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Multai Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T21:59:32Z

StephanieWentwor: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Multai
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 129
| map_image = 129-Multai.svg
| district = [[Betul district|Betul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Betul Lok Sabha constituency|Betul]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Chandrashekhar Deshmukh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Sukhdev Panse
}}
'''Multai''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="constlist">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It is part of [[Betul district]]. As of 2023, its representative is [[Chandrashekhar Deshmukh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Biharilal Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Anandrao Sonaji
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Balkrishna
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|B. R. Deorao
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Radhakrishna Garg Vakeel
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Maniram Barange
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ashok Kadwe
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Maniram Barange
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|P. R. Bodkhe
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |Sunilram
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Sukhdev Panse
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|[[Chandrashekhar Deshmukh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|Sukhdev Panse
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
|[[Chandrashekhar Deshmukh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Multai<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Chandrashekhar Deshmukh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:96066}}
|percentage = 51.38
|change = +10.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sukhdeo Panse
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:81224}}
|percentage = 43.44
|change = -7.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Indalrao Khatarkar
|votes = {{formatnum:2257}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change = -0.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1488}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change = -0.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14842}}
|percentage = 7.94
|change = -2.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:186964}}
|percentage = 81.02
|change = +0.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Multai<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sukhdev Panse]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:88219}}
|percentage = 51.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raja Pawar
|votes = {{formatnum:70969}}
|percentage = 41.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagdish Sahu
|votes = {{formatnum:2636}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanju Salam
|votes = {{formatnum:1746}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Kishor Chourasiya
|votes = {{formatnum:1578}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Jagdish Dodke
|votes = {{formatnum:1539}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1916}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17250}}
|percentage = 10.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171918}}
|percentage = 80.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Multai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|21.78|78.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Betul district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}

List of people from Pala

2026-05-05T13:48:54Z

StephanieWentwor: pg

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2018}}

Notable people from [[Palai]] include:

==Politicians==
* [[K. R. Narayanan]], President of India (1997–2002), Vice-President of India (1992–97).
* [[K M Mani]], Minister of Finance, Revenue, Laws, Kerala State.
* [[Jose K. Mani]] Member of Indian Parliament - [[Lok Sabha]] (2010-Continuing).
* [[N M Joseph]], Minister of Forests, Kerala State (1987–91)
* [[M M Jacob]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.genealogy.rocksea.org/getperson.php?personID=I723&tree=roots|title=Jacob Mathew Mundakkal b. 09 Aug 1928 Ramapuram, Kottayam: Roots. The Kerala Christian Family Tree|website=www.genealogy.rocksea.org}}</ref> Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) (1981-1993), Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha (1986–87), Union Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, Home (1987–93), State Governor of [[Meghalaya]] (1995–2007).
* Kidangoor Gopalakrishna Pillai,<ref name="nairs.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.nairs.in/bio_g.html |title=www.nairs.in |access-date=2007-06-01 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064134/http://www.nairs.in/bio_g.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> General Secretary of NSS (1967 onwards) and Indian High-Commissioner to [[Singapore]] (1992 onwards).
* [[P K Vasudevan Nair]], Member of Parliament, Chief Minister of Kerala State.
* [[Kizhekethil Chandy|K M Chandy]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.genealogy.rocksea.org/getperson.php?personID=I136|title=Prof. Chandy Mathai Kizhakkayil b. 06 Aug 1921 Pala, Kottayam d. 07 Sep 1998 Lissy Hospital, Ernakulam: Roots. The Kerala Christian Family Tree|website=www.genealogy.rocksea.org}}</ref> State Governor (1982–89), President of Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee (I).
* [[Cherian J. Kappan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok03/state/03lskl.htm |title=BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THIRD LOK SABHA(State wise) |website=parliamentofindia.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040809012516/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok03/state/03lskl.htm |archive-date=2004-08-09}}</ref> Freedom Fighter, Member of Indian Parliament - [[Lok Sabha]] (1962–67). Municipal Chairman.
* [[George Thomas Kottukapally]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok02/state/02lskl.htm |title=BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF SECOND LOK SABHA(State wise) |website=parliamentofindia.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040809010234/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok02/state/02lskl.htm |archive-date=2004-08-09}}</ref> Member of Indian Parliament - [[Lok Sabha]] (1957–62), U.N. Delegate.
* [[R V Thomas]],<ref name="niyamasabha.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_2_3.htm|title=General Info - Kerala Legislature|website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> President (Speaker) of [[Travancore]] State Legislative Assembly (1947–49).
* [[Dr P J Thomas]],<ref name="palai.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.palai.com/more.htm |title=Palai - The Land of Latex, Rubber & Spices... |website=www.palai.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822064524/http://www.palai.com/more.htm |archive-date=2007-08-22}}</ref><ref name="rajyasabha.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90t.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023526/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/prev90t.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Member of [[Madras Legislative Council]], 1937–42 and Member of Indian Parliament - [[Rajya Sabha]] 1957-62.
* [[Ulahannan Ulahannan Vadakkan]],<ref name="keralaassembly.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/history/popular.html|title=History of legislative bodies in Kerala-- Sri Moolam Praja Sabha|website=www.keralaassembly.org}}</ref> Member of [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]] of [[Travancore]] State (1912–31).
* [[J Thomas Kayalackakom]],<ref name="keralaassembly.org"/> Member of [[Sree Moolam Popular Assembly]] of [[Travancore]] State (1922–28).

==Literature, education and social service==
*[[Aryambika S. V.]], Malayalam poet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=അംഗീകാരം ആചാര്യന് അശ്രുപൂജയായി|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/latest-news/477831|access-date=2022-02-23|website=Deshabhimani|language=ml}}</ref>
* [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]]: Author of "[[Varthamana Pusthakam]]", the first travelogue in an Indian language.
* [[Ramapurathu Warrier]] - Poet (Kuchelavritham).
* [[Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai]] (1859–1936) - Author of Sri Yesu Vijayam (1926) & Editor of [[Vijnaana Rathnaakaram]] (1913)
* [[Pala Narayanan Nair]], poet, teacher, most celebrated work 'keralam valarunnu'
* [[Pravithanam PM Devasia]], poet
* [[Lalithambika Antharjanam]], novelist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZp1IHSjOBU|title=Special story on Writer Lalithambika Antharjanam - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
* [[Fr. Abel]] Periapuram, Founder of [[Kalabhavan]].
* [[Paul Zacharia]], writer & columnist
* [[Ezhacherry Ramachandran]], poet
* Bishop [[Sebastian Vayalil]], Founder of St. Thomas College
* [[Cyriac Thomas]], former Vice Chancellor

==Government and administration==
* [[V. Joseph Thomas IPS]], Director General of Police, Kerala.
* [[V. J. Kurian IAS]], Addl. Chief Secretary to Govt. of Kerala. Managing Director of the World's First Solar Powered Airport <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419|title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring?|last=Menon|first=Supriya|date=2015-10-09|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-02-11|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/482985/kerala-india-has-the-worlds-first-solar-powered-airport/|title=Kerala, India has the world's first solar-powered airport|last=Balachandran|first=Manu|work=Quartz|access-date=2018-02-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/03/14/technology/india-cochin-solar-powered-airport/index.html|title=The first world's first solar-powered airport is in Cochin, India|last=Mullen|first=Jethro|work=CNNMoney|access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref>
* [[B. Sandhya]] IPS, writer and [[Indian Police Service|police]] officer.

==Sports==
* [[Col. G.V. Raja]], sports promoter
* [[M D Valsamma]], athletics, Asian Games Gold Medalist
* [[Mani C. Kappan]] international volleyball player

===Commerce and industry===
* [[Joseph Augusti Kayalackakom]] (1884–1968) - Managing Director of [[Palai Central Bank]].
*[[Varkey Ouseph Vellookunnel]]
-Founder Director of [[Palai Central Bank]].
*M.O. Devasia (M.O.D) populary known as pepper king of kerala
*Annamma kottukapally,Founder, Anns bakery
*Asha Sebastian Mattathil,Founder,M.O.D signature jewellery

===Movies===
* [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]], movie director
* [[Miss Kumari]], Malayalam actress in leading roles
* [[Suvarna Mathew]], actress
* [[Ponnamma Babu]], actress
* [[Pala Thankam]], actress
* [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] (Gimi George), actress
* [[Mani C. Kappan]], director, producer, actor
* [[Rimi Tomy]], singer
* [[Meenakshi Anoop]], actress
* [[Listin Stephen]], film producer
* [[Chali Pala]], film actor
* [[Mamitha baiju]], Indian actress
* [[Sheelu Abraham]], film actress

=== Journalists ===
* [[Jose Panachippuram]], associate editor, ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' daily
* [[Eby J Jose]], editor, ''Gulf Life'' magazine

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:People from Pala, Kerala]]

Kankipadu Assembly constituency

2026-04-25T14:57:25Z

StephanieWentwor: stub

{{short description|Defunct Legislative Assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Kankipadu
|district = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|electors = {{formatnum:121878}}<ref name=election2004/>
| loksabha_cons = [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]]
|established = 1951
|abolished = 2008
|reservation = None
|map4 =
|map_size =
|type= SLA
}}
'''Kankipadu''' was one of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation1976/> It was in [[Krishna district]].

==History of the constituency==
The Kankipadu constituency was first created for the [[Madras State]] Legislative Assembly in 1952 by the 1951 delimitation.<ref name=delimitation1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=23 August 1951 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> After the passing of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], it became a part of the new [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017}}</ref> After the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976'', its extent was the Kankipadu, Poranki and Vijayawada firks in Vijayawada taluk excluding vijayawada municipality of [[Krishna district]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

It was not present in the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008'' and hence was defunct as of the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=4|[[Devineni Nehru]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Yalamanchili Nageswara Rao
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref name=election2004/>
| Devineni Nehru
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==

{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kankipadu<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Devineni Nehru
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:103181}}
|percentage = 54.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gadde Rammohan rao
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|votes = {{formatnum:85656}}
|percentage = 42.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:17525}}
|percentage = 8.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:98789}}
|percentage = 81.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:121878}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Krishna district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|16.43|80.77|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Krishna district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

T. S. Sivagnanam

2026-04-24T21:20:45Z

StephanieWentwor: Pg - done

{{Short description|Former Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| name = Tirunelveli Subbiah Sivagnanam
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|09|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]],
[[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]] (B.Sc.) [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai]] (L.L.B.)
| known_for =
| net_worth =
| title =
| boards =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Dr. T. S. Subbiah Nalini Subbiah
| website =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| nominator =
| appointer =
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|43rd Chief Justice]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start1 = 11 May 2023
| term_end1 = 15 September 2025 {{small|Acting: 31 March 2023 — 10 May 2023}}
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| predecessor1 = [[Prakash Shrivastava]]
| successor1 = {{ubl|[[Soumen Sen]] ''(acting)''|[[Sujoy Paul]]}}
| term_start3 = 25 October 2021
| term_end3 = 10 May 2023
| office2 = Judge of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| nominator3 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| appointer3 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start4 = 31 March 2009
| term_end4 = 24 October 2021
| nominator4 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| appointer4 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
}}
'''Tirunelveli Subbiah Sivagnanam''' (born 16 September 1963) is a retired Indian judge who served as the 43rd Chief Justice of [[Calcutta High Court]]. He is a former [[judge]] of Calcutta High Court and [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Madras High Court {{!}} Profile of Judges|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/tssj.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sivagnanam was born to Dr. T. S. Subbiah and Nalini Subbiah. He was born on 16 September 1963. He completed his B.Sc. degree at [[Loyola College, Chennai]], obtained his L.L.B degree from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai]] and enrolled in the [[Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry|Bar Council of Tamil Nadu]] on 10 September 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=TNSJA {{!}} Board {{!}} Profiles |url=http://www.tnsja.tn.gov.in/aboutus_profile.html |access-date=2021-05-18 |website=www.tnsja.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

== As an advocate ==
After enrollment, Justice Sivagnanam joined the [[barristers' chambers|chamber]] of Mr. R. Gandhi, Senior [[Advocate]]. Justice Sivagnanam was appointed Additional Central [[Government of India|Government]] Standing [[Counsel]] during 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bar Council of Tamilnadu and Puducherry - Official Website|url=http://barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org/a/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518061656/http://barcounciloftamilnadupuducherry.org/a/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== As judge of high court ==
Justice Sivagnanam was appointed Additional [[Judge]], of the [[Madras High Court|High Court of Madras]] on 31 March 2009 and later he was appointed Permanent Judge on 29 March 2011. He is the [[Chairperson|Chairman]] for the [[Computer]] [[Committee]] of the [[Madras High Court|High Court of Madras]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Madras High Court - Present Judges|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/prejudge.html|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in}}</ref> He was transferred as a [[Judge]] of [[Calcutta High Court]] and took oath on 25 October 2021. On 11 May 2023, he took oath as the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sucheta |date=2023-05-17 |title=Know Thy Judge {{!}} Justice T.S. Sivagnanam - Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/05/17/know-thy-judge-chief-justice-calcutta-high-court-justice-ts-sivagnanam-legal-news/ |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref> He retired as Calcutta Chief Justice on 15 September 2025 after serving a tenure of over 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sucheta |date=2025-09-15 |title=Justice T.S. Sivagnanam, Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court, retires after a tenure of over 2 years |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2025/09/15/chief-justice-calcutta-high-court-justice-ts-sivagnanam-legal-news/ |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref> He was at the 2nd rank in the [[List of sitting judges of the high courts of India#List of Judges by seniority (in cumulative)|all India seniority list of high court judges]] on the date of his retirement.

== TNSJA ==
Justice T. S. Sivagnanam is one of the Members of the Board of Governors of the TNSJA (Tamil Nadu State Judicial Academy).<ref>{{cite web|title=TNSJA {{!}} Board|url=http://www.tnsja.tn.gov.in/aboutus_board.html|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.tnsja.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

== Virtual hearings ==
During the COVID - 19 pandemic, the Computer Committee of the [[Madras High Court|High Court of Madras]], headed by Justice T.S. Sivagnanam had decided to purchase 100 Licences of "[[Microsoft Teams|MicrosoftTeam]]" for conducting Virtual Hearing of the Cases by all [[Judicial officer|Judicial Officers]] in the State of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2020-10-10|title='Virtual courts can be made permanent'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/virtual-courts-can-be-made-permanent/article32817529.ece|access-date=2021-05-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Electronic processes ==
Another important step taken by the Computer Committee of the [[Madras High Court|High Court of Madras]], headed by Justice T. S. Sivagnanam, was to introduce NSTEP (National Service and Tracking of [[Electronic process of law|Electronic Process]]). By purchasing 1200 Smart Phones for the Process Servers, the Service of the Court Processes was made easy, simple within a short span of time.

== Important cases ==

=== Mines case ===
In an Important case, Justices T. S. Sivagnanam and G. Jayachandran passed an order of winding up the commission headed by IAS officer U. Sagayam. This case was relating to the appointment of former Madurai District Collector Sagayam as Special Officer/Legal Commissioner to conduct probe into all granite mining contracts and licences given to various private companies in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Order relating to Mining|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/hc-winds-up-sagayamled-panel-on-illegal-mining/1272734}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mines Case|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hc-rejects-indian-bank-plea-over-sale-of-granite-blocks-of-prp-export-118032400662_1.html}}</ref>

'''Sterlite Plant Case'''

Justices T. S. Sivagnanam and V. Bhavani Subbaroyan in a judgement dismissed a batch of 10 petitions filed by Vedanta on behalf of the Sterlite Copper Plant at Thoothukudi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sterlite Copper|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/vedanta-looking-to-partner-with-govts-to-set-up-copper-smelter-complex-worth-10000-cr/article34204782.ece}}</ref>

'''Income Tax Notice case'''

Justice T. S. Sivagnanam had allowed writ petitions filed by [[P. Chidambaram]] (former [[Finance Minister of India]]) and his family members, challenging the demand notices saying there was reason to believe that income chargeable to tax had escaped assessment. Mr. Chidambaram submitted that he and his family grow coffee and after pulping and drying, sell the raw coffee. Proceeds of its sale are agricultural income exempted from the applicability of Section 10(1) of the Income Tax Act.<ref>{{cite web|title=Income Tax Demand Notice|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madras-hc-sets-aside-notices-by-i-t-dept-against-chidambaram-family/story-fJliGvCBR84Ry4Jp2qkCpJ.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivagnanam, T. S.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]

Naveen Kumar (athlete)

2026-04-24T12:01:36Z

StephanieWentwor: started

{{short description|Indian athlete (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Naveen Dagar
| image = Naveen Kumar Of India In Action (cropped).jpg
| native_name = Naveen Dagar
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = 20 January 1988
| birth_place = [[Chhapar (Jhajjar)|Chhapar]], [[Jhajjar district]], [[India]]
| sport = Track and field
| event = [[3000 metres steeplechase]]
| team = India, Indian Army, Services
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport|Men's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Athletics at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase|3000 m st.]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[National Games of India|National Games]]}}
{{medal|Gold|[[2015 National Games of India|2015 Kerala]]|3000 m st.}}
}}
'''Naveen Kumar''' (born 20 January 1988) is an Indian athlete. He belongs to [[Haryana]]. He won the bronze medal at the [[Asian Games]] 2016 in [[3000 metres steeplechase|3000M Steeplechase]].<ref>Naveen Kumar wins bronze at [[Asian Games]] http://sports.ndtv.com/asian-games-2014/news/230656-asian-games-naveen-kumar-wins-bronze-in-3000m-steeplechase {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521161633/http://sports.ndtv.com/asian-games-2014/news/230656-asian-games-naveen-kumar-wins-bronze-in-3000m-steeplechase |date=21 May 2016 }}</ref>

== Early life ==

Naveen Kumar born in [[Chhapar (Jhajjar)|Chhapar]] village of [[Jhajjar district]], [[Haryana]]. He completed his studies in the village and graduation from All India Jat Heroes Memorial College, Rohtak, Haryana.

== Career ==

He started at young age of 12 years. His inspiration is [[Surendra Singh (athlete)|Surendra Singh]] and Jaiveer Singh. He started his career at Haryana State Championship and won Gold in 4000M. He also won gold medals in 1500M & 5000M in the Haryana Olympic Games organized by Haryana State Olympic Association. Naveen Kumar joined Indian Army in 2009 and continued his practice during the training session and thereafter he participated in Indian Army Athletics Championship in 3000M Steeplechase and won gold medal. Then he represented Indian Army at Services and won silver medal.

== 2013 National Championships ==

Naveen won a silver medal at 17th Federation Cup Senior Athletics Championships, Ludhiana on 25 April 2013 with timings 08:58:38. He again got a silver medal at 53rd Inter-State Senior National Athletics Championship 2013, Chennai on 6 June 2013 with timings 08:56:00.

== [[2013 Asian Athletics Championships]] ==

Naveen Kumar represented India for the first time in [[2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase]] held at Pune, Maharashtra from 3 July to 7 July and remained at 4th place in 3000M Steeplechase.

== 2014 National Championships ==
Naveen won gold medal in 3000M Steeplechase at 54th Sr. National Athletics Championship held at Lucknow, UP from 05.06.14 to 08.06.14 and also set a meet record as he finished 08:42.26 sec by breaking the previous meet record of Rama Chandran(08:42.58 sec) set in 2011.<ref>Naveen Kumar wins Gold Medal http://indianathletics.in/?p=2286 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040839/http://indianathletics.in/?p=2286 |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

== 2014 [[Asian Games]] ==

Naveen represented India at the Asian Games 2014, Incheon in 3000M Steeplechase and won bronze medal by performing his best 08:40.39 sec.

== 2015 [[National Games of India]] ==

Naveen won gold medal in 3000M Steeplechase men at 35th National Games, Kerala. The event was held at University Stadium, Trivandrum on 13.02.15 with finishing time 08:52.54.<ref>Naveen Kumar wins Gold Medal at 35th National Games http://results.kerala2015.com/at/at_main.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219165701/http://results.kerala2015.com/at/at_main.htm |date=19 February 2015 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{World Athletics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Naveen}}
[[Category:Indian men steeplechase runners]]
[[Category:Athletes from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Jhajjar district]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Reddeppagari Madhavi Reddy

2026-04-23T09:23:48Z

StephanieWentwor: Adding A Page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Reddeppagari Madhavi Reddy
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Amzath Basha Shaik Bepari]]
| constituency = [[Kadapa Assembly constituency|Kadapa]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}

'''Reddeppagari Madhavi Reddy''' (born 1974) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is a first-time MLA from [[Kadapa Assembly constituency]] and first female MLA to represent [[Kadapa]] in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. She represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. She won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kadapa Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kadapa-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917006.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituencies Wise LIVE Election Results of Andhra Pradesh Pradesh 2024 {{!}}AP Election Winning Candidates |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/andhra/winning-candidates-2024 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Madhavi is from an agricultural family in [[Kadapa]]. She married Srinivasa Reddy Reddeppagari (TDP Politburo Member). She did her graduation in Arts from a college affiliated with [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad, in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhavi Reddappa Gari(TDP): Constituency- KADAPA(KADAPA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=457 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Madhavi won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[kadapa Assembly constituency|Kadapa Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. She defeated [[Amzath Basha Shaik Bepari]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 18860 votes<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates: TDP's Madhavi Reddappa Gari leading with 84535 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/kadapa-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548324-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and was appointed whip on 12 November 2024.<ref name="AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 November 2024 |title=AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173223/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=12 November 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhavi Reddy, Reddeppagari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Behbal kalan

2026-04-22T06:48:04Z

StephanieWentwor: put up new pg and citations

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Behbal kalan
| other_name = ਬਹਿਬਲ ਕਲਾਂ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.527987211735137|74.9129200121274|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 2376
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151208
| registration_plate = PB62
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jaitu]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Behbal kalan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਬਹਿਬਲ ਕਲਾਂ) is a village located in [[Jaitu]] tehsil of [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behbal Kalan · Punjab 151208, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Behbal+Kalan,+Punjab+151208/@30.5288029,74.9068236,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x39174da48ace1a2b:0x6b6e5f37d4806bc4!8m2!3d30.5281671!4d74.9128391!16s/g/1thkq23f!5m1!1e1?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYwNC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Behbal Kalan · Punjab 151208, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 2376 of which 1255 are males while 1121 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behbal Kalan Village Population - Jaitu - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35599-behbal-kalan-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=62}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151208.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behbal Khurd Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Behbal Khurd, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/punjab/faridkot/behbal-khurd |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 710 hectares.<ref name=":0" />

== Behbal Kalan firing incident ==
In 2015, police opened fire at Behbal Kalan on people protesting against the [[2015 Guru Granth Sahib desecration controversy|desecration of Guru Granth Sahib]] in [[Bargari, Faridkot|Bargari]], [[Faridkot district]] of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-16 |title=ਬਹਿਬਲ ਕਲਾਂ ਗੋਲੀਕਾਂਡ ਤੇ ਬੇਅਦਬੀ ਮਾਮਲੇ ਨਾਲ ਜੁੜੇ ਅਹਿਮ ਸਵਾਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਜਵਾਬ |url=https://www.bbc.com/punjabi/india-62146860 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=BBC News ਪੰਜਾਬੀ |language=pa}}</ref> Two protesters Krishan Bhagwan Singh and Gurjit Singh were killed in this firing incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-20 |title=ਬਹਿਬਲ ਕਲਾਂ ਗੋਲੀਕਾਂਡ : ਗੋਲੀ ਲੱਗਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਮੇਰਾ ਬੇਟਾ ਪਾਣੀ ਮੰਗ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ, ਪਿੰਡ 'ਚ ਕਿਸੇ ਨੇ ਦਰਵਾਜ਼ਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਖੋਲ੍ਹਿਆ |url=https://www.bbc.com/punjabi/media-59718507 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=BBC News ਪੰਜਾਬੀ |language=pa}}</ref> A case was registered against several police personnels in this matter. Despite the challan reports of the commissions and the special investigation teams (SIT's) formed from time to time being filed in the court,<ref>{{Cite web |title=hindustan times |date=18 February 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/sit-to-expedite-behbal-kalan-police-firing-probe-101739897086151.html}}</ref> the victims have not been able to get justice till date.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-25 |title=Behbal Kalan victim's son urges Mann, Kejriwal to transfer Kotkapura case to Chandigarh for swift trial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/behbal-kalan-victims-son-urges-mann-kejriwal-to-transfer-kotkapura-case-to-chandigarh-for-swift-trial/articleshow/120628144.cms |access-date=2025-06-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The case is still pending in the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] at Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behbal Kalan firing case: Victim's kin slam state govt after SC rejects plea to shift trial back to Faridkot |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/behbal-kalan-firing-case-victims-kin-slam-state-govt-after-sc-rejects-plea-to-shift-trial-back-to-faridkot/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-12 |title=9 years after Bargari, Behbal Kalan, victims await justice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/bargari-sacrilege-and-behbal-kalan-killings-nine-years-of-justice-denied/articleshow/114160488.cms |access-date=2025-06-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=NIA summons Sikh activist who protested against father's death in Behbal Kalan police firing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sikh-activist-protest-nia-notice-9572075/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Qadiri Order

2026-04-20T16:02:34Z

StephanieWentwor:

{{Short description|Sufi mystic order in Sunni Islam}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Qadariyah|Qadariyya]], an early Islamic theological movement emphasizing free will}}
{{Infobox religion
| name = Qadiri order
| native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الطريقة القادرية}}}} {{transliteration|ar|al-Ṭarīqa al-Qādiriyya}}
| image = Tomb of Abdul Qadir Jilani, Baghdad.jpg
| caption = The [[Dargah|shrine]] of Abdul Qadir Gilani in [[Baghdad]]
| abbreviation = Qādiriyya
| type = [[Sufi order]]
| main_classification = [[Sunni Islam]]
| area = [[Indian sub-continent]], [[Middle East]], [[Far East]]
| founder = [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]]
| founded_date = [[12th century]]
| founded_place = [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
}}
{{Sufism|Orders}}
The '''Qadiriyya''' ({{Langx|ar|القادرية}}) or the '''Qadiri order''' ({{Langx|ar|الطريقة القادرية|translit=al-Ṭarīqa al-Qādiriyya}}) is a [[Sunni]] [[Sufi]] order (''[[tariqa]]'') founded by [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]] (1077–1166, also transliterated ''Jilani''), who was a [[Hanbali]] scholar from [[Gilan Province|Gilan]], Iran.<ref>Omer Tarin, ''Hazrat Ghaus e Azam Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilani sahib, RA: Aqeedat o Salam'', Urdu monograph, Lahore, 1996</ref>

The order, with its many sub-orders, is widespread. Its members are present in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Turkey]], [[Indonesia]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Balkans]], [[Russia]], [[Palestine]], as well as [[East Africa|East]], [[West Africa|West]] and [[North Africa]].<ref>Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. "The Special Sufi Paths (Tariqas)". Muslim Communities of Grace: The Sufi Brotherhoods in Islamic Religious Life. New York: Columbia UP, 2007. 86–96.</ref><ref name="tombs48">[[Dru C. Gladney|Gladney, Dru]]. [http://www2.hawaii.edu/~dru/articles/tombs.pdf "Muslim Tombs and Ethnic Folklore: Charters for Hui Identity"]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Journal of Asian Studies'', August 1987, Vol. 46 (3): 495-532; pp. 48–49 in the PDF file.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Zaouia El Kadiria.jpg|thumb|The Qadiriyya [[Zawiya (institution)|Zawiya]] (Sufi lodge) in [[Tozeur]], Tunisia]]
[[Abdul Qadir Gilani]], a Hanbali scholar and preacher, having been a pupil at the [[madrasa]] of [[Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi|Abu Saeed Mubarak]], became the leader of the madrasa after Mubarak's death in 1119. Being the new [[Sheikh]], he and his large family lived in the madrasa until his death in 1166, when his son, [[Abdul Razzaq Gilani|Abdul Razzaq]], succeeded his father as Sheikh. Abdul Razzaq published a [[hagiography]] of his father, adding to his already established reputation as founder of a prestigious Sufi order.<ref name="al-Shattanufi">Bahjat al-Asrar by Nur al-Din 'Ali al-Shattanufi</ref>

The Qadiriyya flourished, surviving the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Mongolian conquest of Baghdad in 1258]], and remained an influential [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Sufi order. After the fall of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], the legend of Abdul Qadir Gilani was again found in many texts such as ''The Joy of the Secrets in Abdul Qadir's Mysterious Deeds'' (''Bahjat al-Asrar fi ba'd manaqib 'Abd al-Qadir'') attributed to Nur al-Din 'Ali al-Shattanufi, who taught that Abdul Qadir Gilani was the greatest [[Wali|saint]] within Islam, helping the Qadiri order flourish far beyond Baghdad.<ref name="al-Shattanufi"/>

By the end of the fifteenth century, the Qadiriyya had distinct sub-orders and had spread to [[Morocco]], [[Spain]], Turkey, India, [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]], and present-day [[Mali]].<ref name="al-Shattanufi"/>

[[Khawaja|Khwaja]] Abdullah, a Sheikh of the Qadiriyya and a descendant of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], is reported to have entered China in 1674 and traveled the country preaching until his death in 1689.<ref name="al-Shattanufi"/><ref name="Lipman1998">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&q=ataq+allah&pg=PA72|date=1 July 1998|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80055-4|pages=88–}}</ref> One of his students, Qi Jingyi Hilal al-Din, is said to have rooted Qadiri [[Sufism]] in China. He was buried in [[Linxia City]], which became the center of the Qadiriyya in China.<ref name="tombs48"/>

[[Sultan Bahu]] contributed to the spread of the Qadiriyya in India. His method of spreading the teachings of the Sufi doctrine of [[Faqr]] was through his Punjabi couplets and other writings, which numbered more than 140.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuthbert |first=Mercy |date=2022-06-14 |title=Qadiriyya Tariqa {{!}} Founder, History, Beliefs and More |url=https://world-religions.info/qadiriyya-tariqa/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=World Religions |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805091132/https://world-religions.info/qadiriyya-tariqa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sheikh Sidi Ahmad al-Bakka'i of the [[Kunta family]] was born in the region of the [[Noun River (Morocco)|Noun river]], [[Akka, Morocco|Akka]], in [[Morocco]]. He established a Qadiri ''Zawiya'' or Sufi lodge in [[Walata]]. In the sixteenth century, his family spread across the [[Sahara]] to [[Timbuktu]], [[Agades]], [[Bornu Empire|Bornu]], and [[Nigeria]], and in the eighteenth century, large numbers of Kunta family members moved to the region of the middle of [[Niger]] where they established the village of Mabruk. Sidi [[al-Mukhtar al-Kunti]] (1728–1811) united the Kunta family's factions by successful negotiation, and established an extensive confederation. Under his influence, the [[Maliki]] school of [[Sharia|Islamic law]] was reinvigorated and the Qadiriyya order spread throughout [[Mauritania]], the middle Niger region, [[Guinea]], the [[Ivory Coast]], [[Futa Toro]], and [[Futa Jallon]]. Kunta settlements in the [[Senegambia|Senegambian regio]]n became centers of [[Muslim]] teaching.<ref>Ira M. Lapidus, ''A History of Islamic Societies'', Cambridge University Press, p. 409</ref>

Sheikh [[Usman dan Fodio]] (1754-1817) from [[Gobir]] popularized the Qadiri teachings in [[Nigeria]]. He was well educated in classical [[Islamic sciences|Islamic science]], philosophy, and theology. He also became a revered religious thinker. In 1789, a [[Vision (spirituality)|vision]] led him to believe he had the power to work miracles, and to teach his own mystical ''[[Wird (Sufism)|wird]]'', or [[Litany#Islam|litany]]. His litanies are still widely practiced and distributed in the Islamic world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=أمير المؤمنين الشيخ عثمان ابن فودي |url=https://archive.org/details/DalailuShehu |title=الدلائل الشيخ عثمان ابن فودي |language=Arabic}}</ref> Dan Fodio later had visions of [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]], the founder of the Qadiri tariqa, through which he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and the [[Silsila|spiritual chain of succession]] (''Silsila''), which ultimately leads back to [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. His writings dealt with Islamic concepts of the ''[[Mujaddid]]'' and the role of the [[Ulama]] in teaching history, and other works in Arabic and the [[Fula language]].<ref name=lapidus469>Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469</ref>

==Features==

=== Symbolism ===
The members of the Qadiri order wear a rose in their cap embroidered to which they attach the following legendary history: "Know ye that every [[Tariqa]] or Path has its particular sign and that of the noble Qadiri order is the [[rose symbolism|rose]], the [[names of God|names]] and [[colour]]s of which have been explained by the great [[Sheikh]]s of our order."<ref name="Brown, John P. 1868 Page 89">Brown, John P. (1868). The Dervishes: or, Oriental Spiritualism. Page 89. London: Trübner and Co.{{source-attribution}}</ref> In the center of the [[rose symbolism|rose]] is a star.<ref>Brown, John P. (1868). The Dervishes: or, Oriental Spiritualism. Page 102. London: Trübner and Co.{{source-attribution}}</ref>

The [[origin myth|origin]] of the [[rose symbolism|rose]] of the members of the Qadiri order is as follows:
{{blockquote|"[[Sheikh]] [[Abdul Qadir Jilani]], under the direction of [[Khidr]], proceeded to [[Baghdad]]. When he arrived, a [[Sheikh]] sent him a cup full of water, which meant that [[Baghdad]] being full of holy men, there was no room for him. Whereupon [[Abdul Qadir Jilani]] put a rose in the cup, which meant that [[Baghdad]] would find a place for him."<ref name="Brown, John P. 1868 Page 89">Brown, John P. (1868). The Dervishes: or, Oriental Spiritualism. Page 89. London: Trübner and Co.{{source-attribution}}</ref>}}

The [[Intelligible form|form]] of the [[rose symbolism|rose]] of [[Baghdad]] is as follows: It has two outside and two inside rings, and three circles, and is made of green cloth. The first circle signifies [[Sharia]], or God's law as revealed by his Prophet, the second signifies [[Tariqa]], or the order, the third signifies [[Ma'rifa]], or knowledge of God. The three together are a sign that their acquisition has bestowed the [[Hal (Sufism)|Hal]], or condition, known as the [[Haqiqa]], or truth.<ref>Brown, John P. (1868). The Dervishes: or, Oriental Spiritualism. page 90-91. London: Trübner and Co.{{source-attribution}}</ref>

=== Chain of succession ===
The following are two commonly cited spiritual chains (silsilas) tracing back to Prophet Muhammad:
# • [[Muhammad]]
# • Imam [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
# • Imam Hasan Basri
# • Hazrat Sheikh Habib Ajmi
# • Hazrat Sheikh Dawud Al Tai
# • [[Ma'ruf al-Karkhi|Ma'ruf Karkhi]]
# • [[Sari al-Saqati]]
# • [[Junayd of Baghdad|Junayd al-Baghdadi]]
# • Sheikh [[Abu Bakr al-Shibli|Abu Bakr Shibli]]
# • Sheikh [[Abu al-Hasan al-Tamimi|Abdul Aziz Tamimi]]
# • [[Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi]]
# • [[Mohammad Yousuf Abu al-Farah Tartusi|Abu al-Farah Tartusi]]
# • [[Abul Hasan Hankari|Abu al-Hasan Hankari]]
# • [[Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi]]
# • [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]]
Moulana Fakhruddin Dehlvi R.A, the spiritual predecessor of both Pir Mehr Ali Shah R.A and Shah Sulaiman Taunsvi R.A—appearing two steps above the latter and four steps above the former in their respective lineages—states in his book ''Fakhrul Hasan'' that narrations suggesting a meeting between Imam Ali al-Rida and Ma'ruf Karkhi are historically false. He asserts that the actual Qadiriyya silsila continues through Imam Hasan al-Basri.

This clarification is provided due to the repeated removal of the lineage tracing through Imam Hasan al-Basri by some editors. While efforts are generally made to avoid highlighting intra-traditional disputes, the omission of one widely accepted chain necessitated the inclusion of both versions for balance and accuracy.

Another version of the spiritual lineage, cited by some Qadiriyya traditions, is as follows:<ref>Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. "The Special Sufi Paths (Taqiras)." Muslim Communities of Grace: The Sufi Brotherhoods in Islamic Religious Life. New York: Columbia UP, 2007. 86-96.</ref><ref>Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (2012). ''Islam Outside the Arab World''. Routledge. p. 199. {{ISBN|978-1-136-11330-7}} Retrieved 24 April 2014.</ref><ref>Sult̤ān Mohammad Najib-ur-Rehman (11 March 2015). ''Sultan Bahoo: The Life and Teachings''. Sultan-ul-Faqr Publications. {{ISBN|978-969-9795-18-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2020-06-12 |title=Our Silsilah connects back to the Prophet Muhammad through five orders |url=https://sufischool.org/orders/our-silsilah.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=School of Sufi Teaching |language=en-US}}</ref>
# • [[Muhammad]]
# • Imam [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
# • Imam [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]]
# • Imam [[Ali al-Sajjad|Zayn al-Abidin]]
# • Imam [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Muhammad Baqir]]
# • Imam [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]
# • Imam [[Musa al-Kazim]]
# • Imam [[Ali al-Rida]]
# • [[Ma'ruf al-Karkhi|Ma'ruf Karkhi]]
# • [[Sari al-Saqati]]
# • [[Junayd of Baghdad|Junayd al-Baghdadi]]
# • Sheikh [[Abu Bakr al-Shibli|Abu Bakr Shibli]]
# • Sheikh [[Abu al-Hasan al-Tamimi|Abdul Aziz Tamimi]]
# • [[Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi]]
# • [[Mohammad Yousuf Abu al-Farah Tartusi|Abu al-Farah Tartusi]]
# • [[Abul Hasan Hankari|Abu al-Hasan Hankari]]
# • [[Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi]]
# • [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]]

== Sub-orders ==

===Qadiri Naushahi===
The Qadiri Naushahi sub-order of the Qadiriyya was established by [[Muhammad Qadiri|Muhammad Naushah Qadiri]], famously known as Hazrat Naushah Pak in [[Gujrat City|Gujrat]], Pakistan, in the late sixteenth century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burkurdari|first1=Hafiz Muhammad Hayat|title=Tazkirah Noshahia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tasawuf/Sufism & teachings of Shams Ali Qalandar|url=http://shamsaliqalandar.blogspot.com/|website=Hazrat Shams Ali Qalandar blog|access-date=2015-07-30|archive-date=2019-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420041727/http://shamsaliqalandar.blogspot.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Qadiri Sarwari ===
This sub-order was started by [[Sultan Bahu]] in the seventeenth century and spread in the western part of [[Indian subcontinent]]. It follows most of the Qadiriyya's approach, although it does not follow a specific dress code nor require [[Khalwa (Sufism)|seclusion]] or other lengthy exercises. Its main purpose is the [[Dhikr|contemplation]] of God.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sult̤ān Bāhū|title=Death Before Dying: The Sufi Poems of Sultan Bahu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlECx1j0B4IC|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92046-0}}=</ref>

=== Qadiri Sammani ===
The Qadiri Sammani branch is present in Sudan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Föllmer |first1=Katja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_m4NEQAAQBAJ&dq=Qadiri+Arusi&pg=PA193 |title=Rethinking the Anthropology of Islam: Dynamics of Change in Muslim Societies. In Honour of Roman Loimeier |last2=Franke |first2=Lisa Maria |last3=Amara |first3=Ramzi Ben |date=2024-07-01 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-134165-1 |language=en}}</ref> In the 20th-century, the Qadiri Sammani sub-order was spread to Nigeria by the mystic Nasiru Kabara.<ref name=":3" />

=== Qadiri Mukhtari ===
This sub-order of the Qadiriyya came into being in the eighteenth century, led by [[al-Mukhtar al-Kunti]] of the western [[Sahara]] who wished to establish Qadiri Sufism as the dominant Sufi order in the region. In contrast to other sub-orders of the Qadiriyya that do not have a centralized authority, the Mukhtari sub-order is highly centralized. Its leaders focus on economic prosperity as well as spiritual well-being, sending their disciples on trade caravans as far away as Europe. The main focus of this sub-order is [[Islamic revival]]ism.<ref>Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. "The Centralized Sufi Brotherhoods." Muslim Communities of Grace: The Sufi Brotherhoods in Islamic Religious Life. New York: Columbia UP, 2007. 163–170.</ref>

===Qadiri Harari===
The supposed founder of the Qadiriyya Harari sub-order was Abu Bakr bin 'Abd Allah 'Aydarus and his [[Dargah|shrine]] is located in [[Harar]], Ethiopia.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}It is claimed, however, that the founder of Qadiriyya Harari sub-order was a man by the name of Sheikh Hachime Harari<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qadiriyya World|url=https://www.dirulqadiriyya.com/blank-page-1|access-date=2026-04-20|website=dir-ul-qadiriyya|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621050933/https://www.dirulqadiriyya.com/blank-page-1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The shrines of the Sheikhs of this order are predominantly located in Ethiopia, likely in and around [[Harar]]. It is also recorded that two Sheikhs have their shrines in [[Borama]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qadiriyya World|url=https://www.dirulqadiriyya.com/blank-page-1|access-date=2026-04-20|website=dir-ul-qadiriyya|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621050933/https://www.dirulqadiriyya.com/blank-page-1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The current leader of the sub-order is a Somali man named Mohamed Nasrudin bin Shaykh Ibrahim Kulmiye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qadiriyya World|url=https://www.dirulqadiriyya.com/blank-page-1|access-date=2021-05-13|website=dir-ul-qadiriyya|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621050933/https://www.dirulqadiriyya.com/blank-page-1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The sub-order is widespread in Djibouti, Somaliland, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Notable leaders of the sub-order include [[Uways Al-Barawi|Uways al-Barawi]], [[Sheikh Madar]], [[al-Zaylaʽi]] and [[Abadir Umar ar-Rida]].<ref>{{cite book |last= w. Abir|first= Mordechai |title= Ethiopia: The Era of the Princes; The Challenge of Islam and the Re-unification of the Christian Empire (1769-1855)|year= 1968|publisher= Longmans|location= London|page = 16}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reese |first1=Scott S. |date=2001 |title=The Best of Guides: Sufi Poetry and Alternate Discourses of Reform in Early Twentieth-Century Somalia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181395 |journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 Islamic Religious Poetry in Africa |pages=49–68 |doi=10.1080/136968101750333969 |jstor=3181395 |s2cid=162001423 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2022-12-16 |access-date=2021-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216094002/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181395 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Qadiri Barkati ===
This sub-order was founded by Shah Barkatullah Marehrawi, an Islamic scholar, jurist, and [[Sufi]] living at the time of [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]], who died on the tenth of [[Muharram]] 1142 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] or October 1729 [[Common Era|CE]]. He is buried in the Dargah-e Barkatiyya in [[Marehra]], India. One of the descendants of Shah Barkatullah Marehawi was [[Shah Al-i Rasul|Shah Al-i Rasul Marehrawi]], who was the teacher of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]],<ref name="eprints.hec.gov.pk2">Imam, Muhammad Hassan. (2005). [https://eprints.hec.gov.pk/2317/1/2172.htm The Role of the Khulafa-e-Imam Ahmed Raza Khan in the] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629110259/http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/2317/1/2172.htm|date=29 June 2015}} [[Pakistan Movement]] 1920–1947. Diss. Karachi: University of Karachi.</ref> founder of the [[Barelvi movement]] in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barelvi |url=http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/barelvi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201042023/http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/barelvi.html |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=Qadri Shattari Silsila' Online Platform}}</ref><ref name="scribd.com2">{{Cite web |title=Chain of Light 2 Tazkera Mashaikhe Qadriya Razaviya by Muhammad Aftab Qasim Noori | PDF | Caliphate | Muhammad |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/262901829/Chain-of-Light-2-Tazkera-Mashaikhe-Qadriya-Razaviya-by-Muhammad-Aftab-Qasim-Noori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813122023/https://www.scribd.com/document/262901829/Chain-of-Light-2-Tazkera-Mashaikhe-Qadriya-Razaviya-by-Muhammad-Aftab-Qasim-Noori |archive-date=2021-08-13 |access-date=2021-08-13 |website=Scribd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Ahmed Raza Khan |url=http://www.sunnah.org/articles/Imam_raza_ahmed_khan.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222231419/http://www.sunnah.org/articles/Imam_raza_ahmed_khan.htm |archive-date=2020-02-22 |access-date=2021-08-13 |website=sunnah.org}}</ref> Khan was initiated into the Qadiri Sufi order and was given ''[[ijazah]]'' to spread the teachings of the Qadiri, Chishti, Naqshbandi, and Suhrawardi Sufi orders. As such, followers of the Barelvi movement adhere to [[Qadiri]], [[Chisti|Chishti]], [[Naqshbandi]], [[Suhrawardiyya|Suhrawardi]] and other Sufi orders.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2010 |title=Deobandi Islam vs. Barelvi Islam in South Asia |url=http://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/deobandi-islam-vs-barelvi-islam-in-south-asia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114020450/http://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/deobandi-islam-vs-barelvi-islam-in-south-asia |archive-date=14 January 2019 |access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Persons of the Year, the Muslim 500, the World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2018 |year=2017 |editor1-last=Schleifer |editor1-first=Abdallah |url=https://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2018-low.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707202125/https://www.themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TheMuslim500-2018-low.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2018 |place=Amman, Jordan |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |isbn=978-9957-635-14-5 |editor2-last=El-Sharif |editor2-first=Farah |editor3-last=Elgawhary |editor3-first=Tarek |editor4-last=Ahmed |editor4-first=Aftab}}</ref><ref name="Esposito2003">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-76?rskey=uPHzDO&result=1 |access-date=2024-12-24 |author-link= |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211140046/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-76?rskey=uPHzDO&result=1 |archive-date=2024-12-11 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="netton">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Tawassul |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBA |last=McLoughlin |first=Seán |editor-last=Netton |editor-first=Ian |page=88 |isbn=978-0-7007-1588-6}}</ref> Barelvi scholar [[Ameen Mian Qaudri|Muhammad Ameen Mian Qadiri]] is the present custodian of the Qadiri Barkati sub-order.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dargahinfo - Complete Collection of Dargahs World Wide |url=http://dargahinfo.com/Dargah_History.aspx?HID=109 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813160614/http://dargahinfo.com/Dargah_History.aspx?HID=109 |archive-date=2021-08-13 |access-date=2021-08-13}}</ref>

=== Qadiri Tekkesi ===
This sub-order was founded in 1738 by the Indian Sunni Muslim Sheikh Seyfullah Effendi Hintli in [[Selamsız]], and became popular among the [[Romani people in Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/209305/yokAcikBilim_10317583.pdf?sequence=-1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152148/https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/209305/yokAcikBilim_10317583.pdf?sequence=-1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=2022-05-04 |access-date=2022-05-05}}</ref> The sub-order is present in the Balkans and Turkey.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choudhury |first=Rishad |date=2016 |title=The Hajj and the Hindi: The ascent of the Indian Sufi lodge in the Ottoman empire |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158302 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1888–1931 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X15000530 |jstor=44158302 |issn=0026-749X |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2024-12-26 |access-date=2024-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226072124/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158302 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Qadiri Arusi ===
This sub-order was founded by [[Imamul Aroos|Muhammad ibn Ahmad Lebbai]], reverentially known as Imam al-Arus, from which the sub-order gets its name. Muhammad ibn Ahmad Lebbai is a well-known Qadiri Sheikh in [[Sri Lanka]], who is seen as a [[Mujaddid|reviver of Islam]] and an advocate of communal harmony by the people of the island nation. His sub-order spread from Sri Lanka to [[Southern India|South India]], the [[Middle East]], and even the [[Far East]] parts of Russia and China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MORNING & EVENING INVOCATIONS and THE TEN SEVENS before SUNRISE & before SUNSET |url=https://sunniport.com/index.php?attachments/morning-evening-invocations-and-the-ten-sevens-before-sunrise-before-sunset-pdf.8502/ |website=sunniport.com}}</ref>

=== Qadiri Halisi ===
The Qadiri Halisi sub-order was founded by Abdurrahman Halis. This sub-order is one of the most popular of all, and is present in Turkey as well as [[Iraq]], where the Qadiriyya was founded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KÂDİRİYYE TARÎKATI HÂLİSİYYE ŞUBESİ'NDE İCRÂ EDİLEN FERDÎ VE CEMAATLE ZİKİRLER INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE DHIKR PERFORMED IN THE HALISIYYA BRANCH OF THE QADIRIYYA ORDER |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3585805 |website=dergipark.org.tr |access-date=2024-12-26 |archive-date=2024-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226072125/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3585805 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Qadiri Bahlol Shahi ===
The Qadiri Bahlol Shahi sub-order was founded by [[Shaikh Bahlol Daryai]], also known as Shah Bahlol. He traveled across Iraq, Iran and Arabia before returning to his ancestral village near [[Chiniot]] (in present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]]) and spreading his teachings. He assigned [[Shah Hussain|Madhu Lal Hussain]] as his [[silsila|representative]] before his death.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilgrami |first=Fatima Z. |date=1994 |title=Contributions of the "Qadiris" to the Folk Poetry of Punjab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143361 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=55 |pages=225–236 |jstor=44143361 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |author-link=J. S. Grewal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZAMAQAAMAAJ |title=Lectures on History, Society, and Culture of the Punjab |date=2007 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |isbn=978-81-302-0085-9 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya ===
{{Main|Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya}}
[[Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya]] is a [[Tariqa|Sufi order]] which is a synthesis of the [[Qadiri]] and [[Naqshbandi]] orders of [[Sufism]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=van Bruinessen |first=Martin |author-link=Martin van Bruinessen |title=Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah di Indonesia |date=1994 |publisher=Mizan |isbn=979-433-000-0 |location=Bandung |language=ID}}</ref> The Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya Sufi order traces back through its [[Silsila|chain of succession]] to [[Muhammad]], through the [[Hanbali school|Hanbali]] [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]] [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]] and the [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]] Islamic scholar [[Baha' al-Din Naqshband|Shah Baha al-Din Naqshband]], combining both of their Sufi orders.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="auto3">Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan(Stammesverzeichnis der Hazrat Ishaan Kaste)(verfasst und geschriben von: Yasin Qasvari Naqshbandi Verlag: Talimat Naqshbandiyya in Lahore), p. 281</ref> The order has a major presence in three countries, namely [[Pakistan]], [[India]], and [[Indonesia]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Sayid Ashraf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iVTEAAAQBAJ&dq=khwaja+khawand+mahmud&pg=PA106 |title=Flower Garden: Posh-i-Chaman |date=2021-12-06 |publisher=Ashraf Fazili |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Pondok Pesantren SURYALAYA |url=https://www.suryalaya.org/tqn1.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=www.suryalaya.org}}</ref>

===Kasnazani===
{{main|kasnazani}}
At-Tariqah Al-Aliyyah Al-Qadiriyyah Al-Kasnazaniyyah is the largest Sufi order in [[Iraq]], and is also popular in [[Iran]]. Its headquarters lie in [[Sulaymaniyah]], Iraq. It is led by Sheikh [[Nehro Mohammed]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam}}
* [[Sufism]]
* [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]]
* [[Dhikr]]
*[[List of Sufi orders|Sufi orders]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. "The Special Sufi Paths (Taqiras)", in ''Muslim Communities of Grace: The Sufi Brotherhoods in Islamic Religious Life''. New York: Columbia UP, 2007. 86–96.
* Chopra, R. M., ''Sufism'', 2016, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi {{ISBN|978-93-85083-52-5}}
* "Halisa and the Distinguished Ones", Mehmet Albayrak, Ankara, 1993, Turkey

==External links==
* Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/tariqat-al-qadiriyya-the-method-of-shaykh-abd-al-qadir-al-jilani The Sufi Order of Shaykh 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani]

{{Sufi}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|Islam|Education|Psychology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Qadiri order| ]]
[[Category:Sunni Sufi orders]]

Jageshwar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:13Z

StephanieWentwor: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jageshwar
| latest_election_year = 2022
| mla = [[Mohan Singh Mahara]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Almora district|Almora]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:93523}}<ref name="ceouk">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}</ref>{{update after|2027|03}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 53
| map_image = Jageshwar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Jageshwar Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/Constituencies_Division_Wise-1.pdf |title=Uttarakhand Assembly constituencies |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Almora district|Almora]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=4 | [[Govind Singh Kunjwal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Mohan Singh Mahara]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jageshwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohan Singh Mahara]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,530 |percentage=52.04% |change={{increase}}5.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Govind Singh Kunjwal]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=21,647|percentage=40.92%|change={{decrease}}6.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manish Singh Negi|party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal|votes=936|percentage=1.77%|change={{increase}}0.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Taradatt Pandey|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=840|percentage=1.59%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=823|percentage=1.56%|change={{decrease}}0.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narayan Ram|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=584|percentage=1.10%|change={{decrease}}1.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramesh Sanwal|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=269|percentage=0.51%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narayan Ram|party=Uttarakhand Parivartan Party|votes=268|percentage=0.51%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,883 |percentage=11.12% |change= {{increase}}10.34 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=52,897|percentage=55.91%|change={{decrease}}0.58}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,604 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jageshwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Singh Kunjwal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,132 |percentage=47.26% |change={{increase}}8.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Pandey |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,733 |percentage=46.48% |change={{increase}}15.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taradatt Pandey |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,345 |percentage=2.63% |change={{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=896 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Singh Rawat |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=793 |percentage=1.55% |change={{decrease}}18.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=399 |percentage=0.78% |change= {{decrease}}7.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,066 |percentage=56.50% |change= {{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,388 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jageshwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Singh Kunjwal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,175 |percentage=38.94% |change={{decrease}}6.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachi Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,310 |percentage=30.66% |change={{decrease}}11.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Pandey |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=9,270 |percentage=19.86% |change={{increase}}15.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Datt |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,830 |percentage=6.06% |change={{increase}}2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Sahay Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,288 |percentage=2.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiran Arya |party=Uttarakhand Parivartan Party |votes=720 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,865 |percentage=8.28% |change= {{increase}}5.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,674 |percentage=56.92% |change= {{decrease}}3.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,998 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jageshwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Singh Kunjwal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,154 |percentage=45.31% |change={{increase}}8.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raghunath Singh Chauhan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,027 |percentage=42.50% |change={{increase}}13.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brahmanand |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,655 |percentage=4.13% |change={{decrease}}13.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Chandra Nailwal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,457 |percentage=3.64% |change={{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Sanwal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,034 |percentage=2.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narmada Tiwari |party=Independent politician |votes=735 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,127 |percentage=2.81% |change= {{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,062 |percentage=60.65% |change= {{increase}}8.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,091 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jageshwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Singh Kunjwal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,547 |percentage=36.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raghunath Singh Chauhan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,225 |percentage=29.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chandra Pandey |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=5,447 |percentage=17.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Dutt Pandey |party=Independent politician |votes=1,792 |percentage=5.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Chandra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=926 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naveen Chandra Pandey |party=Independent politician |votes=875 |percentage=2.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geeta Devi |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=779 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Chandra Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=695 |percentage=2.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Hirdesh Deepali |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=415 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,322 |percentage=7.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,701 |percentage=52.59% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,286 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Almora district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|29.64|79.85|display=title}}

[[Category:Almora district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Rajgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:38Z

StephanieWentwor: Adding New Stub

{{Short description|Former legislative assembly constituency of Rajasthan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Rajgarh
|district =
|state = [[Rajasthan]]
|electors =
| loksabha_cons =
|reservation = None
|established = 1962
|abolished = 2008
|type= SLA
}}
'''[[Rajgarh, Rajasthan|Rajgarh]]''' (राजगढ़) Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in India. It became defunct in 2008 when electoral map of India was redrawn.

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
* 1962 : Hari Kishan (INC)
* 2003 : Samarth Lal (BJP)
* 2008 onwards : Seat does not exist. See : [[Rajgarh Laxmangarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

==Election results==
===1962 Vidhan Sabha===
* Hari Kishan (INC) : 14,124 votes <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html|title=1962 elections}}</ref>
* Bharat Lal (IND) : 12,836

===2003 Vidhan Sabha===
* Samarth Lal (BJP) : 36,903 votes <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html|title=2003 elections}}</ref>
* Johri Lal (INC) : 28,224

==See also==
* [[Rajgarh (disambiguation)]]
* [[Rajgarh District]] (राजगढ़ / राजगढ)
* [[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Rajgarh, Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|28.64|75.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Alwar district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Suryagarha Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:03Z

StephanieWentwor: Done - done

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Suryagarha Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 167-Suryagarha constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Ramanand Mandal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = 
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|167]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 358,028
|reservation = None
|abolished = 
}}
'''Suryagarha Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is part of [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Jamalpur, Munger and Lakhisarai.<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/munger.html | title=Munger Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

==Overview==
Suryagarha comprises CD Blocks Pipariya, Suryagarha, Chanan; Gram Panchayats Garhi Bishanpur, Khagaur & Mahisona of Lakshisarai CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: x-big; font-family: arial"
|-
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Rajeshwari Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Karyanand Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Rajeshwari Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Bhagwat Prasad Mehta
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" | Sunaina Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=2| Ramjee Prasad Mahto
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Alakh Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Satish Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Prahlad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Prem Ranjan Patel
| {{Full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Prahlad Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Ramanand Mandal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Suryagarha<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election Result: Suryagarha">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election Result: Suryagarha |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS04167.htm |accessdate=24 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213101941/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04167.htm|archivedate=13 December 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramanand Mandal]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:101968}}
|percentage = 42.75
|change = +14.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Premsagar Choudhary
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:78107}}
|percentage = 32.75
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ravishanker Prasad Singh
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:38175}}
|percentage = 16.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amit Sagar
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:8429}}
|percentage = 3.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4456}}
|percentage = 1.87
|change = +0.74
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23861}}
|percentage = 10.0
|change = +4.95
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:238507}}
|percentage = 66.62
|change = +10.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Suryagarha<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prahlad Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:62306}}
|percentage = 32.82
|change = -17.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramanand Mandal
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:52717}}
|percentage = 27.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Ravishanker Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:44797}}
|percentage = 23.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bipin Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4118}}
|percentage = 2.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Ganesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3714}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gangadhar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:2954}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjan Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2164}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Murari Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2137}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shankar Sharma Alias Shankar Das Ji Maharaj
|votes = {{formatnum:1849}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2147}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change = -0.52
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9589}}
|percentage = 5.05
|change = -13.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189815}}
|percentage = 56.03
|change = +4.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Suryagarha<ref name="Suryagarha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Suryagarha Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/suryagarha |access-date=13 December 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213101515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/suryagarha |archive-date=13 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prahlad Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:82490}}
|percentage = 50.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prem Ranjan Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:52460}}
|percentage = 31.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Pramod Shrma
|votes = {{formatnum:6539}}
|percentage = 3.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sarvan Kumar Anand
|votes = {{formatnum:4765}}
|percentage = 2.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nityanand Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4200}}
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bikramaditya Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2908}}
|percentage = 1.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Girish Bind
|votes = {{formatnum:2152}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2707}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30030}}
|percentage = 18.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164327}}
|percentage = 51.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Lakhisarai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Nathan Kovil

2026-04-13T10:41:09Z

StephanieWentwor: done

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Nathan Kovil
| image = Nathankovil (1).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|10|39|N|79|46|45|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur]]
| location = Nathan Kovil, [[Kumbakonam]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Jagannathan, Nathannathan, Shenbagavalli
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}{{Short description|Hindu temple of Vishnu near Kumbakonam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Nathan Kovil''' or '''Thiru Nandipura Vinnagaram Temple''' in Nathan Kovil, a village in the outskirts of [[Kumbakonam]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Jagannathan and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Shenbagavalli.<ref>''Hindu Pilgrimage: A Journey Through the Holy Places of Hindus All Over India''. Sunita Pant Bansal.</ref>

[[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], the sacred bull of [[Shiva]], is believed to have got his curses relieved by worshipping Vishnu here and hence the place is called Nandipuram. All the shrines and water bodies associated with the temple are named after Nandi. Six rituals are performed every day and two festivals are celebrated every year in the temple. The Fridays during the [[Tamil month]] of ''Aipasi'' are believed to be auspicious to worship Shenbagavalli.

==Legend==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 350
| width1 = 3264| height1 = 2448
| width2 = 3264 | height2 = 2448
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Nathankovil (2).jpg
|footer=Shrines in the temple
|image2=Nathankovil (6).jpg
}}
As per Hindu legend, [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], the sacred bull of [[Shiva]], did not respect the [[Dvarapala|dvarapalakas]], the gatekeepers of Vishnu. They cursed Nandi that his body would suffer oppressive heat. Nandi informed it to his lord Shiva, who advised him to do penance in Shenbakaranyam (also called Nadhivanam), a forest near modern-day Kumbakonam. It is the place where [[Lakshmi]], the consort of Vishnu was doing penance to get into the chest of Vishnu. Vishnu was impressed by the penance of Nandi and got his curse relieved.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Jagannatha Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=353|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref><ref name="hindu"/> As per another legend, Lakshmi did penance at this place to seek a place in Vishnu's chest. Vishnu was impressed by her devotion and took Lakshmi her in his chest. The image of Lakshmi in the form of Shenbagavalli faces west indicating the legend. Devotees worship Shenbagavalli of the temple during the [[Tamil month]] of ''Aipasi'' and believe that their wishes will be fulfilled.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=510–1}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple has a 3-tier gateway tower, the raja[[gopuram]]. Since Nandi got relieved of his curse here, the names of the temples bodies are named after Nandi; the temple tank is called Nandi Theertham, the ''[[vimana (tower)|vimana]]m'' as Nandi Vimanam, the place called Nandipuram and other water body as Nandi [[Pushkarani]]. The main sanctum houses the image of the presiding deity, Srinivasa Perumal, the metal image of the festival deity, [[Jagannatha]], the images of [[Bhūmi|Bhoodevi]] and Sridevi on either sides of Srinivasa. The image of Nandi, which is otherwise part of Shiva temples, is present in the main sanctum. There is a separate shrine for Shenbagavalli Thayar. The rectangular walls around the temple enclose all the shrines and some of seven water bodies associated with the temple.<ref name="hindu"/>

The place was once the capital of [[Cholas]] who did benevolent contributions to the temple. During the regime of [[Thanjavur Nayak]]s, the temple received contributions from Vijayaranga Chokkappa Nayak.<ref name=R/> The temple is maintained and administered by the Vanamamalai Mutt.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Divyadesam and Nandi connection|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/divyadesam-and-nandi-connection/article4977504.ece|last=G.|first=Srinivasan|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 August 2013|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref>

==Festivals and religious practices==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 350
| width1 = 3264| height1 = 2448
| width2 = 3264 | height2 = 2448
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Nathankovil (3).jpg
|footer=[[vimana]] of the presiding deities
|image2=Nathankovil (5).jpg
}}
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple follows the Thenkalai sampradaayam and agamas of South Indian [[Vaishnavism]]. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 7 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Srinivasan and Shenbagavalli. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. Pavitrotsavam is a festival organised in the temple by Karimaran Kalai Kappagam of Triplicane, Chennai, every July. The festive images of the deity are taken out in procession and special ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|poojas]]'' are performed during the occasion.<ref name="hindu"/> [[Akshaya Tritiya]] is another major festival celebrated in the temple when the festival deity is taken in procession in a [[Garuda]] mount around the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Grand Garuda Sevai marks Akshaya Tritiya|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/grand-garuda-sevai-marks-akshaya-tritiya/article7128087.ece|date=22 April 2015|access-date=6 September 2020|publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 360
| width1 = 2144 | height1 = 1779
| width2 = 2552 | height2 = 1859
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Nathankovil1.jpg
|image2=Nathankovil5.jpg
|footer=Festival images
}}
The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]] in eleven hymns. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref name="hindu"/> Thirumangai Alvar eulogised the presiding deity in ten verses classified between 1438-47.<ref name=R/> The temple is a symbol of unity between the two sects of Hinduism, namely, [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Saivism|Shaivism]] and [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] the sacred bull Shiva and image of [[Brahma]] are depicted in the main sanctum. The temple is frequented by people seeking timely wedding, reunion of married couples, children, court verdicts and cure from neural issues.<ref name="dinamalar"/> The temple is also called Sundara Chola Vinnagaram on account of the contributions made by the Chola king [[Sundara Chola]] (957–970 CE).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Killer Sword Ponniyin Selvan - Part 3|last=C.V.|first=Karthik Narayanan|publisher=Pustaka Digital Media|isbn=9789352859504|year=2018}}</ref> It is also believed that king [[Sibi (king)|Sibi]] worshiped Vishnu at this place.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=534|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}</ref> It is also believed that the [[Pallava]] king [[Nandivarman II]] (also called Pallava Malla), a contemporary of Thirumangai Alvar, was an ardent devotee of the temple.<ref name=early>{{cite book|title=Early Chola temples Parantaka I to Rajaraja I (AD. 907-985)|last=S.R.|first=Balasubramanyam|year=1975|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/49443.pdf|pages=179-180|format=PDF}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Nathan Kovil}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Hindu Temples of Kumbakonam}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]

Madho Singh Bhandari

2026-04-10T09:41:40Z

StephanieWentwor: new

{{short description|17th-century Garhwali warrior and administrator}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Madho Singh Bhandari
| honorific_prefix = Shri
| image = Madho Singh Bhandari.png
| caption =
| birth_date = c. 1585 {{circa}}
| birth_place = Maletha, [[Tehri-Garhwal]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| death_date = c. 1640 {{circa}}
| death_place = Chotta Chini, [[Tibet]] (present-day China)
| allegiance = [[Garhwal Kingdom|Kingdom of Garhwal]]
| branch = Garhwali Army
| serviceyears = c. 1600–1640
| rank = General Commander
| battles = Battle of Chotta Chini (c. 1635–1640) Campaigns against Tibet and
| awards = Folk hero status; subject of ''Pawara'' ballads
| relations =
| laterwork = Administrator, builder of Maletha Canal
}}

'''Madho Singh Bhandari''' (c. 1585 – c. 1640) was a prominent warrior, military general, and administrator in the [[Kingdom of Garhwal]] during the reign of King Mahipat Shah in the 17th century.<ref name="GKV">{{cite book |last=Bhakt Darshan |title=गढ़वाल की दिवंगत विभूतियां |language=hi |publisher= |year= |pages=152–160}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandola |first1=Khemanand |title=Across the Himalayas Through the Ages: A Study of Relations Between Central Himalayas and Western Tibet |date=1987 |publisher=Patriot Publishers |isbn=978-81-7050-042-1 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> He is celebrated in Garhwali folklore for his military bravery, infrastructural contributions, and ultimate sacrifice during the construction of the Maletha Canal.

== Early life ==
Madho Singh Bhandari was born around 1585 CE in Maletha, a village in the present-day Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand, India.<ref name="GKV" /> His family belonged to a respected warrior lineage and served the Garhwali kings for generations. From an early age, he was trained in martial arts, horse riding, and warfare strategy.

== Military career ==
During the reign of King Mahipat Shah (r. c. 1620–1640), Bhandari emerged as one of the three most prominent generals of Garhwal, alongside [[Lodi Rikhola Negi|Rikhola Lodi]] and Banwari Dass.<ref name="GH27">{{cite book |title=Garhwal Himalaya |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1993 |pages=27 |isbn=9788170994376}}</ref> His period of activity coincided with campaigns against Tibet, Sirmour, and the southern frontiers of Garhwal.<ref name="GH41">{{cite book |title=Garhwal Himalaya |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1993 |pages=41 |isbn=9788170994376}}</ref>

A well-known Garhwali saying encapsulates his legendary status:
''"Ek Singh desh ran, ek Singh gaay ka, ek Singh Madho Singh aur Singh kaaye ka"'' — meaning "One Singh in the battlefield, one Singh (horn) of a cow, and one Singh Madho Singh."<ref name="GH27" />

=== Battle of Chotta Chini ===
Bhandari is believed to have died in the Battle of Chotta Chini in Tibet, sometime between 1635 and 1640 CE.<ref name="GH41" /> According to tradition, he was fatally wounded in battle when Garhwali forces were in disarray. To prevent his death from demoralizing the troops, he ordered his men to roast his body and display it on horseback so that the enemy would believe he was still alive. This stratagem reportedly caused the Tibetans to retreat, thinking he remained in command. His bravery is immortalized in the ''Pawara'' ballads sung in Garhwal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rawat |first1=Ajay Singh |title=History of Garhwal, 1358-1947: An Erstwhile Kingdom in the Himalayas |date=1989 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-85182-18-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYVuAAAAMAAJ&q=madho+singh+bhandari |language=en}}</ref>

== Maletha Canal ==
Bhandari is also renowned for his role in constructing the [[Maletha Canal]], a 2-kilometre-long irrigation channel from the Takoli Gad to Maletha village.<ref name="HH172">{{cite book |title=The Holy Himalaya |publisher=|year= |pages=172}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nand |first1=Nitya |last2=Kumar |first2=Kamlesh |title=The Holy Himalaya: A Geographical Interpretation of Garhwal |date=1989 |publisher=Daya Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7035-055-2 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref> Built in the 17th century, the canal includes a 600-metre tunnel carved through hard rock. Local tradition holds that he sacrificed his own son to propitiate a goddess and ensure the canal's successful completion. This act is considered one of the greatest sacrifices in the history of Himalayan public works.

== Legacy ==
Madho Singh Bhandari remains one of the most celebrated figures in Garhwali history. His military exploits, infrastructural achievements, and self-sacrifice have inspired folk songs, particularly the chivalric ''Pawara'' ballads.<ref name="GH27" /> In Uttarakhand, his name is invoked as a symbol of bravery, leadership, and devotion to public welfare.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="GKV">{{cite book |last=Bhakt Darshan |title=गढ़वाल की दिवंगत विभूतियां |language=hi |publisher= |year= |pages=152–160}}</ref>
<ref name="HH172">{{cite book |title=The Holy Himalaya |publisher=|year= |pages=172}}</ref>
<ref name="GH27">{{cite book |title=Garhwal Himalaya |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1993 |pages=27 |isbn=9788170994376}}</ref>
<ref name="GH41">{{cite book |title=Garhwal Himalaya |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1993 |pages=41 |isbn=9788170994376}}</ref>
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhandari, Madho Singh}}
[[Category:Army officers]]
[[Category:Garhwali people]]

[[Category:1580s births]]

[[Category:1640 deaths]]

[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]

Govind Prasad

2026-04-05T00:07:03Z

StephanieWentwor: Creating The Post W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Govind Prasad<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of BJP and Congress winners|date=3 December 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-9050584/|access-date=2023-12-04|publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref>
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|15th Rajasthan Assembly]]<ref name=election2018/>
| predecessor = [[Kanwar Lal Meena]]
| successor =
| term_start = 2013
| term_end = 2018
| constituency = [[Manohar Thana Assembly constituency|Manohar Thana]]
| office1 = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Kailash Chand
| successor 1 =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency1 = [[Manohar Thana Assembly constituency|Manohar Thana]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| source =
| party = [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| birth_name = {{birth date and age|1960|7|5|df=y}}
| father = Badrilal<ref name=Govind/>
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Agriculture<ref name=Govind/>
}}

'''Govind Prasad''' (born 5 July 1960) is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] and represents the [[Manohar Thana Assembly constituency]] in [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]] district.<ref name="Govind">{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=306|title=Harlal Saharan's election Profile|publisher=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manohar Thana Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Govind Prasad Wins From Manohar Thana|date=3 December 2023 |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/manohar-thana-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647215|access-date=2023-12-04|publisher=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Live: Govind Prasad-Manohar Thane ConstituencyResult|url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/elections/rajasthan/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2023/govind-prasad-20200-1|access-date=2023-12-04|publisher=rajasthan.ndtv.in}}</ref>

From 2013 to 2018, he served as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|15th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] and represented [[Manohar Thana Assembly constituency]].<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Raj results 2023: Winners list from Anta, Kishanganj, Baran-atru, Chhabra, DAG, Jhalrapatan, Khanpur & Manohar Thana|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-results-live-anta-kishanganj-baran-atru-chhabra-dag-jhalrapatan-khanpur-manohar-thana-seats-101701461553292.html|access-date=2023-12-04|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan Election Winner list|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=4 December 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-2023-constituency-wise-full-winner-list-bjp-congress-candidates/articleshow/105691705.cms|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref> he was elected as an MLA from the Manohar Thana Assembly constituency, defeating Kailash Chand, the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 21,869 votes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manohar Thana Assembly Election Result 2023: BJP's Govind Prasad Retains The Position After Defeating Congress's Nemichand Meena And Independent Leader Kailash Chand|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/manohar-thana-assembly-election-result-2023-bjps-govind-prasad-retains-the-position-after-defeating-congresss-nemichand-meena-and-independent-leader-kailash-chand/articleshow/105707419.cms|access-date=2023-12-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manohar Thana Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP retains Manohar Thana seat, Govind Prasad wins with 85304 votes|date=3 December 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/manohar-thana-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470816-2023-12-03|access-date=2023-12-04|publisher=indiatoday. in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manohar police station Winner list: BJP leader Govind Prasad won from Manohar Thane by 24865 votes|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jhalawar/jhalawar-chunav-result-govind-prasad-thana-seat-winner-loser-list/1994148|access-date=2023-12-04|publisher=Zeenews.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Govind}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Chetan Patel Kolana

2026-04-04T04:12:52Z

StephanieWentwor: Creating Initial Details First Draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Chetan Patel Kolana
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ramnarayan Meena]]
| constituency = [[Pipalda Assembly constituency|Pipalda]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Chetan Patel Kolana''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/pipalda-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470802-2023-12-03 |title=Pipalda Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Chetan Patel Kolana defeats BJP's Premchand Gochar with 21005 votes |date=4 January 2023 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/rajasthan-elections/chetan-patel-kolana-candidate-29443 |title=Chetan Patel Kolana: Pipalda Constituency, Rajasthan Assembly Election |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> He is serving as a member of the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]] from [[Pipalda Assembly constituency]] of the [[Kota district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/chetan-patel-kolana |title=Chetan Patel Kolana |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pipalda-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8686921.html |title=Pipalda Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Chetan Patel Kolana Of INC Wins |date=3 December 2023 |publisher=[[News18]] |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Indian National Congress]]
*[[16th Rajasthan Assembly]]
*[[Pipalda Assembly constituency]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolana, Chetan Patel}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Itinda

2026-03-29T21:44:10Z

StephanieWentwor: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Itinda
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = [[West Bengal]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.675222|N|88.915167|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.3315
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,467
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743292
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03217
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Basirhat Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basirhat Dakshin]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Itinda''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Basirhat I]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Basirhat subdivision]] of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=600| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|49|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Basirhat subdivision, North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|22|26|48|N|88|59|0|E}}|label-pos1=bottom|label1= Bankra | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bankra, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|44|N|88|45|5|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2= Balihati| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Balihati]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|38|25|N|88|53|39|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Dandirhat| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Dandirhat]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|29|N|88|45|56|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Dakshin Chatra| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Dakshin Chatra]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|52|52|N|88|46|32|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Deora| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Deora, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|42|30|N|88|45|26|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Dhanyakuria| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Dhanyakuria]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|14|N|88|59|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Hingalganj| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Hingalganj, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|50|N|88|54|54|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Itinda| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=Itinda (CT)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black 
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|30|18|N|88|43|52|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9= Minakhan| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Minakhan, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|15|N|88|48|53|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mathurapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mathurapur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|41|35|N|88|50|0|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Raghunathpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Raghunathpur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|32|54|N|88|49|7|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Sadigachhi| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Sadigachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|28|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Uttar Bagundi| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Uttar Bagundi]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|44|24|N|88|47|45|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Baduria| numbered14=M| mark-title14=[[Baduria]] (M) | shape-color14= #800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|25|N|88|51|5|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Basirhat| numbered15=M| mark-title15=[[Basirhat]] (M) | shape-color15= #800000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|35|24|N|88|54|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Taki| numbered16=M| mark-title16=[[Taki (India)]] (M) | shape-color16= #800000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|49|27|N|88|51|22|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Swarupnagar| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Swarupnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|10|N|88|41|55|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Bamanpukuria| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bamanpukuria]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|40|23|N|88|56|46|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Ghojadanga| labela19=check post| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Ghojadanga]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|36|37|N|88|40|38|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Haroa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Haroa, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|34|30|N|88|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Hasnabad| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Hasnabad]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|12|58|N|88|58|53|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Hemnagar| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Hemnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|46|20|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Iswarigachha| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Iswarigachha]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|25|18|N|88|52|10|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Kalinagar| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Kalinagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|30|29|N|88|46|7|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Malancha| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Malancha, Basirhat]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|42|10|N|88|46|15|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Matia| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Matia, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|34|25|N|88|50|30|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Murarisha| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Murarisha]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|26|37|N|88|50|32|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nazat| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Nazat]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|26|48|N|88|57|19|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Sandelerbil| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Sandelerbil]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|21|59|N|88|52|15|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Sandeshkhali| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Sandeshkhali]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|50|18|N|88|52|3|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31= Sarapul| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Sarapul, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|32|0|N|88|57|0|E}} | label32= Ichhamati |labela32= River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32= 80| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|22|33|0|N|88|53|40|E}} | label33= Raimangal River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33= 95| label-pos33=right| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none
|mark-coord34={{coord|22|23|30|N|88|49|40|E}} | label34= Burokalabati |labela34 =River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= 50| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|22|36|0|N|88|40|0|E}} | label35= Bidyadhari |labela35 =River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= 90| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|33|0|N|89|0|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Itinda is located at {{coord|22.675222|N|88.915167|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map is a part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It contains soil of mature black or brownish [[loam]] to recent [[alluvium]]. Numerous rivers, creeks and ''khals'' criss-cross the area. The tip of the [[Sundarbans National Park]] is visible in the lower part of the map (shown in green but not marked). The larger full screen map shows the full forest area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> A large section of the area is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The densely populated area is an overwhelmingly rural area. Only 12.96% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.04% of the population lives in the rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Itinda had a total population of 8,679, of which 4,467 (51%) were males and 4,212 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,130. The total number of literate persons in Itinda was 5,650 (74.84% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1911_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, North Twnty Four Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 322985, page 26-27|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, North Twenty Four Parganas'', 2011, Itinda covered an area of 1.3315 km2. The protected water-supply involved overhead tanks, service reservoir, tap water from treated, untreated sources. It had 722 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 nursing home, 1 veterinary hospital, 1 charitable hospital/ nursing home, 7 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 3 primary schools, 3 middle schools, 1 senior secondary school, 1 general degree college. It is well known for paddy, jute, oilseeds.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 16 June 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]

Bidar Sultanate

2026-03-29T16:58:36Z

StephanieWentwor: added info

{{Short description|Late mediaeval Indian kingdom (1492–1619)}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], which ruled from Bidar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Bidar
| year_start = 1492
| year_end = 1619
| p1 = Bahmani Sultanate
| s1 = Bijapur Sultanate
| image_map = {{South Asia in 1525 CE|center||{{Annotation|118|138|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|44px]]}}||none}}
| image_map_caption = Bidar Sultanate in the 1525, with neighbouring polities.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=39, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065341/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| national_motto =
| national_anthem =
| religion = '''State religion:''' [[Sunni Islam]]<ref name="EI3">{{EI3 | doi =10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25225 | last = Philon | first = Helen | title = Barīd Shāhīs | year = 2019 |quote="Qāsim Barīdī, a Sunnī Turk in the service of Maḥmūd Shāh Bahmān..."}}</ref>{{sfn|Burton-Page|1970|p=64}}
----'''Other:''' [[Religion in South Asia|Other religions in South Asia]]
| capital = [[Bidar]]
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] (official){{sfn|Spooner|Hanaway|2012|p=317}} [[Deccani Urdu]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| leader1 = [[Qasim Barid I]]
| year_leader1 = 1489 – 1504
| leader2 = Amir Barid Shah III (last)
| year_leader2 = 1609 – 1619
| currency = Mohur
| common_name = Bidar Sultanate
| today = India
}}

The '''Sultanate of Bidar'''<ref group=n>{{langx|fa|{{nq|برید شاهیان}}}}</ref> was an [[early modern]] Indian polity, ruled by the '''Barid Shahi dynasty''' that ruled a territory in the central [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] centred at [[Bidar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Barid-Shahi-dynasty|title=Barīd Shāhī dynasty {{!}} Muslim dynasty|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref> As one of the five [[Deccan sultanates]], the sultanate's initial territory corresponded to that of one of the five provinces of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], and under the rule of [[Qasim Barid I]] in 1492 assumed de facto control of state affairs of the Bahmani Sultanate. Leadership passed to his sons; [[Amir Barid I]] in 1504 and [[Ali Barid Shah I]] in 1542. Starting from the 1580s as a result of Ali's death, a wave of successions occurred in the rulership of the dynasty which ended in 1609 under the last sultan, Amir Barid III. He was eventually defeated in 1619 by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]], who annexed the territory of the Bidar Sultanate into his realm.

==History==
[[File:Barid Shahi 05.jpg|thumb|290px|[[Barid Shahi tombs|Tombs of the Bidar Shahi sultans]] at Barid Shahi Park in [[Bidar]]]]


=== Qasim Barid and Amir Barid ===
The sultanate was founded in 1492 by [[Qasim Barid I]],{{sfn|Sen|2013|p=118}} who was a Turk.<ref>Khan, Iqtidar Alam. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&dq=qutb+shahi+turkish+origin&pg=PP1 Historical dictionary of medieval India. No. 20.] Scarecrow Press, 2008."The founder of the Barid Shahi dynasty of Bidar was the son of a Bahmani noble of Turkish origin, Qasim Barid"</ref><ref>Bolar, Varija R. [https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/257310 "Turks in Karnataka."] International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies 4, no. 1 (2012): 419-428.“The Barid Shahi kingdom was established by a Turk named Qasim Barid who had come to Bidar in 1463 AD”</ref><ref>Ali, Shanti Sadiq. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA51 The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times.] Orient Blackswan, 1996.“It may be noted here that Qasim Barid, the Kotwal of Bidar, though of Turkish origin succeeded in imposing his influence on Sultan Shihabu'd-din Mahmad”</ref><ref>Syed, Muzaffar H. [https://books.google.com/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP37 History of Indian Nation: Medieval India. Vol. 2.] KK Publications, 2022. p.37. “that he left the administration in the hands of one Turk noble, Qasim Barid.”</ref> {{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=324}} He joined the service of the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] Sultan [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad Shah III]]. He started his career as a ''sar-naubat'', and was made kotwal of Bidar by [[Nizam Shahi dynasty|Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri]], for helping the [[Deccanis]] in the massacre of the foreign population at Bidar.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZJEAQAAIAAJ&q=bidar+massacre |title= Maharashtra State Gazetteers. History: Mediaeval period, by B.G. Kunte.- pt. 3. Maratha period, by J. Sarkar and others |author= J. Sarkar |publisher= Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Department |page=214 |date=1972 }}</ref> However, he later became the ''mir-jumla'' (prime minister) of the Bahmani Sultanate. During the reign of [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]] (r. 1482 – 1518), he became the de facto ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=466}}

After the death of Mahmud Shah Bahmani in 1518, he was succeeded by four sultans, one after another, but they were mere puppets in the hands of Amir Barid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India|title=India - Bahmanī consolidation of the Deccan|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>{{sfn|Haig|1928|pp=431}}

When the last Bahmani ruler Kalimullah fled to Bidar in 1527, [[Amir Barid I]] became practically independent, as his de jure suzerain's state ceased to exist.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=466}} However, he never assumed any royal title.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=25}}

=== Ali Barid Shah ===
In 1542, Amir was succeeded by his son [[Ali Barid Shah I]], who was the first to assume the royal title of ''Shah''.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=13}} Ali Barid joined the other Deccan sultans in the [[Battle of Talikota]] against the [[Vijaynagar Empire|Vijayanagar Empire]] in January 1565.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=467}}

=== Later rulers ===
After his death in 1580, Ali Barid was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Barid, who ruled for seven years until his death in 1587.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=160}} He was succeeded by his younger brother Qasim Barid II.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=14}} After his death in 1591, he was succeeded by his infant son Ali Barid II, who was soon dethroned by one of his relative, Amir Barid II. In 1601, he was also overthrown by one of his relative, Mirza Ali Barid.

In 1609, he was succeeded by the last ruler, Amir Barid III,{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=14}} who fought against the Mughals in 1616 under the leadership of [[Malik Ambar]]. In 1619, he was defeated by the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] sultan [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]. Bidar was annexed to Bijapur sultanate. Amir Barid III and his sons were brought to [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and kept "under surveillance".{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=466–468}}

== Culture ==
{{See also|Deccan sultanates#Bidar}}

===Architecture===
{{See also|Barid Shahi tombs}}

The Bidar Sultanate made considerable additions to the [[Bidar Fort]]. Their tombs, the [[Barid Shahi tombs]], were their main architectural pursuits, and are also located at Bidar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan)/Chapter_2|title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)|last=Law|first=John|pages=15–17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/|title=Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228210923/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/|archive-date=2018-02-28|url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>{{sfn|Mitchell|Zebrowski|1999|p=14}} The rulers employed Hindu architects and engineers for the construction of these buildings, which resulted in amalgamation of some Hindu features within the architecture of this period.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=26}}

==Rulers==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Reign
|-
|[[Qasim Barid I]]
|1489 – 1504
|-
|[[Amir Barid I]]
|1504 – 1542{{sfn|Haig|1928|pp=429}}
|-
|[[Ali Barid Shah I]]
|1542 – 1580{{sfn|Haig|1928|pp=681 & 683}}
|-
|Ibrahim Barid Shah
|1580 – 1587
|-
|Qasim Barid Shah II
|1587 – 1591
|-
|Ali Barid Shah II
|1591
|-
|Amir Barid Shah II
|1591 – 1601
|-
|Mirza Ali Barid Shah III
|1601 – 1609
|-
|Amir Barid Shah III
|1609 – 1619
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Frescoed calligraphy.jpg|Calligraphy in coloured tiles
File:Chaukhandi_bidar.jpg|Ashtur Tombs
File:BIADR FORT (inside view garden).jpg|[[Bidar Fort|Bidar Fort (inside view garden)]]
File:Barid Shahi 04.jpg|Tombs of Bidar Shahi kings at Barid Shahi Park in [[Bidar]]
File:Barid Shahi 03.jpg|Tombs at Barid Shahi Park in [[Bidar]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of Shi'a Muslims dynasties]]
*[[Battle of Talikota]]

==References==
{{reflist|group=n}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |last=Bosworth |first=C.E. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth}}
*{{cite book |chapter=The Sultanates of the Deccan, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries |first=J. |last=Burton-Page |pages=63–66 |editor-first1=Ann K.S. |editor-last1=Lambton |editor-first2=Bernard |editor-last2=Lewis |editor-first3=Peter Malcolm |editor-last3=Holt |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=2A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1970 }}
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |chapter=The Five Sultanates of the Deccan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974}}
*{{cite book|last1 = Mitchell|first1 = George|first2 = Mark |last2 = Zebrowski|title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7)|publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1999| location = Cambridge| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ju1XvgAACAAJ| isbn = 0-521-56321-6}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 }}
*{{cite book |first1=Brian |last1=Spooner |first2=William L. |last2=Hanaway |title=Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2012 |author-link=Brian Spooner (anthropologist)|author-link2=William L. Hanaway}}
*{{cite book |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1 |year=1947 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Yazdani, 1947}}}}
*{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of India Volume III |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76553 |last=Haig |first=Sir Wolseley |author-link=Wolseley Haig |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1928 }}

==External links==
* {{EI3|last=Philon|first=Helen|title=Barīd Shāhīs|year=2019|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/barid-shahis-COM_25225?s.num=9&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=bahmani}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bidar Sultanate}}
[[Category:States and territories established in 1489]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1619]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Sunni dynasties]]
[[Category:Deccan sultanates]]

Satyanarayana Temple, Annavaram

2026-03-25T21:49:21Z

StephanieWentwor: New - done

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sri Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Swamy Temple, Annavaram
| image =A Hindu temple at Annavaram Andhra Pradesh.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gopuram of Satynarayana Temple, Annavaram
| map_type =India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption =Location in Andhra Pradesh
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| location = [[Annavaram]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Swamy|Veera Venkata Satyanarayana]],
| year_completed =1933–34
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
|native_name=శ్రీ వీర వెంకట సత్యనారాయణ స్వామి దేవాలయం, అన్నవరం|established=1891|temple_board=Sri Veera Venkata Sathyanarayana Swamy Vari Devasthanam|coordinates={{coord|17|17|59.9|N|82|24|8.6|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}}}
'''Sri Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Swamy Temple''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]]-[[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] temple located in [[Annavaram]] in [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name="templelocation">{{cite news |date=24 March 2016 |title=Gold-plated main entrance of Annavaram temple inaugurated |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/goldplated-main-entrance-of-annavaram-temple-inaugurated/article7938613.ece |access-date=10 November 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Dedicated to Lord Satyanarayana Swamy, an incarnation of [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]], the temple is situated on Ratnagiri Hill.<ref name="templelocation" /> It is one of the most visited religious sites in Andhra Pradesh and is recognized as one of the state's wealthiest temples.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-19 |title=Annavaram temple hikes seva cost to earn revenue |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/Oct/19/annavaram-temple-hikes-seva-cost-to-earn-revenue-2212105.html |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The temple holds significant importance as a major pilgrimage centre and is regarded by many as the second most prominent in the state after the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=V. Raghavendra |date=2008-01-31 |title=Annavaram's attraction |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30194380.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en}}</ref>

The temple attracts thousands of devotees daily, particularly for the [[Satyanarayana Puja|Satyanarayana Vratham]], a ritual performed for wealth, health, and prosperity. Consecrated in 1891, the temple has undergone various expansions and renovations, including significant reconstruction in the 1930s.<ref name=":2" />

== Location ==
Annavaram is situated 18 km from [[Tuni]], 51 km from [[Kakinada]], 72 km from [[Rajahmundry]], and 120 km from [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sri Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Swamy vari Devasthanam, Annavaram |url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/lord-sri-veera-venkata-satya-narayana-swamy-vari-devasthanam-annavaram/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=East Godavari District Web Portal |language=en-US}}</ref> The temple is situated along [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] (NH16), which links [[Chennai]] and [[Kolkata]]. Annavaram is accessible through regular bus services provided by the [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] (APSRTC), with buses operating every 30 minutes from [[Kakinada]],[[Rajahmundry]] and [[Tuni]] . The [[Annavaram railway station]], located approximately 3 km from the temple, lies on the broad-gauge railway line between [[Vijayawada]] and [[Visakhapatnam]]. Most trains traveling on the route between [[Chennai]] and [[Kolkata]] include a stop at Annavaram.<ref name="arch" />

== History ==
The temple's origins are linked to a vision experienced by a devout Brahmin named Eeranki Prakasa Rao (ఈరంకి ప్రకాశరావు), who lived in the village of [[Annavaram]], located near [[Pithapuram]]. During the period of Raja Inuganti Venkata Ramarayanim Bahadur (రాజా ఇనుగంటి వేంకటరామరాయణిం బహదూర్), both Prakasa Rao and the local ruler had a simultaneous dream in which Lord Vishnu instructed them, "On the forthcoming Sravana Sukla Vidiya, under the Makha Nakshatra on a Thursday, I will manifest on the Ratnagiri Hill. You shall install my idol as per the sacred rituals and serve me."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Temple History |url=https://www.annavaramdevasthanam.nic.in/Home/About |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Annavaram Devasthanam Official Website}}</ref>

Following this divine revelation, Prakasa Rao and the ruler shared their visions with the villagers and prepared to visit Annavaram on Sravana Sukla Padyami of the Khara year. While searching for the deity on the hill, they discovered the idol, illuminated by sunlight beneath a Krishna Kutaja (Ankudu) tree. The villagers carefully uncovered the idol and transported it to the summit of Ratnagiri.<ref name=":2" />

On August 6, 1891 ([[Shaka era|Salivahana Saka]] 1813), the idol was consecrated following the traditional Vishnu [[Panchayatana (temple)|Panchayatana]] system, alongside the installation of the Sri Matripada Vibhuti Maha Vaikuntha Narayana Yantra, which had been brought from [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kasi]]. The original temple structure was a modest shed, which was later expanded into a more elaborate temple with contributions from devotees. The temple was reconstructed in stone during 1933–34 and showcases a unique blend of iconography.<ref name=":2" />

== Legend ==
Annavaram is home to the sacred Ratnagiri Hill. According to the ''Sthala Purana'' (legend of the place), the renowned [[Mount Meru|Meru mountain]], one of the prominent mountains in [[Hindu mythology]], performed severe penance to [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] along with his wife [[Menaka]]. Pleased by their devotion, Vishnu blessed them with two sons, Bhadra and Ratnakara, who were born as mountains. Bhadra, after performing penance dedicated to Vishnu, was transformed into [[Bhadrachalam]], the abode of [[Rama|Lord Rama]]. Similarly, Ratnakara's penance was rewarded when Vishnu appeared as Sri Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Swamy on the Ratnagiri Hill, also known as Ratnachalam.<ref name=":2" />

== Architecture ==
[[File:Annavaram.jpg|thumb|259x259px|View of the entire temple]]
[[File:Annavaram Temple complex view 01.jpg|left|thumb|Temple complex|232x232px]]
The temple is located on Ratnagiri Hill, adjacent to the banks of the Pampa River. It can be reached by a 3-km road or through a stone pathway for pedestrians. Architecturally, the temple is designed to resemble a chariot, complete with four wheels at each corner, symbolizing the Jagannath concept of eternal movement through time.<ref name="arch">{{cite book |last=Sanjani |first=Manohar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&dq=annavaram+temple&pg=PA29 |title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India, Volume 2 |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=Kalpaz publications |isbn=81-7835-018-1 |page=29}}</ref> The four wheels are meant to represent the Sun and the Moon. The main entrance of the temple has been adorned with gold plating, enhancing its grandeur.<ref name="templelocation" />

The structure follows the principles outlined in the ''[[Agni Purana]]'', with the central sanctum symbolizing the Supreme Spirit. The ground floor features a distinct [[yantra]], known as the Srimathripathvibhuti Vykuntha Maha Narayana Yantra, reputed for its special powers of attraction. This ''yantra'' is surrounded by deities forming a panchayatana, including Ganapati, Suryanarayanaswamy, Bala Tripurasundari, and Maheswaraswamy.<ref name=":2" />

The main sanctum houses an idol that is approximately 13 feet tall and cylindrical in shape, symbolizing the unity of the [[Trimurti]] with [[Brahma]] at the base, [[Shiva|Siva]] in the center, and [[Vishnu]] at the top. The first floor holds the principal deity, Sri Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Swamy, accompanied by Goddess Anantha Lakshmi and Lord Siva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knipe |first=David M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&dq=annavaram+temple&pg=PA132 |title=Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition |date=2015-04-01 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-026673-8 |pages=26 |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, there is a nearby temple dedicated to Sri Rama, known as the kshetra palaka, which marks the site where the original idol was discovered. The temple also features a [[Mandapa|mandapam]] for conducting [[Satyanarayan Puja|Satyanaraya Vrathams]].<ref name="arch" />

==Administration==
The temple is being administered under Endowments department of Andhra Pradesh by a Trust board of 13 members.<ref name="admin">{{cite news|title=Trust boards named for AP temples|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-10-01/Trust-boards-named-for-AP-temples/256626|access-date=10 November 2017|work=The Hans India|date=1 October 2016}}</ref>

== Significance ==
The temple attracts thousands of devotees daily, who visit to perform the [[Satyanarayana Puja|Satyanarayana Vratham]] for various reasons, including wealth, health, and prosperity. Although Ekadasi is considered the most auspicious day for the ritual, it is performed by devotees on other days as well. The temple is a major pilgrimage site for both Vaishnavite and Shaivite devotees.<ref name=":2" /> The shrine earned {{Indian rupee}}26 [[crore]] revenue in 2007.<ref name=":0" />

== Festivals ==
The temple observes several significant festivals throughout the year. Key celebrations include Telugu New Year's Day on Chaitra Suddha Padyami (March–April) and Sita Rama Kalyanam on Chaitra Suddha Navami (March–April). Sri Krishna Jayanti is celebrated on Sravana Bahula Ashtami (July–August), followed by the Lord's Jayanti on Sravana Suddha Vidiya (July–August). Ganapathi Navarathrulu is observed in Bhadrapadam (August–September), while Sarannavarathrulu takes place during Asviyujam (September–October). Other notable events include the Kanaka Durga Jatara on Vaisakha Suddha Panchami (April–May), Giripradakshinam on Karthika Suddha Purnima (October–November), and DeeJwalatoranam during Karthikam (October–November).<ref name=":1" />

== Surrounding temples ==
[[File:Temple of Vana durga at Annavaram temple complex.jpg|thumb|196x196px|Vana Durga temple on the hill ]]
In addition to the main temple, the Ratnagiri hill hosts other shrines, including:

* Sri Rama Temple: Located near the main temple, regarded as the original site of the idol's discovery.
* Vana Durga Temple: A highly revered shrine on Ratnagiri Hill, believed by locals to protect the temple premises at night.
* Kanaka Durga Temple: Also located on the hill, held in veneration alongside the Vana Durga Temple.
* Nerellamma Temple: The temple of the village deity located at the base of the hill.

== In popular culture ==
The temple has been depicted in various [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]] over the years. Notable films featuring the temple include [[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|''Sankarabharanam'']] (1980), ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'' (2002), [[Mr & Mrs Sailaja Krishnamurthy|''Mr. & Mrs. Sailaja Krishnamurthy'']] (2004), and ''[[Geetha Govindam]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=2018-08-24 |title=Crafting a visual tale |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240818/crafting-a-visual-tale.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Dam view from Annavaram temple.jpg|Ratnagiri mountain range
File:Annavaram-pushkarini.jpg|Pushkarini at the temple
File:Annavaram hill view from Ratnachal Express on a cloudy day.jpg|Annavaram hill view
File:Entrance arch on new Ghat road in Annavaram.jpg|Entrance arch on new Ghat road
File:Annavaram temple garden.jpg|Temple garden
File:Entrance arch at Annavaram Temple.jpg|Entrance arch inside the temple
File:Sunset view at Annavaram Temple Complex.jpg|Sunset view of the temple complex
File:View of Annavaram temple complex.jpg|View of the temple complex
File:అన్నవరం సత్యనారాయణ స్వామి దేవాలయము.jpg|View of the temple complex
File:Sun Dial at Annavaram Temple Complex 03.jpg|Sundial inside the temple
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh |state=collapsed}}{{Vishnu temples}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Aspy Engineer

2026-03-19T07:07:23Z

StephanieWentwor: reworked lead additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian Air Marshal and diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| name = A M Engineer
| honorific_suffix = [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = [[File:Air Marshal Aspy Engineer.jpg|200px]]|
| caption = Air Marshal Aspy Merwan Engineer
| office = 6th [[Ambassador]] of India to [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]]
| term_start = 6 December 1964
| term_end = 6 December 1966
| predecessor = [[Mirza Rashid Ali Baig|M. R. A. Baig]]
| successor = K. V. Padmanabhan
| office1 = 9th [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 1962
| term_end1 = 24 July 1964
| president1 = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Sir S. Radhakrishnan]]
| primeminister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (''acting'')
| predecessor1 = [[Ram Dass Katari]]
| successor1 = [[Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman]]
| office2 = 5th [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]
| term_start2 = 1 December 1960
| term_end2 = 31 July 1964
| predecessor2 = [[Subroto Mukerjee]]
| successor2 = [[Arjan Singh]]
| president2 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| primeminister2 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1912|12|15}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2002|05|01|1912|12|15}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[RAF Cranwell]]
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1933–1947) {{flag|India}} (1947–1964)
| branch = {{air force|British India}} {{air force|India}}
| rank = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| serviceyears = 1933–1964
|unit = [[No. 1 Squadron IAF]]
| commands = [[Western Air Command (India)|No.1 Operational Group]] [[PAF Base Kohat|Air Force Station Kohat]] [[No. 2 Squadron IAF|No.2 Squadron]]
| battles = [[Waziristan campaign (1936–39)|Waziristan Campaign]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] [[Annexation of Goa]] [[Sino-Indian War]]
| awards = [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]
| relations = [[Minoo Merwan Engineer]] (brother)
| blank1 = Later work(s)
| data1 = ''Founder'', California Zoroastrian Center
}}

[[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] '''Aspy Merwan Engineer''' [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]] (15 December 1912 – 1 May 2002) was an officer in the [[Indian Air Force]] who rose through the ranks to become independent India's second [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]], succeeding [[Subroto Mukerjee]] in 1960 and preceding [[Arjan Singh]].

His flying career began in 1930 at the age of 17, when as a [[First officer (aeronautics)|co-pilot]] he accompanied his friend [[Ram Nath Chawla|R. N. Chawla]] to [[Croydon Airport]], [[London]] from [[Karachi]] in [[British Raj|British India]], by flight and were the first Indians to do so. Shortly afterwards, he won the [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]] contest for being the first Indian to fly the journey between England and India, solo and within a one-month time frame.

Engineer subsequently joined the [[Royal Indian Air Force|Indian Air Force]], trained at [[RAF Cranwell]], saw action on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North Western Frontier Provinces]] (NWFP) and at [[Burma Campaign 1944–45|Burma]] and as a result was awarded the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] (DFC). By the end of the [[Second World War]] he became [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]].

Following retirement, he served as [[India]]'s ambassador to [[Iran]] and later spent time living in California, before his last days in [[Mumbai]].

==Early life==
Aspy Engineer was born Aspy Merwan Irani on 15 December 1912 in [[Lahore#British|Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]],<ref name=spsAviation/><ref name=Singh2002>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kuldip |title=Obituary: Air Marshal Aspy Engineer; Former Chief of Staff of the Indian Air Force |work=The Independent |date=21 Jun 2002 |location=London}}</ref> to Meherwan Irani and Maneckbai. Meherwan was a Divisional Engineer for the [[North Western Railway (British India)|North Western Railway]].<ref name=BharatBrothers/> His interest in mechanics led his friends to rename him Engineer.<ref name=spsAviation>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sps-aviation.com/story/?id=578|title=Aspy Engineer (1912–2002) – SP's Aviation|website=www.sps-aviation.com|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Air-Chiefs/Chiefs-Air-5.html|title=Air Marshal Aspy Merwan Engineer DFC [Air Chiefs Since 1947]|last=Pillaristetti|first=Jagan|date=6 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206050217/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Air-Chiefs/Chiefs-Air-5.html|archive-date=6 February 2007|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=Sorabji2012>{{Cite journal|last=Sorabji|first=Rusi|date=2012|title=The First historical landmark in the annals of Aviation, both Civil or Military in the Sub-Continent, the Aga Khan Race 1930|url=https://zoroastriansnet.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/aspy-engineer.pdf|journal=Hamazor|issue=2|pages=47–53}}</ref>{{sfn|Sapru|2014}} Aspy was the eldest amongst eight siblings – two girls and six boys. His brothers, [[Minoo Merwan Engineer|Minoo]], Jungoo and Ronnie, also joined the Indian Air Force, while another brother, Homi, joined the Indian Army. Aspy, Minoo and Ronnie were recipients of the DFC, a unique feat where three brothers were decorated with gallantry awards.<ref name=BharatBrothers>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Tributes/1074-Engineers.html|title=Brothers-in-Arms : The Flying Engineer Brothers|last=Singh|first=Farida|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219183357/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Tributes/1074-Engineers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Sorabji2012/>

At the age of seven, Engineer witnessed aviators [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|Alcock and Brown]] make an emergency aircraft landing on the Race Course grounds opposite his father's railway bungalow in [[Hyderabad, Sindh]].<ref name=Sorabji2012/> He later recounted, "I dreamt of nothing else thereafter but aircraft landing on the roof-top of our spacious bungalow."<ref name=Sorabji2012/>

He completed his early education from the [[Panchgani#Education|Billimoria Parsi School]], [[Panchgani]],<ref name=Sorabji2012/> and the [[DJ Science College]] in [[Karachi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1255960|title=Karachi's air history|date=3 May 2016|newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|first=Sohail|last=Ansari|accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref> On his 17th birthday, his father presented him with a second-hand [[de Havilland DH.60|de Havilland Gipsy Moth]] and after less than three months of lessons, he obtained his license to fly from the [[Aero Club of India|Karachi Aero Club]].<ref name=Sorabji2012/>

==Aga Khan contest==
In November 1929, the [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]], 48th Imam of the [[Isma'ilism|Ismailai]] sect of Muslims{{sfn|Chowdhury|2018}} announced a prize of £500{{sfn|Chowdhury|2018}} to the first Indian who could fly solo between England and India within a one-month time-frame.{{sfn|Rao|2000}}

Shortly after the announcement, Engineer as [[First officer (aeronautics)|co-pilot]] and his friend R. N. Chawla set on a flight to England in March 1930, at a time lacking [[radio communications]] or [[air traffic control]]. On 21 March 1930, they flew into [[Croydon Airport]] where the [[William Waterlow|Lord Mayor of London]] and the press greeted them with garlands.<ref name=Sorabji2012/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/mar/19/flashback-of-first-flier-who-flew-farthest-in-1930-1582930.html|title=Flashback of first flier who flew farthest in 1930|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 March 2017 |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref>

The other contestants included; [[J. R. D. Tata]], who later founded [[Tata Motors]] and [[Air India#History|Air India]], and another Bristol trained pilot, [[Man Mohan Singh (pilot)|Man Mohan Singh]].{{sfn|Rao|2000}}{{sfn|Chowdhury|2018|p=369}} Engineer left Croydon on 25 April 1930, crossing paths with Tata in Cairo. Tata gave Engineer the spare much needed [[spark plug]] which allowed Engineer to complete the journey from Croydon Airport, England, to [[PAF Base Faisal|RAF Drigh Road]], [[Karachi]], now in [[Pakistan]], in his Gipsy Moth and was awarded the prize, winning over Man Mohan Singh by one day.<ref name=spsAviation/>{{sfn|Sapru|2014}}<ref name=Flight1930>{{Cite journal|date=23 May 1930|title=The Aga Khan Prize|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1930/UNTITLED0%20-%200583.PDF|journal=Flight|pages=559}}</ref>

In response, [[Sir Frederick Sykes]], [[Governor of Bombay]], arranged for a public reception at [[Bombay#Portuguese and British rule|Bombay]] and the [[Imperial Legislative Council|Legislative Council of India]] awarded Engineer 10,000 rupees. However, as a result of an aircraft accident at [[Bhuj]], he instead flew to his old school and landed on its playing field.<ref name=Sorabji2012/>

==Military career==
===Early career===
In 1931, Engineer entered the [[Royal Air Force College Cranwell]].<ref name=Sorabji2012/><ref name=Shillidy1935>{{cite journal |last1=Shillidy |first1=J. A. |title=Civil aviation in India |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |date=1935 |volume=83 |issue=4299 |pages=477–492 |jstor=41360427 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41360427 |issn=0035-9114|url-access=subscription}}</ref> At Cranwell, he was awarded the Grove's Memorial Flying prize for the best all-round pilot during his term. He was commissioned as a pilot and joined the newly formed [[No. 1 Squadron IAF]]. The No. 1 Squadron had only one [[flight (military unit)|flight]] and was then stationed in [[RAF Drigh Road|Drigh Road]], [[Karachi]]. The flight was equipped with four Westland Wapiti biplanes.
As part of the 'A' flight of the squadron, Engineer flew a [[Westland Wapiti]] and saw action in the [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)]].<ref name=Sorabji2012/><ref name="EngineerMemoirs1993">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/ww2/veterans/1188-aspy-engineer.html|title=Air Marshal Aspy Engineer's Recollections|last=Engineer|first=Air Marshal Aspy|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com|language=en-gb|access-date=16 February 2019|archive-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030257/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/ww2/veterans/1188-aspy-engineer.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1938, for action against the tribals, he became the first IAF officer to be [[mentioned in dispatches]].<ref name="IAF Bio">{{cite web |title=Aspy Merwan Engineer DFC CAS {{!}} Indian Air Force {{!}} Government of India |url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/content/aspy-merwan-engineer-dfc-cas-0 |website=indianairforce.nic.in}}</ref> In July 1938, three flights of the No. 1 Squadron IAF were formed and Engineer took command of the flight. He was one of the three flying officers of the three flights of No. 1 Squadron, the other two being [[Subroto Mukerjee]] and [[Karun Krishna Majumdar]].<ref name="IAF Bio"/>

===World War II===
In 1941, the [[No. 2 Squadron IAF]] was formed at [[Peshawar]] under the command of Squadron Leader A B Awan.{{sfn|Ramunny|1997|p=100}} Engineer was one among seven pilots to be deputed to form the squadron and served as the squadron [[adjutant]].<ref name="IAF Bio"/> In June 1941, he was promoted to the acting rank of [[Squadron Leader]] and took over as the [[Commanding Officer]] of No. 2 Squadron. The squadron converted from Wapitis to the [[Hawker Audax]] in September, and later to the [[Westland Lysander]], under him.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of IAF {{!}} Indian Air Force {{!}} Government of India |url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/content/history-iaf-0 |website=indianairforce.nic.in}}</ref> Engineer led the squadron in operations in the [[Tochi Valley]]. In December 1942, Engineer was mentioned in dispatches for the second time and awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for distinguished services in Waziristan.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35825 |supp=y|page=5497|date=15 December 1942}}</ref><ref name="Flying1945">{{cite journal |title=Flying Magazine |date=January 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEtdS34ZupIC&q=aspy+engineer |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Ahluwalia|2012}} In late 1942, he relinquished command of No. 2 Squadron, handing over to Squadron Leader Habib Ullah Khan. He subsequently held staff appointments at Air Headquarters.

In December 1944, he was promoted to the acting rank of [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] and took command of [[PAF Base Kohat|Air Force Station Kohat]] from [[Subroto Mukerjee]]. After commanding the airbase for over a year, Engineer was selected to attend the [[RAF Staff College, Bracknell]]. On his return to India in November 1946, he was promoted to the acting rank of [[Group Captain]] and then moved to Air HQ as the Air Officer-in-Charge Administration (AOA).<ref name="RIAF Appointments 1947"/>

===Post-Independence===
On 15 August 1947, with the [[partition of India]], a new Air Headquarters of the [[Dominion of India]] was formed. Engineer was promoted to the acting rank of [[Air commodore (India)|air commodore]] and continued as AOA. After Mukerjee, he was the second air commodore to be appointed in the RIAF.<ref name="RIAF Appointments 1947">{{cite web|title=RIAF Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1947-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1947-08-14_355.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India – Archive|date=14 August 1947|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> The assets of the Indian Air Force (like other branches of the military) had to be divided between the Dominions of India and Pakistan. Subroto Mukerjee and Engineer led the air force part of this committee.{{sfn|Sapru|2014}}

In September 1948, he assumed command of the [[Western Air Command (India)|No. 1 Operational Group]] (later rechristened Western Air Command) from Air Commodore [[Mehar Singh (pilot)|Mehar Singh]].<ref name= "WAC History">{{cite web |title=WESTERN AIR COMMAND {{!}} Indian Air Force {{!}} Government of India |url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/content/western-air-command-1 |website=indianairforce.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jet Planes for RIAF |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-11-06_341.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=6 November 1948}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PIB (Defence Wing) |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-09-27_247.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=27 September 1948}}</ref> As the [[Air Officer Commanding]] (AOC), he led the [[Group (military aviation unit)|group]] to support ground troops in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].{{sfn|Sapru|2014}} In July 1949, the group was renamed Operational Command.<ref name= "WAC History"/> He was selected to attend the [[Imperial Defence College]] and embarked for the [[United Kingdom]] in late 1950. After the year-long course, he returned to India and was appointed Air Officer-in-Charge Technical & Equipment Service at Air HQ.

In 1952, Engineer took over as the [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]] and Deputy Air Commander, IAF.<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Vice Marshal Engineer |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-12-02_373.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=2 December 1954}}</ref> He was promoted to the rank of [[Air vice marshal (India)|air vice marshal]] on 1 October 1954. In November 1954, he led the Air Force in a goodwill mission to [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IAF GOODWILL MISSION TO INDONESIA |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1954%20DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1954-11-26_355.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=26 November 1954}}</ref> Engineer was deputed to the [[Hindustan Aircraft Limited]] (HAL) for a period of three years in 1958. On 28 May, he took over as the [[General Manager]] of HAL. On 23 May 1959, he became the second Indian to be promoted to the rank of air marshal.<ref name="PIB 25-11-60">{{cite web |title=AIR MARSHAL ENGINEER NEW AIR CHIEF |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1960-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1960-11-25_207.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=25 November 1960}}</ref>

===Chief of Air Staff===
In November 1960, [[Air India]] inaugurated its service to [[Tokyo]], Japan. Air Marshal Subroto Mukerjee, CAS and Air Commodore (later [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|ACM]]) [[Pratap Chandra Lal]], then [[General Manager]] of the [[Indian Airlines Corporation]] were passengers on this flight. After landing in Tokyo, on 8 November 1960, Mukerjee was having a meal in a restaurant with a friend, an officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. A piece of food got lodged in his [[windpipe]], [[choking]] him to death before a doctor could be called for. The next day, his body was flown to [[Palam Airport]], [[New Delhi]].{{sfn|Lal|1986|p=85}}

After Mukerjee's untimely demise, Engineer was appointed the next Air Chief in late November. On 1 December 1960, he took over as the second Indian Chief of the Air Staff.{{sfn|Chowdhury|2018}}{{sfn|Khan|2004|p=194}}

His rise to become the second Indian Chief of Air Staff inspired a generation of Parsi officers. A broader historical review of Parsi representation in the IAF, including Engineer’s role, is chronicled in this essay on community contributions to Indian military aviation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=The Faravahar Soars: Parsis in the IAF |url=https://iafhistory.in/2023/10/29/the-faravahar-soars-parsis-in-the-iaf/ |website=IAFHistory |date=29 October 2023 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal 1947.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal 1936 BAR.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - 1939-45 Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War_Medal_%26_MiD.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="1"|[[General Service Medal 1947]]
|colspan="2"|[[Indian Independence Medal]]
|colspan="1"|[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]
|-
|[[India General Service Medal (1936)|India General Service Medal]]
|[[1939–1945 Star]]
|[[War Medal 1939–1945]] (with [[Mentioned in dispatches|MID]] oak leaf)
|[[India Service Medal]] (1945)
|}

*Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Vintage photo of Aspy Merwan Engineer 1963 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Vintage-photo-Aspy-Merwan-Engineer/dp/B01M0BINF0 |website=www.amazon.com}}</ref><ref name="Bharat Rakshak service record" />

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:UK-Air-OF1B.svg|35px]] || [[Pilot Officer]] || [[Royal Indian Air Force]] || 15 July 1933
|-
|align="center" |[[File:UK-Air-OF1A.svg|35px]] || [[Flying Officer]] || [[Royal Indian Air Force]] || 15 January 1935<ref name="Air_Force_List_Jan38">{{cite book|pages=1275–1276|title=The Air Force List: January 1938|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1938}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:UK-Air-OF2.svg|35px]] || [[Flight Lieutenant]] || [[Royal Indian Air Force]] || 15 January 1940<ref name="Air_Force_List_Oct40">{{cite book|pages=702|title=The Air Force List: October 1940|publisher=HM Stationery Office|year=1940}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:UK-Air-OF3.svg|35px]] || [[Squadron Leader]] || [[Royal Indian Air Force]] || 1 June 1941 (acting) 30 April 1943 (substantive)<ref name="Bharat Rakshak service record" />
|-
|align="center" |[[File:UK-Air-OF4.svg|35px]] || [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] || [[Royal Indian Air Force]] || 15 December 1944 (acting)<ref name="Bharat Rakshak service record">{{cite web |title=Service Record for Air Marshal Aspy Merwan Engineer 1554 GD(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1554 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref> 2 May 1947 (substantive)<ref name="Bharat Rakshak service record" />
|-
|align="center" |[[File:UK-Air-OF5.svg|35px]] || [[Group Captain]] || [[Royal Indian Air Force]] || 2 November 1946 (acting)<ref name="Bharat Rakshak service record" />
|-
|align="center" |[[File:UK-Air-OF6.svg|35px]] || [[Air Commodore]] || [[Indian Air Force]] || 15 August 1947 (acting)<ref name="Bharat Rakshak service record" /> 15 August 1948 (substantive)<ref name="Bharat Rakshak service record" />
|-
|align="center" |[[File:UK-Air-OF6.svg|35px]] || [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] || [[Indian Air Force]] || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveFirstPhase/HOME%20AFFAIRS/1950/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India – Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725065516/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveFirstPhase/HOME%20AFFAIRS/1950/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Air_Vice_Marshal_of_IAF.png|35px]] || [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] || [[Indian Air Force]] || 1 October 1954
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Air_Marshal_of_IAF.png|35px]] || [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] || [[Indian Air Force]] || 23 May 1959 (acting)<ref name="Bharat Rakshak service record" /><ref name="PIB 25-11-60"/> 1 December 1960 (substantive)<ref>{{cite web |title=AIR MARSHAL ENGINEER TAKES OVER |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1960-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1960-12-01_217.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=1 December 1960}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Later life==
He retired from the Indian Air Force on 31 July 1964, after which he served as India's ambassador to Iran.<ref name=Sorabji2012/> Around 1990, he moved to [[Southern California]] where he founded the California Zoroastrian Center.<ref name=Sorabji2012/>

==Death==
He died on 1 May 2002.<ref name=Sorabji2012/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first1=Prof. L. S. Seshagiri|last1=Rao|title=J. R. D. TATA|year=2000|isbn=9788128017438|publisher=Sapna Book House (P) Ltd.}}
*{{citation|first1=Mohindra S.|last1=Chowdhury|title=Defence of Europe by Sikh Soldiers in the World Wars|year=2018|isbn=9781788037983|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd}}
*{{citation|first1=S.|last1=Sapru|title=Combat lore : Indian Air Force 1930-1945|year=2014|isbn=978-9383649259|publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd}}
*{{citation|first1=J. A.|last1=Khan|title=Air Power And Challenges To IAF|year=2004|isbn=81-7648-593-4|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation}}
*{{citation|first1=A. S.|last1=Ahluwalia|title=Airborne to chairborne : memoirs of a war veteran aviator-lawyer of the Indian Air Force|year=2012|isbn=978-1469196572|publisher=Xlibris}}
*{{citation|first1=Murkot|last1=Ramunny|title=The sky was the limit |year=1997|isbn=978-8172110840|publisher=Northern Book Centre}}
*{{citation|first1=P.C.|last1=Lal|title=My years with the IAF|year=1986|isbn=8170620082|publisher=Lancer Publishers}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.britishpathe.com/video/from-india-in-17-days From India In 17 Days 1930], Movie footage of arrival at Croydon with Ramnath Chawla, March 1930
*[https://issuu.com/yazdi/docs/hamazor_12-2_ebook ''Hamazor Issue 2012 – 2 '']
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/images/history/ww2/engineers/AspyEngineerRecollections.pdf "Air Marshal Aspy Engineer's Recollections"]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=A B Awan}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commanding Officer]] [[No. 2 Squadron IAF]] |years=1941–1942}}
{{s-aft|after=Habib Ullah Khan}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Subroto Mukerjee]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Commanding Officer, [[PAF Base Kohat|RAF Station Kohat]]| years = 1944–1946}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mehar Singh (IAF officer)|Mehar Singh]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mehar Singh (pilot)|Mehar Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Air Officer Commanding]] [[Western Air Command (India)|No. 1 Operational Group]] |years=1948–1950}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Arjan Singh]]}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Subroto Mukerjee]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]]|years=1952–1958}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Diwan Atma Ram Nanda]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of the Air Staff (India)]] |years=1960–1964}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Arjan Singh]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Ram Dass Katari]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee]]|years=1962–1964}}
{{S-aft|after=Vice Admiral [[Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman]]}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mirza Rashid Ali Baig]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Ambassador of India to [[Iran]] |years=1964–1966}}
{{s-aft|after=K V Padmanabhan}}
{{end}}

{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Engineer, Aspy Merwan}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force air marshals]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Indian recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Iran]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell]]
[[Category:D. J. Sindh Government Science College alumni]]
[[Category:Irani (India) people]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]
[[Category:Deputy chiefs of Air Staff (India)]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Najaf Quli Khan

2026-03-12T19:37:11Z

StephanieWentwor:

{{Infobox royalty|name=Mirza Najaf Quli Khan
|image=
|caption=
|image_size= 250px
|title= [[Mirza (name)|Mirza]] [[al-dawla|Saif-ud-Daula]]
| reign = {{nowrap|17 March 1780 – 23 August 1791}}
| reign1 = {{nowrap| Jan 1788 – 23 August 1791}}
| reign2 = {{nowrap| 1777 – 1782}}
| coronation =
| succession = [[Nawab]] of [[Madhogarh Fort, Haryana|Kanud]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Rohtak]] & [[Rewari]]
| succession1 = [[Mir Bakhshi]] of [[Mughal Empire]]
| succession2 = [[Faujdar]] of [[Saharanpur]] and [[Muzzafarnagar]]
| predecessor = Post Established
| successor = Daughter of [[Zabita Khan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mirza Najaf Khan]]
| successor1 =
|full name=
| spouses = {{Marriage|Daughter of [[Zabita Khan]]|1777}} {{Marriage|Daughter of [[Vizier]] Majad ud Daula|1778}}

| issue =
|father=
|birth_place= [[Mughal Empire]]
|death_date= 1791
|death_place= [[Madhogarh Fort, Haryana|Kanud]]
|place of burial =
| house = [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]]
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| rank= [[Mir Bakhshi]]
| battles =
* Jat-Mughal war of 1775-76
** Battle of Barsana
** [[Deeg|Capture of Deeg (1776)]]
* [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilla Rebellion (1777)]]
* [[Madhogarh Fort, Haryana|Conquest of Kanud(1779-1780)]]
* [[Madhogarh Fort, Haryana|Siege of Kanud(1788-1789)]]
}}
}}
[[Nawab]] '''Saif-ud-Daula Najaf Quli Khan''' (died 23 August 1791) was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] military commander during the reign of [[Shah Alam II]]. An adopted son of [[Mirza Najaf Khan]], he was active during the period when the Mughal power in northern India was in a state of absolute decline.

== Biography ==
Born in a [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] Rajput family, Najaf Quli converted to Islam and quickly rose to high position under the patronage of Mirza Najaf Khan as one of his lieutenants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keene |first=H. G. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fall_of_the_Moghul_Empire/n0NPk6bKq9kC?hl=en |title=The Fall of the Moghul Empire |date=2000 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-903-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Mahendra Narain |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Life_and_Times_of_Begam_Samru_of_Sar/W_otAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Life and Times of Begam Samru of Sardhana, A.D. 1750-1836 |date=1985 |publisher=Vibhu Prakashan |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shreeve |first=Nicholas |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dark_Legacy/Kh1uAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Dark Legacy |date=1996 |publisher=Bookwright |isbn=978-0-948395-04-8 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> During 1775/76 Mirza was involved in a prolonged war against the [[Bharatpur State|Jats of Bharatpur]] in modern-day [[Haryana]], who were in an open rebellion against the Mughal government. In 1775 the Jat army supported by a 5,000-strong contingent of [[Begum Samru]] was defeated by Najaf Quli Khan in the battle of Barsana, and the territories of [[Gurgaon]], [[Rewari]], [[Jhajjar]], [[Narnaul]] and [[Ballabhgarh]] were annexed by Mirza. By March 1776 the Jat capital of [[Deeg|Dig]] had been captured as well.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keene |first=H. G. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fall_of_the_Moghul_Empire/n0NPk6bKq9kC?hl=en |title=The Fall of the Moghul Empire |date=2000 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-903-8 |pages=86-87 |language=en}}</ref>

Soon Mirza Najaf Khan, now the [[Mir Bakhshi]], had to focus his attention towards the [[Rohilla]] Afghans who under [[Zabita Khan|Zabita Khan Yousafzai]] for long had been a thorn for the Mughals. Zabita Khan's father [[Najib-ud-Daula|Najib-ud-Daula Yousafzai]] had been the de facto ruler of Delhi as the regent of the emperor until his death in 1770. Mirza accompanied with 5000 soldiers and artillery arrived at [[Panipat]] where he fought against Zabita Khan and his [[Sikh]] allies on 14 September 1777. The battle went on until night. The next day Sikh allies of Zabita Khan fled to [[Sirhind]] and Zabita Khan was forced to sign peace treaty with Mirza. As a part of peace treaty Mirza Najaf Khan married the sister of Zabita Khan while Zabita Khan's daughter (the sister of [[Ghulam Kadir]]) was married to Najaf Quli Khan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bhatia |first=Harbans Singh |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Political_Legal_and_Military_History_of/kB-LAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Political, Legal, and Military History of India |date=1986 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |pages=332 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Desmond |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fountain_of_the_Elephants/pN4mEpHU9dUC?hl=en |title=Fountain of the Elephants |date=1959 |publisher=Collins |pages=142 |language=en}}</ref> In return his estates were restored to him.<ref name=":0" /> After the victory Najaf Quli was appointed [[faujdar]] of [[Saharanpur]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]] with his capital at Ghausgarh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IiiSikhDominationOfTheMughalEmpire1764-1803 |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. III Sikh Domination Of The Mughal Empire (1764-1803) |pages=97-100 |language=English}}</ref>

In 1778 Najaf Quli married the daughter of the Kashmiri vizier of Mughal Empire, Majad-ud-Daula.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keene |first=H. G. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fall_of_the_Moghul_Empire/n0NPk6bKq9kC?hl=en |title=The Fall of the Moghul Empire |date=2000 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-903-8 |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref> In November 1779 Najaf Quli marched against the Raja of [[Madhogarh Fort, Haryana|Kanud fort]], Balwant Singh who had captured some of villages belonging to his estates and after treacherously massacring him along with 30 of his nobles, captured the fort on 17 March 1780.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=R. K. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dalit_Literature/DLQeSBLpUwsC?hl=en |title=Dalit Literature: Our Response |last2=Bakshi |first2=S. R. |date=2012 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-841-8 |pages=215-216 |language=en}}</ref> Najaf Quli made Kanud as his new stronghold and carved out a principality for him consisting of [[Mewat]] and [[Shekhawati]] regions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shreeve |first=Nicholas |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dark_Legacy/Kh1uAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Dark Legacy |date=1996 |publisher=Bookwright |isbn=978-0-948395-04-8 |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref> Najaf Quli later declared himself to be independent ruler of Gurgaon, Rewari, Jhajjar, Narnaul and [[Rohtak]], with Gokalgarh as capital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shreeve |first=Nicholas |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dark_Legacy/Kh1uAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Dark Legacy |date=1996 |publisher=Bookwright |isbn=978-0-948395-04-8 |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref>

After the death of Mirza Najaf Khan in April 1782 the Delhi became a scene of civil war among his four generals and ultimately all except Najaf Quli got killed. Shah Alam ultimately invited [[Mahadaji Shinde]] as the regent. In 1785 Najaf Quli was sent by Mahadaji to Jaipur to realise the tribute. In January 1788 Najaf Quli met Shah Alam and put forward his claims over the territories of [[Gokalgarh, Rewari|Gokulgarh]] and Rewari as well as over the position of Mir Bakhshi. Shah Alam was forced to please him and confirmed him on his holdings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Anglo_Maratha_Relations_1785_96/Y-kanqrtVhYC?hl=en |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96 |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-789-0 |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 1788 [[Mirza Ismail Beg]] was sent by Mahadaji Shinde to take away control of his principality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar Jadunath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.17905 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire ( Vol - Iv ) |date=1950 |pages=14-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=Satish Chandra |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Haryana_a_Historical_Perspective/2RKTigrrP1cC?hl=en |title=Haryana, a Historical Perspective |date=1986 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref> Ismail Beg conquered Gurgaon and Rewari but could not capture Kanud itself, and ultimately abandoned its siege on 27 November 1789.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Anglo_Maratha_Relations_1785_96/Y-kanqrtVhYC?hl=en |title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96 |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-789-0 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=G. S. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Forgotten_Mughals/sBOSEQAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar (1707-1857) |date=2025 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-75228-3 |pages=422 |language=en}}</ref> In May 1790 Najaf Quli was restored his estates by Mahadaji in return for his help to defeat Ismail Beg, who had now become the enemy of the Marathas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar Jadunath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.17905 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire ( Vol - Iv ) |date=1950 |pages=20}}</ref> Ismail Beg was ultimately forced to flee. Najaf Quli died on 23 August 1791 at Kanud.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=G. S. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Forgotten_Mughals/sBOSEQAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar (1707-1857) |date=2025 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-75228-3 |pages=426-427 |language=en}}</ref> After his death his widow (the daughter of Zabita Khan) gained control of his principality until she died in March 1792 from a cannon ball shot, and the principality was annexed by Mahadaji.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1792 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]

Glow & Lovely

2026-03-08T03:59:50Z

StephanieWentwor: small expanded page for clarity additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Skin whitening cream popular in the Indian subcontinent}}{{Infobox product
| title = Glow & Lovely
| type = Cosmetic product
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Unilever]]
| available = Yes
| url = https://www.hul.co.in/brands/beauty-wellbeing/glow-lovely/
| launch year = 1975
}}

'''Glow & Lovely''' (formerly '''Fair & Lovely''') is an [[india|Indian]] [[skin lightening|skin-lightening]] cosmetic product of [[Hindustan Unilever]] introduced to the market in [[India]] in 1975. Glow & Lovely is available in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Singapore]], [[Brunei]], [[Thailand]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Pakistan]], [[Mauritius]] and other parts of [[Asia]] and is also exported to other parts of the world, such as the [[Western world|West]], where it is sold in [[Asian supermarket]]s.[[File:Fair & Lovely (cosmetics).png|thumb|right|Tube of Glow & Lovely (with the former branding) showing the branding and face of [[Yami Gautam]].|384x384px]]

Unilever patented the brand Fair & Lovely in 1971, after the patenting of [[niacinamide]], a [[melanin]] suppressor,<ref>Miranda A. Farage, Kenneth W. Miller, Howard I. Maibach. ''Textbook of Aging Skin'' 540896554 (2009), p.498: "In a recent work, niacinamide and glucosamine (in particular, its derivative N-acetyl glucosamine [NAG]) have been determined to be effective in reducing melanin production in culture. In vitro, glucosamine reduces production of melanin."</ref> which is the cream's main [[active ingredient]]. Glow & Lovely's website states the product contains vitamins B3, C, and E, along with multivitamins and UVB/UVA sunscreens.

Glow & Lovely was controversial under its previous name "Fair & Lovely". The company has faced criticism for its marketing practices and has announced changes to advertising and packaging in [[South Asia]] to address concerns.<ref name=":3" /> The president of the company responded to concerns about the product calling for diverse representation, and has announced changes in advertising, communication and packaging in South Asia.<ref name=":0" />

==Market Share==

The target demographic for Glow & Lovely is the 18 and above age group, and the bulk of the users are in the age 21–35 category,<ref>Jham, Vimi. ''Cases on Consumer-Centric Marketing Management'' (2013) 1466643587, p. 102: "The target consumer profile for Fair & Lovely is in the age group of 18 and above. The bulk of the users are in the age group of 21-35 and brand communication has always been targeted at this age group."</ref> though there is evidence that girls as young as 12–14 also use the cream.<ref>Mike Peng. ''Global Strategy'' 0324590997 (2008), p. 414: "The target market for Fair & Lovely is predominantly young women aged 18–35 (Srisha, 2001). Disturbingly, "there is repeated evidence that schoolgirls in the 12–14 years category widely use fairness creams" (Ninan, 2003)."</ref> As of 2012 the brand occupied 80% of the lightening cream market in India and is one of Hindustan Unilever's most successful cosmetics lines.<ref>Alma M. Garcia. ''Contested Images: Women of Color in Popular Culture'' (2012) 0759119635, p. 182: "Through its Indian subsidiary, Hindustan Lever Limited, Unilever patented Fair & Lovely in 1971 following the patenting of niacinamide, a melanin suppressor, which is its main active ingredient. Test market David [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-25/unilever-to-rename-fair-lovely-skin-lightening-cream-in-india "Unilever to Rename Fair & Lovely Skin-Lightening Cream in India,"] ''Bloomberg'' (June 25, 2020).</ref>

==Formula==
Glow & Lovely offers a range of product formulations including lotions, gels and soaps.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Unilever evolves skin care portfolio to embrace a more inclusive vision of beauty |url=https://www.unilever.com/news/press-and-media/press-releases/2020/unilever-evolves-skin-care-portfolio-to-embrace-a-more-inclusive-vision-of-beauty/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=Unilever |language=en-GB}}</ref> According to Glow & Lovely's website the product uses vitamin B3, glycerine, UVA and UVB sunscreens in its formula.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Glow & Lovely Careers |url=https://www.glowandlovelycareers.in/en/productdetail?productcategory=mvcream&productid=GALPRD-2733481&packsize=15g&producttitle=advanced-multi-vitamin |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Glow & Lovely Careers |language=en-IN}}</ref> Glow & Lovely has also announced the addition of vitamins C, B6, E and allantoin to their product.<ref name=":0" />

==Health concerns==
{{Main articles|Skin whitening}}
Glow & Lovely is widely considered to be a skin lightening cream, and skin lightening which is done for cosmetic reasons is sometimes associated with negative impacts on well-being.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Pollock |first1=Samara |last2=Taylor |first2=Susan |last3=Oyerinde |first3=Oyetewa |last4=Nurmohamed |first4=Sabrina |last5=Dlova |first5=Ncoza |last6=Sarkar |first6=Rashmi |last7=Galadari |first7=Hassan |last8=Manela-Azulay |first8=Mônica |last9=Chung |first9=Hae Shin |last10=Handog |first10=Evangeline |last11=Kourosh |first11=A. Shadi |date=2020-09-17 |title=The dark side of skin lightening: An international collaboration and review of a public health issue affecting dermatology |journal=International Journal of Women's Dermatology |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=158–164 |doi=10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.09.006 |issn=2352-6475 |pmc=8072511 |pmid=33937483}}</ref>

==Advertisement issues and criticism==
Glow & Lovely suffered controversy under its previous name "Fair & Lovely". Aggressive marketing campaigns in India are shown to use Bollywood celebrities to promote 'fair' as beautiful and 'dark' as ugly, leading critics to charge the firm with promoting colourism.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Anand |first=Amit |title=Skin Colour Bias:Understanding the Intersection of Media Representation and Advertising Ethics in India |date=2021-06-30 |url=https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/156981/ |pages=23–29 |editor-last=Bhushan |editor-first=Tripti |place=India |publisher=Research Culture Society |language=en |isbn=978-81-951481-3-4 |access-date=2023-01-19}}</ref> Fairness cream brand promotions in the Indian market use the same method of advertising, ridiculing a young girl for having dark skin and not doing enough to lighten it, pointing to the cream as the needed solution.<ref name=":1" />

Advertisements target middle to lower income groups of whom 20% to 30% buy skin lightening products over the counter, through friends, or online, without consulting a specialist.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Rusmadi |first1=Siti Zulaikha |last2=Syed Ismail |first2=Sharifah Norkhadijah |last3=Praveena |first3=Sarva Mangala |date=2015 |title=Preliminary Study on the Skin Lightening Practice and Health Symptoms among Female Students in Malaysia |journal=Journal of Environmental and Public Health |volume=2015 |article-number=591790 |doi=10.1155/2015/591790 |issn=1687-9805 |pmc=4674599 |pmid=26693230|doi-access=free }}</ref> Those who may not have a lot of income cannot opt to go for products that are expensive. Nor are they able to speak with specialists that may guide them in their skincare. So they opt to buy the first product they find, in this case 'Glow & Lovely.'

Marketing campaigns of the product have been criticized for promoting [[Discrimination based on skin color|colorism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/daring-to-be-dark-fighting-against-colorism-in-south_us_58d98c5fe4b0e6062d923024|title=Daring To Be Dark: Fighting Against Colorism In South Asian Cultures|last=Mariam|first=Simra|date=2017-03-27|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref> Marketing for the product in all countries implies that whiter skin equates to beauty and self-confidence.<ref>Lynne Eagle, Stephan Dahl. Marketing Ethics & Society (2015) 1473934028: "Advertisements in all the countries in which Fair & Lovely is sold show product users getting better jobs, getting married or having a brighter future (and being noticeably happier) as a result of their lighter skin."</ref> Hindustan Unilever Limited research claims that "90 per cent of Indian women want to use whiteners because it is aspirational, like losing weight. A fair skin is, like education, regarded as a social and economic step up."<ref>Aneel Karnani. ''Fighting Poverty Together: Rethinking Strategies'' 0230120237 (2011), p. 101: "Hindustan Unilever Limited, Unilever's Indian subsidiary, claims Fair & Lovely is doing good by fulfilling a social need. HUL research says that '90 per cent of Indian women want to use whiteners because it is aspirational, like losing weight. A fair skin is like education, regarded as a social and economic step up.'"</ref> Following this controversy, in a 2007 television advertisement for Ponds White Beauty,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabhi Kabhi Pyar Mein - Pond's White Beauty|url=https://vimeo.com/16649559|access-date=2020-06-13|website=Vimeo|language=en}}</ref> actor [[Saif Ali Khan]] expressed preference for the fair-skinned [[Neha Dhupia]] over the darker-skinned [[Priyanka Chopra]].<ref>Sidharth Balakrishna ''Case Studies in Marketing'' Pearson 2011, 8131757978 Case Study 1: Fair & Lovely p.5 "... responding to an advertisement in which the actor Saif Ali Khan prefers the fair-skinned starlet Neha Dhupia over Priyanka Chopra, known for her dusky, wheatish complexion."</ref> The company suspended television advertisements for the product.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabhi Kabhi Pyar Mein - Pond's White Beauty|url=https://vimeo.com/16649559|access-date=2020-06-13|website=Vimeo|language=en}}</ref><ref>Bagchi, Shrabonti. [https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-complicated-politics-of-fairness-products-in-india-11593065657252.html "The dark politics of fairness products in India,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626195102/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-complicated-politics-of-fairness-products-in-india-11593065657252.html |date=2020-06-26 }} ''LiveMint'' (25 Jun 2020).</ref>
<ref>Jain, Rupam, Charlotte Greenfield, and Siddharth Cavale. [https://in.reuters.com/article/unilever-whitening-southasia/unilever-rivals-mull-changes-amid-global-backlash-against-skin-lightening-products-idINKBN23W0XE "Unilever's 'Fair & Lovely' to get makeover after backlash,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625092914/https://in.reuters.com/article/unilever-whitening-southasia/unilever-rivals-mull-changes-amid-global-backlash-against-skin-lightening-products-idINKBN23W0XE |date=2020-06-25 }} ''Reuters'' (JUNE 25, 2020).</ref>

===Company response and rebranding===
In 2020, the manufacturer responded to criticism associating the product with colorism. Sunny Jain, President Beauty & Personal Care stated the company recognizes that the use of the words 'fair', 'white' and 'light' is not ideal.<ref name=":0" /> Jain also announced changes in advertising, communication and packaging in South Asia.<ref name=":0" /> Glow & Lovely also announced in 2020, they plan to feature women of different skin tones, representative of the variety of beauty across India and other countries.

In 2020, [[Hindustan Unilever]] announced the rebranding of its flagship brand Fair & Lovely, removing the word 'Fair' and using 'Glow' instead.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Fair' To Be Axed From Hindustan Unilever Limited's Fair and Lovely|url=https://odishatv.in/nation/fair-to-be-axed-from-huls-fair-and-lovely-458765|access-date=Jun 25, 2020|website=odisha TV|language=en}}</ref> The brand was renamed to 'Glow & Lovely'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HUL Replaces Fair With Glow. People React With 'Glow & Lovely' Memes |url=https://atrendhub.com/entertainment/hul-replaces-fair-with-glow-people-react-with-glow-lovely-memes/|access-date=Jun 26, 2020|website=aTrendHub|date=26 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

At the time of the rebranding, Unilever stated that 'Fair & Lovely has never been, and is not, a skin bleaching product', instead it was intended to be a product which would 'improve skin barrier function, improve skin firmness, and smooth out skin texture'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unilever evolves skin care portfolio to embrace a more inclusive vision of beauty |url=https://www.unilever.com/news/press-releases/2020/unilever-evolves-skin-care-portfolio-to-embrace-a-more-inclusive-vision-of-beauty.html |website=unilever.com |access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref>

===Critical response to rebranding===
Critics responded to the rebranding by criticizing the continuing sale of the product and expressing concerns that changing the name of the product does not address how colorism is still prevalent in the community.<ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine |title=Unilever Will Drop the Word 'Fair' From its Skin-Lightening Creams. Experts Say It Does Not Combat Colorism |url=https://time.com/5860313/unilever-fair-and-lovely-name-change-colorism/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> Former [[Procter and Gamble]] executive Alex Malouf stated, "None of these companies has said we're going to discontinue these products, despite the reputational challenge."<ref>{{Cite web |last=McEvoy |first=Jemima |title=Critics Slam Unilever Rebrand Of 'Fair & Lovely' Skin Lightener As 'Glow & Lovely' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/07/02/critics-slam-unilever-rebrand-of-fair--lovely-skin-lightener-as-glow--lovely/ |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Critic and activist Mirusha Yogarajah stated in response to Unilever's announcement, "If you're changing the advertising to where they're not promoting light skin, that's reasonable, but if you're still selling the product, that doesn't mean much".<ref name=":5" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glow and Lovely}}
[[Category:Personal care brands]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1975]]
[[Category:Cosmetics brands]]
[[Category:Unilever brands]]
[[Category:Indian fashion]]
[[Category:Pakistani fashion]]
[[Category:Discrimination based on skin tone]]
[[Category:Light skin]]
[[Category:Skin whitening]]
[[Category:Name changes due to the George Floyd protests]]

Rice and Rasam

2026-03-03T21:33:04Z

StephanieWentwor: Adding New Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rice and Rasam (ಅನ್ನ ಸಾರು)
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Ramchandra P. N.]]
| producer = [[Public Service Broadcasting Trust|PSBT]]

| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography = [[Ramchandra P. N.]]
| editing = [[Ramchandra P. N.]]


| distributor = PSBT
| released = {{Film date|2012}}
| runtime = 52 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Rice and Rasam''' (ಅನ್ನ ಸಾರು) is a 52 minutes [[documentary film]] produced by [[Rajiv Mehrotra]] of the PSBT ([[Public Service Broadcasting Trust]]) in the year 2012. It is directed by [[Ramchandra PN]], under a fellowship that is awarded by [[Public Service Broadcasting Trust|PSBT]] for the year 2011-2012. The film is about the nomadic life style of the artists of the professional theater troupes in Karnataka, South India.<ref>[http://www.psbt.org/general/Fellowships PSBT]</ref>

==Company Theater==
Influenced by the [[proscenium]] Parsi theater style, professional theater troupes were quite popular in the state of Karnataka during the 19th century. These theater troupes are commonly called as 'Company Theater'. The nomadic artists of the company theater move from one village to another, pitch tin sheet tents and stage plays. The best known exponent of this was the Gubbi Company, a theater troupe run by the legendary [[Gubbi Veeranna]]. But changing times has brought in a decline of these artists.
<blockquote>'By the year 1900, professional theater activity became institutionalized .These troupes staged plays periodically in many towns and cities and also during annual Jaatras and important festivals in different regions. With both the Maharaja and the public patronizing them more and more theater became a part and parcel of daily life. Initially the stage used to be lit with kerosene lamps and subsequently gaslights were used, to be replaced later by electric lights.'</blockquote>(Source: Karnataka Varthe)<ref>[http://karnatakavarthe.org/a-glimpse-of-kannada-theatre Karnataka Varthe]</ref>

==Plot==
The film deals with the two troupes of professional theater artist [[Rajanna]] Jewargi as they struggle to adapt to times, remain relevant and survive. Gubbi Nagesh, a member of the erstwhile Gubbi Company, his wife Gubbu Manjula, son Prashant Gubbi, daughter Sweta Gubbi are also part of this entourage. The film shows the dismantling and reconstruction of the theater; and the condition in which the artists live.
<blockquote>'While Rice and Rasam of 52 minute duration deals with the quotidian daily routines, struggles, mediocrity, conflicts and joy, it simultaneously is critical of rapidly changing scenario of economic decline in Gubbi Theater.'</blockquote>(Source: Pradip Biswas)<ref>[http://www.thescape.in/news/20120914/OPEN-FORUM-FESTIVAL-2012-A-BENCHMARK-PHENOMENON/3581 Pradip Biswas]</ref>

==Title==
At one point of time when the company theater was at its glory, Companies success were judged by the number of messes that they had and the number of items that they served. But the modern day companies gives its employees only Rice and Rasam, the staple diet of Karnataka. Anything else, the employees will have to either cook themselves or buy it from outside. Hence the name of the film is Rice and Rasam.

==Production==
The film has been shot in various locations in the Southern State of Karnataka in India - in villages like Jewargi, Kudithini, Mannur and Kukanur - spread over a period of a year during the period 2011–2012.

==Crew==
While the film has been photographed, editing and directed by [[Ramchandra PN]], location sound is by Santosh Kumar and Sound Designer and Sound Editing is by Mohandas VP.<ref>[http://www.sonkfilms.com/Rice-Rasam.htm Sonk Films]</ref>

==Film Festival Participation==
Rice and Rasam has already been screened at the Open Frame Film Festival conducted by PSBT<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/276433/psbt-open-frame-here-again.html Deccan Herald]</ref> in 2012 and the Prague Indian Film Festival held at [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] also held in 2012.<ref>[http://www.bollywood.cz/en/program/rice-and-rasam Prague Indian Film Festival]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gubbi Veeranna]]

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2361016}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films about theatre]]
[[Category:Films about the arts]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ramchandra P. N.]]

Radio (2013 film)

2026-03-03T20:44:25Z

StephanieWentwor: Adding New Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Radio
| image = Radio-2013.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = Umer Mohammed
| producer = S. C. Pillai
| writer = [[Nizam Rawther]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ineya|Iniya]]
* [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]]
* [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]]
* [[Sreejith Vijay]]
}}
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = Deepu S. Unni
| editing = Linson Raphel
| studio = Vijay Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|3|8}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Radio''''' is a 2013 [[Malayalam|Malayalam–language]] [[drama film]] directed by Umer Mohammed and starring [[Ineya|Iniya]], [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]], [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]] and [[Sreejith Vijay]] in pivotal roles.<ref>[http://kerala9.com/news/radio-malayalam-movie/ "Radio Malayalam Movie"]</ref> The film was produced by S. C. Pillai whose previous production ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]'' was a critical and commercial success.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130411034811/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-25/news-and-interviews/32407845_1_film-keralaboxoffice-com-new-malayalam "New Malayalam film 'Radio'"]</ref>

==Plot==
"Tune in for a change" is the tagline attached to ''Radio'' in the credits. The storyline is about a girl Priya who comes to the city for a job as a salesgirl in a jewellery shop, with a load of debt to pay off, played by Sarayu. She is new to the ways and customs of the city life. Her co-worker, Shweta, gives her accommodation, since she has no place or relative's house to stay in the city. Shweta goes out every night, where Manu comes to pick her up. The entire storyline is clear, Shweta, a five star prostitute and associate Manu as pimp, for securing her business. It is a shock to Priya when she realizes the truth about Shweta and decides to leave her friendship and apartment.

A set back comes to Priya because of her need of cash, for her mother's operation, which Shweta supports by her extra -profession. Since Priya's requirement is cash, she too falls for the lucrative offers, to trade her body, if she wants to, for a psychiatrist doctor to provide him company for 1 or 2 years.

Meanwhile, Shweta's family decides to go ahead with a marriage proposal for her. She tries to avoid engagement. But the bridegroom is determined to take her in, and forget her past. She agrees for marriage, and they marries. One of her clients happens to be her husband's friend, and his visits their house, adding up slight sparks of fire.

Priya follows her pro-life with the doctor and finally ends up cheated by her family and the doctor when his wife and daughter who abandoned him, returns from States. At last Priya becomes mad.

==Cast==
* [[Ineya|Iniya]] as Swetha
* [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu Mohan]] as Priya
* [[Nishan (actor)|Nishan]] as Manu
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Doctor
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Jayan
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Priya's father
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Zakhir Hussain
* [[Harishree Ashokan]] as Johnson
*[[Narayanankutty]] as S.I.
* [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Pradeesh Nair
* [[Shobha Mohan]] as Jayan's Mother
* [[Thesni Khan]] Dhamayanthi
* Nihal as Ravi
* [[Kalabhavan rahman]] as Radio Meman
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Swetha's mother

==Reception==
The film received moderate to good reviews especially the first half of the movie is praised.<ref name="Review 1">[https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/radio.html "Radio Review"] ''[[oneindia]]''</ref>
<ref name="Review 2">[http://theaterbalcony.com/Movie-detail/radio-malayalam-movie-review/ "Radio" ]''[[TheaterBalcony]]''</ref>
<ref name="Review 3">[http://www.tikkview.com/movies/3601-radio "Radio"]''[[TIKKview]]''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Malli Malli Choodali

2026-03-03T18:08:02Z

StephanieWentwor: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Malli Malli Choodali.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Pawans Sreedhar
| producer = K. Venkateswara Rao M. C. Sekhar
| writer = Pawans Sreedhar Poosala
| starring = [[Venu Thottempudi]] Janani
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = M. Mohanchand
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| studio = Siva Sivani Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|03|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Malli Malli Choodali''''' ({{Translation|Watch again and again}}) is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language film written and directed by Pawans Sreedhar, starring [[Venu Thottempudi]] and Janani, in lead and [[Vizag Prasad]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] and [[Ram G|Ramji]] among others in supporting roles. The film released on 28 March 2002 and proved to be very unsuccessful at the box-office.

==Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Venu Thottempudi]] as Pavan
* Janani as Gayatri
* [[Vizag Prasad]] as Jagadish Prasad, Gayatri's father
* Costumes Krishna as Ramachandra Rao, Pavan's father
* Sobha Rani as Gayatri's mother
* Jyothi as Pavan's sister
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Pavan's friend
* [[Babu Mohan]]
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Police Inspector
* [[Ram G|Ramji]] as Babu
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] as Pavan's friend
* [[Rajitha]]
* [[Gautham Raju]] as Auto passenger
* Deepa
* Anitha Chowdary
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in Araku, Hyderabad, Ramoji Film City and Visakhapatnam. Two songs were recorded in London, reportedly a first for a Telugu film. Scenes involving [[Venu Thottempudi]], Janani and their respective parent characters were shot at the hydraulically operated airplane set in Ramoji Film City.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/mmc.html |title=Malli Malli Choodali preview |work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=11 May 2009 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909113634/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/mmc.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by noted Tamil film composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The soundtrack, released on 28 February 2002 at Hotel Green Park in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], features 7 tracks overall, out of which 2 songs were earlier used in two [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil films]]. The lyrics were written by [[Bhuvanachandra]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and Kulashekhar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/malli-malli-choodali-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/928895342|title=Malli Malli Choodali (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|date=2002|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration !! Lyricist!! Notes
|-
|1 || 'Vennelalo' || [[Unni Krishnan]], [[Bhavatharini]] || 4:27 || [[Bhuvanachandra]] ||
|-
|2 || 'Whiskylo' || [[Karthik Raja]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || 4:26 || Bhuvanachandra ||
|-
|3 || 'Suparu' || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] || 4:49 || [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] ||
|-
|4 || 'Mabbullo' || [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], Tippu || 4:47 || Kulashekhar ||
|-
|5 || 'Ivi Mallela' || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || 4:24 || Chandrabose || Reused song "Idhu Kaadhala" from ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]''
|-
|6 || 'Teenage Paparo' || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Mathangi || 4:23 || Bhuvanachandra || Reused song "All Day Jolly Day" from ''[[Manadhai Thirudivittai]]''
|-
| 7 || 'Malli Malli Chudali' || || 1:36 || ||
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' gave the film a negative review.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/malli-malli-choodali/telugu/malli-malli-choodali-movie-reviews-641-2.html |title=Malli Malli Choodali review |work=Full Hyderabad |first=Manju Latha|last= Kalanidhi | access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311093113/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/malli-malli-choodali/telugu/malli-malli-choodali-movie-reviews-641-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2679910}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]

Rajakali Amman

2026-03-03T04:33:07Z

StephanieWentwor: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajakali Amman
| image = Rajakali Amman.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Rama Narayanan]]
| writer = Pugazhmani (dialogues)
| story = Rama Narayanan
| producer = Pushpa Kandaswamy
| starring = [[Ramya Krishnan]] [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| editing = Raajgeerthi
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| distributor = Aadhi Bhagavan Films
| released = {{Film date|2000|04|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Rajakali Amman''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] written and directed by [[Rama Narayanan]]. It stars [[Ramya Krishnan]] as the goddess Amman alongside [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] and [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]].

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=June 2024}}
Goddess [[Kali|Rajakali]] Amman is the [[gramadevata]] of a local town. She decides to leave her original shrine when a local zamindar tries to steal the jewellery that is used to adorn her idol. She walks away until she reaches the next town and meets 2 orphaned siblings, Gopal and Meena. Meena gives her milk to drink while Gopal entertains her with music from his [[pungi]], since he is a snake charmer. The goddess, touched by their empathy, promises to protect them and manifests herself into a stone idol. Many years later, the adult Meena and Gopal, live happily with their pet snake, Manickam, and continue pleasing, worshipping and conversing with Rajakali Amman. They all flourish because of the blessings of the goddess, who also returns to her original shrine, but these days will be over when Meena marries an evil man named Seemadorai, who fakes being nice and seduces Meena. Despite the goddess' disapproval, Meena marries Seemadurai. Seemadurai's relative Ramesh and her sister kill Gopal. Determined to save her devotee, Rajakali Amman enters Ramesh's house as a woman named Gayathri who returns from the USA. Meena learns about the fact of the goddess and Rajakali Amman finally tries to remove all the sufferings of Meena. While Meena is worshipping the goddess, Seemadurai tries to demolish the shrine until the goddess attacks him by stinging his eyes. Meena tries to save her husband from Rajakali Amman but her [[sindoor]] gets washed away in the rain. Rajakali Amman proceeds to kill Seemadurai until Manickam uses its own blood as sindoor. This stops Rajakali Amman from killing Seemadurai and the latter, now realises everything and begs for forgiveness while crying profusely. The goddess forgives and blesses him and Meena to live a long married life. Meena still continued to meet Rajakali Amman often.

== Cast ==
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Goddess Sri Raja [[Kali]]amman/Gayathri
* [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Seemadurai alias Kannayiram
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Meena
* Jandaa (ghost) as Jandaa
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Guru
* [[Vadivelu]] as Gopal
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Seemadorai's elder sister
* [[Charan Raj]] as an astrologer

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2000 |title=Rajakaali Amman (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rajakaali-amman-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1394050151 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231013114055/https://music.apple.com/us/album/rajakaali-amman-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1394050151 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Kalyanam Thevayillai" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || [[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Puthukottai Bhuvaneswari" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Kalidasan
|-
| "Santhana Malligaiyil" I || [[Vadivelu]], [[Swarnalatha]] || rowspan=2|[[Palani Bharathi]]
|-
| "Santhana Malligaiyil" II || [[S. A. Rajkumar]], Swarnalatha
|-
| "Thangachi En" || Krishnaraj || Kalaikumar
|-
| "Dhanam Tharum" || Chorus || Kalidasan
|-
| "Amman Dance" || Instrumental ||
|-
|}

==Reception==
''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The story is old, the way the characters enact their roles is ancient, and melodrama is predominant, especially in Vadivelu's expressions."<ref>{{cite web |date=21 April 2000 |title=Film Review: Rajakaali Amman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/04/21/stories/09210224.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015050733/http://hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210224.htm |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "This film with its snakes, good and evil, and the Goddess all seem to be in the director's favourite genre. Not a very intelligent audience in mind when he made this film! What is surprising is that such a film could come from the production house of a K. Balachander!".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Rajakali Amman |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov38.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030107002323/http://chennaionline.com:80/moviereviews/tammov38.asp |archive-date=7 January 2003 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Lavanya of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Like other Thyagaraja Bhagavathar movies, Raja Kaliamman is a melodramtic but lacks subtle narration".<ref>{{cite web |last=Lavanya |date=4 June 2000 |title=Raja Kaliamman (Tamil) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/june04/entrevs.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000621002728/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/june04/entrevs.htm |archive-date=21 June 2000 |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1604179}}

{{Rama Narayanan}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rama Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]

Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum

2026-03-03T03:06:34Z

StephanieWentwor: New - done

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Vincent Selva}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vincent Selva]]
| producer =
| writer = Vincent Selva J. R. Rooban (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = Sanjay [[Arundhati Nair]]
| music = R. Devarajan
| cinematography = S. K. Mitchell
| editing = Maruthi Krish
| studio = WOW4studios
| distributor = 4O Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|11|25}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum''''' ({{translation|Between Virumandi and Sivanandi...}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Vincent Selva]] and starring debutante Sanjay and [[Arundhati Nair]] with [[Thambi Ramaiah]] in an important role.

== Plot ==
Shiva, who is not interested a government job, does business with his friend. They borrow money from an evil moneylender and pay back the money with interest. Shiva and his friend end up in money issues, A director, Ganduchamy, who is a fraud, makes a movie with Shiva as the protagonist, his friend as the antagonist, and a woman, Nandhini, as the female protagonist. He promises to give Shiva six lakhs for acting in the film. Vincent Selva works as the cameraman for the film. The director shoots the film without Nandhini knowing that she is a part of the film. After shooting for the film, Shiva falls in love with Nandhini. Sivanandi, the head of a village, finds out that Shiva was part of a film with Nandhini, a girl who ran away from her village, after Vincent Selva posts the film on YouTube. Nandhini's father, Virumandi is the head of Sivanandi's rival village. How the rival villages solve their problems and whether or not Shiva will reunite with Nandhini form the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*Sanjay as Shiva
*[[Arundhati Nair]] as Nandhini
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Ganduchamy
*[[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] as Shiva's friend
*[[Ashvin Raja]] as Vincent Selva
*[[Joe Malloori]] as Virumandi
*[[Bala Singh]] as Sivanandi
*Paavendhan
*Arivazhagan
*[[Robo Shankar]] as V. Vela Ramamoorthy
*[[Manobala]]
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]
*[[Mayilsamy]]
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Moneylender's assistant
*[[George Maryan]] as Shiva's father
*[[Senthi Kumari]] as Shiva's mother
*[[T. P. Gajendran]] as Hotel owner
*[[Sona Heiden]]
*Nambirajan
*[[Supergood Subramani]]
*[[Pei Krishnan]] as Vathalam
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by R. Devarajan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/virumandikkum-sivanandikkum/21266405/ |access-date=18 August 2020 |website=Hungama|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604034731/https://www.hungama.com/album/virumandikkum-sivanandikkum/21266405/|archive-date=4 June 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"Palapalakkudhu" - [[Velmurugan]]
*"Kottudhu Kottudhu" - Prasanna, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
*"Ullankai Adikkudhu" - [[Haricharan]], Priyanka
*"Parayadikkudhu Machan" - Priyanka

== Reception ==
''[[Samayam]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars. The reviewer praised the title and Thambi Ramaiah's performance while criticizing certain dialogues and illogical scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2016 |title='விருமாண்டிக்கும் சிவனாண்டிக்கும்'- திரைவிமர்சனம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/virumandikkum-sivanandikkum-movie-review/moviereview/55576964.cms |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110125735/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/virumandikkum-sivanandikkum-movie-review/moviereview/55576964.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''Vikatan'' criticized the tile stating that it has little reference to the film and the lack of entertaining comedy scenes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=கமல் பாவம்... சத்யராஜ் பாவம்...! - விருமாண்டிக்கும் சிவனாண்டிக்கும் படம் எப்படி?|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/73489-virumaandikkum-sivanaandikkkum-movie-review|website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|language=ta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604060728/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/73489-virumaandikkum-sivanaandikkkum-movie-review|archive-date=4 June 2025|url-status=live|access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> ''Maalai Malar'' praised the performances of the lead cast and Thambu Ramaiah while criticizing the amount of comedy sequences that have no relevance to the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2016 |title=விருமாண்டிக்கும் சிவனாண்டிக்கும் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2016/11/30181653/1053625/Virumandikkum-Sivanandikkum-movie-review.vpf |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201142726/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2016/11/30181653/1053625/Virumandikkum-Sivanandikkum-movie-review.vpf |archive-date=1 December 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 August 2020 }}</ref> ''Kungumam'' praised the performances of the lead cast, Thambi Ramaiah, and the comedy artists while stating the cinematography is mediocre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=விருமாண்டிக்கும் சிவனாண்டிக்கும்|url=http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=7214&id1=45&issue=20161202|website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]|language=ta|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605114249/http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=7214&id1=45&issue=20161202|archive-date=5 June 2025|date=2 Dec 2016|access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Vincent Selva}}

[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vincent Selva]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nalla Perai Vaanga Vendum Pillaigale

2026-03-03T02:26:15Z

StephanieWentwor: post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nalla Perai Vaanga Vendum Pillaigale
| image = NallaPeraiVaangaVendum Pillaigale.jpg
| caption =
| director = Prasath Ramar
| writer = Prasath Ramar
| producer = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Senthur Pandeian
* [[Poornima Ravi]]
* Preethy Karan
* Suresh Mathiyalagan
}}
| cinematography = Udhay Thangavel
| editing = Radhakrishnan Dhanapal
| music = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| studio = Poorva Productions
| distributor = Uthraa Productions
| released = {{film date|2024|3|08|df=yes}}{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nalla Perai Vaanga Vendum Pillaigale''''' ({{translation|Kids, you have to get a good name}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by Prasath Ramar. The film stars Senthur Pandeian, [[Poornima Ravi]], Preethy Karan and Suresh Mathiyalagan in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சாலை மார்க்க பயணத்தைப் பேசும் 'நல்ல பேரை வாங்க வேண்டும் பிள்ளைகளே..!' |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/176794 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219184905/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/176794 |archive-date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinamalar |date=2024-02-19 |title=புதுமுகங்கள் அறிமுகமாகும் நல்ல பேரை வாங்க வேண்டும் பிள்ளைகளே {{!}} New faces will be introduced in Nalla perai vanga vendum pillaigale |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/119517/cinema/Kollywood/New-faces-will-be-introduced-in-Nalla-perai-vanga-vendum-pillaigale.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302164256/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/119517/cinema/Kollywood/New-faces-will-be-introduced-in-Nalla-perai-vanga-vendum-pillaigale.htm |archive-date=2024-03-02 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=தினமலர் - சினிமா |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Senthur Pandeian as Ravichandran
* [[Poornima Ravi]] as Sofia Banu
* Preethy Karan as Arasi
* Suresh Mathiyalagan as Gandhi
* Thamilselvi as Sabeena Banu

== Production ==
The film, which commenced production in 2018 and shot over a period of 42 days in [[Madurai]] and [[Mayiladuthurai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Prasad Ramar's Nalla Perai Vanga Vendum Pillaigale To Explore Platonic Relationships |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/prasad-ramars-nalla-perai-vanga-vendum-pillaigale-to-explore-platonic-relationships-8786035.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221130404/https://www.news18.com/movies/prasad-ramars-nalla-perai-vanga-vendum-pillaigale-to-explore-platonic-relationships-8786035.html |archive-date=2024-02-21 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nalla Perai Vaanga Vendum Pillaigale - Official Trailer {{!}} Tamil Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/nalla-perai-vaanga-vendum-pillaigale-official-trailer/videoshow/108198785.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309132144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/nalla-perai-vaanga-vendum-pillaigale-official-trailer/videoshow/108198785.cms |archive-date=2024-03-09 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film received an "A" certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=இந்தப் படத்துக்கு 'A' சான்றிதழா ? - வியப்பை ஏற்படுத்திய சென்சார்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/nalla-perai-vaanga-vendum-pillaigale-movie-get-a-certificate-from-censor-1362263.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229115247/https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/nalla-perai-vaanga-vendum-pillaigale-movie-get-a-certificate-from-censor-1362263.html |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=News18 தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Jayabhuvaneshwari B. of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rate 3 out of 5 and noted that "After all, the title itself translates to "seeking a good name," and the film's team are pretty much at the receiving end of one".<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2024-03-08 |title=Nalla Perai Vaanga Vendum Pillaigale Movie Review: A relatable, non-preachy exploration of modern relationships |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/08/nalla-perai-vaanga-vendum-pillaigale-movie-review-a-relatable-non-preachy-exploration-of-modern-relationships |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film {{fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 and noted that "Director Prasath Ramar seems to have trusted his story, which he believes is in tune with the times we live in, and his dialogues more than anything else to keep audiences hooked. His trust seems to be well placed".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=Nalla Perai Vanga Vendum Pillaigale Review: Witty Dialogues Save The Day for This Film on Dating and Relationships |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/nalla-perai-vanga-vendum-pillaigale-review-witty-dialogues-save-the-day-for-this-film-on-dating-and-relationships-review-108285814 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308012056/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/nalla-perai-vanga-vendum-pillaigale-review-witty-dialogues-save-the-day-for-this-film-on-dating-and-relationships-review-108285814 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Cinema Vikatan]]'' critic wrote that "The film starts and drags straight into the story as a different attempt at the title card. It is special that the screenplay is made in a way that is enjoyable with adult comedy in the course of not thinking about it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=டீம் |first=விகடன் |date=2024-03-08 |title=நல்ல பேரை வாங்க வேண்டும் பிள்ளைகளே விமர்சனம்: அடல்ட் காமெடி தான்; ஆனால், எதனால் கவனம் ஈர்க்கிறது? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/wealthy-dialogues-and-realistic-narration-holds-nalla-perai-vanga-vendum-pillaigale-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308142000/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/wealthy-dialogues-and-realistic-narration-holds-nalla-perai-vanga-vendum-pillaigale-movie |archive-date=2024-03-08 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt31410956}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]

Ankahee (2006 film)

2026-03-02T23:57:30Z

StephanieWentwor: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Long plot|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ankahee
| image = Ankahee 2006 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| producer = [[Pritish Nandy]] [[Rangita Pritish Nandy]]
| screenplay = Yash-Vinay {{infobox | decat = yes | child=yes | label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Girish Dhamija}}
| narrator =
| story = Vikram Bhatt
| starring = [[Aftab Shivdasani]] [[Ameesha Patel]] [[Esha Deol]]
| music = [[Pritam]]
| cinematography = [[Pravin Bhatt]]
| editing = Diwakar Bhonsle Virendra Gharse
| distributor = [[Pritish Nandy Communications]]
| released = {{Film date|2006|05|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ankahee''''' ({{Translation|Unsaid}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]] starring [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Ameesha Patel]] and [[Esha Deol|Esha]]. The film was originally titled ''Aakhir''. It is based upon the life of former [[Miss Universe]] [[Sushmita Sen]], who was publicly in a relationship with Indian film director [[Vikram Bhatt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/17bhatt.htm|title=Ankahee has nothing to do with Sushmita|website=rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/there-is-no-story-to-tell-in-ankahee/story-YfpzYHRtqhbMkLsfL99o0L.html|title=There is no story to tell in Ankahee|date=17 May 2006|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/ankahee-is-the-real-me/cid/1283259|title=?Ankahee is the real me?|website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sheena arrives home when her mother, Nandita, tells her that her father, Shekhar, has sent her a letter and wants to meet her as he's dying from illness. Sheena refuses to meet her father, as he abandoned her and her mother for sixteen years when Sheena was just six years of age. As her mother persuades, she finally agrees and sees him in a bad situation under careful nursing. Unable to express his feelings, Shekhar lends his daughter a diary in which he writes about all the incidents that led to his break-off. Henceforth, the story of Dr. Shekhar unspools.

Sixteen years back, Shekhar and Nandita, with their daughter, had a perfect life; no one could suspect that his complacent heart was laying the seed of betrayal. Shekhar meets an actress and a former beauty queen, Kavya Krishna, at a hospital with her wrist being slit, and slowly the two fall for each other. Shekhar's friend, Dr. Kunal Mehta, a psychiatrist (Amin Hajee), confronts him to stay away from her as he feels that their constant interaction will ruin his marriage.

Shekhar goes to [[Goa]] for a press conference, followed by Kavya, who tells him she had no choice but this to break her loneliness. Something brews between the two as Shekhar goes back to his home in [[Mumbai]]. Soon, Nandita notices that Shekhar is uncomfortable with the surroundings, and as she tries to help him, he starts yelling at her about why she is giving him much importance. More issues pop up as Shekhar misses his daughter's annual school function and decides to confront Kavya to end this relationship. But Kavya leaves no stone unturned; she visits him and explains how she can feel happy only with him. Shekhar gives in.

Nandita tells Shekhar that a journalist from [[Mid-Day]] newspaper had called and wanted to speak to him. Ignoring this call, the next day, he discovers that his relationship with Kavya is printed in the newspaper and has become the talk of the town. Kunal's wife, Shilpa, then spots Nandita at a restaurant and shows her the newspaper, leaving her in complete shock. He and Nandita confront each other about the affair, and it ends with Nandita slapping him on the face. The next day, she apologizes to him and tells him she will do anything to save this marriage. She later visits Kavya's house to confront her and asks her to let her family live in peace. As Shekhar is informed about Nandita's visit to Kavya, he loses his temper and decides to leave the house, telling Nandita how he regrets his marriage.

Sheena's parents are called to her, and the principal tells them that he's upset with the recent change in Sheena's behavior. Sheena tells her father that her classmates have been picking on her after his affair with the star; he denies it when she asks him whether it is true or not. Kavya's manager (Deepak Qazir) asks her to stop making her personal life public, as her reputation is being ruined. Kavya blames Nandita for everything and fires the manager, thinking he is working against her. She then asks Shekhar to choose between her and Nandita, as she would not mind risking her own life to keep her man exclusively for herself. Torn between the two women, Shekhar decides to split from his wife and his daughter. Nandita calls him, asking him to pay his daughter a visit as she's sick. Kavya refuses to let him go and tells him this is Nandita's plan to take him back. Shekhar gets furious and yells at her, saying she is mad, lonely, and mentally ill. Kavya is hurt, so she grabs a gun and shoots herself. Shekhar goes back to Nandita, asking her for forgiveness, but she turns him down. After reading all this, Sheena goes back to her father and hugs him as he apologizes to her. She accepts his apology, and the next day, she wakes up to find her father has died. Sheena asks her to forgive him, too, and she finally agrees.

== Cast ==
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Shekhar Saxena
* [[Ameesha Patel]] as Nandita Saxena
* [[Esha Deol|Esha]] as Kavya Krishna
* [[Hrishita Bhatt]] as Sheena Saxena (Special appearance)
** [[Khushi Dubey]] as Young Sheena Saxena
* Amin Hajee as Dr. Kunal Mehta
* [[Vikas Bhalla]] as Kavya's ex-boyfriend
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]] as Shilpa Mehta
* Deepak Qazir as Kavya's manager
* [[Vikram Bhatt]] (Uncredited)

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ankahee
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|03|25}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=43|s=00}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Pritam
| prev_title = [[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Pyaar Ke Side Effects]]
| next_year = 2006
}}
The soundtrack for ''Ankahee'' has music by [[Pritam]] with lyrics from Amitabh Varma, [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]] and Subrat Sinha.

=== Track listing ===
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singers
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| title1 = Aa Paas Aa
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 6:33
| title2 = Ankahee
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length2 = 4:06
| title3 = Ankahee – 1
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Abrar-ul-Haq]]
| length3 = 4:56
| title4 = Ek Pal Ke Liye
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]]
| length4 = 5:55
| title5 = Ek Pal
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length5 = 5:43
| title6 = Ek Pal 2
| note6 =
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 =
| music6 =
| extra6 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length6 = 5:39
| title7 = Lamha
| note7 =
| writer7 =
| lyrics7 =
| music7 =
| extra7 = [[Babul Supriyo]]
| length7 = 5:02
| title8 = Tumse Yu Milenge
| note8 =
| writer8 =
| lyrics8 =
| music8 =
| extra8 = Kunal Ganjawala
| length8 = 5:08
}}

== Reception ==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 3 out of 5, writing, "On the whole, ANKAHEE is a sensitive tale that has been executed and performed with flourish. At the box-office, it caters to the elite crowd and ladies mainly -- those who have an appetite for true to life, mature and meaningful cinema. The film has the merits to grow with a strong word of mouth in days to come. Its business at multiplexes of metros should be the best. Recommended!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ankahee/critic-review/ankahee-movie-review/|title=Ankahee Review|first=Taran|last=Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 May 2006}}</ref> Diganta Guha of [[Hindustan Times]] gave the film 3 out of 5, praising the emotions, screenplay, and the performances. She further wrote, "With due respect to the script, the film is heavily performance-oriented, too - Aftab, Ameesha and Esha get equal footage and play their respective parts with grace."<ref>{{cite news |last=Guha |first=Diganta |date=20 May 2006 |title=REVIEW: Ankahee deserves applause |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/review-ankahee-deserves-applause/story-i2Y26YeMV4SsuSK1sG5ejP.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Kolkata |access-date=12 September 2024}}</ref>

Conversely, [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film 1.5 out of 5, writing, "Vikram Bhatt may have felt a lot of emotions, but Ankahee leaves you with just one: boredom."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/19ankahee.htm|title=Esha Deol rocks, Ankahee does not|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0495022|Ankahee}}

{{Vikram Bhatt}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 thriller films]]
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vikram Bhatt]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:2006 romantic drama films]]

Malwa

2026-03-01T18:57:47Z

StephanieWentwor: content update

{{about|the region in Central India|the region in North India|Malwa (Punjab)|the Indian State that existed between 1948 and 1956|Malwa Union}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Citation style|date=February 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malwa
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[Natural region]] (former administrative division)
| image_map = Malwa India closeup 1823.png
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Malwa (highlighted) as per 1823 depiction of India by [[Fielding Lucas Jr.]]
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 83,535
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>Average elevation of the Malawa Plateau</ref>
| elevation_m = 500
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 22,773,993
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Major languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malwi]], [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Birth rate]]
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics1_title3 = [[Death rate]]
| demographics1_info3 =
| demographics1_title4 = [[Infant mortality rate]]
| demographics1_info4 =
| blank_name = Largest city
| blank_info = [[Indore]]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Malwa''' ({{ipa|hi|maːlʋaː|ipa}}) is a [[historical region|historical]] [[list of regions in India|region]] of west-central [[India]] occupying a [[plateau]] of volcanic origin. Geologically, the '''Malwa Plateau''' generally refers to the [[volcanic plateau|volcanic upland]] north of the [[Vindhya Range]]. Politically and administratively, it is also synonymous with the former state of [[Madhya Bharat]] which was later merged with [[Madhya Pradesh]]. At present the historical Malwa region includes districts of western [[Madhya Pradesh]] and parts of south-eastern [[Rajasthan]]. Sometimes the definition of Malwa is extended to include the [[Nimar]] region south of the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhyas]].

The Malwa region had been a separate political unit from the time of the ancient [[Malava Kingdom]], and has been ruled by several kingdoms and dynasties. Malwa continued to be an administrative division until 1947, when the [[Malwa Agency]] of [[British India]] was merged into [[Madhya Bharat]] (also known as Malwa Union) state of independent India.

Although its political borders have fluctuated throughout history, the region has developed its own distinct culture, influenced by the Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati cultures. Several [[List of people from Malwa|prominent people]] in the history of India have lived in Malwa, including the poet and dramatist [[Kalidasa]], the author [[Bhartrihari]], the mathematicians and astronomers [[Varahamihira]] and [[Brahmagupta]], and the polymath king [[Bhoja]]. [[Ujjain]] had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of the region in ancient times, and [[Indore]] is now the largest city and commercial center.

Overall, [[agriculture]] is the main occupation of the people of Malwa. The region has been one of the important producers of [[opium]] in the world. Wheat and soybeans are other important cash crops, and textiles are a major industry.

Malwi is a [[demonym]] given to people from the Malwa region.

== History ==
[[File:NavdatoliGoblet1300BCE.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Ceramic goblet of the [[Malwa culture]] from Navdatoli, Malwa, 1300 BCE.]]
[[File:Coin showing Karttikeya and Lakshmi, Ujjain, circa 150–75 BC.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Coin showing [[Karttikeya]] and [[Lakshmi]] (Ujjain, {{Circa|150}}–75 BC)]]
Several early Stone Age or [[Lower Paleolithic]] habitations have been excavated in eastern Malwa.<ref>{{cite journal
|title = Early Stone Age Habitation Sites in Eastern Malwa
|last = Jacobson
|first = Jerome
|journal = [[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]
|publisher = [[American Philosophical Society]]
|issn = 0003-049X
|volume = 119
|issue = 4
|year = 1975
|pages = 280–97
|jstor = 986290
}}</ref> The name ''Malwa'' is derived from the name of the ancient Indian tribe of ''[[Malava Kingdom|Malavas]]''. The name ''Malava'' is said to be derived from the Sanskrit term ''Malav'', which means "part of the abode of ''[[Lakshmi]]''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Malwa-Plateau|title=Malwa Plateau | plateau, India | Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201041357/https://www.britannica.com/place/Malwa-Plateau|url-status=live}}</ref> The location of the Malwa or ''Moholo'', mentioned by the 7th-century Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]], is plausibly identified with present-day Gujarat.<ref name="encyclopbr">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Malwa |volume=17 |page=518}}</ref> The region is cited as ''Malibah'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] records, such as ''Kamilu-t Tawarikh'' by Ibn Asir.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

The [[Malwa culture|Malwa Culture]] was a [[Chalcolithic]] [[archaeological culture]] which existed in the Malwa region, as well as nearby parts of [[Maharashtra]] to the south, during the 2nd millennium BCE.<ref>P. K. Basant (2012), [https://books.google.com/books?id=KOJ8aT3xYPoC ''City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa''], p.85</ref><ref>Upinder Singh (2008), [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century''], p.227</ref>

[[Ujjain]], also known historically as ''Ujjaiyini'' and ''Avanti'', emerged as the first major centre in the Malwa region during India's second wave of [[urbanization|urbanisation]] in the 7th century BC (the first wave was the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]). Around 600 BCE an earthen rampart was built around Ujjain, enclosing a city of considerable size. Ujjain was the capital city of the [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] kingdom, one of the prominent [[mahajanapada]]s of ancient India. In the post-[[Mahabharata]] period—around 500 BCE—[[Avanti (region)|Avanti]] was an important kingdom in western India; it was ruled by the [[Haihayas]], a people who were responsible for the destruction of Naga power in [[western India]].<ref name="ahmad">Ahmad, S. H., ''Anthropometric measurements and ethnic affinities of the Bhil and their allied groups of Malwa area.'', Anthropological Survey of India,1991, ''{{ISBN|81-85579-07-5}}''</ref>

The region was conquered by the [[Nanda Empire]] in the mid-4th century BCE, and subsequently became part of the [[Maurya Empire]]. [[Ashoka]], who was later a Mauryan emperor, was governor of Ujjain in his youth. After the death of Ashoka in 232 BCE, the Maurya Empire began to collapse. Although evidence is sparse, Malwa was probably ruled by the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]]as, the [[Indo-Scythians|Shakas]] and the [[Satavahana dynasty]] during the 1st and 2nd century CE. Ownership of the region was the subject of dispute between the [[Western Kshatrapas]] and the [[Satavahana]]s during the first three centuries AD. Ujjain emerged a major trading centre during the 1st century CE.
[[File:Rupmati Pavilion 01.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Rani [[Roopmati]] Pavilion at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], built by [[Baz Bahadur|Miyan Bayezid Baz Bahadur]] (1555–62) ]]

Malwa became part of the [[Gupta Empire]] during the reign of [[Chandragupta II]] (375–413), also known as ''Vikramaditya'', who conquered the region, driving out the [[Western Kshatrapa]]s. The Gupta period is widely regarded as a golden age in the history of Malwa, when Ujjain served as the empire's western capital. The astronomer [[Varāhamihira|Varahamihira]] was based in Ujjain, which emerged as a major centre of learning, especially in [[astronomy]] and [[mathematics]]. Around 500, Malwa re-emerged from the dissolving [[Gupta Empire]] as a separate kingdom; in 528, [[Yasodharman]] of Malwa defeated the [[Hunas]], who had invaded India from the north-west.

During the seventh century, the region became part of [[Harsha]]'s empire, who disputed the region with the [[Chalukya]] king [[Pulakesin II]] of [[Badami]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. During his reign the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] pilgrim monk [[Xuanzang]] had visited India and mentions seeing a hundred Buddhist monasteries along with a same number of Deva temples of different kinds with the adherents of [[Pashupata Shaivism]] making a majority. He also states that there were two places in India that were remarkable for the great learning of the people, viz., Malwa and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. The people there esteemed virtue, were of an intelligent mind and exceedingly studious.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220271.html | title=Country of Mo-la-p'o (Malava) [Chapter 5] | date=28 June 2018 | access-date=23 March 2023 | archive-date=4 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140050/https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220271.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 756 AD [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] advanced into Malwa.<ref>Asiatic Society of Bombay, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', The Society, 1951, p. 56</ref> In 786 the region was captured by the [[Rashtrakuta]] kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of [[Kannauj]] until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] appointed the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] rulers as governors of Malwa.<ref>Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p.294</ref> From the mid-tenth century, Kingdom of Malwa was ruled by the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoja]], who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, [[town planning]], [[veterinary science]], [[phonetics]], [[yoga]], and [[archery]]. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including [[Bhāskara II]]. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|conquered by the Delhi Sultanate]]. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref>The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.159-160</ref>
[[File:Khaljis of Malwa.png|thumb|right|250px|Map of the Khaljis of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] at their height]]
[[Dilawar Khan]], previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after the [[Mughals|Mughal]] conqueror [[Timur]] attacked [[Delhi]], causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the ''[[Malwa Sultanate]]'' and established a capital at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]], high in the [[Vindhya Range]] overlooking the [[Narmada River]] valley. His son and successor, [[Hoshang Shah]] (1405–35), developed Mandu as an important city. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by [[Mahmud Khalji]] (1436–69), the first of the [[Malwa Sultanate#The Khalji dynasty (1436–1531)|Khalji]] sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. The Muslim sultans invited the [[Rajput|Rajputs]] to settle in the country. Rajputs from various clans came and settled in Malwa. They came from different parts of [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], and many other regions of India. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the [[Sesodia]] Rajput kings of [[Mewar]]. During that time Much of the Malwa was conquered by [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]] who appointed one of his close allies [[Medini Rai]] as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. [[Chanderi]] was capital of his kingdom.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|pp=156-157}}After the defeat of [[Rajput|Rajput confederation]] in [[Battle of Khanwa]] near [[Agra]] against [[Babur]] which was fought for Supremacy of [[Northern India]] between [[Rajputs]] and [[Mughals]].{{sfn|Gopinath Sharma|1954|pp=8}}[[Babur]] then sieged [[Chanderi]] offering Shamsabad to Medini rai instead of Chanderi as it was the capital of his kingdom and was of great importance but Rai refused [[Babur]]'s offer and chose to die. He was defeated by [[Babur]] in January 1528 at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and [[Babur]] conquered the fort.{{sfn|Gopinath Sharma|1954|pp=39}}

[[Gujarat]] stormed Mandu in 1518. In 1531, [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]], captured Mandu, executed Mahmud II (1511–31), and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=116}}</ref> The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Malwa in 1562 and made it a [[Subah (province)|subah]] (province) of his empire. The [[Malwa Subah]] existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century. During the 17th century much of Western Malwa was held by the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathor]]s of the Ratanawat branch. The Ratanawats later broke into several states which later became [[Ratlam State]], [[Sitamau State]] and [[Sailana State]]. Some of the lesser states were [[Multhan]] and [[Kachi-Baroda]].<ref>The Rathores of Marwar pg.108-109</ref><ref>Malwa in Transition Or a Century of Anarchy: The First Phase, 1698-1765</ref>

[[File:Holkar courtian coolspark.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Sculpture of a Holkar courtier from Fort Ahilya.]]
As the Mughal state weakened after 1700, the [[Marathas]] held sway over Malwa under leadership of [[Chimnaji Appa]], [[Nemaji Shinde]] and [[Chimnaji Damodar]] were the first [[Maratha]] generals to cross the boundary of [[Maharashtra]] and to invade in Malwa in 1698. Subsequently, [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] (1694–1766) became leader of Maratha armies in Malwa in 1724, and in 1733 the Maratha [[Peshwa]] granted him control of most of the region, which was formally ceded by the Mughals in 1738. [[Ranoji Scindia]], noted Maratha commander, established his headquarters at Ujjain in 1721.{{cn|date=January 2024}}. This capital was later moved to [[Gwalior State]] by [[Daulatrao Scindia]]. Another Maratha general, Anand Rao [[Pawar]], established himself as the Raja of [[Dhar State|Dhar]] in 1742, and the two Pawar brothers became Rajas of [[Dewas State (Maratha Confederacy)|Dewas State]].

At the end of the 18th century, Malwa became the venue of fighting between the rival Maratha powers and the headquarters of the [[Pindari]]s, who were irregular plunderers. The Pindaris were rooted out in a campaign by the British general [[Lord Hastings]], and further order was established under [[Sir John Malcolm]].<ref name="encyclopbr" /> The [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] dynasty ruled Malwa from [[Indore]] and [[Maheshwar]] on the [[Narmada river|Narmada]] until 1818, when the Marathas were defeated by the British in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], and the Holkars of Indore became a [[princely state]] of the [[British Raj]].

After 1818 the British organised the numerous princely states of central India into the [[Central India Agency]]; the Malwa Agency was a division of [[Central India]], with an area of {{convert|23100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and a population of 1,054,753 in 1901. It comprised the states of [[Dewas State]] ([[Dewas Senior|senior]] and [[Dewas Junior|junior branch]]), [[Jaora]], [[Ratlam]], [[Sitamau]] and [[Sailana]], together with a large part of [[Gwalior]], parts of Indore and [[Tonk (princely state)|Tonk]], and about 35 small estates and holdings. Political power was exercised from [[Neemuch]].<ref name="encyclopbr" />

Upon [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian independence]] in 1947, the Holkars and other princely rulers acceded to India, and most of Malwa became part of the new state of [[Madhya Bharat]], which was merged into Madhya Pradesh in 1956.

== Geography ==
[[File:Hindostan_1814_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Malwa (central India, in yellow), as depicted in the ''Ostell's New General Atlas'', 1814]]
The Malwa region occupies a plateau in western Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern [[Rajasthan]] (between {{Coord|21|10|N|73|45|E|}} and {{Coord|25|10|N|79|14|E|}}),<ref name="ahmad" /> with [[Gujarat]] in the west. The region includes the Madhya Pradesh districts of [[Agar malwa|Agar]], [[Dewas District|Dewas]], [[Dhar District|Dhar]], [[Indore District|Indore]], [[Jhabua District|Jhabua]], [[Mandsaur District|Mandsaur]], [[Neemuch District|Neemuch]], [[Rajgarh District|Rajgarh]], [[Ratlam District|Ratlam]], [[Shajapur District|Shajapur]], [[Ujjain District|Ujjain]], and parts of [[Guna District|Guna]] and [[Sehore District|Sehore]], and the Rajasthan districts of [[Jhalawar]] and parts of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Banswara]] and [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]].

Malwa is bounded in the north-east by the [[Hadoti]] region, in the north-west by the [[Mewar]] region, in the west by the [[Vagad]] region and [[Gujarat]]. To the south and east is the Vindhya Range and to the north is the [[Bundelkhand]] upland.

The plateau is an extension of the [[Deccan Traps]], formed between 60 and 68 [[geologic timescale|million years ago]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ksgeo.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp/~iwata/personal/Deccan-e.htm |title= Geochronological Study of the Deccan Volcanism by the 40Ar-39Ar Method |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060225205236/http://ksgeo.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp/~iwata/personal/Deccan-e.htm |archivedate=2006-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/Deccan.html|title=Deccan Traps|website=www.mantleplumes.org|access-date=15 November 2005|archive-date=26 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226083611/http://www.mantleplumes.org/Deccan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> at the end of the [[Cretaceous]] [[Geologic period|period]]. In this region the main classes of soil are [[Vertisol|black]], brown and ''bhatori'' (stony) soil. The volcanic, clay-like soil of the region owes its black colour to the high [[iron]] content of the [[basalt]] from which it formed. The soil requires less irrigation because of its high capacity for moisture retention. The other two soil types are lighter and have a higher proportion of sand.

The average elevation of the plateau is 500 m. Some of the peaks over 800 m high are at Sigar (881 m), [[Janapav]] (854 m) and Ghajari (810 m). The plateau generally slopes towards the north. The western part of the region is drained by the [[Mahi River]], while the [[Chambal River]] drains the central part, and the [[Betwa River]] and the headwaters of the [[Dhasan River|Dhasan]] and [[Ken River|Ken]] rivers drain the east. The [[Shipra River]] is of historical importance because of the [[Ujjain Simhastha|Simhasth mela]], held every 12 years. Other notable rivers are [[Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)|Parbati]], [[Gambhir river, Rajasthan|Gambhir]] and [[Choti Kali Sindh]].

Due to its altitude of about 550 to 600 meters above mean sea level, the region has comparatively cool evenings against the hot days during the summer season.<ref>{{cite book|title=Omkareshwar and Maheshwar: Travel Guide|date=2011|publisher=Goodearth Publications|isbn=9789380262246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0RpUoGiou4C|language=en|page=79|access-date=25 September 2020|archive-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230130529/https://books.google.com/books?id=_0RpUoGiou4C|url-status=live}}</ref> Even if the day temperature reaches 42 to 43 degrees Celsius, the night temperatures are always in range of 20 to 22 degrees making the climate much cooler than the other areas of the region. The cool morning wind, the ''karaman'', and an evening breeze, the ''{{vanchor|Shab-e-Malwa}}'', make the summers less harsh. The term ''Shab-e-Malwa'', meaning dusk in Malwa (from ''shab'', [[Urdu]] for night), was introduced by the [[Mughals]].

[[File:Mhow2 coolspark.jpg|left|250px|thumb| The Vindhya Range marks the southern boundary of the plateau, and is the source of many rivers of the region.]]
The year is popularly divided into three seasons: summer, the rains, and winter. Summer extends over the months of [[Chaitra]] to [[Jyestha]] (mid-March to mid-May). The average maximum temperature during the summer months is 37 °C, which typically rises to around 40 °C on a few days. The rainy season starts with the first showers of [[Aashaadha]] (mid-June) and extends to the middle of [[Ashvin]] (September). Most of the rain falls during the southwest [[monsoon]] spell, and ranges from about 80 cm in the west to about 10.5 cm in the east. Indore and the immediately surrounding areas receive an average of 90 cm of rainfall a year. The growing period lasts from 90 to 150 days, during which the average daily temperature is below 30 °C, but seldom falls below 20 °C. Winter is the longest of the three seasons, extending for about five months (mid-Ashvin to [[Phalgun]], i.e., October to mid-March). The average daily minimum temperature ranges from 6 °C to 9 °C, though on some nights it can fall as low as 3 °C. Some cultivators believe that an occasional winter shower during the months of [[Pausha]] and [[Maagha]]—known as Mawta—is helpful to the early summer wheat and germ crops.<ref name="ahmad" />

[[File:Sambar chennai.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Sambhar is one of the most common wild animals found in the region.]]
The region is part of the [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]] [[ecoregion]], [[Narmada valley dry deciduous forests]], and [[Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests]].

[[Vegetation]]: The natural vegetation is [[tropical dry forest]], with scattered [[teak]] ''(Tectona grandis)'' forests. The main trees are ''[[Butea]]'', ''[[Bombax]]'', ''[[Anogeissus]]'', ''[[Acacia]]'', ''[[Buchanania]]'' and ''[[Boswellia]]''. The shrubs or small trees include species of ''[[Grewia]]'', [[Ziziphus mauritiana]], [[Casearia]], [[Prosopis]], [[Capparis]], [[Woodfordia]], ''[[Phyllanthus]],'' and ''[[Carissa]]''.

[[Wildlife]]: [[Sambar Deer|Sambhar]] ''(Cervus unicolor)'', [[Blackbuck]] ''(Antilope cervicapra)'', and [[Chinkara]] ''(Gazella bennettii)'' are some common [[ungulate]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dewas.nic.in/index_01.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109062050/http://www.dewas.nic.in/index_01.htm|url-status=dead|title=Dewas district|archivedate=9 January 2006}}</ref>
During the last century, deforestation has happened at a fast rate, leading to environmental problems such as acute [[water scarcity]] and the danger that the region is being desertified.

== Demographics ==
[[File:gaduliya.jpg|right|250px|thumb| A girl from the [[Gadia Lohar]]s nomadic tribe of [[Marwar]], cooking on the outskirts of a village in Ratlam district]]
The population of the Malwa region was 22,773,993 in 2011, with a population density of a moderate 270/km2. The annual birth rate in the region was 31.6 per 1000, and the death rate 10.3. The infant mortality rate was 93.8, slightly higher than the overall rate for the Madhya Pradesh state.

There are numerous tribes in the region, such as the [[Bhils]]—and their allied groups, the [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]]s the [[Bhilala]]s, [[Barela]]s and [[Pateliya|Patelia]]s—and the [[Meenas]], who all differ to a remarkable degree from the regional population in their dialects and social life. They encompass a variety of languages and cultures. Some tribes of the region, notably the [[Kanjar]]s, were [[Denotified Tribes|notified]] in the 19th century for their criminal activities, but have since been denotified. A nomadic tribe from the [[Marwar]] region of Rajasthan, the [[Gadia Lohar]]s—who work as ''lohars'' (blacksmiths)—visit the region at the start of the agricultural season to repair and sell agricultural tools and implements, stopping temporarily on the outskirts of villages and towns and residing in their ornate metal carts. The [[Kalbelia]] is another nomadic tribe from Rajasthan that regularly visits the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nativeplanet.org/indigenous/cultures/india/kalbeliya/kalbeliya.shtml|title=Rajasthan Desert's Gypsy Women: The Kalbeliya and Bopa Women visit Pushkar Fair|website=www.nativeplanet.org|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124045500/https://www.nativeplanet.org/indigenous/cultures/india/kalbeliya/kalbeliya.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===

{{Pie chart| thumb = right
|label1=[[Hindu]]|value1=89.03|color1=orange
|label2=[[Muslim]]|value2=9.17|color2=green
|label3=Others|value3=1.80|color3=grey
|caption=Religion in Malwa (2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226022814/http://censusindia.gov.in/%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

Malwa has a significant number of [[Dawoodi Bohras]], a subsect of [[Shia]] Muslims from Gujarat, who are mostly businessmen by profession. Besides speaking the local languages, the Bohras have their own language, [[Lisan al-Dawat]]. The [[Patidar]]s, who Migrated from Gujarat settle in the Malwa-nimar. The Whole Malwa-Nimar belt is dominated by Patidar's who are large landowner's.

===Languages===

The most spoken language in the Malwa region is [[Malvi language|Malvi]],{{cn|date=August 2025}} which is the regional language, and [[Hindi]] is spoken in the cities. [[Marathi language|Marathi]] is also spoken considerably in the regions of [[Indore]], [[Dhar]], [[Dewas]] and [[Ujjain]]. A significant number of [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]], [[Jat]]s, [[Rajput]]s and [[Bania (caste)|Banias]] also live in the region. The [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], who settled in the region after the [[partition of India]], are an important part of the business community. Like southern Rajasthan, the region has a significant number of [[Jain]]s, who are mostly traders and businesspeople. The region is home to smaller numbers of [[Goan Catholics]], [[Anglo-Indian]]s, [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] and [[Zoroastrian|Parsis]] or Zoroastrians. The Parsis are closely connected to the growth and evolution of [[Mhow]], which has a Parsi fire temple and a [[Tower of Silence]].

== Economy ==
[[File:Children in opium field - Malwa.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Children in an [[opium]] field in Malwa]]
[[Indore]] is the commercial capital of Malwa region and Madhya Pradesh as state. Malwa is one of the world's major opium producers. This crop resulted in development of close connections between the economies of Malwa, the western Indian ports and [[China]], bringing international capital to the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. Malwa opium was a challenge to the [[monopoly]] of the [[British East India Company]], which was supplying [[Bengal]] opium to China. This led the British company to impose many restrictions on the production and trade of the drug; eventually, opium trading was pushed underground (see [[Opium Trading in Mumbai]] for more information). When smuggling became rife, the [[British Empire|British]] eased the restrictions. Today, the region is one of the largest producers of legal opium in the world. There is a central, government-owned opium and alkaloid factory in the city of Neemuch. Nevertheless, there is a still a significant amount of illicit opium production, which is channelled into the black market. The headquarters of India's Central Bureau of Narcotics is in [[Gwalior]]. The [[Rajputana-Malwa Railway]] was opened in 1876.

The region is predominantly agricultural. The brown soil in parts of the region is particularly suitable for the cultivation of such ''unalu'' (early summer) crops as wheat, gram (''[[Cicer arietinum]]'') and til (''[[Sesamum indicum]]''). Relatively poor soil is used for the cultivation of such ''syalu'' (early winter) crops as millet (''[[sorghum|Andropogon sorghum]]''), maize (''[[Zea mays]]''), [[mung bean]] (''Vigna radiata''), [[urad (bean)|urad]] (''Vigna mungo''), batla (''[[Pisum sativum]]'') and peanuts (''[[peanut|Arachis hypogaea]]''). Overall, the main crops are jowar, rice, wheat, coarse millet, peanuts and pulses, soya bean, cotton, linseed, sesame and sugarcane. Sugar mills are located in numerous small towns.

The black, volcanic soil is ideal for the cultivation of cotton, and textile manufacture is an important industry. Large centres of textile production include Indore, Ujjain and Nagda. Maheshwar is known for its fine ''Maheshwari'' saris, and [[Mandsaur]] for its coarse woollen blankets. Handicrafts are an important source of income for the tribal population. Coloured lacquerware from Ratlam, rag dolls from [[Indore]], and papier-mâché articles from Indore, Ujjain and several other centres are well known.

Mandsaur district is the sole producer in India of white- and red-coloured [[slate]], used in the district's 110 slate pencil factories. There is a cement factory in Neemuch. Apart from this, the region lacks mineral resources. The region's industries mainly produce consumer goods—but there are now many centres of large- and medium-scale industries, including Indore, [[Nagda]] and Ujjain. Indore has a large-scale factory that produces diesel engines. [[Pithampur]], an industrial town 25 km from Indore, is known as the Detroit of India for its heavy concentration of automotive industry. Indore is recognised as the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh, and is the main centre for trade in textiles and agro-based products. It has one of the six [[Indian Institute of Management Indore|Indian Institutes of Management]] and one of sixteen [[Indian Institute of Technology Indore|Indian Institute of Technology]].

== Culture ==
[[File:Figurine coolspark.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A Maratha-styled sculpture from Maheshwar]]
The culture of Malwa has been significantly influenced by Gujarati and Rajasthani culture, because of their geographic proximity. [[Marathi people|Marathi]] influence is also visible, because of recent rule by the [[Marathas]].

The main language of Malwa is [[Malvi language|Malvi]], although Hindi is widely spoken in the cities. This Indo-European language is subclassified as Indo-Aryan. The language is sometimes referred to as Malavi or Ujjaini. Malvi is part of the [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] branch of languages; Nimadi is spoken in the [[Nimar]] region of Madhya Pradesh and in Rajasthan. The dialects of Malvi are, in alphabetical order, Bachadi, [[Pawari|Pawari/Bhoyari]] in Betul, Chhindwara, Pandhurna and Wardha districts.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&q=bhoyari |title=central provinces district gazetteers chhindwara 1907 ,पृष्ठ क्रमांक 43, 63 |year=1907 |publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140051/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uErAQAAIAAJ&q=bhoyari |url-status=live }}</ref> Dholewari, Hoshangabadi, Jamral, Katiyai, Malvi Proper, Patvi, Rangari, Rangri and Sondwari. A survey in 2001 found only five dialects: Ujjaini (in the districts of [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]], [[Indore district|Indore]], [[Dewas district|Dewas]], [[Dhar district|Dhar]], [[Agar Malwa]] and [[Sehore district|Sehore]]), Rajawari ([[Ratlam district|Ratlam]], [[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur]] and [[Neemuch district|Neemuch]]), Umathwari ([[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]]) and Sondhwari ([[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]]) and [[Bhoyari]]/[[Pawari]] (in the districts of [[Betul district|Betul]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]], [[Pandhurna District|Pandhurna]] and [[Wardha district|Wardha]]). About 55% of the population of Malwa can converse in and about 40% of the population is literate in Hindi, the official language of the Madhya Pradesh state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mup|title=Malvi|website=Ethnologue|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330164606/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mup|url-status=live}}</ref>

Traditional Malwa food has elements of [[Rajasthani cuisine|Rajasthani]], [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujarati]] and [[Maharashtrian cuisine|Maharashtrian]] cuisine. Traditionally, [[jowar]] was the staple cereal, but after the [[Green Revolution in India]], wheat has replaced jowar as the most important food crop; many are [[vegetarian]]s. Since the climate is mostly dry throughout the year, most people rely on stored foods such as pulses, and green vegetables are rare. A typical snack of Malwa is the ''bhutta ri kees'' (made with grated corn roasted in [[ghee]] and later cooked in milk with spices). ''Chakki ri shaak'' is made of wheat dough, which is washed under running water, steamed and then used in a gravy of curd. The traditional bread of Malwa is called ''baati/bafla'', which is essentially a small, round ball of wheat flour, roasted over dung cakes, in the traditional way. ''[[Baati]]'' is typically eaten with dal (pulses), while ''baflas'' are dripping with ghee and soaked with dal. The ''amli ri kadhi'' is ''kadhi'' made with tamarind instead of yogurt. Sweet cakes, made of a variety of wheat called ''tapu'', are prepared during religious festivities. Sweet cereal called ''thulli'' is also typically eaten with milk or yoghurt. Traditional desserts include ''mawa-bati'' (milk-based sweet similar to [[Gulab jamun]]), ''khoprapak'' (coconut-based sweet), ''[[shreekhand]]'' (yogurt based) and ''malpua''.

''[[Lavani]]'' is a widely practised form of folk music in southern Malwa, which was brought to the region by the [[Marathas]]. The ''Nirguni Lavani'' (philosophical) and the ''Shringari Lavani'' (erotic) are two of the main genres. The Bhils have their own folk songs, which are always accompanied by dance. The folk musical modes of Malwa are of four or five notes, and in rare cases six. The devotional music of the ''Nirguni'' cult is popular throughout Malwa. Legends of ''Raja'' Bhoj and ''Bijori'', the ''Kanjar'' girl, and the tale of ''Balabau'' are popular themes for folk songs. Insertions known as ''stobha'' are commonly used in Malwa music; this can occur in four ways: the ''matra stobha'' (syllable insertion), ''varna stobha'' (letter insertion), ''shabda stobha'' (word insertion) and ''vakya stobha'' (sentence insertion).

[[File:Mhow coolspark.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Typical countryside near Mhow during the [[monsoon]] season]]

Malwa was the centre of [[Sanskrit literature]] during and after the Gupta period. The region's most famous playwright, [[Kalidasa]], is considered to be the greatest Indian writer ever. His first surviving play is ''Malavikagnimitra'' (Malavika and Agnimitra). Kalidasa's second play, his masterpiece, is the [[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]], which tells the story of king Dushyanta, who falls in love with a girl of lowly birth, the lovely Shakuntala. The last of Kalidasa's surviving plays is ''[[Vikramuurvashiiya]]'' ("Urvashi conquered by valour"). Kalidasa also wrote the epic poems ''[[Raghuvamsha]]'' ("Dynasty of Raghu"), ''[[Ritusamhaara|Ritusamhāra]]'' and ''Kumarasambhava'' ("Birth of the war god"), as well as the lyric ''[[Meghaduuta]]'' ("The cloud messenger").

''[[Swang (dance drama)|Swang]]'' is a popular dance form in Malwa; its roots go back to the origins of the Indian theatre tradition in the first millennium BC. Since women did not participate in the dance-drama form, men enacted their roles. ''Swang'' incorporates suitable theatrics and mimicry, accompanied alternately by song and dialogue. The genre is dialogue-oriented rather than movement-oriented.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boloji.com/dances/00123.htm |title='Swang' – The Folk Dance of Malwa |access-date=17 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106195236/http://www.boloji.com/dances/00123.htm |archive-date=6 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Mandana'' (literally painting) wall and floor paintings are the best-known painting traditions of Malwa. White drawings stand out in contrast to the base material consisting of a mixture of red clay and cow dung. Peacocks, cats, lions, goojari, bawari, the [[swastika]] and chowk are some motifs of this style. ''Sanjhya'' is a ritual wall painting done by young girls during the annual period when Hindus remember and offer ritual oblation to their ancestors. Malwa miniature paintings are well known for their intricate brushwork.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ignca.nic.in/nl002903.htm |title=Paintings of Mewar and Malwa |access-date=15 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830194450/http://ignca.nic.in/nl002903.htm |archive-date=30 August 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 17th century, an offshoot of the Rajasthani school of miniature painting, known as ''Malwa painting'', was centred largely in Malwa and Bundelkhand. The school preserved the style of the earliest examples, such as the ''Rasikapriya'' series dated 1636 (after a poem analysing the love sentiment) and the ''Amaru Sataka'' (a 17th-century Sanskrit poem). The paintings from this school are flat compositions on black and chocolate-brown backgrounds, with figures shown against a solid colour patch, and architecture painted in vibrant colours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://filmylabs.blogspot.com/2019/02/badla-movie-2019-badla-trailer-badla.html|title=Malwa painting on Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224174255/https://filmylabs.blogspot.com/2019/02/badla-movie-2019-badla-trailer-badla.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The biggest festival of Malwa is the ''Simhastha mela'', held every 12 years, in which more than 40 million pilgrims take a holy dip in river [[Shipra]]. The festival of ''Gana-gour'' is celebrated in honour of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. The history of the festival goes back to ''Rano Bai'', whose parental home was in Malwa, but who was married in Rajasthan. Rano Bai was strongly attached to Malwa, and did not want to stay in Rajasthan. After marriage, she was allowed to visit Malwa only once a year; ''Gana-gour'' symbolises these annual return visits. The festival is observed by women in the region once in the month of ''Chaitra'' (mid-March) and ''Bhadra'' (mid-August). The ''Ghadlya'' (earthen pot) festival is celebrated by the girls of the region, who gather to visit every house in their village in the evenings, carrying earthen pots with holes for the light from oil lamps inside to escape. In front of every house, the girls recite songs connected with the Ghadlya and receive food or money in return. The ''Gordhan'' festival is celebrated on the 16th day in the month of Kartika. The [[Bhil]]s of the region sing ''Heeda'', anecdotal songs to the cattle, while the women sing the ''Chandrawali'' song, associated with [[Krishna]]'s romance.

The most popular fairs are held in the months of ''[[Phalguna]]'', ''[[Chaitra]]'', ''[[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]]'', ''Ashvin'' and ''[[Kartika (month)|Kartik]]''. The ''Chaitra'' fair, held at Biaora, and the ''Gal yatras'', held at more than two dozen villages in Malwa are remarkable. Many fairs are held in the tenth day of the month of ''Bhadra'' to mark the birth of [[Tejaji]]. The ''Triveni mela'' is held at Ratlam, and other fairs take place in ''Kartika'' at Ujjain, Mandhata (Nimad), among others.

Muslim community of Malwa is headed by Mufti e Azam Malwa or Grand Mufti of Malwa, who follows Aala Hazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan (an important leader of Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/barelvi.html|title=Barelvi|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201042023/http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/barelvi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Mufti e Malwa Indore|url=http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/mufti-e-azam-madhya-pradesh.html}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":2">मुफ्ती-ए-मालवा का हुआ इंतकाल, जामा मसजिद में किया सुपुर्दे खाक. [[Dainik Bhaskar]].</ref> He is considered as the supreme fatwa issuing authority of the region. Mufti Rizwanur-Rahman Faruqi was succeeded by his son in law Mufti Habeeb yar Khan. The current incumbent is Mufti Noorul Haq.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Tourism ==

The main tourist destinations in Malwa are places of historical or religious significance. The river [[Shipra River|Shipra]] and the city of Ujjain have been regarded as sacred for thousands of years. The [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakal Temple]] of Ujjain is one of the 12 ''[[jyotirling]]as,'' literally meaning ''“pillars of light"''. Ujjain has over 100 other ancient temples, including ''[[Harsidhhi]]'', ''Chintaman Ganesh'', ''Gadh [[Kali]]ka'', ''Kaal [[Bhairava]]'' and ''Mangalnath''. The Kalideh Palace, on the outskirts of the city, is a fine example of ancient Indian architecture. The [[Bhartrihari]] caves are associated with interesting legends. Since the fourth century BC, Ujjain has enjoyed the reputation of being India's [[Greenwich]],<ref>[http://www.ujjain.nic.in/mpdistrictsroot.htm Ujjain district official portal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217214342/http://www.ujjain.nic.in/mpdistrictsroot.htm |date=17 December 2005 }}</ref>
as the [[Prime Meridian]] of the Hindu geographers. The observatory built by [[Jai Singh II]] is one of the four such observatories in India and features ancient astronomical devices. The ''Simhastha mela'', celebrated every 12 years, starts on the full moon day in Chaitra (April) and continues into Vaishakha (May) until the next full moon day.

Mandu was originally the fort capital of the Parmar rulers. Towards the end of the 13th century, it came under the sway of the Sultans of Malwa, the first of whom named it Shadiabad (city of joy). It remained as the capital, and in it the sultans built exquisite palaces like the Jahaz Mahal and Hindola Mahal, ornamental canals, baths and pavilions. The massive Jami [[Masjid]] and Hoshang Shah's tomb provided inspiration to the designers of the [[Taj Mahal]] centuries later. [[Baz Bahadur]] built a huge palace in Mandu in the 16th century. Other notable historical monuments are ''Rewa Kund'', [[Roopmati|Rupmati]]'s Pavilion, Nilkanth Mahal, Hathi Mahal, Darya Khan's Tomb, Dai ka Mahal, Malik Mughit is Mosque and Jali Mahal.

Close to Mandu is Maheshwar, a town on the northern bank of [[Narmada River]] that served as the capital of the [[Indore]] state under [[Ahilyabai Holkar]]. The Maratha ''[[rajwada]]'' (fort) is the main attraction. A life-size statue of Rani Ahilya sits on a throne within the fort complex. Dhar was the capital of Malwa before Mandu became the capital in 1405. There, the fort is in ruins but offers a panoramic view. The Bhojashala temple (built-in 1400) is still used as a place of worship on Tuesday. Dhar is also a birthplace of Raja Bhoj. Dhar people named as Dharwasi.

Modern [[Indore]] was planned and built by Ahilyabai Holkar. The grand Lal Baag Palace is one of its grandest monuments. The ''Bada Ganpati'' temple houses what is possibly the largest Ganesh idol in the world, measuring 7.6 m from crown to foot. The ''[[Kanch Mandir]]'' is a Jain temple entirely inlaid with glass. The Town Hall was made in 1904 in the indo-gothic style; originally named [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward]] Hall, it was renamed [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Hall in 1948. The ''chhatris'' are the tombs or cenotaphs erected in memory of dead Holkar rulers and their family members.

The shrine of Hussain Tekri, built by the [[Nawab of Jaora]], [[Mohammad Iftikhar Ali Khan Bahadur]], in the 19th century, is on the outskirts of Jaora in the Ratlam district. Mohammad Iftikhar Ali Khan Bahadur was buried in the same graveyard where Hussain Tekri was buried. During the month of [[Muharram|Moharram]], thousands of people from all over the world visit the shrine of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Hazrat Imam Hussain]] there, which is a replica of the Iraqi original. The place is famous for the rituals called ''Hajri'' to cure mental illness.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Image:Manduvalley1 coolspark.jpg|Mandu Valley
Image:Maheshwar Fort - Exterior 01.jpg|[[Maheshwar|Maheshwar Fort]] (exterior)
Image:Maheshwar Fort 01.jpg|[[Maheshwar|Maheshwar Fort]] (interior)
</gallery>

== Sports ==

[[Cricket]] is one of the most popular sports in the region. [[Indore]] is also home to the [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]]. The city has two international cricket ground, the [[Holkar Cricket Stadium]]. The first cricket ODI match in state was played in Indore at [[Nehru Stadium, Indore]].

[[File:Indore Cricket Bat.JPG|thumb|The ''Vijay Balla'' ("Victory Bat") made out of concrete with names of the players of the Indian team who won the test series against England (1971) and West Indies(1972)]]

=== Venues ===

{| style="border: 1px solid #ADADAD; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-bottom: 15px;"
|- style="background:#adadad; text-align:left;"
! style="width:50px;"| No.
! style="width:270px;"| Venue
! style="width:170px;"| City
! style="width:270px;"| Sport
! style="width:170px;"| Capacity
|-
| 1
| [[Holkar Cricket Stadium]]
| [[Indore]]
| [[Cricket]]
| 30,000
|-
| 2
| [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Nehru International Cricket Stadium]]
| [[Indore]]
| [[Cricket]]
| 25,000
|-
| 3
| Indore Sports Complex
| [[Indore]]
| [[Cricket]]
| 50,000
|-
| 4
| [[Abhay Prashal Indoor Stadium|Abhay Khel Prashal]]
| [[Indore]]
| [[Indoor Sports]]
| 500
|-
| 5
| [[Indore Tennis Club]]
| [[Indore]]
| [[Lawn Tennis]]
| 500
|-
| 6
| [[Emerald High School Ground]]
| [[Indore]]
| [[Cricket]]
| 500
|-
|7
|[[Daly College]]
|[[Indore]]
|[[Field hockey|Field hockey]], [[Association football|Football]], [[Cricket]]
|500 each
|-
|}

==Demands for statehood==

There have been demands for a separate Malwa state with the probable capital at [[Indore]]. The region includes the Madhya Pradesh districts of [[Dewas District|Dewas]], [[Mandsaur District|Mandsaur]], [[Neemuch District|Neemuch]], [[Ratlam District|Ratlam]], [[Shajapur District|Shajapur]], [[Agar Malwa district|Agar]], [[Ujjain District|Ujjain]], [[Indore District|Indore]], [[Barwani District|Barwani]], [[Burhanpur District|Burhanpur]], [[Dhar District|Dhar]], [[Jhabua District|Jhabua]], [[Khandwa District|Khandwa]], [[Khargone District|Khargone]], [[Alirajpur District|Alirajpur]] and [[Rajgarh District|Rajgarh]].

== See also ==
* [[Madhya Bharat]]
* [[List of people from Malwa]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [[John Malcolm|Malcolm, Sir John]], ''A Memoir of Central India including Malwa and Adjoining Provinces.'' Calcutta, Spink, 1880, 2 Volumes, 1129 p., ''{{ISBN|81-7305-199-2}}.''
* Chakrabarti, Manika, ''Malwa in Post-Maurya period: a critical study with special emphasis on numismatic evidences.'' Calcutta. Punthi Pustak, 1981.
* Day, Upendra Nath, ''Medieval Malwa: a political and cultural history 1401–1562.'', New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1965.
* Jain, Kailash Chand, ''Malwa through the ages from the earliest times to 1305 A.D.'', Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1972.
* Khare, M.D. ''Splendour of Malwa paintings.'', New Delhi, Cosmo Publications, 1983., ''ASIN B0006EHSUU''
* Joshi, Ramchandra Vinayak, ''Stone age cultures of Central India.'', Poona, Deccan College, 1978.
* Seth, K.N., ''The growth of the Paramara power in Malwa.'', Bhopal, Progress Publishers, 1978.
* Sharma, R.K., ed., ''Art of the Paramaras of Malwa.'', Delhi, Agam Kala Prakashan, 1979.
* Sircar, D.C. ''Ancient Malwa and the Vikramaditya tradition.'', New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1969., ''{{ISBN|81-215-0348-5}}''
* Singh, Raghubir, ''Malwa in transition'', Laurier Books, 1993, ''{{ISBN|81-206-0750-3}}''
* Srivastava, K, ''The revolt of 1857 in Central India-Malwa'', Allied Publishers, ''ASIN B0007IURKI''
* Ahmad, S. H., ''Anthropometric measurements and ethnic affinities of the Bhil and their allied groups of Malwa area.'', Anthropological Survey of India,1991, ''{{ISBN|81-85579-07-5}}''
* Farooqui, Amar, ''Smuggling as subversion: colonialism, Indian merchants, and the politics of opium, 1790–1843'', Lexington Books, 2005, ''{{ISBN|0-7391-0886-7}}''
* Mathur, Kripa Shanker, ''Caste and ritual in a Malwa village'', Asia Pub. House, 1964.

==External links==
* Paintings of places associated with Malwa as illustrations to {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834/The Zenana - Kishen Kower|The Zenana - Kishen Kower]]}}, a poem by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]:
*:''The Pass of Makundra'', by William Purser, engraved by W A LePetit. Page 20.
*:''Perawa, Malwa'', by [[John Sell Cotman]], engraved by W A LePetit. Page 21.

==Bibliography==

* {{Cite book|author=Gopinath Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ|title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526–1707 A.D.)|date=1954|publisher=S.L. Agarwala|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Chaurasia|first=Radhey Shyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC|title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0123-4|language=en}}

{{Commons category|Malwa}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Historical places of Rashtrakuta}}
{{Historical regions of North India}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}{{Plateaus of India}}{{Narmada basin}}{{Authority control}}
{{coord|22.7252|N|75.8655|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Malwa| ]]
[[Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Natural regions of India]]
[[Category:Plateaus of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Geography of Ujjain]]

Economy of Thiruvananthapuram

2026-02-28T09:30:29Z

StephanieWentwor: Creating The Info More To Come

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2012}}
[[File:Trivandrum City North Panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]]]
'''The economy''' of Thiruvananthapuram, capital of the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]], mostly consists of [[Tourism|tourism and leisure]], [[information technology]], [[rubber plantation]]s, [[coffee production]], [[tea production]], and [[education]]. There are many manufacturers, such as Travancore Titanium Products Ltd and English Indian Clays (The Thaper Group).

== Manufacturing industries ==

In [[Thiruvananthapuram]] there are many medium and large scale industries which fall under central sector, state sector, co-operative sector, joint sector and [[private sector]]s. The Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation is a [[public sector]] establishment to set up small scale and large scale industries effectively. The registered working factories in the city include oil mills, cashew factories, cotton textiles, saw mills, printing units, rubber industrial units, chemical units, match factories, general engineering units and automobile workshops. The S.M.S.M. Institute in Thiruvananthapuram is a major institution through which the products of the handicraft industries are marketed.

There is an industrial estate at [[Pappanamcode]] and an industrial development centre at Kochuveli. Traditional industries such as coir and handloom are now faced with several problems. Handloom weaving is prevalent at [[Balaramapuram]], [[Amaravila]], Kulathoor, and [[Chirayinkeezhu]], which are located in the suburbs of the city. It is estimated that clothes worth ₹9.50 crores are annually
produced in the handloom sector. [[Keltron]] (Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation) has made inroads into electronic markets throughout the country. The Kerala State Sericulture Co-operative Federation Limited had declared [[Balaramapuram]] a "silk village" in 2004 and the silk yarn produced at different centres in Kerala is processed to fabric at Balaramapuram.

Companies such as [[Travancore Titanium|Travancore Titanium Products Ltd]], the leading manufacturer of anatase grade [[titanium dioxide]] in Asia, English Indian Clays Limited, Kerala Automobiles Ltd, the leading public sector company in manufacturing three-wheelers in south India are located in the city. [[Hindustan Latex Limited]] is an Indian giant in the manufacturing of latex-based products, including condoms. They currently hold a license to manufacture [[Ormeloxifene]], a form of birth control. HLL is headquartered in the city. [[BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited]], the manufacturer of cruise missiles has the manufacturing unit in the city.

[[File:Women on the beach of Kovalam in 2003.jpg|thumb|200px|Foreign Tourists in the international beach of [[Kovalam]]]]

== Tourism ==
{{See also|Thiruvananthapuram Tourist spots}}

Tourism has also contributed heavily to the economy of Thiruvananthapuram. Thiruvananthapuram, is a destination for chartered flights to India for [[Medical tourism]].
Padmanabha Swamy temple located in Thiruvananthapuram is considered as the richest temple in the world and has got 3 Trillion USD worth treasure.

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/11/13/a-one-trillion-dollar-hidden-treasure-chamber-is-discovered-at-indias-sree-padmanabhaswam-temple/#3ba1a21e21eb|title = A One Trillion Dollar Hidden Treasure Chamber is Discovered at India's Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple|website = [[Forbes]]}}</ref>

== Information technology ==
{{See also|Technopark Trivandrum|Technocity, Trivandrum}}

[[File:Tpwork9.jpg|thumb|200px|Professionals at work in the [[Technopark Kerala|Technopark]] campus]]
[[Technopark Kerala|Technopark]] was established for the development of electronics and information technology in the State. It is [[India]]'s first [[industrial park]] dedicated to [[electronics]], [[software]], and IT ventures. Started 1995, the campus at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] city covers an area the {{convert|330|acre|m2|1}} campus with {{convert|4,000,000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. of built-up space available currently and another 2,000,000 more sq ft of built up space coming up, is now home to over 260 companies. Over 35,000 IT professionals are working here.<ref>[http://technopark.org/component/content/frontpage Technopark.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724115124/http://technopark.org/component/content/frontpage |date=2011-07-24 }}</ref> The companies include one CMMI level 5 and PCMM level 5 company, four CMM Level 5, two CMM Level 3 and several ISO 9001 certified companies. Technopark is undergoing major expansion with the development of the [[Technocity, Trivandrum|Technocity]] project.

[[File:Thiruvananthapuram Infosys Building.JPG|thumb|right|A building at the [[Infosys]]-Thiruvananthapuram campus]]
Thiruvananthapuram was rated as the best 2nd tier metro with IT/ITES infrastructure, and second in terms of availability of human talent [https://web.archive.org/web/20060831144323/http://www.ciol.com/content/news/2006/106072505.asp]. The district contributes 80% of software exports from the state. Technopark also houses global majors like [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Infosys]], [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], [[HCL Technologies|HCL]], [[McKinsey & Co.|Visual Graphics Computing Services]], [[Ernst & Young|Ernst & Young Global]] Shared Services Center, [[Allianz|Allianz Technology]], [[UST Global]], [[Tata Elxsi]], [[IBM Software Group|IBS Software]] Services, NeST Software, SunTec Business Solutions etc.<ref name="Technopark IT Companies">{{cite web|publisher=Official Site of Kerala IT|url=http://technopark.org/companies/a-z-listing|title=IT companies in Technopark|accessdate=2011-03-24|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315193817/http://www.technopark.org/companies/a-z-listing|archivedate=2011-03-15}}</ref>

== Aerospace ==

The Indian Space Programme came into being on 21 November 1963 with the launching of a sounding rocket from Thumba in Thiruvananthapuram city borders. This Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) ultimately blossomed into various centres of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) is the prime centre engaged in design and development of launch vehicles.

The ISRO under the Department of Space, Government of India has the VSSC at Thumba and [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC) at Valiyamala Nedumangadu in Thiruvananthapuram district. The [[ISRO]] Inertial System Unit (IISU) of the ISRO and the Reinforced Plastic Centre (REPLACE) function from Vattiyoorkavu in the city.

== Biotechnology ==

Since the commencement of [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] (RGCB) in 2002, the domain of [[biotechnology]] is a rapidly expanding field in the city. The Biotechnology park owned by KINFRA in Kazhakkoottam is home to many biotechnology companies. The establishments such as [[Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram|Regional Cancer Centre]], [[CSIR India|CSIR]] - [[Regional Research Laboratory, Thiruvananthapuram|Regional Research Laboratory]] (RRL), [[Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology]] (SCTIMST) contributes much to the biotechnology, microbiology related industries.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.travancoretitanium.com/ Travancore Titanium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516162851/http://www.travancoretitanium.com/ |date=16 May 2012 }}
* [http://www.technopark.org/ Technopark]
* [http://www.rgcb.res.in/ Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]
* http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/11/24/stories/2002112401310200.htm
* http://www.districtsofindia.com/kerala/thiruvananthapuram/economy/index.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125933/http://www.districtsofindia.com/kerala/thiruvananthapuram/economy/index.aspx |date=19 August 2016 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[Category:Economy of Thiruvananthapuram| ]]

Bou Bhat

2026-02-27T17:21:15Z

StephanieWentwor: updated page

{{short description|Post-wedding ritual in Bengali culture}}
A '''Bou [[Rice|bhat]]''' ({{langx|bn|বউ ভাত}} lit: "bride feast") is a post-[[wedding]] ritual held usually one or two days after a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] wedding. In this ceremony a party is hosted by the groom's father or family, where both the bride's and groom's family members and friends are invited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/features/out-of-home/123350/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC|title = বাঙালির বিয়ে উৎসব}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-29|title=12 Things That Happen At A Bengali Wedding|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/12-things-that-happen-at-a-bengali-wedding-247614.html|access-date=2020-10-02|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref>
[[File:Wedding of Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|A Bengali bride on her Bou Bhat in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]]]

In a bou bhat ceremony, bride wears a traditional [[Sari|shari]] given either by her father or in-laws, while the groom wears a traditional [[dhoti]] or [[Shalwar kameez|shalwar]] and pair with [[kurta]] or [[sherwani]] given to him by his in-laws.

The ritual varies from one place to another. In some places, the bride has her first meal in the home of her in-laws during this ceremony. Until bou bhat, her meals usually arrive from a neighbour's house. While in some parts, like in eastern [[Comilla]], firani is held after eight days, called ''at naiyor''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengali wedding}}
{{Indian wedding}}

[[Category:Bangladeshi wedding traditions]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian wedding traditions]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu cultures]]

2020 Royal Challengers Bangalore season

2026-02-27T14:26:00Z

StephanieWentwor: put up the details more to come

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Royal Challengers Bangalore
| season = [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]
| image =
| coach = [[Simon Katich]]
| captain = [[Virat Kohli]]
| ground = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| Jersey sponserers =
| comp1 = [[2020 Indian Premier League|League stage]]
| comp1 result = 4th
| comp2 = [[2020 Indian Premier League#Eliminator|Eliminator]]
| comp2 result = Lost
| most runs =
[[Devdutt Padikkal]] (473)
| most wickets = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (21)
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[2019 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2019]]
| nextseason = [[2021 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2021]]
}}

The [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 season]] was the 13th season for the IPL [[cricket (sport)|cricket]] franchise [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]. They were one of the eight teams to compete in the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/from-8-to-10-teams-ipl-eyes-expansion-once-again/articleshow/70210684.cms|title=From 8 teams, IPL eyes expansion, once again|work=Times of India|date=14 July 2019|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref>

On 14 February RCB revealed their new logo for the team which features a lion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2020/rcb-unveil-new-logo-srh-try-to-steal-their-thunder-with-cheeky-comment-2180021?|title=RCB Unveil New Logo, SRH Try To Steal Their Thunder With Cheeky Comment|work=sportstv|date=14 February 2020|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref> On 2 November 2020, they qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 2016. However, they lost against [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the Eliminator, finishing the tournament in 4th place.

==Background==
===Player retention and transfers ===
{{Main|List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The Royal Challengers Bangalore retained 13 players and released eleven players.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=KKR release Chris Lynn, Robin Uthappa; RCB let go of several overseas names|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28085381/kkr-release-chris-lynn-robin-uthappa-rcb-let-go-several-overseas-names|access-date=15 November 2019|date=15 November 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> On 31 August 2020, Royal Challengers signed [[Adam Zampa]] to replace [[Kane Richardson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29779723/adam-zampa-replaces-kane-richardson-royal-challengers-bangalore|title=Adam Zampa replaces Kane Richardson at Royal Challengers Bangalore|work=ESPNCRICINFO|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>

'''Retained players:''' [[Virat Kohli]], [[Moeen Ali]], [[Yuzvendra Chahal]], [[Parthiv Patel]], [[Mohammed Siraj]], [[Umesh Yadav]], [[Pawan Negi]], Devdutt Padikkal, Gurkeerat Singh Mann, [[Washington Sundar]], Shivam Dube, Navdeep Saini, [[AB de Villiers]].

'''Released players:''' [[Marcus Stoinis]], [[Shimron Hetmyer]], [[Akshdeep Nath]], [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]], [[Colin de Grandhomme]], Shaheershah PH, Prayas Ray Barman, [[Tim Southee]], Kulwant Khejroliya, Himmat Singh, [[Heinrich Klaasen]], Milind Kumar.

===Auction===

RCB went in the auction with a purse of 27.90 Cr INR. RCB, the group that had a minimal number of players before the closeout purchased 8 additional players to take their count to 21 players; the least among every one of the groups. Their technique looked very perplexing despite the fact that they got some large names like [[Aaron Finch]], [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]], [[Dale Steyn]], and Kane Richardson.

'''Players bought:''' [[Aaron Finch]], [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]], [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]], Pawan Deshpande, Joshua Philippe, [[Isuru Udana]], [[Dale Steyn]], [[Kane Richardson]] and [[Adam Zampa]]

===Team analysis===
''[[ESPNcricinfo]]''' wrote "Like [[Delhi Capitals]], the team of Royal Challengers Bangalore could not find their favorite players on many occasions during the auction. This was the reason that he too had to move towards the second or third options. Captain [[Virat Kohli]] certainly has more bowling options this time, If the team lands with two foreign fast bowlers, then they will have to find an Indian option at the opening. If it is not, then the Indian player will be seen in fast bowling. Finding the right combination at the beginning of the tournament will be the key to RCB's win."<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL auction analysis: Do the eight teams have their best XIs in place?| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28338426/do-eight-teams-their-best-xis-place|website=ESPN|author=| date=20 December 2019}}</ref>

==Indian Premier League==
On 21 September, the Royal Challengers Bangalore started their season campaign defeating Sunrisers Hyderabad by 10 runs. [[Virat Kohli]] lost the toss & was put to bat. [[Devdutt Padikkal]] ( 56) built the 90-run partnership with [[Aaron Finch]] (29) for the first wicket. Bangalore scored 163-run in 20 overs. Bangalore were able to restrict the Sunrisers to 153.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2020: Last over of Yuzvendra Chahal was turning point, says David Warner after SRH lose opener vs RCB| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/david-warner-on-srh-defeat-chahal-over-williamson-marsh-injury-1724068-2020-09-22|website=India Today|author=| date=20 September 2020|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>

On 24 September, Royal Challengers lost their first match of the season from Kings XI Punjab by 97-run. [[Virat Kohli]] won the toss and elected to field. [[KL Rahul]] and [[Mayank Agarwal]] build the Kings XI innings with a 57-run stand for the first wicket. Rahul scored 132 off 69 balls with 14 fours and 7 sixes and helped the Kings XI finish the innings at 206/3 in 20 overs. Chasing a target of 207, the Royal Challengers had lost three wickets in the first four overs. Kings XI new ball pair of [[Sheldon Cottrell]] and [[Mohammed Shami]] continued their good work from the first match and Royal Challengers were eventually bowled out for 109. Rahul became the fastest Indian batsman to complete 2000 runs in IPL.<ref>{{cite web |title=DREAM11 IPL 2020, MATCH 6 KXIP VS RCB – MATCH REPORT| url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/208473/dream11-ipl-2020-match-6-kxip-vs-rcb-match-report|website=iplt20|author=| date=24 September 2020|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>

On 28 September, Royal Challengers won their second match against Mumbai Indians in a super over. Kohli lost the toss and was put to bat. [[Devdutt Padikkal]] and [[Aaron Finch]] built an 81-run partnership for the first wicket and after that, Kohli scored 3-run off 11 balls, in the last 7 overs Royal Challengers scored 105-run, helped the Royal Challengers finish the innings at 201/3 in 20 overs. Chasing a target of 202, the Mumbai Had had lost two wickets in a first two overs, but [[Ishan Kishan]] 99 off 58 balls brilliant inning and their 119-run partnership with [[Kieron Pollard]] to power their team finish the innings at 201/5 in 20 overs. In a super over Mumbai could manage only 7-run.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB vs MI Live Score IPL 2020: RCB seals thriller to beat MI in Super Over| url=https://www.insidesport.co/royal-challengers-bangalore-rcb-vs-mumbai-indians-mi-live-score-commentary-playing-xi/#|website=insidersport|author=| date=29 September 2020|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>

They defeated their arch-rivals [[Chennai Super Kings]] by 37 runs and [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] by 82 runs. The defeat margin was the same when [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] beat [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in 2017 by bowling them out for the lowest IPL score of 49. On their next faceoff, they thrashed [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] forcing them to score just 84/8. [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] later on chased the score in 13.3 overs thereby winning by 8 wickets.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

They also defeated [[Rajasthan Royals]] in both matches they played against them. RCB this season has lost only 4 matches being defeated 2 times against the [[Kings XI Punjab]] and 2 matches against the [[Delhi Capitals]]. After defeating KKR, Bangalore lost matches against table toppers [[Mumbai Indians]] and Sunrisers Hyderabad and their last match was against Delhi Capitals. They lost the match but made it to the playoffs owing to their good run rate. They played the eliminator against Sunrisers Hyderabad in which Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field first. Bangalore batted first and scored 131 for 7 in 20 overs. Hyderabad completed the chase with just 2 balls to spare which knocked Bangalore out of the tournament. {{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

===Offseason===
The new logo for RCB and the New Jersey of the team was released on 14 February 2020. [[AB de Villiers]], captain [[Virat Kohli]], and spinner [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] were seen in the New Jersey. The new logo had a gold-colored lion with the traditional RCB red used around it.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Decade, New RCB: Royal Challengers Bangalore unveil new logo ahead of IPL 2020| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2020-royal-challengers-bangalore-rcb-new-logo-virat-kohli-1646361-2020-02-14|website=indiatoday|author=| date=14 February 2020}}</ref>

On 13 March, the BCCI postponed the tournament until 15 April, in view of the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28895902/start-ipl-2020-postponed-april-15|title=Coronavirus threat: IPL 2020 deferred until April 15|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 March 2020|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> On 14 April, India's Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] said that the lockdown in India would last until at least 3 May,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-52277096 |title=PM Narendra Modi says India will extend coronavirus lockdown until 3 May |work=BBC News |date=14 April 2020|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> with the tournament postponed further.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/52280772 |title=Indian Premier League 2020 set to be further delayed after lockdown extended |work=BBC Sport |date=14 April 2020|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> The following day, the BCCI suspended the tournament indefinitely.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29034887/bcci-set-defer-ipl-indefinitely-india-lockdown|title=With India in lockdown, IPL 2020 suspended indefinitely|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 April 2020|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> The nationwide restrictions on sports events were relaxed on 17 May, allowing events to take place behind closed doors.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gollapudi|first=Nagraj|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29186899|title=India to allow sport behind closed doors; BCCI still cautious on IPL 2020|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 May 2020|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> On 24 May, India's sports minister [[Kiren Rijiju]] stated that the decision on whether or not to allow the tournament to be conducted that year would be made by the union government based on "the situation of the pandemic".<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian government to decide the fate of IPL season, says Sports Minister Kiren Rijiju|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/indian-govt-to-decide-fate-of-ipl-not-the-bcci-sports-minister/articleshow/75938735.cms|access-date=30 May 2020|website=The Times of India|agency=Reuters|date=24 May 2020}}</ref> In June, the BCCI confirmed that their preference was to host the tournament in India, possibly between September and October,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29300668/ipl-2020-bcci-looking-september-october-window,-says-brijesh-patel |title=IPL 2020: BCCI looking at September–October window, says Brijesh Patel|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 June 2020|date=12 June 2020}}</ref> and on 24 July, confirmed 19 September as the start.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gollapudi |first1=Nagraj |title=IPL 2020 to start on September 19, final on November 8 or 10 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29528231 |access-date=23 September 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=24 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Pre-season===
On 17 September, it was announced that RCB team will play first match in the UAE, with 'My Covid Heroes' written on the back of the all players' jersey in honor of the Corona heroes.<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB players to honour COVID heroes by wearing tribute jersey in IPL 2020| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/rcb-jersey-covid-heroes-6600263/|website=indian express|author=| date=17 September 2020|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-

|18|| '''[[Virat Kohli]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1988|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|17|c|1}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|17|| '''[[AB de Villiers]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1984|2|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11|c|1}} || Overseas, Vice-captain, Occasional wicket-keeper
|-
|91|| '''[[Gurkeerat Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1990|06|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} ||
|-
|37|| [[Devdutt Padikkal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|2000|07|07|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|42|| '''[[Aaron Finch]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1986|11|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.4|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|5|| '''[[Washington Sundar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1999|10|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|6|| '''[[Shivam Dube]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1993|06|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5|c|-3}} ||
|-
|81|| '''[[Moeen Ali]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1987|6|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.7|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|15|| '''[[Pawan Negi]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1993|1|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Pavan Deshpande]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1989|9|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|45|| '''[[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1987|4|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|10|c}} || Overseas
|-
|21|| [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1994|12|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|72|| '''[[Parthiv Patel]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1985|3|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.7|c|-3}} ||
|-
|1|| [[Josh Philippe]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1997|6|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin Bowlers
|-
|3|| '''[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1990|7|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6|c|-3}} ||
|-
|36|| '''[[Adam Zampa]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1992|3|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace Bowlers
|-
|19|| '''[[Umesh Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1987|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|96|| '''[[Navdeep Saini]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1993|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c|-3}} ||
|-
|73|| '''[[Mohammed Siraj]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1994|3|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.6|c|-3}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| '''[[Kane Richardson]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1991|2|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|27|| '''[[Dale Steyn]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1983|6|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|50|| '''[[Isuru Udana]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1988|2|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}}|| Overseas
|-
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
| Owner|| Anand Kripalu ([[United Spirits Limited]])
|-
|CEO|| Anand Kripalu
|-
|Chairman
| Sanjeev Churiwala
|-
|Team manager|| Soumyadeep Pyne
|-
|Director of cricket operations|| [[Mike Hesson]]
|-
|Head coach|| [[Simon Katich]]
|-
|Bowling coach|| [[Adam Griffith]]
|-
|Batting and spin bowling coach|| [[Sridharan Sriram]]
|-
|Head of scouting and fielding coach|| [[Malolan Rangarajan]]
|-
|Head physiotherapist|| Evan Speechly
|-
|Strength and conditioning coach|| [[Basu Shanker]]
|-
|Team doctor|| Dr. Charles Minz
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:right;"| Source:{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; width:55%;"
|-
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor (chest)
!Shirt sponsor (back)
!Shirt sponsor (chest)
|-
|[[Wrogn|Wrogn Active]]
|[[Muthoot Pappachan Group|Muthoot Fincorp]]
|[[DP World]]
|[[Myntra]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source :
|}
{{col-5}}
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la = _goldborder
| pattern_b = _black_chest
| pattern_ra = _goldborder
| pattern_pants =
| leftarm = 000000
| body = FF0000
| rightarm = 000000
| pants = FF0000
| title = Home [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]]
}}
{{col-end}}

==Teams and standings==
=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label2= Result
| res2= W/L/W/W/L/W/W/L/W/W/L/L/L/L

|label3= Position
| pos3= 1/6/3/1/3/4/3/3/3/2/3/2/2/4

| color_W = green2|text_W=Win
| color_D = yellow2| text_D=Draw
| color_L = red2|text_L=Loss
| color_1-2=green1| color_3-4=#ffc
| source = Fixtures
}}

===League table===
{{2020 Indian Premier League Points table|team=RCB}}

====League stage====
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}
{{hatnote|Subtract 1.5 hours from the [[UAE Standard Time]] ([[UTC+4]]) for these matches.}}

{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match3}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match6}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match10}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match15}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match19}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match25}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match28}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match31}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match33}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match39}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match44}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match48}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match52}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match55}}
----

===Playoffs===

{{main|2020 Indian Premier League #Playoffs}}

;Eliminator
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match58}}
----

==Statistics==

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 0
! 4s
! 6s
|-
| 1 ||[[Devdutt Padikkal]] || 15 || 15 || 0 || 473 || 74 || 31.53 || 379 || 124.80 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 51 || 8
|-
| 2 ||[[Virat Kohli]] || 15 || 15 || 4 || 466 || 90* || 42.36 || 384 || 121.35 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 23 || 11
|-
| 3 ||[[AB de Villiers]] || 15 || 14 || 4 || 454 || 73* || 45.40 || 286 || 158.74 || 0 || 5 || 1 || 33 || 23
|-
| 4 ||[[Aaron Finch]] || 12 || 12 || 0 || 268 || 52 || 22.33 || 241 || 111.20 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 28 || 8
|-
| 5 ||[[Shivam Dube]] || 11 || 9 || 2 || 129 || 27* || 18.42 || 105 || 122.85 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 9
|-
|}
* '''Source: '''Cricinfo<ref>{{cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=6;id=2020;team=4340;type=year|title=RCB Most Runs in IPL 2020|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! Overs
! Maidens
! Runs
! Wickets
! BBI
! Ave.
! Econ.
! SR
! 4W
! 5W
|-
| 1 || [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] || 15 || 15 || 57.1 || 0 || 405 || 21 || 3/18 || 19.28 || 7.08 || 16.3 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2 || [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] || 9 || 9 || 31.4 || 1 || 210 || 11 || 4/26 || 19.09 || 6.63 || 17.2 || 1 || 0
|-
| 3 || [[Mohammed Siraj]] || 9 || 9 || 27.1 || 2 || 236 || 11 || 3/8 || 21.45 || 8.68 || 14.8 || 0 || 0
|-
| 4 || [[Isuru Udana]] || 10 || 10 || 29.0 || 0 || 282 || 8 || 2/41 || 35.25 || 9.72 || 21.7 || 0 || 0
|-
| 5 || [[Washington Sundar]] || 15 || 15 || 50.0 || 1 || 298 || 8 || 2/16 || 37.25 || 5.96 || 37.5 || 0 || 0
|}
* '''Source: '''Cricinfo<ref>{{cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=6;id=2020;team=4340;type=year|title=RCB Most wickets in IPL 2020|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Player of the match awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Result
! Contribution
! Ref.
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2020|2=9|3=21|format=dmy}} ||[[Yuzvendra Chahal]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] ||Won by 10 runs || 3/18 (4 overs)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yuzvendra Chahal three-for, Sunrisers Hyderabad collapse hand Royal Challengers Bangalore win|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216534/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-3rd-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2020|2=9|3=28|format=dmy}} ||[[AB de Villiers]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] ||Won in super over || 55 (24)||
<ref>{{cite web |title=Bumrah vs de Villiers, an IPL battle for the ages| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29997417/rcb-v-mi-ipl-2020-jasprit-bumrah-vs-ab-de-villiers-ipl-battle-ages|website=ESPN|author=| date=28 September 2020|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|3
|3 October 2020
|[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|Won by 8 wickets
|3/24 (4 overs)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Virat Kohli and Devdutt Padikkal lead Royal Challengers Bangalore to third win|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216514/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-rajasthan-royals-15th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=3 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4
|10 October 2020
|[[Virat Kohli]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|Won by 37 runs
|90* (52)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kohli's 90* leads Royal Challengers' demolition of Super Kings|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216525/chennai-super-kings-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-25th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=10 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|5
|12 October 2020
|[[AB de Villiers]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|Won by 82 runs
|73* (33)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Challengers Bangalore go third as AB de Villiers, spinners thrash Kolkata Knight Riders|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216540/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-28th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|6
|17 October 2020
|[[AB de Villiers]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|Won by 7 wickets
|55* (22)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scintillating AB de Villiers snatches victory for Royal Challengers Bangalore from Rajasthan Royals|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216522/rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-33rd-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|7
|21 October 2020
|[[Mohammed Siraj]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|Won by 8 wickets
|3/8 (4 overs)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Siraj's record-breaking night stuns Kolkata Knight Riders|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216494/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-39th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{2020 Indian Premier League}}
{{Royal Challengers Bangalore}}

[[Category:2020s in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2020 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru seasons]]

Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha

2026-02-24T16:03:17Z

StephanieWentwor:

{{Short description|Chief Justice of India from 1959 to 1964}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox judge
| name = Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha
| image = [[File: Justice Bhuvneshwar Prasad Sinha.jpg|alt|250px]]
| alt =
| caption =
| order = 6th
| office = Chief Justice of India
| term_start = {{Start date|1959|10|01|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{End date|1964|01|31|df=yes}}
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| predecessor = [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]]
| successor = [[P. B. Gajendragadkar]]
| office2 = 4th [[Chief Justice]] of Nagpur High court
| appointer2 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| successor2 = [[M. Hidayatullah|Mohammed Hidayatullah]]
| birth_date = {{Birth_date|1899|02|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (Now in [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1986|11|12|1899|02|01|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| term2 = 24 February 1951 – 2 December 1954
| office3 = Judge of [[Patna High Court]]
| 1blankname3 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|Chief Justice]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Arthur Trevor Harries]]
| appointer3 = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]]
| term3 = 19 January 1943 – 23 February 1951
| office1 = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|1954|12|3|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{Start date|1959|9|30|df=yes}}
| nominator1 = [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]]
| appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| alma_mater = [[Patna College]] [[Patna Law College]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] (Hons.), [[Master of Arts|M. A.]]
| children = Rameshwar Prasad Sinha
| relations = {{ubl|[[B. P. Singh (judge)|B. P. Singh]] (grandson)|[[Shiva Kirti Singh|S. K. Singh]] (grandson)|[[Aparesh Kumar Singh|A. K. Singh]] (great grandson)}}
| predecessor2 = [[Vivian Bose]]
}}

'''Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha''' [Title: Sinha] of [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]] (now [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]]), [[Bengal Presidency]] (1 February 1899 – 12 November 1986) was the 6th [[Chief Justice of India]] (1 October 1959 – 31 January 1964). He also served as the president of the [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]] from April 1965 to February 1967.

Sinha served as the Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]] from 1 October 1959 to 31 January 1964. Over the course of his Supreme Court tenure, Sinha authored 137 judgments and sat on 684 benches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B.P. Sinha |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/justice-bhuvaneshwar-prasad-sinha/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Life==
Sinha was born and brought up in a prominent [[Rajput]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://files.catbox.moe/46816w.pdf#page=2|title=Reminiscences and Reflections of a Chief Justice}}</ref> (Kshatriya) family of Rajwada Gajiyapur Estate, Arrah (present Bhojpur) District. His grandson [[B. P. Singh (judge)|B. P. Singh]] is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandhani |first=Apoorva |date=2025-04-04 |title=Legal pedigree not just entrenched in SC. 1 in 3 HC judges related to judges, ex-judges or lawyers |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/legal-pedigree-not-just-entrenched-in-sc-1-in-3-hc-judges-related-to-judges-ex-judges-or-lawyers/2575798/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

A deeply religious man, following his retirement, Sinha led a quiet life mostly devoted to spiritual pursuits, though he did accept a number of private arbitration cases. Becoming blind in his later years, he died in 1986.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gardbois Jr. |first=George H. |title=Judges of the Supreme Court of India 1950-1989 |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807061-0 |pages=20–30}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was educated at the [[Arrah]] [[Arrah Zila School|Zilla School]], [[Patna College]] and [[Patna Law College]].

Sinha topped the list of candidates at the [[B.A. (Hons)]] in 1919 and [[Master of Arts|M.A]] in 1921 at the Patna University. He was a Vakil in the [[Patna High Court]] from 1922 to 1927. Later he became an advocate in 1927 and also got the position of Lecturer at the Govt. Law College, Patna, both of which he remained till 1935. He also was a member of the Senate of the Faculty of Law and of the Board of Examiners in Law, Patna Univ. He became the member of the Court of the [[Benaras Hindu University]] where he was a Government Pleader from 1935 to 1939. He was [[Sinha Library|Srimati Radhika Sinha]] Gold Medalist for standing first in History.

He became an Assistant Govt. Advocate in 1940 and the Judge of Patna High Court on 19 January 1943.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appointment of B. P. Sinha as Judge of the Supreme Court of India |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/archives/appointment-mr-justice-bp-sinha-chief-justice-nagpur-high-court-be-judge-supreme-court}}</ref> He was elevated to the position of the Chief Justice of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court#Nagpur High Court|Nagpur High Court]] in 1951 and eventually to the Judge of [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] in December 1954 at which he remained till 30 September 1959. He finally became the [[Chief Justice of India]] in 1959 and remained so till 1964 and then he retired.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Justice & Judges {{!}} SUPREME COURT OF INDIA |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=main.sci.gov.in |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614163408/https://www.api.sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Published works==
* ''Reminiscences and Reflections of a Chief Justice'' {{ISBN|81-7018-253-0}}, 1985, 1st ed.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/chief-justice-judges Supreme Court of India], Biographies

{{s-start}}
{{S-legal}}
{{succession box | title=[[Chief Justice of India]] | before=[[Sudhi Ranjan Das]] | after=[[P. B. Gajendragadkar]] | years=30 September 1959 – 31 January 1964}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box |title= [[Bharat Scouts and Guides|Presidents of the Bharat Scouts and Guides]] |before= [[Ammu Swaminathan]]|after=Sir [[Chandulal M. Trivedi]]|years=1965–1967}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Justices of India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Bhuvaneshwar Prasad}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:Scouting and Guiding in India]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:Judges of the Patna High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

{{scout-bio-stub}}
{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Sooraj Pancholi

2026-02-24T08:35:34Z

StephanieWentwor: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sooraj Pancholi
| image = Sooraj Pancholi graces Vogue Beauty Awards 2017.jpg
| caption = Pancholi in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| years_active = 2015–Present
| occupation = Actor
| parents = [[Aditya Pancholi]] (father) [[Zarina Wahab]] (mother)
| partner(s) = [[Jiah Khan]] (2012–13)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sooraj-pancholi-opens-up-on-jiah-khan-case-lost-someone-i-loved/21745166|title=Sooraj Pancholi opens up on Jiah Khan case: Lost someone I loved|date=18 September 2019|website=mid-day|access-date=24 October 2019|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024055118/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sooraj-pancholi-opens-up-on-jiah-khan-case-lost-someone-i-loved/21745166|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''Sooraj Pancholi''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-language films. The son of actors [[Aditya Pancholi]] and [[Zarina Wahab]], he debuted with the 2015 romantic action film ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]'', for which he won a [[Filmfare Award]] for ''Best Newcomer''.<ref name="Filmfare newcomer"/> He also starred in the 2019 action drama film ''[[Satellite Shankar]]'' opposite [[Megha Akash]].

==Early life==
Pancholi was born to [[Aditya Pancholi]] and [[Zarina Wahab]] in [[Bhopal]]. His parents are also Bollywood actors.<ref>{{cite web |title="My mother is the real 'Hero' of my life" - Sooraj Pancholi |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/my-mother-is-the-real-hero-of-my-life-sooraj-pancholi/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830181635/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/my-mother-is-the-real-hero-of-my-life-sooraj-pancholi/|archive-date=30 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He has a sister, Sana Pancholi,<ref>{{cite web |title=I'm not giving Sana anything,says Sooraj Pancholi |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-m-not-giving-sana-anythingsays-sooraj-pancholi-2119480 |work=dnaindia.com |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913220900/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-i-m-not-giving-sana-anythingsays-sooraj-pancholi-2119480 |url-status=live }}</ref> and his grandfather, Rajan Pancholi, was a filmmaker.

==Career==

Sooraj was an assistant director on films such as ''[[Guzaarish (film)|Guzaarish]]'' and ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=SOORAJ, AS HIS PALS KNOW HIM |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Sooraj-as-his-pals-know-him/articleshow/20581710.cms |work=mumbaimirror.com |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615193215/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Sooraj-as-his-pals-know-him/articleshow/20581710.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, he made his acting debut in the romantic action film ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]'', which earned him a [[Filmfare Award]] for Best Newcomer in 2016.<ref name="Filmfare newcomer">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2016/101 |title=Filmfare Awards Winners 2016: Complete list of winners of Filmfare Awards 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930023230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2016/101 |url-status=live }}</ref> He then acted in ''[[Satellite Shankar]]'', which was released on 8 November 2019.<ref name="toi:ss">{{cite web|url=https://www.newsxset.com/entertainment/not-ujda-chaman-sooraj-pancholi-starrer-satellite-shankar-to-clash-with-ayushmann-khurranas-bala-on-november-8|title=Not Ujda Chaman, Sooraj Pancholi's Satellite Shankar to clash with Ayushmann Khurrana's Bala on November 8|website=newsx|date=26 October 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105132812/https://www.newsxset.com/entertainment/not-ujda-chaman-sooraj-pancholi-starrer-satellite-shankar-to-clash-with-ayushmann-khurranas-bala-on-november-8|archive-date=5 November 2019|access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> He then starred in the dance film [[Time to Dance]] (2021).<ref name="TTD">{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-time-to-dance-katrina-kaif-s-sister-isabelle-kaif-sooraj-pancholi-s-film-to-go-on-floors-in-london-2599066|title='Time To Dance': Katrina Kaif's sister Isabelle Kaif, Sooraj Pancholi's film to go on floors in London|date=29 March 2018|publisher=DNA|access-date=25 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101316/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-time-to-dance-katrina-kaif-s-sister-isabelle-kaif-sooraj-pancholi-s-film-to-go-on-floors-in-london-2599066|url-status=live}}</ref> He has also appeared in the music videos ''GF BF'' (2016) and ''Dim Dim Lights'' (2019). He then starred in the period action film ''[[Kesari Veer]]'', which received negative reviews from critics and became a box office bomb.

==Personal life==
Pancholi was arrested after actress [[Jiah Khan]], whom he was dating, died in 2013. He was jailed for 22 days before being granted bail. A note later produced by Khan's family blamed the couple's strained relationship as a reason for her possible suicide.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 December 2015 |title=Jiah Khan suicide case: This is what Jiah Khan's letter to Sooraj Pancholi |language=en |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/jiah-khan-suicide-case-this-is-what-jiah-khans-letter-to-sooraj-pancholi-said-abortion-pregnancy-court-full-text-276755-2015-12-11 |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819020200/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/jiah-khan-suicide-case-this-is-what-jiah-khans-letter-to-sooraj-pancholi-said-abortion-pregnancy-court-full-text-276755-2015-12-11 |archive-date=19 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahendru |first1=Tanya |date=25 September 2013 |title=Jiah Khan's suicide: Why is Sooraj Pancholi still in jail? |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=Living Media India Limited |agency= |location=New Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/jiah-khans-suicide-why-is-sooraj-pancholi-still-in-jail-167982-2013-06-25 |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113183445/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/jiah-khans-suicide-why-is-sooraj-pancholi-still-in-jail-167982-2013-06-25 |archive-date=13 November 2019}}</ref> In 2018, Pancholi was formally charged with abetting the suicide;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhillon |first1=Amrit |date=31 January 2018 |title=Jiah Khan's ex-partner Sooraj Pancholi charged over death of Bollywood star |work=[[The Guardian]] |agency= |location=World, India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/31/jiah-khans-ex-partner-sooraj-pancholi-charged-over-death-of-bollywood-star |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815153422/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/31/jiah-khans-ex-partner-sooraj-pancholi-charged-over-death-of-bollywood-star |archive-date=15 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Yashika |date=31 Jan 2018 |title=Sooraj Pancholi charged in Jiah Khan suicide: Father Aditya Pancholi 'happy' to start 'real fight' |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=HT Media Ltd |agency= |location=Bollywood |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sooraj-pancholi-charged-in-jiah-khan-suicide-father-aditya-pancholi-happy-to-start-real-fight/story-H4L0CNEmRflWzDmGUeFnfL.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224194254/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sooraj-pancholi-charged-in-jiah-khan-suicide-father-aditya-pancholi-happy-to-start-real-fight/story-H4L0CNEmRflWzDmGUeFnfL.html |archive-date=24 February 2018}}</ref> however, he denied involvement in the death, describing himself as a scapegoat for her decision to end her life.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 November 2019 |title=Sooraj Pancholi opens up about Jiah Khan's suicide, #MeToo and more |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |agency= |location= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sooraj-pancholi-opens-up-about-jiah-khans-suicide-metoo-and-more/articleshow/72015122.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113024908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sooraj-pancholi-opens-up-about-jiah-khans-suicide-metoo-and-more/articleshow/72015122.cms |archive-date=13 November 2019}}</ref> Jiah's family believed Pancholi was responsible for their daughter's death.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2017/oct/01/death-in-bollywood-who-killed-jiah-khan-crime-murder-suicide-investigation|title=Death in Bollywood: who killed Jiah Khan?|first=Abigail|last=Haworth|newspaper=The Observer|date=1 October 2017|accessdate=7 June 2023|via=The Guardian|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814233121/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2017/oct/01/death-in-bollywood-who-killed-jiah-khan-crime-murder-suicide-investigation|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2023, a CBI Special Court acquitted Pancholi due to a lack of evidence after ten years of court battles.
After the verdict was announced on April 28, Sooraj took to his Instagram Stories and wrote, "The truth always wins," and added the hashtag "God is great."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2414685/jiah-khan-case-cbi-says-suicide-note-was-written-by-her-mother|title=CBI says Jiah Khan's suicide note was 'written by her mother'|date=2 May 2023|website=The Express Tribune|accessdate=7 June 2023|archive-date=19 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619183803/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2414685/jiah-khan-case-cbi-says-suicide-note-was-written-by-her-mother|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to the court's judgement, Khan's mother told the media that she would move to a high court.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-sooraj-pancholi-acquitted-by-mumbai-court-in-jiah-khans-death-by-suicide-case-3987129| title=Actor Sooraj Pancholi Acquitted In Jiah Khan Death By Suicide Case| author=Akhil Kumar| date=28 April 2023| access-date=28 April 2023| website=ndtv.com| archive-date=28 April 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428080242/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-sooraj-pancholi-acquitted-by-mumbai-court-in-jiah-khans-death-by-suicide-case-3987129| url-status=live}}</ref>

Tabloids in 2016 linked Pancholi with Pakistani actress [[Mawra Hocane]], but he denied any relationship with her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiah Khan's ex-boyfriend Sooraj Pancholi dating Mawra Hocane? Here's the truth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/jiah-khans-ex-boyfriend-sooraj-pancholi-dating-mawra-hocane-heres-the-truth-310775-2016-02-26 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=India Today |date=26 February 2016 |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124195402/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/jiah-khans-ex-boyfriend-sooraj-pancholi-dating-mawra-hocane-heres-the-truth-310775-2016-02-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2016 to 2019, he has been dating Brazilian model [[Larissa Bonesi]], with whom he has worked in the music video "Dim Dim Light".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taneja |first=Parina |date=2019-07-18 |title=Sooraj Pancholi sets off for vacation in London with Brazilian girlfriend Larissa Bonesi |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-sooraj-pancholi-sets-off-for-vacation-in-london-with-brazilian-girlfriend-larissa-bonesi-536021 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=India TV News |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124212416/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-sooraj-pancholi-sets-off-for-vacation-in-london-with-brazilian-girlfriend-larissa-bonesi-536021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kaur |first=Jasleen |date=2019-05-31 |title=Sooraj Pancholi is dating Brazilian model-actor Larissa Bonesi? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sooraj-pancholi-is-dating-brazilian-model-actor-larissa-bonesi/articleshow/69598035.cms |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Times Entertainment |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203152855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sooraj-pancholi-is-dating-brazilian-model-actor-larissa-bonesi/articleshow/69598035.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]'' ||Suraj Kaushik
|
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Satellite Shankar]]'' || Shankar
|
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Time to Dance]]'' || Rishabh
|
|-
|2025 || ''[[Kesari Veer]]'' ||
Hamirji Gohil
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vivek Oberoi to portray a negative role in historical drama Kesari Veer alongside Sooraj Pancholi and Suniel Shetty; exciting details inside |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/exclusive-vivek-oberoi-to-portray-a-negative-role-in-historical-drama-kesari-veer-alongside-sooraj-pancholi-and-suniel-shetty-exciting-details-inside-1368557 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
|2015
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|Best Jodi (Pair) Of The Year (Shared with [[Athiya Shetty]])
|Rowspan="6"|''[[Hero (2015 Hindi film)|Hero]]''
|{{Won}}<ref name=":01">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/346785/checkout-stardust-awards-2016-winners-list|title=Stardust Awards 2015 Winners List!|website=Pinkvilla|language=en|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820101930/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/346785/checkout-stardust-awards-2016-winners-list|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="5"|2016
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|Most Promising Debut Jodi (Shared with [[Athiya Shetty]])
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Hottest Pair|Hottest Pair]] (shared with [[Athiya Shetty]])
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Screen Awards]]
| Screen Award for Best Male Debut|Most Promising Newcomer – Male
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian film actors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sooraj Pancholi}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pancholi, Sooraj}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]

Madhapur

2026-02-20T07:11:26Z

StephanieWentwor: small add article as per guidelines further and updated info

{{About|a suburban area|business district|HITEC City}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| other_name = Hitech City
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = Cyber Towers Madhapur Hyderabad.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Cyber Towers at Madhapur
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad##Location in Telangana
| coordinates = {{coord|17|26|30|N|78|23|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rangareddy]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.06
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 97750
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =13851
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 500 081<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://pincode.hindiastar.com/TELANGANA/HYDERABAD/cyberabad-s.o
|title= Madhapur (Cyberabad S.O) Pin Code Hyderabad, Telangana, India
|website=PinCode
|access-date=2026-02-20
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| registration_plate = '''TG-07'''
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chevella]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Serilingampally]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority|HMDA]]
| website =
| footnotes =
|population_metro = 300000
}}

'''Madhapur''' is a [[neighbourhood]] of [[Hyderabad]], India. It is noted as a centre of [[information technology]] activity. The heart of this area is called [[HITEC City]] which has the highest concentration of IT/ITES establishments in the city.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/a-wave-of-change-in-madhapur/article3578671.ece A wave of change in Madhapur]</ref> Located in [[Ranga Reddy district]] of [[Telangana]], It is administered as [[Hyderabad Corporation zones, circles and wards|Ward No. 107]] of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation wards|url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/Wards.pdf|access-date=2020-07-01|website=[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]|archive-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615000938/https://www.ghmc.gov.in/Documents/Wards.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Madhapur is within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of the residential and commercial suburb of [[Jubilee Hills]] .

== Geography ==
The entire city sits below 550m. The official elevation sits at about 576m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distancesto.com/elevation/in/madhapur/history/11635.html|title=Madhapur Elevation (576.61 M)|website=www.distancesto.com|access-date=2017-04-03}}</ref> In the southeast corner of the city, next to the [[Inorbit Mall]], there is a lake named [[Durgam Cheruvu]] which is being destroyed by the construction activities in that area affecting the swans in the lake.

==Economy==
[[File:Lake durgam.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Durgam Cheruvu|Lake Durgam]], located close to the Hitec city]]
Madhapur has transformed from a small, rocky village in the early 1990s into a modern IT and [[business process outsourcing|BPO]] hub.<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-07-22/Madhapur-From-a-sleepy-village-to-Hyd%E2%80%99s-Silicon-Valley-102588 Madhapur: From a sleepy village to Hyd's Silicon Valley]</ref> Madhapur has made its mark on the [[city map]] by having the highest concentration of [[Information Technology|IT/ITES]] companies in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] city. Top IT/ITES and Telco companies from all over the world are located in this suburb, fuelling the software and BPO businesses. Cyber Towers, Cyber Gateway and Cyber Pearl were the first IT structures to come up. Later on big names like [[Broadcom]], [[Qualcomm]], [[Computer Sciences Corporation|CSC]], [[Tata Communications]], [[Accenture]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], [https://in.adp.com/ Automatic Data Processing(ADP)], [[NTT Data]], [[Tech Mahindra]], [[Prolifics Corporation]], [[Deloitte]], [[Amazon.com]], [[Convergys]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[IBM]], [[Dell]], [[Google]], [[Verizon]], [[CA Inc.]], [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], AppLabs, [[Invensys]], [[Keane (company)|Keane]], [[Cognizant]], [[Patni Computer Systems|Patni]], Ram info solutions, [[Cyient]], [[Capital IQ]], [[Genpact]], [[Novartis]], [[Deloitte]], Sitel India, [[Colruyt Group|Colruyt]], [[Netcracker Technology]] and many others have made the city their business centre.

This suburb is also home to [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT),<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nift-director-justifies-fee-hike/article4526719.ece NIFT Hyderabad]</ref> Sri Venkateshwara college of Architecture: Sri Venkateshwara college of Arts and pharmacy college, Manthan International School and CGR International school, which are leading new International Schools in Hyderabad.

Real estate is on the rise with big names such as [[Ramky Estates]], Aparna, Aliens, [[Lanco Infratech]] and many others constructing skyscrapers, luxury homes, SEZs etc.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Companies choosing Madhapur for their business ventures have made Madhapur an integrated and modern city.

Madhapur also has become the preferred meeting place, with many international conferences and meetings taking place at Hitex Convention Center and Hotel Novotel, Hotels like Westine, Lemon Tree, Trident and other business hotels in surrounding areas like Banjara Hills and Jubilee Hills has enhanced the value of Madhapur over the last decade.

==Transport and infrastructure==
[[TSRTC]], a state-owned bus service, connects Madhapur with other parts of the city.
The bus numbers plying to Madhapur are 10H, 127K, 222A.
Madhapur is served by [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|MMTS train service]], the station is [[Hitech City railway station|HiTech City Station]], which is a kilometer away. Taxis and autos shuttle between the station and the city. [[Hyderabad Metro Rail]] is also available at a distance.

Inner and outer ring roads are being developed to ease traffic during peak hours, and also to provide connectivity to the new [[Hyderabad International Airport]] near [[Shamshabad]].

==Hospitals==
* [[Hegde Fertility]]
* [[Medicover Hospitals]]
* [[Oakridge Hospitals]]
* Image Hospital
* FirstHealth Diagnostics<ref>[http://firsthealthdiagnostics.com/fhd/ FirstHealth Diagnostics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821135754/http://firsthealthdiagnostics.com/fhd/ |date=21 August 2015 }}</ref>

==Landmarks==

* Botanical gardens{{spaced endash}}{{cvt|3|km}} from Madhapur
* Cyber gateway
* Cyber Pearl
* Cyber Towers
* [[Durgam Cheruvu|Durgam cheruvu]]
* Fortune Towers
* HITEX Convention Centre
* Image Hospital
* [[Inorbit Mall]]
* Mind Space campus
* Peddamma Temple{{spaced endash}}{{cvt|4|km}} from Madhapur
* [[Shilparamam]] Auditorium, Arts and crafts centre
* [[State Gallery of Art, Chitramayee]]
* Vanenberg IT Park

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic Location
|Northwest = [[Hafeezpet]]
|North = [[Kukatpally]]
|Northeast = [[Borabanda]]
|West = [[Kondapur]]
|Centre = Madhapur
|East = [[Jubilee Hills]]
|Southwest = [[Gachibowli]]
|South = [[Khajaguda]]
|Southeast = [[Raidurg]]
}}
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Municipal wards of Hyderabad, India]]

Diesel Loco Shed, Mhow

2026-02-19T05:18:11Z

StephanieWentwor: updated page

{{Short description|Loco shed in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Railway Depot
| name = Diesel Loco Shed, Mhow
| image = MHOW based YDM-4 loco with 52957 (Ratlam-Mhow) Passenger.jpg
| image_width = 220px
| image_alt =
| caption = Mhow based YDM-4 at Ratlam.
| location = {{Coord|22.3251 | 75.4614|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| depotcode = MHOW
| type = [[Engine shed]]
| opened =
| closed =
| original =
| pregrouping =
| postgrouping =
| roads = 
| rollingstock = [[YDM-4]]
| routes = [[Akola–Ratlam line]]

}}
'''Diesel Loco Shed, Mhow''' is a metre-gauge engine shed located in [[Mhow]], in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is located to south of [[Mhow railway station]], it falls under the [[Ratlam railway division]] of [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]. It is the smallest of the three locomotive sheds in the Western Railway zone.<ref>[http://railinindia.tripod.com/mhow.html Mhow Diesel Loco Shed]</ref><ref>[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html Sheds and Workshops]</ref><ref>[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed2.html Steam Locomotive Sheds of the Past]</ref>

== History ==

When Loco Shed started 40 YDM-4s were transferred from other MG sheds to restart Loco Shed as [[Mhow]] was a steam shed till the 1998 when the steam service was withdrawn at time shed has capacity to hold hundred steam locomotives. Locos now service the isolated MG section from [[Akola]] to [[Indore]]. Currently it is home 18 [[YDM-4]] locomotives.<ref>[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/DLS/WR/Mhow.pdf Loco Shed]</ref><ref>[http://wikimapia.org/16619498/Mhow-Diesel-Loco-Shed Wikimapia]</ref>

== Trains ==

=== Current ===

* [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar–Sanawad Passenger]]

=== Former ===

* [[Ajmer–Hyderabad Meenakshi Express]]
* [[Mhow–Indore Passenger]]

== Locomotive ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! SN !! Locomotive !! HP !! Quantity
|-
| 1 || [[YDM-4]] || 1400 || 7
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total active locomotives as of June 2025'''<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=30 January 2026 |title=Traction Circulars |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717 |location= |publisher=[[Indian Railways|IR]] |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Electric Loco Holding & Availability Targets |url=http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html |website=elocos.railnet.gov.in |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All Locos |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos?filter_term%5Bshed_id%5D=76 |website=irfca.org |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> || 7
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/ Railway Board - Official Website]
* [http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/ Western Railway - Official Website]

{{Locomotives Sheds of India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Western Railway}}

[[Category:Railway depots in India|Mhow]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ratlam railway division|MHOW]]
[[Category:Transport in Mhow]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Delhi–Kathmandu Bus

2026-02-12T07:16:33Z

StephanieWentwor: small changes

{{short description|Indian-Nepali bus route}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox bus transit
| name = Delhi-Kathmandu Bus
| =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| company_slogan =
| parent =
| founded = 25 November 2014
| defunct =
| headquarters =
| locale =
| service_area =
| service_type =
| alliance =
| routes =
| destinations = [[Delhi]], [[Kathmandu]]
| stops = [[Agra]], [[Kanpur]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Sonauli]], [[Butawal]], & [[Narayangadh]]
| hubs =
| stations =
| lounge =
| depots =
| fleet =
| ridership  =
| annual ridership =
| fuel_type =
| operator = [[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
| ceo =
| leader_type =
| leader =
| website =
}} The '''Delhi-Kathmandu bus''' is a trans-boundary bus service connecting [[India]] and [[Nepal]]'s capitals at [[Delhi]] and [[Kathmandu]] respectively. The service is operated by the [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC) and was launched in 2014.<ref name="indiatoday1">{{cite news |title=Now, a DTC bus to Kathmandu for Rs 2300 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/neighbours/story/dtc-bus-delhi-kathmandu-228609-2014-11-25 |accessdate=18 November 2018 |work=India Today |issue=25 November 2014}}</ref>

While Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), a state run corporation, will run the bus service from Indian side, the Federation of Nepalese National Transport Entrepreneurs (FNNTE) is operating the bus service under supervision of the Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport MoPIT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mopit.gov.np/|title=.: Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport :.|website=www.mopit.gov.np|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> Likewise, there are other private organizations providing Kathmandu to Delhi bus service from Nepal.

This bus service has a 2X2 seating arrangement and is an AC bus service. The service operates from Dr. Ambedkar bus stand near [[Delhi Gate, Delhi|Delhi gate]] in Delhi. This bus travels via [[Agra]] (by [[Yamuna Expressway]]), [[Firozabad]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Ayodhya]] and [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]] in India. This is a direct bus service without any stop. This bus crosses the [[Sonauli]] border where customs checks are carried out. The {{convert|1250|km|mi}} long journey is covered in 30 hours.<ref name="indiatoday1" /> This is the second international bus service after [[Delhi-Lahore Bus|Delhi-Lahore service]] by Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dtcbooking.in/DTCOnline/|title=Delhi Transport Corporation.|website=www.dtcbooking.in|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> inaugurated by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/bus-diplomacy-689624.html|title=Kuldip Nayar and the bus ride with Atal Bihari Vajpayee|date=27 August 2018|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> in 20 February 1999. There are also plans to start similar bus services to all neighboring countries of India.

== Launching of Delhi To Kathmandu Bus Service ==
The first ever Bus service from India to Nepal was flagged off on Tuesday, 25 November 2014. The bus was flagged off by Road Transport and Highway Minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] in New Delhi at a time when Indian Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] was in [[Kathmandu]] to attend [[18th SAARC summit]] from 26–27 November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/india-nepal-bus-service-launched-modi-in-nepal-nitin-gadkari-373955-2014-11-25|title=New Delhi-Kathmandu bus service launched|date=25 November 2014|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref> Likewise, Prime Minister [[Sushil Koirala]] and his Indian counterpart [[Narendra Modi]] jointly flagged off Kathmandu-Delhi-Kathmandu bus service on the same day in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/ktm-delhi-bus-service-begins/|title=Ktm-Delhi bus service begins|last=Republica|website=My Republica|language=en|access-date=20 May 2019}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Delhi-Kathmandu Bus Service Significance ==
Delhi-Kathmandu bus is a symbol of desired friendship between two nations. Since its beginning the bus has frequently carried pilgrims, tourists, foreign delegates and general public of both nations. Likewise, it started getting its popularity as an alternative to expensive flights and widely crowded train transportation. This bus service is playing an important role in trade and transportation of both nations. Similarly, this service is providing economic sustainability on transportation service between two nations. The launch of the bus service strengthen relations with Nepal since both countries have strong historical and cultural ties. Since travelling by bus is the best alternatives for flights and widely crowded trains. The reason why the inter-country bus is getting popularity is due to the economic feasibility of travelling by bus. The travel companies in Nepal and India are collaborating on providing the best travel service connecting two nations by buses. The inter boundary bus route networks and the bus services at the best fare are helping to promote tourism and neighborly relationship in both nations.

== Bus Service Details ==
This Bus service will start from Ambedkar Stadium Bus Terminal in the national capital i.e [[New Delhi]] [[India]] and end in [[Kathmandu]]. The route goes via [[Agra]], [[Kanpur]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Gorakhpur]] in [[India]]. Then the bus will cross [[Sonauli]] border where the customs checks are carried out. Similarly, the Bus will follow route via [[Tilottama, Rupandehi]], [[Kawasoti]], [[Narayangadh]] and finally to [[Kathmandu]]. In Nepal, the bus park is located Near [[Pashupatinath Temple]] in Gaushala Kathmandu. Likewise, there are different bus stands around [[Kathmandu]]. You can choose the favourable bus stand for you around Kathmandu.
Bus stands: Chakrapath, Gongabu New Bus Park, [[Swayambhunath]] Hama petrol pump/Kalanki baba petrol pump
Likewise, you can get the bus in Narayangath, Butwal, and Sunauli.<ref name="Kathmandu to Delhi Bus">{{cite news|url=https://www.vivaanadventure.com/kathmandu-to-delhi-bus-ticket/|title=Kathmandu to Delhi Bus|work=Vivaan Adventure|accessdate=20 May 2019}}</ref> Services operated by the Delhi Transport Corporation use [[Volvo B8R|Volvo B8Rs]] while FNNTE uses [[Tata Motors|Tata Magnas]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/all+services/delhi-kathmandu+bus+service DTC Delhi-Kathmandu Bus Service]
* [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kathmandu-is-a-30hour-bus-ride-away-from-delhi/article6635684.ece The Hindu: Now, Kathmandu is a 30-hour bus ride away from the Capital]
* [https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/delhi-kathmandu-bus-service-flagged-11201415902.html Delhi-Kathmandu bus service flagged off] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126180825/https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/delhi-kathmandu-bus-service-flagged-11201415902.html |date=26 November 2018 }}
* [http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/all+services/delhi-kathmandu+bus+service DTC Delhi-Kathmandu Bus Service]
*[https://www.vivaanadventure.com/kathmandu-to-delhi-bus-ticket// Kathmandu to Delhi bus]

{{International Bus Services from India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi - Kathmandu Bus}}
[[Category:Bus transport in India]]
[[Category:Road transport in India]]
[[Category:Road transport in Nepal]]
[[Category:India–Nepal relations]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:International bus transport in Asia]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Kathmandu]]
[[Category:2014 in international relations]]

Rangaraj Pandey

2026-02-10T02:55:43Z

StephanieWentwor: New a article.

{{Short description|Indian journalist and actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rangaraj Pandey
| image = Rangaraj Pandey at the 12th We Awards 2016.jpg
| caption = Pandey at the 12th We Awards 2016
| birth_name = Rangaraj Pandey Ragunathacharya
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|11|16}}{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
| birth_place = [[Srivilliputhur]], India
| occupation = * Former Editor-in-Chief of [[Thanthi TV]] 
* Youtuber Chanakyaa (YouTube Channel)
* Journalist
| alma_mater = [[Madurai Kamaraj University]]
| years_active = 1998 – present
| children = 2
| credits = ''Doubtu Dhanabalu'', ''Ayutha Ezhuthu'', ''Kelvikenna Bathil '', ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]''
}}

'''Rangaraj Pandey Ragunathacharya''' is an Indian journalist and actor.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Web Desk|first=India Today|date=8 August 2019|title=Nerkonda Paarvai actor Rangaraj Pandey opens up about Chinmayi's allegations against Vairamuthu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nerkonda-paarvai-actor-rangaraj-pandey-opens-up-about-chinmayi-s-allegations-against-vairamuthu-1578545-2019-08-08|access-date=2020-07-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

He started his career at Dinamalar and Visual Media Career at Thanthi TV. Later he started his YouTube channel Chankyaa Network.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Early life and education==

He was born in a [[Brahmin]] family <ref>{{Citation|title=அனைத்து சாதியினரும் அர்ச்சகர் ஆக கூடாதா Sir? Rangaraj Pandey-வுடன் காரசார விவாதம்|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zljyhicMYJE|language=en|access-date=2021-11-30}}</ref> in Srivilliputhur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rangaraj-pandey-quits-thanthi-tv-tamil-news-225531|title=Rangaraj Pandey quits Thanthi TV - Tamil News|date=2018-12-11|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref> His parents, who were from [[Buxar district]], [[Bihar]], migrated to [[Tamil Nadu]] before his birth. He did his schooling at a Tamil medium government school in Srivilliputhur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=For the First Time in Thanthi TV..!! "Pandey-vukku Enna Kelvi.?" (13/11/2015) - Thanthi TV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLKFabzlj2c|website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/star-anchors-driving-tamil-tv-news-uprising|title=The star-anchors driving Tamil TV news uprising|date=2015-06-13|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref> He pursued a [[Master of Arts]] degree in Tamil literature, from [[Madurai Kamaraj University]]. Pandey currently resides in [[Chennai]] along with his family.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Career==
Pandey hosted ''Kelvikku Enna Badhil'' ({{translation|What is the answer to the question?}}) and Ayutha Ezhuthu on Thanthi TV.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-unflappable-arnab-goswamis-of-the-south-meet-news-anchors-setting-trps-afire/story-hjXNp4PW9PSHaNlpvYtkzL.html|title=The 'unflappable' Arnab Goswamis of the South: Meet news anchors setting TRPs afire|date=2017-01-21|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-05-07|language=en}}</ref>

He quit Thanthi TV on 9 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|title=நான் ஏன் Thanthi TV விட்டு விலகினேன்|work=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8jQ5NZluNk}}</ref>

He currently hosts a personal blog channel on [[YouTube]] called ''Chanakyaa''.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]'' || Himself || Uncredited role
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'' || Advocate Sathyamoorthy |||| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/nerkonda-paarvai-journalist-rangaraj-pandey-play-this-role-ajith-starrer-793773|title=Nerkonda Paarvai: Journalist Rangaraj Pandey to play this role in Ajith-starrer|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2019-03-13|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=english|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Ka Pae Ranasingam]]'' || Tamizhkumaran |||| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangaraj Pandey on board for 'Ka Pae Ranasingam'! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rangaraj-pandey-on-board-for-ka-pae-ranasingam-news-tamil-ufmkvyejcfhee.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513005457/https://www.sify.com/movies/rangaraj-pandey-on-board-for-ka-pae-ranasingam-news-tamil-ufmkvyejcfhee.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2020 |website=Sify}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and accolades==

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:25%;"| Award
! style="width:25%;"| Honouring body

|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2018
|| The Most Talked About Host Award
|| Galatta Nakshathra Awards
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Rangaraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television executives]]
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Kasturi Rajadhyaksha

2026-02-07T23:29:20Z

StephanieWentwor: article

{{short description|Indian physician and community worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kasturi Rajadhyaksha
| other_names = Dr. Raja
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age at death |86|2010|02|07}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2010|02|07|86}}
| death_place = [[Ohio]]
| occupation = Physician, community worker
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Kasturi Rajadhyaksha''' (1923/1924 – 7 February 2010), often referred to as '''Dr. Raja''', was an Indian [[physician]] and community worker. She helped several support groups specifically for Indian or South Asian people, and focused particularly on ending domestic violence and helping South Asian business people.

== Personal life ==
Kasturi Rajadhyaksha was born in 1923 or 1924 in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/dispatch/obituary.aspx?pid=139522927|title=Kasturi Rajadhyaksha obituary|work=The Columbus Dispatch|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> In 1945, Rajadhyaksha earned her [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] degree after studying [[gynaecology]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/rajyadksha-in-ohio-womens-hall-of-fame/20081120.htm|title=Kasturi Rajadhyaksha in Ohio Women's Hall of Fame|last=Mittra|first=Ayoti|date=20 November 2008|work=Rediff News|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> She also held a [[Master's degree]] in [[Public health|Public Health]], which she earned from [[Johns Hopkins University]]. Rajadhyaksha was married to Vithal Kashinath Rajadhyaksha, with whom she had two sons.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kasturi Rajadhyaksha worked as a physician, and after seeing the difficulties faced by the pregnant women she treated, began her career in community service setting up organizations for women. In 1965, Rajadhyaksha moved to the United States, where she continued her community work to help women.<ref name=":1" /> After finishing her master's degree in Public Health, she became the Asian coordinator for the [[Jhpiego]], a non-profit organization run by Johns Hopkins University to improve international education in gynecology and obstetrics. She spent six years in this position, during which time she traveled to over twenty countries to organize trainings in [[Laparoscopic surgery|laprascopy]]. She went on to work as a director and as the Minority Business Coordinator for the DLZ Corporation, an architectural and engineering firm based in Columbus, Ohio.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohioana.org/whf/2008/raja.asp|title=Dr. Kasturi Rajadhyaksha|website=Ohioana|publisher=Ohioana Library Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511142839/http://www.ohioana.org/whf/2008/raja.asp|archive-date=11 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1990, Rajadhyaksha founded the Women of Indian Subcontinent Support Group (WISSUG), a group to help women workers. She co-founded the Asian American Commerce Group (AACG), a group for Asian-American business owners in central Ohio. In 2003, Rajadhyaksha and nine others founded ASHA-Ray of Hope, a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] working to help [[Domestic violence|domestic abuse]] victims in the [[South Asia]]n community. She also was among the founders of the Women to Women Business Mentoring Group.<ref name=":1" /> She served on the Columbus Equal Opportunity Commission, and as a board member of the South Central Minority Business Development Council.<ref name=":2" />

In September 2008, Rajadhyaksha was inducted into the [[Ohio Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref name=":1" /> Throughout her career, she received several awards for her work. In 1996 she won the [[YWCA]] Woman of Achievement Award, and in 1998 she was awarded the Ohio's Federation of Indian Association's Outstanding Community Service Award. She was given the Ohio Civil Rights Commission's Outstanding Leader Award, and in 2001 she also won the Women of Courage Award.<ref name=":2" /> In 2003, she won the Most Distinguished Physician Community Service Award from the National Association of American Physicians of Indian Origin.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ohio Women's Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajadhyaksha, Kasturi}}
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]

Kapil Nirmal

2026-02-07T23:24:41Z

StephanieWentwor: small changes

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2013}}
{{Notability|Bio|date=March 2020}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kapil Nirmal
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kapil
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2007–2015; 2018; 2021–2022; 2025–present
}}

'''Kapil Nirmal''' is an Indian [[television actor]] who is best known for his portrayal of Yudhishthir Sisodia in the [[Star Plus]] serial ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]''.

== Career ==
Kapil Nirmal began his acting career with [[ETV Rajasthan]]'s show, Ina Meena Dika, then he appeared in the television film, Roop Ki Rani. Kapil then shifted to Mumbai where he worked with [[Reliance Big Pictures]]. His first break as a lead happened with the show Shakira – The End of Evil where he played A.C.P. Abhay Singh on [[Bindass]] Channel. After which he portrayed the role of Yudhishthir Sisodia in the daily [[Star Plus]] show''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]''. He has participated in the season 4 of ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 4|Nach Baliye 4]]'' with [[Anjali Abrol]] and was also a part of the second season of ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha]]''. He had a guest appearance in ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]'' as a part of the [[Durga Puja]] celebration. He played the character of Sarjerao Bhonsle im ''[[Pardes Mein Mila Koi Apna]]''. Later he went on to play the role of Surya Singh Rana in ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''. He was also seen in ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]'' as Nihal Singh, ''Box Cricket League'' as part of Ahmedabad Express and ''[[Bhootu]]'' as Vikram.<ref>Kapil Nirmal fined for touching temple walls http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kapil-nirmal-fined-for-touching-temple-walls/kapil-nirmal/photostory/50148383.cms</ref><ref>Jaipur actor Kapil Nirmal in town for kite festival http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jaipur-actor-Kapil-Nirmal-in-town-for-kite-festival/articleshow/45842499.cms</ref><ref>Kapil Nirmal fooled by an old woman who claimed to be a fan http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kapil-Nirmal-fooled-by-an-old-woman-who-claimed-to-be-a-fan/articleshow/45536216.cms</ref>
<ref>TV actors reveal their Christmas wish http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/india/tv-actors-reveal-their-christmas-wish/articleshow/56155467.cms</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/television/kapil-nirmal-is-sarja-raja/article_16984|title=Afternoondc.in|access-date=27 December 2011|archive-date=23 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223160156/http://www.afternoondc.in/television/kapil-nirmal-is-sarja-raja/article_16984|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He has made an appearance in [[Javed Ali]]'s music album ''Yaara''.

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2024
|''[[Vedaa]]''
|API Bhimsen Purohit
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''Shakira – The End of Evil''
| A.C.P. Abhay Singh
| [[Bindass]]
|-
| 2008–2010
| ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]''
| Yudhishthir Sisodia
| rowspan = "2" | [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''
| Kapil Nirmal (Special Appearance on the occasion of Durga Puja)
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Pardes Mein Mila Koi Apna]]''
| Sarjerao Bhonsle
| [[Imagine TV]]
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''
| Surya Singh Rana
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2012–2013; 2014
| ''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]''
| Nihal Singh
| rowspan = "2" | [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Ishq Kills]]''
| Devendra Sood (Episode 4)
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Bhootu]]''
| Vikram
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
| Jeet
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Baal Shiv – Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha]]''
| Maharaj [[Tarakasur]]
| [[&TV]]
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]''
| Kapil Bhatnagar
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
|}

== Reality Shows ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 4|Nach Baliye 4]]''
| rowspan = "3" | Contestant
| rowspan = "2" | [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha]]''
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League''
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nirmal, Kapil}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Manohar Thana Assembly constituency

2026-02-07T17:30:37Z

StephanieWentwor: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manohar Thana
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-200-Manohar Thana.svg
| mla = [[Govind Prasad]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency|Jhalawar–Baran]]
| established = 1976
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:266509}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 200
}}
'''Manohar Thana''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

The constituency was created by ''The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976''.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It had its first election in [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]. As of the latest delimitation in 2008, it consists of Asnawar [[Revenue block|ILRC]] of Jhalrapatan tehsil, and all of Manohar Thana and Aklera tehsils of [[Jhalawar district]].<ref name=delimitation2008/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3392-rajasthan-1990/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=4| Jagannath
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-rajasthan-1993/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1993 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Kailash Chandra Meena]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317180233/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Kanwar Lal Meena]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|rowspan=2| [[Govind Prasad]]
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of winners">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of winners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajasthan-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471236-2023-12-03|accessdate=12 December 2023|date=4 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212114953/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajasthan-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471236-2023-12-03|archivedate=12 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Manohar Thana<ref name="election2023"/><ref name="Manohar Thana Constituency Election Results 2013 - 2023">{{cite news |title=Manohar Thana Constituency Election Results 2013 - 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/manohar-thana |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116133535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/manohar-thana |archive-date=16 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Govind Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:85304}}
|percentage = 37.82
|change = -15.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kailash Chand
|votes = {{formatnum:60439}}
|percentage = 26.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nemichand Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:38429}}
|percentage = 17.04
|change = -25.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Roshan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:27766}}
|percentage = 12.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = Rajkumar
|votes = {{formatnum:6345}}
|percentage = 2.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chander Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2275}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3199}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24865}}
|percentage = 11.02
|change = +0.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:225524}}
|percentage = 84.62
|change = -0.53
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Manohar Thana<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Govind Prasad
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:110215}}
|percentage = 53.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kailash chand
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:88346}}
|percentage = 42.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3117}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21869}}
|percentage = 10.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206374}}
|percentage = 85.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jhalawar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.24|76.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Jhalawar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Mahant Avaidyanath

2026-02-05T04:35:43Z

StephanieWentwor: updated page

{{short description|Indian politician (1921-2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Mahant Avaidyanath 2015 stamp of India.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = December 1989
| constituency = [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha Constituency|Gorakhpur]]
| predecessor = Madan Pandey
| successor = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| term_start2 = January 1970
| predecessor2 = [[Digvijay Nath|Mahant Digvijay Nath]]
| successor2 = Narsingh Narain Pandey
| office3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = March 1962
| term_end3 = February 1980 (5 times)
| constituency3 = [[Maniram Assembly constituency|Maniram]]
| predecessor3 = Keshav Pandey
| successor3 = Haridwar Pandey
| birth_name = Kripal Singh Bisht
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|05|28}}
| birth_place = Kandi, [[Garhwal District]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Pauri Garhwal district]], [[Uttrakhand]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|09|12|1921|05|28}}
| death_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| birthname =
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = [[Hindu Mahasabha]], [[Janata Party]]<ref name=IEMahant>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ram-temple-movement-leader-avaidyanath-passes-away/#sthash.b9obEOP8.dpuf
|title=Ram Temple movement leader Avaidyanath passes away |date= 13 September 2014 |work=[[Indian Express]]
}}</ref>
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| education =
| occupation = Politician, monk
| signature =
| website =
| term_end = March 1998 (3 times)
| footnotes =
| awards =
| term_end2 = March 1971
| module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| denomination = [[Shaivism]]
| school = [[Yoga]]
| sect = [[Nath|Nath Sampradaya]]
| lineage = [[Guru Gorakhnath]]
| guru = [[Mahant Digvijaynath]]
| disciples = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| post = [[Mahant]]
| temple = [[Gorakhnath Math]]
| ordination = 1969
| period = 1969–2014
| predecessor = [[Mahant Digvijaynath]]
| successor = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
}}}}

'''Mahant Avaidyanath''' (born '''Kripal Singh Bisht''', 28 May 1921–12 September 2014) was an Indian politician and the head priest ([[Mahant]]) of the [[Gorakhnath Math]], a prominent [[Hindu]] temple in [[Gorakhpur]].<ref name=TOI92>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/92-yr-old-Avaidyanath-hopes-to-see-temple/articleshow/6661784.cms 92-yr-old Avaidyanath hopes to see temple]. ''Times of India''. 1 October 2010 </ref> He was a member of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and, later [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]; and got elected to the Indian parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) from [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Gorakhpur]] four times. He played an important role in the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] movement. He is better known as the mentor and guru of [[Uttar Pradesh]] Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref name=TOI92/><ref name=village>[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/yogi-adityanaths-village-celebrates-advice-from-chief-ministers-father-1671266 As Yogi Adityanath's Village Celebrates His Rise, Advice From His Father], NDTV News, 20 March 2017. </ref>

== Career ==
===Religious===
Avaidyanath succeeded ''[[Mahant]]'' [[Digvijay Nath]] as the head of [[Gorakhnath Math]]. Upon his death in 2014, he was succeeded by [[Yogi Adityanath]] (Ajay Mohan Bisht).<ref name=ht0317>{{citation |title=This Muslim volunteer shares a special bond with Yogi Adityanath |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/this-muslim-volunteer-shares-a-special-bond-with-yogi/story-rcNFSOsmARB8GrGwlyGB7H.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 March 2017 }}</ref>

===Political===
Avaidyanath was elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Maniram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maniram Assembly]] segment five times – 1962, 1967, 1969 (resigned mid-term), 1974 and 1977, variously as Independent or Hindu Mahasabha's or Janata Party's candidate. He was elected Lok Sabha member from [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Gorakhpur]] as an Independent candidate in 1970 but lost 1971 General Election when Indira wave swept India. He won again in 1989 as candidate of [[Hindu Mahasabha]]. He was elected MP from the same seat in 1991 and 1996 as [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] nominee.<ref name=IEMahant>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ram-temple-movement-leader-avaidyanath-passes-away/#sthash.b9obEOP8.dpuf
|title=Ram Temple movement leader Avaidyanath passes away |date= 13 September 2014 |work=[[Indian Express]]
}}</ref> He retired from electoral politics after that, and his protege Yogi Adityanath was elected to Lok Sabha in 1998 General Election.

=== Religio-political ===
Mahant Avaidyanath was a leader of the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] movement, founding the ''Sri Ramjanmabhoomi Mukti Yagna Samiti'' (Committee of sacrifice to liberate Ram's birthplace) in 1984. In September of that year, the ''Samiti'' launched a "religious procession with Hindu nationalist slogans" from Sitamarhi in Bihar to Ayodhya, with the mission of 'liberating' the Ram temple. Avaidyanath gave sermons exhorting the listeners to give votes only to those parties that promised to liberate the Hindu sacred places.<ref name=Jaffrelot>{{citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |authorlink=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1850653011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA362 |pages=362–364}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 12 September 2014 in [[Gorakhpur]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/former-mp-mahant-avaidyanath-passes-away_1469076.html
|title=Mahant Avaidyanath passes away
|date= 13 September 2014
|work=[[Zee News]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-mahant-avaidyanath-passes-away-11625852.html
|title=गोरक्षापीठाधीश्वर महंत अवेद्यनाथ का निधन
|date= 12 September 2014
|work=Jagran
|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.livehindustan.com/news/desh/national/article1-mahant-awaidyanath-gorakhnath-temple-death--39-39-450851.html
|title=श्रीरामजन्मभूमि आंदोलन के नेता महंत अवेद्यनाथ ब्रह्मलीन
|date=12 September 2014
|work=Live Hindustan
|language=Hindi
|archive-date=13 September 2014
|access-date=12 September 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913032234/http://www.livehindustan.com/news/desh/national/article1-mahant-awaidyanath-gorakhnath-temple-death--39-39-450851.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.livehindustan.com/news/desh/national/article1-story-39-39-450855.html
|title=काशी के संतों ने कहा, समाज के लिए गौरव थे अवेद्यनाथ
|date=12 September 2014
|work=Live Hindustan
|language=Hindi
|archive-date=13 September 2014
|access-date=12 September 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913015935/http://www.livehindustan.com/news/desh/national/article1-story-39-39-450855.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/national/yogi-adityanath-ex-bjp-mp-mahant-maharaj-avedyanath-died/148139.html#sthash.EsdZW1O1.dpuf
|title=पूर्व भाजपा सांसद व गोरक्षापीठाधीश्‍वर महंत अवेद्यनाथ का निधन
|date= 12 September 2014
|work=Prabhakar Khabar
|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name=ht0317/> [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]] said he was "saddened over the demise of Mahant Avaidyanath ji", and that he will be remembered for his patriotic zeal and determined efforts to serve society.<ref name=IEMahant/>

Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] and UP BJP president [[Laxmikant Bajpai]] also sent condolences on his death.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/former-mp-mahant-avaidyanath-passes-away_1469076.html
|title=Former MP Mahant Avaidyanath passes away
|date= 13 September 2014
|work=[[Zee News]]
}}</ref>

== Commemoration ==
A stamp is being released to mark the first death anniversary of Avaidyanath, who was also spiritual father of the current UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath. He died on 12 September 2014 at the age of 93.<ref name=IEMahant/>

==See also==
* [[Yogi Adityanath]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avaidyanath, Mahant}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu Mahasabha politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1974–1977]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]

Meet Cute (TV series)

2026-01-26T17:18:29Z

StephanieWentwor:

{{Short description|Web series by Deepthi Ganta for SonyLIV}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Meet Cute Poster.jpg
| genre = [[Anthology]] [[Drama]]
| creator = Deepthi Ganta
| writer =
| director = Deepthi Ganta
| starring = [[Sathyaraj]] [[Aakanksha Singh]] [[Adah Sharma]] [[Varsha Bollamma]] [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] [[Shiva Kandukuri]]
| music = [[Vijai Bulganin]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| producer = [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] [[Prashanti Tipirneni]]
| editor = [[Garry BH]]
| camera = [[A. Vasanth]]
| company = Wall Poster Cinema
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|11|25|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|11|25|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Meet Cute''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[anthology series|anthology]] [[Romantic Drama|drama]] streaming television series<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=Anthology Of Urban Love Stories 'Meet Cute' To Start Streaming From Nov 25 |url=https://www.glamsham.com/ott/web-news/anthology-of-urban-love-stories-meet-cute-to-start-streaming-from-nov-25 |access-date=2022-11-25 |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125093759/https://www.glamsham.com/ott/web-news/anthology-of-urban-love-stories-meet-cute-to-start-streaming-from-nov-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=Meet Cute Trailer Out: 5 heartwarming tales of strangers turning into friends |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/meet-cute-trailer-out-5-heartwarming-tales-of-strangers-turning-into-friends-1199491 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125093800/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/meet-cute-trailer-out-5-heartwarming-tales-of-strangers-turning-into-friends-1199491 |url-status=live }}</ref> written and directed by debutant Deepthi Ganta<ref>{{Cite web |last=PR |date=2022-11-21 |title=Akka Introduced My Family Members With Meet Cute: Nani |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/212515/akka-introduced-my-family-members-with-meet-cute-nani |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Gulte |language=en-US |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125093759/https://www.gulte.com/movienews/212515/akka-introduced-my-family-members-with-meet-cute-nani |url-status=live }}</ref> for [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=25 November 2022 |title=Meet Cute on SonyLIV |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/meet-cute-1700001072 |access-date=25 Nov 2022 |website=SonyLIV |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117073139/https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/meet-cute-1700001072 |url-status=live }}</ref> The series stars [[Sathyaraj]], [[Aakanksha Singh]], [[Adah Sharma]], [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]], [[Ruhani Sharma]], [[Shiva Kandukuri]] and Sanchitha Poonacha in the lead roles. Vijay Bulganin has composed the music and the series is produced by [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-11-23 |title=Telugu anthology 'Meet Cute': Siblings actor-producer Nani and director Deepthi discuss their journey, from fighting over TV remote to collaborating for a project |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-producer-nani-and-his-sister-deepthi-discuss-their-collaboration-for-the-telugu-anthology-meet-cute/article66168242.ece |access-date=2022-11-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125090728/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-producer-nani-and-his-sister-deepthi-discuss-their-collaboration-for-the-telugu-anthology-meet-cute/article66168242.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Prashanti Tipirneni]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiran |first=T. F. N. |date=2022-11-18 |title=Meet Cute Trailer Out Now: Nani And Deepthi Tell The Cutest Stories Of Life {{!}} Ashwin Kumar {{!}} Varsha Bollamma {{!}} Sathyaraj {{!}} Ruhani Sharma {{!}} Aakanshka Singh {{!}} Adah Sharma |url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2022/11/18/meet-cute-trailer-out-now-nani-and-deepthi-tell-the-cutest-stories-of-life/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Telugu Filmnagar |language=en-US |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125095310/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2022/11/18/meet-cute-trailer-out-now-nani-and-deepthi-tell-the-cutest-stories-of-life/ |url-status=live }}</ref> under '[[Wall Poster Cinema]]'<ref name=":0" /> banner. The trailer for the series was released on 18 November<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title='Meet Cute' Trailer out, release date announced - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/meet-cute-trailer-out-release-date-announced-telugu-news-327639 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2022-11-18 |title=Meet Cute Trailer: Pure Bliss |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/meet-cute-trailer-pure-bliss-125284 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125093759/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/meet-cute-trailer-pure-bliss-125284 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the series premiered on 25 November 2022 and was very well received by critics and appreciated by audience.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

== Plot ==
Charming first encounters lead to new experiences and pleasant discoveries in this heart-warming anthology series. Swathi, Saru, Padma, Shalini and Anjana's [[meet-cute]]s open them up to whole new perspective on life.

== Cast ==

=== ''Meet The Boy'' ===

* [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] as Abhi
* [[Varsha Bollamma]] as Swathi
* Srividya P as Ninu
* Sameer Malla as Pavan, Ninu's boyfriend

=== ''Old Is Gold'' ===

* [[Ruhani Sharma]] as Saroja 'Saru' 'Sarojamma'
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Mohan Rao, Retired journalist
* Raja Chembolu as Jai, Saru's husband

=== ''In L(aw)ove'' ===
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Padma
* [[Aakanksha Singh]] as Pooja, Siddharth's girl friend
* [[Dheekshith Shetty]] as Siddharth, Padma's son
* Surekha Vani as Lakshmi, Padma's friend
* Sripriya Iduri as Divya, Pooja's friend

=== ''Star Struck'' ===

* [[Shiva Kandukuri]] as Dr.Aman
* [[Adah Sharma]] as Shalini
* Alekhya Harika as Meera, Shalini's stylist

==='' Ex-Girlfriend'' ===
* [[Sunainaa]] as Kiran
* Sanchitha Poonacha as Anjana
* [[Govind Padmasoorya]] as Ajay
* Kivish as Pavan, Anjana's brother
* [[Kalyani Natarajan]] as Sashikala, Anjana's mother
* DD Srinivas as Ramesh, Kiran's father

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table|background=#C0D107|overall=|title=|airdate=|airdateR=|country=|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Meet the Boy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Swathi, An accomplished IT professional, yet an obedient daughter reluctantly meets the boy arranged by her mom. Abhi, the boy, who seems really eager to impress her has a reason and was he able to sway Swathi makes this story that kick starts meet cute and sets the stage.
|LineColor = C0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Old is Gold
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Saru, who is excited about the girls trip that she is making to Paris and is about to pick up her passport in a consulate, meets Mohan Rao, a retired journalist, who is also at the consulate applying for a visa for his trip to Switzerland. The conversations between the two and Mohan Rao’s take on relationships that changes Saru’s perspective makes up this sweet story of why old is always gold.
|LineColor = C0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = In L(aw)ove
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Padma, a doting mother, accidentally finds her son with a girl on her way back from grocery shopping. She follows them and ends up at a dog shelter where the girl volunteers over the weekend. What starts off as a spying mother wanting to know more about the son's secret girlfriend, eventually becomes a heartwarming conversation between two women who love the same boy for the same reasons.
|LineColor = C0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Star Struck
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Shalini, a celebrity/star on her way back from an award function is stranded on a street due to a broken down car and rain. The stylist who accompanies her hitches her a ride with a stranger who does not recognize her. How this star is struck by the chivalry of a complete stranger makes up this story that highlights what makes a gentleman and how a man that is anything but what is considered a macho stereotype can be completely charming.
|LineColor = C0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Ex-Girlfriend
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Anjana, after an altercation over a date night dinner with her newly married husband, Ajay, ends up on a beach. Anjana runs into Kiran, Ajay’s Ex Girlfriend, who also happens to be on the beach. Anjana and Kiran’s conversations on how contradicting their perspectives are about Ajay makes up this story of love and loss.
|LineColor = C0D107
}}}}

== Reception ==
The series opened to good reviews<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=Review : Meet Cute - Telugu web series on Sony LIV |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-meet-cute-telugu-web-series-on-sony-liv.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=123telugu.com |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125093757/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/ott-review-meet-cute-telugu-web-series-on-sony-liv.html |url-status=live }}</ref> from ''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Cute Review: A saccharine sweet Telugu anthology that lacks finesse |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/meet-cute-review-a-bland-mix-of-anthologies-that-tries-too-hard-nani-sathyaraj-deepti-ghanta-2301479-2022-11-25 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=India Today |date=25 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125090728/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/meet-cute-review-a-bland-mix-of-anthologies-that-tries-too-hard-nani-sathyaraj-deepti-ghanta-2301479-2022-11-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Mirchi9.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-24 |title=Meet Cute Review - Trying Hard To Be Feel Good |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/reviews/meet-cute-2022-telugu-anthology-review/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=mirchi9.com |language=en-US |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125031230/https://www.mirchi9.com/reviews/meet-cute-2022-telugu-anthology-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'''s Sangeetha Devi Dundoo wrote "''Meet Cute'' is a mixed bag, with a few standout stories and other cheerful but generic ones".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-11-25 |title='Meet Cute' Telugu anthology review: A mixed bag, with two standout stories and other cheerful but generic ones |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-cute-telugu-anthology-review-a-few-good-moments/article66178364.ece |access-date=2022-11-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125090730/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-cute-telugu-anthology-review-a-few-good-moments/article66178364.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt15211130}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/meet-cute-1700001072 Meet Cute on SonyLIV]

[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]

Gadgil

2026-01-08T16:32:11Z

StephanieWentwor: Creating Initial Stub First Draft

'''Gadgil''' is a [[Chitpavan]] [[brahmin]] surname from [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Parshuram Kamlakar |title=Gadgil Kula-vr̥ttānta |trans-title=The Gadgil Family Genealogy Almanac ([[Kulavruttanta]]) |date=1989 |location=[[Pune]] |language=mr }}</ref>

==Notable persons==
*[[Anant Gadgil]] (born 1956), Indian politician
*[[Dajikaka Gadgil|Anant "Dajikaka" Gadgil]] (1915–2014), Indian jeweller, founder of [[P. N. Gadgil Jewellers]] & Company in [[Pune]]
*[[Arvinn Gadgil]] (born 1980), Norwegian Socialist Left Party politician of Indian descent
*[[Ashok Gadgil]] (born 1950), Director of the Energy and Environmental Technologies Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
*[[Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil]] (1901–1971), Indian economist, institution builder and the vice chairman of the Planning Commission of India
*[[Ganesh Gadgil]] (1815–1890), Indian jeweller, founder of [[P. N. Gadgil Jewellers]] & Sons in [[Sangli]]
*[[Gangadhar Gopal Gadgil]] (1923–2008), Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India
*[[Madhav Gadgil]] (1942–2026), Indian ecologist, academic, writer, columnist and the founder of the Centre for Ecological Sciences
*[[Monica Gadgil]], contestant on ''Fame Gurukul'', an Indian prime-time show on Sony Entertainment Television (India)
*[[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil]] (1896–1966), Indian freedom fighter and politician from Maharashtra, India
*[[Purshottam Narayan Gadgil]] (1874–1954), Indian jeweller, namesake of P. N. Gadgil Jewellers
*[[Sulochana Gadgil]] (1944–2025), Indian meteorologist at the Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (CAOS) in Bangalore, India
*[[Vitthalrao Gadgil]] (1928–2001), politician in cabinet of Indian National Congress run government

==See also==
*[[Gadgil Committee]] (WGEEP), an environmental research commission appointed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests of India, chaired by Madhav Gadgil
*[[Gadgil formula]], named after Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil, a social scientist and the first critic of Indian planning
*[[Gagil]], [[Yap]]
*[[Gagal]], [[Iran]]
*{{look from}}
*{{in title}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{surname}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Marathi-language surnames]]

Maundadan Chetti language

2026-01-01T12:22:17Z

StephanieWentwor: new

{{Short description|Kannadoid language of India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Maundadan Chetti
| nativename =
| state = [[India]]
| region = [[Nilgiris District|Nilgiris]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| ethnicity =
| speakers = 5,400
| date = 2020
| ref = e25
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = [[Kannada dialects|Kannada–Badaga]]
| fam6 = Kannadoid
| iso3 = cty
| glotto = maun1243
| glottoname = Maundadan Chetti
| script = speakers use [[Tamil script]] (majority) and [[Malayalam script]]
| notice =
}}
'''Maundadan Chetti''' ({{ipa|cty|mɐu̯ɳɖɐd̪ɐn t͡ʃeʈːi|ipa}}) or '''Chetti''' is a Kannadoid [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern Dravidian language]] of [[India]] spoken by Maundadan Chetti community in the Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu and in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India. Its highest lexical similarity is with [[Badaga language|Badaga]], which one calculation put at 57%, and it has somewhat lower similarities (47%–41%) with Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and [[Wayanadan Chetti]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dravidian languages |state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Mixed languages]]

{{Dravidian-lang-stub}}

K. Vaikunth

2025-12-25T16:05:52Z

StephanieWentwor: created

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer (1925–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Vaikunth
| image =K Vaikunth 2025 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = K Vaikunth on a 2025 stamp of India
| birth_name = Vaikunth Dattaram Kuncolienkar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|8|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Margão]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|2|9|1925|8|25|df=yes}}
| death_place = Mumbai
| spouse = Chhaya
| children = K Atish (son)
| occupation = cinematographer
| alma_mater =
| website = https://kvaikunth.com
}}

'''Vaikunth Dattaram Kuncolienkar''' (25 August 1925 – 9 February 2003), known professionally as '''K. Vaikunth''', was an Indian cinematographer who worked primarily in Hindi films between 1956 and 1990. He worked with well-known directors like [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]], [[Ramesh Sippy]], [[Gulzar]], [[Manmohan Desai]], [[Ramanand Sagar]], and [[Ravindra Dave]].

He served as a cinematographer on several popular and critically acclaimed movies. These include ''[[Mere Sanam]]'' (1965), [[Raaz_(1967_film)| ''Raaz'']] (1967), [[Bandhan_(1969_film)| ''Bandhan'']] (1969), [[Andaz_(1971_film)| ''Andaz'']] (1971), [[Parichay_(film)| ''Parichay'']] (1972), ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972), [[Achanak_(1973_film)| ''Achanak'']] (1973),
[[Roti_(1974_film)| ''Roti'']] (1974), ''[[Aandhi]]'' (1975), [[Khushboo_(1975_film)|''Khushboo'']] (1975), [[Mausam_(1975_film)|''Mausam'']] (1975), and [[Meera_(1979_film)|''Meera'']] (1979).

[[Bandhan_(1969_film)| ''Bandhan'']] (1969), [[Andaz_(1971_film)| ''Andaz'']], and ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972) had successful runs in theaters for a significant period.<ref>{{Cite news|title = When a Goan cinematographer stole the show| author=Govind Kamat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/when-a-goan-cinematographer-stole-the-show/articleshow/55643638.cms|publisher=Times of India| date = 27 November 2016}}</ref>

Vaikunth also worked with leading documentary film makers such as [[Paul Zils]], S. Sukhdev, and Rajbhans Khanna.<ref>{{Cite news|title = When a Goan cinematographer stole the show| author=Govind Kamat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/when-a-goan-cinematographer-stole-the-show/articleshow/55643638.cms|publisher=Times of India| date = 27 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Forgotten face of hills| author=Brinda Sarkar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/forgotten-face-of-hills/cid/396504|publisher=Telegraph India | date = 3 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Celebrated by film legends, winner of Prez medal, Iffi fails to recognise Margao's ace lensman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/celebrated-by-film-legends-winner-of-prez-medal-iffi-fails-to-recognise-margaos-ace-lensman/articleshow/115063030.cms|publisher=Times of India | date = 8 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Goa's technical legacy to the Indian film industry|author=Patricia Ann Alvares |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goas-technical-legacy-to-the-indian-film-industry/articleshow/61711031.cms|publisher=Times of India | date = 19 November 2017}}</ref>

In a career spanning more than five decades, Vaikunth worked on more than 35 feature films, apart from ads and documentaries.<ref>{{Cite news|title = K Vaikunth|url=https://kvaikunth.com/about/|date = 7 October 2025}}</ref>

Many film heroines of the time have credited Vaikunth for making them look as beautiful as possible on screen.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Hema Malini, the only heroine who ever commanded the box office is 75|author=Subhash K Jha |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/hema-malini-the-only-heroine-who-ever-commanded-the-boxofficeis-75/2023/10/16|publisher=Iwmbuzz | date = 16 October 2023}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
K Vaikunth was born Vaikunth Dattaram Kuncolienkar in Margao on 25 August 1925. In the late 1940s, he assisted cinematographer Surendra Pai on ''[[Bari Behen]]'' (1949) and Pandurang Naik. During this time, he adopted the simpler screen name K Vaikunth.<ref>{{Cite news|title = K Vaikunth|url=https://kvaikunth.com/about/|date = 7 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Tribute to cinematographer K Vaikunth with 'Aandhi' screening in Panaji|url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-inshorts/tribute-to-cinematographer-k-vaikunth-with-%E2%80%98aandhi%E2%80%99-screening-in-panaji/136421.html|publisher=The Goan Everyday| date = 20 September 2024}}</ref>

''[[Garam Coat]]'' (1956), directed by Amar Kumar, was Vaikunth's first feature film as a cinematographer. His first documentary was ''The Story of Kashmir'', produced and directed by Rajbhans Khanna.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Celebrated by film legends, winner of Prez medal, Iffi fails to recognise Margao's ace lensman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/celebrated-by-film-legends-winner-of-prez-medal-iffi-fails-to-recognise-margaos-ace-lensman/articleshow/115063030.cms|publisher=Times of India | date = 8 November 2024}}</ref>

==Awards==
Vaikunth received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography]] in 1973 for ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Cinephile Film Club to pay tribute to Goan cinematographer K. Vaikunth with screening of Aandhi|url=https://goemkarponn.com/cinephile-film-club-to-pay-tribute-to-goan-cinematographer-k-vaikunth-with-screening-of-aandhi/ |publisher=Goemkarponn| date = 17 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = All Filmfare award winners|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners/|publisher=Filmfare | date = 7 October 2025}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=October 2025|reason=The Filmfare source credits P. Vaikunth (not K. Vaikunth) as the cinematographer for Seeta Aur Geeta. It's unclear whether both names refer to the same individual, and the first source cited doesn't seem strong enough to confirm this. Also noting that the film's page itself has a citation needed tag for this credit.}}

Feature films photographed by him—''[[Garam Coat]]'' (1956), [[Mausam_(1975_film)|''Mausam'']] (1975), ''[[Aandhi]]'' (1975), ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972), [[Parichay_(film)| ''Parichay'']] (1972), and [[Andaz_(1971_film)| ''Andaz'']] (1971)—have won 5 Filmfare awards and 4 national awards, apart from receiving various nominations.

The documentary ''And Miles to Go'', produced by S. Sukhdev and shot by Vaikunth, won the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film]] in 1964. It also won the Bengal Tiger Award at the third [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) in 1965. The documentaries ''The Story of Kashmir'' and ''The Great Betrayal'' won the President's Medal and other international awards.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Goa's technical legacy to the Indian film industry|author=Patricia Ann Alvares |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goas-technical-legacy-to-the-indian-film-industry/articleshow/61711031.cms|publisher=Times of India | date = 19 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|title = And Miles To Go|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcFSP6MrQxI|publisher=Films Division | date = 7 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Celebrated by film legends, winner of Prez medal, Iffi fails to recognise Margao's ace lensman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/celebrated-by-film-legends-winner-of-prez-medal-iffi-fails-to-recognise-margaos-ace-lensman/articleshow/115063030.cms|publisher=Times of India | date = 8 November 2024}}</ref>

On 27 November 2025, [[India post]] released a commemorative postage stamp honouring K. Vaikunth.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stamp honouring cinematographer K Vaikunth unveiled by CM Sawant at IFFI |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/11/28/stamp-honouring-cinematographer-k-vaikunth-unveiled-by-cm-sawant-at-iffi/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |agency=The Shillong Times |date=28 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cyril |first1=Grace |title=IFFI Honours Cinematographer K Vaikunth On Birth Centenary With Special Stamp |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/iffi-honours-cinematographer-k-vaikunth-on-birth-centenary-with-special-stamp-ws-l-9738476.html |access-date=6 December 2025 |agency=NEWS 18 |date=29 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Goa CM releases stamp honouring cinematographer |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/india/goa-cm-releases-stamp-honouring-cinematographer.html |access-date=6 December 2025 |agency=The Pioneer |date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vaikunth was married to Chhaya.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Tribute to K Vaikunth|url=https://www.facebook.com/InGoa24x7/videos/tribute-to-k-vaikunth-madganvcho-awaaz-has-released-a-special-video-to-commemora/1239632954517514/|publisher=In Goa 24x7| date = 25 August 2025}}</ref> His son, K Atish, also known as Atish Kuncolienkar, a noted cinematographer, died on 8 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Celebrated by film legends, winner of Prez medal, Iffi fails to recognise Margao's ace lensman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/celebrated-by-film-legends-winner-of-prez-medal-iffi-fails-to-recognise-margaos-ace-lensman/articleshow/115063030.cms|publisher=Times of India | date = 8 November 2024}}
</ref>

==Filmography==
'''As cinematographer/director of photography''' (feature films)
* ''[[Garam Coat]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Rungoli]]'' (1956)
*''Char Diwari'' (1961)<ref>{{Cite AV media|title = Char Diwari (1961)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YFOWhNg2Y0|publisher=Nupur Movies| date = 11 February 2022}}</ref>
* ''[[Mere Sanam]]'' (1965)
* [[Gaban_(film)|''Gaban'']](1966)
* [[Raaz_(1967_film)|''Raaz'']] (1967)
* ''[[Mere Hamdam Mere Dost]]'' (1968)
* [[Bandhan_(1969_film)|''Bandhan'']] (1969)
* ''[[Kab? Kyoon? Aur Kahan?]]'' (1970)
* [[Andaz_(1971_film)|''Andaz'']] (1971)
* ''[[Mere Apne]]'' (1971)
* [[Parichay_(film)|''Parichay'']] (1972)
* ''[[Koshish]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972)
* [[Achanak_(1973_film)|''Achanak'']] (1973)
* [[Roti_(1974_film)|''Roti'']] (1974)
* ''[[Aandhi]]'' (1975)
*[[Khushboo_(1975_film)|''Khushboo'']] (1975)
*[[Mausam_(1975_film)|''Mausam'']] (1975)
*''[[Vir Mangdavalo]]'' (1976)
*[[Meera_(1979_film)|''Meera'']] (1979)
*''Heera Moti'' (1979)
*''[[Baghavat]]'' (1982)
*[[Baadal_(1985_film)|''Baadal'']] (1985)
*[[Salma_(1985_film)|''Salma'']] (1985)
*''Nasamajh'' (1986)
*[[Haatim_Tai_(1990_film)|''Haatim Tai'']] (1990)

'''As cinematographer''' (non-feature films)
*''New Life of a Displaced Person'' (''Ek Visthapit Vyakti Ki Nai Zindagi'') – dir: Paul Zils
*''Maa – The Story of an Unmarried Mother'' (1956) – dir: Paul Zils<ref>{{Cite news|title = Maa – The story of an unmarried mother |url=https://indiancine.ma/CVUJ/info|publisher=Indiacine| date = 7 October 2025}}</ref>
*''Mayurakshi Dam'' (1958) – dir: N.K. Issar<ref>{{Cite AV media|title =Mayurakshi Dam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjWgYIsS1T8|publisher=Films Division| date =10 March 2015}}</ref>
*''The Evolution and Races of Man'' (1961) – dir: S. Sukhdev
*''Cotton Processing – The Cooperative Way'' (1963) – dir: Homi D. Sethna<ref>{{Cite news|title =Cotton Processing the Cooperative Way|url=https://filmsdivision.nfdcindia.com/shop/cotton-processing-the-co-operative-way|publisher=Films Division| date =7 October 2025}}</ref>
*''Frontiers of Freedom'' (1964) – dir: S. Sukhdev<ref>{{Cite news|title =Frontiers of Freedom|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2124790/|publisher=IMDb|date = 7 October 2025}}</ref>
*''The Great Betrayal'' (1965) – dir: Rajbhans Khanna
*''A Modern Buddhist Pilgrimage'' (1965)<ref>{{Cite news|title =A modern Buddhist Pilgrimage|url=https://filmsdivision.nfdcindia.com/shop/a-modern-buddhist-pilgrimage|publisher=Films Division| date =7 October 2025}}</ref>
*''The Story of Kashmir'' (1966) – dir: Rajbhans Khanna<ref>{{Cite news|title = Celebrated by film legends, winner of Prez medal, Iffi fails to recognize Margao's ace lensman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/celebrated-by-film-legends-winner-of-prez-medal-iffi-fails-to-recognise-margaos-ace-lensman/articleshow/115063030.cms|publisher=Times of India | date = 8 November 2024}}</ref>
*''And Miles to Go'' (1967) – dir: S. Sukhdev<ref>{{Cite AV media|title = And Miles To Go|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcFSP6MrQxI|publisher=Films Division|date = 7 October 2025}}</ref>
*''Shadow Across the East'' (1968)
*''Khilone Wala'' (1971) dir: S. Sukhdev

'''As director''' (non-feature films)
*''Goa Marches'' (1977)
*''Protecting the Workers'' (1979)
*''Goa After Liberation''
*''Goa Marches On''
*''Aamche Bhau''<ref>{{Cite news|title = K Vaikunth|url=https://kvaikunth.com/about/|date = 7 October 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaikunth, K.}}
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian short documentary films]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:1925 births]]

Semi-Conductor Laboratory

2025-12-13T05:17:27Z

StephanieWentwor: Starting - done

{{Short description|Governmental research institute in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Semi-Conductor Laboratory
| former_name =
| logo = Semi-Conductor Laboratory.svg
| logo_size = 120px
| industry = [[Semiconductors]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1976}} (as Semiconductor Complex Limited)
| hq_location = [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| hq_location_country =
| owner = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]]
| website = https://www.scl.gov.in/
}}
[[File:Semi-Conductor Laboratory - Sector 72 - SAS Nagar 2016-08-07 8888.JPG|thumb|Semi-Conductor Laboratory entrance, sector 72, SAS Nagar.]]
The '''Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL)''', [[Mohali]] is a research institute under the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]]. SCL was formerly under the [[Department of Space]]. SCL's aims include [[research and development]] (R&D) in the field of [[semiconductor]] technology.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.scl.gov.in/ |title = Semi-Conductor Laboratory}}</ref> Semiconductors manufactured by SCL have been used in the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]].<ref name=":9" /> The Indian Government is attempting to modernize SCL and upgrade its facilities.<ref name=":8" />

== History ==
The Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL) is a [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]] (PSU) of the [[Government of India]], and was founded as the Semiconductor Complex Limited, in [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Vijay C. |date=7 October 2022 |title=When India's dream of becoming semiconductor powerhouse was shattered |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/when-indias-dream-of-becoming-semiconductor-powerhouse-was-shattered-439130 |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> SCL was formed to develop India's ambitions for establishing a semiconductor manufacturing industry.<ref name=":2" /> In 1976, the [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet of India]] approved the formation of SCL, and the company began production in 1984.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Zarabi |first=Siddharth |date=2022-09-13 |title=How Maharashtra lost out, once again, in its bid to become a semiconductor manufacturing hub |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/story/how-maharashtra-lost-out-once-again-in-its-bid-to-become-a-semiconductor-manufacturing-hub-347124-2022-09-13 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> At first, [[Navi Mumbai]] was the leading contender for where SCL would be established, however, then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] eventually selected Mohali as the location for where SCL would be set up.<ref name=":2" /> Then [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]], [[Zail Singh]] offered 51-[[Acre|acres]] of land to SCL for a token one [[Indian rupee|rupee]] cost.<ref name=":1" /> When SCL initially began production in 1984, the company had entered into a technical collaboration with [[American Microsystems]] and started the production of 5 micron [[CMOS|complementary metal-oxide semiconductor]] (CMOS) technology.<ref name=":4" />

In 1989, a fire broke out and destroyed SCL's facility in Mohali.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Seema |date=2010-03-17 |title=Why a made-in-India chip remains chimeric |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/P8hJk0uMYmajN0tFph692K/Why-a-madeinIndia-chip-remains-chimeric.html |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref> The facility restarted production in 1997, however, the fire halted the growth of India's semiconductor industry.<ref name=":2" /> As of 2022, the cause of the fire is a mystery, including whether the fire was an accident or caused intentionally.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> SCL's revenues in 1999-2000 were about $14 million, with a profit of roughly $400,000.<ref name=":5">{{cite web | url=https://www.eetimes.com/indian-fabs-future-stalled-by-government-foot-dragging-2/ | title=Indian fab's future stalled by government foot-dragging | date=4 December 2000 }}</ref>

SCL came under the administrative control of the [[Department of Space]] (DoS) in March 2005, and has since undergone organisational restructuring to become focused on research and development. The society was registered in November 2005. In 2006, Semiconductor Complex Limited was renamed to the Semi-Conductor Laboratory.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Keshri |first=Gyanendra |date=2023-06-29 |title=DH Deciphers {{!}} Decoding India's quest for semiconductor manufacturing |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/technology/dh-deciphers-decoding-india-s-quest-for-semiconductor-manufacturing-1232460.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> As of 2023, SCL is under the administrative control of the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] (MeitY).<ref name=":7" />

== Facility and production ==
SCL is India's only [[Integrated device manufacturer|integrated device manufacturing]] facility.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=CT Bureau |date=2023-02-11 |title=SCL modernization to play key role in advancing semiconductor aspirations |url=https://www.communicationstoday.co.in/scl-modernization-to-play-key-role-in-advancing-semiconductor-aspirations/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Communications Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Over 200 of types of CMOS devices can be made by SCL's [[wafer fabrication]] facilities.<ref name=":7" />

SCL's chips have been used in Mangalyaan, India's [[Mars Orbiter Mission]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Lele |first=Sourabh |date=12 May 2023 |title=Govt to spend $1.2 billion on modernising semiconductor lab in Mohali |url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/govt-to-spend-1-2-billion-on-modernising-semiconductor-lab-in-mohali-123051200931_1.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> [[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] uses SCL as a primary [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|foundry]] to tapeout [[SHAKTI (microprocessor)|SHAKTI]] processors using its 180 nm technology process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet India's Atmanirbhar Microprocessor chip 'Moushik', meant for IoT devices |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/meet-indias-atmanirbhar-microprocessor-chip-moushik-meant-for-iot-devices-329966 |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=WION |date=24 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, SCL and the [[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] (IIT Bombay) invented India's first indigenous semiconductor memory technology.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-21 |title=IIT-Bombay researchers develop first-ever indigenous semiconductor memory technology |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/iitbombay-researchers-develop-first-ever-indigenous-semiconductor-memory-technology-101629564669919.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> SCL and IIT Bombay demonstrating a CMOS-[[180 nm process|180nm]]-based [[8-bit computing|8-bit]] memory technology, that can also be adopted for production.<ref name=":6" />

=== Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre ===
On October 20, 2023, the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] stated that the Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre (BSRC) would be established starting in 2024, working with professionals from the industry and academic institutions. [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar|Rajeev Chandrashekhar]] states that BSRC will function as the Indian counterpart of the MIT Microelectronics Laboratory, Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, [[Industrial Technology Research Institute]], and [[IMEC]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ashutosh |date=20 October 2023 |title=Govt aims to setup the Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre in 2024 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/govt-aims-to-setup-the-bharat-semiconductor-research-centre-in-2024-123102000953_1.html |access-date=27 September 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> The Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre will be located at [[IIT Madras]]. The center will be established initially as an institution co-located with Semi-Conductor Laboratory, with the potential to split off into a stand-alone semiconductor research organization in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-04 |title=Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre will be announced soon: Rajeev Chandrasekhar |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/bharat-semiconductor-research-centre-will-be-announced-soon-rajeev-chandrasekhar/article67912874.ece |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Modernization efforts and fab upgrades ==

The Government of India is attempting to modernise SCL. In February 2023, the Indian government informed a Parliamentary Standing Committee that a [[joint venture]] with a commercial partner is being sought to modernise SCL's existing facility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune News Service |date=9 February 2023 |title=Mohali semi-conductor lab to be modernised, says Parl panel |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/mohali-semi-conductor-lab-to-be-modernised-says-parl-panel-478324 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> In May 2023, the Indian government announced that it will invest $2 billion in SCL for the purposes of research and [[Prototype|prototyping]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Deepsekhar |date=2023-05-12 |title=Government announces $2 billion investment in Mohali's Semiconductor Laboratory |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/announcements/government-announces-2-billion-investment-in-mohalis-semiconductor-laboratory-10573941.html |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> The initial amount that Indian government was going to invest was approximately around $1.3 billion, however, the investment amount was later increased to $2 billion.<ref name=":0" /> MeitY also engaged [[Boston Consulting Group]], a [[Management consulting|management consultancy]] company, to develop a long-term strategy for SCL.<ref name=":7" />

In July 2023, [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]], the Minister of State For Electronics and Information Technology, stated that the Indian Government has approved the modernisation of SCL.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-07-21 |title=Government approves modernisation of Semiconductor Laboratory in Mohali |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/govt-approves-modernisation-of-semiconductor-laboratory-in-mohali/articleshow/102022757.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-24 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> SCL's modernisation will be a [[Brownfield land|brownfield]] modernisation as a chip manufacturing unit.<ref name=":8" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (India)}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Microtechnology]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 2005]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Mohali]]

Aborichthys cataracta

2025-12-07T14:46:35Z

StephanieWentwor: put up the entry needs work

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Aborichthys cataracta
| authority = [[Muthukumarasamy Arunachalam|Arunachalam]], [[Manickam Raja|Raja]], [[Punniyam Malaiammal|Malaiammal]] & [[Richard L. Mayden|Mayden]], 2014 <ref name=Arunachalam2014>Arunachalam, M., Raja, M., Malaiammal, P. & Mayden, R.L. (2014): [http://www.discovery.org.in/PDF_Files/s_071801.pdf New species of ''Aborichthys'' (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308150721/http://www.discovery.org.in/PDF_Files/s_071801.pdf |date=2014-03-08 }} ''Species, 7 (18): 33-47.''</ref>
}}

'''''Aborichthys cataracta''''' is a [[species]] of [[stone loach]] [[endemism|endemic]] to streams joining the [[Ranga River]] in [[Upper Subansiri district]], India. This fish grows to a length of {{convert|9.3|cm|in}} [[fish measurement|SL]].<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Aborichthys|species= cataracta| month = February | year = 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from= Q17393862}}

[[Category:Aborichthys|cataracta]]
[[Category:Fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Muthukumarasamy Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Manickam Raja]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Punniyam Malaiammal]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard L. Mayden]]
[[Category:Fish described in 2014]]

{{Nemacheilidae-stub}}

Uttam AESA Radar

2025-11-28T18:35:53Z

StephanieWentwor: fixed information to improve readability

{{Short description|India's indigenous AI AESA Radar programme}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Radar
|name = Uttam
|image = AAAU of DRDO Uttam AESA radar.png
|caption = ''Uttam'' [[active electronically scanned array|AESA]] [[radar]] displayed at [[Aero India]] 2019
|country = [[India]]
|manufacturer = [[Bharat Electronics]] [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
|program cost =
|designer = [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment]]
|introdate = In development
|number =
|type = [[Solid state (electronics)|Solid-state]] [[active electronically scanned array|AESA]]
|frequency =[[X band|X Band]]
|range =
|altitude =
|diameter =
|azimuth =
|elevation =
|precision =
|power =9.12 kW<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ofKFSKNW1pY&pp=ygUOZGVmZW5jZSBtYXRyaXg%3D |title=Uttam at Aero India 2025}}</ref>
|status =
|produced =
|average power =
|peak power =
|number built =
|unit cost =
|developed from =
}}

'''Uttam''' ({{Lit|Excellent}})<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R. |date=2025-06-28 |title=A make in India snub |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20250707-a-make-in-india-snub-2747046-2025-06-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818163315/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20250707-a-make-in-india-snub-2747046-2025-06-28 |archive-date=2025-08-18 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Solid-state electronics|solid-state]] [[gallium arsenide]] (GaAs) based [[active electronically scanned array|AESA]] [[radar]] under development by the [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment]], a laboratory of the Indian [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]. It is an [[low probability of intercept radar|LPI]] (Low Probability of Intercept) [[liquid cooled]] AESA radar featuring quad-band modules that can be stacked to form a larger unit. The Uttam Mk-1 has a total of 912 TRMs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UTTAM AESA Radar Integrated With TEJAS MK-1: Dr Jitendra Jadhav Director ADA |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2024/04/uttam-aesa-radar-integrated-with-tejas.html |access-date=2024-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=ofKFSKNW1pY&pp=ygUOZGVmZW5jZSBtYXRyaXg%3D |title=New Uttam Radar for Tejas Mk1A & M2 {{!}} Details and Future {{!}} हिंदी में |date=2025-02-13 |last=Defence Matrix- हिंदी |access-date=2025-02-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Development ==
The project was initiated in 2008, and the development began in 2012. Its full-scale model was displayed at the 2017 [[Aero India]] air show and aviation exhibition.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Uttam AESA radar ready for induction in Tejas MK1A |url=https://defenceview.in/uttam-aesa-radar-ready-for-induction-in-tejas-mk1a/}}</ref> People who worked for [[DRDO AEW&CS]]'s main radar and Maritime Patrol Radar were part of the project team.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-15 |title=Bengaluru-built Uttam radar ready for export, says DRDO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-built-uttam-radar-ready-for-export-says-drdo/articleshow/97930824.cms |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Technologies and Products |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/technology-cluster-links/labs-products-detail/2011/191 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation}}</ref> A fully functional [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) [[radar]] prototype was unveiled at Aero India 2019, the prototype was mounted inside the glass nose of a [[HAL Tejas]] prototype.<ref name="uttamaero19">{{cite web|title=India Displays Locally-made AESA Radar for Tejas Jet at Aero India 2019|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/24318/India_Displays_Locally_made_AESA_Radar_for_Tejas_Jet_at_Aero_India_2019#.Xp_nUZrhWV4|access-date=20 February 2019|publisher=DefenseWorld}}</ref>

[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] is the lead integrator and [[Bharat Electronics]] is the major supplier of subsystems. As per Project director D Seshagiri of the Electronics and Radar Development Establishment, ''Uttam'' AESA radar is 95% indigenous, with only one imported subsystem. The National Flight Testing Centre had evaluated the radar and cleared it after performance tests. The integration problem of [[Astra (missile)|Astra BVRAAM]] due to older generation of radars will also be solved by ''Uttam''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2021-12-08 |title=India develops AESA radar to make IAF fighters more lethal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-to-showcase-use-of-indigenous-aesa-radar-101638924141445.html |access-date=2021-12-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

During Aero India 2021, there was a licensing agreements for [[technology transfer]] from DRDO to [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] for manufacturing and integration of the ''Uttam'' in the Mark 1A variant of the HAL Tejas.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=DRDO hands over Licensing Agreements for Transfer of Technology for 14 technologies to 20 industries |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1695630 |access-date=15 February 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref> The technology transfer to HAL was finished by DRDO in July 2023, and the radar was approved for export as well.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" />

== Testing ==
As of 2021, three units were in various phases of testing. The ''Uttam'' radar has completed 230 hours of airborne testing onboard two Tejas fighter jets (LSP2 and LSP3) and on an executive jet; presumed to be DRDO's [[Dornier 228]] "Nabhratna" used as a flying test bed by [[LRDE]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Why desi Uttam AESA radar is a game-changer |url=https://guardingindia.com/exclusive/exclusive-why-desi-uttam-aesa-radar-is-a-game-changer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309033809/https://guardingindia.com/exclusive/exclusive-why-desi-uttam-aesa-radar-is-a-game-changer/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2021 }}</ref> Once fully validated and certified, it is planned is to introduce the radar in later batches of [[HAL Tejas#Tejas Mark 1A|Tejas Mark 1A]] aircraft.<ref name="uttam-mk1a">{{cite web |author=Ajai Shukla |title=Rs 26k-crore order for building Tejas Mark 1A to open door for Mark 2 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rs-26k-cr-order-for-tejas-mark-1a-to-open-door-for-mark-2-119121600021_1.html |access-date=16 December 2019 |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=HAL cuts its profit on Tejas Mark 1A deal by 50%, fighter jets to take to sky by 2022|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/hal-cuts-its-profit-on-tejas-mark-1a-deal-by-50-fighter-jets-to-take-to-sky-by-2022/383730/|access-date=19 March 2020|publisher=The Print}}</ref> The ''Uttam'' radar will be used with DRDO's Unified [[Electronic Warfare]] suite.<ref>{{cite web|title=Single Engine Fighter Cancellation Provides An Opening For Tejas MK-2|url=http://delhidefencereview.com/2018/02/26/single-engine-fighter-cancellation-provides-an-opening-for-tejas-mk-2/|access-date=26 February 2018|publisher=Delhi Defence Review}}</ref> [[Indian Air Force Test Pilot School]] would start final demonstration trial of ''Uttam'' AESA radar from December 2021 and if successful will be sent for serial production. LRDE has completed 250 hours of performance testing on two Tejas fighters as well as [[Hawker 800]] executive jet.<ref name=":0" />

The flight evaluation of the radar aboard [[HAL Tejas#Production variants|Tejas Mark 1]] is over, and the ''Uttam'' radar has successfully completed flight testing in all modes. In 2023, an updated ''Uttam'' radar was developed and placed on [[HAL Tejas#Prototypes|Limited Series Production aircraft]] in order to satisfy Tejas Mark 1A requirements. The ''Uttam'' radar was modified with an Active Array Antenna Unit and flight tested in Air to Air mode of operation for maximum range in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

As of April 2024, the radar has completed 125 test sorties onboard Tejas Mk 1 prototypes as per [[Aeronautical Development Agency|ADA]] Director Jitendra Jadhav. The radar has cleared testing Air to Air (A2A) and Air to Ground (A2G) modes while few more tests are yet to be conducted. The performance of the radar is on par with other proven designs like [[EL/M-2052]].<ref name=":1" /> In April 2025, [[Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification]] informed HAL and DRDO internally that the Uttam radar had finished four stages of flight testing. Furthermore, the radar hardware has passed qualification tests in accordance with the specifications of the Tejas Mark 1A. CEMILAC suggested that construction of the radar subsystems be started in order to facilitate the induction of the radar, with the principal system integrator being Hyderabad based HAL's avionics division.<ref name=":8" />

==Features==

*Full [[solid-state (electronics)]] radar, based on [[GaAs]]
*High [[Mean time between failures|MTBCF]] (redundancy)
*Range: >150 km<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=2025-07-04 |title=Why Uttam will not be onboard Rafale-M fighter aircraft |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/india-rafale-uttam-aesa-radar-row-pm277kkg |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-07-02 |title=French Block on Uttam AESA Radar: India’s Rafale M Plans Face Hard Reality Check |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/french-block-on-uttam-aesa-radar-indias-rafale-m-plans-face-hard-reality-check/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Defence Security Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baidya |first=Satyaki |date=16 October 2025 |title=India's AMCA Rollout: 120 Jets At Rs 1,57,844 Crore, 2,600 km/h Speed, 6,500 kg Payload |url=https://www.news18.com/india/indias-amca-rollout-120-jets-at-rs-157844-crore-2600-km-h-speed-6500-kg-payload-ws-dkl-9639719.html |access-date=22 October 2025 |work=news18.com}}</ref>
*Multi Target Tracking (50 Targets), Priority Tracking (4 Targets).<ref name=":0" />
*Simultaneous operation modes.
*Solid-state, [[Active electronically scanned array|active phased array technology]]
*[[Pulse-Doppler radar|Pulse Doppler]], all aspect, shoot down capabilities
*Simultaneous multi-target tracking and engaging
*Simultaneous multi-mode operation
*High [[Electronic countermeasure|ECM]] immunity
*[[Electronic counter-countermeasure]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Abhinav |date=2025-08-04 |title=This made in India radar helps the Tejas Mk2 fighter jet track and lock on to 50 enemy jets at once |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/this-made-in-india-radar-helps-the-tejas-mk2-fighter-jet-track-and-lock-on-to-50-enemy-jets-at-once-1754297812340 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>
*Ultra-low [[Side lobe|side-lobe]] [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]]
*Flexible interfaces allowing scalable design.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Sukhoi Fighter Aircraft: DRDO Developed Fighter Jets With Indigenous Technology |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/special-news/sukhoi-fighter-aircraft-will-be-upgraded-with-indigenous-technology-19048729 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Patrika News |language=en}}</ref>
*Modular hardware and software
*Fast-beam agile system
*Quad band TRM modules pack
*High mission reliability (built with [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundancy]])
*[[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] modes.
* C-band [[Line-of-sight propagation|LOS]], [[Ku band]] [[satcom (satellite)|satcom]] link.

== Operational Modes ==

''Uttam'' AESA radar has a total of 18 modes in Air to Air, Air to Ground and Air to Sea roles. The modes have been validated on-board a business jet and further proofing is being done on [[HAL Tejas]] to validate the same on supersonic platform.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCiTZIJ_gqA|title= Uttam AESA Radar Update with Project Director Mr. D Seshagiri (LRDE)|publisher=Delh Defence Review|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>

* Air-to-Air
** [[Track while scan|TWS]]/Multi-target detection and tracking
** Multi-target ACM
** High resolution raid assessment
* Air-to-Ground
** High resolution imaging ([[Synthetic-aperture radar|SAR]] Mode)
** High resolution tracking ([[Synthetic-aperture radar|SAR]] Mode)
** AGR – Air-to-Ground Ranging
** RBM – Real Beam Map
** DBS – [[Doppler beam sharpening|Doppler Beam Sharpening]]
** [[GMTI]] on RBM, SAR
** Weather
* Air-to-Sea
** High resolution imaging ([[Synthetic-aperture radar|SAR]] Mode)
** High resolution tracking ([[Synthetic-aperture radar|SAR]] Mode)
** Sea search and multi-target tracking
** RS and [[Inverse synthetic-aperture radar|ISAR]] classification modes.

== Virupaaksha ==
'''''Virupaaksha''''' radar is an advanced version of the ''Uttam Mk-II'' radar. The radar under development will replace the current [[Bars radar|N011M Bars]] radar being used onboard the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] after the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI#Super Sukhoi|Super Sukhoi upgrade]] program.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=India plans to equip Russian-origin Su-30MKIs with indigenous 'Virupaaksha' radar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-plans-to-equip-russian-origin-su-30mkis-with-indigenous-virupaaksha-radar/articleshow/104561110.cms |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Air Force to equip Su-30MKI fleet with indigenous 'Virupaaksha' radar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/su-30mki-fighters-air-force-to-equip-its-fleet-with-indigenous-virupaksha-radar-2451237-2023-10-19 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=Virupaksha will transform IAF's Su-30MKI fighter into Super Sukhoi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/virupaksha-will-transform-iaf-sukhoi-fighter-aircraft-1.9790465 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> Virupaaksha weighs half as much as the N011M Bars.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=2024-08-06 |title=Virupaksha will transform IAF's Su-30MKI fighter into Super Sukhoi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/virupaksha-will-transform-iaf-sukhoi-fighter-aircraft-1.9790465 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> The [[LRDE]] was working on the project, but got approval in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All-new AESA Radar “Virupaksha” for Su-30MKI Upgrade Shown At Aero India 2025 |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/38803/All_new_AESA_Radar____Virupaksha____for_Su_30MKI_Upgrade_Shown_At_Aero_India_2025 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=defensemirror.com}}</ref> LRDE plans to set up "assembly jigs" to begin ground testing soon. These will be delivered within 16 weeks of the contract’s approval. The assembly will be completed within 15 weeks while the last week will be reserved for acceptance testing.<ref name=":3" />

''Virupaaksha'' utilises [[Gallium nitride|Gallium Nitride]] (GaN) technology with improved radar operational characteristics than [[gallium arsenide|Gallium Arsenide]] (GaAs) used by earlier variants. GaN provides better power output, enhanced thermal efficiency, wider [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of operation, and a longer lifespan compared to earlier variants. The radar incorporates the quad transmit-receive modules (T/R modules) similar to Uttam but has a more densely packed configuration and has around 2400 modules based on GaN based planks. The plank configuration eases maintenance operations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-10-08 |title=Monstrous Virupaksha Radar of Su30 MKI Upgrade |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2024/10/09/monstrous-virupaksha-radar-of-su30-mki-upgrade/?amp=1 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=alphadefense.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakkar |first=Dharmesh |date=2025-04-03 |title=India Surpasses Europe In Long-Range Radar Tech; DRDO’s Indigenous Systems Outmatch Western Counterparts |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/india-surpasses-europe-in-long-range-radar-tech-drdos-indigenous-systems-outmatch-western-counterparts |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Reportedly, the radar succeeded to track 64 to 100 aerial targets simultaneously during trials and offers at least 1.7 times increased head-on search range over the 140 km-range N011M Bars radar. It features advanced [[Electronic counter-countermeasure|electronic counter-countermeasures]] (ECCM).<ref name=":4" />

The Virupaksha radar operates in the [[S band|S-band]] frequency range, and can detect and track a wide range of targets like aircraft, helicopters, drones, and even [[Ballistic missile|ballistic missiles]]. It has a reported head-on search range of over 400 km, though the value is officially classified.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super-maneuverable Su-30 MKI gets an Indian all-seeing radar |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/amp/2023/10/20/super-maneuverable-su-30-mki-gets-an-indian-all-seeing-radar/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=bulgarianmilitary.com}}</ref> In air-to-air attack mode, Virupaaksha can maneuver, control, and direct six missiles simultaneously towards the target.<ref name=":6" /> It also features electronic steering, also present on [[CAPTOR-E|Captor-E]] of the [[Eurofighter Typhoon]], allowing a higher angle of view.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-07-18 |title=Virupaksha AESA Radar for IAF Su-30 MKI -- The Beast in Making |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2025/07/19/virupaksha-radar-su30-upgrade/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=alphadefense.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

The radar consists of eight [[Line Replaceable Unit]]s (LRUs) which includes :<ref name=":9" />

# Active Array Antenna Unit
# Exciter Unit
# Radar Receiver Unit
# Antenna Positioner
# Radar Processing Unit
# Cooling Unit
# Radome
# Antenna Power Supply Unit

The DRDO is yet to select the Development and Production Partner (DcPP) for the programme. The DcPP will be responsible to build a complete industrial ecosystem to supply the radars and must be equipped with skilled manpower, advanced infrastructure, and certified quality systems. The industrial partner will oversee integration, flight validation, and large-scale production of the radars along with its post-deployment support for 20 years. This mode of development will see the programme responsibility shifting towards the industry.<ref name=":9" />

The programme, after DcPP selection, will proceed in four phases. The first phase will span for 16 months and will include hardware realisation as well as designing of Ground Support and Automated Test Equipment. This will be immediately followed by a 15 month-long integration phase and 9 month-long flight trials for the radar's in-flight performance validation. The fourth and final stage will see the commencement of [[serial production]] within a two month window, after production clearance and the transfer of non-exclusive [[production license]]. Initially, [[LRDE]] is expected to deliver three radars for evaluation.<ref name=":9" />

The IAF plans to upgrade 84 Su-30MKIs with this radar in the first phase from 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=IAF to Equip 84 Su-30MKI with Indigenous Virupaksha GaN-based AESA Radar Starting 2026, Countering Stealth Threats from China-Pak |url=https://defence.in/threads/iaf-to-equip-84-su-30mki-with-indigenous-virupaksha-gan-based-aesa-radar-starting-2026-countering-stealth-threats-from-china-pak.13695/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Defence News India |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to IAF Chief [[Amar Preet Singh|Air Chief Marshal AP Singh]], over 200 of Su-30MKIs shall be upgraded to the Super Sukhoi standard with the Virupaksha radar.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sana |date=2025-10-09 |title=IAF Begins Super Sukhoi Program to Transform 200 Su-30MKI Fighters into 4.7-Gen Platforms |url=https://jetlinemarvel.net/iaf-launches-super-sukhoi-program-transforming-200-fighters-into-4-7-gen-powerhouses/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=Jetline Marvel |language=English}}</ref>

== Applications ==
The fighter jet platforms that have been integrated with ''Uttam'' radar or are planned to be integrated are as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Status of Radar Integration/Testing
|-
! Aircraft / Platform
! Status
! Notes
! References
|-
| [[HAL Tejas|HAL Tejas Mk1/1A]]
| Testing phase; Integrated on LSP 2 and 3
| Completed 125 developmental flights.
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[Hawker 800]]
| Testing phase
| Flight testbed configuration.
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flight testbed to look out for on the static ramp at Aero India 2023! Introducing, RFT Hawker BAe 125 Series 800A in flight testbed configuration. @praneethfranklin |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CocfVqDvNfR/?utm_source=ig_embed&ig_rid=e462981a-9036-4f74-aed4-03a53bab01a8&img_index=1 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[HAL Tejas Mk2|HAL Tejas Mk 2]]
| More capable version planned
| "Angad", "Uttam" to replace imported systems.
| <ref>{{cite news |date=15 October 2023 |title=Angad', 'Uttam' to replace imported systems in indigenous LCA fighter jets |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/angad-uttam-to-replace-imported-systems-in-indigenous-lca-fighter-jets20231015182148/ |access-date=14 February 2025 |agency=ANI}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roblin |first1=Sebastien |date=12 August 2017 |title=Is India on the Verge of Building a Super Jet Fighter? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/india-the-verge-building-super-jet-fighter-21880 |work=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]
| Planned from 2025
| During the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI#Super Sukhoi|Super Sukhoi upgrade]], the present [[Passive electronically scanned array|PESA]] [[Bars radar]] will be replaced by the ''Virupaaksha'' radar. In the first phase, 84 units would be upgraded by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) in India, which would later increase to 200+ aircraft.
| <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2023-02-15 |title=DRDO pushes for indigenous radar in Indian combat fleet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/Feb/15/drdo-pushes-for-indigenous-radar-in-indian-combat-fleet-2547533.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10" />
|-
| [[Mikoyan MiG-29#Upgraded variants based on original airframe|Mikoyan MiG-29UPG]]/[[Mikoyan MiG-29K]]
| Planned from 2025
|
| <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" />
|-
| [[HAL TEDBF]]
| Planned
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Atma Nirbhar defence: Indigenous projects to look out for at Aero India 2021 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/02/03/atma-nirbhar-defence-indigenous-projects-to-look-out-for-at-aero-india-2021.html |access-date=2021-02-08 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[HAL AMCA]]
| ''Virupaaksha'' variant planned
|
| <ref name="uttamaerojournal">{{cite web |title=Uttam AESA radar: Everything you need to know |url=http://www.aerojournalindia.com/enews/?p=2914 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713142605/http://www.aerojournalindia.com/enews/?p=2914 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=14 January 2019 |publisher=Aero Journal India}}</ref>
|}

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|width=160 | height=170
|File:Uttam radar integrated in LCA Tejas.jpg
|''Uttam [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] Radar'' integrated in [[LCA Tejas]] showcased during [[Aero India]] 2019.
|File:Uttam AESA radar on display at Aero India 2019.jpg
|Uttam AESA radar on display at [[Aero India]] 2019
|File:Side profile of Uttam AESAR.jpg
|Side profile of Uttam AESAR.
|File:AAAU of DRDO Uttam AESA radar.png
|The Active Antenna Array Unit (AAAU) of Uttam AESA radar on static display at Aero India, 2019
}}

==See also==
* [[HAL Tejas]]
* [[HAL Tejas Mk2|HAL Tejas Mark 2]]
* [[HAL TEDBF]]
* [[HAL AMCA]]
* [[DRDO AEW&CS]]
* [[Phased array]]
* [[Active electronically scanned array]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Aircraft radars]]
[[Category:Military radars of India]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation]]

Mandsaur–Meerut City Link Express

2025-11-11T09:50:51Z

StephanieWentwor: started

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mandsaur–Meerut City Link Express ,this train was cancelled from corona era ,local people of Meerut city raised the demand to restart it,it was used to run between Meerut city to kota to and fro.rake of this train attached and detached with dehradoon express 19020 =19019 now runs from Haridwar from corona period
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mandsaur}} (MDS)
| stops = 35
| end = {{stnlnk|Meerut City}} (MTC)
| distance = {{convert|805|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 17 hrs 25 mins
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 29019 / 29020
| speed = {{convert|46|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Mandsaur-Meerut City Link Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Mandsaur}} and {{stnlnk|Meerut City Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 29019/29020 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/8-trains-along-ratlam-mandsaur-routes-suspended/articleshow/59042940.cms Farmer agitation: 8 trains on Ratlam-Mandsaur route suspended]</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4889&did=14435212439355580774ADBE417CDAB06C4B5DDD6B772.web91 NON-INTERLOCKING WORKING AT ASAOTI STATION FROM 07/08.10.2015 To 11.10.2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2828&did=1441970929432E0361EBF053032CE9C0E5ABBB00BA905.web91 FREQUENCY OF SOME W.RLY TRAINS TO BE REDUCED TEMPORARILY DURING FOG PERIOD IN JANUARY & FEBRUARY, 2016]</ref>

== Service==

The 29019/Mandsaur–Meerut City Link Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 805 km in 17h 25m. The 29020/Meerut City–Mandsaur Link Express has an average speed of 43 km/h and covers 805 km in 18h 30m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Mandsaur}}
*[[Neemuch railway station|Nimach]]
* {{stnlnk|Chittaurgarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sawai Madhopur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gangapur City}}
* {{stnlnk|Hindaun City}}
* {{stnlnk|Bayana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bharatpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tughlakabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Okhla}}
* {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}
* {{stnlnk|Sahibabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Muradnagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Modinagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Meerut City Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 6 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier and AC III Tier
* 1 AC III Tier
* 2 Sleeper coaches
* 1 General Unreserved

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a Ratlam Loco Shed-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive from Mandsaur to [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]. From Kota trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Tuglakabad|Tuglakabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4E]] electric locomotive until Meerut and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train attached to 19019/19020 [[Bandra Terminus–Dehradun Express]] at Kota and run together between Kota and Meerut.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Mandsaur railway station]]
* [[Meerut City Junction railway station]]
* [[Bandra Terminus- Dehradun Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/12467 29019/Mandsaur–Meerut City Link Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/391 29020/Meerut City–Mandsaur Link Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandsaur-Meerut City Link Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Meerut]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandsaur]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}