2021<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = {{duration|m=21|s=44}}<br /> | language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | label = [[Saregama]]<br /> | producer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Sreekaram]]<br /> | prev_year = 2021<br /> | next_title = [[Ramabanam]]<br /> | next_year = 2023<br /> | misc = {{Singles<br /> | name = Shyam Singha Roy<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | single1 = Rise of Shyam<br /> | single1date = 7 November 2021<br /> | single2 = Edo Edo<br /> | single2date = 25 November 2021<br /> | single3 = Sirivennala<br /> | single3date = 7 December 2021<br /> | single4 = Pranavalaya <br /> | single4date = 18 December 2021<br /> | single5 = Tara <br /> | single5date = 23 December 2021<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The soundtrack album is composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]] and the audio rights were acquired by [[Saregama]]. The song &quot;Pranavalaya&quot; is set in the popular Carnatic raga ''[[Shuddha Dhanyasi]]'' (known as Raag ''[[Dhani (raga)|Dhani]]'' in [[Hindustani Music]]), in its purest form. This song became a popular [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]] number.<br /> <br /> '''Telugu version'''<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | title1 = Rise of Shyam<br /> | length1 = 3:53<br /> | total_length = 21:44<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | headline = <br /> | extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], Cizzy<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Krishna Kanth]]<br /> | title2 = Edo Edo<br /> | length2 = 3:23<br /> | lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth<br /> | extra2 = [[Chaitra Ambadipudi]]<br /> | title3 = Sirivennala<br /> | length3 = 4:13<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]<br /> | extra3 = Anurag Kulkarni<br /> | title4 = Pranavalaya<br /> | length4 = 4:21<br /> | lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry<br /> | extra4 = Anurag Kulkarni<br /> | title5 = Tara<br /> | length5 = 2:51<br /> | lyrics5 = Krishna Kanth<br /> | extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> | length6 = 3:00<br /> | title6 = Sirivennela (Female Version)<br /> | lyrics6 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry<br /> | extra6 = Chaitra Ambadipudi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tamil version'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 2021 |title=Shyam Singha Roy - Tamil Songs Download - JioSaavn.com |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shyam-singha-roy---tamil/o6jl2gbvmws_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515074647/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shyam-singha-roy---tamil/o6jl2gbvmws_ |archive-date=15 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | all_lyrics = Soundararajan K<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | title1 = Rise of Shyam<br /> | length1 = 3:53<br /> | total_length = 21:44<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | headline = <br /> | extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], Cizzy<br /> | lyrics1 = <br /> | title2 = Yedho Yedho<br /> | length2 = 3:24<br /> | lyrics2 = <br /> | extra2 = [[Chaitra Ambadipudi]]<br /> | title3 = Thoduvanandhaa<br /> | length3 = 4:13<br /> | lyrics3 = <br /> | extra3 = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]<br /> | title4 = Jagadheeswara Devi<br /> | length4 = 4:21<br /> | lyrics4 = <br /> | extra4 = Anurag Kulkarni<br /> | title5 = Pookum<br /> | length5 = 2:51<br /> | lyrics5 = <br /> | extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> === Theatrical ===<br /> The film was originally scheduled for release on 24 December 2020, coinciding with [[Christmas]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Nani's next titled 'Shyam Singha Roy' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nanis-next-titled-shyam-singha-roy-118891 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305095544/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nanis-next-titled-shyam-singha-roy-118891 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; but was eventually postponed as filming was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The film was released on 24 December 2021. Apart from Telugu, the film was dubbed and released in Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Nani, Sai Pallavi and Krithi Shetty's 'Shyam Singha Roy' to release on December 24 in multiple languages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shettys-shyam-singha-roy-to-release-on-december-24-in-multiple-languages/articleshow/87130285.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515075300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-sai-pallavi-and-krithi-shettys-shyam-singha-roy-to-release-on-december-24-in-multiple-languages/articleshow/87130285.cms |archive-date=15 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Home media ===<br /> [[Gemini TV]] acquired the satellite rights of the film in Telugu, while [[Netflix]] acquired the digital rights in Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Nani's 'Shyam Singha Roy' satellite rights sold for Rs 10 crore - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-shyam-singha-roy-satellite-rights-sold-for-rs-10-crore/articleshow/88224301.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108173553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nanis-shyam-singha-roy-satellite-rights-sold-for-rs-10-crore/articleshow/88224301.cms |archive-date=8 January 2022 |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2021 |title=Nani's 'Shyam Singha Roy' satellite rights fetch Rs 10 cr |url=https://www.ap7am.com/english-news-47018/nanis-shyam-singha-roy-satellite-rights-fetch-rs-10-cr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108173551/https://www.ap7am.com/english-news-47018/nanis-shyam-singha-roy-satellite-rights-fetch-rs-10-cr |archive-date=8 January 2022 |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=ap7am.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film began streaming through Netflix on 21 January 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 January 2022 |title=Nani, Sai Pallavi's Shyam Singha Roy to release on OTT |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-sai-pallavi-s-shyam-singha-roy-release-ott-159952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120024444/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nani-sai-pallavi-s-shyam-singha-roy-release-ott-159952 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ===Box office===<br /> Movie overall business valued at {{INR}}130 crore and it collected {{INR}}14 crore in Nizam, {{INR}}36 crore in Andhra Pradesh and in both Telugu speaking states it collected {{INR}}28 crore distributor share of gross {{INR}}53 crore. Total worldwide it collected share of {{INR}}100 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title=Shyam Singha Roy Total Collections |url=https://t2blive.com/shyam-singha-roy-total-collections/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016063437/https://t2blive.com/shyam-singha-roy-total-collections/ |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=T2BLive |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Critical response ===<br /> ''Shyam Singha Roy'' received mixed to positive reviews with critics praising the performances while criticizing the screenplay.&lt;ref name=&quot;dh&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opnied that &quot;This isn't to say that this is a sub par film. But with a little more thought, it could have been way smarter. Despite these niggles, there's plenty going for ''Shyam Singha Roy''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=24 December 2021 |title='Shyam Singha Roy' review: Nani and Sai Pallavi make it immensely watchable |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/shyam-singha-roy-review-nani-and-sai-pallavi-make-it-immensely-watchable/article38028146.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228012006/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/shyam-singha-roy-review-nani-and-sai-pallavi-make-it-immensely-watchable/article38028146.ece |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=29 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Giving a rating of 3.5 out of 5, Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote: &quot;''Shyam Singha Roy'' might not have a story that's completely out of the box but the staging does have the potential to bowl you over. Barring the underwhelming aspects, give this one a chance this weekend if you're longing for something that's well-made and backed by a stellar cast&quot;, appreciating the acting performances of Nani and Sai Pallavi, and the story.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Shyam Singha Roy Movie Review: Nani and Sai Pallavi shine in this tale of love |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/shyam-singha-roy/movie-review/88469398.cms |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229041203/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/shyam-singha-roy/movie-review/88469398.cms |archive-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Calling it &quot;engrossing&quot;, ''[[The News Minute]]''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s Sowmya Rajendran too gave a rating of 3.5 out of 5. She has praised the screenplay, story, direction and acting by the ensemble cast, commenting that &quot;Sai Pallavi is the show-stealer, performing a role that's tailor-made for her&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=Shyam Singha Roy review: Nani-Sai Pallavi film is engrossing, well-acted |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shyam-singha-roy-review-nani-sai-pallavi-film-engrossing-well-acted-159132 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229035701/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shyam-singha-roy-review-nani-sai-pallavi-film-engrossing-well-acted-159132 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |access-date=29 December 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called the film &quot;a revolutionary romantic tale&quot;. He finally wrote: &quot;To director-writer Rahul Sankrityan's credit, the film's hero lives and fights by the pen, instead of resorting to violence. The period portions of the film is a sight for sore eyes. The retro look of Nani and Sai Pallavi oozes charm. Pallavi's classical dance performance draped in a red saree is a sight to behold. Just her presence on the screen elevates a scene to another level&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=Shyam Singha Roy review: Nani, Sai Pallavi ooze charm in this revolutionary romantic tale |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/shyam-singha-roy-review-nani-sai-pallavi-7688836/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229035701/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/shyam-singha-roy-review-nani-sai-pallavi-7688836/ |archive-date=29 December 2021 |access-date=29 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Firstpost]]''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s Sankeertana Varma praised the technical department of the film stating: &quot;Navin Nooli's editing, too, helps intertwine the two timelines to give the viewer a glimpse into Vasu's psyche—what he is seeing and how unclear it all is. Sanu John Varughese's cinematography and Kolla Avinash's production design shoulder the film as well. While Sanu's camera daftly manoeuvres between the two timelines—the way Sai Pallavi's introduction song is shot, choreographed, and cut needs special mention, Avinash's period detailing does transport the viewer to a time gone by&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=Shyam Singha Roy movie review: The film benefits from its lead performances, but is let down by a timeworn tale |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shyam-singha-roy-movie-review-the-film-benefits-from-its-lead-performances-but-is-let-down-by-a-timeworn-tale-10233841.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229035701/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shyam-singha-roy-movie-review-the-film-benefits-from-its-lead-performances-but-is-let-down-by-a-timeworn-tale-10233841.html |archive-date=29 December 2021 |access-date=29 December 2021 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Writing for ''[[India Today]]'', Janani K said that &quot;Cinematographer Sanu John Varghese's visuals, especially in the period portions, are exceptional. Music by Mickey J Meyer tugs at our heartstrings. Shyam Singha Roy could have been a taut and crisp story about reincarnation. Since it takes a familiar route, the overall effect takes a dip&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Janani K. |date=24 December 2021 |title=Shyam Singha Roy Movie Review: Nani, Sai Pallavi shoulder this cliched drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shyam-singha-roy-movie-review-nani-sai-pallavi-shoulder-this-cliched-drama-1891695-2021-12-24 |access-date=29 December 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prakash Pecheti of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' felt that the film falls short of becoming a masterpiece. He further wrote: &quot;'Shyam Singha Roy' would've been an engaging one if characters had some depth in establishing them. One might even think that a realistic approach might have fetched the story well&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=Shyam Singha Roy, falls short of becoming a masterpiece |url=https://telanganatoday.com/shyam-singha-roy-falls-short-of-becoming-a-masterpiece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229035711/https://telanganatoday.com/shyam-singha-roy-falls-short-of-becoming-a-masterpiece |archive-date=29 December 2021 |access-date=29 December 2021 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Award<br /> !Date of ceremony<br /> !Category<br /> !Recipient(s) and nominee(s)<br /> !Result<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;8&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Filmfare Awards South]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[67th Filmfare Awards South|9 October 2022]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]<br /> | Rahul Sankrityan<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2022 |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards South 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/tamil/winners?s=09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010132830/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/tamil/winners?s=09 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=Filmfare}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor – Telugu]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Sai Pallavi]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Critics Best Actress – Telugu]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]<br /> | [[Madonna Sebastian]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]<br /> | [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] – (for &quot;Pranavalaya&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]<br /> | [[Anurag Kulkarni]] – (for &quot;Sirivennela&quot;)<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> *{{Cite web |last=Doe |first=John |date=2023-12-24 |title=Shyam Singha Roy – Emotional period drama |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/shyam-singha-roy-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125132124/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/shyam-singha-roy-telugu-movie-review.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=2023-02-12}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=tt13349716|title=Shyam Singha Roy|description=(2021)}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/shyam_singha_roy|Shyam Singha Roy}}<br /> * {{Twitter|id=shyamsingharoy|name=Shyam Singha Roy}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian supernatural films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Films about reincarnation]]<br /> [[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br /> [[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in 2020]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in 2021]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in 1969]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in 1977]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Durga Puja in popular culture]]<br /> [[Category:Films about honor killing]]<br /> [[Category:Honour killing in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_lithium_reserves&diff=505570 Jammu and Kashmir lithium reserves 2026-03-21T20:03:56Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Creating some info first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lithium reserves of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> <br /> On 13 February 2023, the [[Government of India]]'s [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]] announced that the [[Geological Survey of India]] had discovered 5.9 million tonnes lithium ore,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-02-10 |title=Jammu and Kashmir: India's first big lithium find boosts electric car hopes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64592700 |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Florence |date=2023-02-13 |title=India announces discovery of 5.9 million tonnes of lithium |url=https://www.mining-technology.com/news/india-lithium-discovery/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Mining Technology |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[Himalayan mountains|Himalayan]] foothills at Salal-Haimana, [[Reasi]] in the near vicinity of [[Bhimgarh Fort|Bhimgarh]] castle, built by legendary Indian general [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]] as his residence. The single finding alone will ranked it at the time as 7th largest known reserve in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Implications of lithium reserves in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/implications-of-lithium-reserves-in-jammu-and-kashmir |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=orfonline.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The deposits are in clay, as opposed to [[hard rock]] or brine, where commercial extraction has as of yet not been proven.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.ETEnergyworld.com |title=India faces uphill battle in Lithium mining and exploration - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/india-faces-uphill-battle-in-lithium-mining-and-exploration/107003624 |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Stalled Auction ==<br /> On 2 May 2023, Ministry of Mines secretary Vivek Bharadwaj announced that an auction to assign mining rights was planned on priority basis by December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2023-05-02 |title=India to auction lithium reserves found in Jammu and Kashmir by December: Mines secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-auction-lithium-reserves-found-in-jammu-and-kashmir-by-december-mines-secretary/article66802920.ece |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former minister and [[JKNPP]] president [[Harsh Dev Singh]], challenged the legal premise, upon which the federal government planned to assign mineral rights valued at [[US$]]500 billion (half a trillion dollars).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-05-29 |title=People of J&amp;K have exclusive right over lithium reserves: JKNPP president Harsh Dev Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jammu/people-of-jk-have-exclusive-right-over-lithium-reserves-jknpp-president-harsh-dev-singh/articleshow/100594640.cms |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 May 2023, Harsh Dev, alongside [[Ankit Love]], in a televised press conference&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/officialjkchannel/videos/reasi-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-lithium-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA-harsh-dev/266925539073808/ |title=Reasi के Lithium भंडारों से जम्मू कश्मीर की हो सकती है कायाकल्प: Harsh Dev {{!}} Reasi के Lithium भंडारों से जम्मू कश्मीर की हो सकती है कायाकल्प: Harsh Dev {{!}} By JK ChannelFacebook |language=en |access-date=2024-06-17 |via=www.facebook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; stated that in accordance to [[Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act|Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act 1957]], only a federated state or union territory government had the lawful right to hold auctions and assign mining concessions for minerals found on land.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 May 2023 |title=Centre attempting to usurp J&amp;K lithium resources: Harsh Dev |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/centre-attempting-to-usurp-jk-lithium-resources-harsh-dev/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=[[Daily Excelsior]] |quote=“The Centre’s move, as evident from the Mining Secretary’s statement is therefore not only unprecedented and violative of existing laws but is also an attempt to invade into the arena of the State Government,”}}&lt;/ref&gt; Regrettably, Jammu and Kashmir had no democratically elected state legislature, which had been dismissed by decree under prime minister Modi, imposing [[president's rule]], mobile internet ban and a martial curfew on Jammu and Kashmir in July 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2019 |title=Cabinet approves extension of President's Rule in J&amp;K for six months with effect from 3rd July, 2019 |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-extension-of-presidents-rule-in-jk-for-six-months-with-effect-from-3rd-july-2019/#:~:text=Based%20on%20the%20prevailing%20situation,3rdJuly%2C%202019%2C%20under%20article%20356 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=PMINDIA}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The JKNPP leaders accused the Indian government of attempting an autocratic theft of mineral resources belonging to the people of Jammu and Kashmir. They demanded that any auction for the lithium be delayed till after democratic elections were held in the state, which the central government had unconstitutionally delayed for over 3 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Centre accused of attempting to usurp Lithium resources worth Rs 40 lakh crores - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=352129 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=www.earlytimes.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 13 May, JKNPP leaders had filed a plea in the [[Supreme Court of India]] against the [[Election Commission of India]], to restore the democratic process,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dar |first=Moshin |date=13 May 2024 |title=J&amp;K Panthers Party leaders move Supreme Court seeking directions to ECI to hold assembly elections in Jammu &amp; Kashmir |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/jk-panthers-party-leaders-supreme-court-seeking-directions-eci-hold-assembly-elections-jammu-kashmir |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Bar and Bench}}&lt;/ref&gt; and previously numerous high profile elected officials had been placed under house arrest at the time, including former minister Harsh Dev, who was detained by the police at his residence for over 2 months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-07 |title=JKNPP leader says made to remain at home by cops |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jknpp-leader-says-made-to-remain-at-home-by-cops-6154665/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the campaign by JKNPP, in December 2023, the first attempt to auction Jammu and Kashmir lithium failed. As the auction only received two bids, as per legislation a minimum of three bids is required for the auction to be considered valid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Jammu and Kashmir lithium blocks to be auctioned again in third tranche |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/jammu-and-kashmir-lithium-blocks-to-be-auctioned-again-in-third-tranche-422529-2024-03-22 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Business Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Government to re-auction Jammu and Kashmir lithium blocks: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/government-auction-of-lithium-blocks-in-jammu-and-kashmir-deadline-may-14-2518202-2024-03-22 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2024 the Election Commission of India, suddenly froze the name and symbol of the Panthers Party,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-21 |title=ECI restrains JKNPP factions from using party name, symbol |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/eci-restrains-jknpp-factions-from-using-party-name-symbol/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; prior to the April [[2024 Indian general election]]. Thereby preventing the Panthers from using their 4 decade old bicycle symbol by which people in the remote mountain villages recognise the party on ballots in the [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur Lok Sabha]] constituency, adjacent to the lithium find, which the party had previously won in 1988.<br /> <br /> In July 2024 a second attempt by the central Indian government of auction Jammu and Kashmir's lithium failed to receive any bids.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 July 2024 |title=J&amp;K lithium block fails to secure bids in 2nd attempt as well: Report |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/j-k-lithium-block-fails-to-secure-bids-in-2nd-attempt-as-well-report-124070300546_1.html |work=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Security Concerns ==<br /> <br /> The BJP central government in order to address the 77 years of [[Kashmir conflict]] and [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]], which was resultant in over 100,000 war orphans,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-07-09 |title=Kashmir |url=https://www.orphansinneed.org.uk/news/kashmir/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Orphans in Need |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; in August 2019 had passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019]], which revoked [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] that granted a special autonomous status and constitution to Jammu and Kashmir.<br /> <br /> The central Indian government had imposed a strict martial curfew on Kashmir, including the suspension of internet services during the [[2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown]]. After dismissing the elected state government, Election Commission of India redrew the electoral map and in a process of delimitation changed the constituency boundaries and regulations. Lithium rich [[Reasi district]] was moved out of [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur parliamentary constituency]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-18 |title=16.23 lakh electorates to decide fate of Union Minister, ex MP, Minister |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/16-23-lakh-electorates-to-decide-fate-of-union-minister-ex-mp-minister/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=[[Daily Excelsior]] |language=en-US |quote=Reasi district with four Assembly constituencies which was earlier part of Udhampur-Doda seat has been excluded from the segment and is now part of Jammu constituency.}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was won by JKNPP founder [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]] prior, the great grandson of General Zorawar Singh. Further, Harsh Dev Singh was barred from being able to stand election again in the near by [[Ramnagar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Ramnagar constituency]], where he had previously been elected as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for 18 years continuously, as it had been reserved for candidates from lower caste backgrounds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=J&amp;K: Delimitation Commission Proposes Sweeping Changes to Electoral Map |url=https://thewire.in/politics/jammu-kashmir-delimitation-commission-sweeping-changes-electoral-map |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The Wire |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Husband and wife pair [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]] and [[Jay Mala]] who were founders of the JKNPP and seminal advocates of the Supreme Court of India, died suddenly and in mysterious circumstances prior to the attempted lithium auction. Their only child, Ankit Love was blacklisted from entering India in order to attend his mother's funeral.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/jknpp-supremo-bhim-singhs-son-urges-home-ministry-to-allow-him-visit-india-to-cremate-deceased-mother JKNPP supremo Bhim Singh's son urges Home Ministry to allow him visit India to cremate deceased mother]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mother in mortuary, apology to PM Modi is the last resort |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/mother-in-mortuary-apology-to-pm-is-the-last-resort/cid/1934181 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-05-07 |title=Blacklisted after London protest, JKNPP founder's son apologises to PM; seeks visa for mom's funeral |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/May/03/blacklisted-after-london-protest-jknpp-founders-son-apologises-to-pm-seeks-visa-for-moms-funeral-2571723.html |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After days of drama in the national news, Ankit Love had the ban uplifted by the government,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=JKNPP founder's son removed from blacklist, gets visa to attend mother's funeral |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jknpp-founders-son-mother-funeral-removed-blacklist-apology-pm-narendra-modi-2368779-2023-05-05 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=India Today |date=5 May 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and arrived from London to Jammu, to authorise a post-mortem on the body on 5 May 2023 at [[Government Medical College, Jammu|Government Medical College Jammu]], and a police investigation opened into Jay Mala’s alleged murder.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manhotra |first=Dinesh |date=2023-05-13 |title=Tussle among Panthers Party leaders: Bhim Singh's family members washing dirty linen in public [details] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tussle-among-panthers-party-leaders-bhim-singhs-family-members-washing-dirty-linen-public-859052 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-18 |title=Panthers Bickerings, Bhim Singh's Son Sacks Party President |url=https://kashmirlife.net/panthers-bickerings-bhim-singhs-son-sacks-party-president-317846/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panthers Party leader Ankit Love alleges parents Bhim Singh &amp; Jay Mala were killed; demands probe |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/panthers-party-leader-ankit-love-alleges-parents-bhim-singh-jay-mala-were-killed-demands-probe |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The post-mortem results were released to police on 16 August 2023, however unconventionally the police refused to declassify the results of the post-mortem with the bereaved family members, despite protests demanding such by the JKNPP, the political party founded by Jay Mala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=#JK UT #LG govt jk #Jai mala #jammutimes {{!}} By JAMMU TIMES {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/jammutimes2609/videos/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8jk-utlg-govt-jk-jai-malajammutimes/2003142583396948/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 February 2023, a couple months prior to her death, the government revoked Jay Mala's secure accommodation and [[Z security|Z-security]] cover that had been allocated to her husband to reside for over 20 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-02-20 |title=JKNPP office sealed in Jammu |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/jknpp-office-sealed-in-jammu/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 March 2023, less than a month prior to her death, Jay Mala was published in the news stating that she felt that there was a plot to assassinate her, after she had publicly blamed government agents ultimately being behind her husband's death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-02 |title=Ankit Love requests PM Modi to launch inquiry into Prof. Bhim Singh's death |url=https://www.thedispatch.in/ankit-love-requests-pm-modi-to-launch-inquiry-into-prof-bhim-singhs-death/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=The Dispatch |language=en-US |quote=Jay Mala was often deeply concerned and told Love that there was a certain plot to assassinate her too, and that she may not survive for much longer.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 19 July 2023, at the Senior Superintendent of Police’s office in Jammu, hundreds of Panthers Party protesters led by former cabinet minister [[Harsh Dev Singh]] demanded arrest of those accused of assassinating Jay Mala, as well as stealing money from her accounts and burning down a property belonging to her husband.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhim Singh's hut torched, land usurped, Mala's bank account looted: Harsh Dev |url=http://risingkashmir.com/bhim-singhs-hut-torched-land-usurped-malas-bank-account-looted-harsh-dev |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=risingkashmir.com|date=19 July 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Love has accused agents of the BJP of assassinating his mother.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Raina |first=Muzaffar |date=19 May 2023 |title=Late Jammu politician Bhim Singh's son alleges mother's murder, names BJP leaders |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/late-jammu-politician-bhim-singhs-son-alleges-mothers-murder-names-bjp-leaders/cid/1937949 |work=The Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-02 |title=Ankit Love requests PM Modi to launch inquiry into Prof. Bhim Singh's death |url=https://www.thedispatch.in/ankit-love-requests-pm-modi-to-launch-inquiry-into-prof-bhim-singhs-death/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Dispatch |language=en-US |quote=Prof. Bhim Singh’s widow Jay Mala appeared to television alleging foul play in the death of Prof. Bhim Singh. Especially as a post-mortem was not offered... Jay Mala was often deeply concerned and told Love that there was a certain plot to assassinate her too, and that she may not survive for much longer.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ankit Love interview on JK Media by Asish Kohli |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=search&amp;v=172750895743574 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=JK Media via Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt; Love later contested a string of UK parliamentary by-elections including the February [[2024 Wellingborough by-election]] in order to raise international awareness of his mother's non-disclosed post-mortem report.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-22 |title=The candidates set for Wellingborough by-election |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-northamptonshire-67763457 |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |quote=He said he wanted to use his candidacy to draw attention to the deaths of his parents who founded a political party in India.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 16 August 2024, the Election Commission of India finally announced that [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly Elections]] will be held, by order of the Supreme Court of India following a plea by the Panthers Party, and after a gap of 10 years, from mid September 2024.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Economy of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Mining in India]]<br /> [[Category:Lithium mines]]<br /> <br /> {{Improve categories|date=August 2024}}</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunwar_Sarvesh_Kumar_Singh&diff=457608 Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh 2026-03-18T09:53:32Z <p>StevieJ461261267: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1952–2024)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image = Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh 2014-06-05 15-48.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1952|12|22|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ratupura]], [[Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2024|4|20|1952|12|22|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[New Delhi]], India<br /> | office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thakurdwara]]<br /> | term_start1 = {{Start date|1991|06|24|df=yes}}<br /> | term_end1 = {{End date|2007|05|13|df=yes}}<br /> | predecessor1 = Mohammadulla Khan<br /> | successor1 = Vijay Yadav<br /> | term_start2 = {{Start date|2012|03|06|df=yes}}<br /> | term_end2 = {{End date|2014|05|21|df=yes}}<br /> | predecessor2 = Vijay Yadav<br /> | successor2 = Nawab Jaan Khan<br /> | office3 = [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad]]<br /> | term_start3 = {{Start date|2014|05|21|df=yes}}<br /> | term_end3 = {{End date|2019|05|23|df=yes}}<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]<br /> | successor3 = [[S. T. Hasan]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | children = [[Kunwar Sushant Singh]], one daughter <br /> | spouse = Smt. Sadhna Singh<br /> | residence = Ram Mahal, Village Ratupura, Thakurdwara, Moradabad<br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | alma_mater = [[Kedar Nath Girdharilal Khatri PG College Moradabad|K.G.K Inter College, Moradabad]]<br /> | caption = Singh in 2014<br /> | name = Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh''' (also known as '''Rakesh Singh''', 22 December 1952 – 20 April 2024), was an Indian businessman who served as the [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Moradabad|Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh]], from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was a veteran politician from [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] who belonged to [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]] ([[Rajput]]) caste. He was one of the [[Bahubali]] politicians in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was a five-term MLA from Thakurdwara from 1991 to 2007 and 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Results|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS24.htm?st=S24|website=NIC|access-date=16 May 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135203/http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS24.htm?st=S24|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; to 2014 till he was elected as MP from Moradabad Lok Sabha General Election in 2014. His son [[Kunwar Sushant Singh]] is currently BJP MLA from [[Barhapur (Assembly constituency)|Barhapur]].<br /> <br /> ==Political life==<br /> His father, [[Ram Pal Singh]] was three term MLA from [[Thakurdwara]] and one term MP from [[Amroha]]. In 1991, he won his ancestral seat of Thakurdwara as the BJP candidate and remained until 2007 when Vijay Yadav from BSP won Thakurdwara. He contested from BJP in the Lok Sabha election in 2009 in Moradabad but lost to [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]. He contested the 2012 legislative election in Thakurdwara as the BJP candidate and won. He served as five term MLA from Thakurdwara till 2014 during Lok Sabha elections, he was nominated from [[Moradabad]] and he defeated [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate by a margin of 87,504 votes. He was the first BJP MP after independence to serve from Moradabad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=मुरादाबाद की इस सीट पर चलता है राजतंत्र!|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/article/article1-story-213630.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Hindustan|language=hi|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519075208/https://www.livehindustan.com/news/article/article1-story-213630.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Properties==<br /> Singh owned and lived in an ancestral haveli in Ratupura Village. He owned many colleges, schools and farms and orchards in [[Thakurdwara]], [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] and [[Moradabad]] through his father's trust (Babu Rampal Singh Trust).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh की सबसे ताज़ा खबर|url=https://www.amarujala.com/tags/kunwar-sarvesh-kumar-singh|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Kanth violence incident, 2014==<br /> After parliamentary elections in 2014, though he won the Lok Sabha constituency by a difference of 87,504 he entered lost from his own ruling Thakurdwara Vidhan Sabha Seat by difference of 475 votes. [[Kanth, Moradabad|Kanth]], another nearby Vidhan Sabha seat an incident pertains to the removal of a loudspeaker from the [[Sant Ravidas]] [[temple]] in Akbarpur Chaderi in Kanth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Moradabad clash: Police blame BJP, village says people from outside came- Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/moradabad-clash-police-blame-bjp-village-says--people-from-outside-came-/1267141/|access-date=2020-09-24|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple attracts a large number of [[Dalit]] devotees and the loudspeaker, according to locals, had been there for several years. In early June, however, people of the [[Muslim community]] had in a written representation demanded that it be removed. The administration did not try to solve the dispute by involving elders of the two communities, and instead on Thursday, 26 June, a police team broke open the lock on its gate, entered into the temple and removed the [[loudspeaker]]. According to eyewitnesses, the policemen thrashed men and women who protested, and later arrested about a dozen people including women.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-04-15|title=It will be difficult to retain Moradabad: BJP candidate|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/lok-sabha-election-2019/it-will-be-difficult-to-retain-moradabad-bjp-candidate-728786.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021165242/https://www.deccanherald.com/lok-sabha-election-2019/it-will-be-difficult-to-retain-moradabad-bjp-candidate-728786.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-07-05|title=Situation tense but under control in Moradabad|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/situation-tense-but-under-control-in-moradabad/story-yg1koTd2MDInCaRxVETyjM.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421033408/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/situation-tense-but-under-control-in-moradabad/story-yg1koTd2MDInCaRxVETyjM.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The next day (Friday 27 June) a demonstration was held in main Kanth market and the crowd blocked the Moradabad-Hardwar road. The crowd was demanding that the loudspeaker be reinstalled and the arrested people be released. Amid the inaction of the police and administration, some people announced that they would install the loudspeaker themselves, and then the police cracked down on them. In the ensuing fracas several were injured. It is reported that the police went berserk after this, dragged people out of their homes and arrested them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kanth Violence: BJP Attacks UP Govt For Discrimination|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/kanth-violence-bjp-attacks-up-govt-for-discrimination/848601|access-date=2020-09-24|website=outlookindia.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is said that after 26 June, district and police officials tried to win over a section of the BJP leaders and even the Moradabad MP Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh, to come up with a compromise. However, as this news spread and the hardline [[Hindu Jagaran Manch]] took the matter into its own hands. The BJP then jumped into the fray and called for a mahapanchayat on this issue on 4 July.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sarvesh Singh Seepu News and Updates from The Economic Times - Page 3|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Sarvesh-Singh-Seepu/news/3/3|access-date=2020-09-24|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519075201/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Sarvesh-Singh-Seepu/news/3/3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad MP]] Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh, [[Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amroha MP]] Kunwar Singh Tanwar, [[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal MP]] Satyapal Saini, [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur MP]] Nepal Singh, MLA Sangeet Som and their supporters were briefly detained when they were arriving for the mahapanchayat. [[Sangeet Som]] is also an accused in the [[Muzaffarnagar#2013 Muzaffarnagar riots|Muzaffarangar Riots]]. Moradabad district magistrate Chandrakant was seriously injured Friday when a mob threw stones at policemen after the BJP leaders' arrest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 5, 2014|title=Moradabad violence: BJP leaders refused to heed advice, says SSP|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/moradabad-violence-bjp-leaders-refused-to-heed-advice-says-ssp-199405-2014-07-05|access-date=2020-09-24|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421033428/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/moradabad-violence-bjp-leaders-refused-to-heed-advice-says-ssp-199405-2014-07-05|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official was sent to hospital for a serious head and eye injury. BJP supporters fought at Kanth as police carried out lathi charge, lobbed teargas shells and shot blanks in the air to disperse the crowds which had stopped some trains. The district administration was more intent on stopping the mahapanchayat rather than solving the issue, he said. The state BJP has constituted a four-member team that will look into the incident and submit a report to the party leadership. [[Senior Superintendent of Police]] (SSP) of Moradabad, Dharamvir Yadav, in an uncharacteristically political statement, on Saturday blamed the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] for the tense situation in Kanth, and said that BJP MP Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh had wanted to &quot;polarise the situation ahead of the by-elections to be held in the state.&quot; He said the BJP's mahapanchayat call had only added to the already volatile situation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-07-06|title=Will Moradabad be another Muzaffarnagar? BJP, SP play blame game again|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/will-moradabad-be-another-muzaffarnagar-bjp-sp-play-blame-game-again-1605351.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Firstpost|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329112756/https://www.firstpost.com/india/will-moradabad-be-another-muzaffarnagar-bjp-sp-play-blame-game-again-1605351.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2014-07-05|title=BJP condemns Moradabad SSP's statement over Kanth violence|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/bjp-condemns-moradabad-ssp-s-statement-over-kanth-violence-114070500560_1.html|access-date=2020-09-24|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519080707/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/bjp-condemns-moradabad-ssp-s-statement-over-kanth-violence-114070500560_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BJP, Congress leaders detained for protesting against violence in Kanth|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-congress-leaders-detained-for-protesting-against-violence-in-kanth/articleshow/39064391.cms|access-date=2020-09-24|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519075156/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-congress-leaders-detained-for-protesting-against-violence-in-kanth/articleshow/39064391.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life and death==<br /> Singh was born on 22 December 1952 to Raja Rampal Singh. He married Kunwarani Sadhna Singh of Kookra Estate on 26 May 1983; they had one daughter and one son, [[Kunwar Sushant Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MORADABAD(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7442|access-date=2020-09-24|website=myneta.info|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029083231/https://myneta.info/LokSabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7442|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> As the titular Maharaja of Saupari, he had strong relations with Haldaur Estate and other Bijnor's princely states.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bring out the Thematic Significance of Kunwar Singh|url=https://olladenuria.cat/forum/29d3db-supreme-fall/29d3db-bring-out-the-thematic-significance-of-kunwar-singh|access-date=2020-09-24|website=olladenuria.cat}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Singh died from a heart attack at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] in Delhi, on 20 April 2024. He was 71.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=BJP Lok Sabha candidate from UP's Moradabad Kunwar Sarvesh Singh passes away |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/national/story/bjp-lok-sabha-candidate-from-ups-moradabad-kunwar-sarvesh-singh-passes-away-985106-2024-04-20 |access-date=21 April 2024 |publisher=India Today NE |date=20 April 2024 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420173119/https://www.indiatodayne.in/national/story/bjp-lok-sabha-candidate-from-ups-moradabad-kunwar-sarvesh-singh-passes-away-985106-2024-04-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the time of his death, Singh was the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Sikkim|BJP's]] candidate for [[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency|Moradabad Lok Sabha Constituency]]. Voting for the Moradabad seat took place a day before his death. The late BJP nominee did not participate in his own election campaign due to ongoing health conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=BJP candidate from UP's Moradabad Kunwar Sarvesh Singh dies at 71 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/kunwar-sarvesh-singh-death-bjp-moradabad-candidate-uttar-pradesh-2529671-2024-04-20 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420153111/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/kunwar-sarvesh-singh-death-bjp-moradabad-candidate-uttar-pradesh-2529671-2024-04-20 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu |date=2024-04-20 |title=BJP Lok Sabha candidate from UP's Moradabad 71-year-old Kunwar Sarvesh Singh dies, CM Yogi offer condolences |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-bjp-moradabad-candidate-kunwar-sarvesh-singh-dies-lok-sabha-elections-2024-up-cm-yogi-adityanath-condolence-express-grief-latest-update-2024-04-20-927212 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420152057/https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-bjp-moradabad-candidate-kunwar-sarvesh-singh-dies-lok-sabha-elections-2024-up-cm-yogi-adityanath-condolence-express-grief-latest-update-2024-04-20-927212 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> Singh was the first post-independence MP from BJP serving from Moradabad. He was the only serving MLA from Thakurdwara for serving the most from this constituency in Assembly Elections for five terms all on BJP tickets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=मुरादाबाद की इस सीट पर चलता है राजतंत्र!|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/article/article1-story-213630.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Hindustan|language=hi|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519075208/https://www.livehindustan.com/news/article/article1-story-213630.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He launched several developmental schemes in this region and has also tried hard to get loan facility better for farmers, small businesses and large businesses.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} For that he has involved various national as well as regional banks in his prospective financial projects. This parliamentarian has worked on a number of developmental projects and constructive activities,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 June 2016|first=Harveer|last=Dabas|title=Gadkari gives nod to 106-km road from Moradabad to Kotdwar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/Gadkari-gives-nod-to-106-km-road-from-Moradabad-to-Kotdwar/articleshow/52813302.cms|access-date=2020-09-24|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108050254/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/Gadkari-gives-nod-to-106-km-road-from-Moradabad-to-Kotdwar/articleshow/52813302.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; which include the laying foundation of schools/colleges, appointing of school teachers, civic buildings, long-delayed bridges, getting roads constructed and qualified doctors working in primary health centres in Moradabad. He has also donated much money to NGO Janata Shiksha Prasar Samiti for development of this region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-26|title=Sarvesh Kumar Singh|url=https://ourneta.com/neta/kunwar-sarvesh-kumar-singh/|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Our Neta|language=en-US|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423105358/https://ourneta.com/neta/kunwar-sarvesh-kumar-singh/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Posts held in Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! # !! Position<br /> |-<br /> | 01 ||Member, Standing Committee on Energy&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4778|website=LSS News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 02 ||Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Power and New and Renewable Energy&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Member|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4778|website=LSS News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Kunwar Sushant Singh]]<br /> *[[Manoj Kumar Chauhan (Indian civil servant)|Manoj Kumar Chauhan]]<br /> *[[Kunwar Bhartendra Singh]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> {{Hindu reform movements}}<br /> {{Sangh Parivar}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:1952 births]]<br /> [[Category:2024 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1991–1993]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993–1996]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]<br /> [[Category:People from Moradabad district]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pellaniki_Premalekha_Priyuraliki_Subhalekha&diff=525089 Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha 2026-03-16T20:33:59Z <p>StevieJ461261267: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha<br /> | image = Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha.jpg<br /> | caption = Title card<br /> | writer = Kaasi Viswanath {{small|(dialogues)}}<br /> | story = Relangi Narasimha Rao&lt;br /&gt;Kaasi Viswanath<br /> | screenplay = Relangi Narasimha Rao<br /> | producer = [[Vadde Naveen]]<br /> | director = [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]<br /> | starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]&lt;br /&gt;Sruthi&lt;br /&gt;Nandini<br /> | music = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]<br /> | cinematography = Sarath<br /> | editing = G. G. Krishna Rao<br /> | studio = Sri Nalini Cine Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|6|9}}<br /> | runtime = 139 mins<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha''''' ({{Translation|Love letter to wife, Wedding card to lover}}) is a 1992 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]] and produced by [[Vadde Naveen]]. It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Sruthi, and Nandini in lead roles, with music composed by [[J. V. Raghavulu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/5250?ed=Tolly |title=Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha (Review) |work=The Cine Bay |access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133034/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/5250?ed=Tolly |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The film begins with Raja, a faithful husband, and his beloved wife, Keerti, whose life is a constant joy, reminiscent of newlyweds. Once, Raja, in Keerti's absence, encounters a girl named Swathi. They get closer, and he develops a new infatuation with her and pretends to be single, but she truly loves him. Soon after her return, Keerti notices a significant shift in Raja and his artful tricks, which perturbs her. Then Raja walks to a camp where he posts letters for both, which, by napping swaps, and the ladies collapse, gazing at Raja's deceptive craftmanship. Eventually, the two face each other, detecting their whereabouts, and are startled since they are besties at one time. During their studies, they live like a single soul with joint participation and pranks to marry one man.<br /> <br /> Now, Keerti and Swati are devastated and scheme to checkmate Raja's skillful fabrication. Forthwith, Swati approaches Raja to dwell with him. Bewildered, he crosses her, assuming they are out of Keerti's sight. Raja accommodates Swati at a Kabuliwala Khan's residence, who will abide by any roguery against women. From there, Raja juggles between them, who mock him with various trials he undergoes to avoid suspicion—one night, the two muddle up with Raja when he believes his consummation with Swati. Parallelly, Swati resolutely confirms the match instantly fixed by her elders to clear these troubles and forges pregnancy before Raja. Thus, he cannot persist with a duo, thinking of discarding but backs or conceiving Keerti but fears. So, Raja steps to the doctor to abort Swati, and she skips sensing it. <br /> <br /> Simultaneously, conceived Keerti lands there on whom the doctor wants to continue but, luckily, bars because it's out of time. Ultimately, the duo fires the mental assault on Raja via Keerti, accusing him of abortion, who quits. Hereupon, Raja wrecks, regrets his deeds, and rushes. Amidst, Khan, who is well-versed in tactically, carries Raja to Swati's nuptial and divulges the totality. Tragically, Raja and Swati's affair balls up, which calls off the wedding and scares her life. At last, Keerti declares that splice Raja and Swati and opines all to correct a fault. Finally, the movie ends happily with Raja fusing with two spouse queens.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> *[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Raja<br /> *[[Shruti (actress)|Sruthi]] as Keerthi<br /> *Nandini as Swathi<br /> *[[Brahmanandam]] as Lakshman Rao<br /> *[[Babu Mohan]] as Dusyanthudu<br /> *[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Sannassi<br /> *Kaasi Viswanath as Inspector<br /> *Krishna Chaitanya as Khan Saab<br /> *[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Srilakshmi]] as Lakshman Rao's wife<br /> *Pakhija as Dusyanthudu's wife<br /> *Chandrika as Dusyanthudu's wife<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha<br /> | type = film<br /> | artist = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 1992<br /> | recorded =<br /> | genre = Soundtrack<br /> | length = 26:45<br /> | label = Surya Audio<br /> | producer = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Edurinti Mogudu Pakkinti Pellam]]<br /> | prev_year = 1991<br /> | next_title = [[Bramhachari Mogudu]]<br /> | next_year = 1994<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Music was composed by [[J. V. Raghavulu]]. Audio soundtrack was released on Surya Audio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3737/Pellaniki%20Premalekha%20Priyuraliki%20Subhalekha%20(1992)/ |title=Pellaniki Premalekha Priyuraliki Subhalekha (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | collapsed =<br /> | headline =<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 26:45<br /> | all_writing =<br /> | all_lyrics =<br /> | all_music =<br /> | title1 = Pakkesi Unchuko<br /> | lyrics1 = Sahithi<br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]<br /> | length1 = 4:04<br /> | title2 = Bath Roomlo<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Veturi]]<br /> | extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra<br /> | length2 = 3:59<br /> | title3 = One Two Three<br /> | lyrics3 = Veturi<br /> | extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra<br /> | length3 = 4:49<br /> | title4 = Alli Billi<br /> | lyrics4 = Sahithi<br /> | extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra<br /> | length4 = 3:44<br /> | title5 = Kattu Kunna Vaade<br /> | lyrics5 = Veturi<br /> | extra5 = Chitra, [[S. P. Sailaja]]<br /> | length5 = 5:18<br /> | title6 = Kannugotti Ra<br /> | lyrics6 = Sahithi<br /> | extra6 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], S. P. Sailaja, Ramani<br /> | length6 = 4:51<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|1579856}}<br /> <br /> {{Relangi Narasimha Rao}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Films scored by J. V. Raghavulu]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Relangi Narasimha Rao]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:1992 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1992 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1992 comedy films]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Capital_Region_(India)&diff=448524 National Capital Region (India) 2026-03-10T19:39:27Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Content improved for clarity and flow</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Planning region in India}}<br /> {{pp|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = National Capital Region<br /> | other_name = NCR<br /> | type = [[Capital region]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | image_style =<br /> | perrow = 1/3/2/1 <br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | image1 = New Delhi Lotus.jpg<br /> | caption1 = [[Delhi]], the core of the NCR<br /> | image2 = DLF Gateway Tower.png<br /> | caption2 = [[Gurgaon]]<br /> | image3 = Noidancrdelhiskyline.jpg<br /> | caption3 = [[Noida]]<br /> | image4 = Vatika Business Towers Faridabad.png<br /> | caption4 = [[Faridabad]]<br /> | image5 = Indirapuram.jpg<br /> | caption5 = [[Ghaziabad]]<br /> | image6 = Buddh international circuit.jpg<br /> | caption6 = [[Greater Noida]]<br /> }}<br /> | image_map = India NCR locator map.svg<br /> | map_caption = Location of the NCR in India<br /> | image_map1 = National Capital Region (India).svg<br /> | map_caption1 = Map of the National Capital Region, showing the [[union territory]] of [[Delhi]] (red) and states and the boundaries of their districts. The states shown are: [[Haryana]] (green), [[Rajasthan]] (blue), and [[Uttar Pradesh]] (purple).<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28|39|38|N|77|06|32|E|region:IN-DL_type:adm1st_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|States]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Haryana.svg}} [[Haryana]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Rajasthan.svg}} [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Union territory]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} [[Delhi]]<br /> | established_title = Created<br /> | established_date = 1985&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NCRPBA85&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> | seat_type = Major cities<br /> | seat = [[Delhi]], [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Gurugram]], [[Noida]]<br /> | leader_title = Regional authority<br /> | leader_name = [[National Capital Region Planning Board]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_total_km2 = 55083<br /> | area_footnotes = &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ncrpb&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web|title=NCR Constituent Areas|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/ncrconstituent.html|url-status=live|website=National Capital Region Planning Board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403065316/https://ncrpb.nic.in/ncrconstituent.html |archive-date=Apr 3, 2023 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | population_footnotes = &amp;lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;/&amp;gt;{{rp|6}}<br /> | population_total = 58157286<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | demographics_type2 = GDP<br /> | demographics2_footnotes = &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Draft regional plan-NCR|url=https://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/DraftRegionalPlan-2041_English.pdf}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | demographics2_title1 = Total<br /> | demographics2_info1 = US$370 billion<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +05:30<br /> | website = {{URL|https://ncrpb.nic.in/}}<br /> | native_name = {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|Rāṣṭrīya Rājadhānī Kṣētra}}<br /> | native_name_lang = ISO 15919<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 6<br /> | mapframe-point = none<br /> | mapframe-wikidata = yes<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''National Capital Region''' ('''NCR'''; {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|Rāṣṭrīya Rājadhānī Kṣetra}}) is a region centred on the city of [[Delhi]], a special [[union territory]] of [[India]] that hosts the country's capital city [[New Delhi]]. It encompasses the entirety of Delhi and a number of adjacent districts from the states of [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Rajasthan]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ncrpb&quot;/&amp;gt; The NCR and the associated National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB) were created in 1985 to plan the development of the region and to evolve &quot;harmonized policies for the control of land-uses and development of infrastructure&quot; in the region.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;1985act&quot;/&amp;gt; Prominent cities of the NCR are Delhi, New Delhi, [[Faridabad]], Gurgaon, [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad]] and [[Meerut]].<br /> <br /> The NCR is a mixed, rural-urban region, with a population of over 46,069,000 and an [[urbanisation]] of 62.6 percent.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/Annual%20Report%202014-15.pdf|website=National Capital Region Planning Board|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=26 March 2016|page=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406160207/http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/Annual%20Report%202014-15.pdf|archive-date=6 April 2016|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; There are also areas like the [[Delhi Ridge|Aravalli ridge]], [[forest]]s, [[Wildlife sanctuaries|wildlife]] and [[bird sanctuaries]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;IndExp-Jan14&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=NCR expands, planning lags|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/ncr-expands-planning-lags/|website=The Indian Express|date=18 January 2014|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320053829/http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/ncr-expands-planning-lags/|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Delhi Extended [[Urban Agglomeration]], the inner part of the NCR, had an estimated GDP of $370 billion (measured in terms of GDP PPP) in 2015–16.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=With GDP of $370 billion, Delhi-NCR muscles out Mumbai as economic capital of India|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/with-gdp-of-370-billion-delhi-ncr-muscles-out-mumbai-as-economic-capital-of-india/458742/|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=29 November 2016|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710020202/http://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/with-gdp-of-370-billion-delhi-ncr-muscles-out-mumbai-as-economic-capital-of-india/458742/|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Despite being a part of the NCR, the [[Government of India|Government of India's]] think tank, [[NITI Aayog]], listed the [[Nuh district]] of Haryana as the most underdeveloped across India's 739 districts.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-04-01 |title=Nuh at bottom of Niti Aayog’s 101 most backward districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/nuh-at-bottom-of-niti-aayogs-101-most-backward-districts/article61871165.ece |access-date=2023-08-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The National Capital Region (NCR) and its planning board were created under the National Capital Region Planning Board Act of 1985.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NCRPBA85&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Rationale|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/rationale.php|website=ncrpb.nic.in|publisher=NCR Planning Board|quote=The National Capital Region (NCR) in [[India]] was constituted under the NCRPB Act, 1985|access-date=5 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216113422/http://www.ncrpb.nic.in/rationale.php|archive-date=16 December 2012|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; That 1985 Act defined the NCR as being the whole of Delhi; the Haryana districts of [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]] (then including the [[Nuh district]]), [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]] and [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] (then including [[Jhajjar]] tehsil) and the [[Rewari]] tehsil then in [[Mahendragarh district]]; and the [[Uttar Pradesh]] districts of [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]], [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Meerut district|Meerut]] (then including [[Baghpat]] tehsil), and [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]] (then including [[Hapur]] tehsil), and some part of the [[Rajasthan]] district of [[Alwar district|Alwar]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=NCR Planning Board Act of 1985|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/Act%201985.pdf|date=1985}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;1985act&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=The Gazette of India, National Capital Region Planning Board Act of 1985|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/ncrpb_act_1985.pdf|publisher=NCR Planning Board|access-date=5 March 2017|date=1985|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828095834/http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/ncrpb_act_1985.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2012|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The 1985 boundary of the NCR covered an area of {{convert|34,144|km2}}.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;/&amp;gt;{{rp|3}}<br /> <br /> Prior to the creation of the NCR, an area described as the Delhi Metropolitan Area (DMA) was described in the 1962 Master Plan for Delhi. That plan defined the DMA as comprising the National Capital Territory and the ''ring towns'' of [[Ghaziabad]], [[Faridabad]], [[Ballabhgarh]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Bahadurgarh]] and [[Loni, Ghaziabad|Loni]], also certain rural areas, which had a population of the somewhat less than 2.1 million in 1951.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Master Plan for Delhi|url=http://rgplan.org/delhi/MASTER-PLAN-FOR-DELHI_1962.pdf|website=rgplan.org|publisher=Delhi Development Authority|access-date=19 March 2017|date=1 September 1962|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911084529/http://rgplan.org/delhi/MASTER-PLAN-FOR-DELHI_1962.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2016|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The following &quot;Master Plan for Delhi&quot;, approved in August 1990, added [[Noida]], [[Bahadurgarh]] and the then-proposed township of [[Kundli]] to the DMA, which consequently covered an area of 3,182&amp;amp;nbsp;km&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Master Plan for Delhi|url=http://www.rgplan.org/delhi/MASTER-PLAN-FOR-DELHI_2.pdf|publisher=Delhi Development Authority|access-date=19 March 2017|page=8|date=August 1990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828154900/http://www.rgplan.org/delhi/MASTER-PLAN-FOR-DELHI_2.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> [[Gautam Budh Nagar district]] was created in 1997 out of the existing NCR districts of Ghaziabad and Bulandshahr. The city of Noida was the location of the new district's headquarters.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Brief Industrial Profile of Gautam Budh Nagar |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIP%20Report%20Gautam%20Budh%20Nagar.pdf |publisher=Government of India Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises |page=1 |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123113125/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIP%20Report%20Gautam%20Budh%20Nagar.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Also in 1997 [[Baghpat district]] was created from Baghpat tehsil of Meerut district.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 – Uttar Pradesh – District Census Handbook – Baghpat |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0908_PART_B_DCHB_BAGHPAT.pdf |date=2011 |page=9 |website=Office of the Registrar General &amp;amp; Census Commissioner, India |access-date=7 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114012629/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0908_PART_B_DCHB_BAGHPAT.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2013, the NCR was expanded to include three more districts, [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]], and [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]] in the state of [[Haryana]], as well as [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]]. This brought the number of districts in the NCR to 19 (outside Delhi NCT), with the total NCR area increasing 34% to 45,887&amp;amp;nbsp;km&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=The Organisation and Administration|url=http://moud.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/InductionMaterial_0.pdf|website=Ministry of Urban Development|publisher=Government of India|page=32|quote=Government of India vide Notification dated 1.10.2013 has included Bhiwani and Mahendragarh districts of the State of Haryana and Bharatpur district of the State of Rajasthan|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408083513/http://moud.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/InductionMaterial_0.pdf|archive-date=8 April 2017|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=3 more districts enter National Capital Region fold – The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/3-more-districts-enter-National-Capital-Region-fold/articleshow/20867549.cms?referral=PM|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2013|access-date=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003120603/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/3-more-districts-enter-National-Capital-Region-fold/articleshow/20867549.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=3 October 2016|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Subsequently, [[Charkhi Dadri district]] was separated from Bhiwani district in 2016.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|title=Charki Dadri notified as 22nd district of Haryana|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Charki-Dadri-notified-as-22nd-district-of-Haryana/articleshow/55803185.cms|work=The Times of India|date=5 December 2016|access-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206045347/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Charki-Dadri-notified-as-22nd-district-of-Haryana/articleshow/55803185.cms|archive-date=6 December 2016|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> On 9 June 2015, the Government of India approved the inclusion of three more districts in NCR – [[Jind district|Jind, Panipat]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]] in the state of [[Haryana]] and [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncr-gets-bigger-jind-karnal-and-muzaffarnagar-districts-added/articleshow/47600351.cms|title=NCR gets bigger; Jind, Karnal and Muzaffarnagar districts added|work=The Economic Times|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612094923/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ncr-gets-bigger-jind-karnal-and-muzaffarnagar-districts-added/articleshow/47600351.cms|archive-date=12 June 2015|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ncr-3-new-districts-jind-karnal-and-muzaffarnagar-256451-2015-06-09|title=NCR to now include these 3 new districts|access-date=9 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609180709/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ncr-3-new-districts-jind-karnal-and-muzaffarnagar/1/443205.html|archive-date=9 June 2015|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/video-gallery/general/ncr-to-now-include-3-new-districts-part-2-21815/ncr-to-now-include-3-new-districts-part-2-22106.htm|title=NCR to now include 3 new districts – Part – 2|author=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=9 June 2015 |access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142240/http://www.business-standard.com/video-gallery/general/ncr-to-now-include-3-new-districts-part-2-21815/ncr-to-now-include-3-new-districts-part-2-22106.htm|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|title = Jind and Karnal now at NCR – हरियाणा के 2 और जिले NCR में Amar Ujala|url = http://www.amarujala.com/news/delhi-ncr/delhi-news-ncr/jind-and-karnal-now-at-ncr/|website = delhincr.amarujala.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140121085912/http://www.amarujala.com/news/delhi-ncr/delhi-news-ncr/jind-and-karnal-now-at-ncr/|archive-date = 21 January 2014|url-status = live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; covering a total area of 50,566&amp;amp;nbsp;km&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;tcpharyana&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Sub-Regional Plan for Haryana Sub-Region of NCR-2021|url=https://www.tcpharyana.gov.in/ncrpb/FINAL%20SRP%20FOR%20WEB-HOSTING/01_Introduction.pdf|website=Department of Town &amp;amp; Country Planning|publisher=Government of Haryana|page=2|date=10 June 2016|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212145300/http://www.tcpharyana.gov.in/ncrpb/FINAL%20SRP%20FOR%20WEB-HOSTING/01_Introduction.pdf|archive-date=12 February 2016|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[Shamli district]] of U.P. was added to the NCR in December 2017.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=NCR-shamli-inclusion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/ncr-shamli-inclusion/article21263265.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 December 2017 |language=en-IN}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As of 2021, there are a total of 24 districts in the NCR, excluding the 11 [[districts of Delhi]].<br /> <br /> === Proposed extensions ===<br /> On 9 January 2018, the [[government of Uttar Pradesh]] formally proposed the extension of the NCR to cover the districts [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]], [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]], [[Hathras district|Hathras]] and [[Mathura district|Mathura]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|last1=Dabas|first1=Harveer|title=UP govt sends proposal to include Bijnor, Mathura, Aligarh &amp;amp; Hathras in NCR|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/up-govt-sends-proposal-to-include-bijnor-mathura-aligarh-hathras-in-ncr/articleshow/62434756.cms|work=The Times of India|date=9 January 2018|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110183419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/up-govt-sends-proposal-to-include-bijnor-mathura-aligarh-hathras-in-ncr/articleshow/62434756.cms|archive-date=10 January 2018|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Proposed reductions ===<br /> Under the &quot;Draft Regional Plan 2041&quot;, it has been proposed to limit the NCR region to 100-km radius from Rajghat in [[Delhi]] for more focused and sustainable development of the region.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title='Draft Regional Plan 2041' To Limit NCR Region Around Delhi. Details Here |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/draft-regional-plan-2041-to-limit-ncr-region-around-delhi-details-here-2656719 |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=Proposal to shrink National Capital Region |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/proposal-to-shrink-national-capital-region-101634150921548.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Government of Haryana has requested NCRPB for at least one-third reduction of its share in the NCR region.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-26 |title=Haryana seeks one-third reduction of area under National Capital Region |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-seeks-one-third-reduction-of-area-under-ncr-7790863/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Component districts ==<br /> A total of 24 districts in three neighbouring states of [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]] along with whole of the National Capital Territory of [[Delhi]] constitute the National Capital Region (NCR) of India.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NCRPB Rationale&quot;&amp;gt;[http://ncrpb.nic.in/rationale.php National Capital Region Planning Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216113422/http://www.ncrpb.nic.in/rationale.php |date=16 December 2012 }}. Ncrpb.nic.in. Retrieved on 16 July 2013.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The areas and populations (per 2011 census, prior to the addition of [[Muzaffarnagar]], Jind, Karnal and [[Shamli]]) of these component districts are set out below:&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ncrpb&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;/&amp;gt;{{rp|3,6}}<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! State/UT || Districts || Area&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(km&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) || Population&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;(in thousands) || GDP {{Nobold|(Nominal)}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|[[Delhi]]<br /> | [[Central Delhi]]<br /> | rowspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|1,483<br /> | rowspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|16,788<br /> | rowspan=11 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|₹{{FXConvert|IND|11080|b|lk=on}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;NSDP&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|title=ECONOMIC SURVEY OF DELHI 2023 – 24|website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in|access-date=15 August 2024|archive-date=30 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930092641/https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic_survey_of_delhi_2023-24_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[East Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[New Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[North Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[North East Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[North West Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[South Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[South East Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[South West Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[West Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=14 style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|[[Haryana]]<br /> | [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]<br /> | rowspan=14 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|25,327<br /> | rowspan=14 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|16,427<br /> | rowspan=14 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|₹{{FXConvert|IND|14170|b|lk=on}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Survey1&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://web1.hry.nic.in/budget/esurvey.pdf|title=Economic Survey of Haryana 2020-21|work=[[Government of Haryana]]|pages=2–3|date=1 February 2022|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119164659/http://web1.hry.nic.in/budget/Esurvey.pdf|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Charkhi Dadri district|Charkhi Dadri]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jind district|Jind]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Karnal district|Karnal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nuh district|Nuh]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Palwal district|Palwal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Panipat district|Panipat]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rewari district|Rewari]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|[[Rajasthan]]<br /> | [[Alwar district|Alwar]]<br /> | rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|13,447<br /> | rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|4,633<br /> | rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|₹{{FXConvert|IND|940|b|lk=on}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=indiastatdistricts|url=https://www.indiastatdistricts.com/|website=www.indiastatdistricts.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=8 style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|[[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | [[Baghpat district|Baghpat]]<br /> | rowspan=8 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|14,826<br /> | rowspan=8 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|17,105<br /> | rowspan=8 style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|₹{{FXConvert|IND|3350|b|lk=on}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=indiastatdistricts|url=https://www.indiastatdistricts.com/|website=www.indiastatdistricts.com}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district|Gautam Buddh Nagar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hapur district|Hapur]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Meerut district|Meerut]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shamli district|Shamli]]<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=2|Total<br /> ! 55,083<br /> ! 54,953<br /> !₹{{FXConvert|IND|29540|b|lk=on}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Regional planning==<br /> {{anchor | Sewage connectivity Forests | Planning | Pollution }}<br /> {{Further | Aravalli Range#Wall | l1= The Great Green Wall of Aravalli | Forests Department, Haryana#Leopards | l2= Leopards of Haryana}}<br /> <br /> The planning body for the region is the '''National Capital Region Planning Board''' (NCRPB). It has issued two regional plans, the &quot;Regional Plan 2001, National Capital Region&quot; approved in 1988,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;reg plan 2001&quot;/&amp;gt; and the &quot;Regional Plan 2021, National Capital Region&quot; approved in 2005.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Regional Plan 2021, Background|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pre_regionalplan2021.php|website=ncrpb.nic.in|publisher=NCR Planning Board|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518023907/http://ncrpb.nic.in/pre_regionalplan2021.php|archive-date=18 May 2017|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Topics covered by the 2001 plan included transport, telecommunications, power and water supply, waste and sewerage, education, health, the environment, housing and the &quot;counter magnet&quot; areas. The 2021 plan extended these with the additional topics of social infrastructure, heritage, tourism, rural development, and disaster management.<br /> <br /> The 51% of pollution in NCR is caused by the industrial pollution, 27% by vehicles and 8% by [[Stubble burning#Stubble burning in India|crop burning]], consequently there are plans to create a 1,600&amp;amp;nbsp;km long and 5&amp;amp;nbsp;km wide [[Aravalli Range#Wall|The Great Green Wall of Aravalli]] green ecological corridor along Aravalli range from Gujarat to Delhi to be connected to [[Sivalik Hills|Sivalik]] hill range with the planting of 1.35 billion (135 crore) new native trees over 10 years.&amp;lt;ref name=wall1&amp;gt;[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/want-govt-to-build-1600-km-green-wall-along-aravalli-says-activist-vijaypal-baghel-6182069/ Want govt to build 1600 km green wall along Aravalli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224165431/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/want-govt-to-build-1600-km-green-wall-along-aravalli-says-activist-vijaypal-baghel-6182069/ |date=24 December 2019 }}, Indian Express, 24 December 2019.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; About 46% of the National Capital Region, home to 40 to 50 million people, is not connected to sewage networks. Sewage from these areas flows into stormwater drains that empty directly into the [[Yamuna]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/No-sewerage-in-46-of-NCR/articleshow/34602984.cms|title=No sewerage in 46% of NCR|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504091339/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/No-sewerage-in-46-of-NCR/articleshow/34602984.cms|archive-date=4 May 2014|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> A Sports University is proposed to be established in Meerut district of UP Sub-Region.<br /> <br /> == Judicial System ==<br /> Delhi NCR has only one high court, which is in Delhi. While it is highly suggested in Regional Plan 2041, Delhi NCR that high court bench must be set up in western Uttar Pradesh, large part of which falls in Delhi NCR. There has been long standing demand for high court bench in [[Meerut]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-09-26 |title=Demand for high court Bench in Meerut returns |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/demand-for-hc-bench-in-meerut-returns-as-up-poll-date-gets-closer/articleshow/86515586.cms |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-8257}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Regional Plan 2041, Delhi NCR suggests that industrial growth of western Uttar Pradesh's part of Delhi NCR is being hampered due to unavailability of judicial system. Almost 54% of all cases reaching the High Court originate from the 22 districts of Western UP.<br /> <br /> People have to travel 700&amp;amp;nbsp;km away to Allahabad for hearings. In fact, 6 high courts (Shimla, Delhi, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Nainital, Jammu) from other states are closer than Allahabad from western Uttar Pradesh. Even [[Lahore]] high court is closer than [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]].<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> <br /> === Namo Bharat Rapid Rail RRTS ===<br /> [[File:Namo Bharat Station.jpg|thumb|[[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi Meerut RRTS]] Station]]<br /> [[File:Namo Bharat Train closeup.jpg|thumb|[[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi Meerut RRTS]] Trainset]]<br /> <br /> For greater ease of transportation within the National Capital Region, India's first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS), called [[Namo Bharat Rapid Rail]] and Vande Metro,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=India's first Vande Metro renamed Namo Bharat Rapid Rail: All you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/pm-modi-first-vande-metro-all-you-need-to-know-9570064/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/rcf-to-roll-out-first-prototype-of-vande-metro-coach-by-april-s-srinivas-124021100139_1.html|title=RCF to roll out first prototype of Vande Metro coach by April: S Srinivas|date=11 February 2024|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=11 February 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; with 8 [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high speed rail]] corridors is being developed in phases in Delhi NCR: an implementation of plans made by [[Planning Commission (India)|India's Planning Commission]].&amp;lt;ref name=rrtsnewp1&amp;gt;[https://www.news9live.com/city/delhi/delhi-ncr-rrts-network-all-about-8-planned-namo-bharat-rapid-rail-corridors-2789531 Delhi NCR RRTS network: All about 8 planned Namo Bharat Rapid Rail corridors], News9, 4 Jan 2025.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=rrtsnewp2&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Project Overview – NCRTC |url=https://ncrtc.in/overview-project/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The RapidX trains will have a maximum trial speed of 180 km/h (110 mph) and a maximum operational speed of 160 km/h (99 mph).<br /> <br /> * Phase-1: First phase has the following 3 priority corridors:<br /> ** [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Meerut RRTS]]: It is an 82.15 km (51.05 mi) long line, India's first RRTS, which will be fully completed by 2025.&amp;lt;ref name=rrtsnewp2/&amp;gt;<br /> ** [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Gurugram-SNB-Alwar]] (Pre-construction), expected to be completed by 2028.&amp;lt;ref name=rrtsnewp2/&amp;gt; DPR has been completed and under review by the central government.&amp;lt;ref name=upsept1&amp;gt;[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/dmrc-to-soon-handover-rapid-metro-ops-in-gurgaon-amid-surge-in-footfall-revenue-10252308/ DMRC to soon handover Rapid Metro ops in Gurgaon amid surge in footfall, revenue], Indian Express, 16 Sept 2025.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> ** [[Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi-Panipat-Karnal]]: expanded to total 136.30 km length from Delhi to Karnal (from original 103 km to Panipat) with 21 stations at a cost of Rs 33,051.15 crore, DPR is complete and under review by the central government,&amp;lt;ref name=upsept1/&amp;gt; expected to be completed after 2028.&amp;lt;ref name=rrtsnewp2/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> * Phase-2: remaining 5 proposed corridors of under original 8 Namo Bharat RRTS corridors.<br /> ** Delhi–Faridabad–Palwal RRTS&amp;lt;ref name=rrtsnewp2/&amp;gt;<br /> ** Ghaziabad–Khurja RRTS&amp;lt;ref name=rrtsnewp2/&amp;gt;<br /> ** Delhi–Bahadurgarh–Rohtak RRTS:&amp;lt;ref name=rrtsnewp2/&amp;gt; Route is from [[Munirka]] (Delhi) to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Delhi Airport T1, T2-T3]], [[Yashobhoomi]], [[Najafgarh]], [[Bahadurgarh]], and [[Rohtak]]. DPR preparation has commenced.&amp;lt;ref name=upsept1/&amp;gt;<br /> ** Ghaziabad-Hapur RRTS&amp;lt;ref name=rrtsnewp2/&amp;gt;<br /> ** Delhi-Shahadra-Baraut RRTS&amp;lt;ref name=rrtsnewp2/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> * Phase-3: Other proposed Namo Bharat RRTS corridors.<br /> ** Gurugram–Faridabad–Noida/Greater Noida Namo Bharat RRTS: DPR preparation has commenced.&amp;lt;ref name=upsept1/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Expressways ===<br /> [[File:Delhi-Meerut-Express-Highway-India.png|thumb|Section of [[Delhi–Meerut Expressway|Delhi Meerut Expressway]]]]<br /> The region has the following operation and upcoming expressways -<br /> <br /> * [[Delhi–Meerut Expressway|Delhi Meerut Expressway]]<br /> * [[Yamuna Expressway]] (Noida.- Agra)<br /> * Noida - Greater Noida Expressway<br /> * [[DND Flyway]]<br /> * [[Ganga Expressway]] (Meerut - Varanasi) (India's widest 14 lane expressway)<br /> * [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway]]<br /> * [[Western Peripheral Expressway]]<br /> * [[Dwarka Expressway]]<br /> * [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway|Delhi Mumbai Expressway]]<br /> * [[Urban Extension Road-II|UER 2 Expressway]]<br /> * [[Delhi–Dehradun Expressway|Delhi Dehradun Expressway]]<br /> * [[Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway|Delhi-Amritsar-Katra Expressway]]<br /> <br /> === Dedicated Freight Corridor ===<br /> <br /> For regional logistic transportation both [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]] and [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]] will pass through Delhi NCR. Sites like Meerut and Dadri are planned to be proposed logistic hub.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Invest in UP |url=https://invest.up.gov.in/wp-content/themes/investup/pdf/Warehousing-Logistics-brochure.pdf }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Ashok Agarwal, national president, Indian Industries Association (IIA), said “We have also received queries related to the allotment of land along the Ganga Expressway from investors. Most of the queries are for land in [[Meerut]], [[Budaun]] and its adjoining areas”.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-07 |title=Industrial clusters to come up along Ganga Expressway |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ganga-expressway-to-boost-industrial-clusters-across-12-up-districts-investors-eyeing-meerut-and-budaun-areas-101683470276029.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> * Meerut along Delhi Meerut Expressway<br /> * Dadri Noida Ghaziabad Investment Region<br /> <br /> === Proposed Orbital Rail Corridor (ORC) ===<br /> A total of three orbital rail corridors of proposed connected important districts of [[Meerut]], [[Palwal]], [[Sonipat]], [[Noida]], [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Faridabad]] and covering NCR area in circular fashion by rails for passenger trains and goods.<br /> <br /> * '''ORC - I:''' Haryana developing ORC by 2025 connecting Palwal-Sonipat. Uttar Pradesh is also planning to develop ORC connecting Palwal - Khurja - Meerut - Bagapat - Sonipat, to complete the Orbital Circle 1. This is expected to be made fully operational by 2028.<br /> * '''ORC - II:''' As “Regional Orbital Rail Corridor (RORC)” connecting Panipat- Shamli- Meerut- Jewar- Nuh- Bhiwadi- Rewari- Jhajjar- Rohtak- Panipat (along CREII) to enable fast regional movement of passenger and goods avoiding CNCR area.<br /> * '''ORC - III:''' As “Outer Orbital Rail Corridor (OORC)” along CRE-III, is planned by 2041.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Delhi NCR Masterplan 2041 |url=https://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/DraftRegionalPlan-2041_English.pdf }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Railways ===<br /> It is also proposed in Regional Plan 2041, Delhi NCR that all railway lines in NCR should be 4 tracks by 2030 and 06 tracks by 2040, 100% electrified, broad gauge and of high speed, with latest safety systems, Train Autonomous Cicrumambutation System (TACS), Centralised Traffic Control (CTC), etc.<br /> <br /> === Airports ===<br /> Currently there is only one international airport, which is [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indira Gandhi Internal Airport]] Delhi. Another airport, [[Noida International Airport|Jewar Airport Noida]] which could become one of Asia's largest airports once full operational is expected to be completed in 2025. Another airport in [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Airstrip|Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Meerut Airport]] is proposed in Regional Plan 2041, Delhi NCR.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> === Metro ===<br /> The city has several metro transit system where the largest network being [[Delhi Metro]] which serves Delhi and other regions of NCR including Faridabad, Noida, Gurgaon and Ghaziabad. [[Noida Metro]] and [[Meerut Metro]] that are separately managed by [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]] are the other transit metro systems currently in operation in the city. While [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] set to be operated by Haryana Mass Rapid Transport Corporation Limited is under construction.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=PM Modi Inaugurates AIIMS In Haryana's Rewari, Gurugram Metro Rail Project; Check Full Details Here |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-aiims-in-haryana-rewari-gurugram-metro-rail-project-check-full-details-here-10134001 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Central National Capital Region==<br /> The 2001 Regional Plan defined the &quot;Delhi Metropolitan Area&quot; (DMA) as comprising the controlled areas of contiguous towns of [[Ghaziabad]]–[[Loni, Ghaziabad|Loni]] and [[Noida]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]; [[Faridabad]]–[[Ballabhgarh]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Bahadurgarh]], [[Kundli, Haryana|Kundli]] and extension of [[Delhi Ridge]] in [[Haryana]]. The total area of DMA was {{cvt|1696|km2}}, excluding the area of [[Delhi]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Regional Plan 2001 |url=https://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/RPlan_2001.PDF |website=ncrpb.nic.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;DMA towns&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region |url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017 |website=Town and Country Planning Organisation |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Under the 2021 Regional plan, the Delhi Metropolitan Area was redesignated as &quot;Central National Capital Region&quot; (CNCR) wherein new areas were added. The CNCR comprises controlled areas of contiguous towns of [[Ghaziabad]]–[[Loni, Ghaziabad|Loni]] and [[Noida]] in Uttar Pradesh; [[Gurgaon]]–[[Manesar]], [[Faridabad]]–[[Ballabhgarh]], [[Bahadurgarh]], and [[Sonipat]]–[[Kundli, Haryana|Kundli]] in Haryana. The total area of CNCR (excluding NCT of Delhi) is approximately {{cvt|2000|km2}}.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Regional Plan 2021 |url=https://ncrpb.nic.in/regionalplanchapters.html |website=ncrpb.nic.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;DMA towns&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi &amp;amp; NCR |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf |website=ncrpb.nic.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> The 2021 plan estimated the 2001 population of the CNCR outside of Delhi to be over 2.8 million, while Delhi's population was 13.8 million, yielding a total CNCR population of 16.6 million.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Regional Plan 2021 – Chapter 4, Demographic Profile and Settlement Pattern|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/Regional%20Plan%202021%20chapter/08_CH04%20demographic%20profile%20&amp;amp;%20settlement%20pattern.pdf|publisher=NCR Planning Board|access-date=19 March 2017|page=16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320055054/http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/Regional%20Plan%202021%20chapter/08_CH04%20demographic%20profile%20%26%20settlement%20pattern.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; {{as of|2016}} the most recent population estimates have spanned 25.7 to 26.5 million people.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Demographia&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|author1=Demographia|title=Demographia World Urban Areas|date=April 2016|edition=12th|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2018|url-status=dead}} (excludes Kondli)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;UNcities2016&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2016|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=4 March 2017|page=4|date=October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112211410/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2017|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Challenges to NCR ==<br /> Delhi NCR faces its own set of challenges.<br /> <br /> # '''Pollution''' - Due to high industrial growth, pollution from vehicles and stubble burning in Haryana &amp;amp; Punjab. Delhi NCR has the worst Air Quality index in the world. <br /> # '''Judicial''' - The western [[Uttar Pradesh]] part of NCR contributes more than 50% of revenue to Uttar Pradesh Government. It has lost and risks losing a lot of corporate investments due to the unavailability of the Judicial System in West Uttar Pradesh. High courts of 6 other Indian states are closer to western Uttar Pradesh than the High court of the state of Uttar Pradesh &amp;amp;mdash; [[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad High court]]. NCR planning board has suggested setting up a high court bench in [[Meerut]] to prevent loss of possible investments.<br /> # '''Air Connectivity''' - Delhi NCR has only 1 international airport, which is [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indira Gandhi Airport]] in Delhi. The upcoming airport in [[Jewar]], Noida is under construction.<br /> <br /> ==Counter magnets==<br /> The 1985 Act (§2.c and §8.f) gives the NCRPB the ability to select districts outside of the NCR to act as ''counter magnets'', with a view to developing them further.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;1985act&quot;/&amp;gt;{{rp|2,10}}<br /> ''Counter-magnet'' cities are identified as those that can be developed as alternative centres of growth and attract migrants to them rather than Delhi.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;reg plan 2001&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Regional Plan 2001, National Capital Region|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/RP-2001.PDF|publisher=NCR Planning Board|date=3 November 1988|quote=the future interceptors of migratory flow|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308050801/http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/RP-2001.PDF|archive-date=8 March 2017|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{rp|121}} The criteria for selecting counter magnet towns are: that they should have their own established roots and potential of growth,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;reg plan 2001&quot;/&amp;gt;{{rp|121}} and should not be centres of either religious, strategic or environmental importance.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} The ''counter magnet'' cities should be given priority when allocating funding for development of land, housing and infrastructure.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;reg plan 2001&quot;/&amp;gt;{{rp|126}}<br /> <br /> Following are the nine Counter-Magnet Areas to NCR spread across six states:&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;ncrpb constituents&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web|title = NCR Constituent Areas|url = http://ncrpb.nic.in/ncrconstituent.php|website = National Capital Region Planning Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224112650/http://ncrpb.nic.in/ncrconstituent.php |archive-date=24 December 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-09-01 |title='Boost Counter Magnet Areas to control migration' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/boost-counter-magnet-areas-to-control-migration/article36239026.ece |access-date=2022-06-24 |issn=0971-751X}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> *[[Hisar, India|Hisar]] and [[Ambala]] in [[Haryana]]<br /> *[[Bareilly]] and [[Kanpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> *[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and [[Jaipur]] in [[Rajasthan]]<br /> *[[Patiala]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> *[[Gwalior]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> *[[Dehradun]] in [[Uttarakhand]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]<br /> * [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]]<br /> * [[Chennai metropolitan area]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://ncrpb.nic.in/ National Capital Region Planning Board] <br /> * [http://www.npsin.in/blogs/mandir/famous-temples-in-delhi-ncr Famous Temples in Delhi NCR]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175718/http://ncrup.up.nic.in/images/ncrmaps.jpg NCR map] (archived 21 July 2011)<br /> * [http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/districts.php Official area information of districts of India]<br /> * [https://bulandshahar.nic.in/ Bulandshahr official website]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163314/http://bhiwani.nic.in/ Bhiwani official site] (archived 21 July 2011)<br /> * [http://mahendragarh.nic.in/index.asp# Mahendragarh official site]<br /> * [https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/41598-01-ind-oth-01.pdf National Capital Region Urban Infrastructure Financing Facility] on [[Asian Development Bank]]<br /> <br /> {{World's most populous urban areas}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Geography of Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varane_Avashyamund&diff=450995 Varane Avashyamund 2026-03-08T06:54:55Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Refined content and updated sections</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2020 Indian film}}<br /> {{For|the 1983 Malayalam film|Varanmaare Aavashyamundu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Varane Avashyamund<br /> | image = Varane Aavashyamundu.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Anoop Sathyan<br /> | producer = [[Dulquer Salmaan]]<br /> | starring = [[Suresh Gopi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Dulquer Salmaan]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Shobana]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kalyani Priyadarshan]]<br /> | writer = Anoop Sathyan<br /> | cinematography = Mukesh Muraleedharan<br /> | editing = Toby John<br /> | music = [[Alphons Joseph]]<br /> | studio = {{ubl|[[Wayfarer Films]]|M Star Entertainments}}<br /> | distributor = Play House Release<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|02|07}}<br /> | runtime = 145 Minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Varane Avashyamund''''' ({{Translation|[[Groom]] wanted}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Anoop Sathyan, in his directorial debut. It was produced by [[Dulquer Salmaan]] under the banner of [[Wayfarer Films]], and The film stars [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Shobana]], [[Dulquer Salmaan]] and [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]]. It has music by [[Alphons Joseph]].&lt;ref name=&quot;manorama&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/10/02/dulquer-salmaan-kalyani-priyadarshan-anoop-sathyan-movie-launch.html |title=Dulquer Salmaan back to Mollywood, launches his next with Kalyani Priyadarshan |last=Onmanorama Staff |date=3 October 2019 |work=[[Malayalam Manorama]] |access-date=1 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Set in [[Chennai]], It revolves around the people and happenings in an apartment complex in the city. It explores love, life, family and relationships.<br /> <br /> On 12 April 2019,It was reported that [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Shobana]] and [[Nazriya Nazim]] will be starring in a film directed by debutant Anoop Sathyan, son of veteran filmmaker [[Sathyan Anthikad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Later, Nazriya was replaced by [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]]. It was later reported that [[Dulquer Salmaan]] will also be starring in the film and producing it. The [[principal photography]] took place between October and December 2019 in and around [[Chennai]]. The music was composed by [[Alphons Joseph]]. The film has cinematography by Mukesh Muraleedharan and editing by V. S. Vinayak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 October 2019 |title=Dulquer starts shooting for Anoop Sathyan's directorial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-starts-shooting-for-anoop-sathyans-directorial/articleshow/71538740.cms |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Varane Avashyamund'' was marketed as the comeback film of Suresh Gopi after a five-year hiatus from acting; actress Shobana's Malayalam comeback after a 7-year absence since her last [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film, [[Thira (film)|''Thira'']] (2013), as well as Kalyani's Malayalam debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=Varane Avashyamund: Five reasons why you should not miss Suresh Gopi, Shobana, Kalyani Priyadarshan and Dulquer Salmaan-starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varane-avashyamund-five-reasons-why-you-should-not-miss-suresh-gopi-shobana-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-dulquer-salmaan-starrer/photostory/73984796.cms |access-date=17 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released in theatres worldwide on 7 February 2020 to positive reviews from critics praising the cast performances screenplay and direction. The film emerged as a commercial success grossing over ₹25 crore becoming the [[List of Malayalam films of 2020|4th highest grossing Malayalam film of the year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 February 2020 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's first production venture 'Varane Avashyamund' crosses Rs 25 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-salmaans-first-production-venture-varane-avashyamund-crosses-rs-25-crore/articleshow/74303554.cms |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Varane Avashyamund'' made into the ''FC Gold list of films'' of ''[[Film Companion]]'' for the year 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=18 January 2021 |title=Introducing, FC Gold: The Best in Entertainment |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/film-compsnion-gold-the-best-in-entertainment-scam-1992-c-u-soon-paatal-lok |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=filmcompanion.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Neena is a divorced woman in Chennai trying to get hired as a [[French language|French]] tutor and teaching [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]], and she has a daughter Nikhitha aka Nikki. Her brother Manuel also resides in a flat in Chennai. Their next-door neighbors are [[Major (rank)|Major]] Unnikrishnan, a retired [[Indian Army]] officer who has a pet dog, Jimmy (a brown [[doberman]]), and Bibeesh who lives with a serial-actress aunt and his young school-going brother, Kartik.<br /> <br /> Nikki is looking for a groom through a matrimonial portal and she is very picky. She keeps on rejecting all the alliances that come to her. She casually tells her friends that she once really liked a guy named Aby but she did not pursue the relationship because his mom joked about her looks. Her friends message him from her phone when she was not around and then the two start seeing each other again. Nikki also gets really close with Aby's mom Dr. Sherly.<br /> <br /> Major Unnikrishnan has [[anger management]] issues and he starts going to a Dr. Bose to get himself treated. Neena also goes to the same place to teach dance. Slowly they start a liking for each other. Noticing this their flatmates start to gossip and it reaches Nikki's ears as well. Nikki questions Neena and Neena does not deny this. Nikki tells her fiancé about this and he immediately breaks up. Nikki starts hating her mother because of this. She tells Neena that more than her fiancé, she misses his mom a lot.<br /> <br /> Bibeesh is also in love with his colleague, but it does not work out. Turns out that she has a boyfriend. During this time, their flat becomes flooded, and Bibeesh and his brother shift to Nikki's house. Slowly they fall in love. One night Bibeesh and Kartik have a disgusting fight and Nikki stops the quarrel by taking Bibeesh to the top of the terrace.<br /> <br /> Bibeesh opens up about his personal life to Nikki, recounting various incidents that have shaped his experiences. He recalls a time when his younger brother was born to their parents while he was in 11th grade, leading to mockery from his friends due to their mother being their class teacher. Tragedy struck a year later when Bibeesh's father died in an accident, as he was not wearing a helmet. Bibeesh vividly describes the day of his father's death as the worst, remembering how he usually carried an extra set of keys but, unfortunately, had forgotten them that day. This forced him to wait at his neighbor's house, triggering a recollection of a nauseating experience when he vomited after drinking squash at their place. However, when the ambulance turned up at his house he was expecting to see his dad's body in the van. But he saw his mom and dad's dead bodies in the ambulance. Turns out both his parents had taken Kartik for a polio vaccination. They had got into an accident with a truck. But Kartik came home with a fracture only to which Bibeesh felt relieved on seeing his brother alive. Bibeesh reflects on how even the thought of that incident still evokes a sensation of nausea, illustrating the lasting impact it had on him.<br /> <br /> His heart-wrenching narrative of losing his parents during his school years helps Nikki understand the depth of maternal love and leads to a reconciliation between them. Meanwhile, Major Unnikrishnan humorously remarks that Neena bears a resemblance to the attractive actress [[Shobana]], offering a lighthearted moment.<br /> <br /> As the film nears its conclusion, Bibeesh and Nikki arrange to go on a date. However, their plans are disrupted when Nikki's ex-fiancé, a dedicated traffic police officer, unexpectedly shows up. This officer, who was previously rejected by Nikki for asking her to pay traffic fines during a date, unintentionally creates tension during their outing.<br /> <br /> == Cast==<br /> {{Cast listing| <br /> *[[Suresh Gopi]] as Major Unnikrishnan, a retired army officer<br /> *[[Dulquer Salmaan]] as Bibeesh P &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='വരനെ ആവശ്യമുണ്ട്' പോസ്റ്റുമായി ദുൽഖർ സൽമാൻ; ആർക്കെന്നല്ലേ? |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-dulquer-salmaan-new-movie-titled-varane-avashyamundu-mm-190677.html |access-date=1 January 2020 |work=News18 Malayalam |date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101163509/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-dulquer-salmaan-new-movie-titled-varane-avashyamundu-mm-190677.html |archive-date=1 January 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **[[Naslen]] as Young Bibeesh <br /> *[[Shobhana]] as Neena, Nikki's single mother and [[French language|French]] tutor&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shobana-talks-about-her-comeback-film-varane-avashyamund/articleshow/75487213.cms |title=Shobana talks about her comeback film 'Varane Avashyamund' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 May 2020 |access-date=17 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Kalyani Priyadarshan]] as Nikhitha {{a.k.a}} Nikki &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/singer-anne-amie-i-was-offered-the-opportunity-to-dub-for-kalyani-in-varane-avashyamud-while-i-was-in-chennai-for-filmfare-awards/articleshow/74157861.cms |title=Singer Anne Amie: I was offered the opportunity to dub for Kalyani in 'Varane Avashyamud, while I was in Chennai for Filmfare Awards |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 February 2020 |access-date=17 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Dr. Sherly, a dentist and Aby's mother&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/when-urvashi-was-asked-to-improvise-a-scene-for-varane-avashyamund/articleshow/76125913.cms |title=When Urvashi was asked to improvise a scene for Varane Avashyamund |first=Anjana |last=George |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 June 2020 |access-date=17 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Akashavani, a former radio jockey and serial actress&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-kpac-lalithas-real-name-is-maheshwari-amma/articleshow/75693894.cms |title=Did you know KPAC Lalitha's real name is Maheshwari Amma? |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 May 2020 |access-date=17 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Lalu Alex]] as Manuel / Chachan<br /> *[[Johny Antony]] as Dr. Bose&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2020/04/25/johny-antony-on-ating-direction-movies-career-mammootty.html |work=On Manorama |title=After acting in Dulquer Salmaan's movie, Johny Antony is waiting for Mammootty's opinion |first=Santhosh |last=Changanassery |date=25 April 2020 |access-date=17 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Major Ravi]] as Major Athmaram&lt;ref name=&quot;.0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/it-s-a-heart-warming-film-dulquer-on-varane-avashyamund--1.4445087 |title=It's a heart-warming film, Dulquer on 'Varane Avashyamund' |date=15 January 2020 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=16 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Sarvajith Santosh Sivan as Karthik&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/santhosh-sivans-son-to-essay-a-part-in-anoop-sathyan-directorial-varane-avashyamund/articleshow/73170329.cms |title=Santhosh Sivan's son to essay a part in Anoop Sathyan directorial 'Varane Avashyamund' |date=9 January 2020 |access-date=16 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Rahul Rajasekharan]] as Aby, Nikita's ex-fiancee&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/had-to-unlearn-many-things-when-i-decided-to-act-804276.html |title='Had to unlearn many things when I decided to act' |access-date=16 May 2021 |date=13 February 2020 |first=Nina C |last=George |work=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Meera Krishnan]] as House Owner's wife&lt;ref name=&quot;.0&quot;/&gt;<br /> *[[Sreeja Ravi]] as Maid&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/facebook-post-about-dubbing-artist-sreeja-ravi-who-acted-in-varane-avashyamund-goes-viral/articleshow/74023294.cms |title=മാധവന്‍റേയോ ദിവ്യ ഉണ്ണിയുടെയോ, അതോ...; പ്രേക്ഷകരെ കണ്‍ഫ്യൂഷനാക്കിയ 'കുക്കറമ്മ' ആര്? |first=Abin |last=MP |work=Samayam Malayalam |date=8 February 2020 |access-date=17 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Wafa Khatheeja Rahman as Wafa, Bibeesh's ex-girlfriend&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/wafa-khatheeja-rahman-anoop-used-to-brief-me-the-scenes-and-id-form-my-own-lines-in-beary-for-them/articleshow/74424098.cms |title=Wafa Khatheeja Rahman: Anoop used to brief me the scenes and I'd form my own lines in Beary for them |first=Deepa |last=Soman |date=2 March 2020 |access-date=16 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Krishnachandran Nair as Ranjan Shankar<br /> *Vidya Menon Ahamed as Dhanya<br /> *Theni Murugan as Gangaiyamaran<br /> *Kimu Gopal as House Owner<br /> *Baby Maheshwari as Young Nikitha<br /> *Eldho as Bibeesh's father<br /> *Nimisha as Bibeesh's mother<br /> *Bibin Perumballikunnel as Serial Actor<br /> *Sidharth Varma as Emil Varghese <br /> *[[Siju Wilson]] as Alphonse Antony IPS (Cameo appearance)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siju-wilson-i-have-been-able-to-do-a-wide-range-of-roles-this-year/articleshow/74653060.cms |title=Siju Wilson: I have been able to do a wide range of roles this year |first=Anna |last=Mathews |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=17 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Arvind Venugopal]] as Guest Appearance in the Song &quot;Nee Vaa En Aarumukha&quot;<br /> *Anoop Sathyan as Nikhitha's lover and also appears in the song &quot;Kuttikurumba&quot; (Cameo Appearance)<br /> *[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] as Adithyan Arun (Photo Appearance)<br /> *[[Lal Jose]] as Sivaprasad (cameo appearance)&lt;ref name=&quot;.0&quot;/&gt;<br /> *Madhav Suresh Gopi as man at window during fight scene (cameo appearance)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ഒറ്റ രംഗത്തില്‍ മിന്നി മാധവ് സുരേഷ്, അച്ഛന്റെ അനുഗ്രഹം തേടി സെറ്റില്‍; വീഡിയോ |date=17 February 2020 |access-date=16 May 2021 |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/news/varane-avashyamundu-fight-sequence-making-video-madhav-suresh-on-sets-1.4536424 |work=Mathrubhumi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> On 12 April 2019, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Shobana]] and [[Nazriya Nazim]] will be starring in a drama film directed by debutant Anoop Sathyan, son of veteran filmmaker [[Sathyan Anthikad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shobana-suresh-gopi-and-nazriya-to-team-up-for-anoop-sathyan-debut-directorial/articleshow/68775532.cms |title=Nazriya, Shobana and Suresh Gopi to team up for Anoop Sathyan's debut directorial |last=Anjana George |date=12 April 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It marked the comeback of the superstar Suresh Gopi, after a brief hiatus. Later, Nazriya was replaced by [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;replacement&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/sep/17/suresh-gopi-shobana-film-to-go-on-floors-next-month-2034646.html |title=Suresh Gopi-Shobana film to go on floors next month |last=Express News Service |date=17 September 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=1 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 September 2019, ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' reported that [[Dulquer Salmaan]] will also be starring in the film and producing it. [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] was also confirmed to play an important role.&lt;ref name=&quot;replacement&quot;/&gt; Filming was said to begin by October 2019 in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anoop-sathyan-ropes-in-dulquer-and-kalyani-for-a-family-drama/articleshow/70922736.cms |title=Anoop Sathyan ropes in Dulquer and Kalyani for a family-drama |last=Sanjith Sidhardhan |date=1 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film also marked the on-screen collaboration of Suresh Gopi and Shobana after a period of 14 years, after working together in ''[[Makalkku]]'' (2005).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopi-and-shobana-reunite-after-14-years-for-anoop-sathyans-directorial-debut/articleshow/71476380.cms |title=Suresh Gopi and Shobana reunite after 14 years for Anoop Sathyan's directorial debut |last=Timesofindia.com |date=7 October 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[principal photography]] of the film began on 1 October 2019 in Chennai, with both Dulquer and Kalyani shared pictures from sets on their social media accounts. The filming was officially launched by filmmaker [[Lal Jose]].&lt;ref name=&quot;manorama&quot;/&gt; On 4 October 2019, Suresh Gopi began shooting his portions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopi-joins-anoop-sathyans-directorial-debut/articleshow/71443213.cms |title=Suresh Gopi joins Anoop Sathyan's directorial debut! |last=Timesofindia.com |date=4 October 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dulquer joined the sets for filming on 11 October 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dulquer-starts-shooting-for-anoop-sathyans-directorial/articleshow/71538740.cms |title=Dulquerstarts shooting for Anoop Sathyan directorial |last=Sanjith Sidhardhan |date=11 October 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 26 November 2019, Urvashi's shooting for the film commenced.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/nov/26/urvashi-joins-suresh-gopi-shobana-film-2066990.html |title=Urvashi joins Suresh Gopi-Shobana film |last=Express News Service |date=26 November 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=1 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming was completed on 21 December 2019, with Dulquer shared a picture expressing thanks on [[Instagram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/dulquer-salmaan-latest-instagram-post-regarding-anoop-sathyan-movie-pack-up/articleshow/72915753.cms |last=Samayam Malayalam |date=22 December 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 January 2020 |language=ml |script-title=ml:മനസ് നിറഞ്ഞ് ദുൽഖര്‍ സൽമാൻ; ഏവര്‍ക്കും നന്ദി പറഞ്ഞ് താരം: ഇൻസ്റ്റാഗ്രാം കുറിപ്പ് വൈറൽ! |trans-title=Dulquer Salmaan feels overjoyed; Expresses thanks to everyone; Instagram post goes viral!}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bhagyalakshmi]] dubbed for [[Shobhana]] and Singer [[Anne Amie]] for [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/singer-anne-amie-i-was-offered-the-opportunity-to-dub-for-kalyani-in-varane-avashyamud-while-i-was-in-chennai-for-filmfare-awards/articleshow/74157861.cms |title=Singer Anne Amie: I was offered the opportunity to dub for Kalyani in 'Varane Avashyamud, while I was in Chennai for Filmfare Awards |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 February 2020 |access-date=17 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer<br /> | title1 = Ne Va En Arumukha...<br /> | extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Santhosh Varma]], Dr. Kritaya<br /> | length1 = 03:32<br /> | music1 = [[Alphons Joseph]]<br /> | title2 = Kuttikkurumba...<br /> | extra2 = K. S. Chithra<br /> | lyrics2 = Santhosh Varma, Anoop Sathyan<br /> | length2 = <br /> | music2 = Alphons Joseph<br /> | title3 = Mullapoove ...<br /> | extra3 = [[Haricharan]]<br /> | lyrics3 = Santhosh varma<br /> | length3 = 02:50<br /> | music3 = Alphons Joseph<br /> | title4 = Muthunne Kannukalil ...<br /> | extra4 = [[Swetha Mohan]], Swetha Somasundaran<br /> | lyrics4 = Santhosh varma<br /> | length4 = <br /> | music4 = Alphons Joseph<br /> | title5 = Mathi kanna Ullathu Chollan ...<br /> | extra5 = Alphons Joseph, Sherdhin, Shelton Pinheiro, [[ThirumaLi]]<br /> | lyrics5 = Santhosh varma<br /> | length5 = <br /> | music5 = Alphons Joseph<br /> | title6 = Oh En Eesa Song ...<br /> | extra6 = Alphons Joseph<br /> | lyrics6 = Dr:Kritaya<br /> | length6 = <br /> | music6 = Alphons Joseph<br /> | title7 = Aadyamorillam ...<br /> | extra7 = Ann Amie<br /> | lyrics7 = Santhosh varma<br /> | length7 = <br /> | music7 = Alphons Joseph<br /> | title8 = Muthunne Kannukalil ...<br /> | extra8 = Swetha Mohan<br /> | lyrics8 = Santhosh varma<br /> | length8 = <br /> | music8 = Alphons Joseph<br /> | title9 = Oh En Eesa ...<br /> | extra9 = Alphons Joseph<br /> | lyrics9 = Dr:Kritaya<br /> | length9 = <br /> | music9 = Alphons Joseph<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The film was released on 7 February 2020. The movie was released on [[Netflix]] and [[Sun NXT]] on 20 April 2020 with English subtitles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81273582 |title=Varane Avashyamund {{!}} Netflix |website=www.netflix.com |language=en |access-date=25 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-movie/detail/101024/varane-avashyamund/ |website=sunnxt.com |access-date=25 April 2020 |title=Varane Avashyamund {{!}} Sunnxt}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> <br /> === Critical reception ===<br /> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=100|count=5|average=6.3|ref=yes}}<br /> <br /> Writing for ''[[Anupama Chopra|Film Companion]]'', [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote, &quot;Its hardest to play heavy scenes in a light mannar, and these actors do it marvellously. The director chooses to discard the microscopic detailin favour of broad arcs and happy-making vingettes.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=21 April 2020 |title=Varane Avashyamund, With Dulquer Salmaan, Shobana, Suresh Gopi And Kalyani Priyadarshan, is on Netflix: A Rewind Of This Charmer, From Anoop Sathyan |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/streaming/varane-avashyamund-with-dulquer-salmaan-shobana-suresh-gopi-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-is-on-netflix-a-rewind-of-this-charmer-from-anoop-sathyan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528192321/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/streaming/varane-avashyamund-with-dulquer-salmaan-shobana-suresh-gopi-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-is-on-netflix-a-rewind-of-this-charmer-from-anoop-sathyan |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=filmcompanion.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gautham Sundar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, &quot;''Varane Avishyamund'' succeeds in capturing the city's (Chennai) essence and vibe like no other movie, not even Tamil ones, in recent times. Granted, it's set in a largely urbane environment, but its depiction of many Chennai staples — that we have forgone over the course of the lockdown — is so spot-on, that it's easy to look past its minor flaws.&quot; He further wrote, &quot;Then, we have Shobana and Suresh Gopi of course, two veteran stars at the peak of their prowess, effortlessly adding dignity and empathy to their nuanced characters. Watching their blossoming (romance?) relationship is a delight to witness, though it is hampered by the other story arcs cutting in and the constraints of a feature film's length.&quot; He concludes calling the film a &quot;winsome love-letter to Chennai.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 April 2020 |title=Why 'Varane Avashyamund' needs to be celebrated, not berated - The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/why-varane-avashyamund-needs-to-be-celebrated-not-berated/article31444578.ece |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427141328/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/why-varane-avashyamund-needs-to-be-celebrated-not-berated/article31444578.ece |archive-date=27 April 2020 |last1=Sunder |first1=Gautam |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars and wrote &quot;Anoop makes a fine debut and the script has enough cute and endearing moments throughout its 145-minute duration to always keep a smile on the audience's faces. But that's not where the film's strength lies, it's in the moving moments when each of the four characters talk about their past.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Varane Avashyamund Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of Varane Avashyamund|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/varane-avashyamund/movie-review/74002629.cms|access-date=28 February 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The critic praised Suresh Gopi and Shobhana, writing &quot;Shobana hardly seems to have missed a beat, despite being away from Mollywood for seven years. As the confident Neena, she owns every frame she is in. Suresh Gopi does the same that you almost wonder why he has stayed away so long. The veterans show that be it humour or touching moments, they know how to ace the game.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; They conclude writing &quot;Varane Avashyamund is a feel-good movie for all audience and probably all seasons, because it is all heart.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Box office===<br /> In the overseas opening weekend, it grossed US$93,932 (₹67.06 lakhs) from 44 screens in the United States, US$13,215 (₹9.44 lakhs) from 8 screens in the Canada, NZ$16,353 (₹7.52 lakhs) from 6 screens in New Zealand&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Love Aaj Kal collects 1.1 mil. USD [Rs. 7.85 cr.] in overseas |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/love-aaj-kal-collects-1-1-mil-usd-rs-7-85-cr-in-overseas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 July 2021 |date=18 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and S$7,920 (₹4.07 lakhs) from 2 screens in the Singapore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bollywood Hungama&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan collects approx. 900k USD [Rs. 6.48 cr.] in overseas |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-collects-approx-900k-usd-rs-6-48-cr-in-overseas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 July 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It grossed US$174,538 (₹1.3 crore) in United States in five weeks,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Baaghi 3 collects approx. 3.30 mil USD [Rs. 24.39 cr.] in overseas |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/baaghi-3-collects-approx-3-30-mil-usd-rs-24-39-cr-in-overseas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 July 2021 |date=17 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; US$22,537 (₹16.27 lakhs) in Canada in two weeks, £62,690 (₹58.25 lakhs) in United Kingdom in two weeks, A$4,016 (₹1.91 lakhs) in Australia in three weeks, NZ$22,849 (₹10.39 lakhs) in New Zealand in two weeks,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bollywood Hungama&quot;/&gt; €3,240 (₹2.59 lakhs) in Germany in three weeks&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/thappad-collects-approx-600k-usd-rs-4-37-cr-in-overseas/ |title=Thappad collects approx. 600k USD [Rs. 4.37 cr.] in overseas |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and S$12,450 (₹6.67 lakhs) in Singapore in three weeks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/baaghi-3-collects-approx-2-32-mil-usd-rs-17-23-cr-in-overseas/ |title=Baaghi 3 collects approx. 2.32 mil USD [Rs. 17.23 cr.] in overseas |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> At [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]], Shobana won Best Actress, Anoop won Best Debut Director, Kalyani won Best Debut Actress, and Antony won Best Actor in a Comedy Role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/20/siima-awards-malayalam-winners-list-2019-2020-films.html |title=SIIMA awards: Check out Malayalam winners of 2020 |website=Onmanorama |access-date=20 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|11531530}}<br /> *{{Facebook|VaraneAvashyamund}}<br /> <br /> {{Wayfarer Films}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2020 films]]<br /> [[Category:2020 romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2020 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Alphons Joseph]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Z_(1999_film)&diff=455633 Z (1999 film) 2026-03-05T02:40:48Z <p>StevieJ461261267: corrected section and fixed typos</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Z<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[K. Praveen Nayak]]<br /> | writer = K. Praveen Nayak<br /> | based_on = <br /> | producer = H. P. Amarnath<br /> | starring = [[Prakash Raj]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ritu Shivpuri]]<br /> | music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]&lt;br /&gt;[[V. Manohar]]&lt;br /&gt;Praveen D. Rao&lt;br /&gt;Praveen Kumar&lt;br /&gt;Murali Mohan<br /> | cinematography = R. Giri<br /> | editing = [[Suresh Urs]]<br /> | studio = Prem Rathna Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|2|19}}<br /> | runtime = 133 minutes<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | country = India<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Z''''' ({{langx|kn|ಝಡ್}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[K. Praveen Nayak]]. It stars [[Prakash Rai]], [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] and [[Ritu Shivpuri]] in the lead roles and features five different composers tuning for the soundtrack.<br /> <br /> ''Z'' was released on 19 February 1999. It was [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Maha Natudu''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Maha Natudu |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/april9/south.htm |website=The Indian Express |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991010235207/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/april9/south.htm |archive-date=10 October 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> {{no plot|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Prakash Rai]] as Prakash <br /> * [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] as Prema<br /> * [[Ritu Shivpuri]]<br /> * [[Sundeep Malani]]<br /> * [[Tennis Krishna]]<br /> * Harsha Darbar<br /> * Kote Prabhakar<br /> * Agro Chikkanna<br /> * Sunitha<br /> * Nagesh Mayya<br /> * [[Dinesh Mangaluru]]<br /> * [[K. Praveen Nayak]] as Director<br /> * [[Vaijanath Biradar]] <br /> * Bank Suresh <br /> * Fayaz Khan <br /> * A. S. Murthy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> This film was said to be Naik's answer to Upendra's directorial ''[[A (1998 Kannada film)|A]]'' (1998).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/nov27/index.htm|title=Z: A take-off on A|website=Express India|access-date=26 August 2025|date=27 November 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000425050222/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/nov27/index.htm|archive-date=25 April 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Five composers contributed six tracks for the film, including the film's director Praveen Nayak, who composed one song and wrote lyrics for two others.<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! S. No. !! Song title !! Music director !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || &quot;Prema Prema&quot; || [[Rajesh Ramanath]] || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Sowmya Raoh]] || [[K. Praveen Nayak]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || &quot;Reelo Reelo&quot; || Murali Mohan || Murali Mohan, L. N. Shastry || Murali Mohan<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || &quot;Nee Rathiyu Naa Rathanu&quot; || K. Praveen Nayak || Mangala || [[Sadhu Kokila]]<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || &quot;Thutiyali Thutiyu&quot; || Rajesh Ramanath || [[Sowmya Raoh]] || K. Praveen Nayak<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || &quot;Choli Aata&quot; || Praveen D. Rao || L. N. Shastry || Achyuth<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || &quot;Kele Kishori&quot; || [[V. Manohar]] || Rajesh Krishnan, Sowmya Raoh || V. Manohar<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that &quot;The only reason to watch this movie is if you have nothing else to do&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/01EF6D7A8CFC7FC665256941001E4B33?OpenDocument |title=Cinema Reviews - the New Indian Express |website=www.cscsarchive.org |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609084618/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/01EF6D7A8CFC7FC665256941001E4B33?OpenDocument |archive-date=9 June 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jyothi Raghuram of ''The Hindu'' wrote &quot;Praveen’s story rambles, and his dialogues are simplistic. His screenplay is in keeping with all of this. Yet, this debutant director cannot be written off, for ‘Z” does have its moments of pluses, and Praveen, his flashes of directorial grip.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/5BBDCB2077F112E065256941001E4BA5?OpenDocument|title=Z|work=The Hindu|access-date=17 June 2023|date=19 February 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201082947/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/5BBDCB2077F112E065256941001E4BA5?OpenDocument|archive-date=1 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|6430934}}<br /> * [https://www.allmovie.com/movie/z-am532255 ''Z'' at AllMovie]<br /> <br /> [[Category:1999 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1999 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by V. Manohar]]<br /> [[Category:Films about filmmaking]]<br /> [[Category:1999 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:1999 thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Ramanath]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tariq_Khan_(producer)&diff=539730 Tariq Khan (producer) 2026-03-04T03:03:21Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor, producer, and television personality}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox artist<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Tariq Khan<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|02|15|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India<br /> | baptised = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | resting_place_coordinates = <br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Film producer|television personality|actor}}<br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = {{hlist|''[[Am I Next]]''|''[[Country of Blind]]''|''Kaya Palat''|''[[Bioscopewala]]''|''[[Love in Vietnam]]''}}<br /> | style = [[Hindi cinema]]<br /> | movement = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | partner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | father = <br /> | mother = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | family = <br /> | awards = KL Saigal Award (2023)<br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_type = <br /> | signature_size = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | elected = <br /> | patrons = <br /> | memorials = <br /> | website = <br /> | module = <br /> }}<br /> '''Tariq Khan''' (born 15 February 1982) is an [[India]]n film producer, television personality and actor known for his work in [[Hindi cinema]]. He has made notable contributions to the industry with his involvement in films such as ''[[Am I Next]]'', ''[[Country of Blind]]'', ''Kaya Palat'', ''[[Bioscopewala]]'', ''[[Love in Vietnam]]'', and ''Lihaaf''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Am I Next' Trailer: Anushka Sen and Neelu Dogra starrer 'Am I Next' Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/am-i-next-trailer-video-anushka-sen-and-neelu-dogra-starrer-am-i-next-official-trailer-video/videoshow/98510189.cms |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Country of Blind' by acclaimed J&amp;K filmmakers wins hearts, in race for Oscars |url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/country-of-blind-by-acclaimed-jk-filmmakers-wins-hearts-in-race-for-oscars |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tariq Khan on casting Helly Shah for his international film project 'Kaya Palat' |url=https://scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=113258 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Scoop News Jammu Kashmir}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Love in Vietnam Ft. Shantanu Maheshwari &amp; Avneet Kaur {{!}} Motion Poster {{!}} Video Trailer |work=Bollywood Hungama |date= |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/love-in-vietnam-ft-shantanu-maheshwari-avneet-kaur-motion-poster/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Love in Vietnam Trailer Out: Shantanu, Avneet, Kha Ngan in Cross-Border Love Story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/love-in-vietnam-trailer-out-shantanu-avneet-kha-ngan-in-cross-border-love-story-1899571 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=2025-08-25 |access-date=2025-11-29 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shantanu Maheshwari and Avneet Kaur’s Love in Vietnam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Aug/08/shantanu-maheshwari-and-avneet-kaurs-love-in-vietnam-gets-a-release-date |website=Cinema Expres |date=2025-08-08 |access-date=2025-11-29 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Tariq Khan was born on February 15, 1982, in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-06 |title=From Poonch to Bollywood, Filmmaker Tariq Khan's inspiring journey of dedication, determination |url=https://risingkashmir.com/from-poonch-to-bollywood-filmmaker-tariq-khans-inspiring-journey-of-dedication-determination/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Khan began his career in film production and acting with a focus on showcasing diverse regional stories to a global audience. He gained prominence with several notable films, including the critically acclaimed ''[[Am I Next]]'' (2023) and the internationally recognized ''[[Country of Blind]]'' (2023). The latter was a film shot in Kashmir and featured [[Mir Sarwar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-19 |title='Country of Blind': Hina Khan-starrer movie creates buzz; international filmmakers pitch for Oscar nomination|work=The Kashmir Monitor |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/country-of-blind-hina-khan-starrer-movie-creates-buzz-international-filmmakers-pitch-for-oscar-nomination/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Babra |date=2024-01-01 |title=Kashmir's Cinematic Triumph: 'Country of Blind' Inches Closer to Oscar Dreams |url=https://kashmirlife.net/country-of-blind-shot-in-kashmir-by-jammu-kashmir-professionals-vying-for-oscar-nomination-336781/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Am I Next'', which featured actress [[Anushka Sen|Anuskha Sen]], Khan played a significant role both as a producer and actor, contributing notably to the film's success within the Hindi film industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=Hina Khan's Country of Blind Gets Appreciation From Golden Globe-Winning Filmmaker; Here's What He Said |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/hina-khans-country-of-blind-gets-appreciation-from-golden-globe-winning-filmmaker-heres-what-he-said-8607110.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Country Of Blind – Official Teaser {{!}} Hindi Movie News – Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/country-of-blind-official-teaser/videoshow/104156957.cms |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Am I Next Review : A sincere effort at highlighting the girl child's rights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/am-i-next/ottmoviereview/98730184.cms |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to his film work, Khan was involved in the production of notable projects such as ''Guilt 2'' (2022) and ''Kaya Palat'' (2024), that were produced in collaboration with [[Satyen Bose]] and Rahhat Shah Kazmi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/helly-shah-for-kaya-palat-was-wise-choice-tariq-khan/ |title=Helly Shah for 'Kaya Palat' was a wise choice: Tariq Khan |website=Daily Excelsior |date=July 27, 2024 |access-date=July 27, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=Rahhat Shah Kazmi returns to acting in 'Kaya Palat' with Helly Shah |url=https://www.adgully.com/rahhat-shah-kazmi-returns-to-acting-in-kaya-palat-with-helly-shah-139025.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Adgully Bureau |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acting in 'Kaya Palat' marks thrilling chapter for me: Director Rahhat Shah Kazmi |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1141150 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Daiji World|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Khan demonstrated a commitment to bring regional stories to the global audience with a vision for international cinema. Besides his work in film, Khan has been involved in supporting the community through the Starclub Social Welfare Society, a [[non-government organisation]], where he has focused on awareness and support of the community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-26 |title=Star Club Social Welfare Society organizes Science Gadget |work=Daily Excelsior |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/star-club-social-welfare-society-organizes-science-gadget/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Star Club Social Welfare Society NGO in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.searchdonation.com/ngo/star-club-social-welfare-society.php |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=searchdonation.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> &lt;!-- Please list in order of production. Thanks. --&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Title !! Language !! Year !! Role !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Identity Card (2014 film)|Identity Card]]''<br /> | [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | 2014<br /> | Co-producer<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=From Poonch to Bollywood, Filmmaker Tariq Khan’s inspiring journey of dedication, determination|url=https://risingkashmir.com/from-poonch-to-bollywood-filmmaker-tariq-khans-inspiring-journey-of-dedication-determination/|website=Rising Kashmir|date=2023-08-06|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en-US|last=ANI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Poonch boy carves out a niche in Bollywood|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/poonch-boy-carves-out-a-niche-in-bollywood/|website=Daily Excelsior|date=2021-12-18|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en-US|first=Daily|last=Excelsior}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mantostaan]]''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2017<br /> | Producer<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mantostaan trailer: Gory stories of violence and partition|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mantostaan-trailer-gory-stories-of-violence-and-partition/story-zpDEc6eC0FE4x1bpRrAoXL.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2017-04-15|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Rabbi''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2017<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Side A &amp; Side B''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2018<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Million Dollar Nomad''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2018<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Delhi Bus''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2018<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''2 Band Radio''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2019<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Lihaaf: The Quilt''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2019<br /> | Producer<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|title=Lihaaf: The Quilt Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/lihaaf-the-quilt/movieshow/64191830.cms|access-date=2025-11-30|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Wishlist''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2020<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Doorman''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2020<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Angithee''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2021<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Lines''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2021<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Cyanide''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2021<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Guilt 2''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2022<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Am I Next]]''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2023<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Dil kehke Bulaon''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2023<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Country of Blind]]''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2023<br /> | Producer<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Country of Blind Shot in Kashmir by Jammu Kashmir Professionals Vying for Oscar Nomination|url=https://kashmirlife.net/country-of-blind-shot-in-kashmir-by-jammu-kashmir-professionals-vying-for-oscar-nomination-336781/|website=Kashmir Life – Latest News &amp; Breaking News from Kashmir|date=2024-01-01|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en-GB|first=Babra|last=Wani}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=‘Country of Blind’ by acclaimed J&amp;K filmmakers wins hearts, in race for Oscars|url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/country-of-blind-by-acclaimed-jk-filmmakers-wins-hearts-in-race-for-oscars|website=Brighter Kashmir|access-date=2025-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Shakkar Masala''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2023<br /> | Producer<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''Bed No 17''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2023<br /> | Co-producer<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kashmir's Bollywood actor Mir Sarwar in Laxmi Bomb with Akshay Kumar and Dharma Productions Shershaah – JK MONITOR|url=https://jkmonitor.org/archive-2010-2024/kashmir%E2%80%99s-bollywood-actor-mir-sarwar-in-laxmi-bomb-with-akshay-kumar.html|website=jkmonitor.org|access-date=2025-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kaya Palat''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2024<br /> | Producer<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|title=Kaya Palat Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kaya-palat/movieshow/115532016.cms|access-date=2025-11-29|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kaya Palat: A Landmark Moment in Kashmir’s Cinematic Comeback|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2024/kaya-palat-a-landmark-moment-in-kashmir-s-cinematic-comeback-428323.html|website=www.filmibeat.com|date=2024-11-14|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en|first=Team|last=Filmibeat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Scammy Boys''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2024<br /> | Producer<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scammy Boys By Rahhat Shah Kazmi To Release On 16 February |url=https://urbanasian.com/featured/2024/02/scammy-boys-by-rahhat-shah-kazmi-to-release-on-16-february/ |website=UrbanAsian.com |date=2024-02-15 |access-date=2025-11-29 |language=en-US |first=Jess |last=Singh}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Love in Vietnam]]''<br /> | Hindi<br /> | 2025<br /> | Producer<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite new |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tiku-weds-sheru-actress-begins-shooting-for-love-in-vietnam-which-also-stars-shantanu-maheshwari/cid/2080260 |title=Tiku weds Sheru actress begins shooting for love in Vietnam which also stars Shantanu Maheshwari |work= |date= |access-date= }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Film ‘Love in Vietnam’ Lands China Distribution Deal (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/love-in-vietnam-china-distribution-deal-1236503649/ |website=Variety |date=2025-09-01 |access-date=2025-11-29 |language=en-US |first=Naman |last=Ramachandran}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> In 2023, Khan was awarded the KL Saigal Award for his significant contribution to the film industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=J-K: From Poonch to Bollywood, Filmmaker Tariq Khan's inspiring journey of dedication, determination |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/j-k-from-poonch-to-bollywood-filmmaker-tariq-khans-inspiring-journey-of-dedication-determination20230805232740/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=ANI News |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm6931894}}<br /> * {{Instagram|tariqkhanfilms}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Tariq}}<br /> [[Category:1981 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Jammu and Kashmir]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diksoochi&diff=497064 Diksoochi 2026-03-03T21:48:46Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Started The Info First Draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Diksoochi<br /> | image = Diksoochi.jpg<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = [[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]]<br /> | writer = [[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]]<br /> | screenplay =<br /> | story =<br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer =Narasimha Raju Rachuri&lt;br /&gt;Shailaja Samudrala<br /> | starring = [[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Chatrapathi Sekhar]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Chandni Bhagwanani]]&lt;br/&gt;Sameti Gandhi<br /> | narrator =<br /> | cinematography =<br /> | editing = [[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]]<br /> | music = Padmanav Bharadwaj<br /> | studio = SRS Associates Private Limited<br /> | distributor =<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|4|26|ref1=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dilip-kumar-salvadis-diksoochi-to-release-on-april-26/articleshow/69026978.cms|title=Dilip Kumar Salvadi's Diksoochi to release on April 26|date=24 April 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 March 2024|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227061217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dilip-kumar-salvadis-diksoochi-to-release-on-april-26/articleshow/69026978.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | runtime =<br /> | country = India<br /> | language =Telugu<br /> | budget =<br /> | gross = }}<br /> '''''Diksoochi''''' ({{translation|Guide}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[mythological film|mythological]] [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/diksoochi-trailer-dilip-kumar-salvadis-film-looks-like-a-promising-devotional-mystery-thriller/articleshow/68353844.cms|title=‘Diksoochi’ Trailer: Dilip Kumar Salvadi’s film looks like a promising devotional mystery thriller|date=11 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 March 2024|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227061217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/diksoochi-trailer-dilip-kumar-salvadis-film-looks-like-a-promising-devotional-mystery-thriller/articleshow/68353844.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; directed by [[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]] starring himself, [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]], [[Chandni Bhagwanani]], and Sameti Gandhi. <br /> <br /> The film is about two mistakes: [[Ravana]] kidnapping [[Sita]] in [[Treta Yuga]] and [[Draupadi]] during the [[Dvapara Yuga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120319/from-being-a-child-artiste-to-a-director.html|title=From being a child artiste to a director|date=11 March 2019|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=3 March 2024|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923133151/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120319/from-being-a-child-artiste-to-a-director.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was released to mixed reviews.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Dilip Kumar Salvadi]] as Dileep<br /> *[[Chatrapathi Sekhar]]<br /> *Chandini Bhagwanani<br /> *Sameti Gandhi<br /> *[[Bithiri Sathi]]<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The audio release function was held with [[Bithiri Sathi]] as the host.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/diksoochi-movie-audio-in-markets/articleshow/67791021.cms|title=Diksoochi movie audio in markets|date=1 February 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 March 2024|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227061216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/diksoochi-movie-audio-in-markets/articleshow/67791021.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film {{fraction|2|3|4}} out of 5 and wrote that &quot;Dileep Kumar played multiple roles for the film, as an actor, as a director, and as an editor. He played his part very well in the movie. As a story-teller, he is brilliant and at the same time, as an actor, he is good. He scored good marks in the debut&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/movie-reviews/diksoochi-movie-review-rating-524621|title=Diksoochi Movie Review &amp; Rating {2.75}|last=Vyas|date=27 April 2019|work=[[The Hans India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|10370840}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu mythological films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Sampark_Kranti_Express&diff=457007 Kerala Sampark Kranti Express 2026-03-01T10:38:12Z <p>StevieJ461261267: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=June 2013}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | color = 800000<br /> | name = Kerala Sampark Kranti Express<br /> | logo = <br /> | image = Kerala sampark Kranti.jpg<br /> | caption = Kerala Sampark Kranti Express At Ratlam Junction<br /> | type = [[Sampark Kranti Express]]<br /> | status = <br /> | locale = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] &amp; [[Kerala]]<br /> | operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]<br /> | ridership = <br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Chandigarh}} (CDG)<br /> | stops = 23<br /> | end = {{stnlnk| Thiruvananthapuram North}} (KCVL)<br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2005|03|30}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=New Kerala Sampark Kranti Express to be introduced tomorrow|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=8202|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|accessdate=29 March 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | distance = {{convert|3090|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 48 hrs 40 mins<br /> | frequency = Bi-Weekly<br /> | class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = Available<br /> | observation = Large windows<br /> | baggage = Available<br /> | otherfacilities = Below the seats<br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | trainnumber = 12217 / 12218<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br /> | speed = {{convert|68|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br /> | map = [[File:Kerala Samparkkranti Express Route map.jpg|250px|thumb|Kerala Sampark Kranti SF Express route map]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 12217 / 12218 '''Kerala Sampark Kranti Express''' is a Superfast Express service among [[Sampark Kranti Express]] category that runs between [[Kochuveli railway station]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital city of the state of [[Kerala]] and [[Chandigarh]] the capital city of [[Haryana]] &amp; [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is the longest-running Sampark Kranti express train which covers almost 3417&amp;nbsp;km in one way run. It is running with an LHB rake W.E.F. 8 February 2019. It is the only direct train from Kerala to punjab that runs on biweekly basis<br /> <br /> ==Route and halts==<br /> <br /> * '''{{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}}'''<br /> * {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Surat}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Vasai Road}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Panvel}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Ratnagiri}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Madgaon Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Udupi}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Mangaluru Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kasaragod}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kannur}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kozhikode}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Thrissur}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Alappuzha}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kayamkulam Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}<br /> * '''{{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram}}'''<br /> <br /> ==Coach composition==<br /> <br /> 12217/18 Kochuveli–Chandigarh–Kochuveli Kerala Sampark Kranti Superfast Express has modern LHB coach. It has 24 LHB coach.<br /> <br /> * 1 AC First Cum AC Two Tier<br /> * 1 AC Two Tier<br /> * 4 AC Three Tier<br /> * 2 AC Three Tier Economy<br /> * 1 Pantry Car<br /> * 9 Sleeper class<br /> * 4 General Unreserved<br /> * 2 End-on Generator coaches (EOG)<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:red;&quot;| Loco<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:violet;&quot;| 1<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:pink;&quot;| 2<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:pink;&quot;| 3<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:skyblue;&quot;| 4<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:skyblue;&quot;| 5<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:skyblue;&quot;| 6<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:skyblue;&quot;| 7<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:skyblue;&quot;| 8<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:skyblue;&quot;| 9<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:skyblue;&quot;| 10<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:skyblue;&quot;| 11<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:skyblue;&quot;| 12<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lightblue;&quot;| 13<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:blue;&quot;| 14<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:blue;&quot;| 15<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lime;&quot;| 16<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lime;&quot;| 17<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lime;&quot;| 18<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:lime;&quot;| 19<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot;| 20<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot;| 21<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:pink;&quot;| 22<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:pink;&quot;| 23<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:violet;&quot;| 24<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]||EOG||UR||UR||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||PC||M2||M1||B1||B2||B3||B4||A1||HA1||UR||UR||EOG<br /> |}<br /> <br /> (Coach Position of 12218 Chandigarh Thiruvananthapuram Kerala Sampark kranthi Superfast Express)<br /> <br /> No rake sharing. Two dedicated LHB rakes.<br /> <br /> ==Traction==<br /> <br /> As the route is fully electrified, both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]] / [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Sampark Kranti Express]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> <br /> {{Sampark Kranti Express}}<br /> {{Express trains running through Kerala}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kerala Sampark Kranti Express}}<br /> [[Category:Sampark Kranti Express trains]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Chandigarh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2005]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Movies_Select&diff=537502 Star Movies Select 2026-02-22T21:37:32Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Created a redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Star Movies#Star Movies (India)]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Movie channels]]<br /> [[Category:English-language television stations]]<br /> [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2015]]<br /> [[Category:Movie channels in India]]<br /> [[Category:2015 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Disney Star]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swami_Karpatri&diff=448912 Swami Karpatri 2026-02-20T15:39:53Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Enhanced article with new information</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Hindu saint and revivalist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}{{Infobox Hindu leader<br /> | image = Swami Karpatri.jpg<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date text|11 August 1907}}{{Sfn|Swami|1999|p=1}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | birth_name = Har Narayan Ojha<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|7 February 1982|11 August 1907|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Varanasi]]<br /> | philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]<br /> | known_for = Hindu revivalism and activism<br /> | founder = [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]<br /> | teacher = [[Brahmananda Saraswati]]<br /> | office1 = Founder of [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1948<br /> | term_end1 = continued<br /> | predecessor1 = Office established<br /> | successor1 = Shankaracharya [[Swaroopanand Saraswati]] elected as first president<br /> | denomination = [[Dashanami Sampradaya]]<br /> | caption = Swami in his ashram in [[Varanasi]].<br /> }}<br /> '''Swami Karpatri''' (1907–1982), born as '''Har Narayan Ojha''', was a [[Hindu saints|Hindu saint]] and revivalist who founded the [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]. He was also a writer and led several [[Hindu revivalism|pro-Hindu movements]], including the [[cow protection movement]]. A [[Sannyasa|sannyasi]] of the [[Dashanami Sampradaya]], he belonged to the Smārta branch of Sanatan Dharma (Hinduism).<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> He was born in a [[Saryuparin Brahmin]] family in a small village of [[Bhatni (village)|Bhatni]] in [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]] (now modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]). From early childhood he had no interest in worldly matters and was married to Srimati Mahadevi at the age of 9 in the year 1916.{{Sfn|Swami|1999|p=1}} He planned to leave home in order to attain [[Sannyasa]], though his father insisted him to give them a child before leaving. After which a girl child was born to him, after which he left his home at the age of 19.{{Sfn|Swami|1999|p=2}}<br /> <br /> Sometime after leaving home, he took vow of Brahmacharya (initiation into celibacy) from [[Brahmananda Saraswati|Swami Brahmananda Saraswati]]. After initiation, he was renamed Harihar Chaitanya and went to study in a gurukul in Narwar, [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahr]].<br /> <br /> He stayed there for two years studying [[Vyākaraṇa|Vyakarana]], [[Vedanta]] and [[Astika|6 Darshanas]] (six schools of Hindu Philosophy) among other things. In 1927, he left the Gurukula and walking along the Ganga river, reached Uttarakhand where he spent the next three years in solitude that ended with him attaining Atmagyana or self-realisation.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pramod |date=April 30, 2019 |title=Swami Karpatri Ji: The forgotten Dharma SamarAt |url=https://pragyata.com/swami-karpatri-ji-the-forgotten-dharma-samarat/#:~:text=In%20January%201947%2C%20KarpAtri%20ji,the%20message%20of%20Dharma%20Yuddha. |website=Pragyata}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> He returned to his gurukul where he was welcomed as a Paramhansa (one who has self-realisation). It was during this period that he got his most popular name “Karpatri” as he used to receive alm of food in his cupped hands resembling a bowl. (''Kar''-hands, ''Patra''-bowl, hence ''Karpatri'' literally means a man who receives alm in his cupped hands).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Sometime during 1931–32, at the age of 24, he formally accepted the Danda from the hands Swami Brahmananda Saraswati near Durga Kund, Varanasi. He was given Sanyasa Deeksha (initiation into monkhood) name of Swami Hariharananda Saraswati.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dharm Sangh==<br /> On the day of Vijayadashmi, He established Dharm Sangh in the year 1940. He travelled through all parts of India and established many branches of Dharm Sangh. The Slogan was:<br /> {{Blockquote<br /> |text='''''Dharma ki Jaya Ho'''''<br /> Victory to [[Dharma]]!<br /> <br /> '''''Adharma ka Nash Ho'''''<br /> May [[Adharma]] Perish! &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/pratapgarh-karpatri-maharaj-gave-the-victory-of-religion-the-mantra-for-the-destruction-of-unrighteousness-21912269.html|title = करपात्री महाराज ने दिया धर्म की जय, अधर्म के नाश का मंत्र}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;}}<br /> <br /> Dharm Sangh under leadership of Swami Karpatri helped the [[Noakhali]] victims of 1946 riots and provided them land, food and financial aid.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji |url=https://archive.org/details/SriKarpatriJiSankshiptJeevaniVedantiSwamiJi}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{cn|date=May 2025}}<br /> <br /> He re-converted Hindus who were forcibly made Muslims and gave them initiation under Rama-Nama.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book|last=Ramesh Kutticad|url=https://archive.org/details/abhinav-shankar-smriti-granth-swami-karpatriji-maharaj-poor-scan-vol-1|title=Abhinav Shankar Smriti Granth Swami Karpatriji Maharaj Poor Scan Vol 1}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://pragyata.com/swami-karpatri-ji-the-forgotten-dharma-samarat/ |title = Swami Karpatri Ji: The forgotten Dharma SamarAt|date = 30 April 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> He and his group was the first one to be jailed in Independent India. Even before Independence, In the year 1947, he started protests and meetings from the month of April. On the night of 14 August 1947, the members of Dharm Sangh were raising the slogans of &quot;Bharat Akhand Ho&quot; (May [[Bharat (term)|Bharat]] be united), All of them were jailed.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&amp;gt;{{cn|date=May 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Later life==<br /> He was a disciple of [[Shankaracharya]] of [[Jyotir Math]] Swami [[Brahmananda Saraswati]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Rama, Swami (1999) Himalayan Institute, Living With the Himalayan Masters, page 247&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He spent most of his life at [[Varanasi]].<br /> <br /> [[Nischalananda Saraswati|Swami Nishchalananda Saraswati]], the 145th [[Govardhan Math|Govardhan Peeth]] Shankaracharya of [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], is an eminent disciple of Swami Karpatri.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite tweet|number=1157865871093592064|user=govardhanmath|title=Dharma Samrat Swami Karpatri Ji Jayanti.Puri Shankaracharya ji's Pravachan on his Guru Maharaj's 112th Jayanti.ध…&amp;lt;!-- full text of tweet that Twitter returned to the bot (excluding links) added by TweetCiteBot. This may be better truncated or may need expanding (TW limits responses to 140 characters) or case changes. --&amp;gt; |access-date=2020-07-23|language=en|date=4 August 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> He initiated [[Alain Daniélou]], a noted [[Historian|French Historian]] into [[Shaivism|Shaivite Hinduism]] under the name, Shiv Sharan.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&amp;gt;Swami Karpatri ''The Linga and the great goddess'' Indica bolls, {{ISBN|818656988X}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Politics==<br /> Other than DharmSangh, In 1948, Swami Karpatri founded the [[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]] (RRP),&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/5822-akhil-bhartiya-ramrajya-parishad/ |title=Akhil Bhartiya Ramrajya Parishad - Contribution Reports Year 2009-10 - Election Commission of India |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913224816/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/5822-akhil-bhartiya-ramrajya-parishad/ |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A traditionalist [[Hindu politics|Hindu party]]. The RRP won three [[Lok Sabha]] seats in the [[1952 Indian general election|1952 Lok Sabha election]] and two in [[1962 Indian general election|1962]].{{cn|date=May 2025}} He led a movement against the [[Hindu Code Bill]]. He was also a prominent agitator in [[1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|title=The Algebra of Warfare-Welfare: A Long View of India's 2014 Election|page=103|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199097531|author=Irfan Ahmad, Pralay Kanungo|date=24 December 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; On 18 April 1948, he founded the newspaper ''Sanmarg'' which promoted Sanatana Dharma and also advocated against the Hindu Code Bill and voiced opposition on cow slaughters.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FSDBQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT73 |title=Mahila Patrakarita |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |year=2012 |isbn=9789350481189 |page=73 |language=Hindi |access-date=14 December 2016}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> [[File:Dharma Samrat Swami Karpatri ji Maharaj.jpg|thumb|Statue of Swami in a temple.]]<br /> On the day of his demise in the year 1982 (Magh Shukla Chaturdashi), he asked his disciples to sing the &quot;Ayodhya Tyaga&quot; story of [[Ramayana]] for him; he himself did the recitation of [[Sri Sukta]] and at the end by keeping the idol of [[Krishna]] on his chest, he died by reciting &quot;Shiva Shiva Shiva&quot; thrice.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&amp;gt;{{cn|date=May 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==Debates==<br /> Swami Karpatri adhered to a strict no-compromise policy regarding Hindu laws and the [[Shastras]]. He was popularly referred to as &quot;Dharmasamrat&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite tweet|number=1424895394081771540|user=govardhanmath|title=#गौ_रक्षा_दिवससर्वभूतहृदय धर्मसम्राट स्वामी श्रीकरपात्रीजी की अद्भुत देन|date=10 August 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (English: &quot;Emperor of Dharma&quot;) by the masses.<br /> <br /> In 1932, in his late 20s, he debated with [[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]] on the topic of &quot;Pranava&quot; (ॐ). Malaviya ji accepted his defeat.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Vedanti Swami Ji |title=Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji |url=https://archive.org/details/SriKarpatriJiSankshiptJeevaniVedantiSwamiJi/page/n6/mode/1up |publisher=Shri Dharmasangh Prakashan |language=hi}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 1964, a debate was held between traditional [[Sanatani]] scholars and members of the [[Arya Samaj]]. Although Swami Karpatri initially participated only as a spectator, he later joined the discussion, engaging directly with Yudhisthir Mimansak.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Vedanti Swami Ji |title=Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji |url=https://archive.org/details/SriKarpatriJiSankshiptJeevaniVedantiSwamiJi/page/n11/mode/1up |publisher=Shri Dharmasangh Prakashan |language=hi}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 1965, Swami Karpatri engaged in a significant debate with Sri Vidyamanya Tirtha, a sanyasi of the [[Madhva Sampradaya]], who had publicly challenged scholars to defend the doctrine of [[Advaita Vedanta]]. Swami Karpatri accepted the challenge, and the debate lasted for two days.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Vedanti Swami Ji |title=Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani Vedanti Swami Ji |url=https://archive.org/details/SriKarpatriJiSankshiptJeevaniVedantiSwamiJi/page/n13/mode/1up |publisher=Shri Dharmasangh Prakashan |language=hi}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Vidyamanya Tirtha posed numerous incisive questions, prompting Swami Karpatri to respond using logical interpretations of Vedanta. According to available accounts, Swami Karpatri was considered the victor of the debate because Vidyamanya Tirtha himself deviated from his own parampara theories during the debate.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=Swami Karpatri vs Swami Vidyamanyatirtha 1965 |url=https://archive.org/details/karpatrijidebate1965 |publisher=Internet Archive |language=hi}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Books==<br /> '''Marxwad Aur Ramrajya''': Criticism of Modern Ideologies such as Marxism, Socialism, Utilitarianism, Liberalism, Progressivism, <br /> Democratism, Feminism etc.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/MarkswadOrRamrajya|title = मार्क्सवाद और रामराज्य markswad or ramrajya}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://gitapressbookshop.in/0698-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-marksvad-aur-ramrajya- |title = मार्क्सवाद और रामराज्य (Marksvad Aur Ramrajya)}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Vichar Piyush''': A Summary of Swami Karpatri's Thoughts.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/VicharPiyush305to308512to519miss|title=Vichar Piyush ( 305to 308 512to 519miss)|date=5 April 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Bhakti Sudha''': An anthology of various articles written by Swami Karpatri on importance of Bhakti.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/bhaktisudha_201611|title = Bhakti Sudha - Sri Karpatri Swami}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Bhagwat Sudha''': Explaining the Essence of Srimad Bhagvat Puran.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/bhagavatasudha|title=Bhagavata Sudha - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Sri Radha Sudha''': A record of Swami Karpatri's speeches on Radha Sudha Nidhi.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/radhasudha|title = Radha Sudha - Sri Karpatri Swami}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Bhakti Rasarnava''': A Unique work on Bhakti.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/bhaktirasarnava|title = Bhaktirasarnava - Sri Karpatri Swami}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Pibata Bhagvata Rasamalaya''': A Book dealing with Rasa of Srimad Bhagvata Purana.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/PibataBhagavataRasamalayaKarapatrijiMaharaj_201802|title=Pibata Bhagavata Rasamalaya Karapatriji Maharaj|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Kaal Mimansa''': A work dealing with the chronology in context of the Pauranic and Other Hindu Epic literature.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/KaalMimansa|title=Kala Mimansa - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Kya Sambhog se Samadhi''': A Simple Refutation of Osho's interpretation of Samadhi.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/KyaSambhogSeSamadhi_201609|title=Kya Sambhog Se Samadhi - Swami Karpatri|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Capitalism, Socialism and Ramrajya''': Refuting Osho's shallow understanding on these Ideologies.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/wg531|title=1960 Around -Punjivad Samajvad Aur Ramrajya|year=1960}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Ramayana Mimansa''': A Book with systematic analysis of the Hindu Epic Ramayana.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ramayanmimansa|title=Ramayan Mimansa - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Ved Ka Swaroop Aur Pramanya''': The epistemological significance and Structure of the Vedas.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/vedkaswaroopaurpramanyapart1shriswamikarpatrijimaharaj.|title = Ved Ka Swaroop Aur Pramanya Part 1 Shri Swami Karpatri Ji Maharaj}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Veda Pramanya Mimansa''': Establishing the supreme authority of Vedas.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/VedaPramanyaMimansa|title = Veda Pramanya Mimansa - Sri Karpatri Swami}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''VedaSwarupVimarsh''': A Short book defining the swarupa of Vedas while refuting the claims of Social Reformers and Modern day Scholars Like Swami Dayanand.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/VedaSwaroopVimarshaKarpatriji|title=Veda Swaroop Vimarsha - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Samanvaya Samrajya Samrakshanam''':A work dealing with coordination between various schools of Hinduism.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/SamanvayaSamrajyaSanrakshanamKarpatriJi|title = Samanvaya Samrajya Samrakshanam - Sri Karpatri Swami}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Ahamartha aur Parmartha Sara''': A commentary on Patanjali's work &quot;Parmarth Sara&quot; with the refutation of Vishishta Advaita View.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ahamarthaparamarthasarakarpatriji|title = Ahamartha Aur Paramartha Sara - Sri Karpatri Swami}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Nastika-Astika Vaad''': A point to point refutation of Nastika Arguments used against Astikas.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/nastikastikvaadkarpatriji|title = Nastika Astika Vada - Sri Karpatri Swami}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Videsh Yatra Shastriya Paksha''': The Views of Hindu Shastras on Travelling Abroad.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/VideshYatra-KarpatriJi|title = Videsh yatra - karpatri ji विदेश यात्रा (करपात्री जी महाराज )}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Sankirtan Mimansa evam Varnashrama Dharma''': A text Describing the maintenance of Varnashrama Dharma along with Holy Enchanting.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/sankirtanamimansakarpatri|title = Sankirtana Mimansa Evam Varnashrama Maryada - Sri Karpatri Swami}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Rss aur Hindu Dharma''': Deals with Structural criticism of Sangh-Sponsored Anti-Shastra ideology.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/LaviB|title=Rss और हिन्दू धर्म स्वामी करपात्री जी|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> '''Gau - Ek Samagra Chintan''': The importance of Cow within Hinduism and Humanity as a whole.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/GauEkSamagraChintanKarpatriji|title=Gau - Ek Samagra Chintan - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Vedartha Parijata''': Explaining the True Essence of the Vedas along with Commentary.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/vedarthaparijata|title = Vedartha Parijata - Sri Karpatri Swami (Total 23 Files)}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Kumbha Tithyadi Nirnaya''': A treatise dealing with the astrological conclusions in context of Tithis and Kumbha Parva.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/KumbhaTithyadiNirnaya|title = Kumbha Tithyadi Nirnaya - Sri Karpatri Swami}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Yajurveda Commentary''': Bhashya (Commentary) of Shukla Yajurveda by Swami Karpatri in eight parts.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/yajurvedakarpatrabhashya01|title=Yajurveda Bhashya 01 - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/yajurvedakarpatrabhashya02|title=Yajurveda Bhashya 02 - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/yajurvedakarpatrabhashya03|title=Yajurveda Bhashya 03 - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/yajurvedakarpatrabhashya04|title=Yajurveda Bhashya 04 - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/yajurvedakarpatrabhashya05|title=Yajurveda Bhashya 05 - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/yajurvedakarpatrabhashya07|title=Yajurveda Bhashya 07 - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/yajurvedakarpatrabhashya08|title=Yajurveda Bhashya 08 - Sri Karpatri Swami|via=Internet Archive}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |title=The Life of a Text: Performing the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas |date=1991 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-06690-8 |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Swami |first=Vedanti |url=https://archive.org/details/SriKarpatriJiSankshiptJeevaniVedantiSwamiJi/mode/2up |title=Sri Karpatri Ji Sankshipt Jeevani |date=1999 |language=hi |trans-title=Detailed Biography of Swami Karpatri}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Karpatri, Swami}}<br /> [[Category:1907 births]]<br /> [[Category:1982 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]<br /> [[Category:People from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from Varanasi]]<br /> [[Category:People from Gorakhpur district]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]<br /> [[Category:Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu revivalist writers]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khadim%27s&diff=471490 Khadim's 2026-02-19T18:03:18Z <p>StevieJ461261267: improve formatting as per guidelines and improved wording per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian footwear company}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Khadim India Limited<br /> | logo = Khadim logo.svg<br /> | logo_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | type = [[Public company|Public]]<br /> | genre = <br /> | traded_as = {{NSE|KHADIM}} &lt;br /&gt; {{BSE|540775}}<br /> | ISIN = INE834I01025<br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|1981}}<br /> | founder = Satya Prasad Roy Burman&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Khadim India: Taking Steps Towards A National Presence |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/hidden-gems/khadim-india-taking-steps-towards-a-national-presence/38222/1 |access-date=30 November 2020 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | defunct = <br /> | location_city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]<br /> | location_country = India<br /> | locations = <br /> | area_served = [[World|Worldwide]]<br /> | key_people = {{ubl|Siddhartha Roy Burman&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Chairman and MD)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Khadim India Ltd - Company Profile and News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/KHDM:IN |access-date=30 November 2020 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}}}<br /> | industry = [[Footwear]]<br /> | products = [[Footwear]]&lt;br&gt;[[Handbag]]s<br /> | services = <br /> | revenue = <br /> | operating_income = <br /> | net_income = <br /> | aum = <br /> | assets = <br /> | equity = <br /> | owner =<br /> | num_employees = 3000<br /> | parent = <br /> | divisions = <br /> | homepage = {{URL|https://www.khadims.com}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Khadim India Limited''', doing business as '''Khadim's''', is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[footwear]] company, based in [[Kolkata]]. It is involved in the manufacture and retail of footwear products and accessories, primarily in eastern and southern parts of India.<br /> <br /> Khadim's traces its roots to KM Khadim &amp; Company, a footwear store in [[Chitpur]], Kolkata, which was acquired by Satya Prasad Roy Burman in 1965. Khadim's was incorporated in 1981 and remained a wholesale business until 1993 when it opened its first retail store in Kolkata. It expanded operations in [[East India|east]] and [[northeast India]], before opening its first store in [[south India]] in 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Sreeradha D. |title=Khadim's establishing a firm footprint in the market |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/khadims-establishing-a-firm-footprint-in-the-market/articleshow/5609285.cms |access-date=30 November 2020 |work=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Khadim's founder dead |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/khadim-s-founder-dead-113120700530_1.html |access-date=30 November 2020 |work=Business Standard India |date=7 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Raghunathan |first1=Anu |title=Footwear Retailer Khadim's Focuses On 'Affordable Fashion' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anuraghunathan/2015/07/31/footwear-retailer-khadims-focuses-on-affordable-fashion |access-date=30 November 2020 |work=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the time of its [[initial public offer]] in 2017, the company had 853 retail stores,&lt;ref name=outlook&gt;{{cite news |title=Khadims to maintain asset light strategy |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/khadims-to-maintain-asset-light-strategy/1175910 |access-date=30 November 2020 |work=Outlook |date=27 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ranked second on the list of footwear companies by number of store locations in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=From the house of Khadim's: A shoe for Mr. Biswas! |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/from-the-house-of-khadims-a-shoe-for-mr-biswas/59028127 |access-date=30 November 2020 |work=Economic Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Khadim to premiumise sub-brands to spur growth, margins |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/apparel-fashion/footwear/khadim-to-premiumise-sub-brands-to-spur-growth-margins/61330805 |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=Economic Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has two manufacturing locations, in Kolkata and [[Kanpur]].&lt;ref name=outlook/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, Khadim's established a wholly owned subsidiary in Bangladesh called Khadim Shoe Bangladesh Limited.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Khadim India stock up 15 per cent on opening of unit in Bangladesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/khadim-india-stock-up-15-on-opening-of-unit-in-bangladesh-5993855/ |access-date=30 November 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 September 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, Khadim India Limited onboarded cricketer [[Shardul Thakur]] as brand ambassador.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Khadim ropes in Shardul Thakur as the face of the brand |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/khadim-ropes-in-shardul-thakur-as-the-face-of-the-brand/2496315/ |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=Financial Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Khadim's case]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{url|www.khadims.com|Official site}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Shoe companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Clothing companies established in 1981]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Indian brands]]<br /> [[Category:Indian footwear]]<br /> [[Category:1981 establishments in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1981]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]<br /> <br /> {{India-company-stub}}</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devayani_(actress)&diff=448958 Devayani (actress) 2026-02-18T00:59:15Z <p>StevieJ461261267: General improvements and edits</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1973)}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Devayani<br /> | image = Devayani Rajakumaran (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Devayani at [[Mumbai International Film Festival]], 2014<br /> | birth_name = Sushma Jaidev<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|06|22}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], [[India]] (now [[Mumbai]])<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | years_active = 1993–present<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]]|2001}}<br /> | children = 2<br /> | relatives = [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]] (brother)<br /> | awards = [[Kalaimamani]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sushma Jaidev''' (born 22 June 1974), professionally known as '''Devayani Rajakumaran''', is an Indian actress known for her works primarily in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] films. She has also appeared in a few [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] films.<br /> <br /> She has received several awards for her performances in ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' (1996), ''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' (1997) and ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' (2000).<br /> <br /> She was honoured with a [[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani Award]] in 2000. She won the [[ITFA Best Supporting Actress Award|Best Supporting Actress]] for the movie ''Azhagi'' (2002). She also won the Best Television Actress for her role in the serial ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'' (2003–2009).<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> <br /> Devayani was born on 22 June 1974 in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra to a [[Konkani people|Konkani]] father from [[Mangalore]] and a [[Malayalis|Malayali]] mother.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=Devayani latest interview: Actress shares the love story |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/devayani-latest-interview-actress-shares-the-love-story-viral-video/articleshow/99833909.cms |date=2023-04-28 |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.instagram.com/reel/DUc0_gRF6IC/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; She has two younger brothers [[Nakkhul]] and Mayur. The former is working as an actor and singer in the Tamil film industry.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/I-never-gave-her-a-gift-Nakul/articleshow/4856443.cms |title=I never gave her a gift: Nakul |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2009-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202182424/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-05/news-interviews/28177104_1_nakul-devayani-film-industry |archive-date=2014-02-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/I-want-to-earn-a-good-name-Nakul/articleshow/5690685.cms |title=I want to earn a good name: Nakul |date=2010-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202182420/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-18/news-interviews/28133701_1_nakul-kollywood-chennai |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-date=2014-02-02}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; She married director [[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]] on 9 April 2001.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/06/stories/2003120600050200.htm |title=The Hindu: Tinsel to TV |date=2003-12-06 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040530153818/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/06/stories/2003120600050200.htm |archivedate=2004-05-30 |url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category=1&amp;amp;view=4-01 |title=Devayani's wedding |work=Tamil Movies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011030205/http://tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category=1&amp;amp;view=4-01 |archive-date=11 October 2008 |date=19 April 2001}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; They have two daughters.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/star-track/20123119113155/Taking-care-of-children-my-first-priority-Devayani.col |title=Taking care of children, my first priority: Devayani|website=Chennai Online |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622094822/http://chennaionline.com/movies/star-track/20123119113155/Taking-care-of-children-my-first-priority-Devayani.col |archivedate=2012-06-22}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/former-south-actress-devayani-is-now-a-school-teacher-709001|title=Former South Actress Devayani is Now a School Teacher|website=NDTV.com |date=2014-12-05}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Devayani began her career in the Hindi film ''Koyal'', which was later cancelled during its production stage.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150521600.htm |title=The Hindu: Cinema Plus / Columns: My first break – Devayani |date=2008-04-11 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413002507/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150521600.htm |archivedate=2008-04-13 |url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; She later appeared in Bengali film ''Shaat Ponchomi'' (1993).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/actress-devayani-acted-in-hindi-bengali-and-marathi-films-before-making-her-tamil-debut/articleshow/64492983.cms|title = Actress Devayani acted in Hindi, Bengali and Marathi films before making her Tamil debut| newspaper=The Times of India | date=21 May 2018 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; She also acted in a Marathi film before debuting in the South with lead roles in Malayalam films as ''[[Kinnaripuzhayoram]]'' (1994).<br /> <br /> Devayani made her debut with the film ''[[Thotta Chinungi]]'' (1995). Flaunting her glamorous avatar, the actress gained popularity in 1996 with the film ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''. She starred opposite [[Ajith Kumar|Ajith]] in the film which was directed by [[Agathiyan]]. The film received positive acclaim among the audience.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-devayani-rajakumarans-pictures-with-daughters-the-cutest-thing-on-internet-today-8734427.html|title = Actress Devayani Rajakumaran's Pictures With Daughters The Cutest Thing On Internet Today| date=10 January 2024 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The movie was successful in establishing Devayani as the most successful actress in South Indian Cinema.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-devayani-rajakumarans-pictures-with-daughters-the-cutest-thing-on-internet-today-8734427.html|title = Actress Devayani Rajakumaran's Pictures With Daughters The Cutest Thing On Internet Today| date=10 January 2024 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> Devayani, later, appeared in many films opposite several renowned names in the film industry.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-devayani-rajakumarans-pictures-with-daughters-the-cutest-thing-on-internet-today-8734427.html|title = Actress Devayani Rajakumaran's Pictures With Daughters The Cutest Thing On Internet Today| date=10 January 2024 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> She was a part of several successful films, including ''[[Surya Vamsam (1997 film)|Surya Vamsam]]'' (1997), ''[[Maru Malarchi|Marumalarchi]]'' (1998), ''[[Ninaithen Vandhai]]'' (1998), ''[[Nee Varuvai Ena]]'' (1999), ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' (2000), ''[[Thenali]]'' (2000), ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' (2001), ''[[Aanandham]]'' (2001) and ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' (2002).<br /> <br /> The late 90s and early 2000s were the golden years for Devayani as she delivered over 50 films, and most of them were blockbusters.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/unforgettableones-actress-devayani/articleshow/91782594.cms|title = UnforgettableOnes: Actress Devayani| newspaper=The Times of India | date=25 May 2022 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Devayani over the years played powerful female characters until 2001 when she fell in love with [[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]] who directed her ''[[Vinnukum Mannukum]]''. She has also played small cameos in hit movies like ''[[Panchathantiram]]'' (2002) alongside [[Kamal Haasan]].<br /> <br /> She has become a virtual cult figure in Tamil Nadu after the success of the Mega Serial [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s serial ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'' (2003–2009).<br /> <br /> She has produced a few films that her husband directs, a notable one being ''[[Thirumathi Thamizh]]'' (2013) where she played an important role.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/devayanis-comeback-in-thirumathi-thamizh/articleshow/19489298.cms|title = Devayani's comeback in Thirumathi Thamizh| newspaper=The Times of India | date=15 January 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In the late 2010s she was a judge on a reality show on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] titled ''Ugram Ujwalam''. In 2021, she acted in ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'', a Tamil serial of [[Zee Tamil]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/devayani-rajakumaran-set-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-pudhu-pudhu-arthangal-details-inside/articleshow/81415403.cms|title = Devayani Rajakumaran set to make her TV comeback with Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal; details inside| newspaper=The Times of India | date=9 March 2021 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Later, she slowly took up the role of mother.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=Senior actress-Devyani-turns-school-teacher-for a-private-school |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994328996/Senior-actress-Devyani-turns-school-teacher-for-a-private-school |work=India Herald}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Devayani has directed a short film named ''Kaikuttai Rani'' (2024).&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Devayani interview: On directing short film, ‘Kaikuttai Rani’, and how ‘Kolangal’ changed her life&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Devayani interview: On directing short film, 'Kaikuttai Rani', and how 'Kolangal' changed her life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devayani-interview-on-directing-short-film-kaikuttai-rani-and-how-kolangal-changed-her-life/article69175201.ece |access-date=5 February 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=3 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205052756/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/devayani-interview-on-directing-short-film-kaikuttai-rani-and-how-kolangal-changed-her-life/article69175201.ece |archive-date=5 February 2025 |language=en-IN}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The film won Best Children's Short Film at the 7th [[Jaipur International Film Festival]], marking a significant milestone in Devayani's transition from acting to filmmaking.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |title=Devayani's directorial debut 'Kaikuttai Rani' earns global reception|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/devayanis-directorial-debut-kaikuttai-rani-earns-global-reception/articleshow/117456621.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Times of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of Devayani film credits<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Language<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1993 || ''Shaat Ponchomi'' || || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|| Credited as Sushma<br /> |-<br /> | ''Dhusar Godhuli'' || Moulika || Credited as Koel <br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || ''[[Kinnaripuzhayoram]]'' || Indhu || rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[Malayalam]] || Malayalam Debut<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|1995 || ''[[Achan Rajavu Appan Jethavu]]''|| Alice || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Three Men Army]]''|| Shubha || <br /> |-<br /> | ''Kakkakum Poochakkum Kalyanam''|| Latha.S.Pillai || <br /> |-<br /> | ''Dil Ka Doctor'' || Dolly || [[Hindi]]|| Credited as Koyal and [[Hindi cinema]] debut <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thotta Chinungi]]'' || Ramya || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Tamil Debut<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot;|1996 || ''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]'' || Nivetha || <br /> |-<br /> | ''Chhota Sa Ghar'' || Vidya || Hindi || Credited as Koyal<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' || Kamali || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Tamil || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Poomani (film)|Poomani]]'' || Vijaya || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sivasakthi]]'' || Guest Appearance || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mahathma]]'' || Saraswathi || rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Malayalam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kinnam Katta Kallan''|| Anju || <br /> |-<br /> | ''Mr. Clean'' || Nirmala || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaathil Oru Kinnaram]]''|| Megha || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ajay (1996 film)|Ajay]]'' || Anjali || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|1997 || ''[[Vivasaayi Magan]]'' || Jyothi || rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaadhali (1997 film)|Kaadhali]]'' ||Soubhagyavathi || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Periya Idathu Mappillai]]'' || Lakshmi || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Surya Vamsam (1997 film)|Surya Vamsam]]'' || Nandhini || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot;|1998 || ''[[Suswagatham]]'' || Sandhya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Telugu Debut<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kizhakkum Merkkum]]'' || Malli || rowspan=&quot;8&quot;|Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maru Malarchi|Marumalarchi]]'' || Jayanthi || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Udhavikku Varalaamaa]]'' || Mythili || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Swarnamukhi (film)|Swarnamukhi]]'' || Swarnamukhi || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ninaithen Vandhai]]'' || Savithri || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Moovendhar]]'' || Vaidegi || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Poonthottam]]'' || Sundari || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Senthooram]]'' || Otta Rosa (Megala) || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Srimathi Vellostha]]'' || Archana || Telugu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[En Uyir Nee Thaane]]'' || Janaki || rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1998 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]'' || Aarthi || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot;|1999 || ''[[Thodarum]]'' || Seetha Anand || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kummi Paattu]]'' || Amaravathi || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nee Varuvai Ena]]'' || Nandhini || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Oruvan (1999 film)|Oruvan]]'' || Nandhini || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Premotsava]]'' || Chandana || [[Kannada]] || Kannada Debut<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nilave Mugam Kaattu]]'' || Kasthuri || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Paattali]]'' || Sakunthala || <br /> |-<br /> | ''Manikyam'' || Meenakshi || Telugu ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|2000 || ''[[Vallarasu]]'' || Anjali Vallarasu || rowspan=&quot;11&quot;|Tamil || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Appu (2000 film)|Appu]]'' || Seetha || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ennamma Kannu]]'' || Gayathri || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' || Chellamal Bharathi || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thenali]]'' || Jalaja Kailash || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kannukku Kannaga]]'' || Devi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|2001 || ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' || Padmini || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[En Purushan Kuzhandhai Maadhiri]]'' || Maheswari || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vinnukum Mannukum]]'' || Devayani || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aanandham]]'' || Bharathi || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ninaikkaadha Naalillai]]'' || Kavitha || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundara Purushan]]''||Jyothika Menon || Malayalam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kottai Mariamman]]'' || Rajeswari || rowspan=&quot;8&quot;|Tamil || <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot;|2002 || ''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]'' || Pappu || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' || Valarmathi Shanmugham || [[ITFA Best Supporting Actress Award]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Panchathantiram]]'' || Nirmala || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thenkasi Pattanam]]'' || Sangeetha || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Guruvamma]]'' || Guruvamma || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Samasthanam]]'' || Divya || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Padai Veetu Amman]]'' || Samundi || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chennakesava Reddy]]'' || Chennakesava Reddy's sister || Telugu ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2003 || ''[[Kadhaludan]]'' || Kavitha || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tamil || Also producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bheeshmar]]'' || Gowri Bheeshmar || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Balettan]]'' || Radhika || Malayalam ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|2004 || ''[[Naani]]'' || Indira Devi || Telugu ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Multiple-language version|Simultaneously shot]] in Telugu and Tamil<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[New (film)|New]]'' || Indira || Tamil<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sivaram'' || Nandhini || Telugu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' || Suryaprakash's wife || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Tamil || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sema Ragalai]]'' || Devi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Senthalam Poovae'' || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Soumyam]]'' || || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Malayalam ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' || Janaki || <br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ''[[Aiyantham Padai]]'' || Kalpana Gunasekaran || Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Oru Naal Varum]]'' || Rajalekshmi || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Malayalam ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Sarkar Colony]]'' || Padmini Shivaramakrishnan || <br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Thirumathi Thamizh]]'' || Jothi || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Tamil || Also producer<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015 || ''[[Sagaptham]]'' || Lakshmi || <br /> |-<br /> | '' [[Strawberry (film)|Strawberry]]'' || Shanthi Aadhiraj || <br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' || Prabha Sathyam || Telugu || <br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''My School''|| Mahalakshmi || Malayalam ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2018 || ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]''||Suguna || Telugu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ezhumin]]''|| Bharathi || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Tamil ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kalavani Mappillai]]''|| Rajeswari || <br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]'' ||Akkineni Annapurna || Telugu ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021 || ''[[Love Story (2021 film)|Love Story]]'' ||Mounica's mother|| Telugu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Madhagaja]]''|| Rathnamma || Kannada ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2023 || ''[[Anuragam (2023 film)|Anuragam]]'' || Mercy || Malayalam ||&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=26 April 2023 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon's Malayalam Film Anuragam To Be Released On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/gautham-vasudev-menons-malayalam-film-anuragam-to-be-released-on-this-date-7646269.html |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=News18}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024||''[[Devaki Nandana Vasudeva]]''||Devaki||Telugu||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2025<br /> |''[[Nizharkudai]]''<br /> |Jothi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Tamil<br /> |&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-04-30 |title=Nizhar Kudai Trailer: Devayani becomes entangled in a tale of love and longing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/30/nizhar-kudai-trailer-devayani-becomes-entangled-in-a-tale-of-love-and-longing |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[3BHK]]'' || Shanthi Vasudevan || <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kiss (2025 film)|Kiss ]]'' || Daisy Marcus || <br /> |}<br /> &amp;lt;!-- Do not add future projects until filming has begun as verified by a reliable source per WP:FILMOGRAPHY --&amp;gt;<br /> {{pending films key}}<br /> <br /> == Television ==<br /> ===Serials===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Language !! Channel<br /> |-<br /> | 2003–2009 || [[Kolangal (TV series)|''Kolangal'']]|| Abinaya(Abi) || rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] <br /> |-<br /> | 2007–2008 || ''Manjal Magimai'' || Soundarya/Neeraja || [[Kalaignar TV]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2010–2011 || ''Kodi Mullai'' ||Anna Kodi/Malar Kodi || [[Raj TV]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2011–2013 || ''[[Muthaaram (TV series)|Muthaaram]]'' ||Ranjini Devi / Sivaranjani||rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sun TV<br /> |-<br /> | 2019–2020 ||''[[Rasaathi]]''||Illavarasi Soundaravalli<br /> |-<br /> | 2021–2022 || ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' || Lakshmi || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || ''[[Sembaruthi]]'' || Amman (Cameo) <br /> |-<br /> | 2023 || ''Maari'' || Muthupechi (Cameo) <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Shows===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Language !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2015–2016 || ''Ugram Ujjwalam season 2'' || rowspan=3|Judge || [[Malayalam]]|| [[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016–2017 ||''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]'' || rowspan=3|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''Junior Super Stars Season 2''|| rowspan=2|[[Zee Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || ''Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal Niraivu Vizha''|| Lakshmi<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===As director===<br /> ==== Short film ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Notes <br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2024 ||''Kaikuttai Rani'' || || &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://asianlite.com/2025/films/film-review/devayanis-directorial-debut-kaikuttai-rani-wins-best-short-film-award/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#d1e4fd;&quot;<br /> ! Year <br /> ! Award category <br /> ! Work<br /> ! Result<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 ||[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Tamil Nadu State Film Special Award for Best Actress]] || ''[[Kaadhal Kottai]]''|| {{won}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |title=Tamilnadu Government Cinema Awards |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |access-date=11 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203152338/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |archive-date=3 February 1999}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |- <br /> | 1997 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]] || ''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Surya Vamsam]]''|| {{won}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |title=Tamilnadu Government Cinema Awards |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203194036/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/27-11-98/g_award.htm |archive-date=3 February 1999}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |- <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2000 || ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]''|| {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani Award by Tamil Nadu Government]] || Contribution to Tamil Cinema|| {{won}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=http://hindu.com/2000/10/09/stories/04092234.htm |title=Kalaimamani Awards Announced |date=2000-10-08 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015044347/http://hindu.com/2000/10/09/stories/04092234.htm |archivedate=2012-10-15 |url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2002|| [[ITFA Best Supporting Actress Award]] || ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]''|| {{won}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.veenaimovies.com/CineAwardView.asp?Pfp=171540488&amp;amp;Ay=2003&amp;amp;Am=6 |title=Best Malaysian Tamil DVD VCD AUDIO Tamil Movies selling portal veenaimovies.com |access-date=19 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704024933/http://www.veenaimovies.com/CineAwardView.asp?Pfp=171540488&amp;amp;Ay=2003&amp;amp;Am=6 |archive-date=4 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004 || [[Best Actress|Pace Awards Best Television Actress]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|''Kolangal'']]''|| {{won}}&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;archive2005&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/20/stories/2005092012900200.htm |title=Devayani, Venu Aravind get awards |date=2005-09-20 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208162110/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/20/stories/2005092012900200.htm |archivedate=2006-12-08 |url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Best Actress|Vivel Chinna Thirai Awards Best Actress]] || {{Nominated}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/winners-list-of-vivel-chinna-thirai-awards-2008/ |title=Winners List of Vivel Chinna Thirai Awards 2008 |access-date=14 February 2013 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120204/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/winners-list-of-vivel-chinna-thirai-awards-2008/ |url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2007 || [[Best Actress|Tamil Nadu State Television Award for Best Actress]] || {{Won}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dinamani.com/latest-news/2011/jan/25/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF-302800.html |title=Tamil Nadu State Television Awards Announced: Best Actress Devayani |publisher=[[Dinamani]] |date=20 September 2012 |access-date=10 January 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025 || Best Short Film for Children || ''Kaikuttai Rani''|| {{won}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ianslive.in/actress-devayanis-short-film-kaikuttai-rani-wins-award-at-jaipur-international-film-festival--20250120151534|title = Actress Devayani's short film 'Kaikuttai Rani' wins award at Jaipur International Film Festival}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=0222266|name=Devayani}}<br /> <br /> {{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestActress}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Devayani}}<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Konkani people]]<br /> [[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:1973 births]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:International Tamil Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defence_Technology_Institute&diff=466577 Defence Technology Institute 2026-02-03T21:53:48Z <p>StevieJ461261267: correct formatting additionally and improved wording for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Thai research and development agency}}<br /> {{Infobox government agency<br /> | name = Defence Technology Institute (Public Organization)<br /> | native_name_a = {{lang|th|สถาบันเทคโนโลยีป้องกันประเทศ (องค์การมหาชน)}}<br /> |nativename_r = <br /> |logo =<br /> |logo_width = <br /> |logo_caption = <br /> | formed = {{start date and age|2009}}<br /> |jurisdiction = [[Government of Thailand]]<br /> | headquarters = [[Pak Kret]], [[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]], Thailand<br /> |region_code = <br /> |coordinates = {{Coord|13.9105|100.5498}}<br /> |employees = <br /> |budget = <br /> |chief1_name = <br /> |chief1_position = <br /> |agency_type = Research institute<br /> |parent_department = [[Ministry of Defence (Thailand)|Ministry of Defence]]<br /> |parent_agency = <br /> |child1_agency = <br /> |child2_agency = <br /> |website = {{Official website|www.dti.or.th}}<br /> |footnotes = <br /> |map = <br /> |map_width = <br /> |map_caption = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Defence Technology Institute (Public Organization)''' ('''DTI''') is a research and development agency operating as a [[public organization (Thailand)|public organization]] under the oversight of the Thai [[Ministry of Defence (Thailand)|Ministry of Defence]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> The DTI was founded on 1 January 2009 as part of a programme to increase domestic arms manufacturing capabilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Defence Technology Institute|title=VDO Presentation Introduce The Defence Technology Institute (English)|date=2016-10-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DP0WShs561U|access-date=2019-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Research and development==<br /> The DTI produces the Black Widow Spider 8x8 armoured vehicle for the Thai army in collaboration with Ricardo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ricardo.com/news-and-media/press-releases/thailand%E2%80%99s-defence-technology-institute-partners-w|title=Thailand's Defence Technology Institute partners with Ricardo on new 8x8 vehicle|date=5 November 2013|website=Ricardo|access-date=16 February 2019|archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216212258/https://ricardo.com/news-and-media/press-releases/thailand%E2%80%99s-defence-technology-institute-partners-w|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017 DTI signed a Memorandum of Understanding with [[Leonardo S.p.A.|Leonardo helicopters]] covering &quot;technology transfer and the establishment of helicopter maintenance, repair &amp; overhaul&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/188313/leonardo-transfers-aw101-technology-to-thailand.html|title=Leonardo and Defence Technology Institute of Thailand Sign Technology Transfer and MRO MoU Related to the AW101 Helicopter|website=defense-aerospace.com|access-date=2019-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The DTI has been involved in experiments to reduce air pollution in Bangkok using water-spraying drones.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1531305/thailand-fights-bangkok-air-pollution-with-water-spraying-drones/|title=Photos: Bangkok fights air pollution with water-spraying drones|last=Simon|first=Johnny|website=Quartz|date=23 January 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pattayamail.com/thailandnews/water-spraying-drones-being-considered-to-battle-smog-242793|title=Water spraying drones being considered to battle smog|last=NNT|date=2019-01-23|website=Pattaya Mail|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, DTI signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with UK defence company, [[Arturius International]] and its Thai representative, GCS Group Corporation Company. The collaboration aims to create a Counter Threat Centre of Excellence in Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenceiq.com/defence-technology/news/uk-to-build-counter-threat-centre-of-excellence-with-thailand|title=UK company to build counter threat centre of excellence in Thailand|last=Editor|first=Defence IQ|date=2018-10-17|website=Defence IQ|language=en|access-date=2019-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.army-technology.com/news/arturius-dti-build-coe-thailand/|title=Arturius and DTI sign MOA to build Counter Threat COE in Thailand|date=2018-10-16|website=Army Technology|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gp Capt Chamnan Kumsap, director for knowledge management and the publication department at the DTI told the Bangkok post in 2018 that, &quot;We plan to draft the Defence Technology Agency bill because it will unlock our ability to conduct joint defence projects&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/special-reports/1513678/defence-footprint-grows-in-corridor|title=Defence footprint grows in corridor|newspaper=Bangkok Post|date=August 2018 |access-date=2019-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Agency for Defense Development]] - South Korea<br /> * [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] - United States<br /> * [[Defence Industry Agency]] - Turkey<br /> * [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] - India<br /> * [[Military Institute of Armament Technology]] - Poland<br /> * [[National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology]] - Taiwan<br /> * [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] - Israel<br /> * [[Swedish Defence Research Agency]] - Sweden<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Public organizations of Thailand]]<br /> [[Category:Military of Thailand]]<br /> [[Category:Military research institutes]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berijam_Lake&diff=490525 Berijam Lake 2026-02-01T15:41:41Z <p>StevieJ461261267: added new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox body of water<br /> | name = Berijam Lake<br /> | image = Berijam lake.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | alt = Water lilies in a shallow bay of Berijam lak<br /> | image_bathymetry =<br /> | caption_bathymetry =<br /> | location = [[Dindigul district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[South India]]<br /> | coords = {{coord|10|11|0|N|77|23|44|E|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | lake_type = Freshwater [[reservoir]]<br /> | inflow =<br /> | outflow =<br /> | catchment = {{convert|7.8|km2|abbr=on}}<br /> | basin_countries = India<br /> | length = {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}<br /> | width =<br /> | area = {{convert|24|ha|acres|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | depth =<br /> | max-depth =<br /> | volume = {{convert|2180000|m3|cufoot|abbr=on}}<br /> | residence_time =<br /> | shore =<br /> | elevation = {{convert|2165|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | islands =<br /> | cities = Forest Rest House<br /> | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Tamil Nadu<br /> }}<br /> '''Berijam Lake''' is a [[reservoir]] near [[Kodaikanal]] town in [[Dindigul district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[South India]]. It is at the old site of &quot;Fort Hamilton&quot;, in the upper [[Palani hills]].<br /> &lt;ref&gt;Compare Infobase Limited, Maps of India: [https://www.mapsofindia.com/kodaikanal/tourist-attractions/berijam-lake.html Berijam lake] Retrieved on 2007-12-27&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The lake, created by a dam with [[Spillway|sluice outlets]], is part of a micro–watershed development project. [[Periyakulam]] town, {{convert|18.7|km|mi}} to the SE, gets its public [[drinking water]] from the lake. The lake's water quality is excellent.<br /> &lt;ref name = tales&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul242007/snt2007072314657.asp<br /> |title= Lurking tales<br /> |access-date=2007-12-12<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080502110224/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul242007/snt2007072314657.asp &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date = 2008-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Access ==<br /> [[File:AMS Berijam Lake.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Old Fort Hamilton site at Berijam Lake]]<br /> {{Further|Kodaikanal Lake}}<br /> Berijam is located at the end of Pillar Rocks Road (old SR-18), {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} southwest of [[Kodaikanal Lake]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/#?lat=10.2228624&amp;lon=77.4551582&amp;z=5 map] There were two roads from Berijam, the [[Kodaikanal–Munnar Road]] to [[Munnar]] town, about {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} west and another going to [[Kavunji]] village, {{convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} north.<br /> The old roads are now overgrown with vegetation and used as walking trails by local villagers and trekkers. Encounters with wild animals including [[Gaur|bison]], [[Indian elephant|elephants]] and [[Indian leopard|leopards]] sometimes occur on these trails.&lt;ref name=mushroom&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.suryakumari.com/travel/bajiram.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020211094350/http://www.suryakumari.com/travel/bajiram.html |url-status= live |archive-date= 2002-02-11 |title= Berijam lake |access-date= 2007-12-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]] has restricted entry into the Berijam Lake area to between 9.30 a.m. and 3 p.m. for the general public. Entry permits are issued at the Forestry Department Office in Kodaikanal. Only a limited number of visitors are allowed in the park each day.&lt;ref name =escape /&gt;<br /> There is a forest check–post which prohibits unauthorized entry through the road leading to Berijam Lake.<br /> &lt;ref name=Suresh&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kodaitrip.com/best%20places.html |title=Moir Point |last=Suresh |first=Patel |year=2008 |work=Best Places to Visit in Kodaikanal |publisher=Kodaitrip.com |access-date=2008-12-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502153008/http://kodaitrip.com/best%20places.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Beyond km marker 13 on the Berijam road there is an observation tower from where one may have a fine view of Berijam Lake and the surrounding forest.&lt;ref name=Trek&gt;5. Kodaikkanal – Berijam (Easy walk)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Berijam has a Forest Department Camp including an Eco-Education Center for visitors. Nature areas to be visited here include: swamp ecosystem, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160126074415/http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/23490021.jpg fresh water ecosystem], nature trail, bridge, medicinal demonstration garden, museum, nature walk, grassland and shola.([https://web.archive.org/web/20091224062146/http://picasaweb.google.co.in/peter.vangeit/EscapeRoadMar08#5181161321012398914 guide map])<br /> <br /> Site visits are organized for authorized researchers. Trekkers can get permission to stay overnight. There is a forest rest house with limited accommodations which serves as an overnight base camp for Forestry Department staff, researchers and trekkers.<br /> Visitors must bring their own provisions.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> There was originally a [[swamp]] here known as the Berijam swamp.&lt;ref name=Balinga&gt;{{cite book<br /> |last=Baliga<br /> |first=B. S.<br /> |title=Madras District Gazetteers<br /> |page= 155<br /> |publisher=Published and Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press<br /> |location= Madras, India<br /> |year=1957<br /> |edition=Original from the University of Michigan<br /> |url=https://books.google.com/books?num=100&amp;hl=en&amp;safe=off&amp;client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=drinking%20water%20berijam%20-com&amp;um=1&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;sa=N&amp;tab=wp<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The previous existence here of a large lake, evidence of which was visible nearby, was first recorded in 1864 by [[Douglas Hamilton|Colonel Douglas Hamilton]] of the 21st Regiment of the [[Madras Army|Madras Native Infantry]]. No written record or even local legend regarding the existence of this ancient lake survives. However, judging from visible traces of its shoreline which still remained in 1906, it must have been nearly {{convert|5|mi|km|abbr=on}} long, up to {{convert|3960|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide and up to {{convert|70|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep. It was apparently formed by the side of a hill slipping down into a valley which slopes northwards, and damming up the stream which ran to the [[Amaravati River]] at the bottom of it. This stream apparently eventually cut its way through the huge natural embankment so formed, and thus emptied the lake this landslide/dam had once created. The dam was about {{convert|600|ft|m|abbr=on}} long and the breach in it was about {{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}} across and {{convert|90|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep.&lt;ref name=&quot;francis&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |last=Francis, Indian Civil Service<br /> |first=W.<br /> |title=Madras District Gazetteers<br /> |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press<br /> |location=Madras<br /> |year=1906<br /> |volume=Madura<br /> |pages=249<br /> |chapter=Kodaikanal Taluk |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/madurafrancis01madr/madurafrancis01madr_djvu.txt<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1864, Colonel Hamilton submitted a report stating that the Berijam Lake area was the best site in the Palani Hills for a military [[cantonment]] or [[Sanatorium]]. A military outpost later built here, Fort Hamilton, was named for him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mathew&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |last=Matthew<br /> |first=K. M.<br /> |title=The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India<br /> |publisher=Rapinat Herbarium<br /> |year=1999<br /> |edition=Original from the University of California Digitized 8 February 2008<br /> |volume=Item notes: v.1<br /> |pages=xvii|isbn=978-81-900539-3-8<br /> |url=https://books.google.com/books?q=berijam+hamilton&amp;client=safari&amp;lr=&amp;num=100&amp;as_pt=ALLTYPES&amp;as_brr=0<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Ham&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |last=Hamilton<br /> |first=General Douglas<br /> |title=Records of sport in southern India chiefly on the Annamullay, Nielgherry and Pulney mountains, also including notes on Singapore, Java and Labuan, from journals written between 1844 and 1870<br /> |editor=Hamilton, Edward<br /> |publisher= R. H. Porter<br /> |location=London<br /> |year=1892<br /> |pages= Illustrated, photo. Frontis of the author. Numerous illustrations, some full page. 284 pages. Quarto|oclc=4008435<br /> |url=http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&amp;CMD=lccn%2220023293%22&amp;v3=1&amp;CNT=10<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; There was in fact no 'fort' at the place, only a small hut.&lt;ref name=&quot;francis&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Berijam lake was artificially created in 1867, when Sir Vere Levigne, Collector of [[Madurai]], donated part of his personal retirement funds for building the dam.<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Bhatt&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |last=Bhatt<br /> |first=Vikram<br /> |title=Resorts of the Raj: Hill Stations of India<br /> |publisher=Grantha Corp<br /> |year=1998<br /> |edition=Original from the University of Michigan<br /> |pages=192|isbn=978-0-944142-98-1<br /> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSxuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Berijam<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Subsequently, the dam and reservoir were enlarged and a pipeline was built to supply drinking water to the Periyakulam Municipality. The scheme was completed in 1912 at a cost equivalent to US$138,500.<br /> &lt;ref name=Balinga /&gt;<br /> <br /> Berijam has a 100-year-old 2-story brick building, partly damaged and blackened over the years, with a bright yellow painted name reading &quot;Britisher's Transit Camp&quot;. This is one of several transit camps built every {{convert|15|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} for the soldiers to rest along the {{convert|230|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} [[United Kingdom|British]] &quot;[[Kodaikanal-Munnar Road|Escape Route]]&quot; from Kodaikanal via [[Top Station]] and [[Munnar]] to [[Kochi, India|Kochi]], built during [[World War II]]. While most of the transit camps are now either dilapidated or demolished, the one at Berijam still stands.&lt;ref name =escape&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/17/stories/2005091701600300.htm<br /> |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060628074743/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/17/stories/2005091701600300.htm<br /> |url-status= dead<br /> |archive-date= 2006-06-28<br /> |title= On the Escape Route<br /> |access-date=2007-12-12|location=Chennai, India<br /> |work= [[The Hindu]]<br /> |date=2005-09-17<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Berijam Lake has been studied [[Palynology|palynologically]] revealing a 20,000 years story by [[pollen]] particles deposited in lake [[sediment]]s. The time span between 20,000-17,000 years [[before present]] (B.P.) experienced cold and dry climatic conditions. After this period arid oxidizing environmental conditions prevailed for a period of 2500 years. The time span between 14,500–7;000 years B.P. witnessed a climatic amelioration phase leading to a warm and humid climate. From about 7,000 years B.P. to present the area has had a cool and humid climate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bera et al&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |last=Bera<br /> |display-authors=etal <br /> |title=Berijam Lake: 20,000 years sequence of palaeofloristics and palaeoenvironment in Palni hills, South India<br /> |publisher=Geophytology<br /> |volume=26 | issue = 1<br /> |pages= 99–104<br /> |year=1996<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Hydrology ==<br /> [[File:Berijam lake's view.jpg|thumb|From east]]<br /> The Upper Palani Hills [[catchment basin]] drains into the Lake.<br /> Rainfall is the chief source of water into the lake. Average annual [[rainfall]] in the hill area is {{convert|1500|mm|ft|abbr=on|1}}. The mean day [[temperature]] in the coolest months is below {{convert|17|C|F|abbr=on|1}} in the higher areas.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/17/stories/2005091701600300.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060628074743/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/17/stories/2005091701600300.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2006-06-28 |title= National Parks and Sanctuaries : Kodaikanal <br /> |access-date=2007-12-12|location=Chennai, India|work= [[The Hindu]] |date=2005-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The lake is formed below the Palani hill ranges at the origin of the Varahanadhi (Varaha River) which is used for purposes of water supply and irrigation.<br /> As a part of the [[World Bank]] funded Water Resources Consolidation Project (WRCP) of Tamil Nadu, sedimentation condition was assessed for a large number of reservoirs including Berijam reservoir.<br /> This indicated that the {{convert|1.91|hm3|acre.ft}} gross storage capacity of the reservoir in 1911 decreased to {{convert|1.804|hm3|acre.ft}} in 1987.<br /> The percentage reduction of storage due to siltation is 23%, over a period of 76 years.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1993/11/01/000009265_3970716145921/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf |title= Tamilnadu Water resources consolidation Project, Environmental Assessment pp. 90,91<br /> |access-date=2007-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/05/19/000009265_3961019095014/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt|title=Report No. 13506-IN Staff Appraisal Report India, Tamil Nadu Water Resources Consolidation Project, Table 5|publisher=The World Bank|access-date=2007-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Berijam Lake had stable land conditions, thus erosion was less and the lake received less sediment but more organic matter in the proportion of (5.5–41.8%).<br /> The rate of sedimentation is indirectly proportional to the influx of organic matter.<br /> &lt;ref name = tales /&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Water quality<br /> On the basis of chemical parameters and [[nutrient]] load studies, the Berijam lake has been categorized as [[oligotroph]]ic with a tendency to [[eutrophication]] over time due to [[plankton]] growth in the lake.<br /> This conclusion is supported by [[oxygen]] deficits in the bottom due to the [[chemocline]] condition of the lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://www.geocities.com/indhydro/ihb10.htm<br /> |title=Limnology of upland lakes and reservoirs of Tamilnadu, India<br /> |access-date=2007-12-12<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809013029/http://geocities.com/indhydro/ihb10.htm<br /> |archive-date=9 August 2009<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |df=dmy<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Flora and funga ==<br /> Berijam is rich in [[flora]] and [[fauna]] (''some are pictured in the gallery'') and has a few original eco–initiatives to its credit, namely, [[South India]]'s first field–oriented eco-education centre set up by the Forest Department, an exclusive [[Medicinal plants#Role of herbal medicine in modern human society|medicinal plants]] demonstration garden&lt;ref name=&quot;test&quot;&gt;[http://www.dindigul.tn.nic.in/forest.htm KODAIKKANAL FOREST DIVISION] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031061543/http://www.dindigul.tn.nic.in/forest.htm |date=31 October 2009 }}, Dindigul District&lt;/ref&gt; spread over {{convert|1.0|ha|acres|abbr=on}} and a model [[swamp]] observation area created to educate the public. A rare species of free floating [[insectivorous]] [[bladderwort]] plant called [[utricularia australis]] is said to be found here.&lt;ref name =escape /&gt;<br /> <br /> The catchment of the Berijam Lake in the Palani hills falls under the once extensive [[shola]] grassland ecosystem, also called the &quot;cloud forest&quot;.<br /> These grasslands constitute a complex and highly diverse plant community which in turn supports a wide range of fauna from insects to large mammals.<br /> With the sholas they constitute one of the world's rarest, most biodiverse and spectacular of landscapes.<br /> Where the grassland has been destroyed by industrial timber plantations, streams and marshes have dried out.<br /> Data on [[germination]] and [[Plant cultivation|cultivation]] of c. 250 shola species and long term biographies of c. 70 shola tree species in the area have been published.&lt;ref name = abstract&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.un.org.in/untrs/reports/Restoration_Workshop_Dec_2006_Abstracts.pdf |title= Ecological Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems in Tamil Nadu: Planning and Implementation, Changing priorities in the management of the sholagrassland Landscape Pages 39 to 43<br /> |access-date=2007-12-12}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ;Medicinal flora and funga<br /> Development and cultivation of medicinal plants like ''[[Digitalis]]'', ''[[Pyrethrum]]'', [[Atropa belladonna|belladona]], ''[[Dioscorea]]'' sp. and ''[[Mentha]]'' is an active programme launched by the [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] through the {{convert|40|ha|acre}} research centre of the [[Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]] (CIMAP) near Berijam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=India Council of Scientific |author2=Industrial Research |name-list-style=amp |year=1979|title=Item notes: CMAP|journal=Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research|publisher=India Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|volume=v.38|issue=Original from the University of Michigan Digitized 20 December 2006|pages= 337|url=https://books.google.com/books?client=safari&amp;um=1&amp;num=100&amp;q=medicinal+plants+berijam&amp;btnG=Search+Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Commercial marketing of high yielding varieties of these plants is now being actively pursued.<br /> &lt;ref name = medicine&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.kodaionline.com/wild.php|title= Wild Life Medicinal Flora|access-date= 2007-12-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081201110109/http://www.kodaionline.com/wild.php|archive-date= 1 December 2008|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[Psilocybin mushrooms#Medicinal use|Psilocybin mushrooms]] which produce [[Psilocybin mushrooms#Modern|hallucinogenic effects]] when consumed, and other species of mushrooms grow around Berijam.&lt;ref name = mushroom /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Fauna ==<br /> [[File:Berijam tiger sign.jpg|thumb|250px|Sign board at Berijam lake meaning:&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &quot;Let us also Live&quot;]]<br /> The Upper Palni Shola [[forest reserve]] surrounding Berijam lake has a rich faunal population comprising the following.<br /> ;Avifauna<br /> * Resident birds include [[crested serpent eagle]]s, [[Black kite#Subspecies|pariah kites]], pale-rumped [[swallow]]s and the [[edible-nest swiftlet]]s.<br /> * Migratory birds wintering here include the [[common rosefinch]], the [[Indian blue robin|blue chat]], several [[leaf-warbler]]s and [[Blyth's reed-warbler]].<br /> ;Mammals<br /> [[File:AMS-Upper Palani Reserve Forest copy.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Map of Upper Palani Reserve Forest area where the elephant corridors are proposed]]<br /> * [[Threatened]] mammals including [[Gaur|bison]], [[Nilgiri langur]], [[Indian giant squirrel|Malabar giant squirrels]] and [[Indian elephant]]s are seen here as well as [[Indian crested porcupine]]s, [[wild boar]], [[Indian muntjac|barking deer]], [[Sambar (deer)|sambar deer]] and [[mouse deer]].&lt;ref name = medicine /&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2010, tigers were sighted in Kodaikanal forests during a six-day [[carnivore]] survey. A tigress and her cub were spotted playing in the wild. Forest Department officials are studying survey data to estimate the local tiger population based on indirect evidence like pug marks, scats and scratches.<br /> &lt;ref name=Kodaitigers&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-01/chennai/28133285_1_tiger-reserve-sathyamangalam-forests-mudumalai<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013212422/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-01/chennai/28133285_1_tiger-reserve-sathyamangalam-forests-mudumalai<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-date=2011-10-13<br /> |title=Sathyamangalam could be a tiger reserve<br /> |date=2010-03-01<br /> |work=[[The Times of India]]<br /> |access-date=2011-01-02<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Of the two [[wildlife corridor]]s proposed for movement of Indian elephants in the Palani Hills Reserve Forest, the Berijam corridor connects to [[Top Station]] in [[Kerala]].<br /> It is also being studied if a link corridor through the [[Kukkal]] area, could be established to the second corridor from [[Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park]] through [[Amaravathy]] and Kudhiraiyar to the Palar Dam, then up the valley almost to Ganesh Nagar, below [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=10.284001&amp;lon=77.528812&amp;z=18&amp;l=0&amp;m=s&amp;v=9 Pethuparai] village.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.palnihills.in/ar07-9192.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912010947/http://www.palnihills.in/ar07-9192.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-12|title=The Palni Hills Conservation Council|access-date=2007-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ;Fish<br /> In 1886 there were [[Cyprinus carpio|carp]] in the lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Zoological Survey of India|title=Records of the Zoological Survey of India|publisher=Zoological Survey of India|year=1991|edition=Original from the University of Michigan|volume=v.89|pages=237|chapter=Item notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwIcAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Records+of+the+Zoological+Survey+of+India.+berijam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 1914 there was a scheme to introduce [[trout]] into Berijam reservoir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nicholson&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Nicholson|first=Sir F. A. |title=Annual Reports of the Madras Fisheries Bureau|publisher=Madras Fisheries Bureau|year=1918|series=Bulletin no. 10|pages=105|chapter=20. Miscellaiieous — Palni hill streams. With reference to G.O.Mis. No. 359, Revenue, dated 3rd February 1914, the Palni hill|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/madrasfisheriesb10madr/madrasfisheriesb10madr_djvu.txt}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Conservation ==<br /> ;Threats<br /> The catchment basin of the lake, historically dominated by extensive shola grass lands, drains into marshes at the head of the lake. However, most of the catchment area was afforested, during the 1960s, with [[eucalyptus]], [[Acacia mearnsii|wattle]] and [[Pinus patula|pine]]. The main Berijam marsh has shrunk, as evidenced in March 2007, by walking across the marsh without getting one's feet wet. This is attributed to less water discharging into the lake. Shrinking of the lake has also been noticed with the boating dock getting shifted to deeper waters on the opposite side of the creek.&lt;ref name = shola&gt;{{cite web|url =https://vctrust.blogspot.com/2007/11/managing-sholagrassland-in-21st-century.html |title= Larger Restoration Projects, Berijam Lake<br /> |access-date=2007-12-12}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Stream|creek]] waters adjoining the marsh have been gradually invaded by marshland vegetation of [[Nymphaeaceae|water lilies]], [[Panicum|torpedo grass]] and native [[sedges]] with shoots in water and roots at the nodes.<br /> The water lilies were planted there &quot;reportedly&quot; for ornamental purposes by the Forest Department.&lt;ref name=Nath&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.palnihills.in/ar20-0405.txt|title=I. Field Biology Course|last=Nath|first=J.|date=2005-11-08|work=20th Annual report|publisher=Palni Hills Conservation Council, Kodaikanal|access-date=2008-12-28}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; These marshland invasives are accelerating the [[Siltation#Environmental impacts|siltation]] process and may eventually result in necessity of raising the height of the dam to compensate for loss of storage due to siltation.&lt;ref name = shola /&gt;<br /> <br /> A crisis in the water regime of the Palani plateau has been observed at Berijam Lake. The lake's marshlands have been reported to dry out after the [[monsoon]] and marsh vegetation is seen encroaching into the deeper part of the lake.&lt;ref name = abstract /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:TrochalopteronJerdoniMurray.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Near threatened]] grey-breasted laughingthrush]]<br /> Studies by the [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History]], [[Coimbatore]], undertaken in 2006 in many areas of the Palani hills including Berijam, indicate that the population of the [[grey-breasted laughingthrush]], a [[near threatened]] [[endemism in birds|endemic]] bird species of the [[Western Ghats]], has been affected by the degradation of its habitat. Remedial measures have been suggested.&lt;ref name=Soma&gt;{{cite journal|last=Somasundaram|first=S.|author2=Lalitha Vijayan|title=3. An assessment of the population and habitat use of the Grey — breasted Laughing thrush|journal=Annual Report 2006–2007|publisher=Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History|location=Anaikatty, Coimbatore – 641 108 India|pages=19–20|url=http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/annual_report_E_2007.pdf|access-date=16 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185529/http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/annual_report_E_2007.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Otter]] poaching in the Palani hills to the point of extermination has been reported.<br /> [[Lutra lutra|Common]] and [[small-clawed otter]]s are trapped by [[tribals]] from the [[Haryana]] state of India, who are in Palani hills with the sole aim of collecting otter oil which is in demand in northern India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url =http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2002/February/696-698.pdf |title =Otter Poaching in Palani Hills |access-date =2007-12-12 |archive-date =29 September 2011 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110929014017/http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2002/February/696-698.pdf |url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Mercury poisoning#Organic mercury compounds|Mercury pollution]] was reported in Kodaikanal which affected lakes in the area.<br /> {{Main|Kodaikanal#Mercury_pollution}}<br /> The causes, originating from a [[Hindustan Lever]] thermometer factory nearby, were reported to be dispersal of elemental [[mercury (element)|mercury]] to the atmosphere from improper storage and dispersal from surface effluents from the factory. Apart from tests conducted on [[Kodaikanal lake]], [[moss]] samples collected from trees surrounding the Berijam Lake, located {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from the factory were also tested. These showed mercury level in the range of 0.2&amp;nbsp;μg/kg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal<br /> |url=http://www.sipcotcuddalore.com/Kodaikanal/DAE%20Study%20Karunasagar.pdf<br /> |title=Studies of mercury pollution in a lake due to a thermometer factory situated in a tourist resort: Kodaikkanal, India<br /> |author1=D. Karunasagar<br /> |author2=M.V. Balarama Krishna<br /> |author3=Y. Anjaneyulu<br /> |author4=J. Arunachalam<br /> |journal=Environmental Pollution<br /> |volume=143<br /> |issue=1<br /> |pages=153–158<br /> |date=2005-10-19<br /> |publisher=Elselvier<br /> |access-date=2015-01-26<br /> |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.032<br /> |pmid=16412540<br /> |archive-date=15 April 2012<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415013819/http://www.sipcotcuddalore.com/Kodaikanal/DAE%20Study%20Karunasagar.pdf<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1902, important [[bauxite]] deposits were discovered in the hills north and south of Berijam Lake&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Krishnaswamy|first=Subbier |title=India's Mineral Resources|publisher=Oxford &amp; IBH|year=1979|edition=Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 29 June 2006|pages=79|isbn=9780862494827 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rPwAAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Berijam+kodaikanal}}&lt;/ref&gt; which The [[Geological Survey of India]] investigated during 1964–65.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/kodaikanal |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120121856/http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/kodaikanal |archive-date=20 November 2015 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Remedial measures<br /> The following measures have been suggested or are under implementation by various agencies.<br /> *Plastics, smoking and consuming alcohol are prohibited at the lake area.<br /> *Promote Shola grass land afforestation in the catchment area of the lake, particularly towards [[Mannavanur]] where its absence is noticed. This remedial measure could be ecologically and biologically beneficial to restore the lake's water source.&lt;ref name = shola /&gt;<br /> *Grassland rehabilitation could be achieved, with NGO and community participation.&lt;ref name= abstract /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Vatakanal Conservation Trust, a non-governmental organization in association with the Tamil Nadu Forest Department has initiated efforts to restore the shola system.<br /> A pilot project was undertaken to protect the Pambar shola, adjacent to Kodaikanal.<br /> *Kurinji saplings associated with Shola grasslands and other native grasslands species have been successfully nurtured.<br /> *Excellent flowering of krunji flowers on the cliffs near Berijam Lake have been noted during August and September.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2317/stories/20060908001106600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021105803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2317/stories/20060908001106600.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2007-10-21|title=Neelakurinji in full bloom|access-date=2007-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Noting the effect on the breeding of the grey–breasted laughingthrush, the [[Sálim Ali]] Centre for Ornithology and Natural History has recommended:<br /> *Expansion of plantations and restoration of grasslands and shola forests in the Palani hills should be halted<br /> *The larger shola forests of Kukkal and Mathikettan (Berijam) to be declared as bird sanctuaries with better protection for the proposed [[Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park]].<br /> *Set up a [[GIS]] database with thematic details, including information on flora and fauna, to help monitor the globally [[near threatened]] species.<br /> *Initiate a nature education programme to highlight importance of natural vegetation in [[Habitat conservation]] of [[biodiversity]] and watershed management of Palani Hills.&lt;ref name = Soma /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Nilgir Pipit (Anthus nilghiriensis) 18-Apr-2007 12-12-32 PM.JPG|The [[Nilgiri pipit]] (''Anthus nilghiriensis''), a near threatened bird species<br /> File:Little grebe.jpg|Little [[grebe]] in the lake<br /> File:White-Bellied Shortwing, northern race.jpg|The white-bellied shortwing (''[[Brachypteryx major]]'')<br /> File:Painted Lady I IMG 3978.jpg|''[[Vanessa indica]]'', butterfly<br /> File:Ficedula nigrorufa collage.jpg|[[Black-and-orange flycatcher]], male and non-breeding female<br /> File:Strobilanths kunthiana.jpg|Kurunji flower in mountain peak of Berijam lake<br /> File:Nelumno nucifera open flower - botanic garden adelaide2.jpg|The national flower of India, ''[[Nelumbo nucifera]]'' introduced into the lake<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == External sources ==<br /> {{Commons category|Berijam Lake}}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/#?lat=10.1833330&amp;lon=77.3955560&amp;z=5&amp;mt=h Satellite view of Berijam Lake]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220201/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/7414816 Photo of Berijam entrance gate from Munnar road]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Waters of South Asia}}<br /> <br /> {{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Reservoirs in Tamil Nadu]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulsipur&diff=542091 Tulsipur 2026-01-28T16:34:24Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Added</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Other uses|Tulsipur (disambiguation){{!}}Tulsipur}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Tulsipur<br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = Tulsipur, Devi Patan2.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Devi Patan Temple at Tulsipur India<br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.55|N|82.42|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur District]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | leader_title = <br /> | leader_name = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | elevation_m = 109<br /> | population_total = 24,488<br /> | area_total_km2 = 25<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2011Gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> | population_density_km2 = 2000<br /> | demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Local <br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=8 June 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | area_code = 05264<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | registration_plate = UP-47<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = <br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tulsipur''' is a town and [[tehsil]] in the [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], A very famous sacred place Devi Patan Temple lies in the city, which is a sacred and pilgrimage site for Hindus, many pilgrims across the country and from [[Nepal]] log participation during [[Maha Shivratri]] and a fair also held during the festival.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/balrampur-/tulsipur/|title=Villages in Tulsipur Tehsil, Balrampur, Uttar Pradesh|last=|first=|date=|website=Mapsofindia.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Tulsipur is located near the India-Nepal border on the banks of the River Nakti and River Siria and is 20 km from [[Koilabas]] and 190 km from the state capital [[Lucknow]]. It is located 28 km from [[Balrampur|Balrampur District]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Tulsipur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Tulsipur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=20 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The [[House of Tulsipur]] ruled one of the largest [[Taluq]]s of [[Oudh]], [[India]], which then included the [[Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal#Dang-Deukuri|Dang and Deukhuri Valleys]].<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> At the [[2011 Indian Census]], Tulsipur had a population of 24,488, of which 12,861 were males and 11,627 were females. The population within the 0-6 year age group was 3,686. The literate population numbered 14,259, which constituted 58.2% of the population with male literacy of 63.8% and female literacy of 52.1%. The effective literacy rate of the population aged 7 and over was 68.5%, of which male literacy rate was 74.9% and female literacy rate was 61.5%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 1,119 and 24 respectively. Tulsipur had 3,776 households in 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2011Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Census of India: Tulsipur |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=199667 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=20 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education ==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=March 2022}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid black&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! Educational Institutes<br /> ! Affiliated to<br /> ! Medium of Education <br /> |- <br /> | [[Starwards Public School &amp; College]]<br /> | [[ICSE &amp; ISC]]<br /> | English <br /> |- <br /> | Adi Shakti Maa Pateshwari Public School<br /> | [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]<br /> | English<br /> |- <br /> | Sarashwati Sishu Mandir <br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | Fauzan Public School <br /> | Madarsa<br /> | Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | Cambridge School <br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|CBSE]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | Swatantra Bharat Intermediate College <br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | Basant Lal intermediate College <br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |-<br /> | Tulsipur Public School<br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |- <br /> | Atlanta Public School <br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |- <br /> | Ishavasyam Inter College <br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |- <br /> | Sunrise Children's Academy <br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |- <br /> | Children's Academy <br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |- <br /> | Mahatma Gopal Das Higher Secondary School <br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |- <br /> | Tulsipur Children City Montessori School <br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |- <br /> | Kasturba Arya Balika Int College<br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |- <br /> | Akhileshwar Tiwari Girls Inter College <br /> | [[Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad|UP Board]]<br /> | Hindi<br /> |- <br /> | Deep Narayan Singh Degree College<br /> | Siddhartha University <br /> | Hindi &amp; English<br /> |-<br /> | DPS Institute Chaipurwa<br /> | Siddhartha University <br /> | Hindi &amp; English<br /> |- <br /> | Faisal Degree College <br /> | Siddhartha University <br /> | Hindi &amp; English <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> <br /> === Air ===<br /> The nearest domestic airport is [[Shravasti Airport]], which is 50 Kilometera away from the town and the nearest international airport is [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] in [[Lucknow]], which is 210 km away. Tulsipur does not have its own airport.<br /> <br /> ===Railways===<br /> [[Tulsipur railway station]] Tulsipur, a key town now enjoys direct railway links to major Indian cities, including [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]], significantly boosting connectivity and local economy. The Tulsipur Railway Station is set for a major upgrade to become an Amrit Bharat Railway Station, as part of a government initiative aimed at modernizing railway infrastructure. This transformation is expected to enhance passenger experience and further elevate Tulsipur's status as a crucial transport hub in India.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Ghorahi|Ghorahi, Nepal]]<br /> * [[Tulsipur, Rapti]]<br /> * [[House of Tulsipur - One of 22 Principalities and Taluqs of Oudh]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Balrampur district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponnani_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=464318 Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency 2026-01-21T20:51:27Z <p>StevieJ461261267: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Kerala}}<br /> {{about|the Lok Sabha constituency in Kerala|other uses|Ponnani (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> |name = Ponnani &lt;Br&gt;{{Small|KL-7}}<br /> |map_image = Ponnani Lok Sabha Constituency.jpg<br /> |map_caption = Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency<br /> |established = 1952<br /> |reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = Mp abdussamad samadani.jpg<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |mp = [[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]<br /> |state = [[Kerala]]<br /> |assembly_cons = [[Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)|Tirurangadi]]&lt;br&gt; [[Tanur (State Assembly constituency)|Tanur]]&lt;br&gt; [[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kottakkal (State assembly constituency)|Kottakkal]]&lt;br&gt; [[Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)|Thavanur]]&lt;br&gt; [[Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)|Ponnani]]&lt;br&gt; [[Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)|Thrithala]]<br /> |electors = 13,56,408 (2019)<br /> }}<br /> '''Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> <br /> Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf<br /> |title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies<br /> |access-date = 2008-10-19<br /> |work = Kerala<br /> |publisher = Election Commission of India<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf<br /> |archive-date = 2009-03-04<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! No<br /> ! Name<br /> ! District<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |43<br /> |[[Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)|Tirurangadi]]<br /> |rowspan=6|[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]<br /> |[[K. P. A. Majeed]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=7}}<br /> |-<br /> |44<br /> |[[Tanur (State Assembly constituency)|Tanur]]<br /> |[[V. Abdurahiman]]<br /> |{{party name with color|National Secular Conference}}<br /> |-<br /> |45<br /> |[[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur]]<br /> |[[Kurukkoli Moideen]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |46<br /> |[[Kottakkal (State assembly constituency)|Kottakkal]]<br /> |[[K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal]]<br /> |-<br /> |47<br /> |[[Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)|Thavanur]]<br /> |[[K. T. Jaleel]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Independent (politician)|IND]]<br /> |-<br /> |48<br /> |[[Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)|Ponnani]]<br /> |[[P. Nandakumar]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |49<br /> |[[Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)|Thrithala]]<br /> |[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]<br /> |[[M. B. Rajesh]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; <br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=6 |'''[[Madras State]]'''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2 |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br /> | Vella Eacharan Iyyani<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#00BFFF&quot; |<br /> | [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[K. Kelappan]]<br /> | width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}&quot; |<br /> | [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=6 |'''After the Formation of [[Kerala]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> | [[E. K. Imbichi Bava]]<br /> | width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}&quot; |<br /> | [[Communist Party of India]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> | C. K. Chakrapani<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> | M. K. Krishnan <br /> |-<br /> | colspan=6 align=center|&lt;small&gt;[[Delimitation Commission of India|''Major boundary changes'']]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[G. M. Banatwala]] <br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |[[Indian Union Muslim League]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> | [[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[G. M. Banatwala]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> | [[E. Ahamed]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<br /> <br /> ===General Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Ponnani&lt;ref name=&quot;2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ponnani&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ponnani |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS117.htm |access-date=1 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801153142/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS117.htm |archive-date=1 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate=[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]<br /> |party=Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |votes=5,62,516<br /> |percentage=54.81<br /> |change={{increase}}3.51<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate=K.S. Hamza<br /> |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |votes=3,26,756<br /> |percentage=31.84<br /> |change={{decrease}}0.46<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate=Niveditha Subramanian<br /> |party=Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes=1,24,798<br /> |percentage=12.16<br /> |change={{increase}}1.29<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate=Vinod<br /> |votes=1,477<br /> |percentage=0.14<br /> |change= N/A<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party=None of the above<br /> |candidate=None of the above<br /> |votes=6,561<br /> |percentage=0.64<br /> |change= {{increase}}0.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes=2,35,760<br /> |percentage=22.97<br /> |change= {{increase}}3.97<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes=10,26,616<br /> |percentage=69.78<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = {{increase}}3.51<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==== Legislative Assembly Constituency wise Results 2024 ====<br /> The Niyamasabha constituency wise result of 2024 election is as follows:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! No. <br /> ! Assembly<br /> ! 1st Position<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! 2nd Position<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! 3rd Position<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Votes<br /> |-<br /> | 43 <br /> || [[Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)|Tirurangadi]] <br /> ||'''[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]'''<br /> ||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''<br /> || '''92,980''' <br /> ||K.S. Hamza<br /> ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> || 38,833<br /> ||Niveditha Subramanian<br /> ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> || 11,393<br /> |-<br /> | 44 <br /> || [[Tanur (State Assembly constituency)|Tanur]] <br /> ||'''[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]'''<br /> ||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''<br /> || '''83,556''' <br /> ||K.S. Hamza<br /> ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> || 41,587<br /> ||Niveditha Subramanian<br /> ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> || 14,861<br /> |-<br /> | 45 <br /> || [[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur]] <br /> ||'''[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]'''<br /> ||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''<br /> || '''99,468''' <br /> ||K.S. Hamza<br /> ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> || 49,138<br /> ||Niveditha Subramanian<br /> ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> || 12,592<br /> |-<br /> | 46 <br /> || [[Kottakkal (State assembly constituency)|Kottakkal]] <br /> ||'''[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]'''<br /> ||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''<br /> || '''93,070''' <br /> ||K.S. Hamza<br /> ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> || 47,143<br /> ||Niveditha Subramanian<br /> ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> || 14,406<br /> |-<br /> | 47 <br /> || [[Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)|Thavanur]] <br /> ||'''[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]'''<br /> ||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''<br /> || '''66,681'''<br /> ||K.S. Hamza<br /> ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> || 48,665<br /> || Niveditha Subramanian<br /> ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> || 24,204<br /> |-<br /> | 48<br /> || [[Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)|Ponnani]]<br /> ||'''[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]'''<br /> ||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''<br /> || '''63,695''' <br /> ||K.S. Hamza<br /> ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> || 48,579<br /> ||Niveditha Subramanian<br /> ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> || 20,115<br /> |-<br /> | 49 <br /> || [[Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)|Thrithala]] <br /> ||'''[[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]]'''<br /> ||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''<br /> || '''59,820''' <br /> ||K.S. Hamza<br /> ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br /> || 50,617 <br /> || Niveditha Subramanian<br /> ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> || 26,162<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===General Election 2019===<br /> There were 13,56,408 registered voters in Ponnani Constituency for the 2019 Lok Sabha Election.<br /> <br /> ==== Party wise Results ==== <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| <br /> |party = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |candidate = [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]<br /> |votes = 5,21,824<br /> |percentage = 51.30<br /> |change = {{gain}}7.87<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)<br /> |candidate = [[P. V. Anvar]]<br /> |votes = 3,28,551<br /> |percentage = 32.30<br /> |change = {{loss}}8.21<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = V. T. Rama<br /> |votes = 1,10,603<br /> |percentage = 10.87<br /> |change = {{gain}}2.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]<br /> |votes = 6,231<br /> |percentage = 0.61<br /> |change = {{loss}}0.25<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 1,93,273<br /> |percentage = 19.00<br /> |change = {{gain}}16.08<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 10,17,366<br /> |percentage = 74.98 <br /> |change = {{gain}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |swing = {{gain}}7.87<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==== Legislative Assembly Constituency wise Results 2019 ====<br /> The Niyamasabha constituency wise result of 2019 election is as follows:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! No. <br /> ! Assembly<br /> ! 1st Position<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! 2nd Position<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! 3rd Position<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Votes<br /> |-<br /> | 43 || [[Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)|Tirurangadi]] ||'''[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]'''||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|| '''85,428''' ||[[P. V. Anvar]]||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|| 38,444 ||V. T. Rama||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 10,663 <br /> |-<br /> | 44 || [[Tanur (State Assembly constituency)|Tanur]] ||'''[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]'''||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|| '''75,210''' ||[[P. V. Anvar]]||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|| 43,044 ||V. T. Rama||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 14,791<br /> |-<br /> | 45 || [[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur]] ||'''[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]'''||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|| '''90,734''' ||[[P. V. Anvar]]||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|| 49,349 ||V. T. Rama||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 11,365 <br /> |-<br /> | 46 || [[Kottakkal (State assembly constituency)|Kottakkal]] ||'''[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]'''||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|| '''87,795''' ||[[P. V. Anvar]]||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|| 45,596 ||V. T. Rama||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 13,506 <br /> |-<br /> | 47 || [[Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)|Thavanur]] ||'''[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]'''||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|| '''62,481'''||[[P. V. Anvar]]||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|| 50,128 |||V. T. Rama||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 20,769<br /> |-<br /> | 48 || [[Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)|Ponnani]] ||'''[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]'''||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|| '''61,294''' ||[[P. V. Anvar]]||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|| 51,555 ||V. T. Rama||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 17,498<br /> |-<br /> | 49 || [[Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)|Thrithala]] ||'''[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]'''||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|| '''58,496''' ||[[P. V. Anvar]]||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|| 50,092 |||V. T. Rama||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 21,838 <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===General election 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer|E.T. Mohammed Basheer]]|votes=3,78,503|percentage=43.43%|change=-6.71%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate=[[V. Abdurahiman|V. Abdurahman]]|votes=3,53,093|percentage=40.51%|change=+1.11%}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. Narayanan|votes=75,212|percentage=8.63%|change=+1.13%}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=V.T. Ikramul Haque|votes=26,640|percentage=3.06%|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Abullais T.P.|votes=11,034|percentage=1.27%|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Shylock P.V.|votes=9,504|percentage=1.09%|change=N/A}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,494|percentage=0.86%|change=---}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> | |votes = 25,410<br /> |percentage = 2.92%<br /> |change = -7.82%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=8,71,592|percentage=73.83%|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = -6.71%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==== Legislative Assembly Constituency wise Results 2014 ==== <br /> The Niyamasabha constituency wise result of 2014 election is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = https://210.212.237.50/pdf/generalelection2014/GE_2014_DETAILED_RESULT.pdf<br /> |website = 210.212.237.50<br /> |title = Niyamasabha Constituency wise results 2014, Ponnani<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! No. <br /> ! Assembly<br /> ! 1st Position<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! 2nd Position<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Votes<br /> ! 3rd Position<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Votes<br /> |-<br /> | 43 || [[Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)|Tirurangadi]] ||'''[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]'''||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|| '''61,073''' ||[[V. Abdurahiman]]||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|| 37,706 ||K. Narayanan||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 7,530 <br /> |-<br /> | 44 || [[Tanur (State Assembly constituency)|Tanur]] ||'''[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]'''||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|| '''51,365''' ||[[V. Abdurahiman]]||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|| 45,145 ||K. Narayanan||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 10,141<br /> |-<br /> | 45 || [[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur]] ||'''[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]'''||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|| '''63,711''' ||[[V. Abdurahiman]]||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|| 56,466 ||K. Narayanan||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 6,860 <br /> |-<br /> | 46 || [[Kottakkal (State assembly constituency)|Kottakkal]] ||'''[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]'''||'''[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]'''|| '''62,791''' ||[[V. Abdurahiman]]||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]|| 50,910 ||K. Narayanan||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 8,931 <br /> |-<br /> | 47 || [[Thavanur (State Assembly constituency)|Thavanur]] ||'''[[V. Abdurahiman]]'''||'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]'''|| '''56,209''' ||[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]||[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 47,039 ||K. Narayanan||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 13,921 <br /> |-<br /> | 48 || [[Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)|Ponnani]] ||'''[[V. Abdurahiman]]'''||'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]'''|| '''52,600''' ||[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]||[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 44,942 ||K. Narayanan||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 12,163 <br /> |-<br /> | 49 || [[Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)|Thrithala]] ||'''[[V. Abdurahiman]]'''||'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF Independent]]'''|| '''53,921''' ||[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]||[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|| 47,488 ||K. Narayanan||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| 15,640<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===General election 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]:<br /> [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer|E.T. Mohammed Basheer]]|votes=3,85,801 |percentage=50.14% |change=+1.66%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hussain Randathani |party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|votes=3,03,117|percentage=39.40% |change=+4.99%}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Janachandran Master|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=57,710 |percentage=7.50% |change=-2.30%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Sadanandan |party=Independent (politician)|votes=4,321 |percentage=0.56% |change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Husain |party=Independent (politician)|votes=3,416 |percentage=0.44% |change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Azad |party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,636 |percentage=0.34% |change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P.K. Muhammed |party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,403 |percentage=0.31% |change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> | |votes = 82,684<br /> |percentage = 10.74%<br /> |change = -3.33%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=7,69,418|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = +1.66%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]:<br /> [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[E. Ahamed|E.Ahammed]]|votes=3,54,051 |percentage=48.48%|change=-5.60%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P.P. Suneer |party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,51,293|percentage=34.41% |change=-0.88%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aravindan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=71,609|percentage=9.80% |change=+0.16%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=U. Kunhi Muhamed|party=Independent (politician)|votes=45,720|percentage=6.26%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Saleem Veliyancode |party=Independent (politician)|votes=7,,666 |percentage=1.05% |change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> | |votes = 1,02,758<br /> |percentage = 14.07%<br /> |change = -4.72%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=7,30,339|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = -5.60%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 1999===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]:<br /> [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[G. M. Banatwala|G.M. Banatwalla]]|votes=3,72,572|percentage=54.08%|change=+3.85%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P.P. Suneer |party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,43,094|percentage=35.29% |change=+0.26%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Narayanan Master |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=66,427|percentage=9.64%|change=+0.16%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kallayi Moosa|party=Independent (politician)|votes=3,729|percentage=0.54%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Abdu Rahiman Haji |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=3,101 |percentage=0.45%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> | |votes = 1,29,478<br /> |percentage = 18.79%<br /> |change = +3.59%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=6,88,923|percentage=60.63%|change=-2.00%}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = +3.85%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 1998===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]:<br /> [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[G. M. Banatwala|G.M. Banatwalla]]|votes=3,44,461|percentage=50.23%|change=+0.60%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Minu Mumthas |party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,40,217|percentage=35.03%|change=-3.51%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ahalliya Sankar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=65,008|percentage=9.48%|change=+1.61%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Puthuthottil Ibrahim Tirur|party=Independent (politician)|votes=35,026|percentage=5.10%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Cholakkattil Kunhimuhammed |party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,073 |percentage=0.16%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> | |votes = 1,04,190<br /> |percentage = 15.20%<br /> |change = +4.11%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=6,85,785|percentage=62.63%|change=-4.58%}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = +0.60%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 1996===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]:<br /> [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[G. M. Banatwala|G.M. Banatwalla]]|votes=3,54,808|percentage=49.63%|change=-3.45%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mokkath Rahmathullah |party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,75,513|percentage=38.54% |change=+0.41%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Janachandran Master |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=56,234|percentage=7.87%|change=+0.78%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=C. K. Abdul Azeez|party=Independent (politician)|votes=23,484|percentage=3.29%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thorakkattu Konderan |party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,737 |percentage=0.24%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Areekadan Kadeesumma Kuttyassan |party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,612 |percentage=0.23%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> | |votes = 79,295<br /> |percentage = 11.09%<br /> |change = -3.86%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=7,14,873|percentage=67.21%|change=+3.00%}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = -3.45%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 1991===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]:<br /> [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]|votes=3,39,766|percentage=53.08%|change=-0.61%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kattisseri Hamza Kunhu |party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,44,060|percentage=38.13% |change=-0.31%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Janachandran Master |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=45,388|percentage=7.09%|change=+0.15%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V.P. Radhakrishnan Nair|party=Independent (politician)|votes=5,711|percentage=0.89%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sreedharan Kalladi Kunnath |party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,038|percentage=0.32%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ahmed Pokkattil |party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,242 |percentage=0.19%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Said Haidros Hibshi Thangal |party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,080 |percentage=0.17%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Maliyekkal Hameed |party=Independent (politician)|votes=785 |percentage=0.12%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> | |votes = 95,706<br /> |percentage = 14.95%<br /> |change = -0.30%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=6,49,480|percentage=64.21%|change=-7.46%}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = -0.61%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 1989===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]:<br /> [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[G. M. Banatwala|G.M. Banatwalla]]|votes=3,78,347|percentage=53.69%|change=-4.78%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Rahmatullah |party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,70,828|percentage=38.44%|change=+0.73%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Janachandran Master |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=48,892|percentage=6.94%|change=New}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thuppath Mohamedunni|party=Janata Party|votes=2,622|percentage=0.37%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vallikkattil Hyderkutty |party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,746|percentage=0.25%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Velayudhan Nair S|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,171|percentage=0.17%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhaskaran Thekkepurakkal|party=Independent (politician)|votes=1,018|percentage=0.14%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> | |votes = 1,07,519<br /> |percentage = 15.25%<br /> |change = -5.51%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=7,10,929|percentage=71.67%|change=+1.20%}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = -4.78%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 1984===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]:<br /> [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[G. M. Banatwala|G.M. Banatwalla]]|votes=2,88,216|percentage=58.47%|change=+2.94%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Koladi Govindankutty |party=Communist Party of India|votes=1,85,890|percentage=37.71%|change=-5.15%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. T. M. Kutty Moulavi|party=Independent (politician)|votes=13,290|percentage=2.70%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. T. Venu|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,574|percentage=0.52%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vattapparambil Kunhali|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,072|percentage=0.42%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=K. Venu|party=Independent (politician)|votes=869|percentage=0.18%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> | |votes = 1,02,326<br /> |percentage = 20.76%<br /> |change = +8.09%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=5,06,049|percentage=70.47%|change=+10.08%}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = +2.94%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 1980===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]:<br /> [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[G. M. Banatwala|G.M. Banatwalla]]|votes=2,22,834|percentage=55.53|change={{decrease}}8.42}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Aryadan Muhammed]]|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|votes=1,71,971|percentage=42.86|change={{increase}}6.81}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P. H. Gopala Iyer|party=Independent (politician)|votes=6,456|percentage=1.61%|change=N/A}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> | |votes = 50,863<br /> |percentage = 12.67%<br /> |change = -15.23%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=4,05,196|percentage=60.39%|change=-14.80%}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = -8.42%<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General election 1977===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]:<br /> [[Ponnani]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[G. M. Banatwala|G.M. Banatwalla]]|votes=2,69,491|percentage=63.95%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Moideen Kutty Haji|party=Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|votes=1,51,945|percentage=36.05%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory<br /> | |votes = 1,17,546<br /> |percentage = 27.90%<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=4,31,232|percentage=75.19%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Malappuram district]]<br /> * [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> * [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|10.8|75.9|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Malappuram district]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rangbhoomi&diff=465642 Rangbhoomi 2026-01-15T06:00:43Z <p>StevieJ461261267: further cleanup structure for accuracy additionally and corrected details based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Hindi novel by Premchand}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | name = Rangbhoomi<br /> | title_orig = Rangbhoomi<br /> | image = Premchand's Rangbhoomi.jpeg<br /> | caption = Cover page of the novel<br /> | alt = <br /> | author = [[Munshi Premchand]]<br /> | orig_lang_code = <br /> | title_working = <br /> | translator = <br /> | cover_artist = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | series = <br /> | subject = <br /> | genre = [[Fiction]]<br /> | published = 1924<br /> | media_type = Novel<br /> | pages = <br /> | awards = <br /> | isbn = 9788122205329<br /> | isbn_note = <br /> | oclc = <br /> | dewey = <br /> | congress = <br /> | preceded_by = <br /> | followed_by = <br /> | wikisource = <br /> | native_wikisource = <br /> | publisher = Darul Ishat<br /> }}<br /> '''''Rangbhoomi: The Arena of Life'''''{{efn| The first word is also sometimes spelt as ''Rangabhoomi'', ''Rangabhumi'' or ''Rangbhumi''}} is a [[Hindi-language]] novel by [[Premchand]]. It features an idealist [[protagonist]] inspired by [[Gandhian]] values.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Datta |editor1-first=Amaresh |editor1-link=Amaresh Datta |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |year=1988 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |page=1354 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&amp;pg=PA1354}}&lt;/ref&gt; First published in 1924, the novel covers complex human relationships and emotions, with various themes, including problems faced by poor people due to [[industrialisation]] during [[British Raj]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2003-04-24 |title=Plain fare: diet during industrialization |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781846150777.002 |journal=From Plain Fare to Fusion Food |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1017/9781846150777.002|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> Set in [[colonial India]], the novel presents a grim account of a blind beggar, Soordas, against the acquisition of his ancestral land. The theme of the oppression of working classes is typical as in other Premchand works.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Vasudeva |first1=Uma |authorlink=Uma Vasudeva |title=Classic retold |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110522/spectrum/book2.htm |work=[[The Tribune]] |accessdate=2 October 2020 |date=22 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among Premchand's works, Soordas is the character with the most significant Gandhian influence. He is simple and fearless, and personifies the protest against industrialisation in his village, consistent with the Gandhian views on industrialisation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Sisir Kumar |authorlink=Sisir Kumar Das |title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom: triumph and tragedy |date=2005 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-798-9 |pages=79–80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Content ==<br /> The novel revolves around several characters, covering different aspects of life such as lust, agony, bravery, truth, righteousness, duty, moral values, patience and compassion during the [[colonial India]].<br /> <br /> The story revolves around, Soordas, a blind beggar from ''Pandepur Basti'' in [[Prayagraj]] who struggles for the acquaintance of his ancestral land with Mr. John Sewak, an industrialist and Mahendra Pratap Singh, the king of [[Chatari]] and president of the [[municipality]].<br /> <br /> The novel also covers the life account of Mr. John Sewak and his [[Orthodoxy|orthodox Christian]] wife who wants her daughter to follow Christianity, which her daughter Sophia dislikes.<br /> <br /> Another character, Vinay, is the prince from a Hindu family, whose mother Rani Jahanvi wants him to sacrifice his life for country, but is lustful towards Sophia. Their religious difference creates a chaos in the society. The novel covers the problems arising due to [[industrialisation]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Riello |first=Giorgio |title=Factories before the Factory: The English East India Company's Textile Procurement in India and British Industrialisation, 1650–1750 |date=2020-03-26 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780228002062-017 |work=Reinventing the Economic History of Industrialisation |pages=262–275 |access-date=2023-10-05 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-2280-0206-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Various characters such as Soordas, Sophia, Vinay, Bharat Singh, Jahnavi, Mr. Sewak, Prabhu Sewak, and Iswar Sewak represent different emotions of life, such as [[patriotism]], [[lust]], strength, [[fear]], and [[Emotional security|insecurities]].<br /> <br /> == Characters ==<br /> === Main characters ===<br /> ==== Soordas ====<br /> Soordas is a blind poor beggar from ''Pandepur Basti'', in [[Prayagraj|Prayag]]. Much of his character is inspired from [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] values, and sometimes is associated with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] itself. Soordas has 10 [[bigha]]s of ancestral land, which is collectively used by whole colony, for either animal feeding or for stay temporarily during plagues and wars. However, Mr. John Sewak, a British Christian industrialist, wants to open a tobacco factory on this land. He tries his best to snatch the land from Soordas. Soordas is involved in many other struggles during his life, such as, from himself, his blindness, his nephew Mithoo, who was raised by Soordas after the demise of his parents, and from the other villagers itself, such as Bhairo, who hates Soordas, and is often at conflict with his wife Subhagi. Subhagi shelters in Soordas' hut to protect herself from her husband's rage, and thus, villagers are often suspicious towards Soordas and Subhagi. Bhairo lit Soordas' hut on fire, which ruins his meagre savings and other belongings. Soordas' character is represented as a struggle of a fragile and poor man, who never renounces righteousness to win, and never disappoints in defeat. A revolt occurs in Pandepur, when Mr. John Sewak ruined the whole settlement for his industry, and during the stampede, Soordas was shot by Mr. Clark, fiancé of Mr. John Sewak's daughter Sophia. Soordas' death at the end, is a remarkable theme and punch event of the novel: {{blockquote|text=The demise of Soordas triggered widespread city-wide demonstrations, drawing crowds eager to pay homage to the renowned player known for his resilience and sportsmanship. While some praised his perfection, others hailed him as a guardian or even a deity. However, in truth, Surdas epitomized the essence of a virtuous player on life's stage. He harbored no malice, never faltered in courage, and never retreated. Whether victorious or defeated, he maintained an unwavering sense of contentment, harboring no ill will towards his opponents. He adhered strictly to fair play, refraining from any form of manipulation or clandestine harm against his adversaries.|sign=Premchand|source=(Translated)|title=Rangbhoomi}}<br /> <br /> ====Sophia====<br /> Sophia is the daughter of Mr. John Sewak, a Christian industrialist and his orthodox [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] wife. Sophia is represented as a liberal and independent girl, always suspecting and criticising the teachings of [[Christ]], though she did not disrespect him. Her [[criticism of Jesus]] leads to an argument with her mother Mrs. Sewak, who forces her to leave the house. Sophia seeks shelter in Kunwar Bharat Singh's house, the noble local king, after an accident and has an encounter with her old friend Indu, who was her classmate back in Nainital. Sophia soon turns to be everyone's favourite in house, but soon falls in love with Bharat Singh's son Vinay Singh, who had already sacrificed himself to his nation and people. Sophia learns that Vinay's mother Queen Jahnavi wants Vinay to become a saint-like person, with no luxuries and only pain and suffering, that the nation had gone through. Sophia and Vinay's love soon turns lustful, which Jahnavi learns of and therefore sends Vinay for practice in [[Rajputana]]. Jahnavi becomes suspicious of Sophia, and orders her to marry someone else. Mrs. Sewak fixes her marriage with Mr. Clark.<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> {{notelist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{Cite journal|last=Joshi|first=P.C.|date=2005|title=The Subaltern in Indian Literature: Some Reflections on Premchand and his &quot;Godaan&quot;|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23346637|journal=Indian Literature|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|volume=49|issue=2 (226)|pages=101–118|jstor=23346637 |issn=0019-5804}}<br /> *{{Cite journal|last=Chandra|first=Sudhir|date=1981|title=Premchand: A Historiographic View|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4369701|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=16|issue=15|pages=669–675|jstor=4369701 |issn=0012-9976}}<br /> <br /> {{Premchand}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Novels by Premchand]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language novels]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vettathur&diff=544199 Vettathur 2026-01-14T21:40:58Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Vettathur<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|11|00|46|N|76|18|01|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]<br /> | governing_body = Vettathur Grama Panchayath<br /> | leader_party = [[IUML]]<br /> | leader_title = Panchayat President<br /> | leader_name = Sulaikha Karimbana<br /> | leader_title1 = Vice President<br /> | leader_name1 = Abdul Majeed K.P ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 35.84<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 13040<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 679326, 679325<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = +91<br /> | registration_plate = KL-53<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest town<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Perinthalmanna]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Niyama Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Perinthalmanna Assembly constituency|Perinthalmanna]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://panchayat.lsgkerala.gov.in/vettathurpanchayat/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = Vettathur<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''' Vettathur ''' is a village in [[Malappuram district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;censusindia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 &amp; above |publisher=Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> As per the 2011 India [[census]], Vettathur had a population of 13040.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vettathur Village Population - Perinthalmanna - Malappuram, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627500-vettathur-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;censusindia&quot; /&gt;<br /> It is a grama panchayath in Malappuram and includes Vettathur and Karyavattam villages and the areas Kappu, Thelakkad, Melkulangara, Mannarmala and Shanthapuram.<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> Vettathur village connects to other parts of India through [[Perinthalmanna]] town. National highway No.66 passes through [[Tirur]] and the northern stretch connects to [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]]. The southern stretch connects to [[Cochin]] and [[Trivandrum]]. Highway No.966 goes to [[Palakkad]] and [[Coimbatore]]. The nearest airport is at [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]]. The nearest major railway station is at [[Tirur]].<br /> <br /> == Near places ==<br /> [[Kappu malappuram|Kappu]],<br /> [[Thelakkad malappuram|Thelakkad]],<br /> [[Melkulangara]],<br /> [[Pacheeri paara]],<br /> [[Moochikkal]], [[Vengoor]],<br /> [[karyvattom]](ezhu thala)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Malappuram district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]<br /> [[Category:Perinthalmanna area]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Malappuram-geo-stub}}</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plain_Tribals_Council_of_Assam&diff=463432 Plain Tribals Council of Assam 2026-01-04T01:50:57Z <p>StevieJ461261267: minor enhance references after review and fixed typos based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian Political Party<br /> | party_name= Plain Tribals Council of Assam<br /> | party_logo = <br /> | colorcode = #0000FF<br /> | founder = Biruson Doley<br /> | secretary = <br /> | foundation = 27 February 1967<br /> | dissolution = <br /> | merged = <br /> | split =<br /> | alliance = <br /> | position = <br /> | colours = [[Blue]] {{Colorsample|#0000FF}}<br /> | headquarters = <br /> | symbol = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Plain Tribals Council of Assam''' is a [[political party]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]] which began in the later half of the sixties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-05-11 |title=Bodo hopes and minority rights |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/bodo-hopes-and-minority-rights/article5998693.ece |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Boro |first1=Samarjit |last2=Pathak |first2=Jyotiraj |date=2018 |title=PTCA IN BODO POLITICS |url=https://ijsp.in/admin/mvc/upload/5I09_PTCA%20IN%20BODO%20POLITICS.pdf#:~:text=PTCA%20(Plains%20Tribal%20Council%20of%20Assam%20(,Bodos%20(%20Bodo%20community%20)%20in%20particular. |journal=Indian Journal of Social and Political Science |volume=05 |issue= |pages=39–42 |isbn=2455-2127}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == PTCA is founded by Bhimbor Deori ==<br /> <br /> In 1967, the PTCA launched an agitation for a separate state&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Politics {{!}} Will the Bodo accord bring peace to western Assam? | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/politics-will-the-bodo-accord-bring-peace-to-western-assam-4907591.html | access-date=2025-08-25 | website=www.moneycontrol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; for the plains tribal communities of Assam state, to be called 'Udayachal', under the leadership of [[Samar Brahma Chowdhury]] and [[Charan Narzary]], President and General Secretary of PTCA respectively. Narzary died in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2019-07-23 |title=Bodo movement leader Charan Narzary passes away at 87 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/bodo-movement-leader-charan-narzary-passes-away-at-87.html |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1968 PTCA boycotted the state Assembly Election on demand of re-delimitation of the Tribal and indigenous Scheduled Caste Reserved constituencies. Both the PTCA President and General secretary were arrested and jailed under the Preventive Detention Act. Few days after following the Tribal and indigenous Scheduled Caste movement under PTCA the local Administration imposed the law of 144.<br /> <br /> Thousands of tribal and indigenous Scheduled Caste communities gathered in a field of [[Bhatarmari]] village and the mass moved towards the administrative office to submit their appeal of demand to the District Commissioner. The police fires indiscriminately on the charge of violation of 144, hundred of the demonstrators had got bullet injuries, many of them admitted in [[Kokrajhar Govt. Hospital]]. Hundreds of demonstrators were arrested and jailed on non bailable act.<br /> <br /> The Central Government agreed to provide Autonomous Council against the demand of [[Bodoland Territorial Region#Plains Tribals Council of Assam|Udayachal]] statehood of PTCA. But PTCA rejected the offer of Autonomous Council and sustained to their demand for Udayachal statehood. It was a nonviolent democratic movement, the Government was trying to sabotage.<br /> <br /> The ideological difference and conflict was weakening the solidarity of PTCA movement for statehood. A section of members of PTCA broke way themselves and decided to go and fight with arms for the [[Udayachal]] statehood under the leadership of Binay Brahma. The Government remained indifferent and passive to the PTCA demand, tried to defuse by lingering and taking time.<br /> <br /> In the meantime the [[All Bodo Students Union]] was emerging with a political aspiration to move for [[Bodoland]] statehood rejecting the PTCA's Udayachol statehood. The President and some leaders of PTCA were assassinated by the extremist group of the ABSU. The PTCA's movement for [[Bodoland Territorial Region#Plains Tribals Council of Assam|Udayachal]], a greater tribal and indigenous Scheduled Caste communities land was rejected by the young generation of the [[Bodo people|Bodos]].<br /> <br /> The ABSU finally accepted the [[Autonomous Council of Bodoland]]. In the present political scenario [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]] is facing a conflict with the non [[Bodo people|Bodo]] groups of tribes and indigenous Scheduled Caste communities who also lives within the [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]]. The non [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribes and Scheduled Caste feel they are second citizens of Bodoland. In true sense [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]] is for all the communities of both tribes and indigenous Scheduled Caste communities who live within the geographical jurisdiction of [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]].<br /> <br /> The [[Bodoland Territorial Autonomous District Council]] (BTADC)is a democratically elected body for administration. The complexity among the various tribes and communities are politically created to sabotage the functioning of BTADC as well as the demand for [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]] statehood. ABSU the non-political organisation of BTAD was founded by Upendranath Brahma in the year of 1967.<br /> <br /> In 1978, PTCA candidate Samar Choudhury was elected from [[Kokrajhar East Assembly constituency]] in the [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Polling Booth: Election' 96: Assam/Kokrajhar |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/assam05.htm |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=m.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; while Panchanan Brahma was elected, also in a ST reserved seat from the neighbouring, Sidli Assembly constituency.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Assembly<br /> !Portrait<br /> !MLAs<br /> !Constituency <br /> !Maps<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]] <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly 1978.svg|thumb]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Samar Brahma Choudhury]]<br /> |[[Kokrajhar East Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar East]]<br /> |[[File:Kokrajhar East Assembly constituency map.svg|thumb]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |[[Panchanan Brahma]]<br /> |[[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli]]<br /> |[[File:Sidli Assembly constituency map.svg|thumb]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |[[Binoy Kumar Basumatary]]<br /> |[[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalguri]] <br /> |[[File:Udalguri Assembly constituency map.svg|thumb]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |[[Kamal Chandra Basumatari]]<br /> |[[Barchalla Assembly constituency|Barchalla]] <br /> |[[File:Barchalla Assembly constituency map.svg|thumb]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]] <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly 1983.svg|thumb]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Bimal Gayari]]<br /> |[[Chapaguri Assembly constituency|Chapaguri]] <br /> |[[File:Chapaguri Assembly constituency map.svg|thumb]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |[[Alit Chandra Boro]]<br /> |[[Barama Assembly constituency|Barama]] <br /> |[[File:Barama Assembly constituency map.svg|thumb]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |[[Binoy Kumar Basumatary]]<br /> |[[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalguri]] <br /> |[[File:Udalguri Assembly constituency map.svg|thumb]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly 1985.svg|thumb]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Charan Narzary]]<br /> |[[Kokrajhar East Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar East]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |[[Ganesh Bora]]<br /> |[[Bijni Assembly constituency|Bijni]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |[[Janendra Basumatary]]<br /> |[[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> == List of Ministers ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Ministers <br /> !Ministries<br /> !Chief Minister <br /> !Ministry <br /> |-<br /> |[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> |[[Samar Brahma Choudhury]]<br /> |<br /> |[[Golap Borbora]]<br /> |[[Borbora ministry|Borbora Ministry]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Plain Tribals Council Of Assam}}<br /> [[Category:Political parties in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Bikaner&diff=513021 List of institutions of higher education in Bikaner 2026-01-02T15:25:48Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Started some info w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br /> A list of universities and colleges in [[Bikaner]] in [[Rajasthan]], India.<br /> <br /> == Universities ==<br /> * [[Maharaja Ganga Singh University]]<br /> * [[Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences]]<br /> * Ram Narayan Bajaj Global University<br /> * [[Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University]]<br /> * Vardhman Mahavir Open University Kota, Bikaner<br /> * Bikaner Technical University, Bikaner<br /> <br /> == Colleges ==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=September 2020}}<br /> * B.J.S. Rampuria Jain Law College, Bikaner (RLC)<br /> * [[Engineering College, Bikaner]] (ECB)<br /> * [[College of Engineering &amp; Technology, Bikaner]]<br /> * [[Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner]]<br /> * [[Veterinary College, Bikaner]]<br /> * Marudhar Eng.college<br /> * [[Keen College]]<br /> * [[Dungar College]]<br /> * Maharani Sudarshan College (M.S. College)<br /> * B.J.S. Rampuria Jain College<br /> * Shri Jain P.G. College<br /> * Shri Nehru Sharda Peeth<br /> * Binani Girls College<br /> * Shri Jain Girls College<br /> * Institute of Management Studies<br /> * After School Centre for Social Entrepreneurship<br /> * Government Polytechnic College Bikaner<br /> * M.N Institute of Applied Sciences<br /> * Manda Institute of Technology<br /> * Basic PG College<br /> * Sister Nivedita Girls College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[List of schools in Bikaner, Rajasthan]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{incomplete list|date=March 2017}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Education in Bikaner|Universities and colleges]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in Rajasthan|Bikaner]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India by populated place|Bikaner]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Indian_Super_League_playoffs&diff=482921 2022 Indian Super League playoffs 2026-01-01T09:17:48Z <p>StevieJ461261267: added new pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{main|2021–22 Indian Super League}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{infobox football tournament season<br /> | year = [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | image = <br /> | num_teams = 4<br /> | defending champions = <br /> | champions = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]<br /> | runner-up = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> | semi-finalist1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> | semi-finalist2 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | matches = 5<br /> | goals = 10<br /> | top goal scorer = <br /> | prevseason = [[2021 ISL Cup playoffs|2021]]<br /> | nextseason = [[2023 ISL Cup playoffs|2023]]<br /> }}<br /> The '''2022 Indian Super League Cup playoffs''' was the eighth playoffs series of the [[Indian Super League]], one of the top Indian professional [[association football|football]] leagues. The playoffs began on 11 March 2022 and concluded with the [[2022 Indian Super League final|final]] on 20 March in [[Goa]].<br /> <br /> The top four teams from the [[2021–22 Indian Super League#Regular|2021–22 ISL regular season]] had qualified for the playoffs. The semi-finals took place over two legs while the final was a one-off match at the [[Fatorda Stadium]] in [[Margao, Goa]].<br /> <br /> ==Season table==<br /> {{:2021–22 Indian Super League}}<br /> <br /> == Teams ==<br /> * [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> * [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> * [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]<br /> * [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> <br /> == Bracket ==<br /> &lt;section begin=Bracket /&gt;{{4TeamBracket|legs=2/1|aggregate=score|nowrap=y<br /> | RD1=[[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]<br /> | RD2=[[2022 Indian Super League final|Final]]<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed1 = 1<br /> | RD1-team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> | RD1-score1-1= 0<br /> | RD1-score1-2= 1 <br /> | RD1-score1-agg= 1<br /> | RD1-seed2 = 4<br /> | RD1-team2 = '''[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]'''<br /> | RD1-score2-1= 1<br /> | RD1-score2-2= 1<br /> | RD1-score2-agg= 2<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed3 = 2<br /> | RD1-team3 = '''[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]'''<br /> | RD1-score3-1= 3<br /> | RD1-score3-2= 0<br /> | RD1-score3-agg= 3<br /> | RD1-seed4 = 3<br /> | RD1-team4 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | RD1-score4-1= 1<br /> | RD1-score4-2= 1<br /> | RD1-score4-agg= 2<br /> <br /> | RD2-seed1 = 4<br /> | RD2-team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> | RD2-score1 = 1 &lt;small&gt;(1)&lt;/small&gt; <br /> | RD2-seed2 = 2<br /> | RD2-team2 = '''[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] {{pso}}'''<br /> | RD2-score2 ='''1 &lt;small&gt;(3)&lt;/small&gt;'''<br /> }}&lt;section end=Bracket /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Semi-finals ===<br /> <br /> &lt;section begin=semis /&gt;<br /> {{TwoLegStart}}<br /> {{TwoLegResult|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]||1–2|'''[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]'''| | [[2022 Indian Super League playoffs#Jamshedpur v Kerala Blasters|0–1]] |[[2022 Indian Super League playoffs#Kerala Blasters v Jamshedpur|1–1]]}}<br /> {{TwoLegResult|'''[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]'''||3–2| [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]] | | [[2022 Indian Super League playoffs#Hyderabad v ATK Mohun Bagan|3–1]] | [[2022 Indian Super League playoffs#ATK Mohun Bagan v Hyderabad|0–1]]}}<br /> {{end}}&lt;section end=semis /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Semi-finals ==<br /> {{football box<br /> | id = Jamshedpur v Kerala Blasters<br /> | date = 11 March 2022<br /> | time = 19:30 IST<br /> | team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> | score = 0–1<br /> | report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/44482-jamshedpur-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc<br /> | team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> | goals1 = <br /> | goals2 = [[Sahal Abdul Samad|Sahal]] {{goal|38}}<br /> | stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Margao, Goa]]<br /> | attendance = 0 <br /> | referee = Tejas Nagvenkar<br /> }}<br /> {{football box<br /> | id = Kerala Blasters v Jamshedpur<br /> | date = 15 March 2022<br /> | time = 19:30 IST<br /> | team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> | score = 1–1<br /> | report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/44484-kerala-blasters-fc-vs-jamshedpur-fc<br /> | team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> | goals1 = [[Adrián Luna|A. Luna]] {{goal|18}}<br /> | goals2 = [[Pronay Halder|Pronay]] {{goal|50}}<br /> | stadium = [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]]<br /> | attendance = 0 <br /> | referee = Harish Kundu<br /> }}<br /> '' Kerala Blasters won 2–1 on aggregate. ''<br /> ----<br /> {{football box<br /> | id = Hyderabad v ATK Mohun Bagan<br /> | date = 12 March 2022<br /> | time = 19:30 IST<br /> | team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] <br /> | score = 3–1<br /> | report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/44483-hyderabad-fc-vs-atk-mohun-bagan<br /> | team2 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | goals1 = [[Bartholomew Ogbeche|Ogbeche]] {{goal|45+2}} &lt;br&gt; [[Mohammad Yasir|Yasir]] {{goal|58}} &lt;br&gt; [[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{goal|64}}<br /> | goals2 = [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|18}} <br /> | stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bambolim]]<br /> | attendance = 0 <br /> | referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta<br /> }}<br /> {{football box<br /> | id = ATK Mohun Bagan v Hyderabad<br /> | date = 16 March 2022<br /> | time = 19:30 IST<br /> | team1 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | score = 1–0<br /> | report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/44485-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-hyderabad-fc<br /> | team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] <br /> | goals1 = [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|79}} <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | stadium = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bambolim]] <br /> | attendance = 0 <br /> | referee = R Venkatesh<br /> }}<br /> '' Hyderabad won 3–2 on aggregate. ''<br /> <br /> ==Final==<br /> {{main|2022 ISL Cup final}}<br /> {{football box<br /> | date = 20 March 2022<br /> | time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]<br /> | score = 1–1<br /> | penaltyscore = 3–1<br /> | aet = yes<br /> | report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/44486-hyderabad-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc <br /> | team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> | goals1 = [[Sahil Tavora|Tavora]] {{goal|88}}<br /> | goals2 = [[Rahul Kannoly Praveen|Rahul KP]] {{Goal|68}}<br /> |penalties1 =<br /> *[[João Victor (footballer, born 1988)|João MJT]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{penmiss}}<br /> *[[Khassa Camara|K. Camara]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Halicharan Narzary|Hali]] {{pengoal}}<br /> |penalties2 =<br /> *[[Marko Lešković|Lešković]] {{penmiss}}<br /> *[[Nishu Kumar|Nishu]] {{penmiss}}<br /> *[[Ayush Adhikari|Ayush]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Jeakson Singh|Jeakson]] {{penmiss}}<br /> | stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Margao, Goa]]<br /> | attendance = 11,500<br /> | referee = Crystal John<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{notelist-la}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian Super League}}<br /> {{2021–22 in Indian football}}<br /> {{2022 in Asian football (AFC)}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2022 Indian Super League final}}<br /> [[Category:2021–22 Indian Super League season]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Super League playoffs]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolf_Vielstich&diff=545821 Wolf Vielstich 2025-12-28T18:21:03Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|German chemist}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Wolf Vielstich<br /> | alma_mater = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[University of Göttingen]] (PhD)<br /> * [[University of Göttingen]] (Diplom)<br /> }}<br /> | known_for = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Electrochemistry]]<br /> }}<br /> | field = [[Chemistry]]<br /> | awards = [[Faraday Medal (electrochemistry)|Faraday Medal]] (1998)<br /> | doctoral_advisor = [[Heinz Gerischer]]<br /> | work_institution = [[University of Bonn]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Wolf Vielstich''' (born 18 June 1923&lt;ref name=&quot;Krausa1999&quot; /&gt; in [[Munich]]; died 27 August 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;Todesanzeige&quot; /&gt;) was a German [[chemist]] and professor at the [[University of Bonn]] from 1965 to 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Holze |first=R. |date=2013-07-01 |title=The 90th birthday of Wolf Vielstich |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-012-1984-0 |journal=Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry |language=en |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=1791–1792 |doi=10.1007/s10008-012-1984-0 |issn=1433-0768}}&lt;/ref&gt; His research focus included [[Electric battery|batteries]] and [[fuel cell]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heitbaum1974&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> He worked as a graduate student with [[Heinz Gerischer]] as his thesis advisor, did a postdoc at [[Louisiana State University]] with [[Paul Delahay]] and moved to the [[University of Bonn]] in 1958. He completed his [[habilitation]] in 1965 with a book on fuel cells, after which he was appointed professor in Bonn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hab1965&quot; /&gt; In 1972 he was appointed director of the institute, he retired in 1998 from the University of Bonn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Krausa1999&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Santos |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Catalysis_in_Electrochemistry/rInr1JmVuUEC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Wolf+Vielstich&amp;pg=PR9&amp;printsec=frontcover |title=Catalysis in Electrochemistry: From Fundamental Aspects to Strategies for Fuel Cell Development |last2=Schmickler |first2=Wolfgang |date=2011-10-18 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-93473-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1998, he received the [[Faraday Medal (electrochemistry)|Faraday Medal]] from the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Heitbaum1974&quot;&gt;{{citation|author=Joachim Heitbaum, Wolf Vielstich |date=1974-11-01 |df=ymd |doi=10.1002/ange.19740862103 |issue=21 |pages=756–770 |periodical=Angewandte Chemie |publisher=Wiley-VCH |title=Moderne Methoden zum Studium von Elektrodenvorgängen |volume=86}}&lt;!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Todesanzeige&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2021-09-04 |title=Todesanzeige General Anzeiger Bonn |url=https://trauer.ga.de/traueranzeige/wolf-vielstich}}&lt;!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Krausa1999&quot;&gt;{{citation|author=Michael Krausa |date=1999-01-01 |doi=10.1016/S0022-0728(98)00240-X |issn=1572-6657 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–9 |periodical=Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry |publisher=Elsevier |title=Tribute to Professor Wolf Vielstich on the occasion of his 75th birthday |volume=461}}&lt;!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hab1965&quot;&gt;{{citation|author=Wolf Vielstich |date=1965 |location=Weinheim/Bergstr. |oclc=6155750 |publisher=Verlag Chemie |series=Monographien zu &quot;Angewandte Chemie&quot; und &quot;Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik&quot;, 82 |title=Brennstoffelemente: moderne Verfahren zur elektrochemischen Energiegewinnung}}&lt;!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vielstich, Wolf}}<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bonn]]<br /> [[Category:German physical chemists]]<br /> [[Category:1923 births]]<br /> [[Category:2021 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enamul_Haque_Chowdhury&diff=457318 Enamul Haque Chowdhury 2025-12-16T16:22:09Z <p>StevieJ461261267: adjust details as per guidelines and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Enamul Haque Chowdhury<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = 1948<br /> | birth_place = Gohorpur, [[Sylhet District]], [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (now in [[Balaganj Upazila]], Bangladesh)<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2011|9|16|1948|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = Sylhet<br /> | office = [[Sylhet-2]] [[Jatiya Sangsad]]<br /> | president2 = <br /> | term = <br /> | nationality = Bangladeshi<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | party = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]<br /> | termstart = 1979<br /> | termend = 1982<br /> | predecessor = <br /> | predecessor2 = <br /> | successor2 = <br /> | successor = <br /> | native_name = এনামুল হক চৌধুরী<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | nickname = <br /> | termstart2 = 1986<br /> | termend2 = 1988<br /> | alma_mater = [[Murari Chand College]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Madan Mohan College]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Sylhet Government Pilot High School|Pilot High School]]<br /> | awards = [[Bir Bikrom]]<br /> | education = [[Master's degree]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Enamul Haque Chowdhury''' (1948–2011) was a politician in [[Sylhet District]] of [[Bangladesh]] who was a [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya party]] leader and Member of Parliament from [[Sylhet-2]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf|script-title=bn:২য় জাতীয় সংসদে নির্বাচিত মাননীয় সংসদ-সদস্যদের নামের তালিকা|last=|first=|date=|website=Bangladesh Parliament|language=bn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904090815/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2018|access-date=2019-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf|script-title=bn:৩য় জাতীয় সংসদে নির্বাচিত মাননীয় সংসদ-সদস্যদের নামের তালিকা|last=|first=|date=|website=Bangladesh Parliament|language=bn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080059/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2018|access-date=2019-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Birth and early life ==<br /> Enamul Haque Chowdhury was born in 1948 to Bashirul Haque and Sayra Khanom in Gohorpur, [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]], [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (now in [[Balaganj Upazila]], Bangladesh).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshebideshe.com/news/details/9209|script-title=bn:শ্রদ্ধাঞ্জলী : ইনামুল হক চৌধুরী ( বীর প্রতীক)|last=|first=|date=|website=The Deshe Bideshe|language=bn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191112085929/https://www.deshebideshe.com/news/details/9209|archive-date=2019-11-12|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> He was elected to Parliament in 1979 and 1986 from [[Sylhet-2]] as a [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] candidate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/wholecountry/12840/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822212736/https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/wholecountry/12840/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A7%A8-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-08-22|script-title=bn:সিলেট-২: ফুরফুরে মহাজোটের এহিয়া, ইলিয়াসপত্নীর প্রার্থীতা স্থগিত {{!}} সার…|date=2019-08-22|work=The Daily Ittefaq|language=bn|access-date=2019-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Enamul Haque Chowdhury died on 16 September 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[1979 Bangladeshi general election]]<br /> * [[1986 Bangladeshi general election]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/former-mp-s/2014-03-23-11-52-42 List of 2nd Parliament Members] -[[Jatiya Sangsad]] ([[Bengali language|Bangla]])<br /> * [http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/former-mp-s/2014-03-23-11-53-31 List of 3rd Parliament Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080059/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |date=2018-09-18 }} -[[Jatiya Sangsad]] ([[Bengali language|Bangla]])<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Enamul Haque}}<br /> [[Category:1948 births]]<br /> [[Category:2011 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Balaganj Upazila]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Sylhet Division]]<br /> [[Category:Murari Chand College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Madan Mohan College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:2nd Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br /> [[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br /> [[Category:Sylhet Government Pilot High School alumni]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{JatiyaParty-politician-stub}}</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_India_in_2017%E2%80%9318&diff=478294 Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017–18 2025-11-25T07:32:46Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|International cricket tour}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket tour<br /> | series_name = Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017–18<br /> | team1_image = Flag of India.svg<br /> | team1_name = India<br /> | team2_image = <br /> Flag of Sri Lanka.svg<br /> | team2_name = Sri Lanka<br /> | from_date = 11 November<br /> | to_date = 24 December 2017<br /> | team1_captain = [[Virat Kohli]] &lt;small&gt;(Tests)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Rohit Sharma]] &lt;small&gt;(ODIs &amp; T20Is)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | team2_captain = [[Dinesh Chandimal]] &lt;small&gt;(Tests)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Thisara Perera]] &lt;small&gt;(ODIs &amp; T20Is)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | no_of_tests = 3<br /> | team1_tests_won = 1<br /> | team2_tests_won = 0<br /> | team1_tests_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (610)<br /> | team2_tests_most_runs = [[Dinesh Chandimal]] (366)<br /> | team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (12)<br /> | team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Suranga Lakmal]] (8)&lt;br&gt;[[Dilruwan Perera]] (8)<br /> | player_of_test_series = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)<br /> | no_of_ODIs = 3<br /> | team1_ODIs_won = 2<br /> | team2_ODIs_won = 1<br /> | team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (217)<br /> | team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Angelo Mathews]] (153)<br /> | team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (6)<br /> | team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Thisara Perera]] (5)<br /> | player_of_ODI_series = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Ind)<br /> | no_of_twenty20s = 3<br /> | team1_twenty20s_won = 3<br /> | team2_twenty20s_won = 0<br /> | team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (162)<br /> | team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Kusal Perera]] (100)<br /> | team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (8)<br /> | team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Dushmantha Chameera]] (3)&lt;br&gt;[[Thisara Perera]] (3)&lt;br&gt;[[Nuwan Pradeep]] (3)<br /> | player_of_twenty20_series = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] (Ind)<br /> }}<br /> The [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka cricket team]] toured India in November and December 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;NovDec&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1113095.html |title=Sri Lanka's return visit could impact India's tour to South Africa |access-date=29 July 2017|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;24Dec&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1117153.html |title=South Africa v India: Boxing Day out, New Year likely to begin late |access-date=19 August 2017|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; The original schedule had the tour consisting of three [[Test cricket|Tests]], five [[One Day International]]s (ODIs) and one [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) match starting in February 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fixtures&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://icc-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/media/about_docs/547c2a4d42a86-Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20FTP%202015%20to%202019%20as%20at%20Nov%202014.pdf |title=Future Tours Programme |access-date=16 January 2016 |work=International Cricket Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2017, [[Sri Lanka Cricket]] (SLC) announced the dates for the [[2018 Nidahas Trophy]], a limited-overs tri-series tournament featuring Sri Lanka, India and Bangladesh. This was scheduled to take place in March 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nidahas&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/1086825.html |title=India, Bangladesh, SL to play tri-series in 2018 |access-date=15 March 2017|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; The SLC president [[Thilanga Sumathipala]] said that some of the scheduled limited-overs matches fixtures in this series would now be played in the Nidahas Trophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nidahas&quot;/&gt; The revised schedule of the tour now has three Tests, three ODIs and three T20Is.&lt;ref name=&quot;CI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1114234.html |title=Guwahati, Thiruvananthapuram in line for T20I debuts |access-date=1 August 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CI2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20892179/sri-lanka-set-packed-india-tour |title=Sri Lanka set for packed India tour |access-date=2 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahead of the Test series, a two-day tour match was played between the India Board President XI and Sri Lanka.&lt;ref name=&quot;tmXI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/sri-lanka-in-india/five-hyderabad-players-in-board-presidents-xi-team/articleshow/61189395.cms |title=Five Hyderabad players in Board President's XI team |access-date=24 October 2017 |work=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2017, [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) acting secretary Amitabh Choudhary mentioned that the Tests would be played in [[Kolkata]], [[Nagpur]] and [[Delhi]]. The ODI venues would be in [[Dharamshala]], [[Mohali]] and [[Visakhapatnam]] and the three T20 games would be played in [[Cuttack]], [[Indore]] and [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Change1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sri-lanka-tour-of-india-bcci-amitabh-choudhary-cricket-1027475-2017-08-01 |title=Sri Lanka visit advanced due to 2018 Independence Cup: BCCI |access-date=6 August 2017 |work=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Change2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/capital-to-host-india-nz-t20-in-november/article19410936.ece |title=Capital to host India-NZ T20 in November |access-date=29 September 2017 |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, Choudhary said that a second reason for Sri Lanka's advanced arrival was the cancellation of the proposed series between India and Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2017, [[Virat Kohli]] was named as India's captain for the Test series.&lt;ref name=&quot;rest&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1124523.html |title=Kohli likely to be rested during home series against Sri Lanka |access-date=24 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in November 2017, he was rested for the ODIs as well as T20Is in preparation for [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|India's tour to South Africa]] at the end of the year, with [[Rohit Sharma]] named as captain.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndODI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21585333/kohli-rested-sri-lanka-odis-rohit-lead |title=Kohli rested for Sri Lanka ODIs; Rohit to lead |date=27 November 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo| access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndT20I&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21664568/washington-sundar,-basil-thampi,-deepak-hooda-india-t20-squad |title=Washington Sundar, Thampi, Hooda in India's T20 squad |access-date=4 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 29 November 2017, [[Thisara Perera]] was named as Sri Lanka's captain for the ODI and T20I matches, replacing [[Upul Tharanga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PereraCapt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-sri-lanka-thisara-perera-to-lead-odi-t20-series-4959956/ |title=India vs Sri Lanka: Thisara Perera to lead Sri Lanka in ODI, T20 series |date=29 November 2017 |work=Indian Express | access-date=29 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PereraCSL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.srilankacricket.lk/news/thisara-perera-appointed-sri-lanka-odi-t20i-captain-for-the-forthcoming-series-against-india |title=Thisara Perera appointed Sri Lanka ODI &amp; T20I Captain for the forthcoming series against India |date=29 November 2017 |work=Cricket Sri Lanka | access-date=29 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> India won the Test series 1–0, after the first and third matches were drawn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Test-res&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18074/report/1122725/day/5/ |title=Dhananjaya, Roshen deny India 2–0 |access-date=6 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; India won the ODI series 2–1, their eighth consecutive series win since beating [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016|Zimbabwe in June 2016]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ODI-res&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18074/report/1122728/ |title=India scamper to eighth successive ODI series win |access-date=17 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; India won the T20I series 3–0.&lt;ref name=&quot;T20I-res&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18074/report/1122731/ |title=Unadkat, Pandey shine as India complete 3–0 sweep |access-date=24 December 2017|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==[[Squads]]==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=2|Tests<br /> !colspan=2|ODIs<br /> !colspan=2|T20Is<br /> |-<br /> !{{cr|IND}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IndTest&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21122999/m-vijay-back-squad-sri-lanka-tests |title=Vijay back in squad for Sri Lanka Tests |access-date=23 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !{{cr|SL}}&lt;ref name=&quot;SLTest&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/1125448.html |title=Mendis, Kaushal Silva and Pradeep left out of India tour |access-date=5 November 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !{{cr|IND}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IndODI&quot;/&gt;<br /> !{{cr|SL}}&lt;ref name=&quot;SLODI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21674682/kusal-perera-back-sri-lanka-odi-squad |title=Kusal Perera back in Sri Lanka ODI squad |access-date=5 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !{{cr|IND}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IndT20I&quot;/&gt;<br /> !{{cr|SL}}&lt;ref name=&quot;SLT20I&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21775606/lasith-malinga-rested-india-t20s |title=Malinga 'rested' for India T20s |access-date=15 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;<br /> |<br /> * [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]<br /> * [[Shikhar Dhawan]]<br /> * [[Ravindra Jadeja]]<br /> * [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]<br /> * [[Hardik Pandya]]<br /> * [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]<br /> * [[Ajinkya Rahane]]<br /> * [[KL Rahul]]<br /> * [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Mohammed Shami]]<br /> * [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]]<br /> * [[Ishant Sharma]]<br /> * [[Rohit Sharma]]<br /> * [[Murali Vijay]]<br /> * [[Kuldeep Yadav]]<br /> * [[Umesh Yadav]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Dinesh Chandimal]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Dhananjaya de Silva]]<br /> * [[Niroshan Dickwella]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Vishwa Fernando]]<br /> * [[Lahiru Gamage]]<br /> * [[Rangana Herath]]<br /> * [[Dimuth Karunaratne]]<br /> * [[Suranga Lakmal]]<br /> * [[Angelo Mathews]]<br /> * [[Dilruwan Perera]]<br /> * [[Sadeera Samarawickrama]]<br /> * [[Lakshan Sandakan]]<br /> * [[Dasun Shanaka]]<br /> * [[Roshen Silva]]<br /> * [[Lahiru Thirimanne]]<br /> * [[Jeffrey Vandersay]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Jasprit Bumrah]]<br /> * [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]<br /> * [[Shikhar Dhawan]]<br /> * [[MS Dhoni]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Shreyas Iyer]]<br /> * '''[[Kedar Jadhav]]'''<br /> * [[Dinesh Karthik]]<br /> * [[Siddarth Kaul]]<br /> * [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]<br /> * [[Manish Pandey]]<br /> * [[Hardik Pandya]]<br /> * [[Axar Patel]]<br /> * [[Ajinkya Rahane]]<br /> * [[Washington Sundar]]<br /> * [[Kuldeep Yadav]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Thisara Perera]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Dushmantha Chameera]]<br /> * [[Akila Dananjaya]]<br /> * [[Chaturanga de Silva]]<br /> * [[Dhananjaya de Silva]]<br /> * [[Niroshan Dickwella]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Asela Gunaratne]]<br /> * [[Danushka Gunathilaka]]<br /> * [[Suranga Lakmal]]<br /> * [[Angelo Mathews]]<br /> * [[Sachith Pathirana]]<br /> * [[Kusal Perera]]<br /> * [[Nuwan Pradeep]]<br /> * [[Sadeera Samarawickrama]]<br /> * [[Upul Tharanga]]<br /> * [[Lahiru Thirimanne]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Jasprit Bumrah]]<br /> * [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]<br /> * [[MS Dhoni]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Deepak Hooda]]<br /> * [[Shreyas Iyer]]<br /> * [[Dinesh Karthik]]<br /> * [[Manish Pandey]]<br /> * [[Hardik Pandya]]<br /> * [[KL Rahul]]<br /> * [[Mohammed Siraj]]<br /> * [[Washington Sundar]]<br /> * [[Basil Thampi]]<br /> * [[Jaydev Unadkat]]<br /> * [[Kuldeep Yadav]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Thisara Perera]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Dushmantha Chameera]]<br /> * [[Akila Dananjaya]]<br /> * [[Chaturanga de Silva]]<br /> * [[Niroshan Dickwella]]<br /> * [[Vishwa Fernando]]<br /> * [[Asela Gunaratne]]<br /> * [[Danushka Gunathilaka]]<br /> * [[Angelo Mathews]]<br /> * [[Sachith Pathirana]]<br /> * [[Kusal Perera]]<br /> * [[Nuwan Pradeep]]<br /> * [[Dasun Shanaka]]<br /> * [[Sadeera Samarawickrama]]<br /> * [[Upul Tharanga]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[Hardik Pandya]] was initially named in India's Test squad, but was later withdrawn from the series to manage his workload.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pandya&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/511760 |title=Pandya rested for Sri Lanka Tests |access-date=10 November 2017 |work=International Cricket Council}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahead of the second Test, [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] and [[Shikhar Dhawan]] were released from the team for personal reasons. [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]] was named as [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]’s replacement in the squad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21490034|title=Bhuvneshwar, Dhawan released from India Test squad|date=20 November 2017|website=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, ahead of third Test, Dhawan was added back in India's Test squad.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndODI&quot;/&gt; [[Rangana Herath]] was ruled out of Sri Lanka's squad for the third Test, with [[Jeffrey Vandersay]] replacing him.&lt;ref name=&quot;RH-JV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-sri-lanka-jeffrey-vandersay-cover-rangana-herath-squad-third-test-4958522/ |title=India vs Sri Lanka: Jeffrey Vandersay comes in as cover for Rangana Herath |date=28 November 2017|work=Indian Express |access-date=28 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ahead of the first ODI, [[Kedar Jadhav]] injured his hamstring and was ruled out of the series.&lt;ref name=&quot;JadhavHS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/091217/india-vs-sri-lanka-kedar-jadhav-ruled-out-of-odi-series-with-hamstring-injury.html |title=India vs Sri Lanka: Kedar Jadhav ruled out of ODI series with hamstring injury |date=9 December 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=13 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was replaced by [[Washington Sundar]] in India's squad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Washington&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21717639/washington-sundar-replaces-injured-kedar-jadhav-odi-squad |title=Washington Sundar replaces injured Jadhav in ODI squad |date=9 December 2017|work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=9 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the second T20I, [[Angelo Mathews]] injured his hamstring and was ruled out of Sri Lanka's squad for the last T20I.&lt;ref name=&quot;AngeloHS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21851606/hamstring-tear-puts-angelo-mathews-action-two-weeks |title=Hamstring tear puts Mathews out of action for two weeks |date=23 December 2017|work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=23 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tour match==<br /> ===Two-day: India Board President XI vs Sri Lanka===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 11–12 November 2017<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|IND|name=India Board President XI}}<br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 411/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (88 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sadeera Samarawickrama]] 74 (77)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sandeep Warrier]] 2/60 (15 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 287/5 (75 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 128 (143)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] 2/22 (6 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 =<br /> <br /> | result = Match drawn<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1124718.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Jadavpur University|Jadavpur University Campus 2nd Ground]], [[Kolkata]]<br /> | umpires = [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind) and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Indian Board President's XI won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = 15 players per side (11 batting, 11 fielding)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Test series==<br /> ===1st Test===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 16–20 November 2017<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|SL}}<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 172 (59.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 52 (117)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Suranga Lakmal]] 4/26 (19 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 294 (83.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rangana Herath]] 67 (105)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 4/88 (27 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 352/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (88.4 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 104[[not out|*]] (119)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dasun Shanaka]] 3/76 (22 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 75/7 (26.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Niroshan Dickwella]] 27 (36)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 4/8 (11 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = Match drawn<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122723.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]<br /> | umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng), [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)<br /> | motm = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (Ind)<br /> | toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = Only 11.5 overs were bowled on day 1 and 21 overs on day 2 due to rain and bad light. Play also ended early on days 3, 4 and 5 due to bad light.<br /> | notes = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) was replaced by [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI) as the on-field umpire from day 3 onwards due to illness.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kettle&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=India vs Sri Lanka 2017: Umpire Ketttleborough Misses Third Day's Play |url=http://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/india-vs-sri-lanka-umpire-ketttleborough-misses-third-days-play-1580751.html |access-date=20 November 2017 |work=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (Ind) became the third batsman for India, and ninth overall, to bat on all five days of a Test.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pujara5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Cheteshwar Pujara third Indian to bat on all five days of a Test |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/sri-lanka-in-india/cheteshwar-pujara-third-indian-to-bat-on-all-five-days-of-a-test/articleshow/61719604.cms? |access-date=19 November 2017 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Virat Kohli|50th century in international cricket]] and became the joint fastest batsman along with [[Hashim Amla]] (SA) to score [[List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored|50 international centuries]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli50&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Virat Kohli slams 18th Test ton for India against Sri Lanka |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/virat-kohli-slams-18th-test-ton-for-india-against-sri-lanka-4946023/ |access-date=20 November 2017 |work=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amla50&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Virat Kohli joint fastest to reach 50 centuries in international cricket |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21483890/virat-kohli-joint-fastest-50-international-tons|access-date=20 November 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Virat Kohli also equaled [[Sunil Gavaskar]]'s record for the most Test centuries as captain of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohlicaptain11&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Virat Kohli equals Sunil Gavaskar for Most Test Tons as Indian Captain |url=http://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/virat-kohli-equals-sunil-gavaskar-for-most-test-tons-as-indian-captain-1582103.html |access-date=20 November 2017 |work=News 18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2nd Test===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 24–28 November 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;4days&quot; group=&quot;n&quot;&gt;While five days of play were scheduled for each Test, the second Test reached a result within four days.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 205 (79.1 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dinesh Chandimal]] 57 (122)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 4/67 (28.1 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 610/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (176.1 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 213 (267)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dilruwan Perera]] 3/202 (45 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 166 (49.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dinesh Chandimal]] 61 (82)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 4/63 (17.3 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = <br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = <br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = <br /> <br /> | result = India won by an innings and 239 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122724.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]<br /> | umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)<br /> | motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)<br /> | toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat. <br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Dinesh Chandimal]] (SL) passed 3,000 runs in Tests and [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] (SL) scored his 1,000th run in Tests in 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;DC-DK&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21536675/thirimanne-bunny-ashwin-jadeja-v-kumble-harbhajan |title=Thirimanne the bunny, and Ashwin-Jadeja v Kumble-Harbhajan |access-date=24 November 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Murali Vijay]] (Ind) scored his 10th century in Tests.&lt;ref name=&quot;MV10th&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/519165 |title=Vijay, Pujara punish Sri Lanka with centuries |access-date=25 November 2017 |work=International Cricket Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (Ind) scored his 1,000th run in Tests in 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;CP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/cheteshwar-pujara-dream-run-in-2017-continues-a-look-at-his-staggering-numbers-4954220/|title=Cheteshwar Pujara's dream run in 2017 continues: A look at his staggering numbers |access-date=26 November 2017|work=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) became the first captain to score 10 international hundreds in a calendar year and he also scored the most Test centuries as a captain of India (12).&lt;ref name=&quot;VK10th&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/sports/article/virat-kohli-goes-past-ricky-ponting-with-10th-ton-as-captain-in-calendar-year-india-vs-sri-lanka/133177|title=Virat Kohli goes past Ricky Ponting with 10th ton as captain in calendar year|access-date=26 November 2017 |work=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VK12th&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/virat-kohli-breaks-sunil-gavaskars-record-of-most-test-tons-as-indian-captain-1587561.html|title=Virat Kohli Breaks Sunil Gavaskar's Record of Most Test Tons as Indian Captain|access-date=26 November 2017 |work=Cricket Next}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Virat Kohli equalled [[Brian Lara]]'s record of the most double centuries as captain in Tests (5).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lara&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/news/virat-kohli-registers-5th-double-century-in-2nd-test-vs-sri-lanka-663226|title=Virat Kohli registers 5th double century in 2nd Test vs Sri Lanka|access-date=26 November 2017 |work=Cricket County}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * This was Sri Lanka's 100th loss, India's joint-biggest win and Sri Lanka's biggest loss by an innings in Tests.&lt;ref name=sriloss&gt;{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283877.html |title=Test cricket team results summary|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biggest&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18074/report/1122724/India-vs-Sri-Lanka-2nd-Test-sl-in-india-2017-18|title=Ashwin quickest to 300 wickets, India record joint-biggest win|access-date=27 November 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind) took the fewest matches to take [[List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket|300 wickets]] in Tests (54).&lt;ref name=&quot;Biggest&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===3rd Test===<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 2–6 December 2017<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|SL}}<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 536/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (127.5 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 243 (287)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Lakshan Sandakan]] 4/167 (33.5 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 373 (135.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Dinesh Chandimal]] 164 (361)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 3/90 (35 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 246/5[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (52.2 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 67 (91)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dhananjaya de Silva]] 1/31 (5 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 299/5 (103 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Dhananjaya de Silva]] 119[[not out|*]] (219)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/81 (38 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = Match drawn<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122725.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]]<br /> | umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)<br /> | motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)<br /> | toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Roshen Silva]] (SL) made his Test debut.<br /> * [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) made his 20th century, scored his 3,000th run as captain of India and his 5,000th run in Tests. This was his 10th century against Sri Lanka in all forms of international cricket in 2017, the most by one player against a single team in a calendar year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli5000&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/sri-lanka-in-india/3rd-test-virat-kohli-goes-past-5000-run-mark-in-tests/articleshow/61891339.cms |title=3rd Test: Virat Kohli goes past 5000-run mark in Tests |work=Times of India |access-date=2 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli20&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/virat-kohli-20th-test-century-record-staggering-numbers-2017-india-cricket-4964431/ |title=Virat Kohli scores 20th Test century, racks up staggering numbers in 2017 |work=Indian Express |access-date=2 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Test3D1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21638676/virat-kohli-breezes-5000-runs-20th-test-ton |title=Kohli breezes past 5000 runs with his 20th Test ton |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Kohli also became the fastest batsman to reach 16,000 international runs and became the first Test captain to score centuries in each game of a three-match Test series.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/sports/article/virat-kohli-leaves-hashim-amla-behind-to-become-fastest-to-score-16000-international-runs-and-52-tons/137870|title=Virat Kohli becomes fastest to reach the landmark of 16000 runs in international cricket|publisher=TimesNow |access-date=2 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Virat Kohli and [[Murali Vijay]] (Ind) made the highest partnership for India for any wicket against Sri Lanka in Tests (283).&lt;ref name=&quot;Test3D1&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Dilruwan Perera]] (SL) became the fastest bowler for Sri Lanka, in terms of matches played, to take 100 wickets in Tests (25).&lt;ref name=&quot;Test3D1&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Virat Kohli (Ind) scored his sixth double century, his third in 2017 and the most as captain in Tests (6).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli200x6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/virat-kohli-slams-sixth-double-century-india-vs-sri-lanka-4965531/|title=Virat Kohli slams sixth double-century; joins Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag in milestone club|publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=3 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * [[Dhananjaya de Silva]]'s (SL) unbeaten 119 was the highest fourth-innings score by a visiting batsman in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Test-res&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====Smog====<br /> During the second day of the third Test, the [[Smog in Delhi]] forced the Sri Lanka cricketers to halt play and wear anti-pollution masks.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmogCI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21649227/delhi-pollution-interrupts-india-sri-lanka-test |title=Delhi pollution interrupts India-Sri Lanka Test |access-date=4 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cricketer [[Lahiru Gamage]] was reported to have [[Respiratory problem|breathing shortness]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SmogTG&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title= Pollution stops play at Delhi test match as bowlers struggle to breathe|work= The Guardian|access-date=4 December 2017|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/pollution-stops-play-at-delhi-test-match-as-bowlers-struggle-to-breathe}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nic Pothas]], coach of the Sri Lankan cricket team, reported that [[Dhananjaya de Silva]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/cnn/2017/12/04/sport/cricket-delhi-pollution-intl/index.html<br /> |title=India cricket test players battle on through thick New Delhi Smog|access-date=5 December 2017 |work=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Suranga Lakmal]] had vomited regularly due to the severe pollution at the ground.&lt;ref name=&quot;VomitCI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2017/content/story/1128346.html |title='We had players coming off and vomiting' - Pothas |access-date=4 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; There was a haltage of play between 12:32pm to 12:49pm, which caused Indian coach [[Ravi Shastri]] to come out to consult with the on-field umpires.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmogNDTV&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title=India vs Sri Lanka 3rd test angry Ravi Shastri marched on to the field twitter trolled him|publisher= NDTV sports |access-date=4 December 2017 |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-sri-lanka-2017-18/india-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-test-angry-ravi-shastri-marched-on-to-the-field-twitter-trolled-him-1783278}}&lt;/ref&gt; BCCI president C. K. Khanna accused the Sri Lankan team of making fuss while Indian spectators called the team &quot;melodramatic&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmogTOI&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title= Cricketers vomiting after fielding in smoggy delhi Sri Lanka coach|work= The Times of India |access-date=4 December 2017 |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/sri-lanka-in-india/cricketers-vomiting-after-fielding-in-smoggy-delhi-sri-lanka-coach/amp_articleshow/61904492.cms}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; On day 4, India's [[Mohammed Shami]] was also seen vomiting on the field.&lt;ref name=&quot;SmogIndia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21675222/sri-lanka-struggles-delhi-air-genuine-shikhar-dhawan |title=SL's struggles with Delhi air may be genuine - Dhawan |access-date=6 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the match, both participating countries criticised the choice to play the Test in Delhi with the high levels of pollution.&lt;ref name=&quot;postsmog&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21697391/delhi-test-draws-criticism-sl-manager-indian-medical-association |title=Delhi Test draws criticism from SL manager, Indian Medical Association |access-date=7 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sri Lanka manager [[Asanka Gurusinha]] said that both teams were using oxygen cylinders in their dressing rooms due to breathing difficulties,&lt;ref name=&quot;postsmog&quot;/&gt; and suggested the use of air-quality meters in future fixtures.&lt;ref name=&quot;postsmog&quot;/&gt; President of the [[Indian Medical Association]], KK Agarwal, said that playing in such conditions could result in [[Respiratory disease|lung]] and [[Cardiovascular disease|heart disease]], and recommended the inclusion of atmospheric pollution as a factor in the assessment criteria for a match.&lt;ref name=&quot;postsmog&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==ODI series==<br /> ===1st ODI===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 10 December 2017<br /> | time = 11:30<br /> | daynight = Yes<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|SL}}<br /> | score1 = 112 (38.2 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[MS Dhoni]] 65 (87)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Suranga Lakmal]] 4/13 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 113/3 (20.4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 49 (46)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 1/32 (7 overs)<br /> | result = Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122726.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]<br /> | umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Simon Fry]] (Aus)<br /> | mom = [[Suranga Lakmal]](SL)<br /> | toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Shreyas Iyer]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.<br /> * [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) and [[Thisara Perera]] (SL) both made their ODI captaincy debuts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=In Stats: India Eye World Number 1 Rank in ODI Series vs Sri Lanka|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-sri-lanka-first-odi-stats-preview|access-date=10 December 2017|work=The Quint}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;1stODI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21725081/the-worst-aggregate-india-top-five |title=India's lowest total at home when batting first |access-date=10 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * India lost their first five wickets for 16 runs, their lowest total in ODIs, and their top five batsman aggregated 13 runs, also their lowest total in ODIs.&lt;ref name=&quot;1stODI&quot;/&gt;<br /> * [[Dinesh Karthik]] (Ind) faced the most [[Delivery (cricket)|deliveries]] by an India batsman before being dismissed for a [[duck (cricket)|duck]] in ODIs (18).&lt;ref name=&quot;1stODI&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2nd ODI===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 13 December 2017<br /> | time = 11:30<br /> | daynight = Yes<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|SL}}<br /> | score1 = 392/4 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 208[[not out|*]] (153)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Thisara Perera]] 3/80 (8 overs)<br /> | score2 = 251/8 (50 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 111[[not out|*]] (132)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/60 (10 overs)<br /> | result = India won by 141 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122727.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]<br /> | umpires = [[C. K. Nandan]] (Ind) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)<br /> | motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)<br /> | toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Washington Sundar]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.<br /> * This was the 100th time that India had scored 300 runs or more in ODIs.&lt;ref name=&quot;India300&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/538333 |title=Rohit's third double-ton powers India to victory |access-date=13 December 2017 |work=International Cricket Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) became the first batsman to score [[List of highest individual scores in ODIs|three double centuries in ODIs]] and also became the first batsman to score two double centuries against the same opposition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma200&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/131217/3-double-hundreds-rohit-sharma-slams-3rd-double-ton-in-odis-2nd-vs-sri-lanka-mohali.html |title=3 double hundreds Rohit Sharma slams 3rd double ton in ODIs, 2nd vs Sri Lanka Mohali |access-date=13 December 2017 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Nuwan Pradeep]] (SL) conceded the [[List of One Day International cricket records#Most runs conceded in an innings|joint third-highest number of runs in an innings]] in an ODI (106).&lt;ref name=&quot;Nuwan106&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21754742/three-double-hundreds-others-four-double-hundreds |title=Rohit: three double-hundreds; Others: four |access-date=13 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Angelo Mathews]] (SL) became the fourth player for Sri Lanka to score 5,000 runs and take 100 wickets in ODIs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mathews5000&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/news/india-crush-sri-lanka-level-series-rohit-sharma-slams-3rd-double-hundred-669304 |title=India crush Sri Lanka, level series, Rohit Sharma slams 3rd double hundred |access-date=13 December 2017 |work=Cricket Country}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===3rd ODI===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 17 December 2017<br /> | time = 13:30<br /> | daynight = Yes<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br /> | score1 = 215 (44.5 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 95 (82)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 3/42 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 219/2 (32.1 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 100[[not out|*]] (85)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Thisara Perera]] 1/25 (5 overs)<br /> | result = India won by 8 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122728.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]<br /> | umpires = [[Simon Fry]] (Aus) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Ind)<br /> | toss = India won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Ind) scored his 4,000th run in ODIs.&lt;ref name=&quot;ODI-res&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==T20I series==<br /> ===1st T20I===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 20 December 2017<br /> | time = 19:00<br /> | night = Yes<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|SL}}<br /> | score1 = 180/3 (20 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 61 (48)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 1/19 (3 overs)<br /> | score2 = 87 (16 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 23 (16)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 4/23 (4 overs)<br /> | result = India won by 93 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122729.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]]<br /> | umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[C. K. Nandan]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Ind)<br /> | toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Vishwa Fernando]] (SL) made his T20I debut.<br /> * This was Sri Lanka's 100th T20I.&lt;ref name=&quot;100thT20I&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=100th T20I of Sri Lanka: Statistical journey of Island Nation in shortest format|url=https://www.sportswallah.com/cricket/features/100th-t20i-of-sri-lanka-statistical-journey-of-island-nation-in-shortest-format|access-date=20 December 2017|work=Sports Wallah}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) captained India for the [[List of India national cricket captains#T20I|first time in T20Is]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SharmaT20IC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=India vs Sri Lanka, 1st T20I preview and likely XIs: Rohit Sharma looks to make captaincy debut memorable|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/india-vs-sri-lanka-1st-t20i-preview-and-likely-xis-rohit-sharma-looks-to-make-captaincy-debut-memorable-671392|access-date=20 December 2017|work=Cricket Country}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also became the second India batsman after [[Virat Kohli]] to score 1,500 runs in T20Is.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ro1500&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/sports/article/india-vs-sri-lanka1st-t20i-rohit-sharma-on-verge-of-becoming-2nd-indian-to-score-1500-runs-after-virat-kohli/180555 |title=India vs Sri Lanka: Rohit Sharma becomes 2nd Indian after Virat Kohli to score 1500 runs in T20Is |access-date=20 December 2017|work=Times Now}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[MS Dhoni]] (Ind) affected the most dismissals in T20Is (74).&lt;ref name=&quot;Dhoni74&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=MS Dhoni surpasses AB de Villiers to register most T20Is dismissals|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ms-dhoni-surpasses-ab-de-villiers-to-register-most-t20is-dismissals-671754|access-date=20 December 2017|work=Cricket Country}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In terms of runs, this was both India's biggest win and Sri Lanka's biggest defeat in T20Is.&lt;ref name=&quot;India93&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21827596/sri-lanka-worst-defeat-t20is |title=Sri Lanka's worst defeat in T20Is |access-date=20 December 2017|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2nd T20I===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 22 December 2017<br /> | time = 19:00<br /> | night = Yes<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|SL}}<br /> | score1 = 260/5 (20 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 118 (43)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Thisara Perera]] 2/49 (4 overs)<br /> | score2 = 172 (17.2 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Kusal Perera]] 77 (37)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 4/52 (4 overs)<br /> | result = India won by 88 runs<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122730.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Holkar Stadium]], [[Indore]]<br /> | umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[C. K. Nandan]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)<br /> | toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = This was the first T20I to be played at this venue.&lt;ref name=&quot;Holkar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/570267 |title=In-form India keen to wrap up series |access-date=22 December 2017|work=International Cricket Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * This was India's [[List of India Twenty20 International cricket records#Highest innings totals|highest score in T20Is]] and it was the [[List of Twenty20 International records#Highest innings totals|joint-second highest team total in T20Is]].&lt;ref name=&quot;India260&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/sri-lanka-in-india/live-updates-india-v-sri-lanka-2nd-t20i/articleshow/62210144.cms |title=2nd T20I: Rohit Sharma and KL Rahul power India to record total |access-date=22 December 2017|work=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind) scored the [[List of Twenty20 International records#Fastest 100|joint-fastest century]] in T20Is (35 balls).&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma100&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/rohit-sharma-india-vs-sri-lanka-t20i-cricket-indore-holkar-stadium-1114565-2017-12-22 |title=Rohit Sharma slams joint fastest T20I century off 35 balls |access-date=22 December 2017|work=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Rohit Sharma became the first batsman for India to score two centuries in T20Is and he also scored the highest total by a batsman for India in T20Is.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21846396/rohit-sharma-hits-joint-fastest-t20i-century |title=Rohit hits the joint-fastest T20I century |access-date=22 December 2017|work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[KL Rahul]] and Rohit Sharma made the highest opening partnership for India in T20Is (165).&lt;ref name=&quot;KL-RS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/571026|title=Rohit's 35-ball ton leads India to series win|access-date=22 December 2017|work=International Cricket Council}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===3rd T20I===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 24 December 2017<br /> | time = 19:00<br /> | night = Yes<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br /> | score1 = 135/7 (20 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Asela Gunaratne]] 36 (37)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 2/15 (4 overs)<br /> | score2 = 139/5 (19.2 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Manish Pandey]] 32 (29)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Dushmantha Chameera]] 2/22 (4 overs)<br /> | result = India won by 5 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122731.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br /> | umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] (Ind)<br /> | toss = India won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Washington Sundar]] (Ind) made his T20I debut. At the age of 18 years and 80 days, he became the youngest player to debut for India in T20Is.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sundar18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/sri-lanka-in-india/washington-sundar-youngest-to-play-for-india-in-t20is/articleshow/62232577.cms |title=Washington Sundar youngest to play for India in T20Is |access-date=24 December 2017 |work=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=&quot;n&quot;}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/1122718/sri-lanka-tour-of-india Series home at ESPN Cricinfo]<br /> <br /> {{International cricket tours of India}}<br /> {{International cricket in 2017–18}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017-18}}<br /> [[Category:2017 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:2017 in Sri Lankan cricket]]<br /> [[Category:International cricket competitions in 2017–18]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan cricket tours of India]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=HAL_Airport&diff=475802 HAL Airport 2025-11-25T06:05:46Z <p>StevieJ461261267: added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Airport serving Bangalore, Karnataka}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox airport<br /> | name = HAL Airport<br /> | image = <br /> | image-width = 250<br /> | ICAO = VOBG<br /> | type = Military and VVIP (Earlier public)<br /> | owner-oper = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]<br /> | city-served = <br /> | location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br /> | opened = January 1941<br /> | passenger_services_ceased = 24 May 2008<br /> | elevation-f = 2,912<br /> | elevation-m = 888<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12|57|0|N|77|40|6|E|type:airport_region:IN_elevation:888|display=inline,title}}<br /> | website = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India<br /> | pushpin_label = '''VOBG'''<br /> | r1-number = 09/27<br /> | r1-length-f = 10,850<br /> | r1-length-m = 3,306<br /> | r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''HAL Airport''' {{airport codes||VOBG}} is an [[airport]] that serves [[Bengaluru]], the capital of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. Located about 12&amp;nbsp;km east of the city centre,&lt;ref name=&quot;geninfo&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://aai.aero/allAirports/blr_gi.jsp | title=Bangalore: General information | work=Airports Authority of India | accessdate=30 August 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212232401/http://aai.aero/allAirports/blr_gi.jsp | archivedate=12 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; it has one [[runway]] and operates 24/7. [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), a [[Public sector undertakings|state-owned defence company]], owns the airfield and runs a testing facility in conjunction with the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. The airport also caters to non-scheduled civilian traffic, including [[General aviation|general]], [[business aviation|business]] and VIP aviation. For over 60 years, it received all domestic and international flights to the city; the [[Airports Authority of India]] shut down its [[civil enclave]], officially known as &quot;Bangalore International Airport&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;geninfo&quot;/&gt; upon the opening of the [[Kempegowda International Airport]] in [[Devanahalli]] in 2008.<br /> <br /> The airport commenced operations in January 1941 as the home of India's first aircraft factory, established by the company Hindustan Aircraft. The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] employed the airfield during the [[Second World War]], and by 1946 commercial flights had begun. Activity at the airport grew gradually over the next several decades until the 1990s, when it started to increase rapidly in parallel to Bangalore's economic expansion. In response, the airport underwent a series of expansions and upgrades. Meanwhile, HAL declared it wanted the airport completely to itself, resulting in the planning of another airfield to replace the civil enclave. Although HAL later modified its stance and some residents of the city protested, an agreement between the new airport's operator and the state and national governments obligated the enclave to close. Consequently, airlines moved to the Devanahalli airport on the night of 23–24 May 2008.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> During [[World War II]], Indian magnate [[Walchand Hirachand]] sought to build and repair planes in India, which at the time did not have any aircraft industry of its own. He found a partner in American businessman [[William Pawley]], and the two received authorization from the British War Cabinet to set up a factory. Meanwhile, the [[Kingdom of Mysore|princely state of Mysore]] offered 200 acres in [[Bangalore]] for the construction of an airfield.&lt;ref name=&quot;meiji&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/~transfer/paper/pdf/09/03_Ramnath.pdf | title=International Networks and Aircraft Manufacture in Colonial and Postcolonial India: States, Entrepreneurs and Educational Institutions, 1940-64 | author=Ramnath, Aparajith | journal=History of Global Arms Transfer | year=2020 | issue=9 | pages=41–59 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704150238/http://www.isc.meiji.ac.jp/~transfer/paper/pdf/09/03_Ramnath.pdf | archivedate=4 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hirachand, his colleagues, and the Mysore government jointly formed a company called Hindustan Aircraft Limited (the original name of present-day [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], or HAL) and in December 1940 laid the cornerstone of the facility, which began operations just one month later.&lt;ref name=&quot;meiji&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;flight54&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1954/1954%20-%202391.PDF | title=Hindustan Aircraft, Ltd. | journal=Flight | date=27 August 1954 | page=296 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510094328/http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1954/1954%20-%202391.PDF | archivedate=10 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[British Raj|colonial government]] joined the venture in 1941. As fears of Japanese ambitions rose following the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], the British Raj took over HAL in April 1942, thereby requisitioning the airfield as well. It then allowed the US [[Tenth Air Force]] to repair its aircraft in Bangalore, and the following year the Americans began running the factory.&lt;ref name=&quot;meiji&quot;/&gt; With the US Air Force in charge, the facility focused on fixing and overhauling aircraft and engines, as well as producing drop tanks. Workers tended to a wide range of planes, including [[Consolidated PBY Catalina|Catalinas]] and [[C-47 Dakota]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;meiji&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njtHAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=RA18-PA7 | title=Civil aviation in India | author=Kendall, N. W. | journal=World Trade Information Service Part 4: Utilities Abroad | date=November 1955 | volume=55 | issue=21 | page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upon the war's conclusion, the Indian government reassumed control of the airport.&lt;ref name=&quot;flight54&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On the civilian front, commercial flights had started by 1946, when [[Deccan Airways Limited|Deccan Airways]] introduced service to [[Hyderabad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gazetteer&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3241/page/n107/mode/2up | title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Part 2 | publisher=Government of Karnataka | year=1983 | pages=85–89 | editor=U. Kamath, Suryanath}}&lt;/ref&gt; Six years later, three other airlines were also flying to the airport, linking it to a handful of destinations in South India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Official Airline Guide | publisher=Air Transport Association of India | date=July 1952 | volume=2 | issue=9 |pages=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210711083156/https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/atai/atai52/atai-05.jpg 6], [https://web.archive.org/web/20210711062424/https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/atai/atai52/atai-06.jpg 9], [https://web.archive.org/web/20210711122847/https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/atai/atai52/atai-07.jpg 11], [https://web.archive.org/web/20210711230827/https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/atai/atai52/atai-12.jpg 21]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The national government then combined all domestic carriers into a single company called [[Indian Airlines]], which was providing nonstop service from Bangalore to six cities by 1970. Additionally, [[jet aircraft]] had reached the airport by this time, with [[Sud Aviation Caravelle|Caravelles]] performing routes to Hyderabad and [[Bombay]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Summer Schedules and Tariff, Effective 15th June 1970 | publisher=Indian Airlines |pages=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210821154614/https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/ic70/ic70-01.jpg back of front cover], [https://web.archive.org/web/20080811045231/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/ic70/ic70-07.jpg 10, 11]}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the 1980–1981 fiscal year, the HAL airport served approximately 550,000 passengers.&lt;ref name=&quot;gazetteer&quot;/&gt; Before the end of the decade, Bangalore had acquired one more airline, [[Vayudoot]], which operated flights within [[Karnataka]] as well as to neighbouring [[Tamil Nadu]]. Meanwhile, Indian Airlines' network from the city had expanded to 13 destinations, from [[Delhi]] in the north to Trivandrum in the south.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.departedflights.com/BLR89intro.html | title=Airlines and Aircraft Serving Bangalore Effective January 15, 1989 | work=Official Airline Guide: Worldwide Edition | accessdate=4 July 2021 | archivedate=4 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704224418/http://www.departedflights.com/BLR89intro.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the 1990s, Bangalore's rising global stature and bustling economy led passenger numbers at the HAL airport to rise at a quick rate. While 1,000 travellers were passing through the terminal daily in 1991, more than six times that number were doing so by 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;it97&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19970131-wranglings-between-the-centre-and-karnataka-puts-proposed-devanahalli-airport-in-limbo-831751-1997-01-31 | title=Wranglings between the Centre and Karnataka puts proposed Devanahalli airport in limbo | work=India Today | date=31 January 1997 | accessdate=4 July 2021 | author=David, Stephen | archivedate=25 December 2019 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225140400/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19970131-wranglings-between-the-centre-and-karnataka-puts-proposed-devanahalli-airport-in-limbo-831751-1997-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, Air India delivered Bangalore its first international destination, [[Singapore]], in January 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://bangalorecustoms.gov.in/history.php | title=History of Bengaluru Customs Zone | publisher=Bengaluru Customs Commissionerate | accessdate=4 July 2021 | archivedate=9 August 2018 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809081907/https://bangalorecustoms.gov.in/history.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czdWAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA19-PA7 | title=Bangalore-Singapore Flight Inaugurated | work=India News | date=1-15 January 1995 | agency=Press Trust of India | accessdate=4 July 2021 | volume=34 | number=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; To keep pace with the growing civilian air traffic, the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) constructed an [[instrument landing system]] for the runway and another terminal.&lt;ref name=&quot;it97&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbZ-fuq_RUkC | title=A Textbook of Transportation Engineering | publisher=S. Chand and Company Limited | author=Chandola, S. P. | year=2001 | isbn=978-81-219-2072-8 | pages=438–439}}&lt;/ref&gt; The arrivals section of the two-storey building could serve 700 domestic and 300 international passengers at a time, while the departures area had a capacity for 300 international travellers. At the inauguration ceremony in January 1999, then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] observed that the city's accelerated pace of growth meant that the expansion would only help in the short-term, so government leaders needed to work toward building a new airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/primeministerata01unse/page/170/mode/2up | title=Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Selected Speeches | publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India | volume=1 | chapter=Corporatization necessary to develop country's airports | pages=170–172 | date=1 January 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Plans for another airport had originated earlier in the decade, when HAL conveyed that it no longer wished to share its airfield with commercial airlines.&lt;ref name=&quot;it98&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19980727-tripped-by-politics-tata-group-airline-project-falls-apart-826792-1998-07-20 | title=Tripped by politics and intense lobbying, Tata Group's airline project falls apart | work=India Today | date=20 July 1998 | accessdate=27 July 2021 | author=Chakravarti, Sudeep | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103131/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19980727-tripped-by-politics-tata-group-airline-project-falls-apart-826792-1998-07-20 | archivedate=25 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company owned the land of the airport and managed all facilities besides the AAI's [[civil enclave]].&lt;ref name=&quot;it97&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/759682/1/lsd_13_14_05-02-2004.pdf | title=Control of Bangalore Airport | work=Lok Sabha Debates (English Version): Fourteenth Session (Thirteenth Lok Sabha) | date=5 February 2004 | accessdate=27 July 2021 | page=195 | volume=39 | number=5 | publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] Secretariat}}&lt;/ref&gt; A group of private companies evinced interest in the new-airport project and signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the Karnataka government; the agreement specified that airline flights would switch to the new facility upon its inauguration.&lt;ref name=&quot;it97&quot;/&gt; However, HAL later dropped its demand. The enterprise and the AAI divided the earnings from the civil enclave among themselves, and HAL feared the impact the closure would have on its revenue.&lt;ref name=&quot;source6&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bs1&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/defence-ministry-in-bid-to-keep-hal-airport-afloat-198010601059_1.html | title=Defence Ministry In Bid To Keep Hal Airport Afloat | work=Business Standard | date=6 January 1998 | accessdate=27 July 2021 | author=Bhargava, Anjuli | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726184032/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/defence-ministry-in-bid-to-keep-hal-airport-afloat-198010601059_1.html | archivedate=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the union government supported HAL, the consortium insisted that the civil enclave would need to cease operations in order to ensure the new airport's profitability.&lt;ref name=&quot;it97&quot;/&gt; State officials added that the lake, apartment complexes, and other buildings surrounding the HAL airport made it impossible to significantly expand the site to accommodate future growth in air traffic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/state-govt-says-hal-airport-may-render-new-project-unviable-198021201150_1.html | title=State govt says HAL airport may render new project unviable | work=Business Standard | date=12 February 1998 | accessdate=27 July 2021 | author=Giriprakash, K. | archivedate=27 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727182335/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/state-govt-says-hal-airport-may-render-new-project-unviable-198021201150_1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the businesses ultimately decided to abandon the endeavour, it gradually moved forward.&lt;ref name=&quot;it98&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;govt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.idd.kar.nic.in/bail.htm|title=Airport Projects: Bangalore International Airport|website=Infrastructure Development Department, Government of Karnataka|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310133412/http://www.idd.kar.nic.in/bail.htm|archive-date=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The year 2000 saw the Bangalore airport land its first foreign carrier, [[Royal Nepal Airlines]], which initiated a route to [[Kathmandu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;source6&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2005/12/preparing-for-take-off.html | title=Preparing for take-off | work=The Hindu Business Line | date=24 December 2005 | accessdate=5 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104042457/http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2005/12/preparing-for-take-off.html | archivedate=4 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=8141 | title=RNAC to Bangalore | work=Nepali Times | date=3-9 November 2000 | accessdate=5 July 2021 | number=15 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713054008/http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=8141 | archivedate=13 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; One year later, [[Lufthansa]] launched flights to [[Frankfurt]] using Airbus A340s, signalling the first time the South Indian metropolis had a direct link to Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/lufthansa-refuses-to-give-a-i-a-lift/articleshow/2112972766.cms | title=Lufthansa refuses to give A-I a lift | work=The Times of India | date=3 September 2001 | agency=Times News Network | accessdate=5 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705170807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/lufthansa-refuses-to-give-a-i-a-lift/articleshow/2112972766.cms | archivedate=5 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/04/stories/06040009.htm | title=Lufthansa services from Bangalore | work=The Hindu | date=3 September 2001 | accessdate=5 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041106053548/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/04/stories/06040009.htm | archivedate=6 November 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Kingfisher Airlines Airbus A320-200.jpg|thumb|A [[Kingfisher Airlines]] [[Airbus A320-200]] jet taxiing at the airport]]<br /> <br /> Bangalore's [[information technology|IT]] and other industries continued to flourish, driving passenger counts further up as the decade progressed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/new-bangalore-airport-launch-put-off-to-saturday-25533-2008-05-21 | title=New Bangalore airport launch put off to Saturday | work=India Today | date=21 May 2008 | accessdate=27 July 2021 | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727205228/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/new-bangalore-airport-launch-put-off-to-saturday-25533-2008-05-21 | archivedate=27 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Air Deccan]] established its first base at the HAL airport upon starting operations in 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/air-deccan-to-launch-low-cost-service-on-monday/articleshow/144832.cms | title=Air Deccan to launch low-cost service on Monday | work=The Times of India | date=24 August 2003 | agency=Times News Network | accessdate=6 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706224248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/air-deccan-to-launch-low-cost-service-on-monday/articleshow/144832.cms | archivedate=6 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two years later, Bangalore ranked third on the list of the busiest airports in India with respect to domestic operations, and more international travellers were arriving as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;source6&quot;/&gt; Carriers like [[British Airways]] and [[Air France]], which began service to the city in the same week, contributed to this growth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/air-france-to-fly-daily-from-indian-it-hub-bangalore-to-paris-621 | title=Air France to fly daily from Indian IT hub Bangalore to Paris | work=CAPA - Centre for Aviation | date=18 December 2005 | agency=XFNews | accessdate=6 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706224943/https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/air-france-to-fly-daily-from-indian-it-hub-bangalore-to-paris-621 | archivedate=6 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/oct/31ba.htm | title=British Airways flies London-Bangalore | work=Rediff | date=31 October 2005 | accessdate=6 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706225612/https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/oct/31ba.htm | archivedate=6 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, HAL complained that the booming civilian operations were hindering the company's activities, which ranged from flying sorties to evaluating aircraft prototypes. In fact, over the past fiscal year the airport had operated at about 1.6 times its capacity of 3.5 million passengers per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneindia06&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/04/28/military-flights-hit-by-commercial-traffic-at-hal-airport-1146233228.html | title=Military flights hit by commercial traffic at HAL airport | work=Oneindia | date=28 April 2006 | agency=United News of India | accessdate=6 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184735/https://www.oneindia.com/2006/04/28/military-flights-hit-by-commercial-traffic-at-hal-airport-1146233228.html | archivedate=9 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;third&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, a private company called Bangalore International Airport Limited (BIAL) signed a [[concession agreement]] with the state and national governments to erect a [[Kempegowda International Airport|new, much larger airport]]. In 2005, BIAL started construction at a site 30&amp;nbsp;km from the downtown area of the city in the suburb of [[Devanahalli]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-07-05/news/27387667_1_aviation-sector-greenfield-airports-civil-aviation |title=Pact for Bangalore airport signed |access-date=4 October 2015 |date=5 July 2004 |website=The Economic Times |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005074229/https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-07-05/news/27387667_1_aviation-sector-greenfield-airports-civil-aviation |archivedate=5 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20040719-bial-first-private-sector-led-international-airport-project-in-india-789829-2004-07-18 |title=On the runway: Bangalore International Airport to be India's first private sector-led project |access-date=4 October 2015 |last=David |first=Stephen |date=29 July 2004 |website=India Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730095726/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20040719-bial-first-private-sector-led-international-airport-project-in-india-789829-2004-07-19 |archive-date=30 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/taking-wing/281921/2 | title=Taking wing | work=Indian Express | date=8 March 2008 | accessdate=6 July 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707000734/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/taking-wing/281921/2 |archivedate=7 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similar to the memorandum that the original consortium had signed in the 1990s, the contract barred commercial flights from operating at the HAL airport for 25 years after the new airfield opened.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/its-get-set-fly-for-airport/articleshow/741481.cms | title=It's get, set, fly for airport | work=The Times of India | date=16 June 2004 | agency=Times News Network | accessdate=6 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707001056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/its-get-set-fly-for-airport/articleshow/741481.cms | archivedate=7 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;resistance&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/reopening-hal-airport-govt-faces-resistance/articleshow/73655501.cms | title=Reopening HAL airport: Govt faces resistance | work=The Times of India | date=27 January 2020 | agency=Times News Network | accessdate=23 July 2021 | author=Moudgal, Sandeep |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303212833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/reopening-hal-airport-govt-faces-resistance/articleshow/73655501.cms |archivedate=3 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:HAL airport Bangalore departures hall Dec 06.jpg|thumb|Departures hall, seen in 2006]]<br /> [[File:HAL airport terminal at midnight Jan 07.jpg|thumb|Airport exterior]]<br /> <br /> The large amount of traffic placed great strain on the HAL airport, creating congested terminals and overflowing parking lots.&lt;ref name=&quot;vijay&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2005/04/aai-to-expand-hal-airport_01.html | title=AAI to expand HAL airport | work=Deccan Herald | date=1 April 2005 | accessdate=29 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526163438/http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2005/04/aai-to-expand-hal-airport_01.html | archivedate=26 May 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, since the tarmac had only eight parking stands for passenger aircraft, the high number of flights was producing delays.&lt;ref name=&quot;satzone&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2006/04/blore-airport-flies-into-saturation.html | title=B'lore airport flies into saturation zone | work=Deccan Herald | date=17 April 2006 | accessdate=29 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712114234/http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2006/04/blore-airport-flies-into-saturation.html | archivedate=12 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2006/04/more-is-not-merrier-for-airport.html | title=The more is not the merrier for airport | work=Deccan Herald | date=18 April 2006 | accessdate=6 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182917/http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2006/04/more-is-not-merrier-for-airport.html | archivedate=9 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the new airport would not be ready for another few years, the AAI attempted to improve the present situation in different ways. Worried about the dangers of a crowded airspace, officials requested domestic airlines to consider discontinuing the addition of flights and operating fewer services during the busiest hours.&lt;ref name=&quot;satzone&quot;/&gt; The airports authority also collaborated with HAL to construct extra parking bays, and by late 2006 it had finished enlarging the two terminals, thereby raising the yearly capacity by 800,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneindia06&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vijay&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2006/01/airport-terminal-expansion-may-take.html | title=Airport terminal expansion may take some more time | work=Vijay Times News | date=30 January 2006 | accessdate=6 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190916/http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2006/01/airport-terminal-expansion-may-take.html | archivedate=9 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/785536/1/lsd_14_09_23-11-2006.pdf | title=Lok Sabha Debates (English Version): Ninth Session (Fourteenth Lok Sabha) | work=[[Lok Sabha]] | date=23 November 2006 | accessdate=6 July 2021 | volume=23 | number=2 | page=296}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airport remained significantly busy in the meantime. 10 domestic airlines and 11 foreign carriers were serving it in 2007,&lt;ref name=&quot;oneindia07&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/06/10/bangalore-to-operate-hal-airport-or-not.html | title=Bangalore: To operate HAL airport or not? | work=Oneindia | date=10 June 2007 | accessdate=29 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425172256/https://www.oneindia.com/2007/06/10/bangalore-to-operate-hal-airport-or-not.html | archivedate=25 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and greater than 10 million passengers passed through the terminals in the 2007–2008 fiscal year.&lt;ref name=&quot;fourth&quot;/&gt; In April 2008, [[Air Mauritius]] added a route to Bangalore using Airbus A330 aircraft. The flight from Bangalore to [[Port Louis]] operated via Chennai, while the inbound one was direct.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.airmauritius.com/news/mkbangalore.pdf | title=Air Mauritius introduces new service to Bangalore | work=Air Mauritius | date=22 February 2008 | accessdate=23 October 2022 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113082530/http://www.airmauritius.com/news/mkbangalore.pdf | archivedate=13 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Airline News - Asia / Pacific | work=Airguide Online | date=3 March 2008 | id={{Gale|A176433211}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Passenger numbers at the HAL airport<br /> |-<br /> ! Period (April–March) !! Count (millions) !! Percent change !! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2001–'02 || 2.28 || {{sdash}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;first&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k3_annex2.jsp | title=Annexure II: Traffic Statistics of Airports in India | publisher=Airports Authority of India | date=March 2003 | accessdate=11 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408044241/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k3_annex2.jsp | archivedate=8 April 2008 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2002–'03 || 3.03 || +33.0 || &lt;ref name=&quot;first&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2003–'04 || 3.18 || +5.11 || &lt;ref name=&quot;seconda&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k5_annex2.jsp | title=Annexure-II: Traffic Statistics - International | publisher=Airports Authority of India | date=March 2005 | accessdate=11 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616123340/http://aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k5_annex2.jsp | archivedate=16 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;secondb&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k5_annex3.jsp | title=Annexure III: Traffic Statistics - Domestic | publisher=Airports Authority of India | date=March 2005 | accessdate=11 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616123345/http://aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k5_annex3.jsp | archivedate=16 June 2009 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2004–'05 || 4.11 || +29.3 || &lt;ref name=&quot;seconda&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;secondb&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2005–'06 || 5.65 || +37.5 || &lt;ref name=&quot;third&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k7annex3.pdf | title=Annexure III: Traffic Statistics | publisher=Airports Authority of India | date=March 2007 | accessdate=11 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120153555/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k7annex3.pdf | archivedate=20 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2006–'07 || 8.12 || +43.7 || &lt;ref name=&quot;third&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2007–'08 || 10.1 || +24.6 || &lt;ref name=&quot;fourth&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k8annex3.pdf | title=Annexure III: Traffic Statistics | publisher=Airports Authority of India | date=March 2008 | accessdate=11 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215132422/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/mar2k8annex3.pdf | archivedate=15 February 2010 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Transfer of civilian operations===<br /> As work on the [[Kempegowda International Airport|new airport]] neared its end, a controversy grew in the city regarding the civil enclave's impending closure. Local business leaders and others claimed, for example, that the authorities were going to eliminate a potential competitor to BIAL.&lt;ref name=&quot;lm808&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/9l4Kjx3foynKyHMq29aR5K/For-aviation-ministry-no-case-for-reopening-old-Bangalore-a.html | title=For aviation ministry, no case for reopening old Bangalore airport | work=Mint | date=20 August 2008 | accessdate=10 July 2021 | author=Shukla, Tarun | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711223618/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/9l4Kjx3foynKyHMq29aR5K/For-aviation-ministry-no-case-for-reopening-old-Bangalore-a.html | archivedate=11 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even the managing director of HAL's Bangalore branch supported retaining some domestic flights, as he believed the immense demand for air travel made it sensible for the city to have two airports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/b8WPPD0s3BaXjAk0WPyUDP/Bangalores-IT-firms-lobby-for-two-airports.html | title=Bangalore's IT firms lobby for two airports | work=Mint | date=7 June 2007 | accessdate=29 July 2021 | author=Raghu, K. | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729222652/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/b8WPPD0s3BaXjAk0WPyUDP/Bangalores-IT-firms-lobby-for-two-airports.html | archivedate=29 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the same time, the defence company noted that keeping the passenger terminals open was not one of its primary concerns.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneindia07&quot;/&gt; Additionally, 20,000 AAI workers across India walked off their jobs in March 2008 over the shutting of the civil enclaves in Bangalore and [[Begumpet Airport|Hyderabad]]; they did not end their strike until the [[Government of India|union government]] affirmed that the airports would remain operational for other purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/slow-take-off-for-airport-stir-1.91196 | title=Slow take-off for airport stir | work=Gulf News | date=13 March 2008 | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | accessdate=10 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105007/http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/slow-take-off-for-airport-stir-1.91196 | archivedate=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hyderabad-airport-employees-go-on-flash-strike/story-SQrpHSic5OF9O7VOH36YDO.html | title=Hyderabad airport employees go on flash strike | work=Hindustan Times | date=22 March 2008 | agency=Indo-Asian News Service | accessdate=10 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711223804/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hyderabad-airport-employees-go-on-flash-strike/story-SQrpHSic5OF9O7VOH36YDO.html | archivedate=11 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Karnataka government suggested to BIAL that the HAL airport could continue receiving short-haul flights, but the company would not change its stance.&lt;ref name=&quot;decks&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/23airport1.htm | title=Decks cleared for new Bangalore airport | work=Rediff News | date=23 May 2008 | accessdate=10 July 2021 | author=Nanjappa, Vicky | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711223912/https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/23airport1.htm | archivedate=11 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 23 May 2008, the high court of the state rejected a petition by a local organisation to delay the new airport's opening, ensuring that the transfer of passenger and revenue cargo flights between the airfields would take place at midnight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/24airport.htm | title=Bangalore airport takes wings | work=Rediff News | date=24 May 2008 | accessdate=10 July 2021 | author=Nanjappa, Vicky | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028182838/https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/may/24airport.htm | archivedate=28 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/xrMJbzPPxI4U8SZKPY4YkJ/Bangalore8217s-new-airport-hangs-in-balance-again.html | title=Bangalore's new airport hangs in balance again | work=Mint | date=21 May 2008 | accessdate=10 July 2021 | author=Raghu, K. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712060517/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/xrMJbzPPxI4U8SZKPY4YkJ/Bangalore8217s-new-airport-hangs-in-balance-again.html |archivedate=12 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, one plane did not take-off from the HAL airport until 1:30 am on 24 May, as rainy weather forced the incoming flight to land late.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2008/05/loony-tunes-at-airports.html | title=Loony tunes at airports | work=Mid-Day | date=24 May 2008 | accessdate=1 August 2021 | author=Sen, Sanchita | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710114103/http://bangalorebuzz.blogspot.com/2008/05/loony-tunes-at-airports.html | archivedate=10 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In light of the protests, the court offered the central government and BIAL 12 weeks to determine the future of the civil enclave.&lt;ref name=&quot;decks&quot;/&gt; BIAL still sought to adhere to the 2004 agreement, and New Delhi concurred after assessing the Devanahalli airport's capabilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;lm808&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Since the last commercial flights took off, the level of activity at the HAL airport has decreased greatly. In 2015, between 60 and 70 aircraft movements occurred per day, a significant drop from 310 in 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;gesture&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Passenger-traffic-grows-35-at-Bangalore-airport/article20185069.ece | title=Passenger traffic grows 35% at Bangalore airport | work=The Hindu Business Line | date=29 December 2007 | accessdate=12 August 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804011555/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/Passenger-traffic-grows-35-at-Bangalore-airport/article20185069.ece | archivedate=4 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, HAL has spoken various times with BIAL and the government in an effort to reopen the civil enclave and increase the airport's revenue. Although the defence ministry sided with HAL, BIAL remained opposed to amending the concession agreement for several years.&lt;ref name=&quot;resistance&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/hal-wants-a-full-fledged-airport/articleshow/59207140.cms | title=HAL wants a full-fledged airport | work=Bangalore Mirror | date=19 June 2017 | accessdate=12 August 2021 | author=C. S., Hemanth |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813020536/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/hal-wants-a-full-fledged-airport/articleshow/59207140.cms |archivedate=13 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-16/news/58149839_1_kempegowda-international-airport-hal-airport-new-airport | title=Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar wants Bengaluru's shut-down HAL airport reopened | work=The Economic Times | date=16 January 2015 | accessdate=12 August 2021 | author=Singh, Ajmer | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120190436/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-16/news/58149839_1_kempegowda-international-airport-hal-airport-new-airport | archivedate=20 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, however, the company stated that once Kempegowda Airport was operating at maximum capacity, it would contemplate allowing passenger operations to resume at the HAL airport.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/bial-open-to-operating-hal-airport-once-existing-capacity-is-utilised-expects-pre-covid-level-traffic-by-2023-24-7285021.htm | title=BIAL open to operating HAL airport once existing capacity is utilised; expects pre-COVID level traffic by 2023-24 | work=CNBC TV18 | date=23 October 2020 | accessdate=13 August 2021 | author=Variyar, Mugdha |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814015420/https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/bial-open-to-operating-hal-airport-once-existing-capacity-is-utilised-expects-pre-covid-level-traffic-by-2023-24-7285021.htm |archivedate=14 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Facilities and operations ==<br /> HAL Airport has one asphalt [[runway]], which is oriented to 90/270 degrees and measures 3,306 by 61 metres.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2//25-05-2017/eAIP/EC-AD-2.1VOBG-en-GB.pdf | title=VOBG - HAL Airport Bengaluru / Domestic | work=Airports Authority of India | date=25 May 2017 | accessdate=30 August 2021 |page=6 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830232930/https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2//25-05-2017/eAIP/EC-AD-2.1VOBG-en-GB.pdf |archivedate=30 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is equipped with a [[Instrument landing system#ILS categories|category I instrument landing system]] and can cater to aircraft as large as the [[Boeing 747]]. The airfield, which remains operational 24/7, also contains 30 parking spots and two helipads.&lt;ref name=&quot;asc&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://hal-india.co.in/Airport%20Services%20Centre%20Bangalore/M__101 | title=Airport Services Centre Bangalore | work=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited | accessdate=11 July 2021 |archivedate=12 July 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712005950/https://hal-india.co.in/Airport%20Services%20Centre%20Bangalore/M__101}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The airport accommodates a wide array of non-scheduled civilian operations, including VIP aircraft movements, charter flights, and [[air ambulances]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gesture&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/Hindustan-Aeronautics-Ltd-HAL-Kempegowda-International-Airport-flight-number-1427-Ministry-of-Civil-Aviation-VIP-flights-and-airforce-military-aircraft-helicopters-/heroesshow/48825452.cms | title=HAL gesture to allow flight to land saves 162 lives | work=Bangalore Mirror | date=5 September 2015 | accessdate=23 July 2021 | author=S., Kushala |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724145417/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/Hindustan-Aeronautics-Ltd-HAL-Kempegowda-International-Airport-flight-number-1427-Ministry-of-Civil-Aviation-VIP-flights-and-airforce-military-aircraft-helicopters-/heroesshow/48825452.cms |archivedate=24 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/hal-in-heaven-thanks-to-charter-flights-and-joy-rides-hal-airport-is-buzzing-with-activity-after-12-years/articleshow/79817990.cms | title=HAL in heaven: Thanks to charter flights and joy rides, HAL airport is buzzing with activity after 12 years | work=Bangalore Mirror | date=20 December 2020 | accessdate=23 July 2021 | author=C. S., Hemanth |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501031410/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/hal-in-heaven-thanks-to-charter-flights-and-joy-rides-hal-airport-is-buzzing-with-activity-after-12-years/articleshow/79817990.cms |archivedate=1 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/at-hal-airport-pilots-spread-their-wings/articleshow/64195502.cms | title=At HAL Airport, pilots spread their wings | work=Bangalore Mirror | date=17 May 2018 | accessdate=23 July 2021 | author=C. S., Hemanth |archivedate=23 July 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723153157/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/at-hal-airport-pilots-spread-their-wings/articleshow/64195502.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, it does not generally function as a diversion alternative to [[Kempegowda International Airport]] in case of emergencies; the AAI no longer maintains the terminal buildings to handle passengers, and no airline flight may touch down at the airfield per the concession agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;gesture&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hyd&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/flights-diverted-from-hyd-bangalore-may-land-at-old-airports-in-those-cities/articleshow/60356146.cms?frmapp=yes&amp;from=mdr | title=Flights diverted from Hyd, Bangalore may land at old airport in those cities | work=The Times of India | date=4 September 2017 | agency=Times News Network | accessdate=23 July 2021 | author=Sinha, Saurabh |archivedate=23 July 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723160607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/flights-diverted-from-hyd-bangalore-may-land-at-old-airports-in-those-cities/articleshow/60356146.cms?frmapp=yes&amp;from=mdr}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2017, the civil aviation ministry seeks to permit airlines to divert to the HAL airport, as it does not believe the contract with BIAL applies to such contingencies.&lt;ref name=&quot;hyd&quot;/&gt; In regards to facilities available for civilian use, the airport offers a VIP lounge, air-freight warehouse, and maintenance hangar.&lt;ref name=&quot;asc&quot;/&gt; The closed civil enclave possessed two terminals, one for domestic flights and the other for international services.&lt;ref name=&quot;vijay&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hardtimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/31/stories/2005103117400400.htm | title=Hard times ahead for city airport authorities | work=The Hindu | date=31 October 2005 | accessdate=23 July 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403153630/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/31/stories/2005103117400400.htm | archivedate=3 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With respect to defence activities, HAL and the Indian military perform test flights from the airfield.&lt;ref name=&quot;gesture&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Incidents and accidents ==<br /> *On 15 September 1951, an Air India Douglas C-47 Dakota departed with the autopilot switched on, causing the plane to crash. Of the 27 people on board, one crew member died in the accident.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19510915-0 | title=Description of accident involving an aircraft registered VT-CCA on 15 September 1951 | work=Aviation Safety Network | accessdate=23 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *On 21 October 1963, a [[Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar]] belonging to the Indian Air Force collided with trees as it was preparing to land, killing eight of the 21 people aboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19631021-0 | title=Accident involving a Fairchild C-119G Flying Boxcar registered BK-962 on 21 October 1963 | work=Aviation Safety Network | accessdate=24 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 14 February 1990: [[Indian Airlines Flight 605]], an [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320]], crashed on [[Final approach (aviation)|final approach]] with 92 fatalities.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19900214-2&amp;lang=en Flight 605] at the [[Aviation Safety Network]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 28 December 1996: A [[Blue Dart Aviation]] [[Boeing 737]] made a heavy, off-centre landing, causing damage to the aircraft and runway.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19961228-0&amp;lang=en Incident report] at the Aviation Safety Network&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 12 February 2004: A [[helicopter]] being used by the HAL Rotary Wing Academy crashed, injuring both occupants.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/02/13/stories/2004021309720400.htm |title=Chopper crash-lands at HAL Airport |access-date=21 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228183803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/02/13/stories/2004021309720400.htm |archive-date=28 December 2007 |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 26 October 2005: An Indian Air Force [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] crashed, killing the pilot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/27/stories/2005102706011200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228185833/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/27/stories/2005102706011200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-12-28 |title=Pilot killed as MiG crashed in Bangalore |date=2005-10-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2018-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 11 March 2006: A [[Deccan (airline)|Deccan]] [[ATR 72]] with 40 passengers and 4 crew members made a heavy landing. There were no major injuries, but the aircraft was written off.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20060311-0&amp;lang=en Incident report] at the Aviation Safety Network&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/03/12/stories/2006031202600300.htm |title=Air Deccan aircraft skids off runway |access-date=29 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907000658/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/03/12/stories/2006031202600300.htm |archive-date=7 September 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 4 May 2006: A [[Transmile Air Services]] [[Boeing 727|727-2F2F]] suffered damage to the left-wing fuel tank.&lt;ref&gt;[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20060504-0&amp;lang=en Incident report] at the Aviation Safety Network&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 21 August 2006: A [[HAL Kiran|Kiran Mark II]] trainer aircraft landed on its fuselage after the wheels failed to deploy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/plane-crashlands-at-bangalore-airport/19216-3.html |title=Plane crash-lands at Bangalore Airport |publisher=Ibnlive.com |access-date=2018-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182341/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/plane-crashlands-at-bangalore-airport/19216-3.html |archivedate=30 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 6 June 2007: A [[SriLankan Airlines|Sri Lankan Cargo]] [[Antonov An-12]] lost engine power on the runway.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Karnataka |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/15/stories/2007061554200500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917191225/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/15/stories/2007061554200500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-17 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Air traffic disrupted as cargo aircraft gets stuck on runway |access-date=2018-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 6 March 2009: A [[NAL Saras]] aircraft prototype that had taken off from HAL Airport crashed in a field near [[Bidadi]], killing the three-man crew of test pilots.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.flightglobal.com/crashed-saras-lost-stability-during-re-light-test/93185.article | title=Crashed Saras lost stability during re-light test | work=Flight Global | date=30 April 2010 | accessdate=13 September 2021 | author=Kaminski-Morrow, David | archivedate=13 September 2021 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913180418/https://www.flightglobal.com/crashed-saras-lost-stability-during-re-light-test/93185.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *1 February 2019: An Indian Air Force [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]] modified by HAL on an acceptance flight crashed 500 metres outside the airport perimeter wall after an unsuccessful touch-and-go on runway 09; both pilots ejected but landed on burning wreckage and died.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/iaf-mirage-aircraft-crashes-at-hal-airport-bengaluru/article26147781.ece|title=Two pilots killed as Mirage aircraft crashes during take-off at Bengaluru HAL airport|last=Rao|first=Mohit M.|date=2019-02-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231046/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/iaf-mirage-aircraft-crashes-at-hal-airport-bengaluru/article26147781.ece|archivedate=7 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|HAL Bangalore International Airport}}<br /> * {{ASN|BLR}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Templates--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}{{Bangalore topics}}<br /> {{Airports in India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hal Airport}}<br /> [[Category:Airports in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Airports in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Airports established in 1940]]<br /> [[Category:Airports disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:1940 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deopani_Durga_Mandir&diff=496175 Deopani Durga Mandir 2025-10-09T16:07:08Z <p>StevieJ461261267: Started Basic Info Initial Version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ancient temple of Devi Durga in Assam, India}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> |name = Deopani Durga Mandir<br /> |image = Deopani Durga temple.jpg<br /> |religious_affiliation = Hinduism<br /> |deity = Goddess Durga<br /> |district = Karbi Anglong<br /> |state = Assam<br /> |country = India<br /> |festival = [[Durga Puja]]<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|26.21885|N|93.82750|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> |website = https://deopanidurgamandir.com<br /> }}<br /> '''Deopani Durga Mandir''' is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Shaktism|Shakti]] [[temple]] of Goddess [[Durga]] situated in [[AH1|Asean highway]] 1, Borsewaguri, [[Bokajan (town)|Bokajan]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], [[Assam]], India – 782470.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=ignca.gov.in|first=ignca.gov.in|title=ignca Deopani Durga Mandir|url=http://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/archaeological-sites/assam/deopani-durga-mandir-2/|website=ignca.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=assamassembly, Government of Assam|first=assamassembly, Government of Assam|date=|title=State Budget -Assam-2019-20 Deopani Durga Mandir Annexure I Page 38|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/budget-speech-2019-20-english.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204221752/http://assamassembly.gov.in/budget-speech-2019-20-english.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-04 |access-date=|website=www.assamassembly.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Deopani_Durga_Mandir_,Assam.jpg|thumb|right|Deopani Durga Mandir, Assam]]<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> &lt;mapframe latitude=&quot;26.509905&quot; longitude=&quot;93.735352&quot; zoom=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;294&quot; height=&quot;130&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;FeatureCollection&quot;,<br /> &quot;features&quot;: [<br /> {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,<br /> &quot;properties&quot;: {},<br /> &quot;geometry&quot;: {<br /> &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;,<br /> &quot;coordinates&quot;: [<br /> 93.74743659049273,<br /> 26.0064367855<br /> ]<br /> }<br /> }<br /> ]<br /> }<br /> &lt;/mapframe&gt;<br /> The location coordinates of Deopani Durga Mandir are {{coord|26.21885|N|93.82750|E}}.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The idol of the temple was excavated by a Rajput tea planter Surendra Nath Roy (Nunu Babu)along with some other archaeological materials from his family owned DEOPANI Tea Estate and the temple was established in a little distance from the site where the idol was discovered.A significant amount of archaeological findings from the Deopani area are documented .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=ignca.gov.in|first=ignca.gov.in|title=Archaeological sites Assam Deopani Durga Mandir report|url=http://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/archaeological-sites/assam/karbianglong/|website=www.ignca.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Karbi Anglong District Administration|first=Karbi Anglong District Administration|title=Karbi Anglong archaeology|url=http://karbianglong.nic.in/archelogy.htm|website=www.karbianglong.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Deopanidurgamandir.com|first=Deopanidurgamandir.com|title=Deopani Durga mandir history|url=https://deopanidurgamandir.com|website=www.deopanidurgamandir.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple is managed by a trust.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=deopanidurgamandir|first=deopanidurgamandir|title=deopanidurgamandir|url=https://deopanidurgamandir.com|website=www.deopaniduramandir.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Annual Durga Puja is celebrated in the temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=sentinelassam|first=sentinelassam|title=Durga Puja celebration in Durga Temple Karbi Anglong|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVbrdjEDEHg|website=www.sentinelassam.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links ==<br /> * {{URL|https://deopanidurgamandir.com/|deopanidurgamandir.com}}<br /> {{Subject bar|Hinduism|India|auto=1}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Durga temples]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Assam]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamulpur_district&diff=539519 Tamulpur district 2025-09-27T18:02:48Z <p>StevieJ461261267: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Tamulpur}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Tamulpur district<br /> | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Assam|District]] of [[Assam]]<br /> | nickname = <br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_map = Tamulpur in Assam (India).svg<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Location in Assam<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Assam.svg}} [[Assam]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Autonomous district council|Territorial Region]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Banner of Bodoland.png}} [[Bodoland]]<br /> | founder = <br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Tamulpur]]<br /> | government_footnotes = <br /> | leader_title = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name = [[Kokrajhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kokrajhar]]<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]<br /> | leader_name1 = [[Tamulpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamulpur]]<br /> [[Goreswar Assembly constituency|Goreswar]]<br /> | leader_title2 = Deputy Commissioner<br /> | leader_name2 = Sri Simanta Kumar Das, ACS<br /> | established_title = Formation<br /> | established_date = 23 January 2022<br /> | area_magnitude = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 884<br /> | area_land_km2 = <br /> | area_water_km2 = <br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_note = <br /> | population_total = 389150<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot;/&gt;<br /> | population_metro = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time]]<br /> | utc_offset = +5:30<br /> | timezone_DST = <br /> | utc_offset_DST = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.64|91.58|display=title,inline}}<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | website = https://tamulpur.assam.gov.in/<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tamulpur district''', is an administrative district in [[Bodoland Territorial Region]] of [[Assam]], one of the [[North-East India|North-Eastern states]] of [[India]]. The administrative headquartered at [[Tamulpur]]. <br /> <br /> In 2021, the Cabinet of Assam, headed by Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], approved the proposal to make Tamulpur a full-fledged district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-07-17|title=Assam Budget 2021: Tamulpur Proposed To Be Created As New District|url=https://www.newsdaily24.in/details/2437/Assam%20Budget%202021:%20Tamulpur%20Proposed%20To%20Be%20Created%20As%20New%20District|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.newsdaily24.in|language=en|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716113144/https://www.newsdaily24.in/details/2437/Assam%20Budget%202021:%20Tamulpur%20Proposed%20To%20Be%20Created%20As%20New%20District|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 23 January 2022 Tamulpur was formally created.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-24|title=Assam Govt Forms Tamulpur As New District In State|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-govt-forms-tamulpur-as-new-district-in-state-574587<br /> |access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 30 December 2022, Assam Government has decided to remerge it with [[Baksa district]] and From, 1 January 2023 the district ceased to exist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2022-12-31 |title=Assam govt remerges Biswanath, Hojai, Bajali and Tamulpur with original districts |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-govt-remerges-biswanath-hojai-bajali-and-tamulpur-with-original-districts.html |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The decision came before delimitation process in the state.<br /> <br /> However, on August 25, 2023, the Government revealed a new decision to recreate the district, covering the [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]] and [[Goreswar Assembly constituency|Goreswar]] Assembly seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 August 2023 |title=Assam Cabinet decides to 'create' 4 districts |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-cabinet-decides-to-create-4-districts/article67235407.ece }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> At the time of the 2011 census, Tamulpur district had a population of 389,150, of which 5,631 (1.45%) live in urban areas. Tamulpur has a sex ratio of 970 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 42,246 (10.86%) and 121,321 (31.17%) of the population respectively.&lt;ref name=districtcensus&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Baksa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/194/download/426/DH_2011_1825_PART_A_DCHB_BAKSA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Tamulpur district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;/&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.36}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|green|12.97}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|3.22}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.45}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Hinduism is followed by 324,396 (83.36%) and is the majority religion. Muslims are 50,486 (12.97%) while Christians are 12,533 (3.22%).&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11365/download/14478/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Language===<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |thumb = left<br /> |caption = Languages of Tamulpur district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value1 = 36.96 |color1 = purple<br /> |label2 = [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]] |value2 = 25.40 |color2 = royalblue<br /> |label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value3 = 22.33 |color3 = orchid<br /> |label4 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value4 = 5.18 |color4 = lightcoral<br /> |label5 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value5 = 4.67 |color5 = darkturquoise<br /> |label6 = [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] |value6 = 0.96 |color6 = burlywood<br /> |label7 = [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] |value7 = 0.93 |color7 = plum<br /> |label8 = Others |value8 = 3.57 |color8 = grey<br /> }}<br /> At the time of the 2011 census, 36.96% of the population spoke [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 25.40% [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], 22.33% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 5.18% [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and 4.67% [[Santali language|Santali]], 0.96% [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] and 0.93% [[Rangpuri language|Rajbongshi]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Districts of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Tamulpur district]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yashovarman_of_Malwa&diff=546088 Yashovarman of Malwa 2025-09-13T17:35:25Z <p>StevieJ461261267: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|King of Malwa from 1133 to 1142}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Yashovarman<br /> | title = [[Maharaja]]<br /> | succession = [[King of Malwa]]<br /> | reign = 1133–1142<br /> | predecessor = [[Naravarman]]<br /> | successor = [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]]<br /> | issue = {{Unbulleted list|<br /> |[[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]]<br /> |Lakshmivarman<br /> }}<br /> | regnal name = Yashovarma-deva<br /> | father = [[Naravarman]]<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Yashovarman''' ([[IAST]]: Yaśovarman; reigned 1133–1142) was an Indian king from the [[Paramara dynasty]], who ruled in the [[Malwa]] region of central India. He was defeated and imprisoned by the [[Chaulukya]] king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], and appears to have ruled as a Chaulukya subordinate after 1133.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> <br /> Yashovarman succeeded his father [[Naravarman]]. His 1135 [[Ujjain]] inscription mentions him as [[Maharaja]] Yashovarma-deva. This Sanskrit-language inscription records the grant of a village.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|pp=126-128}}<br /> <br /> By 1134, the [[Chandela]] king [[Madanavarman]] had seized the eastern parts of the Paramara kingdom, along the [[Betwa River]], as attested by his Augasi grant inscription. On the western frontier, Yashovarman suffered a defeat against the [[Chaulukya]] king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Jayasimha]] alias Siddharaja.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}}<br /> <br /> == Defeat against Jayasimha Siddharaja ==<br /> {{Location map<br /> |India Madhya Pradesh<br /> |label = Ujjain<br /> |position = right<br /> |lat = 23.1793<br /> |long = 75.7849<br /> |caption = Location of [[Ujjain]], where an inscription of Yashovarman has been found{{sfn|O. P. Misra|2003|p=12}}<br /> |float = right<br /> |width = 250<br /> }}<br /> Multiple sources, including chronicles and inscriptions, prove that Yashovarman was defeated by [[Jayasimha Siddharaja|Jayasimha]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of [[Gujarat]]. Some chronicles also suggest that it was Yashovarman's father Naravarman who was defeated by Jayasimha. It appears that the Chaulukya-Paramara war began during the reign of Naravarman, and ended during Yashovarman's reign.{{sfn|A. K. Majumdar|1956|p=75}}<br /> <br /> According to the contemporary Chaulukya courtier [[Hemachandra]], Jayasimha invaded the Paramara kingdom because he wanted to visit the holy city of [[Ujjain]].{{sfn|A. K. Majumdar|1956|p=72}} ''[[Prabandha-Chintamani]]'' by the 14th century author Merutunga mentions a different cause for the war. According to Merutunga, Yashovarman invaded the Chaulukya capital when Jayasimha was away on a pilgrimage, and Jayasimha invaded the Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] in response.{{sfn|K. L. Hazra|1995|p=209}} Merutunga's account does not seem credible, because the Paramaras were too weak at this time to invade the powerful Chaulukya kingdom.{{sfn|A. K. Majumdar|1956|pp=74-75}}<br /> <br /> The 1139 [[Dahod]] inscription states that Jayasimha imprisoned the king of Malava (the Paramara territory),{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}} an assertion supported by Hemachandra.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=122}} As a result of this defeat, a large part of the Paramara kingdom, including its capital Dhara, came under Chaulukya rule. Jaysimha appointed Mahadeva as the governor of [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]]-[[rajamandala|mandala]] (Malava).{{sfn|K. C. Jain|1972|p=362}} The Chaulukya king also adopted the title ''Avanti-natha'' (&quot;Lord of Avanti&quot;), as attested by his 1137 Gala inscription.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}}<br /> <br /> In an 1134 CE (1191 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) inscription, Yashovaraman is titled ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'' (&quot;great king of kings&quot;). However, in an 1135 inscription, he assumes the lower-status title ''Maharaja'' (&quot;great king&quot;). This indicates that he lost his status as a sovereign sometime during this period. It is not certain if this was because of Jayasimha's invasion or some other cause.{{sfn|A. K. Majumdar|1956|p=75}} Possibly, he was released by Jayasimha, and ruled a part of his former kingdom as a Chaulukya subordinate.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}}<br /> <br /> Dhara and Ujjain remained under Chaulukya control from 1136 to 1143.{{sfn|K. C. Jain|1972|p=362}}<br /> <br /> == Last days ==<br /> <br /> An inscription discovered at [[Jhalrapatan]] mentions ''Maharaja'' Yashovarman. The last digit of the year in which the inscription was issued is not clear, but it has been conjecturally dated to 1199 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]], that is, 1142 CE. If this date is correct, and if the ruler mentioned in the inscription is same as the Paramara king (an assertion doubted by some historians), it appears that he ruled until the early 1140s, possibly as a Chaulukya vassal.{{sfn|K. C. Jain|1972|p=362}}{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}} The find spot of the inscription suggests that he ruled a small principality in the lower [[Kali Sindh River|Kali Sindhu]] valley.{{sfn|K. L. Hazra|1995|p=209}}<br /> <br /> Yashovarman was succeeded by [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]], who managed to regain control of Dhara, or at least a part of the former Paramara territory.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=22}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> <br /> {{ref begin}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=A. K. Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}<br /> * {{cite journal |author=Arvind K. Singh |title=Interpreting the History of the Paramāras |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=22 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=13–28 |jstor=41490371 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1451755 |ref={{harvid|H. V. Trivedi|1991}} }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=K. C. Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&amp;pg=PA354 |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=K. L. Hazra |title=The Rise And Decline Of Buddhism In India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3wEAAAAYAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0651-9 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=O. P. Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&amp;pg=PA13 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Pratipal Bhatia |title=The Paramāras, c. 800-1305 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal }}<br /> {{ref end}}<br /> <br /> {{Paramara dynasty}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kings of Malwa]]<br /> [[Category:Paramara dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:12th-century monarchs in Asia]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khara_Bera_Purohitan&diff=509603 Khara Bera Purohitan 2025-07-24T13:09:26Z <p>StevieJ461261267: </p> <hr /> <div>{{orphan|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name =Khara Bera Purohitan<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Village]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = Vishvambhar Singh = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Balotra district]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date =<br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = Democratic<br /> | governing_body = <br /> Tehsil<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 3322<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi/Marwadi language|Hindi/Marwadi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = <br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jodhpur]], [[Balotra]] <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Khara Bera Purohitan''' is a village located in [[Luni, Rajasthan|Luni]] Tehsil of [[Jodhpur district]], [[Rajasthan]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Khara Bera Purohitan Village Population - Luni - Jodhpur, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/85671-khara-bera-purohitan-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=english |title=Khara Bera Purohitan Pin Code - 342802, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search jodhpur Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/jodhpur/khara-bera-purohitan-pincode-342802.html |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Khara Bera Purohitan Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Khara Bera Purohitan, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/jodhpur/khara-bera-purohitan |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=India TV News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|26|03|18|N|73|07|48|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shammi_(actress)&diff=534487 Shammi (actress) 2025-07-01T02:31:52Z <p>StevieJ461261267: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}{{For|Pakistani actress|Shammi (Pakistani actress)}}<br /> <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Shammi<br /> | image = Shammi (Nargis Rabadai).jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Nargis Rabadi<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|04|24|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2018|03|06|1929|04|24|df=yes}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Schultz |first1=Kai |title=Shammi, Bollywood Actress Known for Comedic Roles, Dies at 89 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/08/obituaries/shammi-bollywood-actress-known-for-comedic-roles-dies-at-89.html |website=The New York Times |date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Correspondent |first1=D. C. |title=Veteran actress Shammi passes away at 89, Big B, others mourn her death |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/060318/shammi-passes-away-death-veteran-actress-death-89-amitabh-bachchan.html |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |date=6 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | yearsactive = 1949–2018<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | awards = <br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Sultan Ahmed (director)|Sultan Ahmed]]|1973|1980|end=divorce}}<br /> | children = 1<br /> | relatives = Mani J. Rabadi (sister)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nargis Rabadi''' (24 April 1929 – 6 March 2018), better known by her [[stage name]] '''Shammi''', was an Indian actress who appeared in over two hundred [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/veteran-actress-shammi-dekh-bhai-dekhs-nani-dies-in-mumbai-1820067 |title=Veteran Actress Shammi, Dekh Bhai Dekh's Nani, Dies In Mumbai |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shammi remained a sought-after actress with filmmakers when it came to goofy and comic roles,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hindi-cinema-s-other-shammi/964706/ |title=Hindi cinema's other Shammi |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; especially in the period 1949–1969 and later from 1980–2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/at-83-shammi-aunty-frail-hard-of-hearing-but-invincible-260688 |title=At 83, Shammi Aunty, hard of hearing, but frail |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies |access-date=31 March 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527015211/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/at-83-shammi-aunty-frail-hard-of-hearing-but-invincible-260688 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Acting-is-the-only-thing-I-know-how-to-do-Shammi-aunty/articleshow/15885831.cms |title=Acting is the only thing I know how to do: Shammi aunty |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her famous films as supporting actress included ''[[Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai]]'', ''[[Half Ticket (1962 film)|Half Ticket]]'', ''[[Halaku (film)|Halaku]]'', ''[[Samaj Ko Badal Dalo]]'', ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'', ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'', ''[[Gopi Kishan]]'' and ''[[Hum Saath Saath Hain]]'' and films with [[Rajesh Khanna]] like ''[[The Train (1970 film)|The Train]]'', ''[[Aanchal (1980 film)|Aanchal]]'', ''[[Kudrat]]'', ''[[Red Rose (1980 film)|Red Rose]]'', ''[[Awara Baap]]'' and ''[[Swarg]]''. She had been a leading actress playing main female lead or second female lead in Hindi films between 1949–1955 as well. Later, from 1986 till 1998, she appeared in many popular television serials such as ''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]'', ''Zabaan Sambhal Ke'', ''Shriman Shrimati'', ''Kabhi Yeh Kabhi Woh'' and ''Filmi Chakkar''. Shammi is the younger sister of fashion designer Mani Rabadi.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Rabadi was born in 1929 in [[Bombay]], [[India]]. Her father was a priest in an [[agyari]] (Parsi fire temple) and died when she was around three years old. After her father's death, her mother used to cook food at all the religious functions organized by the Parsi community to earn money. Rabadi had an elder sister Mani Rabadi, who was a fashion designer and worked extensively with many actresses as their dress designer in Hindi films between 1967 and 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/rip-mani-rabadi/225820 |title=RIP Mani Rabadi|date=7 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Her mother's younger sister lived with her. They stayed in [[Tata Group|Tata]] Blocks in [[Parel]], South Mumbai in 1930–47 period. Her sister joined Johnson and Johnson as a secretary after completing her secondary school education.<br /> <br /> In 1942, [[Johnson and Johnson]] manufactured tablets and Rabadi was employed in the packing department. Her job was to collect the tablets that were not sealed in the tablet case, and had fallen off from the machine. She had to put them into big bottles which would go to hospitals for free distribution to patients. She was paid Rs 100 per month for doing this job.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-the-other-shammi-of-bollywood/20130228.htm#1 |title=Meet the 'other' Shammi of Bollywood- Page 2 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> Shammi got into films by chance. A family friend was very friendly with actor and producer [[Sheikh Mukhtar]]. At that time, Mukhtar was looking for an actress for the second lead, in a film he was to start with [[Begum Para]] as the main [[female lead]]. He got her to meet Sheikh Mukhtar. Mukhtar was concerned about her [[Hindi]]-speaking skills as she was a Parsi. Shammi immediately told a worried Sheikh that she would be talking with him in Hindi and that he should point out any flaw if he was able to find any. Sheikh Mukhtar was impressed with her. The next day, she was called to Mahalaxmi studios for her [[screen test]]. She was advised by director Tara Harish to change her name to &quot;Shammi&quot; as there was another actress named Nargis in the industry. Her monthly salary was Rs 500. She was asked to sign a three-year contract with a condition that she couldn't work outside without their permission. She was just 18 when she signed for her first film, ''[[Ustad Pedro]]'', in January 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-the-other-shammi-of-bollywood/20130228.htm#3 |title=Meet the 'other' Shammi of Bollywood- Page 3 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ustad Pedro'' had Sheikh Mukhtar opposite Begum Para and Mukri as the comedian and it was directed by Tara Harish and this Begum Para-Sheikh Mukhtar starrer was a hit film at the box office in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Shammi--Aunty-No-1/articleshow/329159.cms |title=Shammi... Aunty No.1|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 November 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She had to attend the studio every day and practice acting even when she had no shoot. Shammi had to read dialogues of other films and Harish, the film's director taught her a lot of things since he was an actor himself. Harish was directing another film produced by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], called ''[[Malhar (1951 film)|Malhar]]''. Shammi was given the main lead in that film. Since the director was the same, Shammi was allowed to work outside the Sheikh Mukthar banner. She got good reviews for ''Malhar''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-the-other-shammi-of-bollywood/20130228.htm#4 |title=Meet the 'other' Shammi of Bollywood- Page 4 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The movie's music was also a hit. 'Malhar' made Shammi a star. Shammi was financially stable now, so they shifted to [[Bandra]]. During the shooting of ''Malhar'', she met [[Nargis Dutt]] through the latter's mother Jaddan bai. They became good friends. Nargis was one of her best friends and later, because of their friendship she got a supporting role in the film ''Miss India''. She quoted in an interview &quot;Nargis was the first actor to be paid Rs 1 lakh; even [[Dilip Kumar]] did not get that kind of money then. It was the talk of the industry. Actors like me who did supporting roles would get anything around Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000.&quot;<br /> <br /> Her third film with Dilip Kumar and [[Madhubala]], called ''[[Sangdil]]''. The movie was released late in 1952 and was only a moderate success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-the-other-shammi-of-bollywood/20130228.htm#5 |title=Meet the 'other' Shammi of Bollywood- Page 5 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since ''Sangdil'' was unpopular with audience, she did not get work for seven months. Shammi started off by playing the main lead or second lead in films, but after ''Sangdil'', she had to accept whatever work came to her. She acted as a vamp in few such films. She quoted in an interview: &quot;Many people scolded me when I did that but I was clear in my mind that I had to work. Sitting at home would not help me since I was the breadwinner of the family.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-the-other-shammi-of-bollywood/20130228.htm#6 |title=Meet the 'other' Shammi of Bollywood- Page 6 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She got roles as the leading heroine opposite heroes such as [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], Manhar Desai and [[Karan Dewan]]. After release of [[K. Asif|K. Asif's]] hit film ''Musafirkhana'', she was flooded with similar roles. Her role opposite comedian [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] was appreciated in this film.&lt;ref name=&quot;rediff artcile&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Some of her successful movies as supporting actress in this period were ''Ilzam'' (1954), ''Pehli Jhalak'' (1955), ''[[Bandish (1955 film)|Bandish]]'' (1955), ''[[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]]'' (1955), ''[[Halaku (film)|Halaku]]'' (1956), ''[[Son of Sinbad (1955 film)|Son of Sinbad]]'' (1955), ''[[Raj Tilak (1958 film)|Raj Tilak]]'' (1958), ''[[Khazanchi (1958 film)|Khazanchi]]'' (1958), ''[[Ghar Sansar]]'' (1958), ''Aakhiri Dao'' (1958), ''[[Kangan (1959 film)|Kangan]]'' (1959), ''[[Bhai-Bahen (1959 film)|Bhai-Bahen]]'' (1959) and ''[[Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai]]'' (1960). The rest of her films released from 1952 to 1960 were deemed as commercial failures. In the period 1962 to 1970, her comedy and vamp roles made an impact in successful films such as ''[[Half Ticket (1962 film)|Half Ticket]]'', ''Ishaara'', ''[[Jab Jab Phool Khile]]'', ''[[Preet Na Jane Reet]]'', ''Aamne - Saamne'', [[Upkar]], ''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]'', ''[[Sajan (1969 film)|Sajan]]'', ''Doli'', ''Raja Saab'' and ''[[The Train (1970 film)|The Train]]''.<br /> <br /> In the early 1970s, she started being offered character roles, mostly playing mothers, in movies like ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'' and ''Adhikar''. She won the [[BFJA]] Award as Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Samaj Ko Badal Dalo]]'' (1971).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1971 |title=Bengal Film Journalists Association |work=bfja awards |access-date=4 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114748/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php?year=1971 |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; She married an aspiring director named [[Sultan Ahmed (director)|Sultan Ahmed]]. He used Shammi's connections in the industry to get work. Her friends like [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Sunil Dutt]] and [[Asha Parekh]] worked in films directed by Sultan Ahmed. Her husband's directorial ventures such as ''Heera'' (1973), ''[[Dharam Kanta]]'', and ''[[Daata]]'' were successful. During this period, Shammi did not accept offers from other directors and due to this she started getting fewer offers to act in films. In hindsight, she admitted that that had been a mistake on her part.<br /> <br /> Shammi suffered two miscarriages and there were no further pregnancies. So, she and [[Sultan Ahmed (director)|Sultan Ahmed]] did not have any children. This created tension in their relationship. The couple had bought a house and her husband wanted to put the house in her name. Shammi was of the opinion that since her [[sister in law|sister-in law]] did not have an income, Ahmed should put the house in his sister's name. Ahmed's [[brother in law]]'s family also resided with them. Shammi was close to her brother-in-law's children and took care of them. After seven years of marriage, she separated from her husband in 1980. She walked out of the house without taking anything with her, including her car.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-the-other-shammi-of-bollywood/20130228.htm#6 |title=Meet the other Shammi of Bollywood |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=1 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywood.com/secret-club-heroines-swinging-60s |title=The secret club of heroines from swinging '60s ... |publisher=Bollywood.com |access-date=1 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She returned to her old house where she stayed with her mother in Bandra. Nargis Dutt helped Shammi get a role in ''[[The Burning Train]]'' within eight days after Shammi had left her house. Her friend [[Rajesh Khanna]] helped her get small roles in films with him in the lead from 1980 such as ''[[Red Rose (1980 film)|Red Rose (film)]]'', ''[[Aanchal (1980 film)|Aanchal]]'', ''[[Kudrat]]'', ''[[Awara Baap]]'' and ''[[Swarg]]''. These films got her noticed as a supporting actress and revived her career.<br /> <br /> Encouraged by her recent successes, she decided to produce a film named ''[[Pighalta Aasman]]'' in 1985. [[Rajesh Khanna]] was going to act in the film, and he suggested the name of ([[Esmayeel Shroff]]) as the director. There was reportedly an altercation between Esmayeel and Khanna, after which Khanna walked out of the film. It had not gone on the floors then. Shammi had brought in a big actress, [[Raakhee]], as [[Rajesh Khanna]] was starring in the film. The distributors were dissatisfied with Shammi as she had promised them Rajesh Khanna. She then approached [[Shashi Kapoor]]. On this topic, she quoted in an interview: &quot;He ([[Shashi Kapoor]]) did not even ask me how much I was going to pay him. Everything fell in place. But the director sucked the life out of me. He fought with everyone on the sets. Ultimately, he was thrown out of the film before the dubbing was completed. I directed the film. The film bombed at the box office. I knew it would flop. I went into a big loss.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-the-other-shammi-of-bollywood/20130228.htm#8 |title=Meet the 'other' Shammi of Bollywood- Page 8 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To help her recover from the losses, [[Rajesh Khanna]], who was producing television series then, helped Shammi get a few roles on TV shows.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-the-other-shammi-of-bollywood/20130228.htm#9 |title=Meet the 'other' Shammi of Bollywood- Page 9 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was getting paid well for her roles in both movies and TV shows, and this time she started saving money. Her performances in serials such as ''Dekh Bhai Dekh'', ''Zabaan Sambhal Ke'', ''Shriman Shrimati'', ''Kabhi Yeh Kabhi Woh'' and ''Filmi Chakkar'' were appreciated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hindi-cinema-s-other-shammi/964706/2 |title=Hindi cinema's other 'Shammi' |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was very much in demand from 1990 to 2000, appearing in many successful films such as ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No 1]]'', ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]'', ''[[Mardon Wali Baat]]'', ''[[Gurudev (film)|Gurudev]]'', ''[[Gopi Kishan]]'', ''Hum Saath-Saath Hain'' and ''[[Imtihaan]]''. Her portrayal of the role of a drug addict in Mahesh Bhatt's ''Lahu Ke Do Rang'' got her good reviews.&lt;ref name=&quot;rediff artcile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/oct/25sh.htm |title=An interview with Shammi, the heartthrobs from 50s |work=Rediff |access-date=9 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Movie offers, however, stopped coming to her after 2002 since she was getting older. She was rarely offered any roles from 2008 to 2011.<br /> <br /> She made a comeback with ''[[Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi]]'' in 2013; as the director Bela Sehgal wanted her for the role of a Parsi woman.&lt;ref name=Lastt&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-the-other-shammi-of-bollywood/20130228.htm#10 |title=Meet the other &quot;Shammi&quot; of Bollywood- Page 10 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Shammi was married to film producer &amp; director [[Sultan Ahmed (director)|Sultan Ahmed]] for seven years, before they were divorced.&lt;ref name=&quot;rediff.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/oct/25sh.htm |title=Rediff On The Net, Movies: An interview with Shammi, the heartthrob of the '50s |website=m.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Shammi died in her sleep on 6 March 2018, aged 89.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Veteran actress Shammi passes away at the age of 89 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/veteran-actress-shammi-passes-away/articleshow/63180792.cms |website=The Times of India |date=6 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Actress Shammi passes away: Troubled personal life seldom diluted her impeccable comic timing |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/actress-shammi-passes-away-troubled-personal-life-seldom-diluted-her-impeccable-comic-timing-4378513.html |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |date=6 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{incomplete list|date=May 2018}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Language<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1949 || Ustad Pedro || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1951 || ''[[Malhar]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1952 || ''[[Sangdil]]'' || Mohini || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1953 || ''[[Aag Ka Dariya]]'' ||[[Meera]] || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | Khoj || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | Baaghi || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1954 ||Sheeshe Ki deewaar|| || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> |Roohi|| || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Munna (1954 film)|Munna]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |- <br /> | Kasturi || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ilzaam (1954 film)|Ilzam]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hukumat]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | 1955 || ''Shahi Mehman'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rukhsana (film)|Rukhsana]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Pehli Jhalak'' || Girja || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Musafirkhana'' || Mary || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> |''Lagan'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bandish'' || Kavita || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]]'' || Janki || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1956 || ''[[Halaku (film)|Halaku]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|1958 || Aji Bas Shukriya || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chaubees Ghante]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1960 || ''[[Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai]]'' || Sheila || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1960 || ''[[Zimbo comes to Town]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1961 || Khiladi || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> |1962<br /> |[[Half Ticket (1962 film)|Half ticket]]<br /> |Lily<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 1968 || ''[[Baazi (1968 film)|Baazi]]'' || Lucy Fernandes || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1970 || ''[[The Train (1970 film)|The Train]]'' || || Hindi || Guest appearance<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mere Humsafar]]'' || Suzie || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yaadgaar (1970 film)|Yaadgaar]]'' || Sukhiya || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Samaj Ko Badal Dalo]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'' || Rita || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | Darpan | Lachchi || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1971 || ''[[Adhikar (1971 film)|Adhikar]]'' || Rajan's mother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | Purani Pehchan || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1972 || ''[[Ek Hasina Do Diwane]]''|| Major's wife || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bandagi]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Annadata (1972 film)|Annadata]]'' || Mrs. Anwar|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1973 || ''Jwaar Bhata'' || Satwanti || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Honeymoon (1973 film)|Honeymoon]]'' || Mrs. Ramakant || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1974 || ''[[Chhote Sarkar (1974 film)|Chhote Sarkar]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1978 || ''[[Swarg Narak]]'' || Shobha's mother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1979 || ''[[Lahu Ke Do Rang (1979 film)|Lahu Ke Do Rang]]'' || Drug addict || Hindi || Guest appearance <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hum Tere Ashiq Hain]]'' || Teacher || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maan Apmaan]]'' || Mrs. Ramdas|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1980 || ''[[The Burning Train]]'' || Passenger || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Red Rose (1980 film)|Red Rose]]'' || Roopsagar Clothing Stores Manager || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aanchal (1980 film)|Aanchal]]'' || Chachi || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Patita (1980 film)|Patita]]'' || Miss Maria || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bombay 405 Miles]]'' || || Hindi || Special appearance <br /> |-<br /> |Lambardarni<br /> |Paaro<br /> |Punjabi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1981 || ''[[Kranti]]'' || Bharat's foster mother || Hindi||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chehre Pe Chehra]]''|| || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kudrat]]'' || Sarla || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Prem Geet (1981 film)|Prem Geet]]'' || Gynaecologist || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1982 || ''[[Sarpanch]]'' || Swaran Chanda's wife || Punjabi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]'' || Mrs. Raj Tilak || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | Dil Akhir Dil Hai || Psychiatrist || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Khud-Daar]]'' || Seema's mother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Arth (film)|Arth]]'' || Mrs. Bhalla || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Do Dishayen]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 1983 || ''[[Shubh Kaamna]]'' || Grandmother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nastik (1983 film)|Nastik]]'' || Rosie || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Rachna'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sweekar Kiya Maine'' || Mrs. Sharma || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Yahan Se Shehar Ko Dekho'' || || Hindi||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 1984 || ''Yaari Jatt Di'' || Jeeta's mother || Punjabi||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nimmo (1984 film)|Nimmo]]'' || Karma's mother|| Punjabi||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Jigri Yaar''|| Jeeto || Punjabi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Karishma (1984 film)|Karishma]]'' || Nisha's mother|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jawaani]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; | 1985 || ''Tulsi'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tawaif (film)|Tawaif]]'' || Mrs. Nigam || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hum Dono (1985 film)|Hum Dono]]'' || Mrs. Mathura Das || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mohabbat (1985 film)|Mohabbat]]'' || Choudhary's mother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ucha Dar Baba Nanak Da'' || Gurdit's mother || Punjabi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jhoothi]]'' || Shanti || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Awara Baap]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | Patthar Dil || Mrs. Chaurasia|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Paisa Yeh Paisa]]''|| Rosie || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kali Basti]]''|| Mary P. Pereira|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1986 || Pahunche Hue Log || || Hindi||<br /> |-<br /> |Preeti || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]'' || Dharma's aunt || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ek Chadar Maili Si]]'' || Jelmi || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Shingora''|| Mausi || || TV movie<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Baat Ban Jaye]]'' || Prakash's neighbour || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 1987 || ''[[Mera Lahoo]]''|| Avanti Singh || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Imaandaar]]''|| Ameena || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Insaaf (1987 film)|Insaaf]]''|| Avinash's mother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Muqaddar Ka Faisla]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aulad (1987 film)|Aulad]]'' || Leela || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1988 || | Akhri Muqabla || Ganga || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mardon Wali Baat]]'' || Chaila's mother|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kasam (1988 film)]]'' || Bua || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rama O Rama]]'' || Mary D'Souza || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 1989 || ''[[Jurrat (film)|Jurrat]]'' || Joseph's mother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vardi (film)|Vardi]]'' || Customer || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Eeshwar (1989 film)|Eeshwar]]'' || Eeshwar's grandmother|| Hindi||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Anokha Aspatal'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Shehzaade]]'' || Zorawar's mother || Hindi || Uncredited role<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Saaya (1989 film)|Saaya]]'' || Nurse || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mohabat Ka Paigham]]'' || Chand Bibi || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gawaahi]]'' || Betty Lobo|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 1990 || ''[[Amavas Ki Raat]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maha-Sangram]]'' || Mary || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]'' || Tara Bai || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Swarg]]'' || Kumar's mother || Hindi || uncredited <br /> |-<br /> | '' [[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'' || Madhu's grandmother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sailaab (1990 film)|Sailaab]]'' || Yashoda Devi || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bahaar Aane Tak]]'' || Vijay's mother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Qurbani Jatt Di'' || Jagroop's mother || Punjabi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 1991 || ''[[Trinetra]]'' || Bantu Rani || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jeena Teri Gali Mein]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]'' || Aarti's mother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Farishtay]]'' ||Mausi|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin]]'' || Paris lady who gives lift || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1992 || ''Mehndi Shagna Di'' || Sardarni Jagir Kaur || Punjabi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yudhpath]]'' || Mrs. Choudhary|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | Saatwan Aasman || Sujit's grandmother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Khuda Gawah]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/veteran-bollywood-actress-shammi-dead-12138152 |title=Veteran Bollywood actress Shammi dies after 'long illness' |first=Frances |last=Kindon |date=6 March 2018 |website=mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt; || Khuda Baksh's mother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Honeymoon (1992 film)|Honeymoon]]'' || Maya || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ghar Jamai (1992 film)|Ghar Jamai]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1993 || ''Shabnam'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pehla Nasha]]'' || Deepak's landlady || Hindi||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gurudev (film)|Gurudev]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Raunaq'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gunaah (1993 film)|Gunaah]]'' || A woman who bought Singh's flat || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Balmaa]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | 1994 || ''[[Imtihaan]]'' || Orphanage manager|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chauraha]]'' || Grandmother|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ulfat Ki Nayi Manzilen''|| || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gopi Kishan]]''|| Janki || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Paramaatma]]'' || Rudranarayan's wife|| Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Cheetah (1994 film)|Cheetah]]'' || Jessy || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1995 || ''Thumka'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Policewala Gunda]]'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No. 1]]''|| Mrs. Choudhary (Hoshiyarchand's mother) || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]'' || Gulbadan's mother || Hindi||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 1996 || ''[[Mr. Bechara]]'' || Caretaker || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1997 || ''[[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya]]'' || Grandmother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Uff! Yeh Mohabbat]]'' || Mrs. Usgaonkar || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1999 || ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]'' || Durga Mausi || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2000 || ''[[Kunwara]]'' || Mrs. Viswanath Prathap Singh || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tera Jadoo Chal Gaya]]'' || Grandmother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2001 || ''[[Hum Ho Gaye Aapke]]'' || Aunty || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke]]'' || Rohit's grandmother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || ''[[Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa]]'' || Esha's grandmother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || ''[[Karz: The Burden of Truth]]'' || Balwant Singh's mother || Hindi || <br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''Chalta Hai Yaar'' || || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Khushboo (2008 film)|Khushboo]]'' || Pinky's grandmother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ''[[Accident on Hill Road]]'' || Mrs. Wadia || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Sukhmani: Hope for Life]]'' || || Punjabi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Khap (film)|Khap]]'' || Masterni || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''[[Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi]]''&lt;ref name=Lastt/&gt; || Farhad's grandmother || Hindi ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align: margin;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 17em;&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 12em;&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 15em;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Note<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width: 2em;&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Idhar Udhar]]''<br /> | 1985<br /> | Mrs. Bregenza<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]''<br /> |Rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1993<br /> | Chhoti Nani<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|Filmi Chakkar<br /> |Dadi<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]''<br /> | Mrs. Pinto<br /> |<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-cast-of-filmi-chakkar-where-are-they-now-6080139/ |title=The cast of Filmi Chakkar: Where are they now? |date=26 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Tehkikaat]]''<br /> |1994<br /> |<br /> |Twins Illusion (episode 10,11)<br /> |style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Hudd Kar Di]]''<br /> |2000<br /> |Laajo<br /> |Epi. 54<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot;|''[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]''<br /> | 2003<br /> | Rani Devi<br /> | 2 Episodes<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |<br /> |} Shirman shrimati 1994 chitu ki naani<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|0787889|Shammi}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama person|shammi}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shammi}}<br /> [[Category:1929 births]]<br /> [[Category:2018 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]</div> StevieJ461261267 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bogatha_Waterfall&diff=462679 Bogatha Waterfall 2025-06-03T09:34:15Z <p>StevieJ461261267: reworked information per standard format and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Waterfall in Telangana, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox waterfall<br /> | name = Bogatha Waterfall<br /> | image = Bogatha_Water_Falls.png<br /> | caption = Bogatha-Waterfall<br /> | map = India Telangana<br /> | map_width = 300<br /> | relief = yes<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|18.476135|N|80.500027|E|type:waterbody_scale:50000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | location = cheekupally, vajedu, [[Mulugu district]], [[Telangana]]<br /> | type = Waterfall<br /> | height =<br /> | height_longest = <br /> | number_drops = <br /> | average_flow = <br /> | world_rank = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bogatha'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: Warangal to reopen tourist spots from October 1 as Telangana eases lockdown norms - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/Sep/27/covid-19-warangalto-reopen-tourist-spots-from-october-1-as-telangana-eases-lockdown-norms-2202370.html|access-date=2021-03-02|website=www.newindianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Waterfall''' is a [[waterfall]] located on the Cheekupally stream, Wazeedu Mandal, [[Mulugu district]], [[Telangana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;stateofficial&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bogatha waterfalls: The Telangana Niagara|url=https://www.telanganastateofficial.com/bogatha-waterfalls-jalapatham-warangal-khammam-photos-videos/|website=Telanganastateofficial.com}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Breathtaking view Bogatha waterfalls|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/breathtaking-view/article5169811.ece|website=Thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located {{convert|120|km|sp=us}} from [[Bhadrachalam]], {{convert|90|km|sp=us}} from Mulugu and {{convert|140|km|sp=us}} from [[Warangal]]. The newly constructed [[Eturnagaram]] bridge on [[National Highway 163]] reduced the travelling distance to [[Hyderabad]] from {{convert|440|km|sp=us}} to {{convert|329|km|sp=us}}.<br /> <br /> Of the waterfalls in Mulugu District, Telangana state, it is the second largest waterfall in the Telangana region.&lt;ref name=&quot;stateofficial&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tourism==<br /> Even though water flows throughout the year, a good time to visit is between June and November (after the [[monsoon]]), when the most water flows.&lt;ref name=&quot;stateofficial&quot;/&gt; There is no road facility, so visitors have to trek for some distance to reach the waterfall.&lt;ref name=&quot;stateofficial&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Bogatha is colloquially called as &quot;the Telangana [[Niagara Falls|Niagara]]&quot; and &quot;Telangana Niagara jalapatham&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;stateofficial&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83DJeta_Elk|title=Telangana Nayagara Waterfalls -- Most Beautiful 'Bogatha Waterfall' at Vajedu in Khammam District|access-date=5 January 2019|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> its a nice scenery to go and visit there is a well maintained park and tower to see around<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of waterfalls]]<br /> * [[List of waterfalls in India]]<br /> * [[Kuntala Waterfall]]<br /> * [[Pochera Falls]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://namasthetelangaana.com/Telangana-Tourism/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%9D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A4-%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81-1-15-324186.html#.VTTWVPmUeVM/ Bogatha Waterfall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330001309/http://namasthetelangaana.com/Telangana-Tourism/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%9D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A4-%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81-1-15-324186.html#.VTTWVPmUeVM/ |date=30 March 2016 }}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150427161937/http://www.telanganatalk.com/bogatha-waterfall/ About Bogatha Waterfall]<br /> <br /> {{Hydrography of Telangana}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Waterfalls of Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Khammam district]]</div> StevieJ461261267