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Lord Mountbatten

2026-05-31T14:55:02Z

Stephania3380: improve details per standard format for consistency

{{Short description|British statesman and admiral (1900–1979)}}
{{Redirect|Louis Mountbatten|his father|Prince Louis of Battenberg|his hereditary peerage|Earl Mountbatten of Burma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] [[His Excellency]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Earl Mountbatten of Burma
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|GCB|OM|GCSI|GCIE|GCVO|KStJ|DSO|ADC(P)|PC|FRS}}
| image = Lord Mountbatten Naval in colour Allan Warren.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Allan Warren]], 1976
| office1 = [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]
| prime_minister1 = {{Unbulleted list|[[Harold Macmillan]]|[[Alec Douglas-Home]]|[[Harold Wilson]]}}
| term_start1 = 13 July 1959
| term_end1 = 15 July 1965
| predecessor1 = [[William Dickson (RAF officer)|William Dickson]]
| successor1 = [[Richard Hull]]
| office2 = [[First Sea Lord]]
| prime_minister2 = {{Unbulleted list|[[Anthony Eden]]|Harold Macmillan}}
| term_start2 = 18 April 1955
| term_end2 = 19 October 1959
| predecessor2 = [[Rhoderick McGrigor]]
| successor2 = [[Charles Lambe]]
| office3 = [[Governor-General of India]]
| monarch3 = [[George VI]]
| prime_minister3 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| term_start3 = 15 August 1947
| term_end3 = 21 June 1948
| predecessor3 = ''Himself'' (As Viceroy and Governor-General of India)
| successor3 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| office4 = [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| prime_minister4 = [[Clement Attlee]]
| monarch4 = George VI
| term_start4 = 21 February 1947
| term_end4 = 15 August 1947
| predecessor4 = [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|The Viscount Wavell]]
| successor4 = {{Unbulleted list|''Himself'' (as Governor-General of India)|[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (as [[Governor-General of Pakistan]])}}
| office5 = [[List of governors of the Straits Settlements|Governor of the Straits Settlements]]
| status5 = Military administration
| monarch5 = George VI
| term_start5 = 12 September 1945
| term_end5 = 31 March 1946
| predecessor5 = Sir [[Shenton Thomas]] ''as civilian governor''
| successor5 = Sir Shenton Thomas ''governorship continued''
| office6 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status6 = [[Lord Temporal]]
| term_label6 = [[Hereditary peer]]age
| term_start6 = 13 June 1946
| term_end6 = 27 August 1979
| predecessor6 = [[Earl Mountbatten of Burma|''Peerage established'']]
| successor6 = [[Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma|The 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma]]
| birth_name = Prince Louis of Battenberg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1900|6|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Frogmore House]], Windsor, Berkshire, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1979|8|27|1900|6|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mullaghmore, County Sligo]], Republic of Ireland
| death_cause = [[Assassination of Lord Mountbatten|Assassination]]
| resting_place = [[Romsey Abbey]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Edwina Ashley]]|18 July 1922|21 February 1960|end=died}}
| children = {{ublist
|[[Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma]]
|[[Lady Pamela Hicks]]
}}
| parents = {{ublist
|[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven]]
|[[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine]]
}}
| alma_mater = [[Christ's College, Cambridge]]
| nickname = Dickie
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[Royal Navy]]
| service_years = 1913–1965
| commands = {{collapsible list |title=''See list''
|{{Longitem|[[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]}}|(1959–1965)
|{{Longitem|[[First Sea Lord]]}}|(1955–1959)
|{{Longitem|[[Mediterranean Fleet]]}}|(1952–1954)
|{{Longitem|[[Fourth Sea Lord]]}}|(1950–1952)
|{{Longitem|[[Supreme Allied Commander]],  [[South East Asia Command]]}}|(1943–1946)
|{{Longitem|Chief of [[Combined Operations Headquarters|Combined Operations]]}}|(1941–1943)
|{{Longitem|{{HMS|Illustrious|87|6}}}}|(1941)
|{{Longitem|{{HMS|Kelly|F01|6}}}}|(1939–1941)
|{{Longitem|{{HMS|Wishart|D67|6}}}}|(1934–1936)
|{{Longitem|{{HMS|Daring|H16|6}}}}|(1934)
}}
| unit =
| battles = {{ublist
|[[World War I|First World War]]
|[[World War II|Second World War]]
}}
| mawards = [[List of titles and honours of Lord Mountbatten|Full list]]
| laterwork =
| signature = Signature of Lord Louis Mountbatten.svg
}}

'''Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma''' (born '''Prince Louis of Battenberg''';{{refn|Mountbatten's family dropped their princely titles in 1917, after which he was styled '''Lord Louis Mountbatten''' until 1946. He was styled '''The Viscount Mountbatten of Burma''' from 1946 to 1947.|group=n}} 25 June 1900 – 27 August 1979), commonly known as '''Lord Mountbatten''', was a British [[statesman]], [[naval officer]], and member of the [[British royal family]]. A maternal uncle of [[Prince Philip]] and second cousin once removed of [[Queen Elizabeth II]], he served in the [[Royal Navy]] during both [[world war]]s and rose to become [[Supreme Allied Commander]], [[South East Asia Command]], in the later stages of the [[Second World War]]. He subsequently oversaw the transition of [[British India]] to independence as the last [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] and the first [[Governor-General of India|Governor‑General]] of [[independent India]]. As the last viceroy of India, Mountbatten also oversaw its partition into the Dominions of India and Pakistan and the integration of the princely states into India.

Mountbatten later held senior posts in the post‑war armed forces, serving as [[First Sea Lord]] and then as [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] until 1965, making him the longest-serving professional head of the British Armed Forces to date. During this period Mountbatten also served as [[chairman of the NATO Military Committee]] for a year. He remained closely associated with the royal family throughout his life and acted as a mentor to his great‑nephew, the future [[King Charles III]]. Beyond his official duties, he was active in international education, naval and sporting organisations, and a range of charitable and cultural initiatives.

His career and reputation have been the subject of considerable debate. Admirers highlighted his energy, charm, and administrative ability, while critics accused him of vanity, self‑promotion, and flawed judgement, particularly in relation to the [[partition of India]] and his wartime assessments in [[Southeast Asia|South East Asia]]. His private life attracted scrutiny, and after his death allegations of sexual abuse were made, some of which were dismissed by official inquiries.

In August 1979, [[Assassination of Lord Mountbatten|Mountbatten was assassinated]] by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] when a bomb exploded aboard his fishing boat in [[Mullaghmore, County Sligo]]. His death prompted widespread condemnation and international mourning, and he received a [[Funeral of Lord Mountbatten|ceremonial funeral]] at [[Westminster Abbey]].

== Early life ==
Mountbatten, then styled Prince Louis of [[Battenberg family|Battenberg]], was born on 25 June 1900 at [[Frogmore House]] in the [[Home Park, Windsor]], Berkshire.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG4103|title=Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|publisher=British Museum|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925044010/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG4103|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the youngest child and second son of [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]] and his wife [[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine]].<ref>{{harvp|Zuckerman|1981|pp=355–364}}</ref> Mountbatten's maternal grandparents were [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse]], and [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom]], a daughter of [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]. His paternal grandparents were [[Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine]] and [[Julia, Princess of Battenberg]].<ref name=burke>{{harvp|Montgomery-Massingberd|1973|pp=303–304}}</ref> Their marriage was [[morganatic]], as Julia was not of royal lineage; consequently, Mountbatten and his father bore the style Serene Highness rather than Royal Highness, were ineligible for the title Princes of Hesse, and held the lesser Battenberg designation. His elder siblings were [[Princess Alice of Battenberg]] (mother of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]), Princess Louise of Battenberg (later [[Louise Mountbatten|Queen Louise of Sweden]]), and Prince George of Battenberg (later [[George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven]]).<ref name="burke" />

Mountbatten was baptised in the large drawing room of Frogmore House on 17 July by the [[Dean of Windsor]], [[Philip Eliot (priest)|Philip Eliot]]. His godparents were Queen Victoria (his maternal great-grandmother), [[Nicholas II of Russia]] (his maternal uncle through marriage and paternal second cousin, represented by the child's father) and [[Prince Francis Joseph of Battenberg]] (his paternal uncle, represented by [[Lord Edward Clinton]]).<ref name="journal">{{cite web |url=http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/search/displayItemFromId.do?FormatType=fulltextimgsrc&QueryType=articles&ItemID=19000717 |title=Journal Entry : Tuesday 17th July 1900 |author=Queen Victoria |date=17 July 1900 |website=queenvictoriasjournals.org |access-date=5 August 2019 |author-link=Queen Victoria }}</ref> He wore the original 1841 [[royal christening gown]] at the ceremony.<ref name="journal" />

Mountbatten's nickname among family and friends was "Dickie"; although "Richard" was not among his given names. His great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had originally suggested "Nicky", but as the name was already widely used within the Russian imperial family (particularly for Nicholas II), it was altered to "Dickie" to avoid confusion.{{r|life1942081763}}

Mountbatten was educated at home for the first ten years of his life; he was then sent to [[Lockers Park School]] in Hertfordshire<ref name="odnb">{{harvp|Ziegler |2011}}.</ref> and later to the [[Royal Naval College, Osborne]], in May 1913.<ref name="heath183">{{harvp|Heathcote|2002|p=183}}.</ref>

Mountbatten's mother's younger sister was the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] Empress [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alexandra Feodorovna]]. As a child he visited the imperial court at [[St Petersburg]] and became close to the [[Russian imperial family]], harbouring romantic feelings for his maternal first cousin [[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna]], whose photograph he kept at his bedside for the rest of his life.<ref name="king49">{{harvp|King|Wilson|2003|p=49}}.</ref>

Mountbatten adopted his surname as a result of [[World War I]]. From 1914 to 1918, [[Allies of World War I|Britain and its allies]] were at war with the [[Central Powers]], led by the [[German Empire]]. To appease British nationalist sentiment, in 1917 King [[George V]] issued a royal proclamation changing the name of the British [[royal house]] from the German [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] to the [[House of Windsor]]. The King's British relatives with German names and titles followed suit, with Mountbatten's father adopting the surname Mountbatten, an [[Anglicisation of names|anglicisation]] of Battenberg. His father was subsequently created [[Marquess of Milford Haven]].<ref>{{harvp|Hough|1984|p=317}}</ref>

== First World War ==
At the age of 16, Mountbatten was posted as [[midshipman]] to the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Lion|1910|6}} in July 1916 and, after seeing action in August, transferred to the battleship {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|6}} during the closing phases of the [[First World War]].<ref name=heath183/> In 1917, when the royal family abandoned their German names and titles and adopted the more British-sounding "Windsor", Mountbatten acquired the [[Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom|courtesy title]] appropriate to a younger son of a marquess, becoming known as ''Lord Louis Mountbatten'' (''Lord Louis'' for short) until he was created a peer in his own right in 1946.<ref name=heath184>{{harvp|Heathcote|2002|p=184}}.</ref> He paid a ten-day visit to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in July 1918.<ref>{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=46}}</ref>

[[File:Lord Louis Mountbatten1925.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait by [[Philip de László]], 1925]]
While still an acting-[[sub-lieutenant]], Mountbatten was appointed [[First lieutenant#Royal Navy|first lieutenant]] (second-in-command) of the [[P-class sloop]] HMS ''P. 31'' on 13 October 1918 and was confirmed as a [[Substantive rank|substantive]] sub-lieutenant on 15 January 1919. HMS ''P. 31'' took part in the Peace River Pageant on 4 April 1919. Mountbatten attended [[Christ's College, Cambridge]], for two terms from October 1919, studying English literature (including [[John Milton]] and [[Lord Byron]]) in a programme designed to augment the education of junior officers whose studies had been curtailed by the war.<ref>{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|pp=47–49}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Smith|2010|p=66}}</ref> He was elected for a term to the Standing Committee of the [[Cambridge Union Society]] and was suspected of sympathy for the [[Labour Party (United Kingdom)|Labour Party]], then emerging as a potential party of government for the first time.<ref>{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=49}}</ref>

== Interwar period ==
[[File:Edward VIII with his staff in Japan 1922.jpg|thumb|Prince Edward with his staff all wearing kimono during the Pacific visit to Japan in 1922. (Mountbatten standing, first from left). The [[Rising Sun Flag]] in the background.]]
Mountbatten was posted to the battlecruiser {{HMS|Renown|1916|6}} in March 1920 and accompanied [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]], on a royal tour of Australia.<ref name=heath184/> He was promoted lieutenant on 15 April 1920.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32461 |date=20 September 1921 |page=7384}}</ref> HMS ''Renown'' returned to Portsmouth on 11 October 1920.<ref name="Ziegler 1985, p59">{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=59}}</ref> Early in 1921, Royal Navy personnel were deployed for civil defence duties as [[Triple Alliance (1914)#The Post-War Triple Alliance|serious industrial unrest]] appeared imminent, and Mountbatten was required to command a platoon of stokers in [[Northern England]], many of whom had never handled a rifle before.<ref name="Ziegler 1985, p59"/> He transferred to the battlecruiser {{HMS|Repulse|1916|6}} in March 1921 and again accompanied the Prince of Wales, this time on a royal tour of India and Japan.<ref name=heath184/><ref>{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=60}} states that he actually joined HMS ''Repulse'' on 25 June 1921</ref> Edward and Mountbatten formed a close friendship during the trip.<ref name=heath184/> Mountbatten survived the deep defence cuts known as the [[Geddes Axe]]; fifty-two percent of the officers of his year had left the Royal Navy by the end of 1923. Although he was highly regarded by his superiors, it was rumoured that wealthy and well-connected officers were more likely to be retained.<ref>{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=73}}</ref> He was posted to the battleship {{HMS|Revenge|06|6}} in the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] in January 1923.<ref name=heath184/>

Pursuing his interests in technological development and gadgetry, Mountbatten joined the [[HMS Mercury (shore establishment)|Portsmouth Signals School]] in August 1924 and then briefly studied electronics at the [[Royal Naval College, Greenwich]].<ref name=heath184/> He became a Member of the [[Institution of Electrical Engineers]] (IEE), now the [[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] (IET).<ref name="medal">{{cite web |url=http://conferences.theiet.org/achievement/senior/mountbatten.cfm |title=Mountbatten Medal |publisher=IET |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027032009/http://conferences.theiet.org/achievement/senior/mountbatten.cfm |archive-date=27 October 2012 }}</ref> He was posted to the battleship {{HMS|Centurion|1911|6}} in the [[Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)|Reserve Fleet]] in 1926 and became Assistant Fleet Wireless and Signals Officer of the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] under Admiral Sir [[Roger Keyes]] in January 1927.<ref name=heath184/> Promoted [[Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)|lieutenant commander]] on 15 April 1928,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33378|date=24 April 1928|page=2900}}</ref> Mountbatten returned to the Signals School in July 1929 as Senior Wireless Instructor.<ref name=heath184/> He was appointed Fleet Wireless Officer to the Mediterranean Fleet in August 1931 and, having been promoted [[Commander (Royal Navy)|commander]] on 31 December 1932,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33899 |date=3 January 1933 |page=48}}</ref> was posted to the battleship {{HMS|Resolution|09|6}}.<ref name=heath184/>

In 1934, Mountbatten received his first command, the destroyer {{HMS|Daring|H16|6}}.<ref name=heath184/> He was tasked with sailing the new ship to Singapore and exchanging her for the older destroyer {{HMS|Wishart|D67|6}}.<ref name=heath184/> He successfully brought ''Wishart'' back to Malta and then attended the [[funeral of George V]] in January 1936.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34279 |date=29 April 1936 |page=2785 |supp=y}}</ref> Mountbatten was appointed a personal naval [[aide-de-camp]] to King Edward VIII on 23 June 1936,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34296 |date=19 June 1936 |page=4012 |supp=y}}</ref> and, having joined the Naval Air Division of the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] in July 1936,<ref name="Zuckerman">{{harvp|Zuckerman|1981|pp=354–366}}</ref> he attended the [[coronation of George VI and Elizabeth]] in May 1937.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34453|date=10 November 1937|page=7049 |supp=y}}</ref> He was promoted [[Captain (Royal Navy)|captain]] on 30 June 1937<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34414 |date=2 July 1937 |page=4247}}</ref> and was given command of the destroyer {{HMS|Kelly|F01|6}} in June 1939.<ref name=heath185>{{harvp|Heathcote|2002|p=185}}.</ref>

Within the Admiralty, Mountbatten was known as "The Master of Disaster" for his penchant for getting into difficult situations.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/08/13/exit-wounds|title=Exit Wounds|first=Pankaj|last=Mishra|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=10 April 2021|archive-date=6 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706122849/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/08/13/070813crbo_books_mishra?currentPage=3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/entertainment/books/article/Indian-Summer-by-Alex-von-Tunzelmann-1572367.php|title=Indian Summer by Alex von Tunzelmann|first=Fritz|last=Lanham|date=5 August 2007|website=Chron|access-date=10 April 2021|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410100442/https://www.chron.com/entertainment/books/article/Indian-Summer-by-Alex-von-Tunzelmann-1572367.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Second World War ==
[[File:Rear Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten H17387.jpg|thumb|Mountbatten inspecting sailors before the [[Operation Biting|Bruneval Raid]], February 1942]]
When war broke out in September 1939, Mountbatten became Captain (D) (commander) of the [[5th Destroyer Flotilla]] aboard HMS ''Kelly'', which soon became noted for its exploits.<ref name="Zuckerman"/> In late 1939 he brought the [[Edward VIII|Duke of Windsor]] back from exile in France, and in early May 1940 Mountbatten led a British convoy through fog to evacuate Allied forces participating in the [[Namsos campaign]] during the [[Norwegian campaign]].<ref name=heath185/>

On the night of 9–10 May 1940, ''Kelly'' was torpedoed amidships by a German [[E-boat]] ''S 31'' off the Dutch coast, and Mountbatten thereafter commanded the 5th Destroyer Flotilla from the destroyer {{HMS|Javelin|F61|6}}.<ref name=heath185/> On 29 November 1940, the Flotilla engaged three German destroyers off [[Lizard Point, Cornwall]]. Mountbatten turned to port to match a German course change, a move described as "a rather disastrous" one,<ref>{{Harvp|March|1966|p=353}}</ref> as the directors swung off and lost target, resulting in ''Javelin'' being struck by two torpedoes. He rejoined ''Kelly'' in December 1940, by which time her torpedo damage had been repaired.<ref name=heath185/>

''Kelly'' was sunk by German [[dive bomber]]s on 23 May 1941 during the [[Battle of Crete]],<ref name=heath186>{{harvp|Heathcote|2002|p=186}}</ref> an incident that later served as the basis for [[Noël Coward]]'s film ''[[In Which We Serve]]''.<ref>{{harvp|Niemi|2006|p= 70}}.</ref> Coward, a personal friend of Mountbatten, incorporated some of his speeches into the film.<ref name=heath186/> Mountbatten was [[mentioned in despatches]] on 9 August 1940<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34918 |date=9 August 1940 |page=4919 |supp=y}}</ref> and 21 March 1941,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35113 |date=18 March 1941 |page=1654 |supp=y}}</ref> and was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] in January 1941.<ref name="dso">{{London Gazette
| issue = 35029
| date = 31 December 1940
| page = 25
| supp = y
}} ''DSO''</ref>

[[File:Mountbatten Short and Kimmel in Hawaii 1941.jpg|left|thumb|(Front row, L–R) [[Walter Short]], Mountbatten and [[Husband E. Kimmel]] (Back row) [[Frederick Martin (general)|Frederick Martin]] and [[Patrick Bellinger]] in Hawaii 1941]]
In August 1941, Mountbatten was appointed captain of the [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Illustrious|87|6}}, which was in [[Norfolk, Virginia]], for repairs following [[Operation Pedestal|action at Malta]] in January.<ref name=heath186/> During this period of relative inactivity, he paid a flying visit to [[Pearl Harbor]], three months before the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Japanese attack]]. Mountbatten was appalled at the US naval base's lack of preparedness and, drawing on Japan's history of launching wars with surprise attacks, the recent British success at the [[Battle of Taranto]], and the demonstrated effectiveness of aircraft against warships, accurately predicted that the United States would enter the war after a Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.<ref name=heath186/><ref>{{cite news |last=O'Toole |first=Thomas |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1982/12/07/mountbatten-predicted-pearl-harbor/26546444-b456-47aa-af05-c6aa97e884fd/ |title=Mountbatten Predicted Pearl Harbor |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=7 December 1982 |access-date=9 July 2017 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828090508/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1982/12/07/mountbatten-predicted-pearl-harbor/26546444-b456-47aa-af05-c6aa97e884fd/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S68745, Konferenz von Casablanca.jpg|right|thumb|Clockwise from lower right, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Winston Churchill]], Sir [[Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay|Hastings 'Pug' Ismay]], Mountbatten: January 1943 at the [[Casablanca Conference]]]]

Mountbatten was a favourite of [[Winston Churchill]].<ref>{{harvp|Gilbert|1988|p=762}}</ref> On 27 October 1941, Mountbatten replaced [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] Sir [[Roger Keyes]] as Chief of [[Combined Operations Headquarters]] and was promoted to [[Commodore (rank)|commodore]].<ref name=heath186/>
His duties in this role included devising new technical aids to support opposed landings.<ref name="Zuckerman"/> Noteworthy technical achievements by Mountbatten and his staff included the construction of [[Operation Pluto|"PLUTO", an underwater oil pipeline to Normandy]]; an artificial [[Mulberry harbour]] built from concrete caissons and sunken ships; and the development of [[Landing Ship, Tank|tank-landing ships]].<ref name="Zuckerman"/> Mountbatten also proposed [[Project Habakkuk]] to Churchill, an ambitious plan for an unsinkable 600-metre aircraft carrier made from reinforced ice ("[[Pykrete]]"). The project was never carried out due to its enormous cost.<ref name="Zuckerman"/>

[[File:Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, 1943. TR1230 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mountbatten in 1943]]
As commander of Combined Operations, Mountbatten and his staff planned the highly successful [[Bruneval raid]], which gained important intelligence and captured part of a German [[Würzburg radar]] installation, along with one of its technicians, on 27 February 1942. Mountbatten recognised that surprise and speed were essential to securing the radar and concluded that an airborne assault was the only viable method.<ref>{{harvp|Otway|1990|pp=65–66}}</ref>

On 18 March 1942, he was promoted to the [[acting rank]] of [[Vice admiral (Royal Navy)|vice admiral]] and given the [[honorary rank]]s of [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant general]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/transcripts/service_records/navalofficer_sr.htm |title=First World War |publisher=Nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601151529/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/transcripts/service_records/navalofficer_sr.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[air marshal]] to provide the authority required for his duties in Combined Operations. Despite the misgivings of General Sir [[Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke|Alan Brooke]], the [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]],<ref>{{Harvp|Lownie|2019|p=131}}</ref> Mountbatten was placed on the [[Chiefs of Staff Committee]].<ref>{{harvp|Khanna|2015|p=53}}</ref> He was in large part responsible for the planning and organisation of the [[St Nazaire Raid]] on 28 March, which put out of action one of the most heavily defended docks in Nazi-occupied France until well after the war's end, a result that contributed to Allied supremacy in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/bold-strategy-british-raid-st-nazaire|title=A Bold Strategy: The British Raid on St. Nazaire|date=2 April 2021 |publisher=The National World War II Museum, New Orleans|access-date=29 June 2025}}</ref>

After the successes at Bruneval and St Nazaire came the disastrous [[Dieppe Raid]] of 19 August 1942. Mountbatten was central to the planning and promotion of the assault, which proved a marked failure, with casualties of almost 60%, the great majority of them Canadians. In the aftermath, he became a controversial figure in Canada, and the [[Royal Canadian Legion]] distanced itself from him during later visits.<ref name=villa>{{harvp|Villa|1989|pp=240–241}}.</ref> His relations with Canadian veterans, who blamed him for the losses, "remained frosty" after the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-71-2359-13811/conflict_war/dieppe/clip6 |title=Who Was Responsible For Dieppe? |publisher=CBC Archives |date=9 September 1962 |access-date=1 August 2007 |archive-date=8 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208122432/http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-71-2359-13811/conflict_war/dieppe/clip6 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:SE 000014 Mountbatten as SACSEA during Arakan tour.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Mountbatten during his tour of the [[Arakan campaign (1942–1943)|Arakan campaign]] in Burma in February 1944]]
Mountbatten claimed that the lessons learned from the Dieppe Raid were necessary for planning the Normandy invasion on [[D-Day]] nearly two years later. However, military historians such as Major General [[Julian Thompson (Royal Marines officer)|Julian Thompson]], a former [[Royal Marines|Royal Marine]], have argued that these lessons should not have required a debacle such as Dieppe to be recognised.<ref name=Thompson>{{harvp|Thompson|2001|pp=263–269}}.</ref> Nevertheless, as a direct result of the failings, the British introduced several innovations, most notably [[Hobart's Funnies]], specialised armoured vehicles which, during the [[Normandy Landings]], undoubtedly saved many lives on the three Commonwealth beachheads of [[Gold Beach|Gold]], [[Juno Beach|Juno]], and [[Sword Beach|Sword]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/04/uk_d_day_inventions/html/1.stm |title=In pictures: D-Day inventions: The Flail |work=BBC News |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=14 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914053643/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/04/uk_d_day_inventions/html/1.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== SEAC and Burma campaign ===
In August 1943, Churchill appointed Mountbatten Supreme Allied Commander, [[South East Asia Command]] (SEAC), with promotion to acting full [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|admiral]].<ref name=heath186/> His less practical ideas were sidelined by an experienced planning staff led by Lieutenant-Colonel [[James Allason]], although some proposals, such as an amphibious assault near [[Rangoon]], reached Churchill before being quashed.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8597474/Lt-Col-James-Allason.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8597474/Lt-Col-James-Allason.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |department=Obituary |title=Lt-Col James Allason |newspaper=The Telegraph |location= London |date= 24 June 2011 |access-date=20 September 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[File:Mountbatten address, Singapore 1945.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Mountbatten's address on the steps of Singapore's [[City Hall, Singapore|Municipal Building]] after the surrender]]

British interpreter [[Hugh Lunghi]] recounted an embarrassing episode during the [[Potsdam Conference]] when Mountbatten, hoping for an invitation to visit the [[Soviet Union]], repeatedly attempted to impress [[Joseph Stalin]] with his former connections to the [[Russian imperial family]]. The attempt fell flat, with Stalin dryly inquiring whether "it was some time ago that he had been there". Lunghi later recalled, "The meeting was embarrassing because Stalin was so unimpressed. He offered no invitation. Mountbatten left with his tail between his legs."<ref>{{harvp|Montefiore|2004|p=501}}.</ref>

During his time as Supreme Allied Commander of the Southeast Asia Theatre, Mountbatten's command oversaw the [[Burma campaign (1944–1945)|recapture of Burma]] from the Japanese by General Sir [[William Slim]].<ref name=heath187>{{harvp|Heathcote|2002|p=187}}</ref> A personal high point was the receipt of the Japanese surrender in Singapore, when British troops returned to the island to accept the formal capitulation of Japanese forces in the region, led by General [[Itagaki Seishiro]] on 12 September 1945, in an operation codenamed [[Operation Tiderace|Tiderace]].<ref>{{harvp|Park|1946|p=2156, para 360}}.</ref> South East Asia Command was disbanded in May 1946, and Mountbatten returned home with the substantive rank of [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|rear-admiral]].<ref name=heath188>{{harvp|Heathcote|2002|p=188}}.</ref> That year, he was made a [[Knight of the Garter|Knight Companion of the Garter]] and created '''Viscount Mountbatten of Burma''', of [[Romsey]] in the [[County of Southampton]], as a [[Victory title#British Empire|victory title]] for war service. In 1947, he was further created '''Earl Mountbatten of Burma''' and '''Baron Romsey''', of Romsey in the County of Southampton.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mountbatten_lord_louis.shtml|title=Lord Louis Mountbatten (1900–1979)|publisher=BBC|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727173721/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mountbatten_lord_louis.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{London Gazette |issue=44059 |date=21 July 1966 |page=8227}}</ref>

Following the war, Mountbatten largely shunned the Japanese out of respect for his men killed during the conflict, and, in accordance with his will, Japan was not invited to send diplomatic representatives to his funeral in 1979. He did, however, meet Emperor [[Hirohito]] during the latter's state visit to Britain in 1971, reportedly at the urging of the Queen.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/japan-is-not-invited-to-lord-mountbattens-funeral-lord-mountbatten.html | title=Japan is not invited to Lord Mountbatten's Funeral | work=The New York Times | date=5 September 1979 | access-date=9 July 2017 | archive-date=23 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123131634/http://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/japan-is-not-invited-to-lord-mountbattens-funeral-lord-mountbatten.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Viceroy of India ==
{{main|Partition of India}}

Mountbatten's experience in the region, and in particular his perceived [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] sympathies at the time, together with his wife's longstanding friendship and collaboration with [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], led Menon to put forward Mountbatten's name alone as a viceregal candidate acceptable to the [[Indian National Congress]], in clandestine meetings with Sir [[Stafford Cripps]] and [[Clement Attlee]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |date=February 2021 |title=A Chequered Brilliance: The Many Lives of V. K. Krishna Menon. By Jairam Ramesh. New Delhi: Penguin Random House India, 2019. 744 pp. ISBN: 9780670092321 (cloth). |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911820003964 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=220–221 |doi=10.1017/s0021911820003964 |s2cid=234076753 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Attlee advised King [[George VI]] to appoint Mountbatten [[Viceroy of India]] on 20 February 1947,<ref>{{harvp|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=40}}.</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37916|date=25 March 1947|page=1399}}</ref> charging him with overseeing the transition of British India to independence no later than 30 June 1948. Mountbatten's instructions were to avoid partition and preserve a united India as the outcome of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|transfer of power]], but he was authorised to adapt to a changing situation in order to secure Britain's prompt withdrawal with minimal reputational damage.<ref name=Ziegler359>{{harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=359}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|Jalal|1994|p=250}}: "These instructions were to avoid partition and obtain an unitary government for British India and the Indian States and at the same time observe the pledges to the princes and the Muslims; to secure agreement to the [[Cabinet Mission]] plan without coercing any of the parties; somehow to keep the [[British Indian Army|Indian army]] undivided, and to retain India within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. (Attlee to Mountbatten, 18 March 1947, ibid, 972–974)"</ref>
[[File:Lord Mountbatten visits Punjabi riot scenes.jpg|thumb|Lord and Lady Mountbatten visit an affected village in the aftermath of the [[Rawalpindi Massacres]]]]
Mountbatten arrived in India on 22 March by air from [[London]]. That evening, he was taken to [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|his residence]], and two days later he took the viceregal oath. His arrival coincided with large-scale communal riots in [[Delhi]] and [[Bombay]], and large-scale [[Rawalpindi Massacres|massacres in Rawalpindi]]. Mountbatten concluded that the situation was too volatile to wait even a year before granting independence. Although his advisers favoured a gradual transfer of power, he decided that the only viable course was a quick and orderly handover of power the end of 1947; in his view, any longer risked civil war.<ref name="White2012">{{harvp|White|2012|p=428}}.</ref> Mountbatten also hurried the process so that he could return to the Royal Navy.<ref>{{harvp|Wolpert|2006|p=130}}</ref><ref name="SarJinna">{{harvp|Sardesai|2007|pp=309–313}}.</ref>

{{multiple image|total_width=400px|align=right|image1=Mountbatten visiting Sardar.jpg|caption1=Lord and Lady Mountbatten at [[Mussoorie]] with Congress leader [[Sardar Patel]], his daughter [[Manibehn Patel]] and Nehru in the background|image2=Mountbattens with Gandhi (IND 5298).jpg|caption2=Lord and Lady Mountbatten with [[Mahatma Gandhi]], 1947}}
Mountbatten was fond of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his liberal outlook for the country, and, through the efforts of their close mutual friend, [[Krishna Menon]], developed a depth of feeling and intimacy with Nehru that was shared by his wife, Edwina. He felt differently about the [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]] leader [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], but recognised his influence, stating "If it could be said that any single man held the future of India in the palm of his hand in 1947, that man was Mohammad Ali Jinnah."<ref name="SarJinna"/> During his meeting with Jinnah on 5 April 1947,<ref>{{harvp|Wolpert|2006|p=141}}.</ref> Mountbatten tried to persuade him of the merits of a united India, citing the difficultly of dividing the mixed provinces of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], but Jinnah remained unyielding in his goal of establishing a [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|separate Muslim state]] [[Pakistan Movement|called Pakistan]].<ref>{{harvp|Greenberg|2005|p=89}}</ref>

[[File:Lord Mountbatten meets Nehru, Jinnah and other Leaders to plan Partition of India.jpg|thumb|left|Mountbatten meeting with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (left) and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (right) in discussing the partition of British India, 1947.]]
Given the British government's recommendation to grant independence quickly, Mountbatten concluded that a united India was no longer an achievable goal and resigned himself to a plan for partition, creating the independent nations of India and Pakistan.<ref name="Zuckerman"/> He set a date for the transfer of power from the British to the Indians, arguing that a fixed timeline would demonstrate both his and the British government's sincerity in working towards a swift and efficient independence, and would remove any possibility of stalling the process.<ref name=Ziegler355>{{harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=355}}.</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| image1 = Mountbatten Proposed Flag of India.svg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Mountbatten's proposed flag for India, consisting of the flag of the Indian National Congress [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with a Union Jack in the canton. It was rejected by Nehru, as he felt that the more extremist members of Congress would see the inclusion of the Union Jack on an Indian flag as pandering to the British.<ref name="crwflags1996">{{cite web |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in!.html |title=Indian Flag Proposals |author=Dipesh Navsaria |date=27 July 1996 |work=Flags of the World |access-date=14 March 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531044153/https://crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in!.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image2 = Mountbatten Proposed Flag of Pakistan.svg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Mountbatten's proposed flag for Pakistan, consisting of the flag of the Muslim League [[Defacement (flag)|defaced]] with a Union Jack in the canton. It was rejected by Jinnah, as he felt that a flag featuring a Christian Cross alongside the Islamic Crescent would be unacceptable to the Muslims of Pakistan.<ref name="crwflags1996"/>
}}

Among the Indian leaders, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] emphatically insisted on maintaining a [[Opposition to the Partition of India|united India]] and for a time successfully rallied support for this goal. During his meeting with Mountbatten, Gandhi asked him to invite Jinnah to form a new central government, but Mountbatten never conveyed Gandhi's proposal to Jinnah.<ref>{{harvp|Wolpert|2006|p=139}}.</ref> When Mountbatten's accelerated timeline offered the prospect of attaining independence soon, political sentiment shifted. Given Mountbatten's determination, the inability of Nehru and [[Sardar Patel]] to reach an accommodation with the Muslim League, and Jinnah's obstinacy, all [[List of political parties in India|Indian party leaders]] (except Gandhi) acquiesced to Jinnah's plan to divide India,<ref name=Ziegler373>{{harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=373}}.</ref> which in turn eased Mountbatten's task. Mountbatten also developed a strong relationship with the [[Princely state|Indian princes]], who ruled those parts of India not directly under British administration, and his intervention was decisive in persuading the vast majority of them to see the advantages of joining the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468/|title=How Vallabhbhai Patel, V P Menon and Mountbatten unified India|date=31 October 2017|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=15 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215161435/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468/|url-status=live}}</ref> On one hand, the integration of the princely states can be viewed as a positive aspect of his legacy,<ref>{{harvp|Guha|2008|p=57}}.</ref> but on the other, the refusal of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu, and Kashmir]], and [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]] to join one of the dominions contributed to future [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|wars]] between Pakistan and India.<ref>{{harvp|Stoessinger|2010|p=185}}.</ref>

Mountbatten brought forward the date of partition from June 1948 to 15 August 1947.<ref>{{harvp|Talbot|Singh|2009|p= xvii}}.</ref> The uncertainty surrounding the future borders prompted [[Islam in South Asia|Muslims]] and [[Hindus]] to move towards areas where they believed they would be in the majority. Both communities were deeply fearful, and the movement of Muslims from the East was matched by a similar movement of Hindus from the West.<ref>{{harvp|Khan|2007|pp=100–101}}.</ref> A boundary committee chaired by Sir [[Cyril Radcliffe]] was charged with drawing the borders of the new nations. With a mandate to leave as many Hindus and [[Sikhs]] in India, and as many Muslims in Pakistan, as possible, Radcliffe [[Radcliffe Line|produced a map]] that divided the two countries along the Punjab and Bengal borders. This left 14 million people on the "wrong" side of the line, and many fled to "safety" on the other side when the boundaries were announced.<ref name=White2012/><ref>{{Harvp|Hodson|1980|pp=102–106}}</ref>

=== Independence of India and Pakistan ===
[[File:Lord Mountbatten swears in Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of free India on Aug 15, 1947.jpg|thumb|left|Mountbatten with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first Prime Minister of sovereign India, in Government House. Lady Mountbatten is standing to their left.]]
When India and Pakistan attained independence at midnight on 14–15 August 1947, Mountbatten was alone in his study at the Viceroy's House, reflecting that for a few minutes more he remained the most powerful man on Earth. At 12 am, as a final act of showmanship, he created [[Joan Falkiner]], the Australian wife of the Nawab of [[Palanpur State|Palanpur]], a highness — a gesture that was reportedly one of his favourite duties, and one that was annulled at the stroke of midnight.<ref>{{harvp|Tunzelmann|2007|p=4}}</ref>

[[File:Mountbatten Jinnah.jpg|thumb|left|Lord and Lady Mountbatten with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].]]
Notwithstanding the self-promotion of his own role in Indian independence – notably in the television series ''The Life and Times of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Mountbatten of Burma'', produced by his son-in-law [[John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne|Lord Brabourne]], and in ''[[Freedom at Midnight]]'' by [[Dominique Lapierre]] and [[Larry Collins (writer)|Larry Collins]], for which he was the principal quoted source – his record is regarded as very mixed. One common view is that he hastened the process of independence unduly and recklessly, foreseeing vast disruption and loss of life and not wanting this to occur on his watch, but thereby helping to bring it about indirectly, especially in Punjab and Bengal.<ref>See, e.g., {{harvp|Wolpert|2006}}.</ref> [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], the Canadian-American [[Harvard University]] economist who advised Indian governments during the 1950s and, as an intimate of Nehru, served as the American ambassador from 1961 to 1963, was a particularly harsh critic of Mountbatten in this regard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.windsorscottish.com/pl-lp-jkgalbraith.php |title=People: Scots of Windsor's Past |publisher=Windsor's Scottish Heritage |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809005357/http://www.windsorscottish.com/pl-lp-jkgalbraith.php |archive-date=9 August 2012 }}</ref> Another view, however, is that the British were forced to expedite partition to avoid involvement in a potential civil war, with law and order already breaking down and Britain possessing limited resources after the Second World War.<ref name="Lawrence p 72">Lawrence J. Butler, 2002, ''Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World'', p. 72</ref><ref>Ronald Hyam, ''Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968'', p. 113; Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-86649-9}}, 2007</ref> According to historian Lawrence James, Mountbatten had no option but to cut and run, the alternative being British involvement in a civil war with no viable exit.<ref name="Lawrence p 72"/>

The creation of Pakistan was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them.<ref>{{harvp|McGrath|1996|p=38}}</ref> He made clear his lack of support for, and faith in, the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s idea of Pakistan.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|1997|p=136}}</ref> [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as [[Governor-General of Pakistan]].<ref>{{harvp|Wolpert|2006|page=163}}</ref> When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre whether he would have sabotaged the creation of Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of [[tuberculosis]], he replied, "Most probably".<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|1997|p=209}}</ref>

===Governor-General of India===

Mountbatten became the first [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General of independent India]] on 15 August 1947 at the request of Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine noted of his reception in India that, "The people gathered in the streets to cheer Mountbatten as no European had ever been cheered before."<ref name="Time Inc">{{cite book | title=LIFE | date=8 September 1947 | publisher=Time Inc | issn=0024-3019 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEIEAAAAMBAJ | page=39 | access-date=15 March 2024 | archive-date=8 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308032354/https://books.google.com/books?id=MEIEAAAAMBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref>

During his tenure as governor-general, which lasted until 21 June 1948, Mountbatten played a significant role in the [[political integration of India]] and persuaded many [[princely states]] to join the new dominion.<ref name="Sanajaoba223">{{cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eYC4tjzyi4C&pg=PA223 |title=Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1991 |isbn=978-81-7099-271-4 |page=223 |quote=The princely states had been wooed by Mountbatten, Patel and Nehru to join the Indian Dominion |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315055902/https://books.google.com/books?id=9eYC4tjzyi4C&pg=PA223 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="heath189">{{harvp|Heathcote|2002|p=189}}</ref> On his advice, India took the issue of Kashmir to the newly formed [[United Nations]] in January 1948.<ref>{{harvp|Guha|2008|p=87}}.</ref> Accounts differ on the future Mountbatten desired for Kashmir. Pakistani sources suggest that he favoured the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|accession of Kashmir to India]], citing his close relationship with Nehru, while Mountbatten's own account states that he simply wanted [[Maharaja Hari Singh]] to make a decision. He made several attempts to mediate between the Congress leaders, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and Hari Singh on issues relating to accession of Kashmir, though he was largely unsuccessful in resolving the conflict.<ref>{{harvp|Schofield|2010|pp=29–31}}.</ref> After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|tribal invasion of Kashmir]], it was on his suggestion that India secured the state's accession from Hari Singh before sending in military forces for its defence.<ref>{{harvp|Guha|2008|p=83}}.</ref>

After his tenure concluded, Mountbatten continued to enjoy close relations with Nehru and the post-Independence Indian leadership, and he was welcomed as a former governor-general on subsequent visits, including during an official trip in March 1956. The Pakistani government, by contrast, held a negative view of Mountbatten for what it perceived as his hostile attitude towards Pakistan and deemed him ''[[persona non grata]]'', barring him from transiting its airspace during the same visit.<ref>{{Harvp|Ziegler|1989|pp=14–16, 117}}</ref>

== Later career ==
[[File:Lord Louis Mountbatten Visits Malayan Contingent, Kensington Gardens, London, England, UK, 1946 D28023.jpg|thumbnail|right|Mountbatten inspects Malayan troops in [[Kensington Gardens]] in 1946]]
After leaving India, Mountbatten served as commander of the [[1st Cruiser Squadron]] in the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] and, having been granted the [[substantive rank]] of [[Vice admiral (Royal Navy)|vice-admiral]] on 22 June 1949,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38681 |date=2 August 1949 |page=3760}}</ref> became Second-in-Command of the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] in April 1950.<ref name=heath189/> He was appointed [[Fourth Sea Lord]] at the Admiralty in June 1950, before returning to the Mediterranean to serve as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, and [[NATO]] Commander, [[Allied Forces Mediterranean]], from June 1952.<ref name=heath189/> He was promoted to the substantive rank of full admiral on 27 February 1953,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=39802 |date=17 March 1953 |page=1530}}</ref> and in March 1953 was appointed [[Personal aide-de-camp]] to the Queen.<ref name='Oxford'>{{Cite book |title=Mountbatten, Louis |publisher=[[Oxford Biography Index]] |doi = 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U157802|chapter = Mountbatten of Burma, 1st Earl, (Louis (Francis Albert Victor Nicholas) Mountbatten) (25 June 1900 – 27 Aug. 1979) |year = 2007}}</ref>

[[File:HMS Glasgow Mounbatten.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mountbatten arrives on board {{HMS|Glasgow|C21|6}} at Malta to assume command of the Mediterranean Fleet, 16 May 1952]]
Mountbatten served his final posting at the Admiralty as [[First Sea Lord]] and Chief of the Naval Staff from April 1955 to July 1959, a position his father had held some forty years earlier. This was the first time in Royal Naval history that a father and son had both attained such high office.<ref name="harvp|Patton|2005|pp=14–17">{{harvp|Patton|2005|pp=14–17}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] on 22 October 1956.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=40927 |date=16 November 1956 |page=6492}}</ref>

During the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, Mountbatten strongly advised his old friend, Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]] against the [[Eden ministry|Conservative government]]'s plan to seize the [[Suez Canal]] in conjunction with [[French Fourth Republic|France]] and Israel. He argued that such a move would destabilise the Middle East, undermine the authority of the United Nations, divide the Commonwealth, and diminish Britain's global standing. His advice was not taken. Eden insisted that Mountbatten should not resign, and Mountbatten instead worked hard to prepare the Royal Navy for war with characteristic professionalism and thoroughness.<ref>{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|pp=537–547}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Smith|2012|pp=489–508}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Smith|2013|pp=105–134}}</ref>

Despite his military rank, Mountbatten was initially ignorant of the physics involved in a nuclear explosion and had to be reassured that the fission reactions from the [[Bikini Atoll tests]] would not spread through the oceans and destroy the planet.<ref>{{harvp|Zuckerman|1981|p=363}}</ref> As he became more familiar with this new form of weaponry, he grew increasingly opposed to its use in combat, while at the same time recognising the potential value of nuclear energy, particularly for submarine propulsion. He later expressed his views on the use of nuclear weapons in his article "A Military Commander Surveys The Nuclear Arms Race", published shortly after his death in ''International Security'' in the Winter of 1979–1980.<ref>{{harvp|Mountbatten|1979–1980}}</ref>

After leaving the Admiralty, Mountbatten became [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]].<ref name=heath189/> He served in this post for six years, during which he oversaw the consolidation of the three service departments into a single [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name=heath190>{{harvp|Heathcote|2002|p=190}}.</ref> [[Ian Jacob]], co-author of the 1963 ''Report on the Central Organisation of Defence'' that underpinned these reforms, described Mountbatten as "universally mistrusted in spite of his great qualities".<ref name=healey258>{{harvp|Healey|1989|p=258}}.</ref> Following the [[1964 United Kingdom general election|election]] of the [[Labour government, 1964-1970|Wilson ministry]] in October 1964, the government had to decide whether to renew his appointment the following July. The [[Secretary of State for Defence|Defence Secretary]], [[Denis Healey]], interviewed the forty most senior officials in the Ministry of Defence; only one, Sir [[Kenneth Strong]], a personal friend of Mountbatten, recommended his reappointment.<ref name=healey258/> Healey later recalled, "When I told Dickie of my decision not to reappoint him, he slapped his thigh and roared with delight; but his eyes told a different story."<ref name=healey258/>

Mountbatten was appointed [[Colonel of the Regiment|Colonel]] of [[Life Guards (United Kingdom)|The Life Guards]] and [[Gold Stick in Waiting]] on 29 January 1965,<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=43563|supp=y|page=1147|date=2 February 1965}}</ref> and Life [[Colonel commandant#United Kingdom|Colonel Commandant]] of the [[Royal Marines]] later that year.<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=43731|page=7446|date=6 August 1965}}</ref> He served as [[Governor of the Isle of Wight]] from 20 July 1965,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=43720 |date=23 July 1965 |page=7029}}</ref> and became the [[Lord Lieutenant of the Isle of Wight|island's first Lord Lieutenant]] on 1 April 1974.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=46255 |date=4 April 1974 |page=4399}}</ref>

[[File:KN-C17494. President John F. Kennedy Meets with Lord Louis Mountbatten.jpg|thumb|Mountbatten with [[John F. Kennedy]] in the Oval Office, Washington, D.C., 11 April 1961]]
[[File:Louis Mountbatten visit to Israel (997009932856605171).jpg|thumb|Louis Mountbatten during a 1967 visit to Israel]]
Mountbatten was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]<ref name="Zuckerman"/> and received an honorary doctorate from [[Heriot-Watt University]] in 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm |title=Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates |last= |website=www1.hw.ac.uk |access-date=11 April 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418163907/http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1969, he tried unsuccessfully to persuade his second cousin, the Spanish pretender [[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona]], to ease the eventual accession of his son, [[Juan Carlos]], to the Spanish throne by signing a declaration of abdication while in exile.<ref name="powell">{{harvp|Powell|1996 |pp=50–51, 221–222}}.</ref> The following year, Mountbatten attended an official [[White House]] dinner, during which he held a 20-minute conversation with [[Richard Nixon]] and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[William P. Rogers]]. He later wrote, "I was able to talk to the President a bit about both Tino [Constantine II of Greece] and Juanito [Juan Carlos of Spain] to try and put over their respective points of view about [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] and [[Francoist Spain|Spain]], and how I felt the US could help them."<ref name="powell"/> In January 1971, Nixon hosted Juan Carlos and his wife, [[Queen Sofia of Spain|Sofia]] (sister of the exiled King Constantine), during a visit to Washington, and later that year ''[[The Washington Post]]'' published an article alleging that the [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon administration]] was seeking to persuade Franco to retire in favour of the young Bourbon prince.<ref name="powell"/>

From 1967 until 1978, Mountbatten served as president of the [[United World Colleges]] Organisation, then represented by a single institution: [[Atlantic College]] in South Wales. He supported the movement enthusiastically and encouraged heads of state, politicians, and public figures around the world to share his interest. Under his presidency and personal involvement, the United World College of South East Asia was established in Singapore in 1971, followed by the [[United World College of the Pacific]] in [[Victoria, British Columbia]], in 1974. In 1978, he passed the presidency to his great-nephew, [[Charles, Prince of Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uwc.nl/en/who-we-are/history |title= History |publisher= UWC |access-date= 20 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140108081504/http://www.uwc.nl/en/who-we-are/history |archive-date= 8 January 2014 }}</ref>

Mountbatten also helped to launch the [[International Baccalaureate]]; in 1971 he presented the first IB diplomas in the Greek Theatre of the [[International School of Geneva]], Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibo.org/ib-world-archive/september-2013-issue-68/where-are-they-now2/ |title=Where are they now? – International Baccalaureate® |date=May 2015 |publisher=Ibo.org |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118012623/https://www.ibo.org/ib-world-archive/september-2013-issue-68/where-are-they-now2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ecolint.ch/overview/our-history |title=Ecolint – Swiss International school in Geneva |publisher=Ecolint.ch |date=17 September 1924 |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717083419/https://www.ecolint.ch/overview/our-history |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1133258.pdf|title=The International Baccalaureate (IB) Programme: An International Gateway to Higher Education and Beyond|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116153757/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1133258.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1975, Mountbatten finally visited the [[Soviet Union]], leading the United Kingdom's delegation as the personal representative of Queen [[Elizabeth II]] at the celebrations marking the 30th anniversary of [[Victory Day (9 May)|Victory Day]] in the Second World War in Moscow.<ref>{{harvp|Barratt|Ritchie|1991|p=162}}</ref>

== Alleged plots against Harold Wilson ==
{{Main|Harold Wilson conspiracy theories#The 1968 plot}}

[[Peter Wright (MI5 officer)|Peter Wright]], in his 1987 book ''[[Spycatcher]]'', claimed that in May 1968 Mountbatten attended a private meeting with press baron [[Cecil Harmsworth King|Cecil King]] and the government's Chief Scientific Adviser, [[Solly Zuckerman]]. Wright alleged that "up to thirty" [[MI5]] officers had joined a secret campaign to undermine the crisis-stricken [[Labour Party (United Kingdom)|Labour]] government of [[Harold Wilson]] and that King was an MI5 agent. At the meeting, King allegedly urged Mountbatten to lead a government of national salvation. Zuckerman pointed out that such an idea amounted to "rank treachery" and it came to nothing owing to Mountbatten's reluctance to act.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199596/cmhansrd/vo950110/debtext/60110-43.htm |title=House of Commons Proceedings |at=Column 287 |website=Hansard |date=10 January 1996 |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=4 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004140120/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199596/cmhansrd/vo950110/debtext/60110-43.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, [[Andrew Lownie]] has suggested that it took the intervention of the Queen to dissuade Mountbatten from plotting against Wilson.<ref name="Sawer">{{cite news |last1=Sawer |first1=Patrick |title=Revealed: Full extent of Lord Mountbatten's role in '68 plot against Harold Wilson |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/17/revealed-full-extent-lord-mountbattens-role-68-plot-against/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/17/revealed-full-extent-lord-mountbattens-role-68-plot-against/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Telegraph |date=17 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2006, the [[BBC]] documentary ''The Plot Against Harold Wilson'' alleged that there had been another plot involving Mountbatten to oust Wilson during his second term in office (1974–1976). The period was characterised by high inflation, rising unemployment, and widespread industrial unrest. The alleged plot centred on right-wing former military figures who were supposedly building private armies to counter what they perceived as threats from trade unions and the Soviet Union. They believed that the Labour government was unable or unwilling to address these developments and that Wilson was either a Soviet agent or, at the very least, a [[communism|communist]] sympathiser – claims Wilson strongly denied. The documentary makers alleged that a coup was planned to overthrow Wilson and replace him with Mountbatten, using these private armies and sympathisers within the military and MI5.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4789060.stm |work=BBC News |title=Wilson 'Plot': The Secret Tapes |date=9 March 2006 |access-date=20 September 2012 |first=Brian |last=Wheeler |archive-date=15 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215151907/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4789060.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first official history of MI5, ''[[The Defence of the Realm]]'' (2009), implied that there had indeed been a plot against Wilson and that MI5 maintained a file on Mountbatten. However, it also made clear that any such activity was entirely unofficial and centred on a small group of discontented officers. This had already been confirmed by former [[cabinet secretary]] [[John Hunt, Baron Hunt of Tanworth|Lord Hunt]], who concluded in a secret inquiry in 1996 that "there is absolutely no doubt at all that a few, a very few, malcontents in MI5 ... a lot of them like Peter Wright who were right-wing, malicious and had serious personal grudges – gave vent to these and spread damaging malicious stories about that Labour government."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/oct/10/defence-of-the-realm-mi5 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |title=The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 by Christopher Andrew |first=David |last=Leigh |date=10 October 2009 |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517171811/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/oct/10/defence-of-the-realm-mi5 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
=== Marriage and sexual relationships ===
[[File:Louis and Edwina Mountbatten 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Louis and Edwina Mountbatten]]
Mountbatten was married on 18 July 1922 to [[Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley]], daughter of [[Wilfrid Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple|Wilfred William Ashley]], later 1st [[Baron Mount Temple]], himself a grandson of [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury]]. She was the favourite granddaughter of the Edwardian magnate Sir [[Ernest Cassel]] and the principal heir to his fortune. The couple spent heavily on households, luxuries, and entertainment.<ref name=heath184/> Their honeymoon included a tour of European royal courts and North America, with a visit to [[Niagara Falls]] (because "all honeymooners went there").<ref name="life1942081763">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v04EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA63 |title=Lord Louis Mountbatten |magazine=Life |date=17 August 1942 |access-date=20 September 2012 |page=63 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> During their stay in California, the newlyweds appeared in a silent home movie by [[Charlie Chaplin]], called ''Nice And Friendly'', which was not shown in cinemas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.charliechaplin.com/en/films/9-Limelight/articles/300-Nice-and-Friendly|title=Nice and Friendly|work=Charlie Chaplin Official Website|accessdate=5 August 2022|archive-date=11 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811123421/https://www.charliechaplin.com/en/films/9-Limelight/articles/300-Nice-and-Friendly|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chaplin |first1=Charlie |author1-link=Charlie Chaplin |title=WATCH: Charlie Chaplin - Nice and Friendly (1922) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3K1R5_0qes |website=youtube.com |publisher=[[PBS News Hour]] |language=en |format=video |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426120006/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3K1R5_0qes |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mountbatten later admitted: "Edwina and I spent all our married lives getting into other people's beds."<ref>{{harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=53}}.</ref> He maintained an affair for several years with [[Yola Letellier]],<ref name=hicks>{{harvp|Hicks|2012|p=24}}</ref> the wife of Henri Letellier, publisher of ''[[Le Journal]]'' and mayor of [[Deauville]] (1925–1928).<ref>{{harvp|Aubenas|Chardin|Demange|2007|pp=91, 111}}</ref> Yola Letellier's life story was the inspiration for [[Colette]]'s novel ''[[Gigi (novella)|Gigi]]''.<ref name=hicks/>

After Edwina's death in 1960, Mountbatten was involved in relationships with young women, according to his daughter Patricia, his secretary John Barratt, his [[valet]] Bill Evans, and [[William Stadiem]], an employee of [[Madame Claude]].<ref name="thetimes1">{{cite news |last=Lownie |first=Andrew |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/society/article/the-love-lives-of-lord-and-lady-mountbatten-bedhopping-gay-affairs-and-dangerous-liaisons-p7wqpk7xz |title=The love lives of Lord and Lady Mountbatten – bedhopping, gay affairs and dangerous liaisons |work=The Times |date=7 November 2017 |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509184316/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-love-lives-of-lord-and-lady-mountbatten-bedhopping-gay-affairs-and-dangerous-liaisons-p7wqpk7xz |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> He also had a long-running affair with American actress [[Shirley MacLaine]], whom he met in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/world/the-private-lives-of-the-mountbattens-open-marriage-flings-and-paedophilia/281688/|title=The private lives of the Mountbattens — Open marriage, flings and paedophilia|first=Srijan|last=Shukla|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=25 August 2019|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103071036/https://theprint.in/world/the-private-lives-of-the-mountbattens-open-marriage-flings-and-paedophilia/281688/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Ron Perks, Mountbatten's driver in [[Colony of Malta|Malta]] in 1948, alleged that Mountbatten had visited the Red House, an upmarket gay brothel in [[Rabat, Malta|Rabat]] used by naval officers.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2019 |title=Prince Charles' mentor 'perverted' |url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/royals/prince-charles-mentor-lord-mountbatten-was-a-homosexual-with-a-perversion-for-young-boys-fbi-files-claim/news-story/5ab4fdb8c928610bd9a123a018b27b53 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819005901/https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/royals/prince-charles-mentor-lord-mountbatten-was-a-homosexual-with-a-perversion-for-young-boys-fbi-files-claim/news-story/5ab4fdb8c928610bd9a123a018b27b53 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |access-date=19 August 2019 |newspaper=News.com.au}}</ref> [[Andrew Lownie]], a fellow of the [[Royal Historical Society]], wrote that the United States [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) maintained files concerning Mountbatten's alleged homosexuality.<ref name="sdaytimes">{{cite news |last=Tucker |first=Grant |date=18 August 2019 |title=Lord Mountbatten's 'lust for young men' revealed |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/lord-mountbattens-lust-for-young-men-revealed-90swzmgms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410004628/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lord-mountbattens-lust-for-young-men-revealed-90swzmgms |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |work=The Sunday Times}}{{subscription required}}</ref> Lownie also interviewed several young men who claimed to have been in a relationship with Mountbatten. John Barratt, Mountbatten's personal and private secretary for twenty years,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2000 |title=Book tells of 'bored, bullied' Queen |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/apr/23/monarchy.vanessathorpe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327233712/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/apr/23/monarchy.vanessathorpe |archive-date=27 March 2021 |access-date=23 November 2020 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> stated that Mountbatten was not homosexual and that it would have been impossible for such a fact to have been concealed from him.<ref name="thetimes1" />

=== Wealth ===
Due to Edwina's considerable inheritance, the couple were extremely wealthy during their married life. Following the death of her maternal grandfather, [[Ernest Cassel|Sir Ernest Cassel]], in 1921, Edwina received a life-interest trust fund comprising {{frac|25|64}} of Cassel's residuary estate.<ref name="DT1960-03-17-p13">{{cite news |title=Trustees to Pay Duty: Lady Mountbatten's Life Interest |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=17 March 1960 |page=13 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-trustees-to-pay-duty/181031771/ |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref> Cassel's gross estate had been valued at approximately £7,330,000, from which £2,900,000 in death duties were paid. After taxes and other expenses, the net value of the trust fund Edwina received from her grandfather's will was approximately £1,600,000.<ref name="DT1960-03-17-p13" />

In contrast to his new wife's extreme wealth, Mountbatten's salary as a [[Royal Navy]] [[lieutenant]]<ref>Mountbatten was promoted Royal Navy lieutenant on 15 April 1920.{{London Gazette |issue=32461 |date=20 September 1921 |page=7384}}</ref> was £310 a year (equivalent to £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK-GDP|310|1921|r=-2}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK-GDP}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK-GDP|df=y}} which was doubled by his private income.<ref>Lownie, Andrew (2019), p. 1563</ref> Edwina later inherited the country seat of [[Broadlands]], Hampshire, from her father, Lord Mount Temple.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |title=Mountbatten: The Private Story |location=London |publisher=Pan Books in association with Sidgwick & Jackson |date=1995 |orig-year=1994 |page=106 |isbn=9780330340342 |oclc=1412657154 |url=https://archive.org/details/mountbattenpriva0000hoey/page/106/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

Mountbatten would later confide to his elder daughter that he and Edwina sometimes struggled to spend their £60,000 post-tax annual income during the early years of their marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |title=Mountbatten: The Private Story |location=London |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |date=1994 |page=106 |url=https://archive.org/details/mountbatten0000bria/page/106/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive |isbn=9780283061738 |oclc=31301664 |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref> The couple's combined before tax income during the 1930s was an estimated £113,000;<ref name="DailyTelegraphCountessMountbatten1960">{{cite news |title=Obituary: Countess Mountbatten |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=22 February 1960 |page=16 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-obituary-countess-m/191877914/ |access-date=22 February 2026 }}</ref> however, increases in income tax rates during the 1920s and 1930s reduced their post-tax income closer to £40,000 in the years before the Second World War.<ref name="Mountbatten Bill in Lords">{{cite news |title=Mountbatten Bill in Lords |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=8 April 1949 |page=5 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-mountbatten-bill-in/181030921/ |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

Upon Mountbatten's appointment as Supreme Allied Commander in South East Asia during the later stages of the war, his salary was £6,000, upon which he paid £2,400 in Indian income tax. He was also granted a £1,500 entertainment allowance, bringing his net employment income to £5,100.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |title=Mountbatten: The Private Story |location=London |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |date=1994 |page=120 |url=https://archive.org/details/mountbatten0000bria/page/120/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive |isbn=9780283061738 |oclc=31301664 |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

By the end of the Second World War, the highest rate of income tax in Great Britain had risen to 19s 6d in the pound (97.5%), reducing the post-tax income they enjoyed from Edwina's fund to £4,500. The Mountbattens sought a [[Private members' bills in the Parliament of the United Kingdom]], and, in 1949, the ''"Mountbatten Estate Bill"'' was introduced to amend the terms of Edwina's trust fund by removing the restrictions her grandfather's will placed on her borrowing against the capital assets or anticipating future income. The justification for the bill was that Lord and Lady Mountbatten undertook an exceptionally large number of public duties, which they argued placed a significant drain on their private wealth. In an address to the House of Lords committee, Edwina's representative, Sir Walter Monckton KC, noted that she had enjoyed a post-tax income of about £40,000 prior to the war.<ref name="Mountbatten Bill in Lords"/>

Following Edwina's death in 1960, her gross personal estate was valued at £589,655, with a net value of £478,618.<ref>{{cite news |title=£478,618 Will of Lady Mountbatten |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=25 March 1960 |page=1 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-478618-will-of-lad/181031414/ |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref> Death duties of £333,153 were levied on her personal estate; Mountbatten reportedly complained to friends that his net inheritance from his wife's estate amounted to about one shilling on the pound (5%).<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |title=Mountbatten: The Private Story |location=London |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |date=1994 |page=118 |url=https://archive.org/details/mountbatten0000bria/page/118/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive |isbn=9780283061738 |oclc=31301664 |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

Following his own death in 1979, Mountbatten's estate was valued for probate purposes at £2,196,494 ({{Inflation|UK|2196494|1979|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-6}}).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Rob |last2=Pegg |first2=David |title=£187m of Windsor family wealth hidden in secret royal wills |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jul/18/187m-pounds-of-windsor-family-wealth-hidden-in-secret-royal-wills |website=The Guardian |access-date=19 July 2022 |language=en |date=18 July 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505032103/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jul/18/187m-pounds-of-windsor-family-wealth-hidden-in-secret-royal-wills |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Daughter as heir ===
Lord and Lady Mountbatten had two daughters: [[Patricia Knatchbull]] (14 February 1924 – 13 June 2017),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corby |first1=Tom |title=Countess Mountbatten of Burma |department=obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jun/15/countess-mountbatten-of-burma-obituary |work=The Guardian |date=15 June 2017 |access-date=28 October 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029065002/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jun/15/countess-mountbatten-of-burma-obituary |url-status=live }}</ref> who served at times as lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth II, and [[Lady Pamela Hicks]] (born 19 April 1929), who accompanied her parents to India in 1947–1948 and also served as a lady-in-waiting to the Queen.<ref name=burke/>

As Mountbatten had no sons when he was created Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, of Romsey in the County of Southampton, on 27 August 1946,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37702 |date=27 August 1946|page=4305}}</ref> and subsequently Earl Mountbatten of Burma and Baron Romsey, in the County of Southampton, on 18 October 1947,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38109 |date=28 October 1947 |page=5074}}</ref> the [[Letters Patent]] were drafted so that, in the event he left no sons or male-line issue, the titles could pass to his daughters in order of seniority.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Leisure interests ===
Mountbatten was passionate about [[genealogy]], an interest he shared with other European royalty and nobility; according to Ziegler, he spent a great deal of his leisure time studying his links with European royal houses.<ref>{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=21, 117}}</ref> From 1957 until his death, he served as Patron of the [[Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Further Information|url=http://cuhags.soc.srcf.net/misc/|access-date=10 August 2022|website=Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810091749/http://cuhags.soc.srcf.net/misc/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was equally enthusiastic about orders, decorations, and military ranks and uniforms, though he regarded this interest as a sign of vanity and tried, with limited success, to distance himself from it.<ref name="Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=116–117">{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=116–117}}</ref> Throughout his career, Mountbatten consistently sought to secure as many orders and decorations as possible.<ref>{{Harvp|Vickers|1994|p=184–187}}</ref> Particular about details of dress, he took an interest in fashion design, introducing trouser zips, a tail-coat with broad, high lapels, and a "buttonless waistcoat" that could be pulled on over the head.<ref>{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=109}}</ref> In 1949, having relinquished the office of [[Governor-General of India]] but retaining a keen interest in Indian affairs, he designed new flags, insignia, and details of uniforms for the [[Indian Armed Forces]] ahead of the transition from British dominion to republic; many of his designs were implemented and remain in use.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chhina |first=Man Aman Singh |date=2 September 2022 |title=Explained: How India adopted its military flags and badges based on Lord Mountbatten's suggestions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-adopted-military-flags-badges-lord-mountbattens-suggestions-8125477/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902050114/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/india-adopted-military-flags-badges-lord-mountbattens-suggestions-8125477/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Like many members of the royal family, Mountbatten was an aficionado of [[polo]]. He introduced the sport to the Royal Navy in the 1920s and wrote a book on the subject.{{r|life1942081763}} He received US patent 1,993,334 in 1931 for a polo stick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1993334A/en|title=Polo Stick: United States Patent 1993334|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719173342/https://patents.google.com/patent/US1993334A/en|url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as Commodore of Emsworth Sailing Club in [[Hampshire]] from 1931,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conservancy.co.uk/assets/assets/walks_ems_lang.pdf |title=Emsworth to Langstone |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922184900/http://www.conservancy.co.uk/assets/assets/walks_ems_lang.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was a long-serving Patron of the [[Society for Nautical Research]] (1951–1979).<ref>{{Harvp|Murphy|Oddy|2010|p=191}}</ref> Apart from official documents, he was not much of a reader, though he enjoyed the works of [[P. G. Wodehouse]]. He also liked the cinema; his favourite stars included [[Fred Astaire]], [[Rita Hayworth]], [[Grace Kelly]], and [[Shirley MacLaine]]. In general, however, he had a limited interest in the arts.<ref name="Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=116–117"/>

=== Mentorship of King Charles III ===
Mountbatten was a strong influence in the upbringing of his great-nephew, the future King [[Charles III]], and later acted as a mentor. "Honorary Grandfather" and "Honorary Grandson", they fondly called each other according to [[Jonathan Dimbleby]]'s biography of the then-Prince, though both the Ziegler biography of Mountbatten and Dimbleby's account suggest that the results of this mentorship were mixed. From time to time, he strongly upbraided the Prince for showing tendencies towards the idle, pleasure-seeking dilettantism of his predecessor as Prince of Wales, King [[Edward VIII]], whom Mountbatten had known well in their youth. Yet he also encouraged Charles to enjoy the bachelor life while he could, and then to marry a young and inexperienced girl so as to ensure a stable married life.<ref>{{harvp|Junor|2005|p=72}}.</ref>

His qualification for offering advice to this particular heir to the throne was unique. It was Mountbatten who had arranged the visit of King [[George VI]] and Queen [[Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother|Elizabeth]] to [[Dartmouth Royal Naval College]] on 22 July 1939, taking care to include the young Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret in the invitation, and assigning his nephew, [[Cadet]] [[Prince Philip of Greece]], to keep them amused while their parents toured the facility. This was the first recorded meeting of Charles's future parents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip.html |title=The Real Prince Philip |access-date=12 May 2007 |last=Edwards |first=Phil |date=31 October 2000 |format=TV documentary |website=Real Lives: Channel 4's portrait gallery |publisher=Channel 4 |archive-date=7 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407224048/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A few months later, however, his efforts nearly came to naught when he received a letter from his sister [[Princess Alice of Battenberg|Alice]] in [[Athens]] informing him that Philip was visiting her and had agreed to [[repatriate]] permanently to [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]. Within days, Philip received a command from his cousin and sovereign, King [[George II of Greece]], to resume his naval career in Britain which, though given without explanation, the young prince obeyed.<ref>{{harvp|Vickers|2000|p=281}}.</ref>

In 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with Charles about a potential marriage to his granddaughter, [[Amanda Knatchbull]], who was also Charles's second cousin.<ref name="Dimbleby204–206">{{harvp|Dimbleby|1994|pp=204–206}}.</ref> Around this time, he also recommended that the 25-year-old prince get on with "sowing some wild oats".<ref name="Dimbleby204–206"/> Charles dutifully wrote to Amanda's mother (who was also his godmother and his father's first cousin), [[Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Lady Brabourne]], expressing his interest. Her reply was supportive but advised that she thought her daughter still rather young to be [[courted]].<ref name=JD>{{harvp|Dimbleby|1994|pp=263–265}}.</ref>

In February 1975, Charles visited New Delhi to play [[polo]] and was shown around [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the former Viceroy's House, by Mountbatten.<ref>{{cite news | title = People in Sports | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/22/archives/people-in-sports-bench-and-model-married-in-ohio.html | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 22 February 1975 | access-date = 17 November 2020 | archive-date = 29 April 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220429161921/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/22/archives/people-in-sports-bench-and-model-married-in-ohio.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

Four years later, Mountbatten secured an invitation for himself and Amanda to accompany Charles on his planned 1980 tour of India.<ref name=JD/> Their fathers promptly objected. Prince Philip believed that the Indian public's reception would more likely reflect their response to the uncle than to the nephew. [[John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne|Lord Brabourne]] counselled that the intense scrutiny of the press would be more likely to drive Mountbatten's godson and granddaughter apart than together.<ref name=JD/>

Charles was rescheduled to tour India alone, but Mountbatten did not live to the planned date of departure. When Charles finally proposed marriage to Amanda later in 1979, the circumstances had changed and she refused him.<ref name=JD/>

== Allegations of paedophilia ==
In 2019, files were opened showing that the FBI had been aware in the 1940s of allegations that Mountbatten was homosexual and a [[paedophile]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Admiral Mountbatten: Allegations of homosexuality (1957) |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/capital/teaching_and_learning/projects/robeson/fbi/robes14.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225162311/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/capital/teaching_and_learning/projects/robeson/fbi/robes14.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=FBI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FBI files claim Lord Louis Mountbatten was known to be a homosexual and had a 'perversion for young boys |url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/royals/fbi-files-claim-lord-louis-mountbatten-had-a-perversion-for-young-boys/news-story/3647da9b3e938ae4aa5d0f3608639479 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806152355/https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/royals/fbi-files-claim-lord-louis-mountbatten-had-a-perversion-for-young-boys/news-story/3647da9b3e938ae4aa5d0f3608639479 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref> The FBI file on Mountbatten, begun after he became Supreme Allied Commander in Southeast Asia in 1944, described Mountbatten and his wife Edwina as "persons of extremely low morals", and included a claim by American author [[Elizabeth Wharton Drexel|Elizabeth, Baroness Decies]], that Mountbatten was known to be a homosexual and had "a perversion for young boys".<ref name="sdaytimes" /><ref>{{cite web |date=20 August 2019 |title=FBI files allege Lord Mountbatten, murdered by the IRA, was a pedophile |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/lord-mountbatten-pedophile-allegations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511232208/https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/lord-mountbatten-pedophile-allegations |archive-date=11 May 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020 |publisher=Irish Central}}</ref> Norman Nield, Mountbatten's driver from 1942 to 1943, told the tabloid ''[[New Zealand Truth]]'' that he had transported young boys aged eight to twelve who had been procured for Mountbatten to his official residence, and that he had been paid to keep quiet. [[Robin Bryans]] also claimed, in the Irish magazine ''Now'', that Mountbatten and [[Anthony Blunt]], among others, were part of a ring that engaged in homosexual orgies and procured boys in their first year at public schools such as [[Portora Royal School]] in [[Enniskillen]].<ref name="thetimes1" /> Former residents of the [[Kincora Boys' Home]] in [[Belfast]] have asserted that they were trafficked to Mountbatten at [[Classiebawn Castle]], his residence in [[Mullaghmore, County Sligo]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Graham |first=Ysenda Maxtone |date=30 August 2019 |title=The Mountbattens by Andrew Lownie review — the dark side of a famous marriage |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/the-mountbattens-by-andrew-lownie-review-dickie-and-edwina-unwrapped-0jbnqllgd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424093238/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-mountbattens-by-andrew-lownie-review-dickie-and-edwina-unwrapped-0jbnqllgd |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |work=The Times}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Kathryn |date=28 November 2019 |title=Mountbatten book author seeks more transparency over child sex allegations |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/mountbatten-book-author-seeks-more-transparency-over-child-sex-allegations-38732730.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927044250/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/mountbatten-book-author-seeks-more-transparency-over-child-sex-allegations-38732730.html |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=Belfast Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Burca |first=Joseph de |title=The Anglo-Irish Vice Ring |url=https://villagemagazine.ie/anglo-irish-vice-ring-online-book/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601101311/https://villagemagazine.ie/anglo-irish-vice-ring-online-book/ |archive-date=1 June 2020 |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=Village magazine |location=Republic of Ireland}}</ref> These claims were dismissed by the [[Northern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry]] (HIA).<ref name="hia">{{cite web |title=Kincora Boys Home |url=https://www.hiainquiry.org/sites/hiainquiry/files/media-files/Chapter%2026%20-%20Module%2015%20-%20Kincora%20Boys%E2%80%99%20Home%20%28Part%201%29.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731144408/https://www.hiainquiry.org/sites/hiainquiry/files/media-files/Chapter%2026%20-%20Module%2015%20-%20Kincora%20Boys%E2%80%99%20Home%20(Part%201).pdf |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=18 November 2020 |publisher=Historical Institution Abuse |page=59 |volume=8}}</ref> The HIA stated that the article making the original allegations "did not give any basis for the assertions that any of these people [Mountbatten and others] were connected with Kincora".<ref name="hia" />

In October 2022, Arthur Smyth, a former resident of Kincora, waived his anonymity to make allegations of child abuse against Mountbatten.<ref name="rte-court-to-hear-allegations-of-abuse-by-mountbatten">{{Cite news |last=Macauley |first=Conor |date=16 October 2022 |title=Court to hear allegations of abuse by Mountbatten at Belfast home |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2022/1016/1329499-abuse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017162353/https://www.rte.ie/news/2022/1016/1329499-abuse/ |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |publisher=[[RTÉ News]]}}</ref> The allegations form part of a civil case against state authorities responsible for the care of children in Kincora.<ref name="rte-court-to-hear-allegations-of-abuse-by-mountbatten" /> Smyth claims that he was raped twice by Mountbatten in encounters facilitated by the house father of Kincora.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=Dad opens up on how he believes top royal raped him when he was a boy |url=https://www.sundayworld.com/news/irish-news/dad-opens-up-on-how-he-believes-top-royal-raped-him-when-he-was-a-boy/a1595043263.html |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=SundayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, journalist Chris Moore published a book, ''Kincora: Britain's Shame'', in which he detailed allegations by five men that Mountbatten had raped them when they were children in Kincora.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Chris |last=Moore |title=Kincora: Britain's Shame - Mountbatten, MI5, the Belfast Boys' Home Sex Abuse Scandal and the British Cover Up |date=2025 |publisher=Irish Acedemic Press |isbn=9781785375545 |pages=186–226}}</ref>

== Television appearances ==
Instead of writing a memoir, Mountbatten presented a television series. Produced by [[Thames Television]] for [[ITV (network)|ITV]]<ref name="joseph1980">{{Cite book |last=Joseph |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/25yearsonitv0000unse/page/154/mode/1up?view=theater |title=25 Years on ITV |publisher=Independent Television Books Ltd |year=1980 |isbn=0-900727-81-0 |location=London |page=154 |access-date=2025-07-19}}</ref> in 1969, the 12-episode documentary ''The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten'' retraced his life and the major historical events of the century.<ref>{{cite web|last=Coll|first=R. |year=2017|title=Autobiography and history on screen: The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten|doi=10.17863/CAM.10 |url=https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.10|access-date=2 January 2025}}</ref>

On 27 April 1977, shortly before his 77th birthday, he became the first member of the royal family to appear on the TV guest show ''[[This Is Your Life (UK TV series)|This Is Your Life]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eofftv.com/t/thi/this_is_your_life_1969_main.htm |title=This Is Your Life (1969–1993) |publisher=EOFF TV |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422082302/http://www.eofftv.com/t/thi/this_is_your_life_1969_main.htm |archive-date=22 April 2012 }}</ref> In the UK, 22.22 million viewers tuned in to watch the programme.<ref name="BFI-1970s">{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/mostwatched/1970s.html |title=Features | Britain's Most Watched TV | 1970s |publisher=British Film Institute (BFI) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122221511/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/mostwatched/1970s.html |archive-date=22 November 2005 |accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref>

== Assassination ==
{{main|Assassination of Lord Mountbatten}}

[[File:Wikimania 2018 by Rainer Halama-0503 cropped.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''Christ in Triumph over Darkness and Evil'' by [[Gabriel Loire]] (1982) at [[St. George's Cathedral, Cape Town]], South Africa, in memory of Mountbatten]]

Mountbatten usually holidayed at his summer home, [[Classiebawn Castle]], on the [[Mullaghmore Peninsula]] in County Sligo, in the north-west of Ireland. The village lay only {{convert|12|mi}} from [[Republic of Ireland-Northern Ireland border|the border]] with [[County Fermanagh]] in Northern Ireland and near an area known to be used as a cross-border refuge by [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] members.<ref name="Time Magazine">{{Cite magazine |title=Britain: A Nation Mourns Its Loss |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920606,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003053535/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920606,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2008 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=10 September 1979 |access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=onthisday /> In 1978, the IRA had allegedly attempted to shoot Mountbatten as he was aboard his boat, but poor weather had prevented the sniper from taking his shot.<ref>{{harvp|Barratt|Ritchie|1991|p=23}}</ref>

On 27 August 1979, Mountbatten went [[lobster-potting]] and tuna fishing in his {{convert|30|ft|m|0|abbr=off|adj=on}} wooden boat, ''Shadow V'', which had been moored in the harbour at Mullaghmore.<ref name=onthisday/> IRA member [[Thomas McMahon (Irish republican)|Thomas McMahon]] had slipped onto the unguarded vessel the previous night and attached a radio-controlled bomb weighing {{convert|50|lb|kg}}. When the party had taken the boat only a few hundred yards from the shore, the device was detonated. The boat was destroyed by the force of the blast and Mountbatten's legs were all but severed. Then aged 79, he was pulled alive from the water by nearby fishermen, but died from his injuries before reaching the shore.<ref name=onthisday>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/newsid_2511000/2511545.stm |title=On This Day: 27 August 1979: IRA Bomb Kills Lord Mountbatten |work=BBC News |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=21 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121045317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/newsid_2511000/2511545.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=guardian>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2008/aug/28/3 |title=IRA Bombs Kill Mountbatten and 17 Soldiers |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=28 August 1979 |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517205342/http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2008/aug/28/3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|O'Brien|1995|p=55}}.</ref>

Also aboard were his elder daughter [[Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma|Patricia, Lady Brabourne]]; her husband [[John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne|Lord Brabourne]]; their twin sons Nicholas and Timothy Knatchbull; Lord Brabourne's mother [[Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne|Doreen, Dowager Lady Brabourne]]; and Paul Maxwell, a young crew member from [[Enniskillen]] in County Fermanagh.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/9950397/Queen-Mother-may-get-blue-plaque-tribute.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/9950397/Queen-Mother-may-get-blue-plaque-tribute.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=London |title=Queen Mother may get blue plaque tribute}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Nicholas (aged 14) and Paul (aged 15) were killed in the explosion, and the others were seriously injured.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/9366701/Tim-Knatchbull-the-IRA-killed-my-grandfather-but-Im-glad-the-Queen-met-their-man.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/9366701/Tim-Knatchbull-the-IRA-killed-my-grandfather-but-Im-glad-the-Queen-met-their-man.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Tim Knatchbull: The IRA killed my grandfather, but I'm glad the Queen met their man |work=The Telegraph |location=London |date=1 July 2012 |access-date=20 September 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Doreen, Dowager Lady Brabourne (aged 83), died from her injuries the following day.<ref name="harvp|Patton|2005|pp=14–17"/>

The attack prompted outrage and condemnation around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alphahistory.com/northernireland/lord-louis-mountbatten/|title=Lord Louis Mountbatten|date=19 April 2016|publisher=Alpha History|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> Queen Elizabeth II received messages of condolence from leaders including US President [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Pope John Paul II]].<ref>{{harvp|Seward|2015|p=79}}</ref> Carter expressed his "profound sadness" at the death.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8418150.stm|title=Files show US-UK tensions over Northern Ireland in 1979|publisher=BBC|date=30 December 2009|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720205128/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8418150.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Many in the [[Irish American|Irish-American]] community were appalled by the attack, particularly as many American soldiers had served under Mountbatten during the Second World War.<ref name="FWAF">{{Cite book|title=A Different Way to Win: Dan Rooney's Story: From the Super Bowl to the Rooney Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JCgDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT136|author=Jim Rooney|date=2019|pages=136–137|publisher=AMTZ Chiloé Publishing, LLC|isbn=9-7817-3340-4921|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820143101/https://books.google.com/books?id=JCgDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT136|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Financing of Terror|author=[[James Adams (entrepreneur)|James Adams]]|date=10 April 2017|page=155|publisher=Independently Published |isbn=978-1-5210-0362-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Irish America and the Ulster Conflict: 1968-1995|author=Andrew J. Wilson|date=1 January 1995|page=152|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|isbn=0-8132-08351}}</ref> Jim Rooney, son of [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] president [[Dan M. Rooney]] (who co-founded [[The Ireland Funds]] in 1976), recalled that:<blockquote>Mountbatten's murder shocked many Irish-Americans, my parents included, because they remembered him for the role he played in defeating the [[Axis powers|Axis]]. "It was quite sad because being in America, you were familiar with Lord Mountbatten because of World War II," my mother recalled. "It was a very sad time." But my father didn't give in to despair. "That didn't slow down [my father] one bit. It more or less gave him more energy," my mother said.<ref name="FWAF"/></blockquote>

Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] said:<blockquote>His death leaves a gap that can never be filled. The British people give thanks for his life and grieve at his passing.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/28/archives/lord-mountbatten-is-killed-as-his-fishing-boat-explodes-ira-faction.html|title=Lord Mountbatten is killed as his fishing boat explodes: IRA faction says it set bomb|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 August 1979|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723075853/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/28/archives/lord-mountbatten-is-killed-as-his-fishing-boat-explodes-ira-faction.html|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

[[George Colley]], the ''[[Tánaiste]]'' (Deputy head of the Government of Ireland), said:<blockquote>No effort will be spared to bring those responsible to justice. It is understood that subversives have claimed responsibility for the explosion. Assuming that police investigations substantiate the claim, I know that the Irish people will join me in condemning this heartless and terrible outrage.<ref name=nyt/></blockquote>

The IRA issued a statement afterward, saying:<blockquote>The IRA claim responsibility for the execution of Lord Louis Mountbatten. This operation is one of the discriminate ways we can bring to the attention of the English people the continuing occupation of our country. ... The death of Mountbatten and the tributes paid to him will be seen in sharp contrast to the apathy of the British Government and the English people to the deaths of over three hundred British soldiers, and the deaths of Irish men, women, and children at the hands of their forces.<ref name="Time Magazine"/><ref>{{harvp|English|2004|p=220}}</ref></blockquote>

Six weeks later,<ref name="time" /> [[Sinn Féin]] vice-president [[Gerry Adams]] said of Mountbatten's death:<blockquote>The IRA gave clear reasons for the execution. I think it is unfortunate that anyone has to be killed, but the furor created by Mountbatten's death showed up the hypocritical attitude of the media establishment. As a member of the [[House of Lords]], Mountbatten was an emotional figure in both British and Irish politics. What the IRA did to him is what Mountbatten had been doing all his life to other people; and with his war record I don't think he could have objected to dying in what was clearly a war situation. He knew the danger involved in coming to this country. In my opinion, the IRA achieved its objective: people started paying attention to what was happening in Ireland.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine |last1=Amfitheatrof |first1=Erik |title=Northern Ireland: It is Clearly a War Situation |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948791,00.html |access-date=19 May 2015 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=19 November 1979 |archive-date=10 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210193552/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948791,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

Indian prime minister [[Charan Singh]] remarked:

<blockquote>Here in India, he will be remembered as a Viceroy and a Governor General who at the time of India's Independence gave us abundantly of his wisdom and goodwill. It was in recognition of our affection for him, respect for his impartiality and regard for his concern for India's freedom that the entire nation readily accepted Lord Mountbatten as the first Governor General of Independent India. His drive and vigour helped in the difficult period after our Independence.<ref name="Singh 1992 p. ">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=C. | title=Charan Singh: Selected Speeches, July 1979-December 1979 | publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting | year=1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qshHAAAAMAAJ | page=55 | access-date=15 March 2024 | archive-date=15 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315063556/https://books.google.com/books?id=qshHAAAAMAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

In India, a week of national mourning was declared following Mountbatten's death.<ref name="Moore 1983 p. ">{{cite book | last=Moore | first=R.J. | title=Escape from Empire: The Attlee Government and the Indian Problem | publisher=Clarendon Press | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-19-822688-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwNuAAAAMAAJ | page=215 | access-date=15 March 2024 | archive-date=15 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315063556/https://books.google.com/books?id=VwNuAAAAMAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Burma]] announced a three-day period of mourning.<ref name="The Service 1979 p. ">{{cite book | title=Daily Report: Asia & Pacific | publisher=The Service | issue=nos. 164-177 | year=1979 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QorGy_zuQCoC | page=25 | access-date=15 March 2024 | archive-date=15 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315063557/https://books.google.com/books?id=QorGy_zuQCoC | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, Adams said in an interview, "I stand over what I said then. I'm not one of those people that engages in revisionism. Thankfully the war is over."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/republic-of-ireland/gerry-adams-has-no-apology-for-lord-mountbatten-murder-earl-knew-the-dangers-of-coming-to-ireland-31237440.html |title=Gerry Adams has no apology for Lord Mountbatten murder – earl 'knew the dangers' of coming to Ireland |date=20 May 2015 |work=Belfast Telegraph |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228112252/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/republic-of-ireland/gerry-adams-has-no-apology-for-lord-mountbatten-murder-earl-knew-the-dangers-of-coming-to-ireland-31237440.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the day of the bombing, the IRA also ambushed and killed eighteen [[British soldiers]] at the gates of [[Narrow Water Castle]], just outside [[Warrenpoint]] in [[County Down]], Northern Ireland. Sixteen of the dead were from the [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]]. The attack, which became known as the [[Warrenpoint ambush]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/news-analysis/was-narrow-water-probe-doomed-from-the-start-28719623.html|title=Was Narrow Water probe doomed from the start?|work=Belfast Telegraph|date=29 February 2012|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718001503/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/news-analysis/was-narrow-water-probe-doomed-from-the-start-28719623.html|url-status=live}}</ref> was the deadliest assault on the British Army during [[the Troubles]].<ref name=onthisday />

=== Funeral ===
{{Main|Funeral of Lord Mountbatten}}

[[File:MountbattenTomb.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|Mountbatten's tomb at [[Romsey Abbey]] in Hampshire, near to his home, [[Broadlands]].]]
On 5 September 1979, Mountbatten received a [[ceremonial funeral]] at [[Westminster Abbey]], attended by Queen Elizabeth II, the royal family, and members of the European royal houses. Watched by thousands of people, the funeral procession, which began at [[Wellington Barracks]], included representatives of all three [[British Armed Services]] and military contingents from Burma, India, the United States (represented by 70 sailors of the [[US Navy]] and 50 [[US Marines]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Apple|first=R. W. Jr.|date=6 September 1979|title=Hushed London Bids Mountbatten Farewell|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/06/archives/hushed-london-bids-mountbatten-farewell-europes-royalty-turns-out.html|access-date=15 May 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515161934/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/06/archives/hushed-london-bids-mountbatten-farewell-europes-royalty-turns-out.html|url-status=live}}</ref>), France (represented by the [[French Navy]]), and Canada. His coffin was drawn on a gun carriage by 118 Royal Navy ratings.<ref name=iwmfuneral>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060022140 |publisher=Imperial War Museum |title=The Funeral of Lord Mountbatten |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514075054/http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060022140 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ceremonial Funeral of Lord Louis Mountbatten of Burma|url=https://www.commsmuseum.co.uk/dykes/mobfuneral/mobfuneral.htm|access-date=15 May 2021|website=www.commsmuseum.co.uk|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515161945/https://www.commsmuseum.co.uk/dykes/mobfuneral/mobfuneral.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Mountbatten's funeral was the first major royal funeral to be held in the Abbey since the 18th century.<ref name="Range 2016">{{cite book | last=Range | first=M. | title=British Royal and State Funerals: Music and Ceremonial Since Elizabeth I | publisher=Boydell Press | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-78327-092-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn1FDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA304 | access-date=17 March 2024 | page=304 | archive-date=17 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317064708/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn1FDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA304 | url-status=live }}</ref> During the televised service, his great-nephew Charles read the lesson from [[Psalm]] 107.<ref name=iwmfuneral/> In his address, the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Donald Coggan]], highlighted Mountbatten's various achievements and his "lifelong devotion to the Royal Navy".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/5/newsid_2499000/2499279.stm |publisher=BBC |date=5 September 1979 |title=On This Day: Mountbatten Buried after Final Parade |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-date=1 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101174021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/5/newsid_2499000/2499279.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> After the public ceremonies, which he had planned himself, he was buried in [[Romsey Abbey]].<ref>{{harvp|Vickers|1989|p=42}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Wilson|2016|loc=Kindle locations 33727-33728}}</ref> As part of the funeral arrangements, his body had been embalmed by [[Desmond Henley]].<ref name=christopherhenley>{{cite web |url=http://christopherhenleylimited.com/inmemoriam.htm |title=In Memoriam: Desmond C. Henley |publisher=Christopher Henley Limited |access-date=16 March 2014 |archive-date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914054346/http://christopherhenleylimited.com/inmemoriam.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===
Two hours before the bomb detonated, Thomas McMahon had been arrested at a [[Garda Síochána|Garda]] checkpoint between [[Longford]] and [[Granard]] on suspicion of driving a stolen vehicle. He was tried for the assassinations in Ireland and convicted on 23 November 1979, based on forensic evidence supplied by [[James O'Donovan]] that showed flecks of paint from the boat and traces of nitroglycerine on his clothes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5995439/Killer-of-Lord-Mountbatten-enjoys-freedom-30-years-on-from-IRA-murder.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5995439/Killer-of-Lord-Mountbatten-enjoys-freedom-30-years-on-from-IRA-murder.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Killer of Lord Mountbatten Enjoys Freedom, 30 Years on from IRA Murder |work=The Telegraph |location= London |date=9 August 2009 |access-date=20 September 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He was released in 1998 under the terms of the [[Good Friday Agreement]].<ref name=onthisday /><ref>{{harvp|Moloney|2002|p=176}}.</ref>

On hearing of Mountbatten's death, the then [[Master of the Queen's Music]], [[Malcolm Williamson]], composed the ''Lament in Memory of Lord Mountbatten of Burma'' for violin and string orchestra. The 11-minute work received its first performance on 5 May 1980 by the [[Scottish Ensemble|Scottish Baroque Ensemble]], conducted by Leonard Friedman.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/mar/04/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries |department=Obituary |title=Malcolm Williamson |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=4 March 2003 |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427084729/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/mar/04/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Mountbatten Brailler]] was developed after a bequest in his will was left for the creation of a modern, low cost, portable brailler.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvibabstractNew.asp?articleid=jvib971008|title= Teachers' Perceptions of Using the Mountbatten Brailler with Young Children|publisher= American Foundation for the Blind|first= M.C.|last= Holbrook|date= 2003|access-date= 26 April 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120222071257/http://www.afb.org/jvib/jvibabstractNew.asp?articleid=jvib971008|archive-date= 22 February 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Mountbatten's faults, according to his biographer [[Philip Ziegler]], like everything else about him, "were on the grandest scale. His vanity though child-like, was monstrous, his ambition unbridled ... He sought to rewrite history with cavalier indifference to the facts to magnify his own achievements."<ref name="Ziegler, p. 701">{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=701}}</ref> However, Ziegler concludes that Mountbatten's virtues outweighed his defects:<ref name="Ziegler, p. 701" />
<blockquote>He was generous and loyal ... He was warm-hearted, predisposed to like everyone he met, quick-tempered but never bearing grudges ... His tolerance was extraordinary; his readiness to respect and listen to the views of others was remarkable throughout his life.</blockquote>

Ziegler argues that he was truly a great man, and despite being an executor of policy rather than an initiator, he came to be regarded as its creator.<ref name="Ziegler, p. 701"/>
<blockquote>What he could do with superlative aplomb was to identify the object at which he was aiming, and force it through to its conclusion. A powerful, analytic mind of crystalline clarity, a superabundance of energy, great persuasive powers, endless resilience in the face of setback or disaster rendered him the most formidable of operators. He was infinitely resourceful, quick in his reactions, always ready to cut his losses and start again ... He was an executor of policy rather than an initiator; but whatever the policy, he espoused it with such energy and enthusiasm, made it so completely his own, that it became identified with him and, in the eyes of the outside world as well as his own, his creation.</blockquote>

Others were less conflicted. Field Marshal Sir [[Gerald Templer]], the former [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]], once told him, "You are so crooked, Dickie, that if you swallowed a nail, you would shit a corkscrew".<ref>{{harvp|Rankin|2011|p=134}}</ref>

Mountbatten supported the burgeoning nationalist movements that grew up in the shadow of Japanese occupation. His priority was to maintain practical, stable government, but he was driven by an idealism that held that every people should be allowed to control their own destiny. Critics argued that he was too ready to overlook the faults of nationalist groups, particularly their subordination to communist influence. Ziegler writes that in Malaya, where the main resistance to the Japanese came from Chinese groups under considerable communist influence, "Mountbatten proved to have been naïve in his assessment. ... He erred, however, not because he was 'soft on Communism' ... but from an over-readiness to assume the best of those with whom he had dealings." Furthermore, Ziegler argues, he was following a practical policy based on the assumption that it would take a long and bloody struggle to drive the Japanese out, and he needed the support of all the anti-Japanese elements, most of which were either nationalists or communists.<ref>{{Harvp|Ziegler|1985|p=314}}</ref>

Mountbatten took pride in enhancing intercultural understanding, and in 1984, with his elder daughter as patron, the [[Mountbatten Institute]] was established to give young adults opportunities to develop intercultural appreciation and experience by spending time abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mountbatten.org/ |title=Mountbatten Institute |access-date=20 September 2012 |archive-date=18 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918234738/http://www.mountbatten.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The IET annually awards the [[Mountbatten Medal]] for an outstanding contribution, or contributions over a period, to the promotion of electronics or information technology and their application.<ref name="medal"/>

Canada's capital city of [[Ottawa]] named Mountbatten Avenue in his memory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mountbatten Avenue |website=National Inventory of Military Memorials |publisher=National Defence Canada |date=16 April 2008 |url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=8383 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210133416/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=8383 |archive-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> Java Street in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia was renamed ''Jalan Mountbatten'' after the Second World War;<ref>{{cite web |title=1936 Printers Limited Map of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |url=https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/kualalumpur-printersltd-1936 |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1964 Survey Dept. of Malaya Map of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |url=https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/kualalumpur-surveydept-1964 |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> it was renamed again to [[List of roads in Kuala Lumpur|Jalan Tun Perak]] in 1981. The [[Mountbatten, Singapore|Mountbatten]] estate and [[Mountbatten MRT station]] in Singapore were also named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://remembersingapore.org/2016/09/06/mountbatten-road-old-bungalows/|title=The Old World Charm of Mountbatten|date=6 September 2016|publisher=Remember Singapore|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-date=9 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509103806/https://remembersingapore.org/2016/09/06/mountbatten-road-old-bungalows/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Lord Louis Mountbatten Memorial Loyal Orange Lodge 781 was created in his memory in 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=HARVIE |first=CHRISTOPHER |date=1997 |title='''The Billy Boys': A Concise History of Orangeism in Scotland''. By William S. Marshall. Pp. xvii, 214. Edinburgh: Mercat Press. 1996. £12.99. |journal=The Scottish Historical Review |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=295 |doi=10.3366/shr.1997.76.2.295 |issn=0036-9241}}</ref> It is a lodge within the [[Orange Order]], located in [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Silvestri |first=Michael |title=An 'Irish Paladin': John Nicholson as an Ulster and Irish Imperial Hero |date=2009 |work=Ireland and India |pages=113–138 |doi=10.1057/9780230246812_5 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-349-30368-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-02-28 |title=Towns to host Orange parade |url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7912403.towns-to-host-orange-parade/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=York Press}}</ref> a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[fraternity]] that holds regular meetings and takes part in [[Orange parades]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grand Lodges WorldWide {{!}} Grand Orange Lodge of Canada |url=https://grandorangelodge.ca/about/grand-lodges-worldwide/ |access-date=2025-10-02 }}</ref>

Mountbatten's personal papers, comprising approximately 250,000 documents and 50,000 photographs, are preserved in the [[University of Southampton#Libraries|University of Southampton Library]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southampton.ac.uk/archives/cataloguedatabases/mb/index.page|title=Index|publisher=University of Suthampton|access-date=14 September 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028015211/https://www.southampton.ac.uk/archives/cataloguedatabases/mb/index.page|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
{{main|List of titles and honours of Lord Mountbatten}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!Date
!Appointment
!Ribbon
!Post-nominal
letters
!Other
|-
| rowspan="5" |{{flagdeco|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
|1911
|[[King George V Coronation Medal]]
|[[File:King George V Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|80px]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |1918
|[[British War Medal]]
|[[File:British War Medal BAR.svg|80px]]
|-
|[[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]]
|[[File:Victory Medal ribbon bar.svg|80px]]
|-
|1920
|[[Member of the Royal Victorian Order]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:UK Royal Victorian Order ribbon.svg|80px]]
|MVO
|Promoted to KCVO in 1922<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 32086
| date = 15 October 1920
| page = 9987
}} ''MVO''</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1922
|[[Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]]
|KCVO
|Promoted to GCVO in 1937<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 32730
| date = 18 July 1922
| page = 5353
}} KCVO</ref>
|-
|{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Spain|1785}} [[Kingdom of Spain (1874-1931)|Kingdom of Spain]]
|[[Order of Isabella the Catholic|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic]]
|[[File:ESP Isabella Catholic Order GC.svg|80px]]
|gcYC
| rowspan="3" |<ref name="debretts1976">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Gc-AQAAIAAJ |title=Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage |publisher=Kelly's Directories |year=1976 |location=Kingston upon Thames, Surrey |page=882 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Egypt}} [[Kingdom of Egypt]]
|[[Order of the Nile|Order of the Nile, Fourth Class]]
|[[File:EGY Order of the Nile - Officer BAR.svg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|{{flagdeco|Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]
|1924
|[[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown]]
|[[File:Ro1ocr.gif|80px]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |{{flagdeco|UK}}[[United Kingdom]]
|1929
|[[Commander of the Order of St John]]
|[[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg|80px]]
|
|Promoted to KStJ in 1940<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 33453
| date = 1 January 1929
| page = 49
}}</ref>
|-
|1935
|[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]
|[[File:King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|80px]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
|-
| rowspan="3" |1937
|[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]
|[[File:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png|80px]]
|-
|[[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
|[[File:UK Royal Victorian Order ribbon.svg|80px]]
|GCVO
|<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 34365
| date = 29 January 1937
| page = 693
| supp = y
}} ''GCVO''</ref>
|-
|{{flagdeco|Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]
|[[Order of the Star of Romania|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania]]
|[[File:Order of the Star of Romania - Ribbon bar.svg|80px]]
|
|<ref name="debretts1976" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flagdeco|UK}}[[United Kingdom]]
|1940
|[[Knight of Justice of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem|Knight of Justice of the Order of St John]]
|[[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg|80px]]
|KStJ
|<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 34878
| date = 21 June 1940
| page = 3777
}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1941
|[[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order]]
|[[File:Dso-ribbon.png|80px]]
|DSO
|<ref name="dso" />
|-
|{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Greece}} [[Kingdom of Greece]]
|[[War Cross (Greece)|War Cross]]
|[[File:Greek War Cross 1940 3rd class ribbon.png|80px]]
|
|<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 35538
| date = 24 April 1942
| page = 1850
| supp = y
}} ''Military Cross (Second Class) (Greece)''</ref>
|-
|{{flagdeco|UK}}[[United Kingdom]]
| rowspan="2" |1943
|[[Companion of the Order of the Bath]]
|[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|80px]]
|CB
|Promoted to KCB in 1945
|-
|{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[United States]]
|[[Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit]]
|[[File:US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png|80px]]
|
|<ref name="diaries">{{harvp|Ziegler|1989|pp=18, 254}}.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |{{flagdeco|UK}}[[United Kingdom]]
| rowspan="11" |1945
|[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
|[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|80px]]
|KCB
|Promoted to GCB in 1955<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 37023
| date = 6 April 1945
| page = 1893
| supp = y
}} ''KCB''</ref>
|-
|[[1939–45 Star]]
|[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|80px]]
| rowspan="10" |
| rowspan="7" |
|-
|[[Atlantic Star]]
|[[File:Atlantic Star BAR.svg|80px]]
|-
|[[Africa Star]]
|[[File:Africa Star BAR.svg|80px]]
|-
|[[Burma Star]]
|[[File:Burma Star BAR.svg|80px]]
|-
|[[Italy Star]]
|[[File:Italy Star BAR.svg|80px]]
|-
|[[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]]
|[[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|80px]]
|-
|[[War Medal 1939–1945]]
|[[File:War Medal 39-45 w MID BAR.svg|80px]]
|-
|{{flagdeco|Republic of China}} [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|Republic of China]]
|[[Order of the Cloud and Banner|Special Grand Cordon of the Order of the Cloud and Banner]]
|[[File:Order of the Cloud and Banner 1st.gif|80px]]
|<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 37023
| date = 6 April 1945
| page = 1895
| supp = y
}} ''Order of the Cloud and Banner (China)''</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[United States]]
|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]]
|[[File:U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|80px]]
|<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 37299
| date = 5 October 1945
| page = 4954
| supp = y
}} ''DSM (US)''</ref>
|-
|[[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]]
|{{ribbon devices|number=2|type=service-star|ribbon= Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal ribbon.svg |width=80}}
|
|-
|{{flagdeco|UK}}[[United Kingdom]]
| rowspan="2" |1946
|[[Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter]]
|[[File:Order of the Garter UK ribbon.svg|80px]]
|KG
|<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 37807
| date = 3 December 1946
| page = 5945
| supp = y
}} ''KG''</ref>
|-
|{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Greece}} [[Kingdom of Greece]]
|[[Order of George I|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of George I]]
|[[File:GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png|80px]]
|
|<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 37777
| date = 1 November 1946
| page = 5418
| supp = y
}} ''Order of George I (Greece)''</ref>
|-
|{{flagdeco|Thailand}} [[History of Thailand (1932–1973)|Kingdom of Thailand]]
|21 January 1946
|[[Order of the White Elephant|Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Elephant]]
|[[File:Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80x80px]]
|PCh (KCE)
|<ref name="AP7-17-65">{{cite news |date=17 July 1965 |title=Draped with Honors Mountbatten Steps Down as Defense Chief |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19650717&id=HCsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4917,2454145 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511183708/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19650717&id=HCsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4917,2454145 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |access-date=13 September 2013 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |via=[[Google News]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ziegler|1988|p=288}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagdeco|Nepal}} [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
|10 May 1946
|[[Order of the Star of Nepal|Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Nepal]]
|[[File:Most Refulgent Order of the Star of Nepal.PNG|80px]]
| rowspan="3" |
|<ref name="AP7-17-65" /><ref>{{harvp|Ziegler|1988|p=332}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flagdeco|France}} [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|France]]
| rowspan="2" |3 June 1946
|[[Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
|[[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|80px]]
|<ref name="AP7-17-65" /><ref name="Ziegler_1988_341">{{harvp|Ziegler|1988|p=341}}</ref>
|-
|[[1939–1945 War Cross (France)|1939–1945 War Cross]]
|[[File:Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 ribbon.svg|80px]]
|<ref name="Ziegler_1988_341" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{flagdeco|British India|1785}}[[British Raj|India]]
| rowspan="2" |1947
|[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
|[[File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg|80x80px]]
|GCSI
|<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 37916
| date = 25 March 1947
| page = 1399
| supp =
}} ''GCSI''</ref>{{refn|As Viceroy and Governor-General of India, who was the ''ex officio'' Grand Master of the order.|name=VGG |group= n}}
|-
|[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
|[[File:Order of the Indian Empire Ribbon.svg|80px]]
|GCIE
|<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 37916
| date = 25 March 1947
| page = 1399
| supp =
}} ''GCIE''</ref>{{refn||name=VGG |group= n}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |1948
|[[Indian Independence Medal]]
|[[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" |
|
|-
|{{flagdeco|Netherlands}} [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]
|[[Order of the Netherlands Lion|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion]]
|[[File:Order of the Netherlands Lion ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg|80px]]
|<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 38176
| date = 13 January 1948
| page = 274
}} ''Order of the Netherlands Lion''</ref>
|-
|{{flagdeco|Portugal}} [[Portugal|Portuguese Republic]]
|1951
|[[Order of Aviz|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Aviz]]
|[[File:PRT Military Order of Aviz - Grand Cross BAR.svg|80px]]
|GCA
|<ref name="debretts1976" />
|-
|{{flagdeco|UK}}[[United Kingdom]]
| rowspan="2" |1952
|[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]
|[[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|80px]]
|
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|{{flagdeco|Sweden}} [[Sweden|Kingdom of Sweden]]
|[[Royal Order of the Seraphim|Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim]]
|[[File:Seraphimerorden ribbon.svg|80px]]
|RSerafO
|-
|{{flagdeco|UK}}[[United Kingdom]]
|1955
|[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
|[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|80px]]
|GCB
|<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 40497
| date = 3 June 1955
| page = 3258
| supp = y
}} ''GCB''</ref>
|-
|{{flagdeco|Burma|1948}} [[Union of Burma (1948–1962)|Union of Burma]]
|1956
|[[Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha|Grand Commander of the Order of Thiri Thudhamma]]
|[[File:Ordine della Verità - divisione militare (Birmania).png|80px]]
| rowspan="2" |
|<ref name="diaries" />
|-
|{{flagdeco|Denmark}} [[Danish Realm|Kingdom of Denmark]]
|1962
|[[Order of the Dannebrog|Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog]]
|[[File:Order of the Dannebrog S.K.svg|80x80px]]
|<ref name="debretts1976" />
|-
|{{flagdeco|UK}}[[United Kingdom]]
| rowspan="2" |1965
|[[Member of the Order of Merit]]
|[[File:Galó de l'Orde del Mèrit (UK).svg|80px]]
|OM
|Military Division<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 43713
| date = 16 July 1965
| page = 6729
}} ''OM''</ref>
|-
|{{flagdeco|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Ethiopian Empire]]
|[[Order of the Seal of Solomon|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Seal of Solomon]]
|[[File:ETH Order of Solomon BAR.png|80px]]
|S.K.
|<ref name="debretts1976" />
|-
|{{flagdeco|Maldives}} [[Maldives]]
|1972
|[[Order of the Distinguished Rule of Izzuddin]]
|[[File:Order of Izzuddin (ribbon).svg|80px]]
| rowspan="4" |
|<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=5 June 2013 |title=President Waheed Confers the order of 'Nishan Izzuddeen" on Palestinian President |url=https://presidencymaldives.gov.mv/Press/Article/12895 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811123420/https://presidencymaldives.gov.mv/Press/Article/12895 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=The President's Office |publisher=Government of the Republic of Maldives}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagdeco|Nepal}} [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
|24 February 1975
|King Birendra Coronation Medal
|[[File:King Birendra Investiture Medal 1975.svg|80px]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=Prince, Charles, Prince of Wales and Lord Mountbatten, wearing full naval uniform, visit Nepal to attend the coronation of King Birendra on January 01, 1975. |url=https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/news-photo/prince-charles-prince-of-wales-and-lord-mountbatten-wearing-news-photo/186083536?adppopup=true |access-date=22 September 2024 |publisher=GettyImages}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flagdeco|UK}}[[United Kingdom]]
|1977
|[[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]]
|[[File:UK Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|
|[[Naval General Service Medal (1915)|Naval General Service Medal]]
|[[File:Naval General Service Medal 1915 BAR.svg|80px]]
|}
He was appointed [[personal aide-de-camp]] by Edward VIII, George VI<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34365|date=29 January 1937|page=687|supp=y}} ''Personal Naval Aide-de-Camp to HM The King''</ref> and Elizabeth II and wore each of their [[royal cypher]]s on his epaulettes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-royalty-lord-mountbatten-107817907.html|title=Royalty – Lord Mountbatten|publisher=Alamy|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210144731/https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-royalty-lord-mountbatten-107817907.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/the-earl-mountbatten-of-burma|title=Earl Mountbatten of Bruma|date=3 March 2016|publisher=International Center of Photography|access-date=5 March 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613171349/https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/the-earl-mountbatten-of-burma|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
| image = Coat of Arms of Louis Mountbatten, Earl of Burma.svg
| bannerimage =
| badgeimage =
| notes =The arms of the Earl Mountbatten of Burma consist of:
| adopted =
| crest =Crests of Hesse modified and Battenberg.
| torse =
| helm =Helms of Hesse modified and Battenberg.
| escutcheon = Within the Garter, Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Hesse with a bordure compony argent and gules; 2nd and 3rd, Battenberg; charged at the honour point with an inescutcheon of the British Royal arms with a label of three points argent, the centre point charged with a rose gules and each of the others with an ermine spot sable (Princess Alice, his grandmother).<ref>{{harvp|Lee|1999|pp= 15, 135 & 136}}.</ref>
| supporters = Two Lions queue fourchée and crowned all or.
| compartment =
| motto = ''In honour bound''
| orders = The [[Order of the Garter]] ribbon. '''Honi soit qui mal y pense''' ''(Shame be to him who thinks evil of it)''
| other_elements =
| banner =
| badge =
| symbolism =
| previous_versions =
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGdiqF6V8wYC |title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-14966-2 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Aubenas | first1=Sylvie | last2=Chardin | first2=Virginie | last3=Demange | first3=Xavier | title=Elegance: The Seeberger Brothers and the Birth of Fashion Photography | publisher=Chronicle Books | year=2007 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4rpmVb2ZrkC | isbn=978-0-8118-5942-4 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Barratt | first1=John | last2=Ritchie | first2=Jean | title=With the greatest respect: the private lives of Earl Mountbatten and Prince & Princess Michael of Kent | publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson | location=London | date=1991 | isbn=978-0-283-06098-4}}
* {{cite book |last= Dimbleby |first= Jonathan |author-link= Jonathan Dimbleby |title= The Prince of Wales: A Biography |location= New York |publisher= Morrow |year= 1994 |isbn= 978-0-688-12996-5 |url= https://archive.org/details/princeofwalesbio00dimb }}
* {{cite book |last=English | first=Richard |title=Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2004 |location=London | isbn=978-0-330-49388-8}}
* {{cite book |last= Gilbert |first= Martin | author-link = Martin Gilbert | title= Never Despair: Winston Churchill 1945–65|location= London |publisher= Minerva |year= 1988 |isbn= 978-0-7493-9104-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Greenberg |first=Jonathan D. |title=Generations of Memory: Remembering Partition in India/Pakistan and Israel/Palestine |journal=[[Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |year=2005 |pages=89–110 |doi=10.1215/1089201x-25-1-89|s2cid=145076643 }}
* {{cite book |last= Guha |first= Ramachandra |title= India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |location= London |publisher= Pan |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-330-39611-0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Healey |first=Denis|author-link=Denis Healey |title=The Time of My Life |location= London |publisher= Michael Joseph |year=1989 |isbn= 978-0-413-77796-6 }}
* {{cite book|last=Heathcote |first=Tony |title=The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995 |location= Havertown |publisher= Pen & Sword |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-85052-835-0 }}
* {{cite book |last= Hicks |first= Pamela |title= Daughter of Empire: Life as a Mountbatten |location= London |publisher= Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year= 2012 |isbn= 978-0-297-86482-0 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/daughterofempire0000hick }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hodson|first=H. V.|date=1980|title=Earl Mountbatten's role in the partition of India|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358538008453429|journal=The Round Table|volume=70|issue=277|pages=102–106|doi=10.1080/00358538008453429|issn=0035-8533|access-date=17 December 2021|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064527/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00358538008453429|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|first=Richard|last=Hough|author-link=Richard Hough|title=Louis and Victoria: The Family History of the Mountbattens | edition=2nd|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|location=London|year=1984|isbn=978-0-297-78470-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Ayesha |last=Jalal |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4 }}
* {{cite book |last= Junor |first= Penny | author-link = Penny Junor |title= The Firm: The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor |year= 2005 |publisher= Thomas Dunne Books |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-312-35274-5 |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312352745 }}
* {{cite book |last= Khan |first= Yasmin |year= 2007 |title= The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |location= New Haven |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 978-0-300-12078-3 |url= https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan }}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAmqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|title=Art of Generalship|first=K. K.|last=Khanna|date=2015|publisher=[[United Service Institution]]|via=Google Books|isbn=978-93-82652-93-9|access-date=20 August 2019|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064527/https://books.google.com/books?id=uAmqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1= King |first1= Greg |last2= Wilson |first2= Penny |title= The Fate of the Romanovs |location= Hoboken, New Jersey |publisher= Wiley |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-471-20768-9 }}
* {{cite book |last= Lee |first= Brian |title= British Royal Bookplates |year= 1999 |publisher= Scolar Press |location= Aldershot |isbn= 978-0-85967-883-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lownie |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Lownie | title=The Mountbattens: Their Lives And Loves | isbn=978-1-64313-791-9 | location=London | publisher=Blink Publishing | date=2019}}
* {{cite book | title=British Destroyers: A History of Development, 1892–1953 | first1=Edgar J. | last1=March | publisher =Billing & Sons | location=Guildford, England |year=1966 |oclc=1894771}}
* {{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0FuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Destruction of Pakistan's Democracy |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-577583-9 |access-date=22 August 2020 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328155035/https://books.google.com/books?id=a0FuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last= Moloney |first= Ed |author-link= Ed Moloney |title= A Secret History of the IRA |location= London |publisher= Allen Lane |year= 2002 |isbn= 978-0-393-32502-7 |url= https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofi00edmo }}
* {{cite book |last= Montefiore |first= Simon Sebag |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore|title= Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar |year= 2004 |location= New York |publisher= Knopf |isbn= 978-1-4000-4230-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/stalincourtofred00mont }}
* {{cite book |last= Montgomery-Massingberd |first= Hugh |title= Burke's Guide to the Royal Family |location= London |publisher= Burke's Peerage |year= 1973 |isbn= 978-0-220-66222-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/burkesguidetoroy00lond }}
* {{cite book |last=Moore |first=Chris |title=The Kincora scandal: political cover-up and intrigue in Northern Ireland | publisher=Marino Press | location=Dublin | date=1996 | isbn=978-1-86023-029-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mountbatten |first=Louis |title=A Military Commander Surveys The Nuclear Arms Race |journal=International Security |volume=4 |issue=3 |date=Winter 1979–1980 |pages=3–5 |doi=10.2307/2626691|jstor=2626691 |s2cid=154271535 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Murphy | first1=Hugh | last2=Oddy | first2=Derek J. | date=2010 | title=The Mirror of the Seas: A Centenary History of the Society for Nautical Research | location=London | publisher=Society for Nautical Research | isbn=978-0-902387-01-0}}
* {{cite book |last= Niemi |first= Robert |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WVFhcBcv_X8C&pg=PA70 |title= History in the Media: Film and Television |location= Santa Barbara, California |publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-1-57607-952-2 |date= 2006 |via= Google Books }}
* {{cite book |last= O'Brien |first= Brendan |title= The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin |location= Dublin |publisher= The O'Brien Press |year= 1995 |isbn= 978-0-86278-606-9 }}
* {{cite book| last=Otway| first=Lieutenant-Colonel T.B.H.| title=The Second World War 1939–1945 Army – Airborne Forces| publisher=[[Imperial War Museum]]| year= 1990| isbn=978-0-901627-57-5}}
* {{cite book |last= Park |first= Keith |url= http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/39202.pdf |title= Air Operations in South East Asia 3rd May 1945 to 12th September 1945 |location= London |publisher= War Office |date= August 1946 |via= Hyperwar Foundation |access-date= 29 September 2012 |archive-date= 2 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190102012209/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/39202.pdf |url-status= live }} published in {{London Gazette| issue=39202| date=13 April 1951|pages=2127–2172| supp=y}}
* {{cite journal |last=Patton |first=Allyson |title=Broadlands: Lord Mountbatten's Country Home |journal=British Heritage |volume=26 |issue=1 |date= March 2005 |pages= 14–17 | issn=0195-2633}}
* {{cite book |last= Powell |first= Charles |title= Juan Carlos of Spain |location= Houndmills |publisher= MacMillan Press, St. Antony's Series |year= 1996 |isbn= 978-0-333-54726-7 }}
* {{cite book|first=Nicholas |last=Rankin|author-link=Nicholas Rankin|title=Ian Fleming's Commandos: The Story of 30 Assault Unit in World War II|year=2011|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-25062-2}}
* {{cite book |last= Sardesai |first= Damodar |title= India: The Definitive History |location= Boulder, Colorado |publisher= Westview |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-0-8133-4352-5 }}
* {{cite book|last=Schofield|first=Victoria|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84885-105-4|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Seward|first=Ingrid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5qZBgAAQBAJ|title=The Queen's Speech: An Intimate Portrait of the Queen in her Own Words|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4711-5097-5|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064528/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5qZBgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last= Smith |first= Adrian |title= Mountbatten: Apprentice War Lord 1900–1943 |year= 2010 |publisher= I B Tauris & Co Ltd|location= London|isbn= 978-1-848-85374-4}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Adrian |author-mask={{long dash}} |date=2012 |title=Rewriting History? Admiral Lord Mountbatten's Efforts to Distance Himself From the 1956 Suez Crisis |journal=Contemporary British History |volume=26 |pages=489–508 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2012.676912 |number=4 |s2cid=145579429 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/336072/1/Mountbatten_and_Suez_1956_article_for_CBH.docx |access-date=27 December 2019 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227070321/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/336072/1/Mountbatten_and_Suez_1956_article_for_CBH.docx |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Adrian |author-mask={{long dash}} |date=2013 |title=Resignation of a First Sea Lord: Mountbatten and the 1956 Suez Crisis |journal=History |volume=98 |pages=105–134 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.2012.00576.x |jstor=24429571 |number=329|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last= Stoessinger |first= John |authorlink=John G. Stoessinger|title= Why Nations Go to War |year= 2010 |location= Boston |publisher= Wadsworth–Cengage Learning |isbn= 978-0-495-79718-0 }}
* {{cite book |last1= Talbot |first1= Ian |last2= Singh |first2= Gurharpal |title= The Partition of India |location= Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0-521-67256-6 }}
* {{cite book |last= Thompson |first= Julian |author-link= Julian Thompson (Royal Marines officer) |title= The Royal Marines: From Sea Soldiers to a Special Force |location= London |publisher= Pan |year= 2001 |isbn= 978-0-330-37702-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Tunzelmann |first=Alex von |title=Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire |location= London |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7432-8588-9}}
* {{cite journal |first=Hugo |last=Vickers|author-link=Hugo Vickers |title=The Man Who Was Never Wrong |journal=Royalty Monthly |page=42 |date=November 1989}}
* {{cite book |last= Vickers |first= Hugo |author-mask={{long dash}} | title= Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece |publisher= Hamish Hamilton |location= London |year= 2000 |isbn= 978-0-241-13686-7 }}
* {{cite book |last= Vickers |first= Hugo |author-mask= {{long dash}} |title= Royal Orders: the honours and the honoured |publisher= Boxtree |location= London |year= 1994 |isbn= 1-85283-510-9 |url= https://archive.org/details/royalorders0000vick/mode/2up }}
* {{cite book |last= Villa |first= Brian Loring |title= Unauthorised Action: Mountbatten and the Dieppe Raid |location= Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 1989 |isbn= 978-0-19-540804-1 |url= https://archive.org/details/unauthorizedacti0000vill }}
* {{cite book |last= White |first= Matthew |title= [[The Great Big Book of Horrible Things]] |location= New York |publisher= [[W. W. Norton]] |year= 2012 |isbn= 978-0-393-08192-3 }}
* {{cite book | last=Wilson | first=Scott | title=Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons | edition=3rd; Kindle | publisher= McFarland & Company, Inc. | isbn=978-1-4766-2599-7 | date=2016}}
* {{cite book |last= Wolpert |first= Stanley A. |author-link= Stanley Wolpert |title= Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India |url= https://archive.org/details/shamefulflightla00wolp |url-access= registration |location= Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2006 |isbn= 978-0-19-539394-1 }}
* {{cite book |last= Ziegler |first= Philip|author-link=Philip Ziegler |title= Mountbatten: The Official Biography |location= London |publisher= HarperCollins |year= 1985 |isbn= 978-0-00-216543-3 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/mountbattenoffic00phil }}
* {{cite ODNB |first= Philip |last= Ziegler |author-mask= {{long dash}} |date=January 2011 |orig-year= first published 2004 |title= Mountbatten, Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas, first Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979) |edition= Online |doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/31480 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Ziegler |editor-first=Philip |title=Personal Diary of Admiral the Lord Louis Mountbatten: Supreme Allied Commander South-East Asia, 1943-1946 |year=1988 |publisher=William Collins Sons & Co. |location=London |isbn=0-00-217607-6 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |editor-last= Ziegler |editor-first= Philip |editor-mask= {{long dash}} |title= From Shore to Shore: The Tour Diaries of Earl Mountbatten of Burma 1953–1979 |location= London |publisher= HarperCollins |year= 1989 |isbn= 978-0-00-217606-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8ewgAAAAMAAJ |via= Google Books |access-date= 22 August 2020 |archive-date= 31 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240331064800/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ewgAAAAMAAJ |url-status= live }}
* {{cite journal |last1= Zuckerman |first1= Lord |author-link= Solly Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman |doi= 10.1098/rsbm.1981.0014 |doi-access= free|title= Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, OM 25 June 1900 – 27 August 1979 |journal= [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume= 27 |pages= 354–366 |date= November 1981 |issue= 27 |jstor= 769876 |s2cid= 72216772 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |date=2021 |title=Mountbatten and India, 1964-79: after Nehru |journal=[[Contemporary British History]] |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=569–596 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2021.1944113 |s2cid=237793636 |issn=1361-9462 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Coll |first=Rebecca |title=Autobiography and history on screen: The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten |journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television |volume=37 |issue=4 |date=2017 |pages=665–682 |doi=10.1080/01439685.2016.1187847 |s2cid=159708448 |issn=0143-9685 |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/256074 |access-date=18 September 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129045424/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/256074 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |author=Copland, Ian |year=1993 |title=Lord Mountbatten and the integration of the Indian states: A reappraisal |journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=385–408 |doi=10.1080/03086539308582896 |issn=0308-6534}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Grove |first1=Eric |last2=Rohan |first2=Sally Rohan |title=The Limits of Opposition: Admiral Earl Mountbatten of Burma, First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff. |journal=Contemporary British History |volume=13 |issue=2 |date=1999 |pages=98–116 |doi=10.1080/13619469908581531 |issn=1361-9462}}
* {{cite book |last=Hough |first=Richard |title=Mountbatten: Hero of Our Time |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-297-77805-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Knatchbull |first=Timothy |title=From a Clear Blue Sky |location=London |publisher=Arrow |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-09-954358-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Leigh |first=David |title=The Wilson Plot: The Intelligence Services and the Discrediting of a Prime Minister 1945–1976 |location=London |publisher=Heinemann |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-434-41340-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/wilsonplotintell0000leig}}
* {{cite book |last=McLynn |first=Frank |title=The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945 |publisher=Yale University Press |date=2011 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-300-17836-4}}
* {{cite journal |author=Moore, R. J. |year=1981 |title=Mountbatten, India, and the Commonwealth |journal=Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5–43 |doi=10.1080/14662048108447372 |doi-access= |issn=0306-3631}}
* {{cite book |last=Murfett |first=Malcolm |title=The First Sea Lords from Fisher to Mountbatten |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Praeger |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-275-94231-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Neillands |first=Robin |title=The Dieppe Raid: the story of the disastrous 1942 expedition |year=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-34781-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Nordenvall |first=Per |title=Kungl. Serafimerorden 1748–1998 |year=1998 |publisher=Kungl. Maj:ts orden |location=Stockholm |language=sv |trans-title=The Royal Order of the Seraphim 1748–1998 |isbn=978-91-630-6744-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Ritter |first=Jonathan Templin |title=Stilwell and Mountbatten in Burma: Allies at War, 1943–1944 |date=2017 |publisher=University of North Texas Press |location=Denton, Texas |isbn=978-1-57441-674-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |title=Eminent Churchillians |location=London |publisher=Phoenix |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-85799-213-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/eminentchurchill00robe_0/page/55}}
* {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Adrian |title=Command and Control in Postwar Britain Defence Decision-making in the United Kingdom, 1945-1984 |journal=Twentieth Century British History |volume=2 |issue=3 |date=1991 |pages=291–327 |doi=10.1093/tcbh/2.3.291}}
* {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Adrian |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=Mountbatten goes to the movies: Promoting the heroic myth through cinema |journal=Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television |volume=26 |issue=3 |date=August 2006 |pages=395–416 |doi=10.1080/01439680600799421 |s2cid=191491309}}
* {{cite book |last=Terraine |first=John |title=The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten |url=https://archive.org/details/lifetimesoflordm0000terr |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-09-088810-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Villa |first1=Brian Loring |last2=Henshaw |first2=Peter J. |title=The Dieppe Raid Debate |journal=Canadian Historical Review |volume=79 |issue=2 |date=June 1998 |pages=304–315 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/590264 |issn=0008-3755}}
* {{cite book |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |title=Tom Driberg: The Soul of Indiscretion |year=2001 |publisher=[[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84115-575-3}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Ziegler |editor-first=Philip |title=The Diaries of Lord Louis Mountbatten, 1920-1922: Tours with the Prince of Wales |location=London |publisher=Collins |year=1987 |isbn=0-00-217608-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/diariesoflordlou0000moun}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.lordmountbattenofburma.com Tribute & Memorial Website to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918190711/https://www.lordmountbattenofburma.com/ |date=18 September 2020 }}
* [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/collections1/collections2/mountbatten-the-last-viceroy/ 70th Anniversary of Indian Independence – Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy – UK Parliament Living Heritage]
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-louis-mountbatten-1 | the Earl Mountbatten of Burma}}
* [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/archives/cataloguedatabases/mb/index.page Papers of Louis, Earl Mountbatten of Burma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824052107/https://www.southampton.ac.uk/archives/cataloguedatabases/mb/index.page |date=24 August 2020 }}
* {{NPG name}}
* {{IMDb name|0609884|Louis Mountbatten}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/012556}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241225162311/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/capital/teaching_and_learning/projects/robeson/fbi/robes14.pdf FBI report produced in 1957 regarding allegations that Mountbatten was homosexual and a paedophile]

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Hinduism in Arab States

2026-05-15T13:36:26Z

Stephania3380: Done...

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox religious group|group=Hindus in the Middle East|region1={{flag|United Arab Emirates}}|pop1=855,738 (2022)|region2={{flag|Saudi Arabia}}|pop2=451,347 (2020)|region3= {{flag|Kuwait}}|pop3=425,950 (2020)|region4={{flag|Qatar}}|pop4=422,118 (2022)|region5={{flag|Yemen}}|pop5=297,103 (2022)|region6={{flag|Oman}}|pop6=279,488 (2022)|region7={{flag|Bahrain}}|pop7=165,706 (2020)|religions='''[[Hinduism]]'''|population='''3,062,645''' (1.6% of population)|related-c=[[Buddhism in the Middle East]], [[Sikhism]], [[Christianity in the Middle East]]
{{Hinduism by country}}}}

There are Hindu communities, consisted of Indian, Nepalese and Sri Lankan [[citizens]] in [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=India News |title=Diaspora: A significant link between India and Gulf countries |url=https://www.indianewsnetwork.com/en/20240212/diaspora-a-significant-link-between-india-and-gulf-countries |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=India News Network |language=en |archive-date=2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713105847/https://www.indianewsnetwork.com/en/20240212/diaspora-a-significant-link-between-india-and-gulf-countries |url-status=live }}</ref> Many came due to the migration of Indians and [[Nepal]]ese expatriates and employees to the area around the [[Persian Gulf]].

Hindu temples have been built in [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Yemen]], and [[Oman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catchnews.com/world-news/west-asia-temples-hindu-1439789867.html |title=Hindu temples of Gulf countries: more exist than you imagined |publisher=catchnews |access-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225215833/http://www.catchnews.com/world-news/west-asia-temples-hindu-1439789867.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Distribution of Hindus among the Middle Eastern countries'''
|label1 = United Arab Emirates
|value1 = 32.2
|color1 = Red
|label2 = Saudi Arabia
|value2 = 15
|color2 = Grey
|label3 = Kuwait
|value3 = 14
|color3 = Pink
|label4 = Qatar
|value4 = 11
|color4 = Green
|label5 = Yemen
|value5 = 10
|color5 = Orange
|label6 = Oman
|value6 = 9
|color6 = Black
|label7 = Bahrain
|value7 = 5.4
|color7 = Brown
|label8 = Turkey
|value8 = 3
|color8 = Yellow
|label9 = Jordan
|value9 = 0.3
|color9 = Blue
|label10 = Lebanon
|value10 = 0.2
|color10 = White
}}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+<big> '''[[Hinduism]] by country in the [[Middle East]]''' </big>
|-
! Country
! Population (2020E)
! % of Hindus
! Hindu total

|-
| {{flagu|United Arab Emirates}}
| align="right" | {{Sort|009869000|9,869,000}}
| align="left" | {{Sort|00100|10%}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71434.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report: United Arab Emirates
|access-date=2021-08-05
|archive-date=2021-01-10
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110133731/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71434.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=10 |title=Country Profiles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193701/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=10 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>
| align="right" | 986,900

|-
| {{flagu|Saudi Arabia}}
| align="right" | {{Sort|034719000|34,719,000}}
| align="left" | {{Sort|00130|1.3%}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90220.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report: Saudi Arabia |date=14 September 2007 |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060026/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90220.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/saudi-arabia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Saudi Arabia | PEW-GRF|access-date=2021-08-05|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028143031/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/saudi-arabia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| align="right" | 451,347

|-
| {{flagu|Kuwait}}
| align="right" | {{Sort|004259500|4,259,500}}
| align="left" | {{Sort|00100|10%}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71425.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report: Kuwait
|access-date=2021-08-05
|archive-date=2020-10-10
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010044419/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71425.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| align="right" | 425,950

|-
| {{flagu|Qatar}}
| align="right" | {{Sort|002113000|2,113,000}}
| align="left" | {{Sort|00159|15.9%}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5437.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report: Qatar
|access-date=2021-08-05
|archive-date=2021-03-20
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320133756/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5437.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/ |title=CIA World FactBook: Qatar |date=21 December 2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709105408/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| align="right" | 335,967

|-
| {{flagu|Yemen}}
| align="right" | {{Sort|029710300|29,710,300}}
| align="left" | {{Sort|00010|1%}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/yemen#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016
|title=Global Religious Futures: Yemen
|access-date=2021-08-05
|archive-date=2019-01-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174441/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/yemen#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| align="right" | 297,103
|-
| {{flagu|Oman}}
| align="right" | {{Sort|005081600|5,081,600}}
| align="left" | {{Sort|00550|5.5%}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Oman/rbodies.html
|title=Religious Freedom Nation Profile: Oman
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106021825/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Oman/rbodies.html
|archive-date=2007-11-06
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=36 |title=Religious Freedom Nation Profile: Oman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930152448/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=36 |archive-date=September 30, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/oman#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Oman | PEW-GRF|access-date=2021-08-05|archive-date=2021-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715153410/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/oman#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align="right" | 279,488

|-
| {{flagu|Bahrain}}
| align="right" | {{Sort|001690900|1,690,900}}
| align="left" | {{Sort|00098|9.8%}}<ref name="pewforum.org">{{cite web|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindus/|title=Global Religious Landscape: Hindus|date=December 18, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bahrain#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Bahrain | PEW-GRF|access-date=2021-08-05|archive-date=2019-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216080116/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bahrain#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align="right" | 165,708

|-
| {{flagu|Turkey}}
| align="right" | {{Sort|084339067|84,339,067}}
| align="left" | {{Sort|00001|0.1%}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Turkey/rbodies.html
|title=Religious Freedom Nation Profile: Turkey
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204000736/http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Turkey/rbodies.html
|archive-date=2007-12-04
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/turkey#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Turkey | PEW-GRF|access-date=2021-08-05|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926211513/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/turkey#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align="right" | 84,340

|-
| {{flagu|Jordan}}
| align="right" | {{Sort|10185500|10,185,500}}
| align="left" | {{Sort|00001|0.1%}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/jordan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016
|title=Gloabal Religious Futures: Jordan
|access-date=2021-08-05
|archive-date=2022-07-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701175555/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/jordan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
| align="right" | 10,185

|-
| {{flagu|Lebanon}}
| align="right" | {{Sort|006830600|6,830,600}}
| align="left" | {{Sort|00001|0.1%}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71426.htm
|title=International Religious Freedom Report: Lebanon
|access-date=2021-08-05
|archive-date=2021-05-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516004119/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71426.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/lebanon#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Lebanon | PEW-GRF|access-date=2021-08-05|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926221406/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/lebanon#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align="right" | 6,830

|-
! Total
! 197,438,267
! 1.6
! 3,062,645
|}

==Egypt==
There were about 2,700 Hindus in [[Egypt]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shvoong.com/social-sciences/communication-media-studies/2003140-india-egypt/|title=India and Egypt|website=www.shvoong.com|access-date=30 June 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307132350/http://www.shvoong.com/social-sciences/communication-media-studies/2003140-india-egypt/|archive-date=7 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> That number decreased to about 1535 in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/np-sort?var=ADH_471 |title=The ARDA website, retrieved 2024-04-29 |access-date=2024-04-29 |archive-date=2024-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507142749/https://thearda.com/world-religion/np-sort?var=ADH_471 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are no known Hindu temples in Egypt.

==Oman==
{{Main article|Hinduism in Oman}}
[[File:Shiva temple, Muscat.jpg|thumb|[[Motishwar Mandir|Motishwar temple]] in Old Muscat is one of the oldest Hindu temples in Middle East.]]
[[Oman]] has an immigrant Hindu minority. The number of Hindus has declined in the 20th century although it is now stable. Hinduism first came to Muscat in 1507 from [[Kutch]]. The original Hindus spoke [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]]. By the early 19th century there were at least 4,000 Hindus in Oman, all of the intermediate merchant caste. By 1900, their numbers had plummeted to 300. In 1895, the Hindu colony in Muscat came under attack by the [[Ibadhis]]. By the time of independence, only a few dozen Hindus remained in Oman. The historical Hindu Quarters of al-Waljat and al-Banyan are no longer occupied by Hindus. The most prominent immigrant Hindus, are Visoomal Damodar Gandhi (Aulad Kara), Khimji Ramdas, Dhanji Morarji, Ratansi Purushottam and Purushottam Toprani. The only Hindu crematorium is located in [[Sohar]], northwest of [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]].<ref name=":0">J.E. Peterson,[http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Oman_Diverse_Society_Northern_Oman.pdf Oman's diverse society: Northern Oman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611200608/http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Oman_Diverse_Society_Northern_Oman.pdf |date=2009-06-11 }}, [[Middle East Journal]], Vol. 58, Nr. 1, Winter 2004</ref>

===Temples===
Hindu temples once located in Ma'bad al Banyan and Bayt al Pir no longer exist after the area's redevelopment in the mid-1970s.<ref name=":0" /> The only active Hindu temples today are the [[Shiva temple, Muscat|Shiva temple complex in Muscat]] (locally known as Motishwar Mandir),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindutemplesom.com/shri-shiva-temple/|title=Shri Shiva Temple|access-date=2019-09-10|archive-date=2023-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002073406/https://hindutemplesom.com/shri-shiva-temple/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Krishna]] temple located in [[Darsait]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindutemplesom.com/shri-krishna-temple/|title=Shri Krishna Temple|access-date=2019-09-10|archive-date=2023-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227020404/https://hindutemplesom.com/shri-krishna-temple/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Qatar==
Hindus make up 15.9% of [[Qatar]]. There are an estimated 422,118 Hindus in the country.<ref name="Global Religious Landscape">[http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php Global Religious Landscape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101080244/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php |date=2013-01-01 }}. Pew Forum.</ref><ref name=qatar>{{cite web|title=Population By Religion, Gender And Municipality March 2004|url=http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/sensus_2004/pubulation-eng/Tabels/Pubulation/T06.htm|publisher=Qatar Statistics Authority|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518111025/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/sensus_2004/pubulation-eng/Tabels/Pubulation/T06.htm|archive-date=2013-05-18}}</ref> They are from [[South Asia]].<ref name=qsa-Aug13>{{cite web|title=Population structure|url=http://www.mdps.gov.qa/en/statistics1/StatisticsSite/Pages/Population.aspx|publisher=Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics|date=31 January 2020|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-date=26 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135815/https://www.mdps.gov.qa/en/statistics1/StatisticsSite/Pages/Population.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population By Religion, Gender And Municipality March 2020|url=http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/sensus_2020/pubulation-eng/Tabels/Pubulation/T06.htm|publisher=Qatar Statistics Authority}}</ref>

==United Arab Emirates==
{{Main|Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates}}
South Asians in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) constitute the largest ethnic group in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/socioeconomics/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality |title=UAE´s population – by nationality |publisher=bq magazine |date=April 12, 2015 |access-date=December 20, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321184658/http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/socioeconomics/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality |archive-date=March 21, 2017 }}</ref> Over 2 million Indian migrants (mostly from the [[South India|southern Indian]] [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Kanara|Coastal Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]) are estimated to be living in the UAE, constituting 28% of the total population of the Emirates as of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/03/india-is-a-top-source-and-destination-for-worlds-migrants/|title=India is a top source and destination for world's migrants|website=Pew Research Center|date=3 March 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-09|archive-date=2021-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706070859/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/03/india-is-a-top-source-and-destination-for-worlds-migrants/|url-status=live}}</ref> A majority of Indians live in the three largest cities of the UAE — [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Dubai]] and [[Sharjah]]. From the estimated 2 million migrants, 1 million are from Kerala and 450,000 from Tamil Nadu, thus constituting a majority of the Indian community in the UAE. The population of Indian migrants in the UAE had grown from 170,000 in 1975 to an estimated value of 750,000 in 1999. By 2009, this value had grown to an estimated value of 2 million. A majority of Indians in the UAE (approximately 50%—883,313 in 2011) are from the South Indian state of Kerala, followed by migrants from Tamil Nadu. The majority of Indian migrants to UAE are Muslim (50%), followed by Christian (25%) and Hindu (25%). Estimated Hindu population in UAE is between 6-10%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=Hindu community in UAE supports the global initiative to pray to end pandemic - EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/hindu-community-in-uae-supports-the-global-initiative-to-pray-to-end-pandemic/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304101615/https://www.easterneye.biz/hindu-community-in-uae-supports-the-global-initiative-to-pray-to-end-pandemic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Temples===
In 1958, permission were given to build the [[Hindu Temple, Dubai]] in Bur Dubai in a complex that included [[Shiva]] Mandir, [[Krishna]] Mandir, and [[Gurdwara|Gurudwara]]. In January 2024, a new Hindu Temple, Dubai opened in Jebel Ali and the existing Shiva Mandir and Gurudwara were moved to this new location. Krishan Mandir is still housed in the original complex in Bur Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Iconic Bur Dubai temple complex to close doors in January 2024 |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/iconic-bur-dubai-temple-complex-to-close-doors-in-january-2024-1.99836263 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116234013/https://gulfnews.com/uae/iconic-bur-dubai-temple-complex-to-close-doors-in-january-2024-1.99836263 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Majority of Hindus living in UAE practice their religion within their homes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jaber |first1=Khalid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLSxEAAAQBAJ&dq=Hindus+living+in+Abu+Dhabi+and+Dubai+practice+their+religion+within+their+homes&pg=PT233 |title=Political Islam in the Gulf Region |last2=Ulrichsen |first2=Kristian Coates |date=2021-12-31 |publisher=Gulf International Forum |isbn=979-8-9859177-0-3 |language=en}}</ref> The new temple, [[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi]], had its foundation stone laying ceremony in April, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoamerican-news.com/first-hindu-mandir-in-abu-dhabi-uae-to-be-built-by-baps-swaminarayan-sanstha/|title=First Hindu Mandir In Abu Dhabi, UAE, To Be Built By BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha {{!}} Indo American News|website=www.indoamerican-news.com|access-date=2018-05-15|archive-date=2018-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174122/http://www.indoamerican-news.com/first-hindu-mandir-in-abu-dhabi-uae-to-be-built-by-baps-swaminarayan-sanstha/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/video-first-hindu-temples-foundation-stone-laying-ceremony-in-abu-dhabi-1.1555745241346|title=First Hindu Temple's Foundation Ceremony Laying Ceremony in Abu Dhabi|website=Gulf News|date=15 May 2019 |access-date=2019-09-10|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314212924/https://gulfnews.com/amp/uae/video-first-hindu-temples-foundation-stone-laying-ceremony-in-abu-dhabi-1.1555745241346|url-status=live}}</ref> The inauguration ceremony of the temple took place on 14 February 2024.<ref name="The Economic Times 2024 z715">{{cite web | title=PM Modi performs Aarti at the BAPS Mandir, the first Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi | date=2024-02-14 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-performs-aarti-at-the-baps-mandir-the-first-hindu-temple-in-abu-dhabi/videoshow/107696957.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2024-02-14 | archive-date=2024-02-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214201200/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-modi-performs-aarti-at-the-baps-mandir-the-first-hindu-temple-in-abu-dhabi/videoshow/107696957.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Bahrain==
{{Main article|Hinduism in Bahrain}}
Hinduism is followed by 8.33% of the population of Bahrain in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Profiles {{!}} World Religion |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=18c |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Association of Religion Data Archives (the ARDA) |language=en-gb}}</ref> Bahrain also hosts the [[Shrinathji Temple, Bahrain|Shrinathji Temple]] built 200 years ago and is one of the oldest Hindu temple in the Arab region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=External affairs minister Jaishankar visits 200-year-old Hindu temple in Bahrain |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/external-affairs-minister-jaishankar-visits-200-year-old-hindu-temple-in-bahrain-345224 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

==Yemen==
{{Main|Hinduism in Yemen}}
There are about 200,000 Hindus in [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/yemen#/?affiliations_religion_id=14&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Yemen|access-date=2021-07-06|archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119044343/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/yemen#/?affiliations_religion_id=14&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are from India and Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-yemen.html|title=Religious Beliefs In Yemen|date=25 April 2017|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105104614/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-yemen.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Hindu temples==
*[[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi]], UAE
*[[Motishwar Mandir]] in Muscat, Oman
*[[Hindu Temple, Dubai]], UAE
*[[Shrinathji Temple, Bahrain]]

==See also==
* [[Hinduism by country]]
* [[Hinduism in Israel]]
* [[Buddhism in the Middle East]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|Middle East|Africa|Asia}}

{{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Hinduism in Africa}}
{{Asia in topic|Hinduism in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In Arab States}}
[[Category:Culture of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Hinduism in the Middle East| ]]

Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T16:40:37Z

Stephania3380: pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalpaiguri
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Jalpaiguri.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jalpaiguri Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| constituency_no = 17
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Ananta Deb Adhikari (Politician)|Ananta Deb Adhikary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 262,500
}}
'''Jalpaiguri''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 17 Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency (SC) covers [[Jalpaiguri]] municipality, and Arabinda, Bahadur, Boalmari Nandanpur, Garalbari, Kharia, Kharija Berubari I, Kharija Berubari II, Mondalghat, Nagar Berubari and South Berubari [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Jalpaiguri (Community development block)|Jalpaiguri]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]],<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 30 June 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency is part of No. 3 [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Khagendra Nath Dasgupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Naresh Chandra Chakraborty
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anupam Sen (politician)|Anupam Sen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" | Nirmal Kumar Bose
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anupam Sen (politician)|Anupam Sen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| Gobinda Roy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Debaprasad Roy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sukhbilas Barma]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Pradip Kumar Barma]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Ananta Deb Adhikari (Politician)|Ananta Deb Adhikari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jalpaiguri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Ananta Deb Adhikari|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,42,987|percentage=60.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Krishno Das|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=74,182|percentage=31.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Debraj Barman|party=CPI(M)|votes=11,324|percentage=4.76|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sudipto Mohonto|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,617|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=2,608|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=68,805|percentage=28.92|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,37,856|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = TMC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 Election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jalpaiguri (SC) constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Pradip Kumar Barma]]|votes=95,668|percentage=42%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sujit Singha|votes=94,727|percentage=42%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sukhbilas Barma]]|votes=24,228|percentage=11%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 Election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jalpaiguri (SC) constituency}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sukhbilas Barma|votes=94553|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Dharitri Mohan Roy|votes=89396|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Tapan Roy|votes=16029|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Sukh Bilas Barma of Congress defeated his nearest rival Gobinda Chandra Roy of AIFB.

{{Election box begin | title= [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Jalpaiguri (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=17| title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011| work = Jalpaiguri| publisher = Empowering India| access-date = 1 June 2011| archive-date = 29 May 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529224012/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=17| url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sukhbilas Barma]]|votes=86,273|percentage=48.64|change=-2.37#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Gobinda Chandra Roy|votes=75,222|percentage=42.41|change=-1.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sisir Kanti Mondal|votes=6,108|percentage=3.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jiban Krishna Majumder|votes=3,213|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Laxmi Kanta Roy
|votes = 2,773
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Haribhakta Sardar|votes=1,930|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Amra Bangalee|candidate=Mahadeb Chandra Das|votes=1,844|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=177,363|percentage=85.43|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -1.05#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Deba Prasad Roy of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the Jalpaiguri assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Gobinda Roy of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Gobinda Roy of Forward Bloc defeated Anupam Sen representing [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Anupam Sen representing Congress defeated of Sudhansu Majumdar of Forward Bloc in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and Nirmal Kumar Bose of Forward Bloc in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Nirmal Kumar Bose of Forward Bloc defeated Anupam Sen of Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and Devendra Mohan Sarkar of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp20.htm | title = 20 - Jalpaiguri Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Anupam Sen of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Naresh Chandra Chakraborty of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Khagendra Nath Dasgupta of Congress won in 1967<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> and [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Prior to that Jalpaiguri was a joint seat. Sarojendra Deb Raikut and Khagendra Nath Dasgupta, both of Congress, won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Ashrumati Devi and Khagendra Nath Dasgupta, both of Congress, won.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalpaiguri topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Sheikh Chilli's Tomb

2026-05-05T09:40:14Z

Stephania3380: Created new details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Sheikh Chilli's Tomb
| location = [[Thanesar]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| image = Sheikh-chili ka makhbara.jpg
| alt = An image of an Indo-Islamic tomb
| architecture = [[Mughal architecture]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|29.97666|76.82812|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Sheikh Chilli's Tomb''' is complex of structures located in [[Thanesar]], in the [[Kurukshetra district]] of [[Haryana]], India. It includes two tombs, a [[madrasa]], [[Mughal gardens]] and various subsequent features.<ref>{{cite web | title = Sheikh Chilli's Tomb | url = http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/Mosque/SheikhChilliTomb/index.htm | publisher = Kurukshetra district website | accessdate = 2014-08-08 | archive-date = 23 August 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140823195552/http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Religious/Mosque/SheikhChilliTomb/index.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Sheikh Chilli's Tomb, Thanesar|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India| url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_haryana_thanesar.asp| accessdate = 2014-08-09 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/haryana/sheikh-chilli-tomb/ps50366761.cms|title=Sheikh Chilli Tomb|website=Times of India Travel|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Exterior of the Tomb.JPG|thumb|right|Outer walls of Sheikh Chilli's Tomb complex]]
The main [[tomb]] belongs to [[Sufi]] Abd-ur-Rahim Abdul-Karim Abd-ur-Razak, popularly known by the name of [[Sheikh Chilli (Sufi saint)|Sheikh Chilli]]. He was [[Qadiriyya]] [[Sufi]] master of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Dara Shikoh|Prince Dara Shikoh]]. The architectural plan of the tomb shows considerable [[Persian people|Persian]] influence. There is another tomb in the complex, believed to be of Sheikh Chilli's wife.<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_haryana_thanesar.asp Sheikh Chilli’s Tomb, Thanesar]</ref> This beautiful tomb and attached [[Madrasa]] are associated with the Sufi Saint Abd-ur-Rahim. There is a mosque called Pather Masjid (Stone Mosque) that was built in red sandstone. On the north side are the Mughal Gardens.
The ceiling of the mosque, resting on pillars is decorated with floral designs carved in low relief. The pillars are also profusely decorated with floral designs, while the bases over the mouldings show [[chaitya]]-window motifs. The [[Qibla]] in the centre of the western wall is flanked on either side by two arched niches inscribed with verses from the [[Quran]]. The masonry terrace forming the front court was added at a later date. The masjid is assignable to the seventeenth Century A.D. Adjoining the southern flank of the complex (i.e. north of the tomb of Sheikh Chilli) is a large sized building which on account of both stratigraphic evidence and style of construction appears to be a garden complex following the pattern of a typical Mughal Garden and is divided into four equal, symmetrical parts (the [[charbagh]] pattern) with a square hauz in the centre. Water to the hauz (tank) was supplied by terracotta pipes from the east, concealed within the wall.

On the eastern side of the central hauz there is a small rectangular tank connected with a raised open drain coming from further east. The tank had on the northern side a small cistern having cussed patterns on both longitudinal ends and a copper fountain in the center. The water used to run through a concealed conduit pipe provided below the lime plastered surface, meant for the flow of water from the cascade. The Park now popular as the Harshvardhan Park is entered through an elaborate double storey gateway, located in the center of the eastern wall from which one of the paths leads to all its four sides, hosting on the exterior, a series of double roomed chambers, on three sides i.e., the east, north and west respectively with provision of niches and alcoves on its walls. The western wing of this sarai however had double storeyed chambers which could be reached through a flight of steps provided at the center and towards the extreme south-western corner. Exactly opposite to the main entrance gateway was another majestic structure, constructed just like the main entrance gateway. However this structure didn't carry any entrance from the ground floor, but had an opening towards the west on the upper storey. This opening on the upper floor gave a direct accessibility from the Raja Harsha-ka- Tila located west of the sarai and the chamber is constructed in such a way that probably this was the place from where an authority used to address the gathering below within the sarai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/sheikh-chehlis-tomb-is-a-visual-delight/article7665172.ece|title=Finely chiselled|last=Ramaswamy|first=Chitra|date=2015-09-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> West of the tomb are the ruins of Harsh-ka- Tila. Excavations conducted at this site revealed a continuous habitation at the site from about the first century A.D. to the late Mughal period. The findings of a few sherds of painted Grey Ware along with associated plain grey, black-slipped and red wares in pre-Kushana levels also suggest the inhabitation of the site in the first millennium B.C.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

On the basis of various identifiable remains, the excavations revealed a sequence of six cultural periods. These are the [[Kushana]] period (1st-3rd century AD) [[Gupta]] period (4th-6th century AD) Post Gupta or [[Vardhana]] period (6th-7th cent AD) [[Rajput]] 8th-12th cent AD) and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period (16th-19th cent AD). The monument is closed only on Fridays. Visitors are charged Citizens of India and visitors of SAARC (Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Maldives and Afghanistan) and BIMSTEC Countries (Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Myanmar) - Rs. 25 per head. Rs. 100/- or $2 for Foreigners. The monument is open to the public from 9.00 a.m to 5.00 p.m.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Sheikh chilli tomb minar.jpg
File:Information board sheikh chilli tomb.jpg
File:Front gate information board sheikh chilli tomb.jpg
File:Corridor sheikh chilli tomb.jpg
File:Sheikh chilli tomb garden view.jpg
File:Sheikh chilli tomb mosque view.jpg
File:Garden view Sheikh Chilli's Tomb.jpg
File:Backside view Sheikh Chilli's Tomb.jpg
File:Panorama of Raja ka Tila from Sheikh Chilli's Tomb.jpg
File:Side wall Sheikh Chilli's Tomb.jpg
</gallery>

==Archaeological Museum==
An Archaeological Museum run by [[Archaeological Survey of India]], is also situated within the complex. The monument was protected and declared as of National importance under section 4 of the Ancient Monument and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958; Vide No. 8516, dated 27-03-1919. It consists of archaeological finds, like seals and sealings, terracotta figurines, plaques, ornaments, and swords from sites in nearby regions of [[Kurukshetra]] and [[Bhagwanpura, Haryana|Bhagwanpura]]. These objects are notably from [[Kushana]] (1st -3rd century CE), [[Gupta period]](4th - 6th CE), and from post Gupta period on [[Harsha|Vardhana dynasty]] period (6th -7th CE).<ref>{{cite web| title = Archaeological Museum, Thanesar|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India| url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_thanesar.asp | accessdate = 2014-08-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Thanesar Archaeological Site Museum |publisher= Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited| url = http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5328 | accessdate = 2014-08-09}}</ref><gallery>
File:Collection view Archaeological Museum Sheikh Chilli's Tomb.jpg
File:Information board Archaeological Museum Sheikh Chilli's Tomb.jpg
File:Map inside Archaeological Museum Sheikh Chilli's Tomb.jpg
File:LED information board Archaeological Museum Sheikh Chilli's Tomb.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[History_of_Haryana#Museum|List of Museums in Haryana]]

* [[Dara Shikoh]]
* [[Khwaja Khizr Tomb]]
* [[Qadiriyya]]
* [[Dharohar Museum]] at Kurukshetra University
* [[Kurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre]] at Kurukshetra

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* Subhash Parihar, ''A Little-Known Mughal College in India: The Madrasa of Shaykh Chillie at Thanesar'', Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture' 9 (1992), 175-85.
* Subhash Parihar, ''Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture'' (Delhi, 1999), 166-72.

== External links ==
{{commons category|Sheikh Chilli's Tomb}}
* [http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_haryana_thanesar.asp Sheikh Chilli’s Tomb, Thanesar] at [[Archaeological Survey of India]]

[[Category:Mughal gardens in India]]
[[Category:Mughal tombs]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Haryana]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra]]
[[Category:Museums in Kurukshetra]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Haryana]]

Gambia cough syrup scandal

2026-05-05T07:57:35Z

Stephania3380: Creating stub - done

{{Short description|Deaths from contaminated medicine in The Gambia}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Gambia cough syrup scandal
| image =
| caption =
| date = October 2022
| location = [[The Gambia]]
| coordinates =
| type = Scandal
| outcome = Ongoing investigation
| reported deaths = 70 children
| reported injuries =
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| participants = Maiden Pharmaceuticals
}}
'''The Gambia cough syrup scandal''' refers to the deaths of 70 children in [[The Gambia]] from the consumption of four [[toxic cough syrup|cough syrup]]s manufactured in [[India]]. In October 2022, the [[World Health Organization]] issued a medical product alert asking regulators to remove Maiden Pharmaceuticals' products from the market. The four products were [[Promethazine]] Oral Solution, Kofexmalin Baby Cough Syrup, Makoff Baby Cough Syrup, and Magrip N Cold Syrup.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical Product Alert N°6/2022: Substandard (contaminated) paediatric medicines |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/05-10-2022-medical-product-alert-n-6-2022-substandard-(contaminated)-paediatric-medicines |website=www.who.int |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AJ">{{cite news |title=India-made cough syrups may be tied to 66 deaths in Gambia: WHO |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/10/5/india-made-cough-syrups-may-be-tied-to-66-deaths-in-gambia-who |work=Al Jazeera |date=5 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Krishna N. |title=India tests samples of cough syrup linked to deaths of children in Gambia |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/india-investigating-deaths-gambia-linked-india-made-cough-syrup-sources-2022-10-06/ |work=Reuters |date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |title=Gambia cough syrup scandal: Mothers demand justice |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63171982 |work=BBC News |date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="BBC2">{{cite news |title=Gambia cough syrup scandal: Police investigate deaths linked to Indian medicine |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63191406 |work=BBC News |date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="BBC3">{{cite news |title=Cough-syrup scandal: How did it end up in The Gambia? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/63199691 |work=BBC News |date=12 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="AJ2">{{cite news |title=India finds serious breaches, halts production over Gambia deaths |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/12/india-halts-cough-syrup-production-at-factory-after-gambia-deaths |work=Al Jazeera |date=12 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Independent">{{cite news |title=How 'Made in India' cough syrups ended up killing nearly 70 children in Gambia |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/cough-syrup-scandal-gambia-deaths-b2201111.html |work=The Independent |date=12 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Explained {{!}} The Gambia deaths and the toxic cough syrups that are causing them |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/explained-the-gambia-deaths-and-the-toxic-cough-syrups-that-are-causing-them/article65989199.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 October 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="VICE">{{cite news |last1=Lawal |first1=Shola |title=Families Whose Kids Died in Cough Syrup Scandal Offered $280 in Compensation |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/gambia-toxic-cough-syrup-deaths/ |work=Vice |date=9 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Reuters2">{{cite news |title=As African kids died, doctors fought for ban on toxic Indian syrup |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/health-coughsyrup/ |work=Reuters |date=10 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cough Drops |url=https://www.em-eukal.com/de/positiv-denken/ |access-date=17 October 2023}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=May 2023}}

Indian authorities started investigating an April 2023 allegation that a pharmaceutical regulator in [[Haryana]] state, who holds a senior position in the state health department, accepted a bribe and switched samples of contaminated cough syrup before the state government laboratory tested them. Maiden Pharmaceuticals produced the cough syrup in question, and it has been implicated in child deaths in Gambia. The bribery allegation indicates that Maiden Pharmaceuticals had foreknowledge that their cough syrup was tainted. Tests conducted by two independent laboratories on behalf of the WHO confirmed the presence of lethal toxins—[[ethylene glycol]] and [[diethylene glycol]] in the syrup. Indian authorities, however, did not find any toxins but did identify labeling issues with Maiden Pharmaceuticals' cough syrup. Naresh Kumar Goyal, the founder of Maiden Pharmaceuticals, previously denied any wrongdoing in the syrup production.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/india-probes-bribery-claim-in-toxic-syrup-tests/articleshow/100972054.cms | title=India probes bribery claim in toxic syrup tests | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=13 June 2023 }}</ref>

Gambian families have decided to sue Indian manufacturers after the cough syrup deaths, which is a result of toxic contamination.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mcallister |first=Edward |date=2023-06-30 |title=Exclusive: Gambia families sue Indian drugmaker after cough syrup deaths |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/gambia-families-sue-indian-drugmaker-after-cough-syrup-deaths-2023-06-30/ |access-date=2023-07-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Health disasters in the Gambia]]
[[Category:2022 health disasters]]
[[Category:2022 in the Gambia]]
[[Category:Adulteration]]
[[Category:Mass poisonings]]
[[Category:Medical scandals]]
[[Category:October 2022 in the Gambia]]
[[Category:The Gambia–India relations]]

Om Bhutkar

2026-05-03T23:21:22Z

Stephania3380:

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Om Bhutkar
| image =
| image_upright = 1.4
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|03|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce, Pune
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|writer|poet|playwright|lyricist}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Music and Lyrics / Celebrate the lyrical beauty in Urdu compositions this week at a special show that marks Sukhan's 50th performance|url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/unwind/music-and-lyrics/cid5097734.htm|newspaper=Pune Mirror|first=Vidya|last=Unnithan|date=13 March 2018|access-date=2025-06-29}}</ref>
| years_active = 2004–present
| known_for = ''[[Mulshi Pattern]]'' (2018) ''[[Sukhan]]'' (2015-present)
[[Ata Thambaycha Naay!]] (2025)
}}
{{Infobox awards list
| NationalFilmW = 1
| awards = National Film Awards
| award1 = Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actor
| award1W = 1
| award1N = 1
}}
'''Om Bhutkar''' (born 1 March 1991)<ref>{{Cite web |last=justmarathi |date=2018-11-27 |title=Om Bhutkar : Biography, wiki, age, height, mulshi pattern actor, info |url=https://www.justmarathi.com/om-bhutkar/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=JustMarathi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian actor who works in [[Marathi cinema]] and occasionally in [[Hindi cinema]]. Bhutkar's breakthrough came with his role in ''[[Mulshi Pattern]]'', but his debut was in the 2004 Hindi film ''Chhota Sipahi'', for which he earned a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] in the "[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]" category.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-25 |title= |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |access-date=2023-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725232641/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-25 }}</ref> He is also known for his theatre show called '[[Sukhan]]',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Dyuti |date=2016-12-30 |title=Discovering the Urdu connection |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/music/301216/discovering-the-urdu-connection.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref> which is a mehfil of Urdu literature & Hindustani music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Sukhan |url=https://sukhanmehfil.com/about/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=Sukhan |language=en-US}}</ref> He is also a poet who writes in Urdu by the pen name 'Maghloob',<ref>{{Cite web |title=ओम भुतकर मग़्लूब का समस्त लेखन {{!}} रेख़्ता |url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/om-bhutkar-maghloob/all?lang=hi |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Rekhta |language=hi}}</ref> as well as in Marathi.

== Career ==
He made his film debut with the film ''Chhota Sipahi'', for which he won the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, He gained recognition from the crime film ''[[Mulshi Pattern]]'', also made appearance in ''[[Nude (2018 film)|Nude]]''. Bhutkar has played various roles in the critically acclaimed films like ''[[Deool]]'' (2011), ''[[Faster Fene]]'' (2017), ''[[Ajoba]]'' (2014), ''[[Lathe Joshi]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=मुळशी पॅटर्नच्या खतरनाक भूमिकेनंतर ओम भुतकर साकारणार 'ही' भूमिका |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/om-bhutkar-will-play-role-of-sane-guruji-in-new-film-shyamchi-aai-mhnk-746588.html |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

In 2023, he featured in Anup Jagdale's ''[[Ravrambha]]'', a [[Historical romance|period romance]] film. Also played role of [[Sane Guruji]] in ''[[Shyamchi Aai (2023 film)|Shyamchi Aai]]'' in same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raavrambha: 'मुळशी पॅटर्न' नंतर ओम भुतकरचा नवीन सिनेमा, साकारणार हि ऐतिहासिक भूमिका |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/om-bhutkar-new-historic-movie-raavrambha-after-mulshi-pattern-drj96 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=15 March 2023 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Marathi Film Ravrambha Gets A New Release Date; Here's What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/om-bhutkar-and-monalisa-bagal-starrer-marathi-film-ravrambha-to-release-on-may-1-7310479.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Shyamachi Aai won Best Marathi Film in 71st [[National Film Awards]] 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802035625/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |archive-date=2 August 2025 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
''All movies are in Marathi, unless mentioned.''
{{Pending films key}}

==== As actor ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2004
|''Chhota Sipahi''
|Joze
|[[Hindi film]]; Debut<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chhota Sipahi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/chhota-sipahi/movieshow/66213819.cms |access-date=2023-11-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[Ek Cup Chya]]''
|
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Deool]]''
|Yuvri
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Masala (2012 film)|Masala]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chintoo (film)|Chintoo]]''
|Akki
|
|-
| Rowspan="2" |2013
|''Astu So Be It''
|Ram
|
|-
|''[[Pitruroon]]''
|
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Ajoba]]''
|Shiva Kamble
|
|-
|2015
|[[Highway (2015 film)|''Highway'']]
|
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Lathe Joshi]]''
|Son
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''Zindagi Virat''
|Santya
|
|-
|''[[Faster Fene]]''
|Dhanesh
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''Barayan''
|D Bhai
|
|-
|''[[Nude (2018 film)|Nude]]''
|Jairam
|
|-
|''Lost And Hound''
|Sameer Malik
|Short film
|-
|''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]''
|Mama
|
|-
|''[[Mulshi Pattern]]''
|Rahul Saka Patil
|Remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Antim: The Final Truth]]''
|-
|2019
|''Kahani Mitra Ki''
|Dalvi
|Hindi film
|-
|2020
|''Bappache Gharich Visarjan Surakshit Visarjan''
|
|Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Ravrambha]]''
|Ravji
|
|-
|[[Shyamchi Aai (2023 film)|''Shyamchi Aai'']]
|[[Pandurang Sadashiv Sane|Sane Guruji]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-15 |title=Om Bhutkar to play 'Sane Guruji' in Sujay Dahake's 'Shyamchi Aai'; See poster |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/om-bhutkar-to-play-sane-guruji-in-sujay-dahakes-shyamchi-aai-see-poster/articleshow/93570395.cms |access-date=2023-11-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Ata Thambaycha Naay!]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-02-24 |title=सगळ्यांनाच प्रवास घडणार! 'आता थांबायचं नाय!' चित्रपटात झळकणार नामवंत कलाकारांची फौज |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/ensemble-cast-of-marathi-movie-aata-thambaycha-naye-revealed-psn14 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>
|Mali Sir
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2026
|{{Pending film|Tumbadchi Manjula}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=एकूण १३ कलाकार, दाराआड उभी असलेली सई ताम्हणकर...; 'तुंबाडची मंजुळा'चा हटके टीझर प्रदर्शित! 'या' दिवशी होणार प्रदर्शित |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/tumbadchi-manjula-multi-starrer-movie-release-date-sai-tamhankar-jitendra-joshi-know-the-whole-starcast-teaser-out-sva-00-5820120/ |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Khashaba}}
|
|
|-
|{{Pending film|Macho}}
|
|
|}

====As writer====
*The Golden Harvest (2022)
*Benwad (2022)
*Re-Discovery (2024)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpEZ6ruDI1U&t=874s |title=Re-Discovery {{!}} Episode 1 : Aashiq {{!}} A Short Documentary Series by Sukhan |date=2024-11-17 |last=Sukhan |access-date=2024-11-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

===Plays===
*Mi...Ghalib (Marathi-Urdu)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MI....GHALIB Hindi Play/Drama - www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/hindi/03-hindi-play-preview-mi-ghalib.asp# |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=www.mumbaitheatreguide.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mi.. Ghalib |url=http://www.natakcompany.org/mi-ghalib.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Natak Company |language=en}}</ref>
*Vitha (Marathi - based on the journey of [[Vithabai Bhau Mang Narayangaonkar|Vithabai Narayangaonkar]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-04 |title=Legendary artiste's passion, commitment for tamasha comes alive |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/legendary-artistes-passion-commitment-for-tamasha-comes-alive-4688053/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*Manaswini Murder Case (Marathi)<ref>{{Cite web |title=सत्य असत्याची मर्डर केस! |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/drama-manaswini-murder-case-pune/articleshow/46704575.cms |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Theatre Shows ===

* [[Sukhan]] (A mehfil of [[Urdu literature|Urdu literature & Hindustani Music]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-30 |title=Discovering the Urdu connection |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/music/301216/discovering-the-urdu-connection.html |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominated work
!Result
!Ref(s)
|-
|2004
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|''Chhota Sipahi''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Om Bhutkar Awards |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Om-Bhutkar/awards |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar|Zee Chitra Gaurav]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actor|Best Actor]] in
|''[[Mulshi Pattern]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Om Bhutkar Awards |work=Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/video/mumbai-om-bhutkar-and-kalyani-mule-on-zee-chitra-gaurav-2019/466667 |access-date=2023-06-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=5052181}}

[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]

Saketri Shiv Mandir

2026-05-03T14:52:38Z

Stephania3380: Created new data

{{Short description|Historic Hindu temple in Panchkula, India}}

'''Saketri Shiv Mandir''' is a historic [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Panchkula]], [[Haryana]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Devotees throng Saketri temple on Shivratri |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/devotees-throng-saketri-temple-on-shivratri-376996 |work=The Tribune |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref> Dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]], the temple is known for attracting large numbers of pilgrims, particularly during [[Maha Shivaratri|Shivratri]]. According to a report by ''The Indian Express'', thousands of devotees visit the temple from across [[North India|northern India]] during the annual Shivratri festival.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands throng Shiv temple at Saketri on Maha Shivaratri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/thousands-throng-shiv-temple-at-saketri-covid-norms-flouted-7796714/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>

Situated near the famous [[Mata Mansa Devi Mandir]], the Saketri temple is considered one of the prominent [[pilgrimage]] sites in the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=A temple, a mosque and the harmony in between |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/a-temple-a-mosque-and-the-harmony-in-between/articleshow/122866950.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref> Believed to be centuries old, the temple complex draws devotees not only from Haryana but also from neighboring [[Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and the union territory of [[Chandigarh]].{{cn|date=October 2025}}

During festivals such as Shivratri, large crowds gather to offer milk and fruit to the deity and participate in ritual worship. In 2023, the [[Government of Haryana]] announced the construction of a new approach road to improve access to the temple during the festival period.<ref>{{cite news |title=Panchkula's Saketri temple to get new approach road |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/panchkula-s-saketri-temple-to-get-new-approach-road/story-c4ncPtw9ptvUu5r24nRx7L.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>

The [[temple]] is known for its [[traditional architecture]] and also hosts various religious events and fairs during auspicious occasions, including Shivratri, the [[Shraavana|Shravan month]], and [[List of Hindu festivals|local Hindu festivals]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Know the history of Saketri Mandir |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/know-history-of-saketri-mandir-of-panchkula-2023-07-24 |website=Amar Ujala |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]

{{Hindu-temple-stub}}

Dara Phiroze Chinoy

2026-04-29T14:12:33Z

Stephania3380: Creating a data - done

{{Short description|Retired Indian Air Force Group Captain}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Dara Phiroze Chinoy
| image = Dara Phiroze Chinoy.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth year and age |1944}}
| birth_place = Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| service_years = 1963–1990
| rank = Group Captain
| unit = No. 32 Squadron IAF No. 30 Squadron IAF Flying Instructors School
| commands = Commanding Officer, No. 30 Squadron
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
| awards = [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| other_work = Civilian pilot Author
}}

'''Dara Phiroze Chinoy''' (born 1944) is a retired Indian Air Force [[Group Captain]] and war veteran, known for his escape from enemy territory during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. As the only Indian officer in recorded military history to successfully evade capture after ejecting over Pakistan, Chinoy was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] for his bravery and continued service. He later chronicled his experiences in the memoir ''[[Escape from Pakistan: A War Hero's Chronicle]]'' (2023).

== Early life ==
Chinoy was born in 1944 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, to a Parsi family. While studying at [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], he joined the Air Wing of the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]], igniting his passion for aviation. Despite initial family resistance, he enrolled in the 83rd Pilots Course in 1961 and was commissioned as a [[Flying Officer]] on 9 March 1963, earning his wings two years later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dara Phiroze Chinoy |url=https://www.frontlist.in/dara-phiroze-chinoy |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=www.frontlist.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dangwal |first=Ashish |date=2023-11-04 |title=Indian Fighter Pilot 'Checkmates' Pakistan To Escape From Hell: Recalling The Daring 1965 Incident |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/checkmates-pakistans-security-to-escape/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=EURASIAN TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=भारतीय फ़ाइटर पायलट के पाकिस्तान से बचकर पैदल भारत आने की दास्तान - विवेचना |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/cevzv4rvqxeo |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Military career ==
Chinoy served 27 years in the [[Indian Air Force]], rising to the rank of Group Captain by 1985. His postings included roles as a flying instructor at the Flying Instructors School in [[Tambaram]] (1973–1976 and 1979–1980), where he later served as Chief Flying Instructor. From 1977 to 1979, he trained pilots for the Iraqi Air Force in Tikrit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Service Record for Group Captain Dara Phiroze Chinoy 7199 GD(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/7199 |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

He commanded No. 30 Squadron at Tezpur from 1983 to 1984 and held the position of Joint Director (Offensive Operations) at Air Headquarters in Delhi. Chinoy retired voluntarily on 31 January 1990.

During his career, he survived multiple ejections: one from an Ouragan fighter in 1964 due to engine failure while with No. 29 Squadron, another from a [[Dassault Mystère|Mystère IVa]] in 1965 during the war, and a third from a [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] in 1987 after a bird strike.

== Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 ==
On 10 September 1965, at age 20, Chinoy flew a low-level strike mission in a Mystère IVa from Adampur air base, targeting Pakistani artillery near the Ichogil Canal in Lahore sector. His aircraft was hit by anti-aircraft fire, forcing him to eject over enemy territory in [[Pakistani Punjab]]. Landing in a sugarcane field amid gunfire, Chinoy evaded capture for over five hours by zigzagging through fields, destroying sensitive documents, and crossing the canal under darkness, despite dehydration and exhaustion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=arZan |date=2015-08-31 |title=Dara Phiroze Chinoy and the Great Escape of the 1965 War |url=https://parsikhabar.net/individuals/dara-phiroze-chinoy-and-the-great-escape-of-the-1965-war/11149/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Parsi Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2015 |title=Our Search-And-Destroy Missions in '65 war: Group Captain Chinoy (Retd) |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/our-search-and-destroy-missions-in-65-war-group-captain-chinoy-retd-380862 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

Initially detained by Indian troops who mistook him for an enemy, he was verified and returned to base, resuming combat sorties. He completed 10 operational missions during the war.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=In '65 War, His Plane Crashed in Pak. Then, a Great Escape. |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-65-war-his-plane-crashed-in-pak-then-a-great-escape-1212690 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607233345/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-65-war-his-plane-crashed-in-pak-then-a-great-escape-1212690 |archive-date=2025-06-07 |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

Chinoy’s escape is described as legendary, outwitting Pakistani forces in a rare successful evasion by an Indian pilot.<ref name=":1" />

== Later career ==
Post-retirement, Chinoy continued flying as a civilian pilot for over two decades, logging extensive hours with corporate clients including the Tatas and Ambanis. His career spanned nearly 49 years in aviation.

== Personal life ==
Chinoy is married to Margaret "Margie" Chinoy. In his memoir, he candidly discusses personal challenges, including his wife’s battle with [[schizophrenia]] and his elder son’s struggle with drug addiction.

== Awards ==
{{col-begin}} {{col-2}}

• [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] (1 January 1966) {{col-end}}

== Bibliography ==
''• Escape from Pakistan: A War Hero’s Chronicle'' (Om Books International, 2023) {{ISBN|978-93-92834-74-5}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dara Phiroze, Chinoy}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:People from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]

Edward Waller Stoney

2026-04-26T22:51:50Z

Stephania3380: Creating new stub

{{Short description|Irish engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Irish English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Edward Waller Stoney
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 10 February 1844
| birth_place = Arran Hill, [[County Tipperary]], Ireland
| death_date = 4 October 1931
| death_place = Bournemouth, England
| other_names =
| known_for = work on the Madras Railway
| occupation = civil engineer
}}

'''Edward Waller Stoney''' (10 February 1844 – 4 October 1931) was an [[Irish people|Irish]] engineer, noted for his work in [[India]] on the [[Madras Railway]].<ref name="DIA">{{cite web |title=STONEY, EDWARD WALLER |url=https://www.dia.ie/architects/view/5192/stoney-edwardwaller |website=Dictionary of Irish Architects |publisher=Irish Architectural Archive |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Edward Waller Stoney was born on 10 February 1844 at Arran Hill (sometimes Arranhill), [[County Tipperary]], the son of Thomas George Stoney, a [[Justice of the peace]]<ref name="obit">{{cite journal |title=Obituary, Edward Waller Stoney |journal=The Engineer |date=23 October 1931 |url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Edward_Waller_Stoney |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref> and his wife, Anna Henrietta Waller.<ref name="Turing">{{cite book |last1=Turing |first1=Sara |title=Alan M. Turing |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-02058-0 |pages=6-8 |edition=Centenary}}</ref><ref name="Tipp">{{cite web |title=Gravestone Inscriptions - County Tipperary |url=https://tipperarystudies.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/A.%20Vol%206%20Parish%20of%20Finnoe%20reduced.pdf |website=Tipperary Studies |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref> He had 7 siblings including the engineer, [[Francis Goold Morony Stoney]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=‘Stoney Stone’ serves new purpose |url=https://www.nenaghguardian.ie/2024/11/21/stoney-stone-serves-new-purpose/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Nenagh Guardian |language=en-US}}</ref> He was educated at home before attending [[University of Galway|Queen’s College, Galway]] from 1860 to 1863, under an engineering scholarship. Stoney won the first Peel Exhibition competition between students in Belfast, Cork and Galway Queen's Colleges. He received the gold medal for his final examinations, and was later awarded a Masters of Engineering. He was then a pupil of Samuel Ussher Roberts for two years.<ref name="obit" /><ref name="DIA" />

==Career==
Stoney moved to India in July 1866, having been appointed fourth-class engineer on the Madras Railway. In his early career he oversaw the completion of [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabadra]] and [[Ponnaiyar River|Pennair]] Bridges, describing this work in his first contribution to the ''[[Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Smart Infrastructure and Construction|Proceedings of The Institution of Civil Engineers]]'' in 1875. He was awarded a [[Telford Medal|Telford Premium]] for his paper on his New [[Chitravathi River|Chittravati]] Bridge to the [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] in 1891.<ref name="obit" />

He was promoted to first-class engineer in 1870, often acting up as deputy or as chief engineer. Stoney was appointed substantive chief engineer in October 1898, and Agent and Manager of the Railway in 1902. He retired on 5 March 1904, and was awarded the Companionship of the Order of the Indian Empire by King [[Edward VII]] at Buckingham Palace on 5 July 1904.<ref name="obit" />

Stoney was a fellow of the [[University of Madras|Madras University]] from 1891, and a member of the [[Institution of Engineers of Ireland|Institution of Civil Engineers of Ireland]] in 1868. In May 1875, he was elected a full member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.<ref name="obit" /> He also invented the "Stoney’s Patent Silent Punkah-wheel".<ref name="Turing" />

==Death and family==
Stoney married Sarah Crawford of Cartron Abbey, [[Longford]] in 1878. They had two sons and a daughter, Ethel Sara (1881–1976), who was the mother of [[Alan Turing]].<ref name="Turing" /> Stoney married a second time, in 1925, to Rose Bruce, widow of Colonel N. Thurston Swanston.<ref name="DIA" />

Stoney died on 4 October 1931 at his home, Summerset, Branksome Park, [[Bournemouth]].<ref name="obit" />{{Portal|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{cite wikisource|chapter=Stoney, Edward Waller|wslink=The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)|plaintitle=The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)|last=|first=|year=|publisher=|page=|wspage=|scan=}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stoney, Edward Waller}}
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from County Tipperary]]

Zubaida Yazdani

2026-04-22T05:15:28Z

Stephania3380: Created pg.

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Cleanup|reason=Needs restructuring|date=November 2017}}
{{Tone|date=November 2017}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zubaida Yazdani
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|زبیدھ یسدانی}}
| image =
| caption =
| other names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|04|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|06|11|1916|04|27|df=y}}
| death_place = London, England
| education = Oxford University School of Oriental and African Studies
| occupation = Historian, writer
| spouse = Mir Yaseen Ali Khan
| children =
| family = [[Ghulam Yazdani]] (father)
}}

'''Zubaida Yazdani''' (27 April 1916 – 11 June 1996) was an Indian historian specialising in the history of the [[Deccan Plateau]] and the [[Hyderabad State|Nizam State of Hyderabad]], in India.

== Biography ==
Yazdani was born in [[Hyderabad]], India on 27 April 1916. Yazdani was one of the first Asian women to enter Oxford University.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=St Hilda's College |title=Report and Chronicle |date=1987–1988 |location=Memoir deposited in the library with the ASM archive}}</ref> She authored two books and numerous scholarly articles about the [[history of India]]. Her book ''Hyderabad During the Residency of Henry Russell, 1811–1820'' <ref name="Auto2">{{cite book|last1=Yazdani|first1=Zubaida|title=Hyderabad During the Residency of Henry Russell, 1811–1820: A Case Study of the Subsidiary Alliance System|date=1976|publisher=Printed at University Press, Oxford}}</ref> was a scholarly exposition of the Indian [[Subsidiary alliance|Subsidiary Alliance]] system. A second book, ''The Seventh Nizam: The Fallen Empire,'' was a memoir of the last Nizam of Hyderabad and also a study of the constitutional and political complexities which surrounded the relations of the Indian states with the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Auto3">{{cite book |last1=Yazdani |first1=Zubaida (with Mary Chrystal) |title=The Seventh Nizam: The Fallen Empire |date=1985 |publisher=Printed at Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Her scholarship explores the topics based on the painstaking use of original records, documents that had been overlooked by previous investigators.<ref name="Auto2" /> Deeply archival, Yazdani's scholarship challenged of conventional histories.

Yazdani also supervised the translation of [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]]'s novel ''Taubat-Al-Nusuh'' (English: ''Repentance Of Nussooh: The Tale Of A Muslim Family A Hundred Years Ago'') from Urdu into English: A literary work of the late 19th century on the life of Muslims in India.

Yazdani taught for more than three decades in college in Hyderabad, India, where she was one of the main founders of a college for women.<ref name="auto" /> She also started the Hyderabad School for Languages and Science in London, teaching primary, junior and secondary pupils in Urdu as well as the curriculum subjects of English, mathematics, computer studies, French, and Arabic to students from primary to O and A Levels.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto5">{{cite news|last1=Leach|first1=Joy|title=Interview with Mrs Ali Khan (married name)|publisher=Rectory Neighborhood Warden|year=1985}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Yazdani was the oldest daughter of historian and archaeologist [[Ghulam Yazdani]]. Yazdani was married to Mir Yaseen Ali Khan, who was an Urdu poet.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weekly Ravi Bradford|title=Nawab Mir Yaseen Ali Khan|publisher=Ravi|date=11 May 1996}}</ref> Yazdani was one of the first Asian women to enter [[Oxford University]].<ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto5" /> Yazdani graduated in 1940. After the outbreak of [[World War II]], she was determined to stay on and do postgraduate studies at Oxford.<ref name="auto"/>

On return to Hyderabad she was appointed lecturer (1942) and then reader (1947) in history at the Women's College, [[Osmania University]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |last1=Siasat Publications Hyderabad |year=1963 |title=Professor Zubaida Yazdani |publisher=Siasat}}</ref> She taught for many years while also conducting and publishing research.

She returned to Britain in 1963 and attended postgraduate classes at London University School of Oriental and African Studies. She later transferred to Oxford University, where she completed her postgraduate studies at [[St Hilda's College, Oxford|St. Hilda's College]].

From 1967 to 1969 she was senior reader at the women's college, [[Osmania University]], and was also its acting principal. Then she became reader in history at the Arts college, Osmania University, and finally head of its history department.<ref name=auto/>

With Mary Crystal she wrote her second book, ''The seventh [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]: The fallen empire''.

Yazdani died in London on 11 June 1996.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ravi Weekly Bradford|title=Urdu and English Writer Zubaida Yazdani Passed Away|date=22 June 1996}}</ref>

== Scholarly and literary work ==
Yazdani published her first book "Hyderabad during the residency of Henry Russell 1811 – 1820".<ref name=Auto2/> The book was based on her B.Litt. thesis based on original sources which were available at the [[Bodleian Library]] which housed the Russell and Palmer papers. She was the first to make a detailed study of these papers.

Yazdani published her second book "The seventh Nizam: The fallen empire"<ref name=Auto3/> in 1985. The book is a study of [[Hyderabad]] under the seventh Nizam and the British government's policies towards the Indian states. The book was based on original papers obtained from the [[India Office|India office]] library in London as well as original papers of the Nizam that were made available to her by the Nizam's family. Many of these papers have never been studied before this book was published.<ref name=Auto3/>

Yazdani supervised the translation from Urdu into English of a novel ''Taubat al Nusuh'', considered by many to be the first novel written in Urdu, by [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]], the first Urdu novelist.

She wrote numerous papers and articles presented at scholarly conferences.

== Social and educational work ==
Yazdani was involved in social and educational work including the establishment of a women's college.<ref name=auto/>

A branch of the Federation of University Women was established at Hyderabad, under the name of the University Women's Cultural Association, where she was appointed its secretary. Zubaida Yazdani presented her proposal for the establishment of a new women's college to the association and the proposal was accepted by Sri Devi, the principal of the Women's College.

There was also no building for the proposed college. She approached Sultan Bazar Library because their buildings were empty all day and the administration of the library agreed to let the college use their buildings temporarily. Then the college was started with an initial enrolment of about 35 students. An incident that occurred during this time speaks to the unshakable determination and dedication of Zubaida Yazdani.<ref name="auto1" /> The Sultan Bazaar library eventually wanted their rooms back and decided to make the college leave by locking the doors to the building. They would not listen to any requests from the college. Zubaida Yazdani faced this crisis in her usual determined way. She told the students to go home and that it was a college holiday for them and to come back to the same place the next day and they would be informed of the college's new location. She also told the teachers to come back the next day at their usual time and they would then go to the new premises. The teachers were astonished because there weren't any new buildings to move to. She then went home and took her teenaged son with her and took him with her and went to meet the President and Secretary of the Sir Nizamat Jung Trust library. She requested that the halls and rooms of the library be rented out to the college. The President and Secretary of the library announced the forming of a committee and then we will let you know their decision. Yazdani told them that by the time the committee is formed the college will be finished. The President and Secretary then asked her more questions about the college. They were so impressed by her determination and dedication and also that she was not about to take no for an answer that they gave her the keys to the halls and rooms the same day. The next day when the students and teachers came back to the college, they were met by a smiling Zubaida Yazdani who gave them directions to the new college building. Eventually the college moved to a more permanent location. Under her leadership the college started arts classes in history, economics and sociology for underprivileged girls. Then science classes were started and a library and laboratory were set up, with very satisfactory results. Zubaida Yazdani wanted that the college should be affiliated with Osmania university. One lakh rupees (Rs. 100,000) were needed for the proposal. The Osmania university graduates association office bearer Rai Shankar Ji took the fully functional college under the sponsorship of the Association. And in 1961, despite opposition, the U.W.C.A. college was affiliated to Osmania University. It is now, under its Hindi name, Sarojini Naidu Vanitha Maha Vidyalaya, one of the largest women's colleges in Telangana state. It is located in the Nampally area of Hyderabad.

Yazdani's son Hussain Ali Khan, who as a child was often her companion on fund raising trips wrote the following about her,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hussain Ali Khan|title=Zubaida Yazdani|date=8 October 2017}}</ref> "About the founding of the college for women; she felt the need for such an Institution as there were not adequate places and opportunities for women whom she believed strongly in. When she made up her mind about something she felt strongly about, there was no stopping her and there was no word like NO in her dictionary of life. In the days of old it was not the IN thing for women to go to rich or powerful men's houses or see them personally on their own so I, being a very young teenage son used to accompany her on these missions of gathering funds for the cause from powerful bankers, heads of companies, directors, etc. As the occasion demanded her charisma and powers of persuasion at convincing the great and the good were like magic, and they were like putty in her hands and it was extraordinary to watch".

Yazdani also established the Hyderabad School for Languages and Sciences in Hackney in London. The school was started in February 1981 because she had been approached by parents of children from Hyderabad and Pakistan to teach Urdu.<ref name=auto5/> She and her husband, Mir Yaseen Ali Khan, initially taught the classes, but after a few months the Inner London Education Authority visited the school and awarded a grant. After that, the school was able to employ more teachers. The school taught primary, junior and secondary pupils in Urdu up the O and A level. The school also taught English, Arabic, and Science subjects. The school closed some years after Zubaida Yazdani's death.

Yazdani was also an office bearer in various Urdu and history associations and published research in academic journals<ref name=auto1/>

==Books==
* [[Hyderabad]] during the Residency of Henry Russell 1811 – 1820
* [[Seventh Nizam]], The Fallen Empire

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{Portal|Biography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yazdani, Zubaida}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Women writers from Telangana]]
[[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]
[[Category:Educators from Telangana]]
[[Category:Women educators from Telangana]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]

Sri Ranga Neethulu

2026-04-21T14:16:01Z

Stephania3380: Created a post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Ranga Neethulu
| image = Sri Ranga Neethulu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[D. V. Narasa Raju]] {{small|(story / dialogues)}}
| screenplay = A. Kodandarami Reddy
| producer = Venkat Akkineni [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]]
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Sridevi]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = S. Navakanth
| editing = B. Krishnam Raju
| based_on = ''[[Ooty Varai Uravu]]'' (Tamil)
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1983|9|22}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sri Ranga Neethulu''''' is a 1983 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]], produced by Venkat Akkineni, [[Nagarjuna Akkineni]] under the [[Annapurna Studios]] banner and directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Sridevi]], with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. It is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Ooty Varai Uravu]]'' (1967).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2021 |title=చిరంజీవిని మెగాస్టార్గా మార్చిన దర్శకధీరుడు |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/sitara/cinema/successful-director-kodanda-rami-reddy-cini-journey/na20210801111209202 |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] |language=Telugu}}</ref> The film was recorded as a ''Super Hit'' at the box office.

== Plot ==
The film begins with a tycoon rectitude, Narayana Murthy, who constantly preaches the principles of righteousness. He lives with his wife Janaki, son Rajesh, and daughter Shanti. Narayana Murthy ostracizes Shanti for a pregnancy with her husband, whom her parents had not known she married.

Once, a wealthy woman named Vijaya, is forced into an unwilling nuptial by her maternal uncle, Chalapati. She escapes and tries to board a train. On the way, her taxi hits a girl named Lakshmi, but she proceeds with Lakshmi's luggage and poses as her, leaving her behind. Trespassing Rajesh admits her to a hospital. Rajesh boards the same train as Lakshmi and sees an ad in the newspaper on Vijaya and tries to call the police from the train but Vijaya intercepts and requests him not to. When her luggage falls and opens, Rajesh finds pictures of his father with another woman. He realizes that Narayana Murthy had a second wife, Shobha, with a daughter, Lakshmi, and he kept this fact hidden from the world. After Shobha's death, Lakshmi proceeded to find her father.

Vijaya learns Lakshmi's story via material in her luggage and takes shelter at Narayana Murthy's residence, forging as Lakshmi. Upon discovering Rajesh is Narayana Murthy's son, she becomes nervous as she showed him proof of his father's second affair. Vijaya meets Narayana Murthy, who accepts the charges and introduces her to the family as his friend's daughter. Rajesh discovers Vijaya's identity through a letter she wrote and the fact that she is not really his sister. In order to teach his father a lesson, Rajesh asks Vijaya to continue her plan. From there, Rajesh starts mocking him with a love play with Vijaya, which became a reality.

Meanwhile, Lakshmi reaches out to her fiance, Ravi, and seeks help. Destiny makes John Ravi's mate, and he accommodates Lakshmi therein until the acceptance of his mother, Raja Rajeswari Devi. Parallelly, as a glimpse, Dr. Sundara Murthy, Narayana Murthy's family doctor, views Vijaya's missing ad, who notifies Chalapati and tries to discover her identity. Eventually, Rajesh meets Ravi, his buddy too, in John's house when he comes across Lakshmi and detects her. Staying unbeknownst, he aids them in getting approval for their alliance from Raja Rajeswari Devi. After a few comic incidents, they triumph, and Rajesh tactically plans his espousal with Vijaya on the same day. Ravi & Lakshmi step into Narayana Murthy's house to invite him to the wedding, when Lakshmi recognizes Narayana Murthy and realizes Rajesh is her brother. Then Rajesh states that he is conscious of totality and assures everyone that all will be well. During the wedding, Chalapati abducts Vijaya, but Rajesh secures her by ceasing him. When they return to the venue, Narayana Murthy, shocks & bars Rajesh & Vijaya's nuptial. Cornered, it forces him to confess the actuality. At last, Rajesh clears the confusion. Finally, the movie ends happily with both marriages.

== Cast ==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Rajesh
*[[Sridevi]] as Vijaya / Lakshmi
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Narayana Murthy
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Ravi
*[[Vijayashanti]] as Lakshmi
*[[Nagesh]] as Dr. Sundara Murthy
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Chalapathi
*Ramji as John
*[[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chitti Babu]] as Astrologer Daivadinam
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Janaki
*[[S. Varalakshmi]] as Raja Rajeswari Devi
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Bhanu
*Athili Lakshmi as Shobha
*Ragini as Shanthi

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Gootikocchina Chilakaa"
|[[Acharya Aatreya]]
|Madhavapeddi Ramesh
|3:56
|-
|"Thongi Thongi Choodamaaku"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|4:11
|-
|"Kallu OK Pallu OK"
|Acharya Aatreya
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:06
|-
|"Panchami Poota Manchidhani"
|Raja Sri
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:28
|-
|"Andhaalamma"
|Raja Sri
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:19
|-
|"Naaku Chocolate Kavali"
|Raja Sri
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:15
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0187502}}

{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}
{{Nagarjuna (actor)}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:1983 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1983 comedy films]]
[[Category:Annapurna Studios films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

PHDCCI-Rajasthan

2026-04-18T16:03:56Z

Stephania3380: done...

{{Short description|Non-profit organization of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = PHD Chamber of Commerce & Industry
| caption = UCCI Logo
| founder = PHDCCI Delhi Chapter
| type = [[Chamber of commerce and industry]]
| founded = 1905

|
| location = PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry
PHD House, 4/2 Siri Institutional Area, August Kranti Marg, New Delhi 110016
| key_people = '''Dr. Ranjeet Mehta''' (CEO and Secretary General)
| website = https://www.phdcci.in/
| region_served = New Delhi
| services = Business Promotion, Networking, Policy Reforms, Expanding Business Opportunities, Advice to Govt. and businesses.
| num_members =
| former_name = PHDCCI (Punjab Haryana & Delhi) Chamber
}}
The '''PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry''' (PHDCCI<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cgihk.gov.in/pages.php?id=49|title=Counclate General of India Website|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425214240/http://www.cgihk.gov.in/pages.php?id=49|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is a trade and industry body of in [[India]]. It is a non-government, not-for-profit industry-led and industry-managed organisation, which claims to play a role in industrial development processes. ''PHDCCI ''has a membership of over 120 industries and entrepreneurs from the private and public sectors. It is authorised by the [[Government of India]] to issue certificates of origin for exports and to issue recommendations for visas. It is headquartered in the city of [[New Delhi]].

== Membership ==
PHDCCI has a direct membership of 1,30,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icmei.in/organizations-members/phd-chamber-of-commerce-industry-more-than-100-year-old/|title=Indian Media & Entertainment Industry Website|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531031328/http://www.icmei.in/organizations-members/phd-chamber-of-commerce-industry-more-than-100-year-old/|url-status=dead}}</ref> including industries/entrepreneurs from the private as well as public sectors.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Trade associations based in India|Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Economy of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Chambers of commerce in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1905]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in India]]

Naveen Yadav

2026-04-16T05:22:19Z

Stephania3380: put up the article from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vallala Naveen Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| assembly = Telangana Legislative
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Maganti Gopinath]]
| constituency_AM = [[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Yousufguda]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2025)
| other_party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| parents = Chinna Srisailam Yadav, Kasthuri
| spouse = Varsha Yadav
| children = Ansh Yadav
}}
'''Vallala Naveen Yadav''' (17 November 1983) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He won the [[2025 elections in India|2025 By Poll]] held for [[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]] as [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. He won the election with a majority of 24,729 votes.<ref name="2025 Jubilee Hills Assembly By Poll Result">{{cite news |title=2025 Jubilee Hills Assembly By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-S2961.htm |access-date=14 November 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114091956/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeNov2025/candidateswise-S2961.htm |archive-date=14 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="Jubilee Hills byelection result: Congress’s Naveen Yadav wins by margin of 24,729 votes">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Jubilee Hills byelection result: Congress's Naveen Yadav wins by margin of 24,729 votes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/jubilee-hills-byelection-vote-counting/article70278284.ece |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 November 2025 |archive-date= |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Political career==
Naveen Yadav started his political journey with [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]], he first contested in [[2009 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election|2009 GHMC Elections]] from Yousufguda division and lost to [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] candidate Murali Goud. In 2014 he contested as [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] candidate from [[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency]] and lost to his nearest rival [[Telugu Desam Party]] candidate [[Maganti Gopinath]] by a margin of 9,242 votes by securing 41,656 votes (25.19%) and finishing second.

Naveen Yadav contested [[2016 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election|2016 GHMC Elections]] from Rahmathnagar division and lost to TRS candidate Mohammed Abdul Shafi. In 2018 he contested as [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate from [[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency]] and ends in third place with 18,817 votes. He Joined Congress party in the presence of then TPCC president A. Revanth Reddy on 15 November 2023.

Naveen Yadav contested [[2025 elections in India|2025 By Poll]] held for [[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]] which was necessitated following the death of sitting MLA [[Maganti Gopinath]].<ref name="Naveen Yadav is Cong candidate for Jubilee Hills">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Naveen Yadav is Cong candidate for Jubilee Hills|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/naveen-yadav-is-cong-candidate-for-jubilee-hills/article70141127.ece|accessdate=9 October 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=8 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009142324/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/naveen-yadav-is-cong-candidate-for-jubilee-hills/article70141127.ece|archivedate=9 October 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Real Estate Businessman Naveen Yadav Joins Intense Jubilee Hills Constituency Race {{!}} Real Estate Businessman Naveen Yadav Joins Intense Jubilee Hills Constituency Race">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/091123/real-estate-businessman-naveen-yadav-joins-intense-jubilee-hills-const.html|title=Real Estate Businessman Naveen Yadav Joins Intense Jubilee Hills Constituency Race|last1=|first1=|date=9 November 2023|work=|accessdate=15 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915093741/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/091123/real-estate-businessman-naveen-yadav-joins-intense-jubilee-hills-const.html|archivedate=15 September 2025|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> He won with a huge majority of 24,729 votes by defeating his nearest rival [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] candidate Maganti Sunitha.<ref name="Congress' Naveen Yadav wins Jubilee Hills bypoll against BRS Maganti Gopinath by 24,729 votes">{{cite news |title=Congress' Naveen Yadav wins Jubilee Hills bypoll against BRS Maganti Gopinath by 24,729 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jubilee-hills-result-announced-v-naveen-yadav-wins-by-24-729-votes-against-brs-maganti-sunitha-gopinath-101763113301450.html |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115042633/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jubilee-hills-result-announced-v-naveen-yadav-wins-by-24-729-votes-against-brs-maganti-sunitha-gopinath-101763113301450.html |archive-date=15 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Naveen Yadav finishes with 98,988 votes, Sunitha finished second with 74,259 votes and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]’s Lankala Deepak Reddy ends in third place with 17,061 votes.<ref name="Congress continues winning streak in Telangana; Jubilee Hills bypoll results icing on the cake for CM Revanth and team">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Congress continues winning streak in Telangana; Jubilee Hills bypoll results icing on the cake for CM Revanth and team |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/congress-continues-winning-streak-in-telangana-jubilee-hills-byelection-results-icing-on-the-cake-for-cm-revanth-and-team/article70278990.ece |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115041022/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/congress-continues-winning-streak-in-telangana-jubilee-hills-byelection-results-icing-on-the-cake-for-cm-revanth-and-team/article70278990.ece |archive-date=15 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Naveen}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Doon Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:39Z

Stephania3380: Creating info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Doon
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 52
| map_image = 52-Doon constituency.svg
| mla = [[Ram Kumar Chaudhary|Ram Kumar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Solan district|Solan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:71948}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Doon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern Indian state. Doon is also part of [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceohimachal.nic.in/Bkground/rpt_PCWISEELECTORS.pdf|title=Assembly Constituency wise Electors as on 15-09-2010|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Himachal Pradesh website|accessdate=25 April 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314170045/http://ceohimachal.nic.in/Bkground/rpt_PCWISEELECTORS.pdf|archivedate=14 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=6, 158–164}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/doon.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Doon Assembly constituency]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2| Lekh Ram
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3| Ram Partap Chandel
|rowspan=3|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=4| [[Chaudhary Lajja Ram]]
|rowspan=4|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Vinod Chandel
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Ram Kumar Chaudhary|Ram Kumar]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Paramjeet Singh]]<ref name=election2017/>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Ram Kumar Chaudhary|Ram Kumar]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Kumar Chaudhary]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,038 |percentage=51.89% |change={{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Paramjeet Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,227 |percentage=40.86% |change={{decrease}}11.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,895 |percentage=3.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant Singh |party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party |votes=1,425 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swarn Singh Saini |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=659 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagender Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=276 |percentage=0.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=224 |percentage=0.36% |change={{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,811 |percentage=11.03% |change= {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,744 |percentage=85.82% |change= {{decrease}}4.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,948 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Paramjeet Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,701 |percentage=52.80% |change={{increase}}34.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Kumar Chaudhary]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,382 |percentage=45.12% |change={{increase}}12.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Singh Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=436 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=345 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,319 |percentage=7.68% |change= {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,256 |percentage=89.90% |change= {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,577 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}19.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Kumar Chaudhary]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,520 |percentage=32.90% |change={{decrease}}4.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darshan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,690 |percentage=24.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Paramjeet Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=10,429 |percentage=22.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,584 |percentage=18.20% |change={{decrease}}25.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=354 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daljeet Singh |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=335 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=238 |percentage=0.50% |change={{decrease}}16.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,830 |percentage=8.12% |change= {{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,174 |percentage=89.01% |change= {{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,996 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}14.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,470 |percentage=44.11% |change={{increase}}26.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Lajja Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,974 |percentage=37.25% |change={{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darshan Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,726 |percentage=17.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Sagar-Fauji |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=744 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,496 |percentage=6.86% |change= {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,943 |percentage=81.93% |change= {{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,178 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lajja Ram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,297 |percentage=36.29% |change={{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumari |party=Loktantrik Morcha Himachal Pradesh |votes=14,877 |percentage=31.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhian Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,278 |percentage=17.37% |change={{increase}}7.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Nath Kaushal |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=5,659 |percentage=11.87% |change={{increase}}6.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramjan Mohammad |party=Communist Party of India |votes=786 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Ram Kaushal |party=Independent politician |votes=761 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,420 |percentage=5.08% |change= {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,658 |percentage=81.93% |change= {{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,230 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lajja Ram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,002 |percentage=38.32% |change={{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumari |party=Independent politician |votes=12,854 |percentage=30.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=6,028 |percentage=14.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shri Kant |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,201 |percentage=10.06% |change={{decrease}}2.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Nath Kaushal |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=2,217 |percentage=5.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brijendra Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=460 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,148 |percentage=7.54% |change= {{increase}}6.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,762 |percentage=78.22% |change= {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,383 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lajja Ram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,622 |percentage=38.27% |change={{increase}}16.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Partap Chandel |party=Independent politician |votes=14,059 |percentage=36.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Pal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,768 |percentage=12.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand Panwar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,281 |percentage=5.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Dhiman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,379 |percentage=3.61% |change={{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishveshwar Parsad |party=Communist Party of India |votes=938 |percentage=2.45% |change={{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=563 |percentage=1.47% |change= {{decrease}}23.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,209 |percentage=77.78% |change= {{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,492 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lajja Ram]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=13,974 |percentage=46.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,485 |percentage=21.42% |change={{decrease}}25.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pratap Chandel |party=Independent politician |votes=6,467 |percentage=21.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dass |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=963 |percentage=3.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaum Sudhar Kaundal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=757 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parkash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=604 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=428 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Kumar |party=Janata Party |votes=390 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,489 |percentage=24.74% |change= {{increase}}19.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,269 |percentage=74.08% |change= {{decrease}}6.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,324 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pratap Chandel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,878 |percentage=47.28% |change={{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=10,494 |percentage=41.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brijayendra Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,137 |percentage=4.53% |change={{decrease}}18.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,020 |percentage=4.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mast Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=592 |percentage=2.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,384 |percentage=5.51% |change= {{decrease}}24.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,121 |percentage=80.61% |change= {{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,503 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Partap Chandel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,236 |percentage=52.74% |change={{increase}}27.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narain Dass |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,239 |percentage=22.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,415 |percentage=19.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Rattan |party=Independent politician |votes=977 |percentage=4.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=140 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Chand |party=Lokdal |votes=123 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,997 |percentage=30.16% |change= {{increase}}18.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,200 |percentage=80.75% |change= {{increase}}5.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,128 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pratap |party=Independent politician |votes=7,827 |percentage=40.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Mohini |party=Janata Party |votes=5,583 |percentage=29.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kekh Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,778 |percentage=24.96% |change={{decrease}}30.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=891 |percentage=4.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,244 |percentage=11.72% |change= {{decrease}}21.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,144 |percentage=75.21% |change= {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,689 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,965 |percentage=55.22% |change={{increase}}25.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxaman Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,597 |percentage=22.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Dass |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,728 |percentage=10.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Partap Chandel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,515 |percentage=9.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarban Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=431 |percentage=2.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,368 |percentage=33.06% |change= {{increase}}25.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,236 |percentage=65.47% |change= {{decrease}}1.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,414 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}17.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Doon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=5,782 |percentage=38.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,570 |percentage=30.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Madhur |party=Independent politician |votes=4,528 |percentage=29.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=323 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,212 |percentage=7.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,203 |percentage=68.31% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,096 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Solan district]]
* [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|30.69|77.17|display=title}}

[[Category:Solan district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Mazgaon Ghodapdeo Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:24:34Z

Stephania3380: put up new pg added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mazgaon Ghodapdeo
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1951 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 52,797
| mla = Mascarenhas Mafaldo Ubaldo
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Mazgaon Ghodapdeo Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was merged with [[Mazgaon Assembly constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Mascarenhas Mafaldo Ubaldo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mazgaon Ghodapdeo <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mascarenhas Mafaldo Ubaldo |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,891 |percentage = 50.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dmello Placid Raymond |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 8,932 |percentage = 34.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale, Ghansham Hari |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,734 |percentage = 10.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharma, Shivmurti Balkaram |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 967 |percentage = 3.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,959 |percentage = 15.51% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,524 |percentage = 48.34% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,524}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,797 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Gopal Sharma (cricketer)

2026-04-08T20:07:44Z

Stephania3380: Creating biography - done

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Gopal Sharma
| image =
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|8|3}}
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm offbreak
| international = true
| country = India
| testcap = 170
| testdebutagainst = England
| testdebutdate = 31 January
| testdebutyear = 1985
| lasttestdate = 23 November
| lasttestyear = 1990
| lasttestagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 55
| odidebutdate = 25 August
| odidebutyear = 1985
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| lastodidate = 10 April
| lastodiyear = 1987
| lastodiagainst = Pakistan
| club1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1978/79–1993/94}}
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 5
| runs1 = 11
| bat avg1 = 3.66
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 10*
| deliveries1 = 1,307
| wickets1 = 10
| bowl avg1 = 41.79
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/88
| catches/stumpings1 = 2/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 11
| runs2 = 11
| bat avg2 = 5.50
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 7
| deliveries2 = 486
| wickets2 = 10
| bowl avg2 = 36.10
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/29
| catches/stumpings2 = 2/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 104
| runs3 = 2,309
| bat avg3 = 22.41
| 100s/50s3 = 2/11
| top score3 = 101[[Not Out|*]]
| deliveries3 =24,773
| wickets3 = 353
| bowl avg3 = 30.01
| fivefor3 = 23
| tenfor3 = 6
| best bowling3 = 9/59
| catches/stumpings3 = 48/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 =44
| runs4 = 157
| bat avg4 = 8.72
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 20
| deliveries4 = 2,247
| wickets4 = 45
| bowl avg4 = 34.33
| fivefor4 = 1
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 =5/42
| catches/stumpings4 = 14/–
| date = 4 February
| year = 2006
| source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/33952.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Gopal Sharma''' {{Audio|Gopal_Sharma.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 3 August 1960) is a former Indian [[cricket]]er who played in five [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and 11 [[One Day International]]s from 1985 to 1990. He was an [[off-spinner]] but was overshadowed by the spinners of the day for a place in the international squad – [[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]], [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]], [[Arshad Ayub]], [[Shivlal Yadav]], [[Ravi Shastri]] and [[Narendra Hirwani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/33952.html|title=Gopal Sharma|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2010}}</ref>

He was the first person from [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] to represent [[India national cricket team|India]] post-[[Indian independence movement|independence]]. He was a member of the [[Indian national cricket selectors|India Selection Committee]] representing the [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]] in 2004/05 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/143689.html|title =More and Roy retained as selectors |publisher=ESPNcricinfo| date = 30 September 2004| access-date=22 January 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Gopal}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:India national cricket team selectors]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1960s-stub}}

Particularly vulnerable tribal group

2026-04-02T04:15:12Z

Stephania3380: done

{{Short description|Administrative grouping of tribes in India}}
A '''particularly vulnerable tribal group''' or PVTG (previously known as a primitive tribal group), in the context of India, is a sub-classification of [[Scheduled Tribe]] or section of a Scheduled Tribe, that is considered more vulnerable than a regular [[Scheduled Tribe]]. The PVTG list was created by the Indian Government with the purpose of better improving the living standards of endangered tribal groups based on priority. PVTGs reside in 18 states and one union territory.<ref name="Patel1998">{{cite book|author=B. M. L. Patel|title=Agrarian Transformation In Tribal India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HI9h4qVFDCoC&pg=PA313|accessdate=2 April 2013|date=1 January 1998|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-086-3|pages=313–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revised scheme of "Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups" - PVTGs |url=https://tribal.gov.in/writereaddata/Schemes/4-5NGORevisedScheme.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525113400/https://tribal.gov.in/writereaddata/Schemes/4-5NGORevisedScheme.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=27 Jun 2022 |website=tribal.nic.in}}</ref>
[[File:Infograph of tribal classification (India).svg|thumb|Classification of tribes in India]]
[[File:Baiga adivasi in protest walk, India.jpg|thumb|A protest walk by [[Baiga tribe|Baigas]], the particularly vulnerable tribe of [[Chhattisgarh]].]]

==Origin of the concept==
The Dhebar Commission (1960-1961)<ref name="SharmaSharma2004">{{cite book|author1=Ram Nath Sharma|author2=Dr. Rajendra K. Sharma|title=Problems Of Education In India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4odAR3HVJNcC&pg=PA46|accessdate=2 April 2013|year=2004|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-612-9|pages=46–}}</ref> found that within the [[Scheduled Tribe]] classification an inequality existed in the rate of development of certain tribes over others. As a result, in the fourth [[Five-Year plans of India|Five-Year Plan]] the sub-category "Primitive tribal group" was created within the grouping of Scheduled Tribe to identify groups considered to be especially lacking in modern development. The features of such a group include a pre-agricultural system of existence, that is practice of hunting and gathering, zero or negative population growth, and extremely low levels of literacy in comparison with other tribal groups.<ref name="BagchiGupta2005" /><ref name="ChaudhuriChaudhuri2005">{{cite book|author1=Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri|author2=Sucheta Sen Chaudhuri|title=Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oG9_QkvmUKMC&pg=PA2|accessdate=2 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-026-0|page=2}}</ref>

Groups that satisfied any of the criteria were considered to be a Primitive Tribal Group. At the conclusion of the Fifth Five-Year Plan, 52 communities were identified as "primitive tribal group" based on recommendations made by Indian state governments.<ref name="BagchiGupta2005">{{cite book|author1=Jasodhara Bagchi|author2=Sarmistha Dutta Gupta|title=The Changing Status of Women in West Bengal, 1970-2000: The Challenge Ahead|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYYW8Un5zFAC&pg=PA130|accessdate=2 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3242-0|page=130}}</ref><ref name="ChaudhuriChaudhuri2005" /> At the conclusion of the Sixth Five-Year Plan 20 additional groups were added and 2 more were added in the Seventh Five-Year Plan and finally one more group was added in the eighth five-year plan, for a total 75 groups were identified as Primitive Tribal Group.<ref name="Mahapatra2011">{{cite book|author=Bhagyalaxmi Mahapatra|title=Development of a Primitive Tribe: A Study of Didayis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxccPsvvDkkC&pg=PA47|accessdate=2 April 2013|year=2011|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-782-1|pages=47–49}}</ref> The 75th group recognised as PTG were the Maram in [[Manipur]] in 1993–94. No new group was declared as PTG on the basis of the 2001 census.<ref name="Singha2011">{{cite book|author=Komol Singha|title=Economy of a Tribal Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJ9Z0GzDTeUC&pg=PA167|accessdate=2 April 2013|year=2011|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-745-6|page=21}}</ref>

In 2006 the government of India changed the name of "Primitive tribal group" to "Particularly vulnerable tribal group"<ref name="Laxmikanth">{{cite book|author=Laxmikanth|title=Governance In India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ri6XEuHlcJkC&pg=SA14-PA26|accessdate=2 April 2013|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited|isbn=978-0-07-107466-7|pages=14–}}</ref> PTG has since been renamed ''Particularly vulnerable tribal group'' by the government of India.<ref name="TH-20121031">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/misconstruing-order-chhattisgarh-tribals-denied-sterilisation-for-three-decades/article4048484.ece|title=Misconstruing order, Chhattisgarh tribals denied sterilisation for three decades|date=2012-10-31|accessdate=3 April 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Chenchus hunting .jpg|thumb|Chenchu people, the PVTG of [[Andhra Pradesh]], hunting.]]

==Other issues==
Until 2018 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups were not allowed contraceptive use by the Indian Government because of their often declining or stagnant population growth. Based on the assumption that allowing them to use contraception would hamper efforts to increase the size of their populations. However in 2018 the [[High Court]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] in a [[Public Interest Litigation]] found this to be a violation of their right to privacy and ruled that they had the right to contraceptives. The PVTG of Chhattisgarh got these rights amidst concerns of family planning amongst many of them particularly the Baigas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/law/pvtg-chhattisgarh-contraception-high-court|title=Tribal Women in Chhattisgarh Win Right to Access Contraception|first=Anoo|last=Bhuyan|website=The wire|accessdate=2020-09-01|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506012325/https://thewire.in/law/pvtg-chhattisgarh-contraception-high-court|url-status=live}}</ref>

== List ==
* Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welfare of particularly vulnerable Tribal groups |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1577166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209045705/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1577166 |archive-date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Name of PVTG
! Notified State
! Population (2011)
|-
| 1
| [[Chenchu people|Chenchu]]
| rowspan="12" | [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]
| 64227
|-
| 2
| Bodo Gadaba
| 38081
|-
| 3
| Gutob Gadaba
|
|-
| 4
| [[Dangaria Kandha|Dongria Khond]]
| 103290
|-
| 5
| Kultia Khond
|
|-
| 6
| Kolam
| 44912
|-
| 7
| [[Konda Reddis|Konda Reddi]]
| 107747
|-
| 8
| Kondasavara
| 139424
|-
| 9
| Bondo Porja
| -
|-
| 10
| Khond Porja
| -
|-
| 11
| Parengi Proja
| 36502
|-
| 12
| [[Thoti]]
| 4811
|-
| 13
| Asur
| rowspan="9" | [[Bihar]] [[Jharkhand]]
| 4129
|-
| 14
| [[Birhor people|Birhor]]
| 377
|-
| 15
| Birjia
| 208
|-
| 16
| Hill Kharia
| 11569
|-
| 17
| [[Korwa people|Korwa]]
| 452
|-
| 18
| [[Mal Paharia people|Mal Paharia]]
| 2225
|-
| 19
| Parhaiya
| 647
|-
| 20
| [[Sauria Paharia people|Sauria Paharia]]
| 1932
|-
| 21
| Savar
| 80
|-
| 22
| Kolgha
| rowspan="5" | [[Gujarat]]
| 67119
|-
| 23
| [[Kathodi (Bharwad clan)|Kathodi]]
| 13632
|-
| 24
| Kotwalia
| 24249
|-
| 25
| [[Padharia|Padhar]]
| 30932
|-
| 26
| [[Siddi]]
| 8661
|-
| 27
| [[Jenu Kuruba]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Karnataka]]
| 36076
|-
| 28
| [[Koraga people|Koraga]]
| 14794
|-
| 29
| Cholanaikayan
| rowspan="5" | [[Kerala]]
| 124
|-
| 30
| Kadar
| 2949
|-
| 31
| [[Kattunayakan]]
| 18199
|-
| 32
| Koraga
| 1582
|-
| 33
| [[Kurumba (tribe)|Kurumba]]
| 2586
|-
| 34
| Abujh Maria
| rowspan="10" | [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 5093124
|-
| 35
| [[Baiga]]
| 414526
|-
| 36
| [[Bharia people|Bharia]]
| 193230
|-
| 37
| Birhor
| 52
|-
| 38
| Hill Korwa
| -
|-
| 39
| Kamar
| 666
|-
| 40
| [[Saharia|Sahariya]]
| 165
|-
| 41
| [[Katkari people|Katkari]]/ [[Kathodi (Bharwad clan)|Kathodi]]
| 285334
|-
| 42
| Kolam
| 194671
|-
| 43
| Maria Gond
| 1618090
|-
| 44
| [[Maram people|Maram Naga]]
| [[Manipur]]
| 27524
|-
| 45
| Chuktia Bhunjia
| rowspan="13" | [[Odisha]]
| 2378
|-
| 46
| Birhor
| 596
|-
| 47
| [[Bonda people|Bondo]]
| 12231
|-
| 48
| [[Didayi people|Didayi]]
| 8890
|-
| 49
|Dongria Khond
| 6306
|-
| 50
| [[Juang people|Juang]]
| 47095
|-
| 51
| [[Kharia people|Kharia]]
| 222844
|-
| 52
| Kutia Khond
| 7232
|-
| 53
| Lanjia Saura
| 5960
|-
| 54
| [[Lodha people|Lodha]]
| 9785
|-
| 55
| [[Mankidia|Mankirdia]]
| 2222
|-
| 56
| Paudi Bhuya
| 5788
|-
| 57
| Saura
| 534751
|-
| 58
| [[Saharia]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 111377
|-
| 59
| [[Irula people|Irular]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 189661
|-
| 60
| Kattunayakan
| 46672
|-
| 61
| Kota
| 308
|-
| 62
| Korumba
| 6823
|-
| 63
| [[Paniya people|Paniyan]]
| 10134
|-
| 64
| Toda
| 2002
|-
| 65
| Raing
| [[Tripura]]
| 188220
|-
| 66
| [[Bhoksa people|Buksa]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand|Uttrakhand]]
| 4710
|-
| 67
| [[Raji people|Raji]]
| 2241
|-
| 68
| Birhor
| rowspan="3" | [[West Bengal]]
| 2241
|-
| 69
| Lodha
| 108707
|-
| 70
| Toto
| 66627
|-
| 71
| [[Great Andamanese]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]
| 44
|-
| 72
| [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]
| 380
|-
| 73
| [[Onge]]
| 101
|-
| 74
| [[Sentinelese]]
| 15
|-
| 75
| [[Shompen people|Shompen]]
| 229
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

A. Mani (Kazhagam politician)

2026-04-01T02:16:21Z

Stephania3380: data!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Mani
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| predecessor = [[S. Senthilkumar (Dharmapuri politician)|Dr. S. Senthilkumar]]
| successor =
| term_start = 9 June 2024
| term_end =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|08|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dharmapuri]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Bhuvaneswari S|1994}}
| profession = [[Politician]] [[Advocate]]
| parents = Aarimuthu Kuppusamigounder (father) Saroja Arimuthu (Mother)
| children = 1 son
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras|Madras University]]
}}

'''A. Mani''' (born 31 August 1968) is an [[India]]n politician has been serving as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]] from
[[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]] from 9 June 2024 and He is the member of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=Bio>{{cite web|url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5814?from=members|title=A. Mani full Personal Information|website=sansad.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/LokSabha2024/mani-a-121/|title=मणि. ए., डीएमके उम्मीदवार का जीवन परिचय: संपत्ति, कुल आय, देनदारियां, आपराधिक मामले|website=The Hindu|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/18-lok-sabha/mani-a|title=Political Profile of A. Mani|website=prsindia.org}}</ref>
==Early life and education==
Mani was born on 31 August 1968 at Aarimuthu Kuppusamigounder & Saroja Arimuthu's family in [[Dharmapuri]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and He completed [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree from the [[University of Madras|Madras University]].<ref name="Bio"/>
==Personal life==
Mani married to Bhuvaneswari S in year 1994 and he has one son and Mani is [[Advocate]] and [[Politician]].<ref name="Bio"/>
==Political career==
In the [[2024 Indian general election]], he won from [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency]] seat by defeating Sowmiya Anbumani (PMK) by a margin of 432,667 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 10 - DHARMAPURI (Tamil Nadu)|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2210.htm|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/tamil-nadu/dharmapuri-constituency-result-22510|title=Dharmapuri Lok Sabha Election Results 2024|website=indiatoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/tamil-nadu/dharmapuri|title=Dharmapuri Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result|website=Times of India}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mani, A.}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]

Ahan Shetty

2026-03-30T16:29:39Z

Stephania3380: new

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1995)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ahan Shetty
| image = Ahan-Shetty snapped-promoting-Tadap-at-the-GM-Modular-store-3 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shetty in 2021
| birth_name = Ahan Shetty
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|12|28}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| years_active = 2021–present
| occupation = Actor
| height =
| website =
| father = [[Sunil Shetty]]
| signature =
| relatives = [[Athiya Shetty]] (sister); [[KL Rahul]] (brother-in-law)
}}

'''Ahan Shetty''' (born 28 December 1995) is an Indian actor who works in [[Hindi]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2022 |title=Ahan Shetty: My Strengths Are Action And Romance But I Want To Tap Into Different Roles |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ahan-shetty-my-strengths-are-action-and-romance-but-i-want-to-tap-into-different-roles-news-50029 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> The son of actor [[Suniel Shetty]], he began his acting career with the action romance film ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]'' (2021) which earned him the [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male]].<ref name="H">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tadap-movie-review-ahan-shettys-debut-leaves-the-audience-groaning/article37836496.ece|title='Tadap' movie review: Ahan Shetty's debut leaves the audience groaning|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 December 2021|last1=Kumar|first1=Anuj}}</ref>
He has since had his highest-grossing release portraying Major [[Indian Navy ranks and insignia#Commissioned officers|Lt Cdr]] Mahendra Singh Rawat in the war film ''[[Border 2]]'' (2026).<ref>{{cite web|title=Border 2 Success Meet: Varun Dhawan, Sunny Deol, Ahan Shetty Turn Up Looking Dapper|url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/border-2-success-meet-varun-dhawan-sunny-deol-ahan-shetty-turn-up-looking-dapper-81663.html|date=12 February 2026|website=Fimfare}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Ahan Shetty was born on 28 December 1995 to [[Sunil Shetty]] and Mana Shetty in [[Bombay]], (now [[Mumbai]]), India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2021 |title=Ahan Shetty on comparison with father Suniel Shetty: 'It puts a lot of pressure on me but…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ahaan-shetty-on-comparison-with-father-suniel-shetty-it-puts-a-lot-of-pressure-on-me-7652563/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2021 |title=Suniel Shetty shares a heartwarming note on Ahan Shetty's birthday: 'The proudest moment for me is telling others you're my son' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/suniel-shetty-shares-a-heartwarming-note-on-ahan-shettys-birthday-7695101/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

His elder sister is [[Athiya Shetty]] and mother, whose birth-name is Monisha Kadri, is a businesswoman, designer and social activist born to a [[Gujarati Muslim]] architect father and a [[Punjabi Hindu]] social activist mother.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 May 2021 |title=Meet Suniel Shetty's wife Mana Shetty, an entrepreneur and social activist |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-suniel-shetty-s-wife-mana-shetty-an-entrepreneur-and-social-activist-2889788/suniel-shetty-s-wife-mana-shetty-work-profile-2889790 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130211612/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-suniel-shetty-s-wife-mana-shetty-an-entrepreneur-and-social-activist-2889788/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-suniel-shetty-s-wife-mana-shetty-an-entrepreneur-and-social-activist-2889788/suniel-shetty-and-mana-shetty-s-love-story-culture-not-a-barrier-2889792 |archive-date=30 January 2025 |access-date= |work=[[DNA India]] |quote=Monisha Kadri aka Mana hailed from a part-Punjabi and part-Muslim family (...) Mana Shetty's dad was a Gujarati Muslim, Iftikhar M Kadri who was an architect by profession and her Hindu mother Vipula Kadri was a social activist.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-tara-sutaria-roped-in-opposite-ahan-shetty-for-his-debut-rx-100-remake/|title=Confirmed! Tara Sutaria roped in opposite Ahan Shetty for his debut - RX 100 remake|last=|first=|date=26 March 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebs take to social media to wish their siblings on Raksha Bandhan 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2022/aug/11/in-pics--from-sanjay-dutt-to-yash-celebs-take-to-social-media-to-wish-their-siblings-on-raksha-ban-103319.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811190911/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2022/aug/11/in-pics--from-sanjay-dutt-to-yash-celebs-take-to-social-media-to-wish-their-siblings-on-raksha-ban-103319.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shetty began his acting career with [[Milan Luthria]] directional [[romance film|romantic]] [[action drama film|action drama]] film ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]'' (2021), co-starring [[Tara Sutaria]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-tara-sutaria-roped-in-opposite-ahan-shetty-for-his-debut-rx-100-remake/|title=Confirmed! Tara Sutaria roped in opposite Ahan Shetty for his debut – RX 100 remake|last=|first=|date=26 March 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> a remake of hit Telugu [[action film|action]] film ''[[RX 100 (film)|RX 100]]''. To prepare for the role, he put on 11 kg and having 11 to 12 meals a day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ahan-shetty-reveals-he-had-to-put-on-11kg-for-tadap-says-he-was-having-11-to-12-meals-a-day/articleshow/87884842.cms|title=Ahan Shetty reveals he had to put on 11kg for 'Tadap', says he was having 11 to 12 meals a day|website=Timesofindia|access-date= 24 November 2021}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] began in April 2019 under the [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]] banner with [[Fox Star Studios]] as distributor and co-producer. The film released in December 2021 theatrically with mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tadap/movie-review/88065053.cms|title=Tadap Movie Review: Ahan Shetty makes an intense debut, though the story leaves you craving for more |author=Rachana Dubey|date=3 December 2021|work=The Times of India |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "Shetty and his character arch leaves a long impression, he makes an intense and impressive debut".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/tadap-movie-review-ahan-shetty-makes-an-aggressive-but-starry-debut-101638524516011.html|title=Tadap movie review: Ahan Shetty makes an aggressive but starry debut |author=Monika Rawal Kukreja|date=3 December 2021|work=Hindustan Times |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> While Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' wrote, "He scores the most in action scenes [and] is at ease in front of the camera overall and makes a confident debut".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/tadap-movie-review-51688.html |title= Tadap Movie Review |author= Devesh Sharma |website= Filmfare|date= 5 December 2021|access-date= 4 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ''Tadap'' grossed {{INR|34.86}} [[crore]] at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tadap-2/box-office/|title=Tadap Box Office|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 December 2021 |access-date= 1 January 2022}}</ref> Shetty won the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Award]] for [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male|Star Debut of the Year – Male]] for his performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2022 complete list of winners: Vicky Kaushal, Kriti Sanon win top acting honours |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-iifa-awards-2022-complete-list-of-winners-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-top-acting-honours-2958025 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

After 5 years he starred in the ensemble war film ''[[Border 2]]'' which became the [[List of Hindi films of 2026#Box office collection|highest-grossing Hindi film of 2026]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Border 2' star Ahan Shetty on pressure of living up to Suniel Shetty’s ‘Border’ legacy: 'Will start doin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/border-2-star-ahan-shetty-on-pressure-of-living-up-to-suniel-shettys-border-legacy-will-start-doing-things-very-differently/articleshow/128071066.cms|access-date=8 February 2026 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahan Shetty To NDTV On The Border Scene That Made Him Angry As A Child|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rom-border-to-border-2-ahaan-shetty-on-legacy-love-from-audiences-and-moving-ahead-10897461|access-date=8 February 2026 |website=NDTV|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shetty was in a relationship with [[fashion designer]] Tania Shroff. They were classmates in school.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2022 |title=Ahan Shetty Is Grateful for Tania Shroff By His Side |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ahan-shetty-is-grateful-for-having-tania-shroff-by-his-side-news-182293 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! text-align:center;"|Year
! text-align:center;"|Title
! text-align:center;"|Role
! text-align:center;"|Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2021
| ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''
|Ishana
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2 March 2021|title=FIRST LOOK: Ahan Shetty and Tara Sutaria starrer Tadap looks intense, release date revealed : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/first-look-ahan-shetty-tara-sutaria-starrer-tadap-looks-intense-release-date-revealed/|access-date=17 October 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| ''[[Border 2]]''
| [[Indian Navy ranks and insignia#Commissioned officers|Lt Cdr]] M. S. Rawat
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Border 2: Sunny Deol, Varun Dhawan, Diljit Dosanjh begin shooting, see pic|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/border-2-sunny-deol-varun-dhawan-diljit-dosanjh-ahan-shetty-film-shooting-begins-2654550-2024-12-24|work=India Today|date=24 December 2024|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Sanki}}
|{{sort|Saigal|[[Assistant Commissioner of Police (India)|ACP]] Veerendra "Veer" Saigal}}
| Filming
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male|Star Debut of the Year – Male]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2022:a list of all the winners |url=https://iifa.com/blog/blog-details/nexa-iifa-awards-2022-a-list-of-all-the-winners- |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Iconic Gold Awards]]
|Best Debut Actor of the Year
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/iconic-gold-awards-2022-held-in-mumbai-amid-the-presence-of-a-galaxy-of-tinsel-town-celebrities20220318112617/|title=Iconic Gold Awards 2022 held in Mumbai amid the presence of a galaxy of tinsel town celebrities|website=ANINews|access-date= 18 March 2022}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|10892211}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Ahan}}
[[Category:Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Tulu male actors]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Srijit Mukherji

2026-03-29T16:17:46Z

Stephania3380:

{{short description|Indian actor, film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Srijit Mukherji
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Srijit Mukherji on screening of Begum Jaan.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Man, in red shirt
| caption = Mukherji at screening of Begum Jaan
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1977|09|23}}
| birth_place = [[Bhawanipore]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Screenwriter|Actor|Lyricist}}
| education = [[Presidency University, Kolkata]] [[University of Calcutta]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| years_active = 2010–present
| notable_works = [[Chotushkone]], [[Baishe Srabon]],[[Jaatiswar]], [[Gumnaami]],[[Hemlock Society]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rafiath Rashid Mithila]]|2019}}
| parents =
| relatives = [[Arati Mukhopadhyay]] (Aunt)
| awards = 5 National Film Awards, 5 WBFJA Awards, State Awards (Govt. Of West Bengal)
}}

'''Srijit Mukherji''' (born 23 September 1977) is an Indian film director and screenwriter who predominantly works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].
His regular collaboration with veteran actor [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] brought him into the limelight. His first feature film ''[[autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'' (2010), was a critical and commercial success, where he had written the script with Chatterjee in mind. His fifth film, ''[[Jaatishwar]],'' won four national awards at India's [[61st National Film Awards]] (2014). He won the [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]] for his sixth film, ''[[Chotushkone]],'' at India's 62nd National Film Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/62nd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners-977075.html|title=62nd National Film Awards: Complete list of winners|website=News18|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref> His eighth film, ''[[Rajkahini]]'' had been remade into a Hindi film titled, ''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]'', starring [[Vidya Balan]] in 2017. His 2018 release ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]'' won the 'Best Bengali Film' Award at India's [[66th National Film Awards]]. His 2019 film [[Gumnaami]] won him the Best Bengali Film and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] Awards at the [[67th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/66th-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-1579143-2019-08-09|title=66th National Film Awards: Full winners list|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-12|agency=Ist}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mukherji was born and brought up in Bhawanipore in Kolkata. He completed his schooling till 10th standard from Dolna Day School, Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-goes-back-to-school-with-zulfiqar/cid/1508379|title=Srijit Mukherji goes back to school with Zulfiqar|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> and 12th from [[South Point School]], [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-srijit-and-sujoy-were-classmates/articleshow/64987121.cms|title=Did you know Srijit and Sujoy were classmates! – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 July 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> before studying BA economics at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]. He went on to complete his MA and MPhil in [[environmental economics]] at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]],<ref name=sen>{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Jaideep|title=Retirement Holmes|url=http://www.timeoutbengaluru.net/theatre/theatre_details.asp?code=171&source=1|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=Time Out Bengaluru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006123422/http://www.timeoutbengaluru.net/theatre/theatre_details.asp?code=171&source=1|archive-date=6 October 2011}}</ref> parallelly working as a social scientist in the Urban Transport and Pollution Sector with [[The Energy and Resources Institute|TERI]] in [[New Delhi]]. He quit his Ph.D. while in his first year, to join [[IRI (company)|IRI Symphony]], [[Bangalore]] as an econometrician and business analyst. After working in Bangalore and a brief stint in [[Delhi]], he quit his job to actively pursue theatre and films.<ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Mohua|title=Think like a sleuth|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090121/jsp/entertainment/story_10417517.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204025008/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090121/jsp/entertainment/story_10417517.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2013|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=21 January 2009}}</ref>

==Career==
Even while working as an economist and statistician, he was actively involved with the English professional theatre circuit in [[Delhi]] and Bangalore. He has acted in ''Madness'', adapted from [[Paulo Coelho]]'s ''[[Veronica Decides To Die]]''; [[Manoj Mitra]]'s ''The Orchard of Banchharam''; [[Badal Sircar]]'s ''The Other Side of History''; Sunil Ganguly's ''Pratidwandi – The Adversary'', adapted for the stage from [[Satyajit Ray]]'s [[Pratidwandi|film of the same name]] and ''Lucknow 76''. He wrote and directed ''Mindgame'', an Indian adaptation of [[Reginald Rose]]'s ''[[Twelve Angry Men]]'', at the Alliance Francaise De Bangalore in 2006. In April 2008, he formed his own troupe, Pandora's Act, whose first production, ''Feluda Pherot!'' at Rangashankara in July 2008 was a runaway success and was the first ever non-canonical dramatisation of Satyajit Ray's sleuth [[Feluda]].<ref name=sen/> [[Barun Chanda]], Ray's leading man in ''Seemabodhho'', and [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], the screen [[Topshe]] and film youth icon, starred in this production. In 2009, he wrote, directed and acted in the English play ''Checkmate'', a non-canonical re-interpretation of [[Byomkesh Bakshi]], [[Saradindu Bandopadhyay]]'s sleuth.<ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Mohua|title=Playpreview|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090515/jsp/entertainment/story_10964472.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203143517/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090515/jsp/entertainment/story_10964472.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=15 May 2009}}</ref> He was an assistant director, lyricist and actor in both [[Anjan Dutt]]'s ''[[Madly Bangalee]]'' and [[Aparna Sen]]'s ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]'', in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chakrabarty|first=Pooja|title=Autograph is not a remake of Nayak|url=http://www.ilovekolkata.in/index.php/Movies/iAutograph/i-is-not-a-remake-of-iNayak/i.html|publisher=ILK|access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> He has also written lyrics for films like ''[[Cross Connection]]'', ''[[Le Chakka]]'' and ''Josh'', TV serials like ''Coffee and More'' and ''[[Dadagiri (Hindi TV series)|Dadagiri]]'' and non-film albums of [[Usha Uthup]].

=== 2010–2012 ===
In 2010 Mukherji directed his debut feature film, the award-winning blockbuster – ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'' (starring [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]] and [[Nandana Sen]]) which was both critically acclaimed and commercially successful. The film won 41 awards and was an official selection at Abu Dhabi International Film Festival 2010, MIAAC Film Festival in New York 2010, Glasgow International Film Festival 2011 and [[London Indian Film Festival]] 2011.<ref name="wbri">{{cite news|date=22 July 2010|title=Interview – SRIJIT MUKHERJEE|newspaper=Washington Bangla Radio|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/7947910-interview-srijit-mukherjee-director-kolkata-bengali-movie-autograph-2010-starring-pr|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209022633/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/7947910-interview-srijit-mukherjee-director-kolkata-bengali-movie-autograph-2010-starring-pr|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 February 2013|access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref>

In the same year he also made his acting debut on Bengali television in the [[Rituparno Ghosh]] scripted mega serial ''[[Gaaner Opare]]'', produced by Ideas Entertainment.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Zinia|title=Acting is my first love: Srijit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Acting-is-my-first-love-Srijit/articleshow/6822272.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026095742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-28/news-interviews/28246731_1_srijit-mukherji-iti-mrinalini-feluda|url-status=live|archive-date=26 October 2013|access-date=20 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 October 2010}}</ref>

His work in 2011 included a major role in Anindya Banerjee's ''Chaplin'' starring [[Rudranil Ghosh]] and his second film, {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Baishe Srabon]]}} starring [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Raima Sen]], [[Abir Chatterjee]] and [[Gautam Ghose]], who returned to acting after a hiatus of 29 years. {{Lang|bn-latn|Baishe Srabon}} was recently the official selection at the Dubai International Film Festival and the closing film at the London Indian Film Festival, and had a 105-day run at the box office making it the biggest blockbuster of the year. {{Lang|bn-latn|Baishe Srabon}} has won 41 awards. His third feature film was ''[[Hemlock society (film)|Hemlock Society]]'', a romantic satire set at the backdrop of a school which teaches aspirants how to successfully commit suicide. It featured Parambrata Chatterjee and [[Koel Mallick]] and won 21 awards.

=== 2013–2016 ===
Mukherji's fourth film, ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]'', based on [[Kakababu]] with Prasenjit Chattopadhyay playing the lead character and [[Indraneil Sengupta]] playing the role of Hani Alkadi, has been declared as one of the biggest blockbusters ever and the highest earning urban mainstream film. He has acted in films like ''[[Dutta Vs Dutta]]'', ''[[Bapi Bari Jaa]]'' and the national award-winning ''[[Shobdo]]''. His fifth film ''[[Jaatishwar]]'', featuring [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Jisshu Sengupta]], is generally considered to be the best in his career and most critically acclaimed. It is the musical bridge between two centuries of Bengali culture and a biopic cum a musical cum a reincarnation drama. At the 61st National Awards 2014, the highest film honour in India, it won 4 national awards for Music Direction, Playback Singing, Costume and Make up. This was the highest tally for a film in India this year, and the second highest ever for a Bengali film. It also swept the Mirchi Music Awards in 2015 winning 7 awards. The following year at the 62nd National Awards 2015, Chotushkone won him the Best Director and Best Original Screenplay awards, along with winning the Best Cinematography.

He also received the Young Achiever Award from Rotary International, the prestigious Shera Bangali Award from ABP Anando and the Shoilojanando Mukhopadhyay Memorial Award in 2012 for his contribution in the field of film direction. In 2013 he received the Uttam Kumar Memorial Award from the Government of West Bengal becoming the youngest director to achieve this. He has also received the oldest film award in India, the BFJA award, for remarkable contribution to Bengali Cinema in the last few years.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-24/news-interviews/31233578_1_srijit-mukherji-films-shooting/3| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026100002/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-24/news-interviews/31233578_1_srijit-mukherji-films-shooting/3| url-status=dead| archive-date=26 October 2013|title=Hemlock is far from a morbid film: Srijit Mukherji|date=24 March 2012|access-date=30 March 2012| work=[[The Times of India]]|page=3}}</ref>

=== 2017–2020 ===
Mukherji has made his directorial debut in [[Bollywood]] with the film ''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]'' which is a remake of his earlier [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film [[Rajkahini]]. [[Vidya Balan]] plays the lead role of a brothel's madam during the [[partition of India|partition of India in 1947]].<ref name="MM">{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Vidya-Balan-on-the-write-track-with-Kamala-Das/articleshow/50937570.cms|title=Vidya Balan on the write track with Kamala Das|newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=11 February 2016|access-date=28 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="ToI Srijit debut">{{cite news|title=Srijit Mukherji makes his acting debut with 'Begum Jaan' – Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Srijit-Mukherji-makes-his-acting-debut-with-Begum-Jaan/articleshow/54690859.cms|access-date=29 October 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
He had two releases in 2018, [[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]] and [[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]. Both featured [[Jisshu Sengupta]] and were box office superhits. The former went to 10 film festivals around the world and won 6 awards while the latter won 23 awards and went to 7 film festivals around the world including Palm Springs International Film Festival.
In 2018, it was reported that Mukherji will be directing a Junglee Pictures produced yet to be titled web-series in Hindi, based on the novel of noted novelist and blogger [[Arnab Ray]], The Mahabharata Murders. This will be his first foray into web-series direction.<ref name="Web series debut">{{cite news|title=Raazi co-producer Junglee Pictures to adapt The Mahabharata Murders for digital debut; Srijit Mukherji will helm web series|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raazi-co-producer-junglee-pictures-to-adapt-the-mahabharata-murders-for-digital-debut-srijit-mukherji-will-helm-web-series-4425415.html|access-date=20 April 2018|work=Firstpost}}</ref>
In 2019, he has three releases [[Shahjahan Regency]], [[Vinci Da]] and [[Gumnaami]], the last two being both critical and commercial successes along with being a festival favourite. [[Gumnaami]] won the Best Bengali Feature Film and Best Adapted Screenplay Awards at the 67th National Film Awards. The sequel of ''Baishe Srabon'', named ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'', released in January 2020, after which he had a long gap without releases due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] pandemic.

He has also completed another web-series, ''Feluda Pherot'', which is based on two [[Feluda]] stories written by Satyajit Ray, ''Chhinomostar Obhishaap'' and ''Darjeeling Jomjomat''.{{clarify|reason=If these are books, or films, they should be italicised. If these are individual stories within books, they should be wrapped in double-quote marks.|date=December 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/director-srijit-mukherji-to-launch-feluda-pherot-on-ott-platform-this-christmas-918600.html|title=Director Srijit Mukherji to launch 'Feluda Pherot' on OTT platform this Christmas|date=22 November 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

=== 2021–2024 ===
In 2021 he had 4 releases, out of which 2 were Hindi films. He directed ''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]'', which was based on the third film of the [[Kakababu]] franchise, it had Prosenjit Chatterjee as Kakababu, Aryann Bhowmik, Anirban Chakrabarti in the lead roles. His next release was ''[[X=Prem]]''. A [[black and white]] romance drama film with debutant actors, the film earned critical praise and received several awards and nominations at the [[6th Filmfare Awards Bangla]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the Joy Filmfare Awards Bangla 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2022_-57336.html}}</ref> and [[6th WBFJA Awards]].

His next projects that year were two Bollywood films: ''[[Sherdil: The Pilibhit Saga]]'' and ''[[Shabaash Mithu]]''. The latter was the biography of one of the most influential Indian female cricketer [[Mithali Raj]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Taapsee Pannu starring Shabaash Mithu releases on the big screen on July 15, 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/taapsee-pannu-starring-shabaash-mithu-releases-big-screen-july-15-2022/}}</ref>

In 2023, he released ''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]'', a [[neo-noir]] [[crime thriller]] as the 4th installment [[Srijit Mukherji's Cop Universe]]. It served as the prequel crossover of his previous films ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' and ''[[Vinci Da]]''. It became a huge box office success emerged as one of the highest grossing Bengali films of 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dawshom Awbotaar Box Office: পুজোয় ৪টি ছবি, সকলকে পিছনে ফেলে প্রথম স্থানে 'দশম অবতার', ঘরে এল কত টাকা? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dawshom-awbotaar-box-office-collection-svf-claim-srijit-mukherjis-film-cross-5-core-rs-in-8-days-31698512513957.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029062514/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dawshom-awbotaar-box-office-collection-svf-claim-srijit-mukherjis-film-cross-5-core-rs-in-8-days-31698512513957.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2023}}</ref> The film received multiple nomination and awards at the Filmfare Awards Bangla and [[7th WBFJA Award|WBFJA Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the Joy Filmfare Awards Bangla 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2024-full-list-out-65142.html}}</ref>

His first release in 2024 was the [[Fantasy Film|fantasy]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[comedy film]] ''[[Oti Uttam]]''. For the first time ever in Indian Cinema, veteran actor [[Uttam Kumar]] appeared in the movie through [[Visual effects]] by using his scenes from his 56 existing old movies.<ref>{{cite news |title='Oti Uttam' to star Mahanayak |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/oti-uttam-to-star-mahanayak-uttam-kumar/cid/1810970}}</ref> His next release this year was a [[biopic]] on the life of [[Mrinal Sen]]. Titled ''[[Padatik (2024 film)|Padatik]]'', it chronicles his active time and contributions to [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Tina |title='Remarkable timing'—Srijit Mukherji on his Mrinal Sen biopic Padatik and Dhaka uprising |url=https://theprint.in/feature/remarkable-timing-srijit-mukherji-on-his-mrinal-sen-biopic-padatik-and-dhaka-uprising/2209252/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=6 August 2024 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> His next thriller film titled ''[[Tekka (film)|Tekka]]'' starring [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and [[Rukmini Maitra]] released on the occasion Durga Puja 2024 and earned an 'organic blockbuster' tag.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Tekka teaser: Dev plays a distraught kidnapper in Srijit Mukherji's thriller |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tekka-teaser-dev-plays-a-distraught-kidnapper-in-srijit-mukherjis-thriller/cid/2047735 |access-date=15 September 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 September 2024 |location=Calcutta |language=en |quote=Also starring Swastika Mukherjee and Rukmini Maitra, the film will release in theatres on October 8}}</ref> His next venture is ''[[Feludar Goyendagiri]] (Season 2)'' which released on the occasion of Christmas 2024, digitally.

=== 2025–present ===
Srijit's next film ''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]'' released soon in January 2025. Then he had a Poila Baishakh release, with the sequel of ''Hemlock Society'', ''[[Killbill Society]]'', a romantic dark comedy film that released in April 2025. He also had a Durga Puja release that year, but in the digital space, with the second and final season of ''Feluda Pherot'', based on Jawto Kando Kathmandute by Satyajit Ray. Recently, an epic drama film titled ''Lawho Gouranger Naam Re'', based on the life and times of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] released on the occasion of Christmas 2025. Upcoming, he has a complete film in hand named ''Winkle Twinkle'', based on a play by [[Bratya Basu]], that is currently roaming in different festivals and is scheduled to release theatrically anytime in 2026. Another film by him is also announced, titled ''[[Emperor vs Sarat Chandra]]'', slated to release on 1 May 2026.

==Filmography==

=== As director ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films or web series that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Writer
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="9" | Bengali
|
|-
| 2011 || {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Baishe Srabon]]}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Hemlock Society (film)|Hemlock Society]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Jaatishwar]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Chotushkone]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 || ''[[Nirbaak]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Rajkahini]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017 || ''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || rowspan="9" | Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018 || ''[[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2019 || ''[[Shahjahan Regency]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|
|-
| ''[[Vinci Da]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Gumnaami]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022
|''[[Kakababur Protyaborton]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|
|-
|''[[X=Prem]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|
|-
| ''[[Sherdil: The Pilibhit Saga]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Shabaash Mithu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/just-in-director-srijit-mukherji-has-replaced-rahul-dholakia-as-the-director-of-taapsee-pannu-starrer-shabaash-mithu/articleshow/83747714.cms|title=Just in! Director Srijit Mukherji has replaced Rahul Dholakia as the director of Taapsee Pannu-starrer 'Shabaash Mithu'|work=The Times of India|date=22 June 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{No}}
|
|-
| 2023
|''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || rowspan="9" | Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024
|''[[Oti Uttam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Padatik (2024 film)|Padatik]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Biopic of [[Mrinal Sen]]
|-
|''[[Tekka (film)|Tekka]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025
|''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|Based on [[12 Angry Men (1957 film)|12 Angry Men]]
|-
|''[[Killbill Society]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Based on the life and times of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''Winkle Twinkle''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No|color=Red}}
|Based on Winkle Twinkle drama of [[Bratya Basu]]।Natok Samagra Vol I {{ISBN|978-81-7756-432-7}}
|-
|''[[Emperor vs Sarat Chandra]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Based on [[Pather Dabi]] by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Writer
!OTT
!Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''East India Pharmaceuticals Works Limited'' (Documentary) || {{yes}} || {{No}} || || Goutam Ghosh
|-
| 2020 || '' [[Feludar Goyendagiri (TV series)#Feluda Pherot|Feluda Pherot]]'' (Chhinnamastar Abhishap) || {{yes}} || {{No}} || [[Addatimes]] || Released
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 |||''[[Ray (series)|Ray]]'' (Season 1) || {{yes}} || {{No}} || [[Netflix]] || Anthology, Segment- ''Behrupiya'',''Forget me not''
|-
|"background:#ffc;" |''[[Rabindranath Ekhane Kokhono Khete Asenni]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Hoichoi || Based on the Bengali book of the same name
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Feludar Goyendagiri]]'' (Season 1) || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Hoichoi || Released (Based on [[Feluda|Feluda series]] by [[Satyajit Ray]])
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 |||''[[Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{no}} || [[ZEE5]] || Released
|-
|"background:#ffc;" | ''Durgo Rawhoshyo'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Hoichoi || Released
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Feludar Goyendagiri]]'' (Season 2)
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Hoichoi
|Released (Based on [[Feluda|Feluda series]] by [[Satyajit Ray]])
|-
|"background:#ffc;" | ''[[Shekhar Home]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}|| [[JioHotstar]]|| Released
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| style="background:#ffc;" |''Don-Boithok''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|TBA
|Completed
|-
|''Feluda Pherot (Jawto Kando Kathmandute)''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|[[Addatimes]]
|Released
|}

=== As lyricist and actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%"
!Year
!Film
!Lyricist
!Actor
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Cross Connection]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
|''[[Madly Bangalee]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010 || ''[[Le Chakka]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
|''[[Josh (2010 film)|Josh]]''|| {{yes}}||{{no}}
|-
|''[[Gaaner Oparey]]''||{{no}}||{{Yes}}
|-
| rowspan="4"|2011 || ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
|''Flop-e'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
|''Ghente Ghaw'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
|''Chaplin'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2012 || ''[[Dutta Vs Dutta]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
|''[[Bapi Bari Jaa]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
|''[[Shabdo]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
|2013 || ''[[Maach Mishti & More]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2018 || ''[[Ahare Mon]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|-
|''[[Kabir (film)|Kabir]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Shantilal O Projapoti Rohoshyo]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2023 ||''[[Manobjomin]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
|''[[Dilkhush]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
|}

== Awards ==
'''National Awards (Govt. of India)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+National Film Awards won by Srijit Mukherji
!Film
!Year (Award Ceremony)
!Award Category
!Ref
|-
|''[[Chotushkone]]''
|2015 (62nd)
|National Film Award for Best Director
|<ref>Indo-Asian News Service (2015-03-24). [https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/national-awards-srijit-mukherji-dedicates-best-director-win-to-rituparno-ghosh-749239 National Awards: Srijit Mukherji Dedicates Best Director Win to Rituparno Ghosh]. ''NDTV''.</ref>
|-
|''[[Chotushkone]]''
|2015 (62nd)
|National Film Award for Best Original Screenplay
|<ref>The Times of India (2017-01-12). [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/srijit-mukherji-wins-national-award-best-director-for-chotushkone/articleshow/46676466.cms Srijit Mukherji wins National Award, Best Director, for Chotushkone]. ''The Times of India''.</ref>
|-
|''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]''
|2019 (66th)
|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali
|<ref>66th National Film Awards (2019). [https://dff.gov.in/pdf/66nfa.pdf Official Catalogue]. Directorate of Film Festivals, India.</ref>
|-
|''[[Gumnaami]]''
|2020 (67th)
|National Film Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
|<ref name="Official Catalogue">67th National Film Awards (2021). [https://dff.gov.in/pdf/67nfa.pdf Official Catalogue]. Directorate of Film Festivals, India.</ref>
|-
|''[[Gumnaami]]''
|2020 (67th)
|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali
|<ref name="Official Catalogue"/>
|}

* Best Director for ''[[Chotushkone]]'' at the 62nd National Awards (2014)
* Best Original Screenplay for ''[[Chotushkone]]'' at the 62nd National Awards (2014)
* Best Adapted Screenplay for ''[[Gumnaami]]'' at the 67th National Awards (2019)
* Best Director (Bengali) for ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]'' at the 66th National Awards (2018)
* Best Director (Bengali) for ''[[Gumnaami]]'' at the 67th National Awards (2019)

'''International Awards'''

* Best Director for ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]'' at 20th Rainbow Film Festival, London (2018)
* Best Story for ''[[Vinci Da]]'' at 21st Rainbow Film Festival, London (2019)
* Best Film for ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]'' at 17th Dhaka International Film Festival (2019)
* Best Screenplay for [[Padatik (2024 film)|''Padatik'']] at the 24th New York Indian Film Festival (2024)
* Best Director for ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' at International Bangla Film Academy Awards (2011)
* Best Screenplay for ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' at International Bangla Film Academy Awards (2011)
* Best Director for ''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]'' at the 26th Rainbow Film Festival, London (2025)

'''Filmfare Awards'''

* Best Story for ''[[Vinci Da]]'' (2019)
* Best Film for ''[[Vinci Da]]'' (2019)
* Best Screenplay for [[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|''Dwitiyo Purush'']] (2020)
* Best Screenplay for [[Padatik (2024 film)|''Padatik'']] (2024)

'''WBFJA Awards (Oldest Film Awards in India)'''

* Best Director for ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]'' (2018)
* Best Lyricist for ''[[Ahare Mon]]'' (2018)
* Best Screenplay for [[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|''Dwitiyo Purush'']] (2020)
* Best Director for [[Padatik (2024 film)|''Padatik'']] (2024)

'''State Awards (Govt. Of West Bengal)'''

* Best Film for [[Autograph (2010 film)|''Autograph'']] at the 10th Telecine Awards (2010)
* Best Director for [[Autograph (2010 film)|''Autograph'']] at the 10th Telecine Awards (2010)
* Best Director for ''[[Baishe Srabon]]'' at the 11th Telecine Awards (2011)
* Best Director for ''[[Chotushkone]]'' at the 14th Telecine Awards (2014)
* Best Film for ''[[Vinci Da]]'' at the 18th Telecine Awards (2019)
* Best Director (Critics) for ''[[Vinci Da]]'' at the 18th Telecine Awards (2019)
* Best Film for ''[[Gumnaami]]'' at the 19th Telecine Awards (2019)
* Best Director (Critics) for ''[[Gumnaami]]'' at the 19th Telecine Awards (2019)

==Personal life==
Mukherji was in a relationship with actress [[Swastika Mukherjee]]; they broke up after filming ''Jaatishwar'' in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-13 |title=Broken relationships! When Swastika Mukherjee made headlines for her troubled personal life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/broken-relationships-when-swastika-mukherjee-made-headlines-for-her-troubled-personal-life/photostory/67077296.cms?picid=67077323 |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later he dated [[Jaya Ahsan]] around 2017 for a brief period.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-04 |title=No bad blood between Srijit Mukherji and Ritabhari Chakraborty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/no-bad-blood-between-srijit-mukherji-and-ritabhari-chakraborty/articleshow/66496579.cms |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Media reports speculated a romantic affair between him and actress [[Jaya Ahsan]] during the filming of ''Bishorjan'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 July 2023|title= Srijit-Jaya working together after 5 years |url= https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/319908/srijit-jaya-working-together-after-5-years |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=10 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Mukherji did not address the rumours directly, but described their relationship being "much more than love".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2022|last=Ghosh|first=Baswati|title=একটা নদীর মতো 'সম্পর্ক' |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-11 |title=I've known Jaya Apa for longer, even before Srijit: Mithila |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/ive-known-jaya-apa-longer-even-srijit-mithila-3366201?amp |access-date=2024-09-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

On 6 December 2019, Mukherji married actress [[Rafiath Rashid Mithila]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mithila marries Srijit finally |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/entertainment/Mithila-marries-Srijit-finally |access-date=11 January 2022 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Filmmaker Srijit Mukherji marries Bangladeshi actress Mithila |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kolkata/2019/Dec/07/filmmaker-srijit-mukherji-marries-bangladeshi-actress-mithila-2072929.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=7 December 2019 |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}
*{{IMDb name |3797575}}

{{Srijit Mukherji}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherji, Srijit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]

Virajanand Dandeesha

2026-03-27T16:36:36Z

Stephania3380: Created info.

{{Short description|Indian scholar (1778–1868)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Swami Virajananda]] (Kalikrishna Bose) (b. 1873), activist in the Hindu reform movement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{religious text primary|date=May 2014}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Virajanand Dandeesha}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| honorific-prefix = Swami
| name = Virajanand
| honorific_suffix = Dandeesha
| image = File:Stamp of India - 1971 - Colnect 372268 - Swami Virjanand 1778-1868.jpeg
| alt =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 1778
| birth_place = [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur]], [[Singhpuria Misl]] ({{smaller|Present day [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]], [[Punjab]]}})
| birth_name =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1868|09|14|1778|||df=y}}
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| founder =
| guru = Purnanand Saraswati
| name giver =
| philosophy = [[Vedic]]
| literary_works =
| influences = [[Mīmāṃsā]], [[Vedanta]] etc.
| disciples = [[Dayanand Saraswati]]
}}
'''Swami Virajanand Dandeesha''' ({{langx|sa|स्वामी विरजानन्द दण्डीश}}; 1778 – 14 September 1868), also known as the ''Blind Sage of [[Mathura]]'', was the celebrated teacher of [[Arya Samaj]] founder, [[Dayanand Saraswati]]. He was a scholar and teacher of [[Sanskrit]] grammar and [[Vedic literature]].

==Early life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
Virajanand was born in [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur]] near [[Jalandhar]] in the year 1778 in a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Saraswat]] [[Brahmin]] family. At the age of five, he lost his eyesight from an attack of [[small pox]]. Soon thereafter his father, who had initiated him into the rudiments of [[Sanskrit]] learning died. Leaving him to the mercy of his elder brother and sister-in-law at very young age. As they did not treat him well, the temperamental Virjanand soon left their home.

His wanderings took him to [[Rishikesh]] where he led a life of [[meditation]] and austerity for about three years. Tradition has it that Swami Virjanand left Rishikesh for [[Haridwar|Hardwar]] at the instance of a divine command. At Hardwar, he came in contact with The Swami Purnanand Giri, a Sanskrit scholar who initiated him into [[sannyasa]]. Purnanand created in him a deep love for Sanskrit grammar and for the "Arsha" Shastras (scriptures authored by [[Rishis]]). Soon, he began to master other branches of [[Sanskrit literature]], and also took up teaching others.

Virjanand left for [[Varanasi]] (Kashi), the well-known city for Sanskrit learning and for higher studies. Here he lived for about 10 years, mastering [[Mīmāṃsā]], [[Vedanta]], [[Ayurveda]], etc. Soon, he came to occupy a place of eminence among the scholars of Varanasi. From Varanasi, Virjanand went to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] where he made a comprehensive and critical study of [[Upanishads]] continuing the work he had done at Hardwar and at Varanasi. From Gaya, Virjanand went to [[Calcutta]] which was, at that time, attracting Sanskrit talent from all over the country. At Calcutta, he lived for a number of years impressing the citizens with his mastery of [[Sanskrit grammar]] and literature. In spite of the material comforts he had at Calcutta, Virjanand soon left that city and settled at Gadia Ghat on the banks of the Ganges. It was here that the then [[Maharaja of Alwar]] came across him and was greatly impressed. On the invitation of the Maharaja, he went to [[Alwar]] where he stayed for some time. At the request of the Maharaja, he wrote "Shabda-Bodh", the manuscript of which is still treasured in the library at Alwar. From Alwar, Virjanand went to [[Soron]] and from there to [[Mathura]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ginni |title=Guru Virjanand |url=https://aryasamajmandir.org.in/guru-virjanand/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Arya Samaj Mandir, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Pathshala in Mathura and Dayanand==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
At Mathura he established a pathshala (school) to which students flocked from all over the country. The expenses of the pathshala were met by donations from the Rajput Princes and no fees were charged from the pupils.

Incidentally, at about the same time, [[Dayanand Saraswati]] had been wandering all over the country in search of a guru. Dayanand came across a monk, Poornashrama Swamy. He heard the story of Dayanand`s wanderings and told him, "There is only one man on this earth who can fulfill your desire, and that man is Virajananda Dandeesha. He lives in Mathura." Thus, in 1860, Dayanand traveled to Mathura to meet Virjanand. In their first meeting, Virjanand inquired about his objective and education. Upon learning that he had studied '[[Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita|Kaumudi]]' and '[[Saraswatha]]', two famous texts on Sanskrit grammar, he asked Dayanand to throw them into the river [[Yamuna]] and then come back.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhaktmal: Virajanand Dandeesha - भक्तमालः विरजानंद दंडीशा |url=https://www.bhaktibharat.com/en/bhakt/virajanand-dandeesha |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=BhaktiBharat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ginni |title=Guru Virjanand |url=https://aryasamajmandir.org.in/guru-virjanand/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Arya Samaj Mandir, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi |language=en-US}}</ref>

Dayanand surrendered himself at the feet of the great master. Virjanand was a task master and he expected a high standard of diligence and discipline from his students. Even though he was blind, he could clear all doubts of his disciples, quoting verbatim passages from scriptures.

Dayanand underwent a rigorous training under Virjanand. As [[gurudakshina]], Virjanand extracted a promise from Dayanand that he would devote his life for the revival of Hinduism. He would work to spread "Arsha" literature and knowledge of Vedas in the country. With his extraordinary devotion and sense of service, Dayanand soon became his most beloved and also the most renowned disciple.

==Death and legacy==
Virjanand died on 14 September 1868<ref>{{Cite web |title=SWAMI VIRJANAND |url=https://www.aryasamaj.com/enews/2009/dec/2.htm |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.aryasamaj.com}}</ref>, at the age of 90. On 14 September 1971, the [[India Posts|Post and Telegraph Department]] of India released a stamp<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Virajanand Dandeesha {{!}} Arya Samaj |url=https://www.aryasamaj.org/about/swami-virajanand-dandeesha |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Arya Samaj Global |language=en}}</ref> in his honor depicting the Swami in a sitting posture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.istampgallery.com/swami-virjanand/|title=Swami Virjanand|website=www.istampgallery.com| date=27 January 2015 |access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
* http://www.aryasamaj.com/enews/2009/dec/2.htm
* http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/SWAMI%20VIRJANAND%20%28%20SAINT%20%29
* http://www.aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=92
* https://archive.org/details/virjanandprakash005145mbp
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160402003832/https://sites.google.com/site/rishiraajonline/swamiji]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dandeesha, Virajananda}}
[[Category:1778 births]]
[[Category:1868 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Punjabi Brahmins]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Arya Samaj]]

Sree Narayana Guru College of Advanced Studies, Nattika

2026-03-26T19:54:14Z

Stephania3380: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Nattika#Educational Institutions]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Youth (2002 film)

2026-03-26T17:06:03Z

Stephania3380:

{{short description|2002 Indian Tamil-language film by Vincent Selva}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Youth (2002 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vincent Selva]]
| screenplay = Vincent Selva
| producer = T. Ajay Kumar
| writer = N. Prasanna Kumar (dialogues)
| story = [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| based_on = ''[[Chiru Navvutho]]'' (Telugu) by G. Ram Prasad
| starring = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] [[Sandhya Khan|Sandhya]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Natty Subramaniam]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = Lakshmi Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|07|19}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Youth''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Vincent Selva]]. It is a remake of the [[Telugu film]], ''[[Chiru Navvutho]]'' (2000). It stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Sandhya Khan|Sandhya]], while [[Yugendran]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Manivannan]], and [[Sindhu Menon]] play other pivotal characters. The film released on 19 July 2002. It received positive reviews and was a commercial hit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-03 |title='Priyamanavale' to 'Pokkiri': Five blockbuster Tamil films of Vijay that were remade from Telugu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priyamanavale-to-pokkiri-five-blockbuster-tamil-films-of-vijay-that-were-remade-from-telugu/photostory/74968711.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504103643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priyamanavale-to-pokkiri-five-blockbuster-tamil-films-of-vijay-that-were-remade-from-telugu/photostory/74968711.cms |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=2020-11-25 |website=The Times of India |ref={{sfnref|The Times of India|2020}}}}</ref> It completed more than 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Title: Thalapathy Epic Collections {{!}} Chennai |url=https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Flookaside.fbsbx.com%2Flookaside%2Fcrawler%2Fmedia%2F%3Fmedia_id%3D621914220046228&tbnid=3xlKLeOQtNXDcM&vet=1&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fthalapathyepiccollections%2F%3Flocale%3Dja_JP&docid=oDjl7hCSUqYG4M&w=586&h=862&itg=1&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim%2Fcan%2F1&sfr=vfe |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.google.com |language=en-US |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126210101/https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Flookaside.fbsbx.com%2Flookaside%2Fcrawler%2Fmedia%2F%3Fmedia_id%3D621914220046228&tbnid=3xlKLeOQtNXDcM&vet=1&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fthalapathyepiccollections%2F%3Flocale%3Dja_JP&docid=oDjl7hCSUqYG4M&w=586&h=862&itg=1&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim%2Fcan%2F1&sfr=vfe |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
On his wedding day, Shiva discovers that his cousin and bride, Aruna, has run away because she does not want to marry a cook. However, he takes it lightly and moves to [[Chennai]] with Aruna's brother Prabhu to look for a job. One night, Shiva saves a girl Sandhya from some goons. In gratitude, she kisses him. Shiva starts to fall in love with her. After several occasions where they bump into each other, Shiva harbours hope that she too reciprocates his affections.

However at Sandhya's birthday party, she announces her engagement to computer engineer Pratap. Shiva is devastated at the news and leaves the room quietly. Sandhya finds him standing alone at the swimming pool. She asks him about his impression of Pratap and is shocked when Shiva reveals to her that he loves her. Sandhya declares that she only feels friendship towards him and tells him to stop loving her.

After receiving a telephone call, Shiva goes to the police station and finds Aruna. She had eloped with her to-be lover. However, he later abandoned her and left her penniless. With no one to turn to, Aruna attempted suicide. Shiva takes her back home to take care of her. Prabhu was still angry and calls up their parents. Shiva speaks up for Aruna and gets the family to forgive her. Before returning to the village, Aruna meets Pratap and discovers that Sandhya's fiancé is actually the lover who abandoned her.

On the eve of Sandhya's wedding, she finally understands that she loves Shiva and tells her father that she does not want to marry Pratap. Her father refuses to cancel the wedding and gives Shiva a cheque for 10 million to get the latter to leave Sandhya. Sandhya runs away on her wedding day to look for Shiva and confesses to him that she loves him too. She wants to elope with Shiva, but he brings her back to the wedding venue.

Before the ceremony starts, he calls Pratap into a room and closes the door. When the door reopens, Shiva and Pratap had changed clothes. Shiva is now in the groom's attire, while Pratap is in ordinary clothes. Shiva marries Sandhya in the end. On their wedding night, Shiva reveals to Sandhya what happened between Pratap and him in the room. He offered Sandhya's father's cheque to Pratap in exchange for calling off his engagement, which Pratap accepted. Shiva also reveals that he knew that Sandhya's father would later cancel the cheque, thinking that Shiva is cheating him, which comes to pass.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Shiva
* [[Sandhya Khan|Sandhya]] as Sandhya
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as "Karruthu" Kandasamy
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] in an [[item number]] for the song "Aal Thotta Boopathy"
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Shiva's maternal uncle
* [[Manivannan]] as Sandhya's father
* [[Yugendran]] as Pratap
* Shyam Ganesh as Prabhu
* [[Sindhu Menon]] as Aruna
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Dhanushkodi
* [[Kalairani]] as Aruna's mother
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Interviewer
* [[Bosskey]] as Giri
* [[Fathima Babu]] as Sandhya's mother
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]
* [[Cell Murugan]] as Thief
* [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]] as Major Ravikumar, Sandhya's uncle
* [[Muthukaalai]]
* [[Bonda Mani]]
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]]
* Thayir Vadai Desikan
* [[Kottachi]]
* [[Siva Narayana Murthy]] as Police Inspector
* Karnaa Radha
;Uncredited
* [[Natty Subramaniam]] as a customer
* [[Diya (actress)|Diya]] as Fashion Show Host
* [[Mysskin]] (special appearance in "Old Model Laila")<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-you-know-mysskins-debut-on-screen-appearance-was-with-vijays-youth/articleshow/76001199.cms|title=Did you know Mysskin's debut on-screen appearance was with Vijay's 'Youth'?|date=26 May 2020|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] as dancer in the song "Old Model Laila"
* [[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi]] as dancer in the song "Old Model Laila"
* Japan Kumar as dancer in the song "Aal Thotta Boopathy"
}}

== Production ==
The film is a remake of the 2000 Telugu film ''[[Chiru Navvutho]]'' starring [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]] and [[Shaheen Khan (Indian actress)|Shaheen Khan]]. The film was also made in Kannada as ''[[Premakke Sai]]'' in 2001 with [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] and Shaheen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review:Premakke Sai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/premakke-sai-review-kannada-7918732.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305132733/http://www.sify.com/movies/premakke-sai-review-kannada-7918732.html |archive-date=2014-03-05 |access-date=2012-08-05 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Despite appearing in only four feature films, three of Shaheen's films have featured her reprising the role of Sandhya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-06-07 |title=Sheer daredevilry |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/07/stories/2002060701240300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704162738/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/07/stories/2002060701240300.htm |archive-date=2003-07-04 |access-date=2012-08-05 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Velu" and "Prince" were considered as titles before naming it as "Youth".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinakaran |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2001/sep/02-09-01.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011123001851/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2001/sep/02-09-01.htm |archive-date=23 November 2001}}</ref> Some scenes were shot at Hyderabad where a song too was shot on a lavish set erected, and it had Vijay dancing with about a hundred dancers. Some stunt scenes were later shot at Chennai, at the Vauhini Studios, at the AVM Studios, a lavish set costing a cool {{INR}}12 lakh, was erected resembling a waterfall, with trees and grass around. A song was shot on the lead pair here. The song "Sagiyea Sagiyea", was shot in [[Niagara Falls]], [[Toronto]] and [[Ottawa]] in [[Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-08-25 |title=Youth – on location |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/youth.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825223206/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/youth.asp |archive-date=2004-08-25 |access-date=2012-08-05 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Director [[Mysskin]] worked as an assistant director for this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2010 |title=Between Reviews: Meeting Mysskin |url=http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2010/09/11/between-reviews-meeting-mysskin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114185112/http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2010/09/11/between-reviews-meeting-mysskin/ |archive-date=14 January 2011 |access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Youth
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 June 2002
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Star Music]] [[Hit Music]] [[Ayngaran]] [[Anak Audio]] [[Sony Music]] [[Eros Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Mani Sharma]] and consists of six songs. Sharma reused the tunes for three of the film's songs from his previous Telugu discography: ''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]'' (2000), ''[[Chiru Navvutho]]'' (2000), and ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' (2001), while the rest of the songs are based on new tunes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth Songs – Youth Tamil Movie Songs – Tamil Songs Lyrics Trailer Videos, Preview Stills Reviews |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000471.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020125003/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000471.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2012-08-05 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

The song, "Aal Thotta Bhoopathi Nanada", featured [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] in an item number.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} The title of the song translates to "I am the king of Aal Garden", referring to the now non-existent Hall's Garden region of Chennai with a spelling mistake.<ref>{{Cite news |last=V |first=Sriram |date=7 May 2013 |title=Searching for Aal Thottam |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/searching-for-aal-thottam/article4690092.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720114427/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/searching-for-aal-thottam/article4690092.ece |archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref> Sharma later reused the tune of the song for "Calcutta Pan Vesina", in ''[[Raghavendra (film)|Raghavendra]]'' (2003).but later, the digital soundtrack album was released by [[Sony Music South]], who holds the current distribution and streaming rights. <ref>{{Citation |title=Youth (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs Download: Play & Listen Youth (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Tamil MP3 Song by Mani Sharma @Gaana |url=https://gaana.com/album/youth-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |access-date=2025-11-11 |language=en}}</ref>

<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s)
|-
| "Old Model Laila" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
| "Adi One Inch Two" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || Vaali
|-
| "Sagiyea Sagiyea" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]] || [[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Sakkarai Nilavea" || [[Harish Raghavendra]] || Vairamuthu
|-
| "Santhosam Valkaiyin" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || Vairamuthu
|-
| "Aal Thotta Bhoopathi Nanada" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || Vaali, [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]] (partial lyrics)
|}
</div>

== Release and reception ==
The film released on 19 July 2002 and became a commercial success. Critics from ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a positive review, In regard to performances, the critic mentioned that "Vijay is so used to this romantic sojourn that the essay comes without effort", while it was cited that Shaheen Khan's "magical screen presence is definitely missing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-07-26 |title=Youth |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/26/stories/2002072600880202.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627234930/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/26/stories/2002072600880202.htm |archive-date=2003-06-27 |access-date=2012-08-05 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "Vijay's fans expect a lot from his films. With a second rated screenplay, Vivek's comedy and a folksy tune, the film was made. They seem to have made the film relying solely on the expectations that his fans have. If the same trend is to continue, soon, Tamil cine industry is going to lose its 'Youth'fulness, wither away and bury itself".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/youth.shtml|title=Youth|website=Cinesouth|access-date=1 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021015152301/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/youth.shtml|archive-date=15 October 2002}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Vincent Selva}}

[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vincent Selva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottawa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Toronto]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy-drama films]]

Michael Madhusudan Dutta College

2026-03-26T02:07:54Z

Stephania3380: updated details

{{Short description|College in Tripura, India}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Michael Madhusudan Dutta College|timestamp=20260326020754|year=2026|month=March|day=26|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{One source|date=December 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Michael Madhusudan Dutta College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| established = 1987
| founder =
| type = Undergraduate college
| motto = Vidyayā'mritamașnute
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| mottoeng = Immortal through knowledge
| city = [[Sabroom]]
| principal = Dr. T. Mog
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| state = [[Tripura]]|
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 799145
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0230521|91.7085846|display=Inline}}
| campus = Rural
| affiliations = Tripura University
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = http://www.mmdcollege.in/
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Michael Madhusudan Dutta College''', (also known as '''MMD College'''), established in 1987, is a general degree college in [[Sabroom]], [[South Tripura]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and sciences. It is affiliated to [[Tripura University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of Tripura University | url=https://www.tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/affiliatedCollege1}}</ref> The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in Tripura]]
*[[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]]
*[[Tripura University]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Tripura]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.mmdcollege.in/
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/MICHAEL+MADHUSUDAN+DUTTA+COLLEGE/@23.0230521,91.7085846,186m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3753185be96378a3:0x35294dee19f325d0!8m2!3d23.0230496!4d91.7092008|title= Michael Madhusudan Dutta College}}

{{Portal bar|Education}}
{{Tripura University}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Tripura University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tripura]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Colleges in Tripura]]
[[Category:Memorials to Michael Madhusudan Dutt]]

{{tripura-university-stub}}

Indian Army during World War I

2026-03-17T10:29:03Z

Stephania3380: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]
| image = [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|150px]]
[[File:Indian Army troops in Mesopotamia prepare to fire against enemy aircraft, c. 1918.jpg|Indian_Army_troops_in_Mesopotamia_prepare_to_fire_against_enemy_aircraft,_c._1918|250px]]
| caption = Indian troops during the [[Mesopotamian campaign]]
| dates = 1895–1947
| country = {{flagcountry|British Raj}}
| allegiance = {{flag|British Empire}}
| branch =
| type = [[Army]]
| size = 1,780,000
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = [[Second Boer War]] [[British expedition to Tibet]] [[World War I]] [[Waziristan campaign (1919–20)]] [[Waziristan campaign (1936–39)]] [[World War II]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = 
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
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| notable_commanders = [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener]]
}}

The [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], also called the British Indian Army, was involved in [[World War I]] as part of the [[British Empire]]. More than one million Indian troops served overseas, of whom more than 60,000 died during the war.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404114832/http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/context/indias-contribution.php|title=India's contribution to the First World War|archive-date=April 4, 2012|url=http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/context/indias-contribution.php|publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In World War I the Indian Army fought against the [[German Empire]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. At the [[First Battle of Ypres]], [[Khudadad Khan]] became the first Indian to be awarded a [[Victoria Cross]]. Indian divisions were also sent to [[Sinai and Palestine campaign|Egypt]], [[Gallipoli campaign|Gallipoli]], [[German East Africa]] and nearly 700,000 served in [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mgtrust.org/ind1.htm|title=Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the First World War|publisher=Memorial Gates Trust|access-date=12 September 2009}}</ref> While some divisions were sent overseas others had to remain in India guarding the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier]] and on internal security and training duties.<ref name="su9" /><ref name=":0" />

Field-Marshal Sir [[Claude Auchinleck]], Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army from 1942 asserted that the British "couldn't have come through both World War I and [[World War II|II]] if they hadn't had the Indian Army."<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404114825/http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php|title=The Indian Army in the Second World War|archive-date=April 4, 2012|url=http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/context/indian-army-in-2nd-world-war.php|publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print |title=Armed and Ready | last = Bipindra | first = N. C. | work = The New Indian Express | date = 27 January 2013 |access-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524192004/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article1433642.ece?service=print |archive-date=24 May 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Kitchener's Reforms==
[[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Herbert Kitchener]] was appointed [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] in 1902 and after five years, his term of office was extended by a further two—during which he reformed the Indian Army.<ref name=su3/> The reforms now directed that there would be only one Indian Army, the three armies of the [[Presidencies of India|Presidencies]] being merged into a unified force.<ref name=hea184/> At the same time, the regiments of the [[Princely state]]s were made available to be called out to become [[Imperial Service Troops]].<ref name=hea184>Heathcote, p.184</ref> The [[British Army]] also continued to supply units for service in India, in addition to those of the Indian Army. The term [[Army of India]] was instituted to refer to the overall command structure which included both the British and Indian Army units. The new formation for the Army of India was set at nine divisions, each division with one cavalry and three infantry brigades and these nine divisions together with three independent infantry brigades would serve in India.<ref name=p83/> The Indian Army was also responsible for supplying a [[Burma Division|division in Burma]] and a [[Aden Brigade|brigade in Aden]].<ref name=p83/>

To assist command and control of the new divisions, two [[field army|field armies]] were formed—the Northern Army and the Southern Army.<ref name=p83/> The Northern Army had five divisions and three brigades and was responsible for the North West Frontier to [[Bengal]] while the Southern Army, which had four divisions in India and two formations outside the subcontinent, was responsible for [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchistan]] to southern India.<ref name=p83>Perry, p.83</ref> The regiments and battalions of the new organization would be numbered in a single sequence and the old titles of the [[Bombay Army|Bombay]], [[Madras Army|Madras]] and the [[Bengal Army|Bengal Armies]] would be discontinued.<ref name=hea184/> The new regiments and battalions, instead of remaining at their home base, could now all be called upon to serve anywhere in the country, and a tour of duty on the North West Frontier would be an established posting.<ref name=hea184/> One change that was not accepted was the formation of all-British or all-Indian brigades and the system of having one British regiment or battalion in each brigade remained.<ref name=hea184/>

==Organisation==
{{Main article|Indian Army during World War I order of battle}}

In 1914, the Indian Army was one of the two largest volunteer armies in the world;<ref name=su3>Sumner, p.3</ref> it had a total strength of 240,000 men<ref name=p85/> while the British Army had a strength of 247,433 regular volunteers at the outbreak of the war. By November 1918, the Indian Army contained 548,311 men, being considered the Imperial Strategic Reserve.<ref>Willmott, p.94</ref> It was regularly called upon to deal with incursions and raids on the North West Frontier and to provide garrison forces for the [[British Empire]] in Egypt, Singapore and China.<ref>Jeffery, p.3</ref>

This field force was divided into two armies: the Northern Army, which stretched from the North-West Frontier to Bengal with five divisions and three brigades under command, and the Southern Army which ranged from Baluchistan to southern India and it in turn had four divisions under command and two formations outside the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orbat.com/site/history/historical/india/army1914.html |title=The Indian Army: 1914 |access-date=15 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509080005/http://www.orbat.com/site/history/historical/india/army1914.html |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref> The two armies contained 39 cavalry regiments, 138 infantry battalions (including 20 [[Gurkha]]),<ref name=p85/> a joint cavalry-infantry unit, the [[Corps of Guides (British India)|Corps of Guides]], three [[sapper]] regiments and 12 [[mountain artillery]] batteries.<ref name=su3/>

The nine divisions formed by these reforms each consisted of one cavalry and three infantry brigades. The cavalry brigade had one British and two Indian regiments while the infantry brigades consisted of one British and three Indian battalions.<ref>Barua, p.130</ref> Indian Army battalions were smaller than the British battalions, consisting of 30 officers and 723 other ranks<ref name=p85>Perry, p.85</ref> as compared to the British 29 officers and 977 other ranks.<ref>Bridger, p.63</ref> Indian battalions were often segregated, with companies of different tribes, castes or religions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Army History|access-date=9 October 2009|publisher=Global Security.org|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/army-history.htm}}</ref> Additional troops attached to the headquarters of each division included a cavalry regiment, a [[pioneer (military)|pioneer]] battalion and artillery provided by the British [[Royal Field Artillery]]. Each division had about 13,000 men on strength, somewhat weaker than a British division in part due to the smaller infantry battalions and smaller artillery forces.<ref name=p86/> The Indian Army was also weakened when 500 British officers on home leave, enough to officer 38 Indian battalions, were posted to the new British divisions being formed for [[Kitchener's Army]].<ref>Chappell (2003), p.9</ref>

In addition to the regular Indian Army, the armies of the Princely States and regiments of the Auxiliary Force (European volunteers) could also be called upon to assist in an emergency.<ref name=su3/> The Princely States formed the [[Imperial Service Brigade]]s and in 1914, had 22,613 men in 20 cavalry regiments and 14 infantry battalions.<ref name=p86>Perry, p.86</ref> By the end of the war 26,000 men had served overseas on Imperial Service.<ref name="CWrepdirect"/> The Auxiliary force could field another 40,000 men in 11 regiments of horse and 42 volunteer infantry battalions.<ref name=p85/> Also available were the Frontier Militia and the Military Police which could field 34,000 men between them.<ref name=p85/>

The field force headquarters was located in [[Delhi]] and the senior officer (Commander-in-Chief, India) was assisted by a [[Chief of the General Staff, India]]. All the senior command and staff positions in the Indian Army alternated between senior officers of the British and Indian Armies. In 1914, the Commander–in–Chief was General Sir [[Beauchamp Duff]] of the Indian Army,<ref>Heathcote, p.197</ref> and the Chief of the General Staff was Lieutenant General Sir [[Percy Lake]] of the British Army.<ref>Davis, p.153</ref> Each Indian battalion was staffed by 13 officers from the British Army in India and 17 officers from the Indian Army— expatriate British officers serving under colonial Indian administration. As the war intensified and officer casualties mounted, the ability to replace casualties with officers of British origin became extremely difficult and in many cases the officer allotment to battalions was reduced accordingly. Only in 1919 were the first Officer Cadets of Indian descent permitted to be selected for officer training at the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Royal Military College]].<ref>Heathcote pp.200–210</ref>

The normal annual recruitment for the Indian army was 15,000 men, during the course of the war over 800,000 men volunteered for the army and more than 400,000 volunteered for non-combatant roles. In total almost 1.3 million men had volunteered for service by 1918.<ref>Pati, p.31</ref> Over one million Indian troops served overseas during the war. In total, at least 74,187 Indian soldiers died in World War I.<ref name="CWrepdirect"/> Child soldiers, some as young as 10 years old, were enlisted to fight in the war.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/British-enlisted-Indian-children-during-World-War-I-new-book-reveals/articleshow/49527450.cms | title=British enlisted Indian children during World War I, new book reveals | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 October 2015 | access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref>

==Home service==
[[File:Indians making muitions on the Home Front 1915.jpg |alt= Indians making muitions on the Home Front 1915.jpg |thumb| Indians making munitions on the Home Front in 1915 ]]
{{See also|Ghadar Mutiny|Hindu–German Conspiracy|Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial|Lahore Conspiracy Case trial|Silk Letter Movement|Provisional Government of India|British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I|Indian Political Intelligence Office|Defence of India Act 1915|Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914|Rowlatt Committee}}
Before World War I, the Indian Army was deployed maintaining internal security and defending the North West Frontier against incursions from Afghanistan. These tasks did not end with the declaration of war. The divisions deployed along the frontier were the existing [[1st (Peshawar) Division]], the [[2nd (Rawalpindi) Division]], the [[4th (Quetta) Division]].<ref name=su9/> The only war-formed division to serve in India was the [[16th Indian Division]] formed in 1916, it was also stationed on the North West Frontier.<ref name=su9/>{{efn|The [[3rd Lahore Divisional Area|3rd Lahore]],<ref name=Perry55>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=55}}</ref> [[6th Poona Divisional Area|6th Poona]],<ref name=Perry82>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=82}}</ref> and [[7th Meerut Divisional Area]]s<ref name=Perry97>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=97}}</ref> also remained in India throughout the war.}} All these divisions were still in place and took part in the [[Third Afghan War]] at the end of World War I.<ref name=su9/>

In supporting the war effort, India was left vulnerable to hostile action from Afghanistan. A [[Niedermayer-Hentig Expedition|Turco-German mission]] arrived in [[Kabul]] in October 1915, with obvious strategic purpose. [[Habibullah Khan]] abided by his treaty obligations and maintained Afghanistan's neutrality, in the face of internal opposition from factions keen to side with the [[Ottoman Sultan]].<ref>''The Third Afghan War 1919 Official Account'', p.11</ref> Despite this, localised actions along the frontier still took place and included [[Operations in the Tochi]] (1914–15), [[Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis]] (1915), Kalat Operations (1915–16), [[Mohmand Blockade]] (1916–17), [[Operations against the Mahsuds (1917)|Operations against the Mahsuds]] (1917) and [[Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes]] (1918).<ref>Riddick, pp.96–100</ref>

On the North East Frontier between India and Burma punitive actions were carried out against the [[Jingpo people|Kachins tribes]] between December 1914 – February 1915, by the [[Burma Military Police]] supported by the 1/[[7th Gurkha Rifles]] and the [[64th Pioneers]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 29652|page=6699 |supp=y|date=4 July 1916}}</ref> Between November 1917 – March 1919, operations were carried out against the [[Kuki people|Kuki tribes]] by auxiliary units of the [[Assam Rifles]] and the Burma Military Police (BMP).<ref>Reid, p.120</ref>

The other divisions remaining in India at first on internal security and then as training divisions were the [[5th (Mhow) Division]], the [[8th (Lucknow) Division]] and the [[9th (Secunderabad) Division]].<ref name=su9/> Over the course of the war these divisions lost brigades to other formations on active service; The 5th (Mhow) Division lost the [[5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade]] to the [[2nd Indian Cavalry Division]]. The 8th (Lucknow) Division lost the [[8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade]] to the [[1st Indian Cavalry Division]] and the [[22nd (Lucknow) Brigade]] to the [[11th Indian Division]]. The 9th (Secunderabad) Division lost the [[9th (Secunderabad) Cavalry Brigade]] to the 2nd Indian Cavalry Division and the [[27th (Bangalore) Brigade]] which was sent to [[British East Africa]].<ref name=su9>Sumner, p.9</ref> The other pre war units the Burma Division, remained in [[Burma]] throughout the war on internal security duties, likewise the Aden brigade remained in Aden.<ref name=su9/>

==Indian Army entry into the war==
In 1901 oil had been discovered in commercial quantities at [[Masjed Soleyman|Masjid-e-Suleiman]] at the head of the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>Kinzer, p.48</ref> At the start of the war in 1914, the privately owned [[Anglo-Persian Oil Company]] which owned the concessions for these fields was about to be bought by the British Government, primarily to fuel the British Fleet. It soon became clear that the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkish Army]] was being mobilised and in August the Indian Government was instructed to prepare contingency plans to protect these strategic assets. The plans dictated that in the event of the Turkish Army coming out in support of the Germans, the Indian Army was to act to secure the oilfields. As a contingency, the Indian Expeditionary Force D (see below) under command of [[Arthur Barrett (Indian Army officer)|Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Barrett]] sailed from Bombay on 16 October 1914 for Bahrain.<ref name=":0">Ford, pp.23–24</ref> They, together with Expeditionary Force A who had been hurriedly sent to Europe at the end of September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/india_wwone_01.shtml|title=India and the Western Front|last=Omissi|first=David |access-date=18 October 2009}}</ref>

==Independent brigades==
In addition to the permanent divisions, the Indian Army also formed a number of independent brigades. As part of the [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Army]] the [[Aden Brigade]] was stationed in the [[Aden Protectorate]] on the strategically important naval route from Europe to India,<ref name=su9/> where [[South Arabia during World War I|there was limited fighting]]. The [[Bannu Brigade]], the [[Derajat Brigade]] and the [[Kohat Brigade]] were all part of the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Army]] and they were deployed along the North West Frontier.<ref name=su9/> On 12 May 1918, the Bannu and Derajat brigades were designated as the Waziristan Field Force under the command General G W Baynon.<ref>Waziristan Campaign. Despatches published. success of operations. Reprinted from The Civil and Military Gazette of 5 May 1918</ref> The [[South Persia Brigade]] was formed in 1915 at the start of the [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persian Campaign]] to protect the Anglo–Persian oil installations in south [[Persia]] and the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name=su9/>

==Expeditionary Forces==
The Indian Army formed and dispatched seven expeditionary forces overseas during World War I.<ref name=su6/>

===Indian Expeditionary Force A===
{{Main article|Western Front (World War I)}}

On the outbreak of war, the Indian Army had 150,000 trained men and the Indian Government offered the services of two cavalry and two infantry divisions for service overseas.<ref name=r97/> The force known as Indian Expeditionary Force A was under the command of General Sir [[James Willcocks]].<ref name=r97>Riddick, p.97</ref> Force A was attached to the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] and the four divisions were formed into two [[army corps]]: an infantry [[Indian Corps]] and the [[Indian Cavalry Corps]].<ref>Sumner, p.4</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Baker|first=Chris|access-date=6 July 2009|title=The British Corps of 1914–1918|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/corps.htm|work=The Long, Long Trail}}</ref>

Upon arrival in [[Marseille]] on 30 September 1914, only six weeks after the declaration of war, they were moved to the [[Ypres Salient]] and took part in the [[Battle of La Bassée]] in October 1914.<ref name=su5>Sumner, p.5</ref> In March 1915, the [[7th (Meerut) Division]] was chosen to lead the assault in the [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle]].<ref name=su5/> The Expeditionary Force was hampered by a lack of familiarity with new equipment, only being issued [[Lee–Enfield]] rifles on their arrival in France and they had almost no artillery, relying on support from their neighbouring corps when in the front line.<ref name=su5/> They were not accustomed to the continental weather and were poorly equipped to resist the cold, leading to low morale which was further compounded by the reserve system, whereby reinforcements were drafted in from any regiment and had no affiliation to their new units. Officer casualties were even more of a handicap, as replacements were unfamiliar with the Indian Army and could not speak the language.<ref name=su5/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Basu |first1=Shrabani |title=Britain Owes a Debt to Indian Soldiers |url=https://newpolitic.com/2021/11/britain-owes-a-debt-to-indian-soldiers/ |website=New Politic |date=19 November 2021 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> With morale low, many soldiers fled the scene of the battle and the infantry divisions were finally withdrawn to Mesopotamia in October 1915, when they were replaced by the new British divisions of Kitchener's Army.<ref name=su5/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Gentlemen of the Raj|last=Barua|first=Pradeep|publisher=Praeger Publishing|year=2003|location=Westport, CT|page=15|isbn=0-275-97999-7}}</ref>

With the withdrawal of the infantry divisions, the only Indian Army units on the Western Front were the two cavalry divisions. In November 1916, the two Indian cavalry divisions were renumbered from [[1st Indian Cavalry Division|1st]] and [[2nd Indian Cavalry Division|2nd]] to the 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baker|first=Chris|access-date=9 September 2009|title=The Mounted Divisions of 1914–1918|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/mtddivs.htm|work=The Long, Long Trail}}</ref> Serving alongside British cavalry divisions they were held behind the front line awaiting the hoped for breakthrough. At times during the war they served in the trenches as infantry, each cavalry brigade when dismounted formed a dismounted regiment. This meant that when the divisions went into the front line, they could only cover a brigade area.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baker |first=Chris |access-date=9 September 2009 |title=The 2nd Indian Cavalry Division in 1914–1918 |url=http://www.1914-1918.net/2cavdiv_indian.htm |work=The Long, Long Trail |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529082359/http://www.1914-1918.net/2cavdiv_indian.htm |archive-date=29 May 2009 }}</ref> Before being themselves withdrawn to Egypt in March 1918, they took part in the [[Battle of the Somme]], the [[Battle of Bazentin]], the [[Battle of Flers-Courcelette]], the advance to the [[Hindenburg Line]] and finally the [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]].<ref name=su5/>

Of the 130,000 Indians who served in France and Belgium, almost 9,000 died.<ref name="CWrepdirect">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_india.pdf |title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission Report on India 2007–2008 |access-date=7 September 2009 |publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618081321/http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_india.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2010 }}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=150px>
File:Hodsons Horse France 1917 IWM Q 2061.jpg|{{small|Indian Cavalry on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]}}
File:39th Garhwali Riflemen on the march in France (Photo 24-238).jpg|{{small|[[39th Garhwal Rifles]] march in France}}
File:1-1 Gurkhas charging a trench (Photo 24-162).jpg|{{small|[[1st Gorkha Rifles]] charge trench near Merville, France}}
File:Indian officers, 39th Garhwalis (Photo 24-242).jpg|{{small|Indian officers of [[39th Garhwal Rifles]] on Estaire La Bassée Road, France}}
File:Meerut Cavalry Brigade on the march near Fenges, France (Photo 24-210).jpg|{{small|Meerut Cavalry Brigade marches near Fenges, France}}
File:Indian cavalry marching through a French village Estrée Blanche (Photo 24-115) (cropped).jpg|{{small|Indian Cavalry marches through [[Estrée-Blanche]]}}
File:Indian infantry in the trenches, prepared against a gas attack (Fauquissart, France). Photographer- H. D. Girdwood. (13875485043).jpg|{{small|Indian infantry with gas masks in trenches near [[Fauquissart]]}}
File:Indian Army soldiers carry a wounded officer on a stretcher in France.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers evacuate wounded officer on stretcher near [[Ginchy]]}}
File:The General Sir James Willcocks talking to Indian officers (Photo 24-167).jpg|{{small| General Sir [[James Willcocks]] meets Indian officers near Merville, France}}
File:Indian troops on the way to relieve French and American units 1918.jpg|{{small|Indian troops en route to relieve French and American units in the [[German spring offensive]]}}
File:IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15(1).jpg|{{small|[[2nd Rajput Light Infantry]] in action in [[Flanders]]}}
File:Gentlemen of India marching to chasten German hooligans 1914.jpg|{{small|[[15th Ludhiana Sikhs|15th Sikhs]] in [[Marseille]] on their way to fight the Germans}}
File:Group of all ranks 2-2 Gurkhas, 9th Gurkhas and 6th Jats (Photo 24-69).jpg|{{small|2/2 Gurkhas, [[9th Gorkha Rifles|9th Gorkhas]] and [[6th Jat Light Infantry|6th Jats]] who received honours or were mentioned in dispatches, [[Saint-Floris]]}}
File:Indian Lancers near Vraignes 1917.jpg|{{small|[[9th Hodson's Horse]] charge near [[Vraignes-en-Vermandois|Vraignes]]}}
File:The British Army on the Western Front, 1914-1918 Q9757.jpg|{{small|[[King George V]] inspects Indian troops at [[Le Cateau]]}}
</gallery>

=== Indian Expeditionary Force B ===
{{Main article|East African campaign (World War I)}}

[[File:Indian troops march toward Buiko, German East Africa, 1916.jpg|thumb|upright|{{small|[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2nd Kashmir Rifles]] march toward Buiko, [[German East Africa]]}}]]

In 1914, the Governor of [[British East Africa]] requested assistance to deal with the German forces in [[German East Africa]] and the problem was handed to the [[India Office]], which assembled two forces and shipped them to his aid.<ref name=ch11>Chappell (2005), p.11</ref> Indian Expeditionary Force B consisted of the [[27th (Bangalore) Brigade]], commanded by Brigadier General Richard Wapshare, from the [[9th (Secunderabad) Division]], and an [[Imperial Service Infantry Brigade]], commanded by Brigadier General [[Michael Tighe (Indian Army officer)|Michael Tighe]], together with a pioneer battalion, a mountain artillery battery and engineers. It was shipped across the [[Indian Ocean]] to invade [[German East Africa]].<ref>Chappell (2005), pp.11–12</ref><ref name="Paice">{{cite book |last1=Paice |first1=Edward |title=Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa |date=2007 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=9-780297-847090 |page=406}}</ref>
The force under the command of Major General [[Arthur Aitken]] landed at [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]] on 2–3 November 1914. In the following [[Battle of Tanga]], Aitken's 9,000 men were badly beaten by the 1,000 men under their German commander [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]].<ref name=ch12>Chappell (2005), p.12</ref> The force re-embarked on 5 November 1914, having suffered 4,240 casualties and the loss of several hundred rifles, 16 machine guns and 600,000 rounds of ammunition.<ref name=ch12/>

===Indian Expeditionary Force C===
[[File:10pounderMountainGunEastAfricaWWI.jpg|thumb|upright|{{small|Indian [[BL 10-pounder mountain gun|10-Pounder Mountain Gun]] crew in [[German East Africa]]}}]]

{{Main article|East African Campaign (World War I)}}

Indian Expeditionary Force C was the second force assembled for service in British East Africa in 1914. This force was formed from the Indian Army's [[29th Punjabis]], together with half battalions from the Princely states of [[Jind]], [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]], [[Kapurthala]] and [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], a volunteer [[Ordnance BL 15 pounder|15 pounder]] artillery battery, [[22nd (Derajat) Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)]], a volunteer [[maxim gun]] battery and a Field Ambulance. It was planned that the force was to be a defensive one (unlike force B) and be primarily used to guard the railway to [[Uganda]] and to support the [[King's African Rifles]] in communications protection duties. After arriving in [[Mombasa]], Force C was broken up and its units subsequently served separately.<ref name=su6/> The one action they were involved in was the [[Battle of Kilimanjaro]], in October 1914. Force C with 4,000 men gathered near the border of British and German East Africa, commanded by Brigadier General J. M. Stewart. Flawed intelligence reports estimated the German military presence in the region at 200 men; however, there were 600 [[askari]]s in three companies plus the colonial volunteers, 86 young Germans on horseback.<ref>Hoyt, p.55</ref> On 3 November 1914, some 1,500 [[Punjab (British India)|Punjabis]] of the British force advanced up the slope at night near Longido were caught in the crossfire of a strong German defensive position as they advanced in the morning fog. The large force of Indian infantry effectively resisted counterattacks, however, during the day the British attackers made no headway and suffered substantial casualties. By mid-morning, a German mounted patrol ambushed a supply column and roughly 100 mules carrying water for the troops were stampeded away by the Germans. The British officers, with their now widely scattered troops, waited until darkness and having determined their situation to be untenable, withdrew down the mountain and marched back to British East Africa having accomplished nothing.<ref>Hoyt, p.56</ref><ref>Miller, p.72</ref>

===Indian Expeditionary Force D===
{{Main article|Mesopotamian campaign}}

The largest Indian Army force to serve abroad was the Indian Expeditionary Force D in [[Mesopotamia]], under the command of [[John Nixon (Indian Army officer)|Lieutenant-General Sir John Nixon]].<ref name=su5/> The first unit sent in November 1914, was the [[6th (Poona) Division]] and they were tasked with guarding British oil installations in and around [[Basra]].<ref name=su6/> As part of the [[Mesopotamian campaign]] they served under the command of [[Arthur Barrett (Indian Army officer)|Major General Barrett]] and then under [[Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend|Major General Townshend]]. After a string of early successes, the campaign was delivered a setback at the [[Battle of Ctesiphon (1915)|Battle of Ctesiphon]] in November 1915 due to logistical constraints.<ref name=su6>Sumner, p.6</ref> Following this engagement, the Poona Division withdrew back to [[Kut]], where Townshend made the decision to hold the city and the [[Siege of Kut]] began.<ref name="Catherwood2014">{{cite book|first=Christopher|last=Catherwood|title=The Battles of World War I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMmMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51|date=22 May 2014|publisher=Allison & Busby|isbn=978-0-7490-1502-2|pages=51–2}}</ref>

Between January and March 1916, Townshend launched several attacks in an attempt to lift the siege. In sequence, the attacks took place at the [[Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad]], the [[Battle of Wadi (1916)|Battle of the Wadi]], the [[Battle of Hanna]], and the [[Battle of Dujaila|Battle of Dujaila Redoubt]].<ref name=Mesopotamia/> These attempts to break through the encirclement did not succeed and the cost was heavy with both sides suffering high casualties. In February food, and hopes were running out for Townshend in Kut-al-Amara. Disease spread rapidly and could not be contained or cured and Townshend surrendered in April 1916.<ref name=su6/> In December 1916, the 3rd and 7th Divisions arrived from the Western Front.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baker|first=Chris|access-date=17 September 2009|title=Mesopotamia|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/mespot.htm}}</ref>

In 1917, the British force, under [[Frederick Stanley Maude]], which now included one cavalry and seven infantry divisions from the Indian Army, in the [[III Corps (India)]]<ref name=su6/> advanced towards [[Baghdad]] which was captured in March.{{Clarify|This sentence is hard to interpret, probably because of the punctuation. Is it saying III Corp India was composed of one cavalry and seven infantry divisions? The sentence should be re-worded or punctuated differently for clarity.|date=November 2010}} The advance continued in 1918, and after the [[Battle of Sharqat]] in October, the Turkish forces surrendered and the [[Armistice of Mudros]] was signed.<ref>Karsh, p.327</ref> The Mesopotamian campaign was largely an Indian Army campaign as the only British formations involved were the [[13th (Western) Division]] and British battalions assigned to Indian brigades.<ref name=Mesopotamia>{{cite web|last=Baker|first=Chris|access-date=4 September 2009|title=Mesopotamia|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/mespot.htm|work=The Long, Long Trail}}</ref> In the campaign, 11,012 were killed, 3,985 died of wounds, 12,678 died of disease, 13,492 were either missing or prisoners (including the 9,000 prisoners from Kut), and 51,836 were wounded.<ref>"Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire" (London: [[HMSO]], 1920)</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=150px>
File:Meso Campaign.jpg|{{small|Indian anti-aircraft gunners at [[Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad]]}}
File:Indian troops in the firing line, Mesopotamia, January 1915.jpg|{{small|[[120th Rajputana Infantry]] with machine gun and rifles}}
File:The Mesopotamian Campaign, 1916-1918 Q25187.jpg|{{small|Indian troops guard Turkish prisoners captured at Sannaiyat}}
File:Indian Troops in New Street, Baghdad, 11 March 1917.jpg|{{small|Indian troops march into [[Baghdad]]}}
File:The Mesopotamian Campaign, 1916-1918 Q25175.jpg|{{small|Indian troops guard Baghdad railway station}}
File:Indian soldiers of the 7th Meerut Division man trenches in Mesopotamia, 1917.jpg|{{small|[[7th (Meerut) Division]] in the trenches}}
File:The Service of Sergeant Percy Elgey With the 1-4th Somerset Light Infantry in India and Mesopotamia 1914-1918 HU95127.jpg|{{small|[[37th Indian Brigade]] in [[Basra]]}}
</gallery>

===Indian Expeditionary Force E===
{{Main article|Sinai and Palestine campaign|Battle of Megiddo (1918)}}

Indian Expeditionary Force E consisted of the [[22nd (Lucknow) Brigade]] sent to Egypt in October 1914. The designation was retained for all subsequent forces sent there.<ref name=Perry172>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=172}}</ref>

Two Indian cavalry divisions ([[4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|4th Cavalry Division]] and [[5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|5th Cavalry Division]]) transferred from France in 1918, for service in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. They were joined by the [[15th Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade]], a unit formed by three regiments of [[Lancer]]s from the princely states of [[Princely State of Mysore|Mysore]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], and [[Jodhpur]].<ref name=su6/> The [[3rd (Lahore) Division]] and the [[7th (Meerut) Division]] were transferred from Mesopotamia.<ref name=p2426>Perrett, pp.24–26</ref> At the same time 36 Indian army battalions were sent to reinforce the British [[10th (Irish) Division|10th (Irish)]], [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|53rd (Welsh)]], [[60th (2/2nd London) Division|60th (2/2nd London)]] and [[75th Division (United Kingdom)|75th Division]]s, which were reformed on Indian division lines with one British and three Indian battalions per brigade.<ref name=p2426/>

<gallery mode=packed heights=150px>
File:Indian Cavalry at Aleppo November 1918.jpg|{{small|Indian Cavalry at [[Aleppo]]}}
File:Indian Cameleer on Camel 1915.jpg|{{small|Indian cameleer with full equipment}}
File:Indian lancers in Haifa 1918.jpg|{{small|Jodhpur and Mysore lancers march through [[Haifa]]}}
File:Capture and occupation of Palestine by British. British troops on parade at Jaffa Gate. 1917 Dec. matpc.11530.jpg|{{small|Indian Army outside [[Jaffa Gate]], [[Jerusalem]]}}
File:Indian Sentry guarding Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem.jpg|{{small|Indian sentry guards [[Dome of the Rock]], Jerusalem}}
File:Indian Cavalry entering Damascus, 2 October 1918.jpg|{{small|Indian Cavalry enters [[Damascus]]}}
File:Indian Sappers and Miners in Tripoli, Lebanon, during World War I.jpg|{{small|Indian Sappers and Miners in [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], [[Lebanon]]}}
</gallery>

===Indian Expeditionary Force F===
{{Main article|Raid on the Suez Canal}}

[[File:Indian Army camp on the banks of the Suez Canal, January 1915.jpg|thumb|upright|{{small|Indian camp at [[Suez Canal]]}}]]

Indian Expeditionary Force F consisted of the [[10th Indian Division]] and the [[11th Indian Division]] both of which were formed in Egypt in 1914, to defend the Suez canal. Other formations attached were the regular [[22nd (Lucknow) Brigade]] from the [[8th Lucknow Division]] without their British battalions and an [[Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade]].<ref>Rinaldi, p.125</ref>

The 10th Division was disbanded in 1916, and its brigades assigned to other formations.<ref name=su6/> The [[28th Indian Brigade]] was assigned to the 7th (Meerut) Division in 1915; the [[29th Indian Brigade]] served as an independent brigade in the Gallipoli campaign, and then disbanded in June 1917; and the [[30th Indian Brigade]] was first assigned to the 12th Indian Division in April 1915, then transferred to the 6th (Poona) Division in September 1915 and was captured in the [[Siege of Kut|fall of Kut]].<ref name=IAB>{{cite web|title=Indian Army Brigades |access-date=8 September 2009 |publisher=orbat.com |url=http://orbat.com/site/history/volume5/529/Indian%20Army%20Brigades.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010144500/http://orbat.com/site/history/volume5/529/Indian%20Army%20Brigades.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2008 }}</ref>

The 11th Division was disbanded earlier in 1915, but its brigades did not survive much longer.<ref name=su6/> The 22nd (Lucknow) Brigade was broken up in January 1916; the [[31st Indian Brigade]] joined the 10th Division in January 1916, but was disbanded a month later; and the [[32nd (Imperial Service) Brigade]] was disbanded in January 1916.<ref name=IAB/>

===Indian Expeditionary Force G===
{{Main article|Gallipoli campaign}}

In April 1915, Indian Expeditionary Force G was sent to reinforce the Gallipoli Campaign.<ref name="CWrepdirect"/> It consisted of the 29th Brigade, serving away from its parent [[10th Indian Division]].<ref name=su6/> Consisting of three battalions of Gurkhas and one of Sikhs,<ref>Perry, Roland. "Monash The Outsider Who Won A War" p211</ref> the brigade was dispatched from Egypt and attached to the British [[29th Division (United Kingdom)|29th Division]] which had been decimated in the earlier battles.<ref>Haythornthwaite, p.55</ref> Held in reserve for the [[Second Battle of Krithia]] they played a major part in the [[Third Battle of Krithia]]. Advancing on the left the Brigade was quickly halted except along the Aegean shore where the 1/[[6th Gurkha Rifles]] managed to advance. The [[14th Ferozepore Sikhs]], advancing along the floor of Gully Ravine, were almost wiped out, losing 380 men out of 514 and 80% of their officers. The Brigade was next involved in the [[Battle of Gully Ravine]] and here the 2/[[10th Gurkha Rifles]] managed to advance half a mile. The Brigade next took part in the [[Battle of Sari Bair]], under cover of a naval bombardment the 1/6th Gurkha Rifles assaulted and captured the hill, which was then shelled by the [[Royal Navy]]. With their casualties mounting and under command of the battalion medical officer they were forced to withdraw to their starting positions.<ref>Haythornthwaite, p.73</ref> With the failure of the assault at Sari Bair the brigade was withdrawn to Egypt. Over the duration of the campaign the 29th Brigade had suffered 1,358 dead and 3,421 wounded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dva.gov.au/news_archive/Documents/090327_GallipoliCampaign.pdf|access-date=4 September 2009|publisher=Australian Government, Department of Veterans affairs|title=The Gallipoli Campaign|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702131058/http://www.dva.gov.au/news_archive/Documents/090327_GallipoliCampaign.pdf|archive-date=2 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Peter Stanley's book ''Die in Battle, Do not Despair: the Indian on Gallipoli, 1915'' (Helion & Co. Solihul, 2015) shows that a total of 16,000 troops passed through Force G, and that it suffered about 1623 fatal casualties, listed in his book by name.

<gallery mode=packed heights=150px>
File:Troops of 29th Indian Infantry Brigade disembarking from a boat, Gallipoli, 1915.jpg|{{small|[[29th Indian Brigade]] land at [[Cape Helles]]}}
File:Indian Mountain Battery at Anzac Cove.jpg|{{small|Indian Mountain Battery in action}}
File:Indian soldiers in trench, Gallipoli,1915.jpg|{{small|Indian soldiers in the trenches}}
File:Indian mule team at Anzac, Gallipoli, 1915.jpg|{{small|Indian Mule Corps at Mule Gully}}
File:Indian and Anzac troops at Anzac Cove, 1915.jpg|{{small|Indian and [[Anzac]] troops at [[Anzac Cove]]}}
File:Troops of 29th Indian Infantry Brigade in the trenches, Gallipoli, 1915.jpg|{{small|29th Indian Brigade in the trenches}}
File:Gurkha soldiers of 29th Indian Brigade in Gallipoli 1915.jpg|{{small|Gurkha Battalion charges through [[Battle of Gully Ravine|Gully Ravine]]}}
</gallery>

==Other operations==

===Siege of Qingdao===
{{Main article|Siege of Qingdao}}

[[File:British, Indian and Japanese soldiers in Tsingtao (Qingdao), China, 1914.jpg|thumb|upright|{{small|British, Indian and Japanese soldiers in [[Qingdao]]}}]]

One Indian Army battalion that was part of the [[Concessions in Tianjin|Garrison of Tianjin]] in China, the [[36th Sikhs]] took part in the [[Siege of Qingdao]]. [[Qingdao]] was a German controlled port in China.<ref name=ww91/> The British Government and the other Allied European powers were concerned about Japanese intentions in the region and decided to send a small symbolic British contingent from Tianjin in an effort to allay their fears. The 1,500-man contingent was commanded by Brigadier-General Nathaniel Walter Barnardiston and consisted of 1,000 soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, [[South Wales Borderers]] who were later followed by 500 soldiers of the 36th Sikhs.<ref name=ww91/> The Japanese led force laid siege to the port between 31 October–7 November 1914.<ref name="CWrepdirect" /><ref name=ww91>Willmott, p.91</ref> At the end of the siege, Japanese army casualties numbered 236 killed and 1,282 wounded; the British-Indians had 12 killed and 53 wounded. The German defenders suffered 199 dead and 504 wounded.<ref>Haupt Werner, p.147</ref>

===1915 Singapore Mutiny===
{{Main article|1915 Singapore Mutiny}}

The [[1915 Singapore Mutiny]] involved up to half of the 850 [[sepoys]] comprising the [[5th Light Infantry]] against the British in Singapore during the war, part of the [[1915 Ghadar Conspiracy]].
The 5th Light Infantry had arrived in Singapore from [[Madras]] in October 1914. They had been sent to replace the [[Yorkshire Light Infantry]], which had been ordered to France.<ref>{{cite news | title = Commentary on the Mutiny | date = 2 May 1915 | work = [[New York Times]]}}</ref> The 5th Light Infantry consisted of roughly equal numbers of Punjabi Muslims and Pathans serving in separate companies. Their morale was constantly low, being affected by poor communication, slack discipline and a weak leadership.<ref name=nls/> The regiment had been employed to guard the captured crew from the German ship, [[SMS Emden (1908)|SMS Emden]] and reportedly attempts were made to fan the discontent amongst the sepoys.<ref name=nls/> The regiment was under orders to embark for further garrison duty in Hong Kong, however rumours started that they were going to be sent to fight in the Middle East against fellow Muslims from the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=nls/>

On 16 February 1915, while preparations for departure were under way, the four companies of Punjabi Muslims mutinied while the Pathan sepoys of the remaining four companies scattered in confusion. Two of the British officers at the Tanglin barracks were killed and the mutineers then moved on the German prisoner of war camp where they killed thirteen camp guards and other military personnel. The Germans however refused to join them. The mutineers then roamed the streets of Singapore, killing European civilians that they encountered. The mutiny continued for nearly five days and was suppressed by local volunteer and British regular units plus naval detachments from allied warships, and with assistance from the [[Sultan of Johor]].<ref name=nls>{{cite web|title=1915 Indian (Singapore) Mutiny|access-date=16 September 2009|publisher=National Library Singapore|url=http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_570_2005-01-24.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224083410/http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_570_2005-01-24.html|archive-date=24 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Following immediate [[court-martial|courts-martial]] a total of 47 mutineers were executed, while 64 were transported for life and another 73 imprisoned for varying terms.<ref name=nls/> Later in 1915 the 5th Light Infantry saw service in the [[Kamerun campaign]] and was subsequently sent to East Africa and Aden.<ref>{{cite book|first=Harper|last=R.W.E.|page=229|title=Singapore Mutiny|isbn=0-19-582549-7|year=1984}}</ref>

===1918 Malleson Mission===
{{Main article|Malleson Mission}}

500 men of the 19th Punjabis were deployed by General [[Wilfrid Malleson]] in [[Transcaspia]] in support of the [[Ashkhabad Committee]], and known as the [[Malleson Mission]]. The Ashkhabad Committee was a revolutionary organisation led by [[Mensheviks]] and [[Socialist Revolutionaries]] who were in an armed conflict with the [[Bolshevik]] [[Tashkent Soviet]].

==Victoria Cross recipients==
{{Main article|Victoria Cross}}
Indian soldiers had not been eligible for the Victoria Cross until 1911, instead they received the [[Indian Order of Merit]], an older decoration originally set up in the days of [[East India Company]] rule in India.

The honour of being the first Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC) in any conflict went to [[Khudadad Khan]], [[129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Mod Uk |url=http://www.wewerethere.defencedynamics.mod.uk/ww1/k_khan.html |title=Subadar Khudadad Khan, Victoria Cross (VC) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610032042/http://www.wewerethere.defencedynamics.mod.uk/ww1/k_khan.html |archive-date=10 June 2009 }}</ref> On 31 October 1914, at [[Hollebeke]], [[Belgium]], during a German attack, the British officer in charge of the detachment having been wounded, and the other machinegun put out of action by a shell, Sepoy Khudadad, though wounded, remained working his machinegun until all the other five men of the gun detachment had been killed.<ref name="gaz1">{{London Gazette|issue=28999|page=10425 |supp=y|date=4 December 1914}}</ref>

Other members of the Indian Army awarded the Victoria Cross during World War I were:
*[[Darwan Singh Negi]], 1st Battalion [[39th Garhwal Rifles]]
**"For great gallantry on the night of the 23–24 November 1914, near Festubert, France, when the regiment was engaged in retaking and clearing the enemy out of our trenches, and, although wounded in two places in the head, and also in the arm, being one of the first to push round each successive [[Traverse (trench warfare)|traverse]], in the face of severe fire from bombs and rifles at the closest range".<ref name=gaz1/>
* Lt. [[Frank Alexander de Pass]], [[34th Prince Albert Victor's Own Poona Horse]]
**"For conspicuous bravery near Festubert on 24 November 1914, in entering a German sap and destroying a traverse in the face of the enemy's bombs, and for subsequently rescuing, under heavy fire, a wounded man who was lying exposed in the open."<ref>{{cite web|publisher=National Army Museum|title=The Victoria Cross|access-date=15 September 2009|url=http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/vc/page4-2.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820033615/http://national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/vc/page4-2.shtml|archive-date=20 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|date=16 February 1915|supp=y |issue=29074|page=1700}}</ref>
*[[William Bruce (VC)|William Bruce]], [[59th Scinde Rifles]] (British-born)
**On 19 December 1914, near Givenchy, during a night attack, Lt. Bruce was in command of a small party which captured one of the enemy's trenches. In spite of being severely wounded in the neck, he walked up and down the trench, encouraging his men to hold on against several counter-attacks for some hours until killed. The fire from rifles and bombs was very heavy all day, and it was due to the skilful disposition made, and the example and encouragement shown by Lt. Bruce that his men were able to hold out until dusk, when the trench was finally captured by the enemy.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31536 |page=11206 |supp=4 |date=4 September 1919 }}</ref>
*[[Eustace Jotham]], [[12th Frontier Force Regiment|51st Sikhs]] attached North Waziristan Militia
**On 7 January 1915, at Spina Khaisora ([[Tochi Valley]]) During operations against the Khostwal tribesmen, Captain Jotham, who was commanding a party of about a dozen of the North Waziristan Militia, was attacked in a [[nullah]] and almost surrounded by an overwhelming force of some 1,500 tribesmen. He gave the order to retire, and could have himself escaped, but most gallantly sacrificed his own life by attempting to effect the rescue of one of his men who had lost his horse.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29240 |supp=y|page=7279|date=23 July 1915}}</ref>
*[[Gabar Singh Negi]], [[39th Garhwal Rifles]]
**On 10 March 1915, at Neuve Chapelle. During the attack on the German position Nk Gabar Singh Negi was one of a bayonet party with bombs who entered their main trench, and was the first man to go round each traverse, driving back the enemy until they were eventually forced to surrender. He was killed during this engagement.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29146 |supp=y |page=4143 |date=28 April 1915}}</ref>
*[[Mir Dast]], [[55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)]]
**On 26 April 1915, at [[Wieltje]], [[Belgium]], Jemadar Mir Dast led his platoon with great bravery during the attack, and afterwards collected various parties of the regiment (when no British officers were left) and kept them under his command until the retirement was ordered. He also displayed great courage that day when he helped to carry eight British and Indian officers to safety while exposed to heavy fire.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beluchis Fine Fighter|access-date=16 September 2009|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C03E0DA1739E233A25756C2A9619C946496D6CF | date=25 July 1915}}</ref>
*[[Sir John Smyth, 1st Baronet|John Smyth]] [[15th Ludhiana Sikhs]] (British-born)
**For most conspicuous bravery near [[Richebourg L'Avoue]] on 18 May 1915. With a bombing party of 10 men, who voluntarily undertook this duty, he conveyed a supply of 96 bombs to within 20 yards of the enemy's position over exceptionally dangerous ground, after the attempts of two other parties had failed. Lieutenant Smyth succeeded in taking the bombs to the desired position with the aid of two of his men (the other eight having been killed or wounded), and to effect his purpose he had to swim a stream, being exposed the whole time to [[howitzer]], [[Shrapnel shell|shrapnel]], [[machine-gun]] and rifle fire.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29210 |date=29 June 1915 |page=6269}}</ref>
*[[Kulbir Thapa]], [[3rd Gurkha Rifles]].
**On 25 September 1915 in Fauquissart, France, Rifleman Thapa, having been wounded himself, found a wounded soldier of The Leicestershire Regiment behind the first line German trench. Although urged to save himself, the Gurkha stayed with the wounded man all day and night. Early next day, in misty weather, he took him through the German wire and, leaving him in a place of comparative safety, returned and brought in two wounded Gurkhas, one after the other. He then went back, and, in broad daylight, fetched the British soldier, carrying him most of the way under enemy fire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria Cross holders|publisher=National Army Museum|access-date=4 September 2009|url=http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/vc/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112103728/http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/vc/|archive-date=12 November 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*[[Lala (VC)|Lala]], [[41st Dogras]]
**On 21 January 1916, at El Orah, Mesopotamia, finding a British officer lying close to the enemy, Lance-Naik Lala dragged him into a temporary shelter. After bandaging his wounds, the lance-naik heard calls from his own adjutant who was lying wounded in the open. The enemy was only {{convert|100|yd}} away. Lala insisted on going to help. He stripped off his own clothing to keep the wounded officer warm and stayed with him until just before dark when he returned to the shelter. After dark he carried the first wounded officer to safety and then, returning with a stretcher, carried back his adjutant.<ref>''[[London Gazette]]'' 27 July 1945</ref>
*[[John Alexander Sinton]], [[Indian Medical Service]] (Canadian-born)
**On 21 January 1916, at the Orah Ruins, Mesopotamia, Captain Sinton attended to the wounded under very heavy fire. "For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty. Although shot through both arms and through the side, he refused to go to hospital, and remained as long as daylight lasted, attending to his duties under very heavy fire. In three previous actions Captain Sinton displayed the utmost bravery."<ref>''[[London Gazette]]'' 21 June 1916</ref>
*[[Shahamad Khan]], [[89th Punjabis]]
**On 12–13 April 1916 near Beit Ayeesa, Mesopotamia, Naik Shahamad Khan was in charge of a machine-gun covering a gap in our new line within 150 yards of the entrenched enemy. He beat off three counter-attacks and worked his gun single-handed after all his men, except two belt-fillers, had become casualties. For three hours he held the gap under very heavy fire and when his gun was knocked out, he and his two belt-fillers held their ground with rifles until ordered to withdraw. With help he then brought back his gun, ammunition and one severely wounded man, and finally all remaining arms and equipment.<ref>''[[London Gazette]]''26 September 1916</ref>
*[[Gobind Singh (VC)|Gobind Singh]], [[28th Light Cavalry]]
**On the night of 30 November and 1 December 1917, east of [[Pozières]], France, Lance-Dafadar Gobind Singh three times volunteered to carry messages between the regiment and brigade headquarters, a distance of {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} over open ground which was under heavy fire from the enemy. He succeeded each time in delivering the message, although on each occasion his horse was shot and he was compelled to finish the journey on foot.<ref>''[[London Gazette]]'' 1 December 1917</ref>
*[[Karanbahadur Rana]], [[3rd Gurkha Rifles]]
**On 10 April 1918, at El Kefr, Egypt, during an attack, Rifleman Karanbahadur Rana and a few other men crept forward with a Lewis gun under intense fire to engage an enemy machine-gun. No. 1 of the Lewis gun team opened fire but was shot almost immediately, whereupon the rifleman pushed the dead man off the gun, opened fire, knocked out the enemy gun crew and then silenced the fire of the enemy bombers and riflemen in front of him. During the remainder of the day he did magnificent work and finally assisted with covering fire in the withdrawal, until the enemy were close on him.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30575 |supp=y|page=7307|date=21 June 1918}}</ref>
*[[Badlu Singh]], [[14th Murray's Jat Lancers]]
**"On 2 September 1918 on the west bank of the [[River Jordan]], Palestine, when his squadron was charging a strong enemy position, Ressaidar Badlu Singh "realised that heavy casualties were being inflicted from a small hill occupied by machine-guns and 200 infantry. Without any hesitation he collected six other ranks and with entire disregard of danger he charged and captured the position. He was mortally wounded on the very top of the hill when capturing one of the machine-guns single handed, but all the guns and infantry had surrendered to him before he died".<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31034 |supp=y |pages=14040–14041 |date=27 November 1918 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:India Gate in 1930s.jpg|thumb|The [[India Gate]] commemorates the 70,000 Indian soldiers who lost their lives during the war]]
{{further|British Raj#World War I and its aftermath|List of regiments of the Indian Army (1922)}}

In 1919, the Indian Army could call upon 491,000 men, but there was a shortage of experienced officers, most of the officers having been killed or wounded in the war.<ref>Jeffery, p.101</ref> In 1921, the Indian government started a review of their military requirements with the protection of the North West Frontier and internal security their priority.<ref>Jeffery, p.103</ref> By 1925, the Army in India had been reduced to 197,000 troops, 140,000 of them Indian.<ref>Jeffery, p.109</ref>

Battalions were now allocated one of three roles: The field army of four infantry divisions and five cavalry brigades; covering troops, 12 infantry brigades and supporting arms to act as a reserve force in case of invasion; and finally internal security troops, 43 infantry battalions to aid the civil power and support the field army when required.<ref>Sumner, p.13</ref> The number of cavalry regiments was reduced from 39 to 21. The infantry regiments were converted into 20 large regiments with four or five battalions in each regiment plus a training battalion, always numbered the 10th, also included were ten Gurkha regiments.<ref name="su15" /> Nine single battalion regiments were disbanded by 1922.<ref name="su15">Sumner, p.15</ref> Two of the large regiments were later disbanded, the [[3rd Madras Regiment]] for economic reasons, and the [[20th Burma Rifles]] when Burma ceased to be governed by India.<ref name="su15" />

The end of World War I did not see the end of fighting for the Indian Army—they were involved in the [[Third Afghan War]] in 1919,<ref>Barthorp, p.157</ref> and then the [[Waziristan campaign 1919–1920|Waziristan Campaign]] in 1919–1920 and again in 1920–1924.<ref>See Barthorp, p. 158.</ref> Operations against the [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridis]] in 1930–1931, the Mohmands in 1933 and again in 1935 and finally just before the outbreak of [[World War II]] operations in [[Waziristan campaign 1936–1939|Waziristan]] again in 1936–1939.<ref>Barthorp, p.170.</ref>

The [[India Gate]] in New Delhi, built in 1931, commemorates the Indian soldiers who lost their lives fighting in World War I.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=7 September 2009 |title=India Gate |publisher=India.gov.ind |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/indiagate.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905153609/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/indiagate.php |archive-date=5 September 2009 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian Army (1895–1947)]]
*[[Indian Labour Corps]]
*[[Defence of India Act 1915]]
*[[Indian Army during World War II]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* "Honour and Fidelity: India's Military Contribution to the Great War 1914-1918 " by Captain Amarinder Singh
*{{Cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|year=2002|title=Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947|publisher=Cassell|isbn=0-304-36294-8}}
*{{Cite book|last=Baura|first=Pradeep|year=2005|title=The state at war in South Asia|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-1344-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bridger|first=Geoff|title=The Great War Handbook|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2009|location=Barnsley|isbn=978-1-84415-936-9}}
*{{Cite book|last=Chappell|first=Mike|title=The British Army in World War I: The Western Front 1914–16|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2003|isbn=1-84176-399-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Chappell|first=Mike|year=2005|title=The British Army in World War I: The Eastern Fronts Volume 3 of The British Army in World War I|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-401-9}}
*{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=Paul K|year=1994|title=Ends and means: the British Mesopotamian campaign and commission|publisher=Associated University Press|isbn=0-8386-3530-X}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ford|first=Roger|title=Eden to Armageddon: The First World War in the Middle East|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|location=London|year=2009|isbn=978-0-297-84481-5}}
*{{Cite book|last=Heathcote|first=T A|year=1995|title=The Military in British India: the development of British land forces in South Asia, 1600–1947|publisher=Manchester University Press ND|isbn=0-7190-3570-8}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hoyt|first=Edwin P|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Co|year=1981|isbn=0-02-555210-4|title=Guerilla: Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire}}
*{{Cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Keith|year=1984|title=The British Army and the Crisis of Empire, 1918–22|publisher=Manchester University Press ND|isbn=0-7190-1717-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/britisharmycrisi0000jeff}}
*{{Cite book|title = Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East |first=Efraim|last=Karsh |publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 2001|isbn=0-674-00541-4}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kinzer|first=Stephen|title=All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror|publisher=Stephen Kinzer, John Wiley and Sons|location=London|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/allshahsmenameri00kinz/page/48 48]|isbn=0-471-26517-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/allshahsmenameri00kinz/page/48}}
*{{Cite book|last=March|first=Francis Andrew|title=History of the World War|year=1921|publisher=Plain Label Books|isbn=1-60303-242-8}}
*{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Charles|title=Battle for the Bundu: The First World War in German East Africa|publisher=Macdonald & Jane's|year=1974|isbn=0-02-584930-1}}
*{{cite book | last = Morton-Jack | first = George | title = Army of empire : the untold story of the Indian Army in World War I | publisher = Hachette Book Group (eBook) Basic Books | location = New York, NY | year = 2018 | isbn = 9780465094073 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Pati|first=Budheswar|title=India and the First World War|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=1996|isbn=81-7156-581-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Perrett|first=Bryan|year=1999|title=Megiddo 1918|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-85532-827-5}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Commonwealth Armies|first=Frederick William|last=Perry|publisher=Manchester University Press ND|year=1988|isbn=0-7190-2595-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Perry | first = F.W. | year = 1993 | title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions | publisher = Ray Westlake Military Books | location = Newport| isbn = 1-871167-23-X}}
*{{Cite book|last=Reid|first=Brian Holden|year=1997|title=Military Power: land warfare in theory and practice|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7146-4768-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Riddick|first=John F|year=2006|title=The History of British India: a chronology|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-32280-5}}
*{{Cite book|last=Rinaldi|first=Richard A|year=2008|title=Order of Battle British Army 1914|publisher=Ravi Rikhye|isbn=978-0-9776072-8-0}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sumner|first=Ian|title=The Indian Army 1914–1947|year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Werner|first=Haupt|year=1994|title=Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee : 1884–1918|isbn=3-7909-0204-7|publisher=Podzun Pallas Verlag}}
*{{Cite book|last=Willmott|first=H P|year=2003|title=First World War|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=1-4053-0029-9}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Shrabani|year=2015|title=For King and Another Country: Indian Soldiers on the Western Front 1914–18 |publisher=Bloomsbury India|isbn=978-93-84052-91-1}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*Markovits, Claude: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/indian_expeditionary_force Indian Expeditionary Force], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/ 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
*Singha, Radhika: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/indian_labour_corps Indian Labour Corps], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/ 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
* [http://www.king-emperor.com The Indian Army in the Great War 1914–1918] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705054201/http://king-emperor.com/ |date=5 July 2019 }}

{{Indian Expeditionary Forces}}
{{World War I}}
{{World War I history by nation}}

[[Category:India in World War I]]
[[Category:Military of British India|Army, Historical]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]

Sajida Zaidi

2026-03-15T06:07:20Z

Stephania3380: Created new entry

{{short description|Indian educationist, writer in the Urdu language, and poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sajida Zaidi
|image = Sajida_Zaidi_1926_2011.jpg
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 1926
|birth_place = [[Panipat]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
|death_date = 11 March 2011 (aged 84–85)
|death_place = [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
|other_names =
|occupation = Educationist, writer, and poet
|years_active = 1955–1985
|known_for = Poetry in Urdu
|notable_works = ''Ju-e-Naghma'' and ''Sel-e-Wajid''
}}
'''Sajida Zaidi''' (1926 – 11 March 2011) was an Indian educationist, writer in the [[Urdu language]], and poet. For many years she was a professor and head of the Department of Education at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) until her 1966 retirement.<ref name="TharuLalita1993"/><ref name= Service>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sajida-zaidi-celebrated-urdu-writer-passes-away-at-84/760896/|title=Sajida Zaidi, celebrated Urdu writer, passes away at 84|date=11 March 2011|accessdate=5 April 2016|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref>

Zaidi was a feminist in thought and deed, and this was reflected in her novel ''Mauj-e-Hawa-Paichan'' which dealt with an unconventional sexual relationship.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVfhAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Sahitya Akademi.}}</ref> Her philosophy progressed through stages of "religiosity, Marxism, humanism, and finally existentalism".<ref name="TharuLalita1993">{{cite book|author1=Susie J. Tharu|author2=Ke Lalita|title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjZYf9Xf9bcC&pg=PA251|year=1993|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-1-55861-029-3|pages=251–52}}</ref>

Zaidi was honoured by many prestigious institutions. She received the Bahadur Shah Zafar Award in 2008 and the Urdu Academy Award in 2009 from the [[Delhi Urdu Academy]] for her contribution to the Urdu language and literature.<ref name= Service/>

==Biography==
Zaidi was born in 1926 at [[Panipat]], India. She had four sisters. Her father, S.M. Mustehsin Zaidi, taught mathematics at the [[University of Cambridge]] and died when she was eight years old. She learned from her father about the poetry of [[Ghalib]], [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]], and [[Hafez]], a Persian poet.<ref name="TharuLalita1993"/><ref name=Lead>{{Cite web|url=https://rekhta.org/poets/zahida-zaidi/profile|title=zahida zaidi1930-2011|accessdate=5 April 2016|publisher= rekhta.org}}</ref> Her paternal grandfather, K.G. Saqulain, was a noted social reformer; while her maternal grandfather, Maulana Khwaja [[Altaf Husain Hali]], was an Urdu poet.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article2611.html|title=Remembering Zahida Zaidi|date=15 March 2011|volume=XLIX|issue=12|accessdate=1 May 2016|journal=Mainstream Weekly}}</ref> Her younger sister, [[Zahida Zaidi]], who died two months before her, also became a well-known poet and professor of [[English literature]] at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU); the two were famously known as the "Zaidi Sisters" in the literary community.<ref name= Service/> Despite coming from a conservative [[Islamic culture|Muslim society]], she and her sister stopped wearing the [[burqa]] as students at the AMU and rode their bicycles to class.<ref name= Service/> She was also influenced by her eldest sister, [[Sabira Zaidi]].<ref name="TharuLalita1993"/><ref name= Service/>

Zaidi started working at the AMU as a lecturer in 1955 and attained several important positions, contributing to the development of the institution until her retirement in 1986.<ref name="TharuLalita1993"/><ref name= Service/> Concurrent with her teaching assignment, she pursued poetry writing from 1958. Her debut poetry collection, titled ''Ju-e-Naghma'' (Stream of Melody), was published in 1962. Journals and magazines in Pakistan published her poems in the early years of her career; one such composition was ''Aaatish-e-Sayyal'' (Liquid Fire), published in 1972. Her writings also included dramas in verse form and the adaptation of [[Federico Garcia Lorca]]'s ''Yerma'' into Urdu theater. Her writing was influenced by [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Carl Jung]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], and [[Franz Kafka]]. In 1986, her collection of poems titled ''Sel-e-Wajid'' (Flow of Existence) was published.<ref name="TharuLalita1993"/>

Zaidi was a designated member of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) on the educational panel. Some of the other important assignments she held were membership in the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training ]] (NCERT), the [[Bureau for Promotion of Urdu]], and the [[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]].<ref name= Service/>

Zaidi died in Dubai on 11 March 2011 at the age of 84 due to illness.<ref name= Service/>

==Awards==
Zaidi received a plethora of awards for her literary contribution to Urdu language and poetry. Some of these awards are: The Imtiaz-e-Mir Award, the Ghalib 'Ham Sab' Award for Drama, several Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy Awards, the All-India Bihar Urdu Academy Award for 'Sarhad Koi Naheen', the Sydney Literary Society Award, and the Canberra Literary Society Award.<ref name= Service/>

==Publications==
Zaidi has many publications to her credit, such as Urdu poems in five books, poetic dramas, and literary critiques. She translated many of her works into English, Russian, Oriya, Marathi, and Hindi languages. Following her death in 2011, her autobiography was slated for publication.<ref name= Service/>

==Appreciation==
Commenting on Zaidi's proficiency in poetry, critic Syed Sirajuddin observed that her poems "have a somewhat dry, cognitive quality and she keeps an incipient romanticism at bay with her intellection".<ref name="TharuLalita1993"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaidi, Sajida}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Women writers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Poets from Haryana]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Twelvers]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]

Pushyamitra Shunga

2026-03-14T18:37:27Z

Stephania3380: improved article

{{Short description|Shunga Emperor from 185 to 149 BCE}}
{{for|the 5th century CE tribe|Pushyamitras}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[List of monarchs of Magadha#House of Shunga|Emperor of Magadha]]
| name = Pushyamitra Shunga
| image = Bharhut Sunga individual.jpg
| caption = Sunga period masculine figurine, 2nd-1st century BCE, [[Guimet Museum]]
| reign = {{circa|185|149 BCE}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| succession1 = [[Senapati|General]] of [[Mauryan Empire|Magadha]]
| predecessor = [[Brihadratha Maurya]] (as [[List of Mauryan emperors|Mauryan emperor]])
| successor = [[Agnimitra]]
| birth_date = {{circa|late 3rd century BCE}}
| birth_place = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Maurya Empire]] (present-day [[Bihar]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Circa|149 BCE}}
| death_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Shunga Empire]](present-day [[Bihar]], [[India]])
| dynasty = [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]]
| father =
| mother =
}}

'''Pushyamitra Shunga''' ([[IAST]]: {{IAST|Puṣyamitra Śuṅga}}; reigned {{circa|185|149 BCE}}), also known as '''Pushpamitra Shunga''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Puṣpamitra Śuṅga}}) was the founder and the first ruler of the [[Shunga Empire]] which he established to succeed the [[Maurya Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitchiner |first=John E. |title=The Yuga Purāṇa |publisher=The Asiatic Society |year=1986 |isbn=978-93-81574-56-0 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref>
Pushyamitra is recorded to have performed the [[Ashvamedha]] ritual to legitimize his right to rule.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dineshchandra Sircar |author-link=Dineshchandra Sircar |title=Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&pg=PA175 |year=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2790-5 |page=175}}</ref> Inscriptions of the Shungas have been found as far as the [[Ayodhya]] (the [[Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana|Dhanadeva–Ayodhya inscription]]), and the ''[[Divyavadana]]'' mentions that his empire stretched as far as [[Sagala|Sakala]] (now [[Sialkot]]) in [[Punjab]] region, now in Pakistan.

Though Buddhist texts claim that Pushyamitra persecuted Buddhists, past and contemporary scholars have rejected these claims.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mishra|first=Ram Kumar|title=Pushyamitra Sunga and the Buddhists |date=2012|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156189|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73|pages=50–57|jstor=44156189 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name=thapar />

==Name==
According to John E Mitchiner, Pushyamitra original name was Puṣpaka or Puṣpamitra and the confusion between Puṣyamitra and Puṣpamitra arose because of the erroneous readings of 'p' and 'y' in the manuscripts. His interpretation is largely inspired by the ''Yuga Purāṇa''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitchiner |first=John E. |title=The Yuga Purāṇa |publisher=The Asiatic Society |year=1986 |isbn=978-93-81574-56-0 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata |pages=71–72 |language=en}}</ref>

==Foundation of the Shunga Empire==
Pushyamitra Shunga founded the [[Shunga Empire]] after assassinating the last Mauryan emperor [[Brihadratha Maurya]]. Subsequently, he drove out the Greeks with the [[Shunga–Greek War]] and ruled for 36 years.<ref name="s590">{{cite book | last=Roxburgh | first=E. | title=The Mauryan Empire of India | publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing | series=Great Empires | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-5026-0640-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpFmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42| page=42}}</ref><ref name="v667">{{cite book | last=Tarn | first=W.W. | title=The Greeks in Bactria and India | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Cambridge Library Collection - Classics | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-108-00941-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&pg=PA175 | page=175}}</ref><ref name="v298">{{cite book | last=Kulke | first=H. | last2=Rothermund | first2=D. | title=A History of India | publisher=Routledge | series=Asian history | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-415-15482-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0GEtXp-GsUC&pg=PA71 | page=71}}</ref>

The Buddhist text ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' names Pushyamitra as the last Mauryan emperor.{{sfn|Lahiri|1974|p=29}} {{quote|[[Samprati|Sampadin's]] son was Bṛhaspati who, in turn, had a son named Vṛṣasena, and Vṛṣasena had a son named Puṣyadharman, and Pusyadharman begot [[Pushyamitra|Pusyamitra]]...... With the death of Pusyamitra, the Mauryan lineage came to an end. --Aśokāvadāna{{sfn|Strong|1989|pp=292, 294}} }} This text appears to have confused Brihadratha with Pushyamitra.{{sfn|Lahiri|1974|p=30}}

H. C. Raychaudhuri theorized that the name "Shunga" is derived from the Sanskrit word for the fig tree.<ref>''Raychaudhari Hemchandra, "Tha Audvijja Senani of the Harivansa?", Indian culture, Vol. IV, 1938, P. 360-365''</ref>

== Alleged persecution of Buddhists ==
=== Buddhist accounts ===
Buddhist texts claim that Pushyamitra cruelly persecuted the Buddhists. The earliest source to mention this is the 4-5th Century CE text ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' (a part of ''[[Divyavadana]]''). According to this account, Pushyamitra (described as the last Mauryan emperor) wanted to be famous. His ministers advised him that as long as Buddhism remained the dominant faith, he would never be as famous as his ancestor [[Ashoka]], who had commissioned 84,000 [[stupa]]s. One advisor told him that he could become famous by destroying Buddhism. Pushyamitra then tried to destroy the [[Kukkutarama]] monastery, but it was saved by chance. He then proceeded to [[Sagala|Shakala]] in the north-west, where he offered a prize of one hundred [[Denarius|Roman ''denarii'']] (coins) for every head of a Buddhist monk brought to him. Next, he proceeded to the Koshthaka kingdom, where a Buddhist [[yaksha]] named Damshtranivasin killed him and his army with help of another yaksha named Krimisha.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|pp=95-96}}{{sfn|Lahiri|1974|p=33}}

{{quote|... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the [[Kukkutarama]] (in [[Pataliputra]]). ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the [[sangharama]], killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in [[Sagala|Sakala]], and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk.{{sf|Strong|1989|p=293}}}}
Like other portions of the text, these accounts are regarded by many historians as being exaggerated.<ref name="Jayantanuja2007">{{cite book | author=Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya | title=Class and Religion in Ancient India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C&pg=PA209 | access-date=29 November 2012 | year=2007 | publisher=Anthem Press | isbn=978-1-84331-727-2 | page=209}}</ref>

''Vibhasa'', another 2nd century text, states that Pushyamitra burned Buddhist scriptures, killed Buddhist monks, and destroyed 500 monasteries in and around [[Kashmir]]. In this campaign, he was supported by yakshas, ''kumbhanda''s, and other demons. However, when he reached the [[Bodhi tree]], the deity of that tree took the form of a beautiful woman and killed him.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|p=96}} ''Shariputrapariprichha'', translated into Chinese between 317 and 420 CE also mentions this legend, but this particular version is more detailed, and describes eastern India (not Kashmir) as the center of Pushyamitra's anti-Buddhist campaign.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|p=96}}

The medieval-era ''[[Manjushri-mula-kalpa|Arya-Manjushri-Mula-Kalpa]]'' mentions a wicked and foolish king named Gomimukhya ("cattle-faced"), or Gomishanda ("Gomin, the bull"), who seized the territory from the east to Kashmir, destroying monasteries and killing monks. Ultimately, he and his officers were killed in the north by falling mountain rocks.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|p=96}}{{sfn|Lahiri|1974|p=33-34}} This king is identified with Pushyamitra by [[Jayantanuja Bandyopadhyaya]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Jayantanuja |last=Bandyopadhyaya |title=Class and Religion in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C&pg=PA209 |year=2007 |publisher=Anthem |isbn=978-1-84331-332-8 |page=209 }}</ref>

The 16th-century Tibetan Buddhist historian [[Taranatha]] also states that Pushyamitra and his allies killed Buddhist monks and destroyed monasteries from ''madhyadesha'' (midland) to [[Jalandhar]]a. These activities wiped out the Buddhist doctrine from the north, within five years.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|p=96}}

=== Authenticity of Buddhist claims ===
[[File:Pushyamitra epigraph.jpg|thumb|The name "Pushyamitra" ([[Brahmi script]]: 𑀧𑀼𑀰𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀺𑀢𑁆𑀭) in the [[Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana]].]]
Based on Buddhist tradition, some scholars believe that Pushyamitra was indeed a persecutor of the Buddhist faith. However, others believe that Buddhist scholars were biased against Pushyamitra, because he did not patronize them.{{sfn|Lahiri|1974|pp=34-35}}
According to archaeologist [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]], there is evidence of some damage to Buddhist establishments at [[Takshashila]] around the time of Shunga rule. He also theorized that the [[Sanchi Stupa|Sanchi stupa]] was vandalized in 2nd century BCE (that is, during Pushyamitra's reign), before being rebuilt on a larger scale.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|pp=96-97}} G. R. Sharma, who excavated the Buddhist ruins at [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]], suggested that the destruction of the local monastery might have happened during the reign of Pushyamitra Shunga. P. K. Mishra believes that the damage to the [[Deur Kothar]] stupa is also datable to Pushyamitra's period.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|p=97}} H. C. Raychaudhari pointed out that Buddhist monuments were constructed at [[Bharhut]] during the Shunga rule.{{sfn|Lahiri|1974|p=34}} However, according to N. N. Ghosh, these were constructed during the reign of later Shunga rulers, not Pushyamitra's period.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|p=97}}

H. Bhattacharya theorized that Pushyamitra might have persecuted Buddhists for political, rather than religious, reasons: the politically active Buddhists probably supported the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] rivals of Pushyamitra, which might have prompted him to persecute them.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|p=100}} The ''Ashokavadana'' states that Pushyamitra declared a reward for killing Buddhist monks in [[Sagala|Shakala]] (present-day Sialkot), which was located near the Indo-Greek frontiers. According to K. P. Jayaswal, this further highlights a political motivation behind his alleged persecution of Buddhists.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|pp=99-100}}

Others have expressed skepticism about the Buddhist claims of persecution by Pushyamitra. [[Étienne Lamotte]] points out that the Buddhist legends are not consistent about the location of Pushyamitra's anti-Buddhist campaign and his death.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|p=98}} The ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' claims that Pushyamitra offered Roman ''dinara''s as a reward for killing Buddhist monks, but the ''dinara'' did not come into general circulation in India before the 1st century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganguly|first=Kanchan|title=Roman Coins in India and their impact.pdf|url=https://www.academia.edu/34202941}}</ref> ''Ashokavadana'' also claims that Ashoka persecuted ''Nirgrantha''s ([[Ajivika]]s), which some assert is a fabrication, considering that Ashoka's edicts express tolerance towards all religious sects.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|p=99}} The Sri Lankan Buddhist text ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' suggests that several monasteries existed in present-day Bihar, Awadh and Malwa at the time Pushyamitra's contemporary [[Dutthagamani]] ruled in Lanka. This suggests that these monasteries survived Pushyamitra Shunga's reign.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|p=100}}

H. C. Raychaudhury argued that Pushyamitra's overthrow of the Mauryans cannot be considered as a Brahmin uprising against Buddhist rule, as Brahmins did not suffer during the Mauryan rule: Ashoka's edicts mention the Brahmins before [[Shramana]]s, and the appointment of a Brahmin general (Pushyamitra) shows that the Brahmins were honoured at the Mauryan court.{{sfn|Lahiri|1974|p=34}} The fact that the ''Ashokavadana'' mentions Pushyamitra as a Mauryan further erodes its historical credibility, and weakens the hypothesis that he persecuted Buddhists because he was a Brahmin.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|p=99}} Raychaudhury also argued that according to ''[[Malavikagnimitra]]'', a Buddhist nun named Bhagavati Kaushiki attended Pushyamitra's court, which indicates that they did not persecute Buddhists. However, Shankar Goyal states that there is no evidence of Kaushiki being a Buddhist nun.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Aspects of ancient Indian history and historiography |author=Shankar Goyal |publisher=Harman |year=1993 |isbn=9788185151694 |page=30 }}</ref>

Historian Eric Seldeslachts states that there is "no proof whatsoever that Pushyamitra actually persecuted the Buddhists" though he may not have actively supported the Buddhists, invoking the Buddhist wrath.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Heirman |first1=Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr_M1e7yImoC |title=The Spread of Buddhism |last2=Bumbacher |first2=Stephan Peter |date=2007-05-11 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-15830-6 |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Romila Thapar]] writes that the lack of concrete archaeological evidence casts doubt on the claims of Buddhist persecution by Pushyamitra.<ref name="thapar">Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar, Oxford University Press, 1960 P200</ref>

It is possible that the Buddhist influence at the Mauryan court declined during Pushyamitra's reign, and the Buddhist monasteries and other institutions stopped receiving royal patronage. This change might have led to discontent among the Buddhists, resulting in exaggerated accounts of persecution.{{sfn|Simmons|Sarao|2010|pp=99-100}}

[[Michael Witzel]] states that ''[[Manu Smriti]]'', which emphasizes the role of orthodox faith in state-craft and society, was first compiled under Pushyamitra's rule. According to Kaushik Roy, it was a Brahmanical reaction to the rise of Buddhism and Jainism.<ref name="roy">Roy, Kaushik (2012). Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present, p.109-118. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9781107017368}}</ref>

===Accounts against persecution===
[[File:Sanchi Stupa Nr. 2 (1999).JPG|thumb|Shunga period [[stupa]] No. 2 at [[Sanchi]].]]
[[File:East Gateway and Railings Bharhut Stupa.jpg|thumb|East Gateway and Railings, Red Sandstone, [[Bharhut]] Stupa, 2nd century BCE. [[Indian Museum]], [[Kolkata]].]]
Shunga emperors were seen as amenable to Buddhism and as having contributed to the building of the stupa at [[Bharhut]].<ref>Akira Hirakawa, Paul Groner, "A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana", Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1996, {{ISBN|81-208-0955-6}} pg 223</ref> During his reign the Buddhist monuments of Bharhut and [[Sanchi]] were renovated and further improved. There is enough evidence to show that [[Pushyamitra]] patronised buddhist art.<ref>Sir john Marshall, "[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278482 A Guide to Sanchi]", 1918</ref>

== Succession of the throne ==
Pushyamitra Shunga was succeeded in 148 BCE by his son [[Agnimitra]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |first=Sailendra Nath |last=Sen |publisher=New Age International, 1999 |year=1999 |isbn=978-8-12241-198-0 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA170}}</ref>

== In literature ==
Pushyamitra Shunga's history is recorded in the [[Harshacharita]] authored by [[Bāṇabhaṭṭa]].

According to ''Vicarasreni'' of [[Merutunga]], Pushyamitra or Pushpamitra got his throne in 204 BC.{{sfn|Jain|1991|p=85}}

== See also ==
* [[History of Buddhism]]
* [[Indo-Greeks]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |date=1991 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Simmons|first1=Caleb|last2=Sarao|first2=K. T. S.|editor1-last=Danver|editor1-first=Steven L.|title=Popular Controversies in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-59884-078-0 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdu1AAAAIAAJ |title=Indigenous states of northern India, circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D. |first=Bela |last=Lahiri |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1974 |page=31 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Strong|first1=John S.|author-link = John S. Strong|title=The Legend of King Aśoka : a study and translation of the Aśokāvadāna|date=1989|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=0-691-01459-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232}}
* {{citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
{{ref end}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Shunga Empire|King of Shunga Dynasty]]
| years = 185–149 BCE
| before = [[Mauryan Dynasty]]'' '''[[Brihadratha Maurya]]'''''
| after = [[Agnimitra]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shunga, Pushyamitra}}
[[Category:2nd-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:140s BC deaths]]
[[Category:Persecution of Buddhists]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Shunga dynasty]]
[[Category:People from the Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Emperors of Magadha]]

Ramprakash Rayappa

2026-03-13T10:45:24Z

Stephania3380: done...

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramprakash Rayappa
| image = DirectorRamprakashRayappa.jpg
| caption = Ramprakash Rayappa in 2026
| birth_name = Ramprakash Rayappa
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1979|06|01}}
| birth_place = [[Annur|Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[Screenwriter]]
| years_active = 2015 – present
| spouse = Mathimala
| children = 1
}}

'''Ramprakash Rayappa''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter, who works primarily in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. He worked as an assistant in [[Engaeyum Eppothum|''Engeyum Eppodhum'']] (2011), and made his directorial debut in ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]'' (2015) produced by V.Chandran.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/naan-rajavaga-pogirens-producers-rope-in-nakul-for-their-next.html|title = From the makers of Naan Rajavaga Pogiren|date = 20 November 2013|accessdate = 4 April 2015|website = |publisher = Behindwoods.com|last = |first = |archive-date = 24 March 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150324200801/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/naan-rajavaga-pogirens-producers-rope-in-nakul-for-their-next.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=I Had to Change My Body Language: Actor Nakul |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-Had-to-Change-My-Body-Language-Actor-Nakul/2014/03/25/article2128715.ece#.UzKoTHbP32c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326101327/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-Had-to-Change-My-Body-Language-Actor-Nakul/2014/03/25/article2128715.ece#.UzKoTHbP32c |archive-date=2014-03-26 |access-date=2026-01-20 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| {{Reference heading}}
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]''
| Debut film, Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamizhukku En 1-Ai Azhuthavum Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Tamizhukku En 1-Ai Azhuthavum by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/tamizhukku-en-1-ai-azhuthavum/movie-review/46317335.cms |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2016 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]''
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pokkiri Raja Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Pokkiri Raja by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pokkiri-raja/movie-review/51264981.cms |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Suttu Pidikka Utharavu]]''
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suttu Pidikka Utharavu Review {2.5/5}: Logical loopholes and forced light-hearted scenes spoil the thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/suttu-pidikka-utharavu/movie-review/69777157.cms |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=6725347|name=Ramprakash Rayappa}}

[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Kubera Kuchela

2026-03-06T03:42:02Z

Stephania3380: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kubera Kuchela
| image = Kubera Kuchela.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. S. Mani
| producer =
| writer = B. S. Ramaiah
| starring = [[P. U. Chinnappa]] [[T. R. Rajakumari]] [[D. Balasubramaniam]] [[N. S. Krishnan]] [[T. A. Mathuram]]
| music = Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer [[S. V. Venkatraman]] (background music)
| cinematography = Marcus Bartley
| editing =
| studio = [[Jupiter Pictures]]
| distributor = S. I. P. Release
| released = {{Film date|1943|06|14|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kubera Kuchela''''' is a 1943 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by R. S. Mani and written by [[B. S. Ramiah|B. S. Ramaiah]]. The soundtrack was by Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer and background music by S. V. Venkat Raman. The film stars [[P. U. Chinnappa]] [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[D. Balasubramaniam]] and P. S. Govindan.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=April 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[P. U. Chinnappa]] as Kubera Kuchela and the demon Kuchela<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news|last=Guy|first=Randor|author-link=Randor Guy|date=11 September 2009|title=Kubera Kuchela 1943|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Kubera-Kuchela-1943/article3021915.ece|access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref>
* [[Papanasam Sivan]] as Kuchela<ref name="song book" />
* P. S. Govindan as [[Krishna]]<ref name="song book" />
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]] as Kubera, the Lord of Wealth<ref name="song book" />
* [[T. R. Rajakumari]] as Mallika<ref name="song book" />
* [[R. Balasubramaniam]]
* [[N. S. Krishnan]]
* [[T. A. Mathuram]]
* [[T. S. Durairaj]]
* S. R. Janaki
* Pulimootai Ramaswami
* L. Narayana Rao
* T. V. Annapoorani
* M. K. Meenalochani
* P. G. Kuppuswami
* E. Krishnan}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer and [[S. V. Venkatraman]] composed background music. The lyrics were written by [[Papanasam Sivan]] and Udumalai Narayana Kavi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuber Kuchela |url=http://gaana.com/album/Kubera-Kuchela |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=http://mininoolaham.blogspot.com/2021/01/kubera-kuchela-1943.html |title=குபேர குசேலா |publisher=[[Jupiter Pictures]] |year=1943 |language=ta |type=song book}}</ref> The song "Nadaiyalangaram Kanden" is set in the raga ''[[Kharaharapriya]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=13 April 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey — Kingly Kharaharapriya |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-kingly-kharaharapriya/article3310742.ece |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> "Maalai Chooda Vandhen Mallika" is set in [[Khamas (raga)|Khamas]], "Ennai Vittu Engey Sentreer" is in "[[Harikambhoji|Harikambothi]]", and "Kanna Kanna Kanna" is in "[[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]]".<ref name="thehindu1" />
{| class="wikitable"
! No !! Songs !! Singers !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Maalai Chooda Vandhen Mallika" || [[P. U. Chinnappa]] || 03:11
|-
| 2 || "Nadaiyalangaram Kanden" || [[P. U. Chinnappa]] || 03:07
|-
| 3 || "Selvame" || [[P. U. Chinnappa]] || 02:57
|-
| 4 || "Ennai Vittu Engey Sentreer" || [[T. R. Rajakumari]] ||
|-
| 5 || "Kanna Kanna Kanna" || [[Papanasam Sivan]] ||
|-
|}

== Marketing ==
The film was publicised with an innovative poster: a horizontal strip which contained lines in English: "Who Is Rich? Kubera or Kuchela? Watch The Movie".<ref name="thehindu1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1943 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1943 Indian films]]
[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1943 musical films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Jupiter Pictures films]]
[[Category:Krishna in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer]]

Sreedevi (film)

2026-03-03T21:10:10Z

Stephania3380: quick enhance intro after review additionally

{{distinguish|Sridevi (unreleased film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sreedevi
| image = Sreedevi1977.jpg

| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[N. Sankaran Nair]]
| producer = P. S. Nair
| screenplay = [[Jagathy N. K. Achary]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
* [[Jayabharathi]]
}}
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]]
| editing = [[K. Sankunni]]
| studio = Sri Sarkareswari films
| distributor = Ambika Films
| released = {{Film date|1977|03|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Sreedevi''''' is a 1977 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[N. Sankaran Nair]], starring [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[M. G. Soman]] and [[Sukumari|Jayabharathi]] in lead roles.The film has musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=730|title=Sreedevi|access-date=2014-10-05|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1009|title=Sreedevi|access-date=2014-10-05|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Film Sreedevi LP Records|url=http://musicalaya.net/imgviewer.php?mod=lpcovers/1136/4/1/1|publisher=musicalaya|access-date=2014-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ശ്രീദേവി |url=https://m3db.com/film/1784 |publisher=m3db.com |access-date=24 December 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> It was remade in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''[[Rishta Kagaz Ka]]''.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Venugopal<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/116/mode/2up?q=Sridevi |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |editor-last=Rajadhyaksha |editor-first=Ashish |page=116 |orig-date=1994 |editor-last2=Willemen |editor-first2=Paul}}</ref>
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Sreedevi (Senior)
*[[M. G. Soman]] as Chandrasekharan
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Prabha
*[[Sukumari]] as Karthyayani
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Phalgunan
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Shivasankara Pilla
*[[Sankaradi]] as P. K. Menon
*Baby Babitha as Sreedevi (Junior)
*[[Bahadoor]] as Sudareshan
*J. A. R. Anand as Broker
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Valsala
*[[Karan (actor)|Master Raghu]] as Young Venu
*P. R. Menon as Sreedevi's father
*[[Pala Thankam]] as School teacher
*Rajam K. Nair as Pankajakshi
*Master Sunil as Ravi
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Sreedevi
| type = film
| artist = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cover =
| caption =
| alt =
| released = 1977
| recorded = 1977
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[EMI]]
| producer = [[G. Devarajan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Yusufali Kechery]] and Perumpuzha Gopalakrishnan.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഭാഗ്യവശാൽ ചരണം മാറ്റേണ്ടിവന്നില്ല പെരുമ്പുഴക്ക് സ്നേഹം കൂടുമ്പോൾ കുട്ടൻ എന്നും വിളിക്കാമല്ലോ ഭർത്താവിനെ |language=ml |date=7 July 2020 |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/columns/paatuvazhiyorathu/perumpuzha-gopalakrishnan-movie-songs-ravi-menon-paattuvazhiyorathu-1.4887607 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202194529/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/columns/paatuvazhiyorathu/perumpuzha-gopalakrishnan-movie-songs-ravi-menon-paattuvazhiyorathu-1.4887607 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/SHZ/1 |title=Sreedevi |language=ml |access-date=21 June 2021 |publisher=indiancine.ma}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =

| title1 = Anjanakanna Vaa Vaa
| lyrics1 = [[Yusufali Kechery]]
| extra1 = [[P. Madhuri]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Bhakthajanapriye
| lyrics2 = Perumpuzha Gopalakrishnan
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 =

| title3 = Nrithyathi Nrithyathi
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[P. Leela]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Parameshwari
| lyrics4 = Yusufali Kechery
| extra4 = [[P. Madhuri]]
| length4 =

| title5 = Punchirichal Poonilavudikkum
| lyrics5 = Yusufali Kechery
| extra5 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length5 =

| title6 = Snehadeepam Koluthi
| lyrics6 = Yusufali Kechery
| extra6 = [[P. Madhuri]], Chorus
| length6 =

| title7 = Vivaaham Swargathil
| lyrics7 = Yusufali Kechery
| extra7 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length7 =
}}

== Release ==
''Sreedevi'' was released on 25 March 1977,<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210612101253/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |archive-date=12 June 2021 |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |last=Film News Anandan |access-date=21 June 2021 |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |year=2004 |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films |url-status=usurped
|author-link=Film News Anandan}}</ref> and the final length of the film was {{Convert|4128.00|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 1978 |title=Gazette of India, 1978, No. 338 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1978.338/page/n25/mode/2up?q=Sri+Sarkareswari+films |access-date=23 June 2021 |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]] |pages=582}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0282181|Sreedevi}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. Sankaran Nair]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Xorai

2026-02-26T10:44:39Z

Stephania3380: minor expand citations to improve readability and added references

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}[[Image:Assam Xorai.png|thumb|A set of ''Xorais'' on display]]
[[Image:Xorai welcome to Kaziranga.jpg|thumb|Two extra large ''Xorais'' being used by the roadside welcoming visitors to [[Kaziranga National Park]]]]
The '''''Xorai''''' ({{IPA|as|xɔɹaɪ}}), a manufactured [[bell metal]] product is one of the traditional symbols of [[Assam]], which is considered as an article of great respect by the people of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assam.gov.in/en/main/CULTURE%20OF%20ASSAM|title=Culture of Assam {{!}} ASSAM GOVERNMENT|website=assam.gov.in|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/insiders-guide-assam-to-mizoram/article19854549.ece|title=Insider's guide: Assam to Mizoram|last=Mathew|first=Elizabeth|date=2017-10-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/giving-voice-to-the-voiceless/article25133281.ece|title=Giving voice to the voiceless|last=Baruah|first=Parthajit|date=2018-10-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In simplistic terms it is an offering tray with a stand at the bottom which is used in felicitations also.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/politics/rahul-gandhis-49th-birthday-glimpses-from-his-life-in-pictures-2193333.html|title=Rahul Gandhi's 49th Birthday: Glimpses from His Life in Pictures|date=2019-06-19|website=News18|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/hima-feted-for-her-golden-track-feat/cid/1666893|title=Hima feted for her golden track feat|website=telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref> There are ''Xorai''s with or without a cover on the top. [[Hajo]] and [[Sarthebari]] are the most important centers of traditional bell-metal and brass crafts in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/time-to-give-the-makers-a-xorai/cid/1620693|title=Time to give the makers a xorai|website=telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref>

==Usage==
*As an offering tray for ''tamul-pan'' ([[betel nut]]s and [[betel|betel leaves]]) to guests as a sign of welcome and thanks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sourav-ganguly-speaks-about-ms-dhoni-s-position-leading-into-the-world-cup/story-9NaHPRRTs3oPUZ3lMf9LDM.html|title=Sourav Ganguly speaks about MS Dhoni's position leading into the World Cup|date=2018-10-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref>
*As an offering tray for food and other items placed in front of the altar (''naamghar'') for blessing by the Lord.
*As a decorative symbol in traditional functions such as during [[Bihu dance]]s (modern usage)
*As a gift to a person of honour during felicitations (modern usage)
[[File:সঁফুৰা.JPG|thumb|Xorai]]
[[File:Tamulpanor Xorai Assam.JPG|thumb|Xorai with [[Gamosa]], [[Areca nut|Tamul]] and [[Betel|Paan]], a tradition in Assam]]

==History and origin==
The tradition of using the '''Xorai''' dates back to ancient Assam, with records suggesting its prevalence during the [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia]]<ref> Bhuyan, S.K, Satsari Buranji,p.58, "ফ্ৰাচেংমুঙলৈ দিলে সুবৰ্ণৰ শৰাই ২ খন,‌পাটি ২ টা.."</ref> and [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom]] and earlier periods. It was traditionally used in royal courts, religious rituals, and community ceremonies. Over the centuries, the Xorai has remained a consistent symbol of honour and hospitality in Assamese culture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Assam's Xorai is more than just a metal artifact |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70480/the-assamese-xorai-and-its-cultural-importance |work=Outlook Traveller |date=2020-06-15 |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>

==Manufacturing process==
Xorais are typically crafted using [[bell metal]], an alloy of copper and tin. Traditional artisans, especially in [[Sarthebari]] and [[Hajo]], follow a manual process that includes melting, casting, hammering, and engraving. The production requires exceptional skill, usually passed down through generations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarthebari: The Bell Metal Town of Assam |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/sarthebari-the-bell-metal-town-of-assam-3521869/ |website=India.com |access-date=2025-07-23}}</ref>

==Symbolism and cultural significance==
In Assamese society, the Xorai is regarded as a sacred and symbolic object. It is often used to present offerings to guests, elders, and deities, embodying respect, purity, and goodwill. Its presence in religious and social rituals represents a deep-rooted cultural connection and spiritual reverence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/culture/an-iconic-symbol-of-assamese-culture-the-xorai-78931 |title=An iconic symbol of Assamese culture: The Xorai |website=Down To Earth |access-date=2025-07-23 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Modern adaptations==
While the traditional use of the Xorai continues, it is increasingly adapted as a decorative and symbolic gift in modern settings. It is often presented during state ceremonies, academic convocations, and cultural festivals. Designer versions are also produced as showpieces or awards.<ref>{{Cite news |title=From Tradition to Trend: How Xorai Found Its Place in Modern Ceremonies |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/10/20/xorai-symbol-of-assamese-tradition-now-a-modern-icon/ |work=EastMojo |date=2021-10-20 |access-date=2025-07-23 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Representation in media and events==
Xorai is frequently showcased in Assamese literature, films, documentaries, and advertisements. During events like [[Assam Day]], [[Rongali Bihu]], and official state receptions, the Xorai is prominently displayed or gifted to dignitaries as a cultural ambassador of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xorai: An Emblem of Assamese Identity in Global Platforms |url=https://www.thehillstimes.in/featured/xorai-an-emblem-of-assamese-identity |website=The Hills Times |access-date=2025-07-23 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Comparison with similar items in other cultures==
Objects similar to Xorai exist in other Asian cultures—for example, the ''thali'' in North India or ''phan'' in Thailand. However, the Xorai's craftsmanship, materials, and ceremonial function are unique to Assam, making it a distinct marker of the region’s heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural Objects of the East: A Comparative Overview |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/cultural-objects-east-comparative-overview |website=Sahapedia |access-date=2025-07-23 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Culture of Assam]]
*[[Bell and brass metal crafts of Assam]]
*[[Traditional crafts of Assam]]

==References==
<references />

{{Assam-stub}}
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Objects used in Hindu worship]]

Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-25T19:11:27Z

Stephania3380: new...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khajuraho
| type = LS
| map_image = Madhya_Pradesh_Lok_Sabha_constituencies_(Khajuraho_highlighted).png
| map_caption = Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency within Madhya Pradesh
| established = 1957
| electors = 19,97,483<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Press Note |author= |date=25 May 2024 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 December 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[V. D. Sharma|Vishnu Datt Sharma]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| reservation = None
| assembly_cons = [[Chandla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandla]] [[Rajnagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]] [[Pawai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pawai]] [[Gunnaor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gunnaor]] [[Panna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panna]] [[Vijayraghavgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vijayraghavgarh]] [[Murwara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Murwara]] [[Bahoriband (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bahoriband]]
}}
'''Khajuraho''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. Presently it covers the entire [[Panna district]] and parts of [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]] and [[Katni district|Katni]] districts.

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Since the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies in 2008, this constituency comprises the following eight Vidhan Sabha segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/election_commission/191208.asp|title=Three new Parliamentary seats come into existence Dewas, Tikamgarh and Ratlam in Shajapur, Seoni and Jhabua out|publisher=Department of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh government|date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621174614/http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/election_commission/191208.asp|archive-date=21 June 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|49
|[[Chandla Assembly constituency|Chandla]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
|[[Dileep Ahirwar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|50
|[[Rajnagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
|Arvind Pateriya
|-
|58
|[[Pawai Assembly constituency|Pawai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Panna district|Panna]]
|Prahlad Lodhi
|-
|59
|[[Gunnaor Assembly constituency|Gunnaor]] (SC)
|Rajesh Kumar Verma
|-
|60
|[[Panna Assembly constituency|Panna]]
|Brijendra Pratap Singh
|-
|92
|[[Vijayraghavgarh Assembly constituency|Vijayraghavgarh]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Katni district|Katni]]
|[[Sanjay Pathak]]
|-
|93
|[[Murwara Assembly constituency|Murwara]]
|Sandeep Jaiswal
|-
|94
|[[Bahoriband Assembly constituency|Bahoriband]]
|Pranay Prabhat Pandey
|-
|}

From 1976 to 2008, Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
|-
|43
|[[Niwari Assembly constituency|Niwari]]
|[[Niwari district|Niwari]]
|-
|44
|[[Jatara Assembly constituency|Jatara]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tikamgarh district|Tikamgarh]]
|-
|45
|[[Khargapur Assembly constituency|Khragapur]] (SC)
|-
|46
|[[Tikamgarh Assembly constituency|Tikamgarh]]
|-
|48
|[[Bijawar Assembly constituency|Bijawar]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
|-
|49
|[[Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]]
|-
|50
|[[Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Maharajpur]] (SC)
|-
|51
|[[Chandla Assembly constituency|Chandla]]
|}

== Members of Lok Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Ram Sahai Tiwary]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]{{efn|Two-member seat}}
|-
|[[Moti Lal Malaviya]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Ram Sahai Tiwary]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1967-1977 : Constituency defunct''}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Laxminarayan Nayak]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vidyawati Chaturvedi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Uma Bharti]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Satyavrat Chaturvedi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Ramkrishna Kusmaria]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Jeetendra Singh Bundela]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Nagendra Singh (politician, born 1943)|Nagendra Singh]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[V. D. Sharma]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Lok Sabha 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Khajuraho]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Khajuraho Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/khajuraho-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Khajuraho">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Khajuraho |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S128.htm |access-date=8 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808113950/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S128.htm |archive-date=8 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[V. D. Sharma|Vishnu Datt Sharma]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=7,72,774
|percentage=67.75
|change= +3.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Kamlesh Kumar
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes=2,31,545
|percentage=20.30
|change= N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= R. B. Prajapati
|party= All India Forward Bloc
|votes=50,011
|percentage=4.40
|change= N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 16,157
|percentage = 1.42
|change = +0.43
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,41,229
|percentage = 47.45
|change = +8.30
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =11,37,867{{efn|does not include postal ballots}}
|percentage =56.97
|change =-11.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Khajuraho]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[V. D. Sharma|Vishnu Datt Sharma]]
|votes =8,11,135
|percentage = 64.49
|change = +10.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kavita Singh
|votes = 3,18,753
|percentage = 25.34
|change = -0.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Veer Singh Patel]]
|votes = 40,077
|percentage = 3.19
|change = -1.39
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Meena /Lalit Raikwar
|votes = 12,450
|percentage = 0.99
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,92,382
|percentage = 39.15
|change = +10.85
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,58,316
|percentage = 68.31
|change = +16.95
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha 2014===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Khajuraho]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nagendra Singh (politician, born 1943)|Nagendra Singh]]
|votes =4,74,966
|percentage = 54.31
|change = +14.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Raja Pateria
|votes = 2,27,476
|percentage = 26.01
|change = -8.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Lakhan Singh
|votes = 60,368
|percentage = 6.90
|change = -6.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Siddharth Sukhlal Kushwaha
|votes = 40,069
|percentage = 4.58
|change = +1.14
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,47,490
|percentage = 28.30
|change = +23.44
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,74,531
|percentage = 51.36
|change = +8.14
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha 2009===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Khajuraho]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate =[[Jeetendra Singh Bundela]]
|votes =2,29,369
|percentage =39.33
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Raja Paterya
|votes = 2,01,037
|percentage = 34.47
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Sewa Lal Patel
|votes = 77,107
|percentage =13.22
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Samajwadi Party
|candidate =Jayawant Singh
|votes = 20,045
|percentage =3.44
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,332
|percentage = 4.86
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,83,083
|percentage = 43.21
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha 1957===
* Seat One.
* Motilal Malviya (INC) : 144,834 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html|title = 1957 India General (2nd Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* Nathoo Ram (BJS) : 73,024
* Seat Two
* Ram Sahai (Congress) : 122,970 votes
* Pyare M (PSP) : 72,962

<ref name="election1999">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chhatarpur district]]
* [[Katni district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Panna district]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/madhya_pradesh/khajuraho/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Khajuraho lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|24.75|80.16|region:IN-MP_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhatarpur district]]
[[Category:Katni district]]
[[Category:Panna district]]

Akhund Mullah Shah Mosque

2026-02-24T17:02:06Z

Stephania3380: done

{{Short description|Mosque in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name =
| image = Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque 01.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = Ruins of the former mosque in 2016
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| status = [[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}}
| functional_status = '''Inactive'''; {{small|(partial ruinous state)}}
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former mosque in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34.103587|74.817359|region:IN-JK_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| location = [[Srinagar]], [[Srinagar District]], [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| country = [[India]]
| year_completed = {{start date and age|1649}}
| founded_by = [[Dara Shikoh]]
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
| materials = Grey [[limestone]]
| dome_quantity = Three {{small|(maybe more)}}
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-JK-38 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}

The '''Akhund Mullah Shah Masjid''', also known as the '''Akhoon Mullah Masjid''', the '''Dara Shikoh Masjid''', and the '''Mala Shah Mashid''',<ref name="KashirEncyclopedia">{{Cite book|last=|first= |url=https://archive.org/details/Wkmv_kashir-encyclopedia-vol-1-jk-culture-academy/mode/1up |title=Kashir Encyclopedia |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages |year=1986 |isbn= |volume=1 |location= |page=367 |language=Ks}}</ref> is a former [[mosque]], now in partial ruins, located in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Srinagar]], in the [[Srinagar District]], [[Kashmir Valley]], in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. The former mosque structure is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Jammu & Kashmir |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=2016-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507130954/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_jk.asp|archive-date=2012-05-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The mosque was built by [[Dara Shikoh]] in 1649 for his spiritual mentor<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mosque of Akhund Mullah Shah {{!}} Srinagar, India Attractions|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/srinagar/attractions/mosque-of-akhund-mullah-shah/a/poi-sig/1377899/356307|access-date=2020-10-12|website=Lonely Planet|language=en}}</ref> and is a mosque inside a mosque. The prime [[sanctuary]] is entirely separated from the main building through a courtyard that surrounds it. There is a stone lotus that crowns the podium of the mosque.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masjid Of Akhund Mullah, Srinagar|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/srinagar/attractions/masjid-of-akhund-mullah/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=www.nativeplanet.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque 20.jpg|Mosque remnants in 2016
Akhund Mulla Shah's Mosque , Window-Srinagar district -J&K -013.jpg|Window with Jaali work and floral motifs
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Jammu and Kashmir]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Mosques in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]

{{Asia-archaeology-stub}}
{{India-mosque-stub}}

Avani Riverside Mall

2026-02-21T19:38:27Z

Stephania3380: done

{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Avani Riverside Mall
| image = Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 2012-01-14 0953.JPG
| image_width = 250px
| caption = Avani Riverside Mall in 2012
| location = [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5632|N|88.3237|E}}
| address = 32, Jagat Banerjee Ghat Road.
| opening_date = {{Start date and age|2011}}
| closing_date =
| developer = Avani Group
| manager =
| owner =
| architect =
| number_of_stores = 144
| number_of_anchors = 7
| floor_area = {{convert|600000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| parking =
| floors = 5 (1 underground)
| website = {{URL|https://avaniriversidemall.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Avani Riverside Mall''' is a [[shopping mall]] in [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]]. Developed by Avani Group, it is the first mall in [[Howrah]] district as well as the first [[Environmentally friendly|eco-green environment friendly]] mall in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avaniriversidemall.com/about-us/|title=About Us|access-date=2023-01-10|archive-date=2023-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110184614/https://avaniriversidemall.com/about-us/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2022, the mall is the largest mall of [[Howrah district]]. It is the only “Green Mall” in Eastern India, certified by [[Green building in India#Indian Green Building Council|Indian Green Building Council]] (as of 2020) with having "Platinum rating" for energy conservation (awarded in 2014). Multiplex chain operator [[PVR Cinemas|PVR]] launched its first multiplex in East India at Avani Riverside Mall.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2012/02/10/retail/pvr-opens-multiplex-at-avani-riverside-mall-howrah/|title=PVR opens multiplex at Avani Riverside Mall, Howrah|first=Indiaretailing|last=Bureau|date=February 9, 2012|access-date=January 10, 2023|archive-date=January 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110184619/https://www.indiaretailing.com/2012/02/10/retail/pvr-opens-multiplex-at-avani-riverside-mall-howrah/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Interior and features==
*With 7 anchor stores, the mall has the highest number of large format departmental stores in Eastern India which include [[Reliance Retail|Reliance Trends]], Pantaloons, [[Smart Bazaar]], [[Reliance Digital]], [[Reliance Retail|Trends Footwear]] and E-zone.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2011/10/20/retail/avani-riverside-mall-will-change-the-lifestyle-of-people-in-howrah/|title="Avani Riverside mall will change the lifestyle of people in Howrah"|first=Shubhra|last=Saini|date=October 20, 2011|access-date=January 10, 2023|archive-date=January 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110194549/https://www.indiaretailing.com/2011/10/20/retail/avani-riverside-mall-will-change-the-lifestyle-of-people-in-howrah/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Apart from this the mall has nearly 200 national and international brands like Allen Solley, Levis, Louis Phillipe, Nike, Pantaloons, Provogue, Linc, Peter England, Van Huesen, UCB, Timex, Bata, Color Plus, Little shop, Archies, etc.<ref name="auto"/>
*The mall also has a 12,000 sq ft state of art indoor banquet and a landscaped terrace banquet.
* There is a four-screen [[PVR Cinemas|PVR]] multiplex (the first in [[East India|Eastern India]]) is spread across 32,820 sq.ft., with a capacity of 1,186 seats.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Eco-green mall==
Avani Riverside Mall is equipped with the advanced environment friendly management system. Fly ash bricks have been used in its construction which are user friendly, easy to handle, fire resistance and good earthquake resistance.
In 2014, the mall became first mall in India to be awarded with [[Green building in India#Indian Green Building Council|Indian Green Building Council]] "'''Platinum Award'''" for energy conservation suppressing about 500 malls in India. The mall uses an energy-efficient lighting system and a water-cooled air-conditioning system resulting 23% less energy consumption. With ultra low-flow hand flush at washrooms, it resulted a 40% reduction in water consumption. The mall also has an organic waste management system in place where the excess from cafeterias etc are used as manure.
<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/avani-riverside-first-indian-mall-to-get-platinum-rating-for-energy-conservation/articleshow/29616823.cms|title=Avani Riverside first Indian mall to get platinum rating for energy conservation | Kolkata News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2023-01-10|archive-date=2023-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110194952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/avani-riverside-first-indian-mall-to-get-platinum-rating-for-energy-conservation/articleshow/29616823.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Events and achievements==
*Tollywood actors [[Dev Adhikari]] and [[Rituparna Sengupta]] inaugurated the mall in 2011.
*Bollywood diva, [[Nandana Sen]] inaugurated the food court.
*In 2014, the mall became first mall in India to be awarded with the Indian Green Building Council Platinum Award for energy conservation from the President of India.<ref name="auto2"/>
*Bengali actress [[Nusrat Jahan]] inaugurated the 4th Max store at Avani Riverside Mall in Kolkata on Sunday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/photos-details/L/814/nusrat-launches-max-store-in-kolkata.html|title=Nusrat launches Max store in Kolkata | Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management|website=Indiablooms.com|access-date=2023-01-10|archive-date=2023-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110194410/https://www.indiablooms.com/photos-details/L/814/nusrat-launches-max-store-in-kolkata.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*iDestiny, Authorised Reseller store of US multinational company, Apple was launched in Avani Riverside Mall (first in Howrah).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/finance-details/10929/apple-authorised-first-reseller-store-launched-in-howrah-in-west-bengal.html|title=Apple authorised first reseller store launched in Howrah in West Bengal | Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management|website=Indiablooms.com|access-date=2023-01-10|archive-date=2023-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110194409/https://www.indiablooms.com/finance-details/10929/apple-authorised-first-reseller-store-launched-in-howrah-in-west-bengal.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 2012-01-14 0956.JPG|Avani Riverside Mall front view
File:Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 2012-01-14 0952.JPG|Avani Riverside Mall side view
File:Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 2011-12-10 00890.jpg|Entry view from inside
File:Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 2012-01-08 00948.jpg|Interior of the mall, ground floor
File:Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 2011-12-10 00880.jpg|Interior of the mall, 1st floor
File:Big Bazaar - Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 2012-01-08 00949.jpg|[[Big Bazaar]] in the mall
File:Food Court - Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 20170913210551.jpg|"Treat", food Court, 3rd floor.
File:Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 2011-12-10 00901.jpg|Night view of the Mall

</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Commercial buildings completed in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]

Prudence International School

2026-02-21T08:59:34Z

Stephania3380: basic refined references for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{More citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Prudence International School
| image =
| motto =
| location = Apta Phata, Mumbai-Goa Highway
| city = [[Panvel]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| postal_code = 410221
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| type = Private, international boarding and day school
| established = {{Start date and age|2005}}
| chairman = Tejas Khandhar
| director = Vidhi Khandhar
| staff =
| faculty =
| grades = Pre-primary to 12
| gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Co-educational]]
| enrollment =
| affiliation = [[University of Cambridge]]
| campus_type =
| campus_size =
| website = {{URL|www.prudence.edu.in}}
}}

'''Prudence International School''' was a private, international, co-educational boarding and day school in [[Panvel]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It operates from pre-primary to 12th-grade level and provides the checkpoint, [[Cambridge]] [[IGCSE]], and [[A-Level]] examinations. It is affiliated with [[Conference of the Americas on International Education|CAIE]] ([[University of Cambridge]])<ref name="economictimes">{{cite news|title=Our students are a part of our everyday life: Tejas Khandhar, chairman of Prudence International|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/our-students-are-a-part-of-our-everyday-life-tejas-khandhar-chairman-of-prudence-international-school/articleshow/58587833.cms|publisher=The Economic Times|date=2017-05-09}}</ref> and has received many district and national-level trophies in many sporting activities. The school has ranked amongst the top [[IGCSE]] boarding schools in [[Mumbai]] and [[Navi Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Category: Top Day cum Boarding International Schools in India|url=http://www.educationtoday.co/school-rankings-2016/school-ranking-details.php?id=97|publisher=EducationToday.Co}}</ref> by [[The Times of India]] and several ranking surveys in 2015, 2016 and 2017.<ref name="economictimes"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Aggarwal|first1=Aakanksha|title=Ms Madhumita dean of Prudence International School believes, "Career Counselling is a very Respectable and Responsible Profession"|url=https://www.careerguide.com/blog/ms-madhumita-believes-career-counselling-respectable-responsible-profession|publisher=Career guide|date=2016-08-16}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|title=An Ideal International School for your Child|url=https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-1UTe1I8avGs/VtZ1nVL5MmI/AAAAAAAAAZs/TglSjdGcPJ8tlJz8Tmt4qJCFINuS2mniQCHMYBhgL/s1903/New%2BDoc_4.jpg|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia1">{{cite news|title=Gain the international edge in education|url=https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-T_ThGVPprUg/V023AYdZ4_I/AAAAAAAAAVQ/kCmTnMtNNWwWgQ9vLbnaFMWkDfp5tY0ywCHMYBhgL/s1903/News.jpg|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia2">{{cite news|title=Preparing for a lifetime of winning in every sphere|url=https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-q8ZIKn1LoCY/WZPl70Zd1pI/AAAAAAAAAbY/-8QxaRFAkIwv3aVYdpadJrU3bsol0lk1QCHMYBhgL/s1903/IMG_20170816_115553.JPG|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==History==
Prudence International School was established in the year 2005 by its promoters Tejas Khandhar and Vidhi Khandhar. The campus was a rundown recreational resort which was acquired by the promoters and was converted into a school campus. The school commenced in a reverse integration starting with [[A-Level]] courses and eventually to preprimary segments.

==Academic and curriculum==
The School follows the CAIE curriculum. The school further follows a grading system for pre-primary where monthly reports of each child are generated and can be accessed online by their parents.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lifestyle Development|url=https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-JhNCyiX9TT8/VtZ1nLrfcFI/AAAAAAAAAZo/4uHD3IhFnnQqdLBNjA5p7s2p-oZUWiqLQCHMYBhgL/s1903/New%2BDoc_3.jpg}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Received an award as a winner in top 10 schools in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Prudence International School - The top ranking school for your child|url=https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-PPKRH3PeBKU/VtZ1m52skjI/AAAAAAAAAZk/mrBKyO83EMAl0-Q26gqQpJ158refvtqzgCHMYBhgL/s1903/New%2BDoc_1.jpg}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia"/><ref name="timesofindia1"/><ref name="timesofindia2"/>
* Awarded most eco-friendly campus.<ref name="economictimes"/>
* Received "The White Swan Award" for the "Most Influential Brand 2015-16" in education at the Taj Lands End, [[Mumbai]] in September 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=Tejas Khandhar - Emerging Leader Prudence International School Emerging Brand|url=http://thewhiteswanawards.in/Tejas_Khandhar.php|publisher=The White Swan Awards}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[International school]]
* [[List of international schools in India]]
* [[Avalon Heights International School]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
https://www.edustoke.com/navi-mumbai/prudence-international-school-raigad-residential

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.prudence.edu.in/}}

[[Category:International schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Private schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cambridge schools in India]]

{{Maharashtra-school-stub}}

Soundararajan (cinematographer)

2026-02-15T15:02:44Z

Stephania3380:

{{short description|Indian cinematographer (born 1976)}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soundararajan
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|8|29}}
| birth_place = [[Uthiramerur]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = Loyola School, Chennai
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| spouse = Anusha Soundar (2005–present)
| relatives = Vijay Rathinam (Brother)
}}

'''Soundararajan''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] who has worked in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film industries.

== Early life ==
Soundar Rajan was born in [[Uthiramerur]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to Saranathan and Chandra. His childhood days were spent in [[Kancheepuram]].{{fact|date=September 2025}}
He graduated with [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[Visual Communications]] from [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]].{{fact|date=September 2025}}

==Career==
Soundar Rajan completed a degree in Visual Communications at [[Loyola College, Chennai]] before approaching [[P. C. Sreeram]] for work experience. Sreeram recommended him to [[K. V. Anand]], who accepted him as an assistant, and they subsequently worked on films including ''[[Nerukku Ner]]'' (1997), ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999) and ''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]'' (2000), before continuing as an apprentice till ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]'' (2004). Soundar Rajan made his debut as a lead cinematographer with ''[[Sukran]]'' (2005), before going on to work on ''[[Kana Kandaen]]'' (2005), directed by his mentor K. V. Anand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/16anand.htm|title=My film should be logical|website=Rediff.com|access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref> He was also given an opportunity by director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] to shoot [[Chimbu Deven]]'s ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/soundarrajan-11-10-12.html |title=Soundarrajan - Tamil Cinema Director Interview - Soundarrajan - Behindwoods.com |access-date=14 June 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043707/http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/soundarrajan-11-10-12.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He is an acclaimed ad film cinematographer with more than 3000 ad films to his credit. He has since worked on Telugu films including the fantasy film, ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]'' (2011), where he worked extensively on visual effects for the first time. Soundar Rajan also then continued work on Tamil films including a collaboration with Anand again in ''[[Maattrraan]]'' (2012), where [[Suriya]] portrayed conjoined twins and the crew used up to five different techniques to get the desired illusion on screen.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/37058.html |title=Events - Maatraan Special - Cameraman Soundararajan - IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=14 June 2015 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100139/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/37058.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also won critical acclaim for his work in the bilingual ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]'' (2014) for his depiction of a fictional hill town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaayai-moodi-pesavum-review-tamil-15053957.html|title=Movie Review : Vaayai Moodi Pesavum|website=[[Sify]] |date=26 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426033454/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaayai-moodi-pesavum-review-tamil-15053957.html|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=26 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/movies/tamil-film-wrestles-with-social-issues-1736886|title=Tamil film wrestles with social issues|website=Iol.co.za|access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref> In 2017, he won critical acclaim for his work in [[Lakshman (director)|Lakshman]]'s action film ''[[Bogan (film)|Bogan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Through-the-eyes-of-a-lensman/article17192888.ece|title=Through the eyes of a lensman|first=Ramakrishnan|last=M|date=4 February 2017|access-date=27 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Soundar Rajan married Anusha L on 11 December 2005. They have two children Advaith Soundar (born 22 December 2008) and Nikita Soundar (born 29 September 2006){{fact|date=September 2025}}

==Filmography==
=== As cinematographer ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
| ''[[Sukran]]''
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Kana Kandaen]]''
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Aathi]]''
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]''
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Bale Pandiya (2010 film)|Bale Pandiya]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Maattrraan]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Samsaaram Aarogyathinu Haanikaram]]'' ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]''
| Malayalam Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
| ''[[Isai]]''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''[[Bogan (film)|Bogan]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Goutham Nanda]]''
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Paper Boy (2018 film)|Paper Boy]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Charlie Chaplin 2]]''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[High Priestess]]''
| Web series
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Seetimaarr]]''
| rowspan="5" |Telugu
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Odela Railway Station]]''
| Direct streaming release on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| ''[[Amigos (2023 film)|Amigos]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Devil: The British Secret Agent]]''
|
|-
|2025
| ''[[Odela 2]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Entertainment |date=8 March 2024 |title='Odela 2': Tamannaah Bhatia is an ardent Shiva bhakt in first look from film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/odela-2-tamannaah-bhatia-is-an-ardent-shiva-bhakt-in-first-look-from-film-2512196-2024-03-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308071506/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/odela-2-tamannaah-bhatia-is-an-ardent-shiva-bhakt-in-first-look-from-film-2512196-2024-03-08 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|}

===As guest cinematographer===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' || rowspan="5" |Tamil
|Chase sequence
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' ||
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || Song: ''Thaiyya Thaiyya''
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Engeyum Kadhal]]'' || Song: ''Thee Ilai''
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Saagasam]]'' || Song: ''Desi Girl''
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|Godfather]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
|}

===As associate cinematographer===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Nerukku Ner]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Mudhalvan]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Josh]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Nayak: The Real Hero]]''
| Hindi
| Remake of ''[[Mudhalvan]]''
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Virumbugiren]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
|}

=== As actor ===
* ''[[Bogan (film)|Bogan]]'' (2017)

===Behind the Scenes===
* ''[[Goutham Nanda]]''
* ''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/s-soundar-rajan-is-a-true-disciple-of-k-v-anand/article6945165.ece | title=Learning the shots | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 February 2015 | last1=Raghavan | first1=Nikhil }}</ref>
* ''[[Isai]]''
* ''[[Bengal Tiger]]''- Raaye Raaye song
* ''[[Charlie Chaplin 2]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1920903}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soundar Rajan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Nexus Elante Mall

2026-02-11T20:49:55Z

Stephania3380: done...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Elante Mall
| logo = Elante Mall logo.svg
| logo_width = 150px
| image = Elante Mall, Chandigarh.jpg
| image_width = 275px
| caption = Main entrance of the Mall
| location = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.706|76.801|display=inline,title}}
| address = 178, Industrial Area, Phase 1
| opening_date = April 2013
| closing_date =
| developer = L&T Realty
| manager =
| owner = Nexus Select Trust
| architect =
| number_of_stores = 300
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area = {{cvt|1,150,000|sqft}}
| parking = Multilevel
| floors = 4 + 1 basement level, of retail area
| website = {{url|www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-elante}}
| belowstyle =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nexus Elante Mall''' is a shopping mall in [[Chandigarh]], India. With a gross leasable area of {{cvt|1,000,000|sqft}}, it is the 7th largest shopping mall in [[North India|Northern India]] and the 10th largest in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailypost.in/chandigarh/1644-elante-s-generators-trip-6-hr-blackout |title=Elante's generators trip, 6-hr blackout - dailypost.in |access-date=2015-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033558/http://dailypost.in/chandigarh/1644-elante-s-generators-trip-6-hr-blackout |archive-date=17 November 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/chandigarh-gets-its-largest-mall-elante/1097564/|title=Chandigarh gets its largest mall Elante - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Elante is spread over an area of 20 acres. It is part of a mixed-use [[real estate development]] project by [[Larsen & Toubro]] and has been bought by Nexus Select Trust, now called Nexus Elante Mall.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/elante-sold-again-in-top-league-deal/articleshow/59802970.cms |title= Elante sold again in top league deal - timesofindia|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 28 July 2017}}</ref>
==Features==
[[File:Offices Building of Elante Mall.jpg|thumb|Offices Building of Elante Mall]]
Nexus Elante Mall has a retail space area of over 1 million square feet. It has 2 main gates, one is on the big front entry, and another one is on the back. It has 3 basement levels, a ground level, and three upper levels. In the retail area, Nexus Elante Mall hosts retailers of various Indian and international brands, a food court, and a courtyard full of cafes. The Mall has an 8-screen [[Multiplex (movie theater)|Multiplex]] of [[PVR Cinemas]].{{cn|date=July 2025}} On its top floor, the mall has restaurants, fast food joints, and a Fun City for kids' entertainment. In 2013, the mall was found to be burning 6000 litres of diesel daily due to a lack of electricity connection to the grid. The mall requires a 15 MW power supply.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130407/cth1.htm#5 |title=Elante mall spends Rs 3 lakh daily to light up its premises |date=7 April 2013 |access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref>

==Acquisition deals==
In September 2015, [[Mumbai]]-based Carnival Group bought Elante Mall at a price of {{INRConvert|1785|c}}, making it one of the biggest deals for a single piece of real estate or property in India at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-mumbai-s-carnival-group-buys-lt-s-chandigarh-mall-for-a-whopping-rs-1785-crore-2130861|title=Mumbai's Carnival Group buys L&T's Chandigarh mall for a whopping Rs 1,785 crore|first=DNA Web|last=Team|date=2 October 2015|website=DNA India}}</ref>

On 28 July 2017, Nexus Malls, a subsidiary of US-based global investment firm [[The Blackstone Group]] bought Elante Mall for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/blackstone-group-backed-nexus-malls-buys-chandigarhs-elante-mall-443023|title=Blackstone Group-backed Nexus Malls buys Chandigarh's Elante Mall|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> This is the second time Elante Mall is sold in two years.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

==See also==
* [[Larsen & Toubro]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Shopping malls in India}}
[[Category:Shopping malls in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2013]]

Alfred Sturge

2026-02-07T02:27:21Z

Stephania3380: stub!

{{Short description|Baptist missionary and minister (1816–1901)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
'''Alfred Sturge''' (5 May 1816 – 25 January 1901) was a Baptist missionary and minister who served in [[Devon]], [[India]] and [[Kent]].

{{Infobox person
| name = Alfred Sturge
| image = Alfred Sturge.jpg
| caption =
| image_size = 150px
| birth_date ={{Birth date|df=yes|1816|05|05}}
| birth_place = [[Bishopsgate]] in [[London]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1901|01|25|1816|5|5}}
| death_place = [[Dartford, Kent]]
| occupation = Baptist missionary & minister
}}

==Ancestry and early life==
Alfred Sturge was born to Jeanette née Emeric de St. Dalmas (b.1788 d.1874) and Nathan Sturge (b.1789 d.1864) at [[Bishopsgate]] in [[London]] on 5 May 1816.<ref>''Jeanette Sturge - Monumental Inscription'', East Hill Cemetery, Dartford (Kent) 1874.</ref><ref name="memoirs"/><ref name="article">[http://www.nwkfhs.org.uk/sturge.pdf ''Alfred Sturge (1816-1901): Notable Baptist Minister in Dartford''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809100012/http://www.nwkfhs.org.uk/sturge.pdf |date=9 August 2014 }} by Philip Taylor, North-West Kent Family History Society - Online Articles, January 2014. Accessed 9 Aug 2014.</ref>

He came from a family among the [[Society of Friends]] from the days of [[George Fox]]. His grandfather, [[Thomas Sturge the elder|Thomas Sturge]], was one of the founders of the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]]. George Sturge, one of his uncles, left £500,000 to charity, and another uncle, [[Thomas Sturge]], was an intimate friend of [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Lord Macaulay]]. Both were active in the movement for the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolition of slavery]], as was his relative [[Joseph Sturge]]. On his mother’s side, he was descended from a noble French family, and Count Emerie de [[Saint-Dalmas-le-Selvage|St. Dalmas]] was his maternal grandfather, whose eldest son converted to the [[Protestant]] [[Christian faith]], and was consequently prevented by the law of those times from inheriting his father’s title and estates.<ref name="memoirs">''Memoirs of Ministers - No 38 Alfred Sturge'', pages 212-214 in ''The Baptist Hand-Book for 1902'', edited by Rev. W.J. Avery, Council of the Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland, London 1901.</ref><ref>''Adam Clarke Portrayed'' by James Everett, Hamilton, Adams and Co, London 1843. - See p.223 which reads:
<blockquote>On the first Sabbath after their arrival, he says; "We had the privilege of receiving the sacrament of the Lord's supper, from the hands of the Rev. De St. Dalmas, an Italian count, who abandoned his country, his estates, and his religion, for conscience sake. He esteems and loves the Methodists. He is to pay us a visit at Mont Plaisir, in a day or two. What a mercy it is, to find one of his character, and in his situation, solemnly fearing, and diligently striving to serve God, and to save his own soul, and the souls of those who hear him!</blockquote></ref>

He was educated at a Quakers’ School, but found the long and sometimes silent meetings very trying, being only a small boy. The visit of some Quaker Missionaries from America seems to have been the chief factor in him committing his life to Christ. On leaving school, he sat under the ministry of Rev. [[George Clayton (minister)|George Clayton]] (b.1783 d.1862), and sometimes heard such men as [[John Leifchild]] (b.1780 d.1862), an independent minister, and [[Thomas Binney]] (b.1798 d.1874), a congregational minister. Subsequently, he moved to [[Plymouth]], where he sat under the ministry of Samuel Nicholson of the George Street Baptist Church (1845–1941), which he joined when he was about twenty-five years old.<ref name="memoirs"/>

In 1841, he married Margaret Tait Stove (b.1819 d.1913), with whom he had twelve children: Esther Eliza (b.1842), Alfred Robert (b.1844 d.1904), Margaret (b.1845 d.1908), Thomas Stove (b.1847 d.1911), Lydia (b.1849 d.1908), Emily Jane (b.1850 d.1924), Samuel George (b.1852), Herbert (b.1854), Maria Frances (b.1856 d.1860), Henry Havelock (b.1858 d.1942), Agnes Ellen (b.1860 d.1951) and Ernest Brainerd (b.1862 d.1882).<ref name="article"/>

==Ministry==
He began to preach in the villages around Plymouth, and was eventually invited to become pastor of the church at [[Modbury]]. After some hesitation he accepted the call, and finally abandoned business for the life of a Christian minister. After several years at Modbury, a Mr. Page of Plymouth asked him to become the pastor of the Baptist Church at [[Madras]] in [[India]]. He worked there for four years, but found the climate too oppressive for his young growing family.<ref name="memoirs"/>

On returning to [[England]], he resided for some time with his uncle, Thomas Sturge of [[Northfleet]], and became known in the neighboring town of [[Dartford]], where he assisted the pastor of the [[Congregational church|Congregational Church]]. After the death of that pastor, he established a [[Baptist church]] in that growing town on 7 April 1867 which met in the [[London Working Men's Association|Working Men’s Institute]]. The work was so successful, that a more permanent chapel was constructed in Highfield Street and dedicated on 20 April 1868. The work continued to prosper under his charge, until his retirement in 1886.<ref name="memoirs"/><ref>''Chronological List - No 426 Dartford Highfield Road'', page 203 in ''The Baptists of London, 1612-1928: Their Fellowship, Their Expansion, with Notes on Their 850 Churches'', by W.T. Whitley, Baptist Historical Society, London ca 1928.</ref>

His disposition, reputation and influence recommended him to many in the community. He was a member, and for a long time chairman, of the [[School boards in England and Wales|School Board]], a member of the Board of Guardians, a governor of the [[Grammar School]],<ref name="memoirs"/> and a helper in the local emigration society.<ref>''Minutes of the Members’ Meeting'', Ipswich Baptist Church, Ipswich (Qld) 1874.</ref>

==Retirement==
In his retirement, he was a valued friend and adviser to all the neighboring churches and pastors, becoming known as the "Bishop of West Kent". He maintained his interest in national and denominational affairs, attending the regular meetings of the London Baptist ministers' fraternal.<ref name="memoirs"/>

The last year of his life was marked by a debilitating weakness, of which he died on 25 January 1901.<ref name="memoirs"/>

He was buried in the East Hill Cemetery at Dartford in Kent, where his tombstone reads:<ref>''Alfred Sturge - Monumental Inscription'', East Hill Cemetery, Dartford (Kent) 1900.</ref><ref name="article"/>
<blockquote class="center">
In loving memory of ERNEST BRAINERD STURGE <ref>Youngest son of Alfred and Margaret Sturge</ref> who fell asleep in Jesus September 21st 1882 in his 21st year. 'As in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive.' 1.Cor. XV.22.

Also in loving memory of the Revd ALFRED STURGE, for nearly 40 years a faithful minister of Jesus Christ in this town, founder and first pastor of the Baptist church in Highfield Road Entered into his rest Jan 25th 1901 in his 85th year. 'He was a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost and of faith: and much people was added unto the Lord.' Acts.XI.24.

Also in loving memory of MARGARET TAIT STURGE wife of the Rev ALFRED STURGE, a devoted wife & mother and an earnest Christian worker. Entered into her rest on March 29th 1913, in the 95th year of her age.
</blockquote>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dartfordbaptist.org/ Highfield Road Baptist Church in Dartford]
* [http://www.dartfordarchive.org.uk/ Dartford Town Archive]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* [http://www.baptisthistory.org.uk/ Baptist Historical Society]
* [https://www.dparker.net.au/bhsq.htm/ Baptist Historical Society of Queensland]

{{Protestant missions to India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sturge, Alfred}}
[[Category:1816 births]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English Baptist ministers]]
[[Category:English Baptist missionaries]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:English Quakers]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Madhya Pradesh Scholarship scam

2026-02-05T04:35:37Z

Stephania3380: put up the details first draft...

In the year 2013, an investigation into a minor complaint of misappropriation of funds disbursed under the [[scholarship]] scheme meant for [[Tribals in Madhya Pradesh|tribal]] students, exposed a multi-[[crore]] scam spanning across [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. The initial investigation revealed that huge amount of money was illegally siphoned off and thereafter, a special team was constituted to crack down on those involved. The tribal welfare department headed by Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] came under the [[Lokayukta]] probe.<ref name="TOIAug2013">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Multi-crore-scholarship-scheme-scam-stares-Madhya-Pradesh/articleshow/21562517.cms Multi-crore scholarship scheme scam stares Madhya Pradesh], August 3, 2013, The Times of India.</ref>

==Scam==
The [[Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta]] took cognizance of the matter<ref name="TOIAug2013" /> of a complaint filed in [[Jabalpur]] and initiated the investigations. The inquiry revealed that an institute pocketed Rs. 1.5 crore by claiming to admit around 180 students. The institute forged the documents to claim the scholarship meant for the students. This revelation was only a tip of an iceberg<ref name="DNAJan2014">[http://www.dnaindia.com/academy/report-indore-absentee-scholarship-scam-a-huge-task-for-lokayukta-1955214 Indore: Absentee Scholarship Scam a huge task for Lokayukta], January 22, 2014, DNA.</ref> and it was found that many political people and officials of tribal welfare department were involved in the scam. They were jointly operating hundreds of fake institutes to siphon off the scholarship money. In one of the cases, the scholarship amount was availed for same set of students from two different districts of the state.

During the course of investigations, it was found that even though the candidates had been admitted in the colleges, the college authorities could not product the admission forms. Also, the tribal welfare department had released scholarships in one installment; the college had given it in two installments so as to earn the interest on the amount for a year.<ref name="ht92014">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150518135835/http://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/scholarship-scam-fir-against-college-tribal-dept-officials/article1-1249986.aspx Scholarship scam: FIR against college, tribal dept officials], August 9, 2014, Hindustan Times.</ref>

The [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[Lokayukta]] revealed that the illegal operation was going on since last five years.<ref name="TOIAug2013" />

==Modus Operandi==
The officials operated in the following manner:<ref name="TOIAug2013" /><ref name="ND112015">[https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/gwalior-paramedical-college-scholarship-scam-worth-millions-on-36-case-305276 Multi-crore Scholarship Scam], February 11, 2015, Nai Duniya.</ref>

* Inflated the number of admissions.
* A single student was given admission in multiple institutes.

The probe revealed that the officials in connivance with the bank staff and the college authorities had withdrawn the amount through forgery.<ref name="BSJan13">[http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/scholarship-disbursal-fraud-unearthed-in-madhya-pradesh-114011301227_1.html Scholarship disbursal fraud unearthed in Madhya Pradesh], January 13, 2013, Business Standard.</ref> Instead of transferring the money through internet banking, college authorities in collusion with government officials deposited it in accounts opened in the name of fictitious persons.<ref name="TOIJuly30">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/18-Madhya-Pradesh-colleges-blacklisted-for-scholarship-scam/articleshow/39278502.cms 18 Madhya Pradesh colleges blacklisted for scholarship scam], July 30, 2014, The Times of India.</ref>

==Aftermath==
Initially, a senior tribal development department official was booked along with twenty three other people involved in the scam. The cases were registered<ref name="Lok14">[https://www.bhaskar.com/article/MP-BPL-scholarship-scam-investigation-start-in-mp-4534868-NOR.html?OTS3= Lokayukta Starts Investigation in Scholarship Scam], February 28, 2014, Dainik Bhaskar.</ref> against J P Yadav, Assistant Commissioner in Tribal Development Department, Ranjana Singh, District Coordinator in [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] Welfare Department and three other government employees under section 420 (offences relating to cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property) and Prevention of Corruption Act. The cases were also registered against four bank officials and college authorities.<ref name="BSJan13" />

Eighteen paramedical colleges were [[blacklisted]] by Madhya Pradesh tribal development department. More than sixteen cases were registered against these colleges.<ref name="TOIJuly30" />

Students of engineering college in Jabalpur came out in protest against the scam and demanded a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] probe into it.<ref name="Jab14">[http://www.news18.com/videos/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-engineering-students-protest-over-scholarship-scam-demand-cbi-probe-579681.html Jabalpur engineering students protest over scholarship scam, demand CBI probe], August 21, 2014, News18.</ref>

On July 17, 2015, Jabalpur bench of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] sent a notice to Union Government seeking response on should [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] take over investigation of this scam.<ref name="TIO18JUL15">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/HC-asks-CBI-can-you-probe-MP-scholarship-scam/articleshow/47716641.cms HC asks CBI can you probe MP scholarship scam], July 18, 2015, Times Of India.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*



[[Category:Corruption in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century scandals]]
[[Category:Scholarships in India]]

Umakant Sharma (chess player)

2026-01-31T22:29:30Z

Stephania3380: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Cheating in chess#Historical]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Samantasimha (Guhila)

2026-01-30T01:41:17Z

Stephania3380: Created new article.

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Samanasimha
| title = Maharajadhiraja{{sfn |Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|loc=page 77 "It may be noted that in his inscriptions upto 202 A.D., Samantsingh used the modest title of Maharaja, whereas after that date he adopted the title of ‘Maharaja- dhiraj'"}} Maharaja Rawal
| succession = Rawal of the [[Guhila dynasty]]
| reign = 1177–1192
| predecessor = Kshemasimha
| successor = Kumarasimha
| death_date = 1192
| death_place = Tarain, [[Taraori]] near [[Karnal]]
| issue = Kumarasimha
| house = [[Guhila dynasty]]
}}

'''Samantasimha''' or '''Samant Singh''' was the ruler of the [[Guhila dynasty]] during the second half of the 12th century. He succeeded his father Kshemasimha.{{sfn |Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|loc=page 76 "Maharawal Samantsingh* son of Khhemsingh of Mewar seems, to have fought fiercely with him in VB. 7288 (768. D.)"}} After the death of the powerful [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulakya]] king [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapal]], Samantsingh successfully invaded Gujarat. He was later deposed from Mewar. He sought refuge in Vagad and established himself there but was soon expelled from there as well.

Historian [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G.H. Ojha]] theorizes that he eventually died fighting in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]].{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=349}}

== Background ==
By the mid-12th century, the Guhilas had been subjugated by the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas of Gujarat]].<ref name="A.K. Majumdar">{{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 | page=128}}</ref>

=== Expedition of Gujarat ===
After the death of its very powerful ruler Kumarapala in 1172 and ascension of his son [[Ajayapala]], Samantsingh found it opportune to invade the territory of Gujarat. This invasion coincided with an ensued confusion over the kingdom of Chaulukyas after the death of Kumarapala.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Ajayapala had to initially face defeat at hands of Samantsingh. Later, one of the feudatories of the Chalukyas, [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Dharavarsha of Chandravati]], sent his younger brother, ''Prahalad'' who defeated and repelled Samantsingh. After this expedition, he was able to extend his influence beyond the western boundaries of Mewar.{{sfn |Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|loc=page 76 - 77}}

=== Invasion by Kirtipal ===
After the [[Battle of Kasahrada]], Chaulukya King [[Mularaja]] passed away soon and was succeeded by [[Bhima II]], who was a minor at the time. Many feudatories of Gujarat at this time struggled to increase their power and the kingdom remained very unstable. This gave an opportunity to the Chahamana ruler of Jalore, [[Kirtipala]] to invade Mewar in 1179 and depose Samantsingh. Samantsingh had to take shelter in [[Vagad]] where he ousted its Guhila rulers. He couldn't stay in Vagad long either from where he was soon ousted by Bhim II.{{sfn |Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|loc=page 78 - 79}}

=== Later life ===
After being expelled from Vagad, Samantsingh sought shelter under [[Prithviraja III]] of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Ajmer]] with whom he participated in the [[Second battle of Tarain]].{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=350}} He was killed in this battle.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852 }}
*{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A history of Rajasthan |year=2006| publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=9788129108906 |language=en |oclc=80362053}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:12th-century maharajadhirajas]]
[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]]
[[Category:1192 deaths]]

Rubika (school)

2026-01-23T12:21:31Z

Stephania3380: stub...

{{Short description|Design school in France and India}}
{{for|the app|Rubika}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
'''Rubika''' is a school founded in 1988 in [[Valenciennes]], France. It specializes in 2D/3D animation, video games and industrial design. It is a consortium of institutes including '''ISD Rubika''', '''Supinfocom''' and '''Supinfogame'''. Rubika has campuses in France, India and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barreau|first=Marc-Antoine|title=Valenciennes. Rubika, une école qui rayonne sur le territoire et dans le monde {{!}} L'Observateur|url=https://www.lobservateur.fr/valenciennois/valenciennes/2019/01/02/valenciennes-rubika-une-ecole-qui-rayonne-sur-le-territoire-et-dans-le-monde/|access-date=2021-03-21|language=fr-FR}}</ref> It has about 1200 students.<ref name=":0" />

==ISD Rubika==
{{Infobox university
| name = ISD Rubika
| logo = ISD Rubika logo.png
| established = {{start date and age|1987}}
| type = Private
| city = {{ubl|{{flagicon|France}} [[Valenciennes]]|{{flagicon|India}} [[Pune]]}}
}}
'''Institut Supérieur du Design (ISD) Rubika''' is a French school of design located at two sites, in [[Valenciennes]] (France) and in [[Pune]] (India).<ref>{{Cite web|date=Aug 3, 2018|title=Lights out at DSK International Campus|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/lights-out-at-dsk-international-campus/articleshow/65249838.cms|access-date=2021-03-21|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930020951/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/lights-out-at-dsk-international-campus/articleshow/65249838.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was founded by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Grand Hainaut <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Valenciennes : avec leur Ferrari du futur, six étudiants de l'ISD Rubika primés|url=https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/art/region/valenciennes-avec-leur-ferrari-du-futur-six-etudiants-ia27b36956n3274403|access-date=2021-03-21|website=La Voix du Nord|language=fr}}</ref> in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rubika|url=https://culturevr.fr/network/rubika/|access-date=2021-03-21|website=Culture VR|language=fr-FR}}</ref> It offers professional certificates in Management in Engineering Design, Product Design and transports design in five years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-08|title=RUBIKA Animation : Renouvellement du titre RNCP Niveau 7 pour 5 ans !|url=https://rubika-edu.com/animation-renouvellement-du-titre-rncp-niveau-7-pour-5-ans/|access-date=2021-03-21|website=RUBIKA|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

===History ===
ISD Rubika was founded in 1987 at Valenciennes, aiming to train designers to work in manufacturing and mass retail companies. {{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

Since 1987, ISD is a member of [[ACM SIGGRAPH]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

===Research ===
ISD's Research-Transfer-Innovation unit conducts about 50 applied research projects every year with industrial, commercial and scientific partners{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}. The other field of applied research concerns engineering pedagogy, developed on the basis of industrial forecasting, the evolution of tools and methods of product conception and mobility systems for goods and passengers{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}. ISD has a ‘laboratory collaboration’ agreement with the Engineering Pedagogy lab of the [[ISEN]] Group.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==Supinfocom==
{{Infobox university
| name = Supinfocom
| established = {{start date and age|1988}}
| logo = Supinfocom_Rubika_Logo.png
| city = {{ubl|{{flagicon|France}} [[Valenciennes]], [[Arles]]|{{flagicon|India}} [[Pune]]}}
}}

'''Supinfocom''' ({{Langx|fr|école SUPérieure d'INFOrmatique de COMmunication}}, roughly University of Communication Science) is a computer graphics university with campuses in [[Valenciennes]], [[Arles]] ([[France]]) and [[Pune]] ([[India]]).

Founded in 1988 in [[Valenciennes]], the school offers a five-year course leading to a diploma of digital direction (certified Level I). A second campus in [[Arles]] opened in 2000, while a third one opened in 2008 in [[Pune]], [[India]]. In November 2007, the school was ranked #1 worldwide by the American magazine "3D World" with criteria such as the distribution of student films and prizes in festivals around the world.

The curriculum includes:
* Two years of preparatory courses (design and applied art, [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]], film analysis, video, color, [[Traditional animation|2D animation]], art history, sculpture, communication, English);
* Three years of specialization in computer graphics (3D software, screenplay, storyboards, animation, compositing, 3D production, sound, editing).

The final year of study is devoted to the team-based production of a short film in CG. Until the class of 2007 entered, there were only two years of specialization courses; there are now three.

==Supinfogame==
{{Infobox university
| name = Supinfogame Rubika
| logo = Supinfogame_Rubika_Logo.png
| established = {{start date and age|2001}}
| type = Consular
| director = Stéphane André
| city = {{ubl|{{flagicon|France}} [[Valenciennes]]|{{flagicon|India}} [[Pune]]|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Montréal]]}}
}}

'''Supinfogame''' is the first{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source.|date=June 2013}} French school fully dedicated to the videogame industry. Located in [[Valenciennes]], it is one of the three schools of Rubika. Based on a [[chamber of commerce]] initiative and launched in 2001, Supinfogame trains students in [[game design]], [[Game art design|game art]], [[management]] and [[game programming]].

Each year, 40 [[bachelor's degree|baccalaureate]] laureates pass the test to start the 3-year first Cycle, in Management/Game Design or Management/Game Art Section. The second cycle is open to candidates with an [[Higher National Diploma|HND]] level (equivalent to a Bac+2 or Bac+3). The number of students in the Second cycle is 25 places for Management/Game Design, 20 places for Management/Game Art and 16 for Management/Programming.

The diploma delivered is recognized<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Répertoire National des Certifications Professionnelles (RNCP)|url=http://www.rncp.cncp.gouv.fr/grand-public/visualisationFiche?format=fr&fiche=12835|publisher=www.rncp.cncp.gouv.fr|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> by the French Government and its title is : Videogame Director. It is a Bac+5 diploma. The school is also supported by the [[SELL]], the [[Syndicat national du jeu vidéo|SNJV]] and by the [[European Union]] as part of [[European Social Fund|ESF]] and [[European Regional Development Fund|ERDF]].

=== Supinfogame and the videogame industry ===
Since its beginning, Supinfogame has built its educational content with the help of professionals. In France and abroad, videogame companies (both developers and publishers) trust{{Citation needed|reason=Some interviews would be great here.|date=June 2013}} SUPINFOGAME's pedagogy and therefore offer internships and positions to students in France and worldwide ([[Ubisoft]], [[2K Czech]], [[Arkane Studios]], [[Electronic Arts]], [[Gameloft]], [[Eden Games]], [[Ankama Games|Ankama]]).{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Thus, many students and graduates appear in the credits of significant published games like: [[Dishonored]], [[Assassin's Creed]], [[Crysis 2]], [[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Future Soldier]], [[Far Cry 3]], [[Splinter Cell Double Agent]], [[Rayman Raving Rabbids]], [[Star Wars: Lethal Alliance]] and so on.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

=== Awards ===
* In 2011 : SACD AWARDS for Best Student Game for Hollywood Zombie Pinball Apocalypse{{Citation needed|reason=A web link to the official results of the awards would be perfect.|date=June 2013}}
* In 2011 : MICROSOFT, IMAGINE CUP: World Gold Medal for Game Design on Mobile for Brainergy{{Citation needed|reason=A web link to the official results of the awards would be perfect.|date=June 2013}}
* In 2010 : UNITY AWARDS for Best Visual Design for the Uncanny Fish Hunt.<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 UNITY AWARDS WINNERS|url=http://unity3d.com/awards/2010|publisher=www.unity3d.com|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref>
* In 2009 : IMAGINA AWARDS for Alice en Pièces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pleins feux sur le palmarès Imagina Awards 2009|url=http://www.afjv.com/press0902/090205_palmares_imagina2009.htm|publisher=www.afjv.com|accessdate=9 May 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211530/http://www.afjv.com/press0902/090205_palmares_imagina2009.htm|archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref>

=== International partnerships ===
*In 2007 a MoU was signed<ref>{{cite web|title=Signing of an agreement between Nanyang Polytechnic & 2 French institutes|url=http://www.ambafrance-sg.org/Signing-of-an-agreement-between|publisher=www.ambafrance-sg.org|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> between Supinfogame and the [[Nanyang Polytechnic]] of [[Singapore]] for student's exchanges.
*The same year, the Indian group D.S.Kulkarni call upon SUPINFOCOM GROUP<ref>{{cite web|title=Inauguration of the DS Kulkarni Supinfocom International Campus, 2 - 3 December 2011|url=http://www.ambafrance-in.org/Inauguration-of-the-DS-Kulkarni|publisher=www.ambafrance-in.org|accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref> to expand their know-how. In 2008 Supinfogame, [[Supinfocom]] and the [[International School of Design|ISD]] launched their pedagogy on the international campus of [[Pune]], in [[India]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
*20.0% of our 200 alumni work in foreign countries: in the USA (New York City and San Francisco), in Canada (Montreal and Toronto), in China (Shanghai), in Korea (Seoul).{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

=== Career prospects ===
Supinfogame offers a wide range of careers: [[game designer]], [[level designer]], [[production assistant]], [[project manager]], [[graphic designer|2D/3D]], [[animation|2D/3D animator]], character designer, and [[screenplay writer]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Out of 200 diplomaed students, 98.0% actually work in the Gaming Industry.{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source.|date=June 2013}}

== See also ==
*[[:Category:Supinfocom alumni]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rubika-edu.com/ Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130708144418/http://supinfocom.rubika-edu.com/ Official site of Supinfocom Valenciennes]
* [http://www.dsksic.com/animation/ Official site of DSK Supinfocom Pune]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111111103655/http://www.dsksic.com/video_game DSK Supinfogame Official Website] {{in lang|en}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110622174423/http://creative.arte.tv/fr/space/Supinfogame/messages/ Les meilleurs projets des étudiants (Vidéos)]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]
[[Category:Design schools in India]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in France]]

Thotapalle, Guntur district

2026-01-23T06:47:31Z

Stephania3380: Created a place.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thotapalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
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| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Guntur
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522259
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Reapalle
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Bapatla
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Repalle
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thotapalle''' is a village in [[Nagaram, Guntur district|Nagaram]] mandal, [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. In 2011, it had a population of 1082.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population finder {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

Vishwanath Ram

2025-12-28T14:06:53Z

Stephania3380:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Update|part=It is heard that soon|reason=Need updated entries|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vishwanath Ram
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]],[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2020
| term_end1 = 2025
| predecessor1 = [[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
| successor1 = Santosh Kumar Nirala
| constituency1 = [[Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajpur]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| father =
| occupation = Politics
}}

'''Vishwanath Ram'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-19 |title=विधानसभा पेंशन घोटाले में कांग्रेस MLA फंसे: विश्वनाथ राम पर आरोप- पेंशन के लिए पत्नी को बनाया चाचा का आश्रित; MLA का इनकार |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/news/congress-mla-vishawnath-ram-allegation-regarding-pension-case-bihar-mla-pension-scam-bihar-bhaskar-latest-news-129038715.html |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> is an elected representative of the [[Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Sachin |last2=हिंदी |first2=India TV |date=2020-11-10 |title=Rajpur Election Result: राजपुर में कांग्रेस से विश्वनाथ राम आगे, JDU के संतोष कुमार निराला पीछे |url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-chunav-2020-rajpur-seat-election-result-santosh-kumar-nirala-vishwanath-ram-jdu-inc-753043 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=India TV Hindi News |language=hi}}</ref> of [[Buxar]] District. He is a member of [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha|Bihar Vidhansabha]]. Vishwanath contested the 2020 [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=बक्सर में बढ़ते क्राइम पर कांग्रेस विधायक बोले- 'थानेदार नहीं दलाल चलाते हैं थाना' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/buxar/congress-mla-vishwanath-ram-statement-on-increasing-crime-in-buxar/bh20220101083922381 |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref> and defeated Santosh Kumar Nirala of [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]] with a huge margin.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=November 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Vishwanath}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Shrine of Baba Farid

2025-12-26T00:57:56Z

Stephania3380: expand page to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Sufi shrine in Pakpattan, Pakistan}}
{{Infobox religious building
|building_name=Shrine of Baba Farid
|image=File:Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj Shakar Rahmatullah Alaih - panoramio.jpg
|caption= The shrine of [[Baba Farid]] is one of Pakistan's most important Sufi and Sikh shrines
|religious_affiliation=[[Sunni Islam]]
|rite=
|country=[[Pakistan]] {{flagicon|Pakistan}}
|province=[[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
|location=[[Pakpattan]]
|district=[[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]]
|consecration_year= 1265
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|architecture_type=[[Mosque]] and [[Dargah|Sufi mausoleum]]
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The '''Shrine of Baba Farid''' ({{langx|pnb|{{nq|مزار بابا فرید دا}}|Mazār Bābā Farīd Dā}}; {{langx|ur|{{nq|بابا فرید درگاہ}}|Bābā Farīd Dargāh}}) is a 13th-century [[Sufi]] [[dargah]] shrine located in [[Pakpattan]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]] dedicated to the [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] Sufi mystic and poet [[Baba Farid]]. The shrine is one of the most important in Pakistan,<ref name="Gilmartin 1984">{{cite book|author1=David Gilmartin|authorlink1=Shrines, Succession, and Sources of Moral Authority|editor1-last=Metcalf|editor1-first=Barbara Daly|title=Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam|date=1984|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520046603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5-vzVq8hdkC&pg=PA349|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref>
and was among the first Islamic holy sites in [[South Asia]]<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> – providing the region's Muslims a local focus for devotion.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The shrine is also revered by [[Sikhs]], who include Baba Farid's poetry into the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] – regarded by Sikhs to be the [[Guru Maneyo Granth|eternal Guru]].<ref name=ke>{{cite book | last = Keene | first = Michael | title = Online Worksheets | publisher = Nelson Thornes | year = 2004 | page = 38 | isbn = 0-7487-7159-X}}</ref>

The shrine played a central role in the conversion of locals to Islam over the course of several centuries.<ref name="van der Veer 1994" /> Chiefs of the highly revered shrine once controlled a politically autonomous state that was defended by soldiers drawn from local clans that pledged loyalty to the shrine and [[Fareedi|descendants of Baba Farid]].<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> Today the shrine is considered to be the most significant in Punjab,<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> and attracts up to two million visitors to its annual ''[[urs]]'' festival.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spiritual ecstasy: Devotees throng Baba Farid's urs in Pakpattan|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/779598/spiritual-ecstasy-devotees-throng-baba-farids-urs-in-pakpattan/|accessdate=29 August 2017|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=23 October 2014}}</ref>

==Location==
The shrine is located in the town of [[Pakpattan]], in the Pakistani province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], near the right bank of the [[Sutlej River]].

==Background==
Turkic settlers had arrived in the region around Pakpattan in the 13th century a result of pressures from the expanding [[Mongol Empire]],<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> and so the city already had a Muslim community with its own mosque by the time of Baba Farid's arrival. Baba Farid established a ''Jama Khana'', or convent, in what was then known as ''Ajodhan'' that attracted large masses of devotees who would gather at the convent daily in hopes of securing ''ta'widh'', or written blessings and amulets.<ref name="Eaton 1984">{{cite book|author1=Richard M. Eaton|authorlink1=Authority of the Shrine of Baba Farid|editor1-last=Metcalf|editor1-first=Barbara Daly|title=Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam|date=1984|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520046603|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5-vzVq8hdkC&pg=PA349|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref> Devotees would in turn offer a ''futuh'', or gift to the shrine in return.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

By the 13th century, the belief that the spiritual powers of great Sufi saints were attached to their burial sites was widespread in the Muslim world,<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> and so a shrine was built to commemorate the burial site of Baba Farid after he died in 1265.

In keeping with Sufi tradition in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], the shrine maintains influence over smaller shrines throughout the region around Pakpattan that are dedicated to specific events in [[Baba Farid]]'s life.<ref name=singh/> The secondary shrines form a ''[[Wilayah|wilayat]]'', or a "spiritual territory" of the shrine,<ref name=singh/> with Pakpattan serving as the capital of Baba Farid's spiritual territory, or ''wilayat''.<ref name=singh/> The shrine and its ''wilayat'' also bound local tribes together with a collective identity based on reverence for the shrine.<ref name="van der Veer 1994" />

==History==
===Establishment===
By the time of Baba Farid's death, the belief that the spiritual powers saints were attached to their burial sites was widespread in the Muslim world,<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> and so following the death of Baba Farid in 1265, a shrine was built at the place of his burial near his convent. The shrine complex eventually grew to encompass not only the tomb itself, but also a mosque, a ''langar'', and several other related buildings.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

[[File:Darbar_Hazrat_Baba_Farid_ud_Deen_Ganj_Shakar_Rahmatullah_Alaih_-_panoramio_(5).jpg|thumb|Baba Farid's tomb serves as the epicentre of the activity at the shrine complex.]]
In 1281, Sheik Ala ad-Din Mauj Darya was appointed as spiritual successor of Baba Farid. Under his authority, the shrine's popularity grew spectacularly,<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> and the countryside around the shrine began to revere the shrine.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wink|first1=Andre|title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries|date=1997|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004102361|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA266|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref> In 1315, the Sufi mystic [[Amir Khusrow]] noted in detail that the 50th anniversary of Baba Farid's death was celebrated by an ''[[urs]]'' festival which attracted devotees who heard recitations of the saints deeds, and were treated to entertainment by an ensemble of [[dervish]]es.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

Various secondary shrines devoted to Baba Farid also began to be established around the 14th century that extended the shrine's spiritual territory, or ''wilayat'',<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> though the shrines were built by commoners, rather than royal patrons.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The network of shrines defined tracts in Punjab as being areas belonging to the spiritual kingdom of Baba Farid, where spiritual powers of the saint could protect travelers.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> It was noted that beyond borders of Baba Farid's ''wilayat'' lay the ''wilayat'' belonging to the [[Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya]] in [[Multan]].<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

===Tughluq Sultanate===
[[File:Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj Shakar Rahmatullah Alaih - panoramio (8).jpg|thumb|The shrine complex also includes shrines dedicated to the early ''diwans'' of the shrine.]]
The shrine's reputation continued to grow and had spread beyond the border of medieval Islamic India. The shrine was visited by the Arab explorer [[Ibn Battuta]] in 1334, who recounted that the Egyptian Shaikh Burhan-ud-dun al-Araj foretold in [[Alexandria]] that Ibn Battuta would meet Baba Farid's descendants.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> [[Timur|Tamerlane]] seized Pakpattan in 1398, and prayed at the shrine for increased strength.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6Wyim9sn98C&q=timur+pakpattan&pg=PA156|title=The Frontier Policy of the Delhi Sultans|last=Hamadani|first=Agha Hussain|date=1986|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|language=en}}</ref> He spared the town's inhabitants out of respect for the shrine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5-vzVq8hdkC&pg=PA347|title=Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara Daly|date=1984|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520046603|language=en}}</ref>

During the era of the [[Tughluq dynasty]] between 1321 and 1398, the shrine received official patronage from the royal court in Delhi after the founder of the dynasty, [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]], became attracted to the "spiritual power" of Mauj Darya.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq was noted to have made frequent visits to the shrine when he was Governor of Punjab and ruled from nearby [[Dipalpur]].<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The 14th century chronicler Shams-i Siraj 'Afif noted that the Governor, and future Sultan, brought his son and nephew, the future Sultans [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], and [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] to the shrine, where they participated in the turban-tying ceremony known as ''dastar bandi'',<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> which conferred symbolic authority in a way similar to a [[coronation]] ceremony.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

Tradition maintains that Muhammad bin Tughluq was a disciple of the shrine's second ''diwan'', Mauj Darya, who had performed the ''dastar bandi'' ceremony for Muhammad bin Tughluq. Muhammad wished to construct a fine shrine for his spiritual master Mauj Darya, but the master refused to permit construction until he died. Following Sheik Ala ad-Din's death in 1335, Muhammad bin Tughluq ordered construction of a shrine for him that eventually became one of the finest works of Tughluq architecture,<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> which dwarfed even the tomb of Baba Farid.

Firuz Tughluq undertook repairs at the shrine of Baba Farid in the 14th century, and began to grant robes to honour descendants of Baba Farid.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> Eventually, subsequent ''diwans'' of the shrine became closely associated with the Tughluq court in Delhi, and the shrine began to increasingly rely upon royal patronage.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> [[Tamerlane]] visited the shrine in 1398 during his invasion of northern India.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

===Mughal===
The founder of [[Sikhism]], [[Guru Nanak]], visited the shrine in the early 1500s to collect compositions of Baba Farid's poetry from Sheikh Ibrahim, the 12th generation descendant of Baba Farid.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|title=The Bhagats of the Guru Granth Sahib: Sikh Self-Definition and the Bhagat Bani|last=Singh|first=Pashaura|date=2002-12-27|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199087723|language=en}}</ref> [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] in 1571 paid his respects at the shrine and implored Baba Farid.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> [[Shah Jahan]] in 1629 issued a royal decree declaring that revenues from the region around Pakpattan would be used for the shrine's upkeep,<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> and that ''khadims'', or "servants", of the shrine would also receive royal support.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

===''Chishti''===
Local Caretakers of Baba Farid known as ''Chishti'' the shrine's caretakers, and other disciples of the shrine formed an autonomous polity centred on the shrine. Local people would pledge allegiance to the shrine and its caretakers, and were reportedly able to raise an army of 10,000 men to defend the shrine and ''Chishti''.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

In 1757, the shrine's army attacked the Raja of [[Bikaner]] but were routed.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The army of devotees was able to defend the ''Chishti'' Emirate against Sikh attacks in 1776.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The shrine and its independent state were conquered by the Sikhs in 1810 who further enriched the shrine.

===Sikh===
Baba Farid's poetry came to be revered within [[Sikhism]], and was incorporated into the Sikh holy book, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] – the shrine thus assumed importance as a place of Sikh devotion in addition to its function as a Muslim shrine. Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]] captured the shrine in 1810. He later visited the shrine, and pledged an annual sum of 9,000 rupees towards its upkeep.<ref name=singh>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Rishi|title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab|date=2015|publisher=SAGE India|isbn=9789351505044|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPCICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT135|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref> The shrine began to be a centre of contention between the Sikh and Muslim community as a result of joint devotion to the shrine.<ref name="Rozehnal 2016" />

===British===
[[File:Shrine of Sheikh Fareed Shakarganj ('Baba Farid' or 'Bhagat Farid') photographed in 1928.jpg|thumb|Shrine of Sheikh Fareed Shakarganj photographed in 1928.]]
British colonial rule over the shrine commenced following the defeat of the Sikh Empire in 1849. The British colonial regime maintained ties with shrine, and sought to employ it towards the goal of "indirect rule" over the region through political and social systems that predated their arrival.<ref name="van der Veer 1994" />

===Modern era===
Following the [[Partition of British India]] in 1947, the shrine no longer served as a source of intercommunal conflict, and instead began to be identified exclusively as a Muslim shrine.<ref name="Rozehnal 2016">{{cite book|last1=Rozehnal|first1=R.|title=Islamic Sufism Unbound: Politics and Piety in Twenty-First Century Pakistan|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230605725|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aoYDAAAQBAJ&q=pakpattan&pg=PA25|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref> The shrine assumed even greater importance within Pakistan, as Pakistani pilgrims often find it difficult to visit Chisti shrines in [[Delhi]] and [[Ajmer]] on account of poor relations between Pakistan and India. As a result, Baba Farid's shrine has emerged as the "unrivaled centre" of Chisti Sufism in Pakistan.<ref name="Rozehnal 2016" /> Though Sikhs and Hindus in India are now largely cut-off from the shrine, commemorations of his annual ''urs'' are held in [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/spectrum/arts/celebrating-urs-in-amritsar/426270.html|title=Celebrating urs in Amritsar|last=|first=|date=|website=Tribune India|access-date=}}</ref>

In April 2001, 36 devotees were crushed at a stampede at the shrine as pilgrims rushed towards the ''Behishti Darwaza'' at the opening of the annual ''urs'' festival.<ref>{{cite news|title=36 Crushed to Death in Surge to Reach Paradise Gate in Pakistan|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-apr-02-mn-45858-story.html|access-date=29 August 2017|agency=Reuters|date=2 April 2001}}</ref> Following the [[September 11 attacks]], caretakers of the shrine denounced extremist and exclusivist interpretations of Islam.<ref name="Rozehnal 2016" /> On 25 October 2010, a bomb exploded outside the gates of the shrine, killing six people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69O06820101025 |author1=Kamran Haider |author2=Mian Khursheed |author3=Hasan Mahmood |title=Bomb kills six at Sufi shrine in eastern Pakistan |publisher=Reuters |date=25 October 2010}}</ref> In recent years, the founder and chairman of the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf]], former cricketer [[Imran Khan]], has regularly visited the shrine at night.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1349312|title=What brings PTI chief to a remote town?|last=Butt|first=Shafiq|date=2017-08-03|work=Dawn |access-date=2018-01-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Layout==
[[File:Mosque at Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj Shakar Rahmatullah Alaih - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The shrine complex includes a large mosque.]]
The shrine complex includes not only the tomb of Baba Farid, but also those of his hereditary successors. The complex also includes the site of the city's old mosque which predated Baba Farid's arrival to the city. The small tomb of Baba Farid is made of white marble with two doors – one facing east named the ''Nūrī Darwāza'' or 'Gate of Light', and another facing south named the ''Bahishtī Darwāza'', or 'Gate of Paradise'.

A long covered corridor surrounds much of the building. Inside the mausoleum are two white marbled graves – one belonging to Baba Farid, and the other to his eldest son. The space inside the tomb space is limited; not more than ten people can be inside at one time. The building is not segregated by gender, but an area exists that is exclusively for use of women.

==Significance==
===Sufism===
[[File:Bab-e-Jannat Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj Shakar Rahmatullah Alaih - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The shrine's ''Bab-e-Jannat'' portal into the shrine's innermost sanctum represents a symbolic gateway to paradise.]]
The [[Chishti Order]] of Sufism was the first great Sufi order to take root in the capital of medieval Islamic India, [[Delhi]].<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The shrine, along with the ''Chisti'' [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]] and [[Nizamuddin Dargah]], were the first to be established within Islamic India.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The trio of shrines allowed local Muslims for the first time to access to Islamic holy sites without having to journey to the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

Built in the town that was known in medieval times as ''Ajodhan'', the old town's importance was eclipsed by that of the shrine, as evidenced by its renaming to "Pakpattan", meaning "Pure Ferry" – referencing a river crossing made by pilgrims to the shrine.<ref name="Mubeen 2015" /> The shrine was central to a process which resulted in the conversion of local Jat tribes to Islam over the course of several centuries.<ref name="van der Veer 1994" /><ref name="Eaton 1984" />

===Sikhism===
Baba Farid's poetry was incorporated into the Sikh holy book, the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] – and so the shrine assumed importance as a place of Sikh devotion in addition to its function as a Muslim shrine. Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] of the [[Sikh Empire]] captured the shrine in 1810. He later visited the shrine, and pledged an annual sum of 9,000 Rupees towards its upkeep.<ref name=singh/> The shrine began to be a centre of contention between the Sikh and Muslim community as a result of joint devotion to the shrine.<ref name="Rozehnal 2016" />

===Political===
The shrine has since been a key factor shaping Pakpattan's politics.<ref name="Mubeen 2015" >{{cite book|last1=Mubeen|first1=Muhammad|authorlink1=Evolution of the Chisti shrine, and the Chistis in Pakpattan (Pakistan)|editor1-last=Delage|editor1-first=Remy|editor2-last=Boivin|editor2-first=Michel|title=Devotional Islam in Contemporary South Asia: Shrines, Journeys and Wanderers|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317379997}}</ref> Patronage from the Tughluq royal court began during the life of the second ''diwan'' Mauj Darya, and subsequent ''diwans'' became increasingly associated with the Tughluq court – the third ''diwan'' of the shrine, Mu'izz ad-Din was even placed in government service in [[Gujarat]] by Muhammad Tughluq, while his brother was deemed "Shaikh ul-Islam" of India.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

[[Shah Jahan]] in 1692 issued a ''farman'', or royal decree, that descendants of Baba Farid known as be extended support from the Mughal court. The number of descendants was so large, that they formed a new class of landowners in the region around Pakpattan who were privileged relative to the agricultural clans that were found in the area.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The new class of landowning descendants of Baba Farid became known as the ''Chisti'', who were patronized by rulers in Delhi in order to extend Delhi's sovereignty over Punjab.<ref name="Martin 2015" />

The shrine's hereditary caretakers, or ''diwan'', eventually began to assert themselves as political administrators by operating a network of forts and devotee-soldiers.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> The religious duties of the ''diwan'' became increasingly fulfilled by a network of preachers and "subordinate religious specialists",<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> while the ''diwan'' focused efforts at administration of the Pakpattan city-state.

British colonialists in the late 19th century noted that the ''Chisti'' were influential, but relied entirely on tenant farmers from local agricultural clans.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> ''Chistis'' are reported to have owned 9% of all land in [[Montgomery District]] in the late 19th century.<ref name="Martin 2015">{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Nicholas|title=Politics, Landlords and Islam in Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317408970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDrbCgAAQBAJ|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref>

Local agricultural clans remained loyal to the ''Chisti'' descendants of the shrine,<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> and swore spiritual allegiance to the ''Chisti'' descendants of Baba Farid, rather than to Baba Farid himself.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> Clans would offer brides to the ''Chisti'' clan in a mark of allegiance to the ''Chisti''.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> Over time, the clans became to closely associated themselves with both the shrine, and ''Diwan''.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

====Autonomous state====
The oath of allegiance also included a pledge to militarily defend the shrine and the ''Chisti''.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The Khokars, Bhattis, Dhudhis, and Hans clans at were reportedly able to raise an army of 10,000 men to defend the shrine and ''Chisti'' if needed.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> In 1757, the shrine's ''diwan'' Abd as-Subhan raised an army from the clans in order to attack the Raja of [[Bikaner]], and was able to extend the shrines territory to the opposite bank of the Sutlej River.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The army of devotees was able to repel a Sikh attack against Pakpattan in 1776, resulting in the death of [[Heera Singh Sandhu]], founder of the Sikh [[Nakai Misl]] state.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The shrines cavalries were able to pursue retreating Sikh soldiers, killing several thousand more.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

==Practices==
===Charity===
Gifts and donations to the shrine are redistributed to other devotees, in a practice that follows Baba Farid's example.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> Baba Farid's shrine subsequently became a centre of wealth redistribution throughout the western Punjab.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The shrine maintains a ''langar'', or canteen, which serves free meals to the poor.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" />

===''Adab'' traditions===
A system of elaborate rituals developed around the shrine that integrated local clans into the social and religious structure of the shrine.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> A 1623 collection of biographies regarding Baba Farid's life, the ''Jawahir al-Faridi'', noted that the shrine's major rituals had in fact been established during Badr ad-Din's position of ''diwan'' that was inherited immediately following Baba Farid's death.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

Such traditions included the tying of a turban (''dastar bandi'') to signify inheritance of Baba Farid's spiritual authority, the regularization of [[qawwali]] music, establishment of the shrine's free kitchen, and opening of the tomb's southern door to allow visitors to the ''urs'' festival to directly pass the shrine's most sacred area.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> Devotees would also pass through the shrine's ''Beheshti Darwaza'' in order to symbolically enter paradise.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

Pilgrims regarded the ferry journey across the Sutlej River towards the shrine as a metaphorical journey of salvation in a boat piloted by the saint,<ref name="Meri 2005">{{cite book|last1=Meri|first1=Josef|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135455965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ZsBgAAQBAJ&q=pakpattan+metaphorical&pg=PA276|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref> in a ritual that may echo the Hindu concept of ''[[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]]'', or crossing of a river [[ford (crossing)|ford]] from the mundane into the spiritual world.<ref name="van der Veer 1994">{{cite book|last1=van der Veer|first1=Peter|title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India|date=1994|publisher=University of California|isbn=9780520082564|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC&pg=PA40|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref>

A system of social hierarchy developed as a result of the shrine's ''[[Adab (Islam)|Adab]]''. The ''diwan'' and his family were considered the most important, followed by the shrine's ''khalifas'', members of the ''Chisti'' class, chiefs of local agricultural clans.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

==Shrine guardianship==
By the 13th century, a widespread belief had taken root in Muslim societies that a Sufi saint's spiritual powers could be inherited by his descendants.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> Upon the death of Baba Farid, his son Badr ad-Din Sulaiman was deemed to be Baba Farid's prime successor, setting a pattern of hereditary acquisition of the position.<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The successorship of Badr ad-Din's son, Shaikh Ala ad-Din Mauj Darya, in 1281 further cemented this tradition.<ref name="Eaton 1984" />

The chief caretaker and spiritual authority of most shrines is typically referred to as a ''[[sajjada nashin]]'', though at Baba Farid's shrine, the title for the position in taken from the royal courts of medieval Islamic India, and is instead referred to as ''[[Dewan|diwan]].''<ref name="Eaton 1984" /> The ''diwan'' is traditionally believed to inherit the ''[[Barakah|baraka]]'', or spiritual power, of Baba Farid.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> The ''diwan'' of the Pakpattan shrine historically has not maintained spiritual authority in the region by himself – rather, the shrine's authority was also spread among a ''[[Baradari (brotherhood)|baradari]]'', or network of Baba Farid's descendants that lived in the regions surrounding the shrine,<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> who in turn were sometimes themselves ''sajjada nashins'' of small shrine dedicated to pious descendants of Baba Farid.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> Members of the ''baradari'' were often owned large tracts of land granted to them by various rulers, or were local village officials.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> By the 19th and 20th centuries, the network of ''sajjada nashins'' in the Baba Farid ''wilayat'' maintained a network of authority that paralleled the region's official administrative system.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" />

The success of each ''diwan'' or ''sajjada nashin'' was tied to his ability to attract official patronage and increase donations, in order to further promote the shrine's prestige,<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> and to distribute among subsidiary shrines located in the region surrounding Pakpattan.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> Resources directed towards subsidiary shrines were used to maintain social services, such as the ''langar'' which served free meals to the poor.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> Hospitality provided at the ''langar'' further heightened the status of a ''Sajjada nashin''.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" />

===''Diwan'' succession===
Appointment of a successor for the hereditary title required "revelation" from Baba Farid's spirit to determine the inheritor of his ''baraka'', or blessed direct access to God.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> Selection of the inheritor was supported by consent from Baba Farid's committed devotees, and members of the ''baradari'' network of shrines.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" />

====Conflicts over succession====
Conflict over succession sometimes occurred – in the 1880s during [[British Raj|British colonial rule]], those in dispute appealed to the British court system to determine which claimant had inherited revelation from Baba Farid,<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> though the court based its decision on deference to historic customs in determining the successor.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" />

During the 1880s and 1890s, the shrine's ''diwan'' switched three times in the course of deliberations – though attendance at the shrine did not decline, and it did not appear that devotees particularly cared which person served in the role.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> The eventual successful petitioner, Sayid Muhammad was not considered a learned religious scholar.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> Erosion of the ''diwan's'' spiritual role resulted in criticism of the entire shrine system by Muslim reformist movements in the 20th century.

At the time of Sayid Muhammad's death in 1934, another crisis over inheritance erupted as some members of the shrine's ''baradari'' bodies disputed the succession of a minor, Ghulam Qutb ad-Din, to the role which they argued was inappropriate to be filled by a young man.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> British Courts accepted Ghulam Qutb ad-Din as the next successor, and established a caretaker system for the shrine until he reached maturity, and arranged for his training and education at Lahore's prestigious [[Aitchison College]] – a plan which was met with resistance by members of the ''baradari'' who feared that an education there would signal the ''diwan's'' integration into the British values system, rather than that of Islam.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" /> British attempts at resolution were seen as interference in the shrine's religious affairs, and eroded the legitimacy of the shrine's ''diwan'' system.<ref name="Gilmartin 1984" />

==Administration==
The shrine is administered by the Auqaf Department.<ref>Omer Tarin, 'Hazrat Baba Farid Ganj Shakar and the evolution of the literary Punjabi:A Brief Review' in Journal of Humanities and Liberal Arts, 1995, pp.21-30</ref> The shrine is open 24 hours a day for visitors, every day of the year.

==Controversy of Bahishtī Darwāza==
In 2018, on the occasion of annual urs celebration of Baba Farid, the [[police commissioner]] of [[Sahiwal District]] was invited by the administrative team of the shrine. As per the regulations of the shrine, the Bahishtī Darwāza is usually opened by the local police commissioner but at the same time, the shrine administration does not allow women to trespass the Bahishtī Darwāza. The shrine's administrative team therefore instructed the lady police commissioner to bring along a male police guard who will open the Bahishtī Darwāza. By violating the shrine's laws and regulations, the lady police commissioner opened the Bahishtī Darwāza along with a female District Police Officer. The said act of violation created more complications and the police department later on suspended and transferred the female police commissioner.<ref name="Dawn Newspaper">{{cite news | url = https://www.dawn.com/news/1434151 | title = Pakpattan opens door to shrine's code controversy | publisher = Dawn News |date = 21 September 2018}}</ref>

== Baba Fareed Urs Ritual ==
The 781st annual 10-day rituals at the shrine of Baba Fariduddin Ganj Shakar began here on Tuesday at Pakpattan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=Baba Farid's Urs rituals begin |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1765485 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of mausolea and shrines in Pakistan]]
* [[Sufism in Pakistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mausoleums, memorials, shrines, and tombs in Pakistan}}
{{Sufi}}
{{Islam topics}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{Commons category|Shrine of Fariduddin Ganjshakar}}

[[Category:Pakpattan District]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sufi shrines in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Secularism in Pakistan]]

Fulbaria railway station

2025-12-24T10:43:50Z

Stephania3380: Creating a info - done

{{Short description|Defunct railway station in Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Fulbaria Railway Station
| native_name = ফুলবাড়িয়া রেলওয়ে স্টেশন
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_name = Dacca Railway Station
| type =
| image = Fulbaria-railway-station-Dhaka-1880s.jpg
| address = Fulbaria, Dhaka
| borough =
| country = Bangladesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.7244444|90.4059179|format=dms|type:railwaystation_region:BD|display=inline,title}}
| owned =
| lines = [[Narayanganj–Bahadurabad Ghat line]]
| platforms = 1
| tracks = {{RailGauge|1000mm}}
| code = DA
| status = Defunct
| closed = {{End date|df=yes|1968|5|1}}
| former = {{plainlist|*[[Assam Bengal Railway]] (1895–1947)
* [[Pakistan Eastern Railway]] (1947–1968)}}
| opened = {{Start date|1895}}
}}
'''Fulbaria Railway Station''' is a defunct railway station in Bangladesh which was located near [[Bangabazar]], Dhaka. It was the central railway station of Bangladesh (then [[East Pakistan]]) before [[Dhaka railway station]] became operational on 1 May 1968. Fulbaria station was closed on 1 May 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/preserving-the-past-passion-that-never-dies-1612448832|title=Preserving the past: Passion that never dies|first=Shihab|last=Sarkar|date=4 February 2021|website=Thefinancialexpress.com.bd|access-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506122035/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/preserving-the-past-passion-that-never-dies-1612448832|archive-date=6 May 2021|url-status=}}</ref><ref name="Hasan-2016"/><ref name="Khan-2022"/>

== History ==
[[File:Fulbaria Railway Station 1904.jpg|thumb|Fulbaria railway station in 1904]]
In 1885, Dacca State railway built [[Narayanganj–Bahadurabad Ghat line]] and opened its part for train service from Dacca (now [[Old Dhaka]]) to [[Narayanganj]]. In that time Fulbaria railway station was built with other facilities.<ref name="Aziz-2022">{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/onnoalo/prose/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE|title=ফুলবাড়িয়া রেলস্টেশনের হুইলার, ঢাকার এক বিস্মৃত বইয়ের দোকান|trans-title=Wheeler at Fulbaria Railway Station, a forgotten bookstore in Dhaka|language=bn|first=Tareq|last=Aziz|date=1 July 2022|access-date=18 November 2022|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]}}</ref> It was established on the south side of the then main city of Dacca. In the same year, railway connections from [[Dhaka]] to [[Narayanganj]] and [[Dhaka]] to [[Mymensingh]] were established. After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Dhaka became the main city and capital of [[East Bengal]]. Then the area of Fulbaria became densely populated which became a major obstacle for train movement. As a result, it was planned to move this station. Later, in the late 1950s, the construction of the [[Kamalapur railway station|new central railway station]] for the province and a new railway line was started on a large scale in the Kamalapur, Shahjahanpur area of Dhaka and it was completed in 1968.<ref name="Hasan-2016"/>

Earlier, the railway used to go straight from [[Tejgaon railway station]] to Fulbaria. Due to the opening of Kamalapur station, the railway line was shifted from Tejgaon. From Tejgaon the line took a left to Kamalapur. As a result, the earlier Fulbaria–Tejgaon line was abandoned. Later the line was removed and a road was built in the same place. On the other hand, all the structures of Fulbaria station were also removed. At present, there are bus counters of [[Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation|BRTC]], shops, runways etc.<ref name="Hasan-2016">{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF|title=ফুলবাড়িয়া স্টেশন নেই, আছে শুধুই স্মৃতি|trans-title=There is no Fulbaria station, only memories remain.| language=bn|first=Shariful|last=Hasan|date=23 September 2016|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>

== Structure ==
Fulbaria railway station had a station house and three lines in front of it. The station belonged to the [[metre-gauge]] railway. Although the station was named Fulbaria, the nameplates at both ends of the platform were inscribed with "Dacca", as the station was officially operated as "Dacca Railway Station". The same rule was later applied to Kamalapur railway station.

== Ticket selling point ==
In 2019, train tickets were sold from this station building on the occasion of Eid. Two years later the counter was shifted from the building after it was demolished.<ref name="Khan-2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.newsbangla24.com/news/188776/Fulbaria-railway-counter-after-54-years|title=ফুলবাড়িয়া রেল কাউন্টার সরব ৫৪ বছর পর|trans-title=Fulbaria rail counter reopens after 54 years|language=bn|first=Abdul Jabbar|last=Khan|date=23 April 2022|access-date=7 November 2022|website=Newsbangla24.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Old Dhaka]]
[[Category:History of Dhaka]]
[[Category:Demolished railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dhaka District]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:History of rail transport in India]]
[[Category:1968 disestablishments in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Former railway stations in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bangladesh opened in 1895]]

Maruthamalai Marudhachalamurthy Temple

2025-12-16T07:39:28Z

Stephania3380: put up initial place nd citations...

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Redirect|Maruthamalai||Marudhamalai (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Arulmigu Subramaniya Swamy Thirukovil, Marudhamalai
| image = Maruthamalai Rajagopuram 1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|2|46|N|76|51|7|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district =
| location = [[Coimbatore]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Murugan]]
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Tamil Architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 12th century
| creator =
| website = [www.marudhamalaimurugan.hrce.tn.gov.in]
}}
The '''Marudhamalai Murugan Temple,''' or the '''Maruthamalai Marudhachalamurthy Temple''', is a 12th-century hill temple situated in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Built by [[Tamil people|Tamil]] kings during the [[Sangam period]] as indicated in the ''[[Purananuru]]'', the temple is dedicated to [[Murugan]], a form of Kartikeya. It is traditionally regarded to be the seventh in the list of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Domestic-tourism-flourishes-in-Coimbatore-district/articleshow/49123082.cms|title=Domestic tourism flourishes in Coimbatore district|last=Subburaj|first=A|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=27 September 2015|access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>

Like most Murugan temples, the temple is situated upon a hill, part of the [[Western Ghats]] about 12 km west from the centre of the city of [[Coimbatore]]. [[Thaipusam]] and other festivals dedicated to the deity are celebrated here.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/thai-poosam-celebrated-with-fervour/article6854491.ece|title=Thai Poosam celebrated with fervour|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 February 2015|access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> On many evenings, devotees gather for a procession of Murugan sitting in a chariot ([[Ratha Yatra|ratha yatra]]) and encircle the temple.

The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959]</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Marudhamalai refers to the {{convert|600|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall granite hill on which the temple stands and is derived from the native tree called {{transliteration|ta|marudham}} or {{transliteration|ta|marudha maram}} (''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'', also known as the Arjuna tree) which grows there, and {{transliteration|ta|malai}}, meaning hill or mountain in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. This Murugan temple is special since it is on the east face on the hill, unlike other Murugan temples on the hills.<ref>[http://murugan.org/temples/marudhamalai.htm Murugan.org Marudhamalai Murugan Temple]</ref>

===Marudhamalai Adivaram===
Marudhamalai, or Marudhamalai Adivaram (meaning "at the foot of Maradhumalai"), is also the name of the locality to the east of the hill and the temple. It forms part of the 17th ward of [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation|Coimbatore Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coimbatore corporation delimitation |url=http://www.ccmc.gov.in/ccmc/img/pdf/AnnexureII(d)-English.pdf |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620031429/https://www.ccmc.gov.in/ccmc/img/pdf/AnnexureII(d)-English.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Site==
The presiding deity is addressed by multiple names, such as Marudhamalai Andavar, Marudachalapathi and Dhandayuthanpani. There are springs or pools of [[Sacred waters|sacred water]] (''[[theertham]]'') around the temple, namely Maruda Theertham and Skanda Theertham, which are believed to possess medicinal properties.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|page=20}}</ref>
[[File:Marudhamalai temple.jpg|thumb|Marudhamalai temple]]

==Pambatti Siddhar==
[[File:Maruthamalai (1).jpg|thumb|Maruthamalai deity in a car procession ]]
In the southern end of the temple, the ''prahara'' staircase to the [[Pambatti Siddhar]] cave is located. Pambatti Siddhar was one of the 18 [[Siddhar]]s, a group of Tamil sages, and lived during the 12th century. He is regarded to have performed penance on the Maruthamalai hill. According to legend, Murugan appeared as a snake to him, and to have appeared again later along with his consorts [[Valli]] and [[Devasena]], and is said to have given [[Siddhar]] the Marutha Tirtham and blessed him. A connecting tunnel route from Murugan's sanctum sanctorum and Siddhar's cave was formed, which the Siddhar is believed to have used to worship the deity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-22 |title=பாம்பாட்டி சித்தர் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு {{!}} Pambatti siddhar history |url=https://aanmeegam.co.in/blogs/siththarkal/pambatti-siddhar/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Aanmeegam |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Maruthamalai Murugan Temple.jpg|Maruthamalai temple
File:Valampuri Vinayagar.jpg|Valampuri Vinayakar on the stone pillar
File:Pambatti siddhar sannidhi 1.jpg|Pambatti Sitthar Shrine
File:Maruthamalai Pancha virutcha Vinayagar.jpg|Pancha Vriksha Vinayakar
File:Marudhamalai full view.JPG|Front view of the temple (before renovation)
File:Marudamalai Temple-01r.jpg|Side view of the temple
File:Maruthamalai Temple-Munmandapam.jpg|Front gallery of the temple
File:Mayilmuga vilakku 1.jpg|Serpant art on the peacock-faced lamp in front of the Valampuri Vinayakar
File:Mayilmuga vilakku base.jpg|Tortoise-shaped base of the peacock-faced lamp in front of the Valampuri Vinayakar
File:Pambatti siddhar sannidhi.jpg|Pampatti Sitthar cave shrine
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category|Maruthamalai Marudhachalamurthy Temple}}
{{Murugan temples}}
{{Coimbatore district}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Coimbatore]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Grypotyphlops acutus

2025-12-16T04:00:41Z

Stephania3380: Creating details - done

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Beaked blind snake
| image = Grypotyphlops acutus 123806704.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, B. |author2=Srinivasulu, C. |author3=Vijayakumar, S.P. |author4=Ganesan, S.R. |author5=Madala, M. |date=2013 |title=''Grypotyphlops acutus'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T172598A1349131 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172598A1349131.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Grypotyphlops
| parent_authority = [[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1881
| species = acutus
| authority = ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|A.M.C. Duméril]] & [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], 1844)
| synonyms = * ''Onychocephalus acutus'' [[André Marie Constant Duméril|A.M.C. Duméril]] & [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], 1884
* ''Typhlops Russellii'' [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1845
* ''Onychocephalus westermanni'' [[Christian Frederik Lütken|Lütken]], 1862
* ''Onychocephalus acutus'' - [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864
* ''T''[''yphlops'']. ''excipiens'' [[Giorgio Jan|Jan]] ''In'' [[Giorgio Jan|Jan]] & Sordelli, 1865
* ''Onychocephalus malabaricus'' [[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome]] ''In'' [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1875
* ''Gr''[''ypotyphlops'']. ''acutus'' - [[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1881
* ''Typhlops acutus'' - [[Fritz Müller|F. Müller]], 1885
* ''Typhlops acutus'' - [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1893
* ''Gryptotyphlops acutus'' - [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1893
* ''Typhlops psittacus'' [[Franz Werner|Werner]], 1903
* ''Typhlops acuta'' - Constable, 1949
* ''Typhlops acutus'' - Rajendran, 1967
* [''Typhlina''] ''acutus'' - [[Romulus Whitaker|Whitaker]], 1978
* ''Typhlops acutus'' - Murthy, 1983
* ''Rhinotyphlops acutus'' - [[Van Wallach|Wallach]], 1994<ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>
* ''Letheobia acutus'' ([[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril]] & [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], 1844)<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Grypotyphlops |species=acutus |accessdate=13 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

'''''Grypotyphlops acutus''''', also known as the '''beaked worm snake''', '''beaked blind snake''', or '''beak-nosed worm snake''', is a harmless [[Typhlopidae|blind snake]] [[species]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to peninsular [[India]]. It is the only species in the genus '''''Grypotyphlops'''''. No [[subspecies]] are currently recognized.<ref name=RDB/>

== Taxonomy ==
''Grypotyphlops'' is thought to group with the [[Africa]]n [[Typhlopidae|typhlopids]] in the genera ''[[Afrotyphlops]]'', ''[[Letheobia]]'', and ''[[Rhinotyphlops]]'', being the [[sister group]] to the latter two and having dispersed from Africa to the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the [[Paleogene]]. This contrasts with the other blind snakes in the Indian subcontinent, which are thought to have either mainland Asian ancestry (''[[Indotyphlops]]'' and ''[[Argyrophis]]'') or be descended from ancient [[Gondwana]]n endemics of [[Insular India]] (''[[Gerrhopilus]]'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sidharthan |first1=Chinta |last2=Karanth |first2=K. Praveen |date=2021-04-01 |title=India's biogeographic history through the eyes of blindsnakes- filling the gaps in the global typhlopoid phylogeny |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790320303365 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=157 |article-number=107064 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107064 |pmid=33387646 |s2cid=230282291 |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Geographic range==
This species is found throughout peninsular India south of the [[Ganges]] and [[Rajputana]] basins. The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given is "''inconnue''" ([[French language|French]] for unknown).<ref name="McD99"/>
[[File:Grypotyphlops acutus.jpg|thumb|Beaked worm snake(Grypotyphlops acutus) from Kozhikode, Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger, G.A.]] 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis, London, xviii, 541 pp.
* [[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril, A.M.C.]] & [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron, G.]] 1844. ''Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles''. Vol.6. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris.
* [[Van Wallach|Wallach, Van]] 1994. The status of the Indian endemic ''Typhlops acutus'' (Duméril and Bibron) and the identity of ''Typhlops psittacus'' Werner (Reptilia, Serpentes, Typhlopidae). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Biologie. Vol. 64, pp. 209–229.
{{Refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3028427}}

[[Category:Typhlopidae]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1844]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Gabriel Bibron]]
[[Category:Taxa named by André Marie Constant Duméril]]

Rajkeshar Singh

2025-12-13T03:54:13Z

Stephania3380: created

{{Short description|Indian Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 1998
| predecessor = [[Arjun Singh Yadav]]
| successor = [[Parasnath Yadav]]
| constituency = [[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaunpur]]
| term_start1 = 1977
| term_end1 = 1980
| predecessor1 = [[Nageshwar Dwivedi]]
| successor1 = [[Sheo Sharan Verma]]
| constituency1= [[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency|Machhlishahr]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1935|1|29}}
| birth_place = Besahupur, [[Jaunpur district]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|6|16|1935|1|29}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Prabhawati Devi|1950}}
| children = 3 sons, 2 daughters
| father = Dwarika Singh
| education = Post Graduate
| alma_mater = S.M.S. Vishwavidyalaya, Varanasi T.N. College, Jaunpur
| profession = Transporter, Industrialist, Politician
}}
'''Rajkeshar Singh''' was an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]] who had represented [[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaunpur]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1996 to 1998 and [[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency|Machhlishahr]] from 1977 to 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कर्मयोगी रहे राजकेशर ¨सह - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur-be-karmayogi-rajkeshwar-singh-18088886.html |access-date= |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Polling Booth: Election' 96: Uttar Pradesh/Jaunpur |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/up48.htm |access-date= |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajkeshar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:1935 births]]

Mahendranath Gupta

2025-11-28T05:38:33Z

Stephania3380: edit

{{Short description|Indian yogi (1854–1932)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahendranath Gupta
| image = Mahendranath Gupta (Sri M).jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1854|7|14}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company Raj]] (present-day [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1932|6|4|1854|7|14}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| known_for = Author of ''[[Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita]]'', teacher of [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]
}}
[[File:Vivekananda Baranagar 1887.jpg|thumb|250px|Group photo taken on 30 January 1887 In [[Baranagar Math]], Kolkata. '''Standing''': (l–r) ) [[Swami Shivananda]], [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]], [[Swami Vivekananda]], Randhuni, Debendranath Majumdar, Mahendranath Gupta (Shri M), [[Swami Trigunatitananda]], H.Mustafi '''Sitting''': (l–r) [[Swami Niranjanananda (Niranjan Maharaj)|Swami Niranjanananda]], [[Swami Saradananda]], Hutko Gopal, [[Swami Abhedananda]]]]
'''Mahendranath Gupta''' ({{langx|bn|মহেন্দ্রনাথ গুপ্ত}}) (14 July 1854 – 4 June 1932), (also popularly known as '''Shri M''' and '''Master Mahashay'''), was a disciple of [[Ramakrishna]] and a mystic himself. He was the author of ''[[Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita]]'' (5 vols.), a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] classic; in English, it is known as ''[[The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna]].'' He was also an early teacher to [[Paramahansa Yogananda]], a famous 20th-century [[yogi]], guru and philosopher. In his autobiography, Yogananda noted that Gupta ran a small boys' high school in [[Kolkata]], and he recounted their visits, as they often traveled to the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple|Dakshineshwar Kali Temple]] together.<ref name=":0" /> Having a devotional nature, Gupta worshipped the Divine Mother in the form of [[Kali]], and often reflected the wisdom of his guru Ramakrishna in his daily life and mannerisms. Yogananda reverentially regarded Gupta's spirituality, calling him an "Incarnation of purity" and "the greatest man of humility I ever knew."<ref name=":0" />

== Life ==

=== Birth and education ===
Mahendranath was born to Madhusudan Gupta and Swarnamayi Devi in a [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] family of [[Baidya]] sub-caste in the Shimuliya (Shimla) locality of [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) of [[Bengal presidency|Bengal Presidency]] . After elementary education at the [[Hare School]], he attended [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], receiving his B.A. in 1874. Gupta was a gifted student and performed consistently well until 1874 till he graduated from Presidency College.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sen|2001|p=36}}</ref> In 1874 he was married to Nikunja Devi, daughter of Thakur Charan Sen and a relative of [[Keshub Chunder Sen|Keshub Chandra Sen]], a [[Brahmo Samaj]] leader. After some time working for the government and a merchant house, he began teaching English, Psychology, and Economics at various colleges. Eventually he became headmaster of [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]'s high school, where he was called "Master Mahashay"—just as he was often addressed in Ramakrishna's circle and later by Yogananda.<ref name="prakashan">{{cite web | title =M. (Mahendra Nath Gupta) | publisher =Sri Ramakrishna Sri Ma Prakashan Trust | url =http://www.kathamrita.org/mkbio.htm | access-date =17 March 2008 | archive-date =17 February 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080217001153/http://www.kathamrita.org/mkbio.htm | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref name="Sen 2001 37">{{Harvnb|Sen|2001|p=37}}</ref>

===Meetings with Ramakrishna===
[[File:GirishChandraGosh group photo.jpg|240px|thumb | right |[[Girish Chandra Ghosh]], [[Swami Adbhutananda]], Mahendranath Gupta and other disciples and devotees of [[Ramakrishna]]]]
[[File:Statue of Mahendranath Gupta (Sri M).jpg|240px|thumb|Statue of Mahendranath Gupta (Sri M), Dakshineswar Kali Temple complex, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India]]

As an adult, Mahendranath, like some of the other disciples of Ramakrishna, was connected with the [[Brahmo Samaj]] for several years.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chetanananda|1990|p=293}}</ref> Mahendranath had lost his mother at a very early age and was experiencing domestic friction in the joint family. As the friction within the joint family increased, Mahendranath decided to commit suicide. At this critical juncture, Mahendranath's nephew took him to the temple garden of [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]], where [[Ramakrishna]], a mystic and the chief priest of the [[Kali]] temple lived. It was here that Gupta met Ramakrishna for the first time and this meeting was a turning point in his life. Years later, when Mahendranath was asked about the greatest day in his life, he said, "the day I had my first [[Darśana|darshan]] of Thakur [Ramakrishna] in February 1882."<ref name="Sen 2001 37"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Tyagananda|Vrajaprana|2010|p=7}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Chetanananda|1990|p=324}}</ref> According to other traditional accounts, Mahendranath related that he may have met Ramakrishna for the first time when he was four years old and became separated from his mother while visiting the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]]. He began crying, and a blissful and youthful man came up and consoled him. He believed it to be Ramakrishna, who was then a priest at the [[Kali]] temple.

=== ''Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita'' ===
{{Main|Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita}}
Shri M had the habit of maintaining a personal diary since the age of thirteen.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sen|2001|p=42}}</ref> M met Sri Ramakrishna in 1882 and, attracted by the latter's teachings, started to maintain a [[stenographic]] record of Sri Ramakrishna's conversations and actions in his diary, which finally took the form of a book ''[[Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita]]''.<ref name="TV-7-8">{{Harvnb|Tyagananda|Vrajaprana|2010|pp=7–8}}</ref><ref name="jack-16-17"/> Initially when M began writing the diaries, he had no plans of publication.<ref name="TV-7-8"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Sen|2001|p=28}}</ref> Regarding his methodology M wrote,

{{quote|I wrote everything from memory after I returned home. Sometimes I had to keep awake the whole night...Sometimes I would keep on writing the events of one sitting for seven days, recollect the songs that were sung, and the order in which they were sung, and the [[samadhi]] and so on...Many a time I did not feel satisfied with my description of the events; I would then immediately plunge myself in deep meditation ...Then the correct image would arise...That is why in spite of the big gap in the physical sense, this story remains so fresh and lifelike in my mind as if it happened just now.<ref name="TV-7-8"/>}}

In each of his ''Kathamrita'' entries, M records the date, time and place of the conversation.<ref name="TV-12-14">{{Harvnb|Tyagananda|Vrajaprana|2010|pp=12–14}}</ref> The title ''Kathamrita'', literally "nectarine words" was inspired by verse 10.31.9 from the [[Vaishnava]] text, the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tyagananda|Vrajaprana|2010|pp=10}}</ref> Both Sri Ramakrishna's wife, Holy Mother [[Sarada Devi]], and [[Swami Vivekananda]] later testified to Mahendranath's faithfulness to Sri Ramakrishna's words.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1982|p=58}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sen|2001|pp=29–30}}</ref> The first four volumes were published in 1902, 1904, 1908 and 1910 respectively and the fifth volume in 1932, delayed because of M's health problems.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sen|2001|pp=46–47}}</ref> The ''Kathamrita'' contains the conversations of Sri Ramakrishna from 19/26 February 1882 to 24 April 1886, during M's visits.<ref name="sen-32">{{Harvnb|Sen|2001|p=32}}</ref> The ''Kathamrita'' is regarded as a Bengali classic<ref name="sen-32"/> and revered among the followers as a sacred scripture.<ref name="jack-16-17">{{Harvnb|Jackson|1994|pp=16–17}}</ref> Its translations of ''Kathamrita'' include works by [[Swami Nikhilananda]] (1942),<ref>{{Harvnb|Hixon|2002|p=xiii}}</ref> Swami Abhedananda,<ref>The Gospel of Ramakrishna (New York: The Vedanta Society, 1907)</ref> and Dharma Pal Gupta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Publisher's note |url=http://www.kathamrita.org/kathamrita/k1publisher.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020226195918/http://www.kathamrita.org/kathamrita/k1publisher.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2002 |publisher=Kathamrita Bhavan |access-date=21 August 2010}}</ref>

===Teacher to Paramahansa Yogananda===
[[Paramahansa Yogananda]], a 20th-century philosopher and a [[yogi]], was a student of Mahendranath Gupta. Mahendranath moved to 50 Amherst Street in Calcutta, where he ran a small boys' high school. It was also formerly Paramahansa Yogananda's family home—a site especially poignant to Yogananda because it was the site of his mother's death. In his Autobiography of a Yogi, [[Paramahansa Yogananda|Yogananda]] dedicated an entire chapter to describing his friendship with Mahendranath, whom he referred to as "Master Mahasaya," which was along spiritual rather than academic lines. Yogananda described Mahendranath as having a "silky white beard and large lustrous eyes"<ref name=":0">{{Harvnb|Yogananda|2005|p=76}}</ref> and described his personality thus:
<blockquote>"His role in the world was humble, as befitted the greatest man of humility I ever knew. In this Amherst Street house, Master Mahasaya conducted a small high school for boys. No words of chastisement passed his lips; no rule and ferule maintained his discipline. Higher mathematics indeed were taught in these modest classrooms, and a chemistry of love absent from the textbooks. He spread his wisdom by spiritual contagion rather than impermeable precept. Consumed by an unsophisticated passion for the Divine Mother, the saint no more demanded the outward forms of respect than a child."<ref>{{Harvnb|Yogananda|2005|p=77}}</ref></blockquote>
Yogananda went on to describe several seemingly miraculous experiences with Mahendranath. Later, Yogananda said about him that "I would roll on the ground where he'd walked, so great was my love for him. I felt that even that ground had been sanctified."<ref>{{Harvnb|Kriyananda|2004|p=449}}</ref>

=== Later life and death ===
In 1922, M. lived in [[Mihijam]], a town 144 miles from Kolkata, for nine months.<ref name="shortlife">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Dharm Pal |title=A Short Life of M., The Writer of the Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna |date=1989 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Sri Ma Prakashan Trust |location=Chandigarh, India |edition=revised |oclc=33327769}} (original edition 1977)</ref>{{rp|64}}

In 1932, when the fifth Volume of ''Kathamrita'' was at the printers<ref>{{Harvnb|Tyagananda|Vrajaprana|2010|p=12}}</ref> Mahendranath died at his home, now called ''Kathamrita Bhavan'', located near the [[Thanthania Kalibari|Thanthania Kali Temple]] in Calcutta. ''Kathamrita Bhavan'' is a pilgrimage place for followers of Ramakrishna due to numerous visits there by Ramakrishna and Sarada Devi, and several relics associated with their lives.<ref>{{cite web | title =Kathamrita Bhavan | work =M's Thakurbati | url =http://kathamritabhavan.org/ | access-date =18 March 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | last = Nityatmananda | first=Swami |author2=D P Gupta | title ="M"--the apostle and the evangelist : a continuation of M's Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna | publisher =Rohtak, Sri Ramakrishna—Sri Ma Prakashan | date =June 1967 | oclc=49257}} (full book is 16 volumes)
*{{cite book | last =Chetanananda | first =Swami | title=Ramakrishna as We Saw Him | url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780916356651 | url-access =registration | publisher =Vedanta Society of St. Louis | year =1990 | isbn =0-916356-65-5}}
*{{cite book | last = Nikhilananda | first=Swami | author-link = Swami Nikhilananda | title =The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna | publisher =Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center | date =June 1985 | isbn =978-0-911206-01-2}}
*{{cite book | last =Kriyananda | first =Swami | author-link =Swami Kriyananda | title =Conversations with Yogananda | publisher=Crystal Clarity Publishers | year =2004 | isbn =1-56589-202-X}}
*{{cite book | last =Smith | first =Bardwell Leith | title =Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions | publisher =Brill| isbn =90-04-06788-4 | year =1982}}
*{{cite book |last=Yogananda |first=Paramhansa |author-link=Paramahansa Yogananda |title=Autobiography of a Yogi |year=2005 |publisher=Crystal Clarity Publishers |isbn=978-1-56589-212-5}}
* {{cite book | last = Dasgupta | first=R. K | title=Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita as a religious classic | publisher=Bulletin of the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |date=June 1986}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hixon | first=Lex |author-link=Lex Hixon |title=Great Swan: Meetings With Ramakrishna |publisher=Larson Publications |location=Burdett, N.Y. |year= 2002|isbn=0-943914-80-9}}
*{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Carl T.|title=Vedanta for the West|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1994|isbn=0-253-33098-X}}
*{{Cite book | last =Gupta | first =Mahendranath ("M.") | author2 =Dharm Pal Gupta
| title =Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita | publisher =Sri Ma Trust| url=http://www.kathamrita.org/ | year =2001 | isbn =978-81-88343-00-3}}
* {{cite book |editor1=D.P. Gupta |editor2=D.K. Sengupta | title=Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita Centenary Memorial | year=2004 | publisher=Sri Ma Trust | place=Kolkata | url=http://www.kathamrita.org/CM.pdf | access-date=21 August 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716110642/http://www.kathamrita.org/CM.pdf | archive-date=16 July 2011 | url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite journal
| last = Sen
| first = Amiya P.
| author-link= Amiya Prosad Sen
| title = Sri Ramakrishna, the ''Kathamrita'' and the Calcutta middle classes: an old problematic revisited
| journal = Postcolonial Studies
| volume = 9
| issue = 2
| pages = 165–177
|date=June 2006
| doi = 10.1080/13688790600657835
| s2cid = 144046925
}}
*{{Cite journal
| last = Sen
| first = Amiya P.
| title = Three essays on Sri Ramakrishna and his times
| year = 2001
| publisher = Indian Institute of Advanced Study
}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tyagananda|author-link1=Tyagananda|last2=Vrajaprana|title=Interpreting Ramakrishna: Kali's Child Revisited|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-3499-6|pages=410|url=http://www.interpretingramakrishna.com/| year=2010|place=Delhi}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Autobiography_of_a_Yogi/Chapter_9|Chapter from Autobiography of a Yogi about Mahendranath Gupta}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110112203052/http://www.estudantedavedanta.net/M_Apostol%20and%20Evangelist.pdf Table of Contents for ''"M" – The Apostle and the Evangelist'' (16-volumes)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051023204010/http://www.kathamrita.org/mbio.html Sources of Biographical Information about M.]

{{Ramakrishna}}
{{Modern Hindu writers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Mahendranath}}
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Lay disciples of Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Hare School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Narail]]