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Dhruv Raina

2026-05-06T22:37:51Z

StephaineShrader: Starting The Data More To Come.

{{Short description|Indian historian of science}}
[[File:Prof. Dhruv Raina.jpg|thumbnail]]
'''Dhruv Raina''' is a philosopher and historian of science from India. He is best known for his work on the domestication of science in colonial India, transnational intellectual networks of science and historiographies of science. He was Professor of History of Science Education at the [https://www.jnu.ac.in/sss/zhces Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies] (ZHCES), [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[New Delhi]] (2003–2023). Before joining JNU, he was a scientist at the National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies (NISTADS), New Delhi from 1991 to 2002. He was the first Heinrich Zimmer Chair for Indian Philosophy and Intellectual History, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany (2010–11). His basic training is in physics (MSc Physics, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]]), and he completed his doctoral studies with [[Aant Elzinga]] in the philosophy of science from the University of Gothenburg, Sweden on the Jesuit enlightenment historiography of [[Indian astronomy]] and mathematics.

His intellectual association with [[S. Irfan Habib]] led to the publication of a series of research articles (collected lately as a volume titled, ''Domesticating Modern Science'', 2004) on the cultural redefinition of modern science in colonial India. They edited a volume on [[Joseph Needham]] (''Situating the History of Science'', 1999) and also the section on Science in Twentieth South and South-East Asia for volume 7 of UNESCO's History of Mankind Project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30403&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization {{!}} UNESCO.ORG |website=portal.unesco.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605183754/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30403&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=2007-06-05}}</ref>

He is currently on the Council of the [[DLMPST|Division for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science and Technology of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology]] (2020–2023).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dlmps.org/pages/council/council-2020-2023.php|title=DLMPST Website: Council 2020-2023|accessdate=16 April 2020}}</ref>

==Books==
* Dhruv Raina and S. Irfan Habib (eds.). 1999. ''Situating the History of Science: Dialogues with Joseph Needham''. New Delhi: [[Oxford University Press]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=DJEPPwAACAAJ]
* Dhruv Raina. 2003. ''Images and Contexts: The Historiography of Science and Modernity in India''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.[https://academic.oup.com/book/4022]
* Dhruv Raina and S. Irfan Habib. 2004. ''Domesticating Modern Science: A Social History of Science and Culture in Colonial India''. New Delhi: [[Tulika Books]].[https://tulikabooks.in/catalog/product/view/id/21727/s/domesticating-modern-science-tulika/]
* S. Irfan Habib and Dhruv. Raina. (eds.). 2007. ''Social History of Science in Colonial India''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.[https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-abstract/43/1/238/916055?redirectedFrom=fulltext]
* Feza Günnergun and Dhruv Raina (eds.). 2011. ''Science between Europe and Asia: Historical Studies on the Transmission, Adoption and Adaptation of Knowledge, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science''. Dordrecht: Springer.[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-90-481-9968-6]
* Dhruv Raina 2015. ''Needham's Indian Network: The Search for a Home for the History of Science in India (1950-1970)''. New Delhi: [[Yoda Press]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=NoVuvgAACAAJ]
* Hans Harder and Dhruv Raina (Eds.). 2022. ''Disciplines and Movements: Conversations between India and the German-speaking World.[https://www.orientblackswan.com/details?id=9789354421808]'' Hyderabad: [[Orient Blackswan]].

==See also==
* [[Science and technology studies in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30403&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Profile on JNU Website]
* [https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/en/zimmer-chair/raina.php Profile, South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg]
* [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=9jVr03wAAAAJ&hl=en Google scholar]
* '[http://www.india-seminar.com/2014/654.htm ''Seminar'' Magazine Special Issue on '''State of Science: a symposium on the relationship between science, knowledge and democracy''' (edited by Dhruv Raina)]
* [http://smf4.emath.fr/Publications/RevueHistoireMath/9/pdf/smf_rhm_9_253-306.pdf "Betwixt Jesuit and Enlightenment HIstoriography: Jean-Sylvain Baily's History of Indian Astronomy"]
* "[http://cscs.res.in/dataarchive/textfiles/social-epistemology-of--science-and-society-.pdf A Study in the Social-epistemology of "Science and Society" Education at Indian Universities and Technical Institutes]"
* [http://mediathek.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/mediathekPublic/versionEins/Conferences-Workshops/Global-Transfer-of-Knowledge/Transfer-of-Knowledge-Institutions.html Institutions and the Global Transfer of Knowledge: A Discussion]
* [http://www.metanexus.net/profile/dhruv-raina "How to Go to Heaven or How the Heavens Go?"]
* [http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol49_4_11_DRaina.pdf "The Making of a Classic: The Contemporary Significance of P.C. Ray’s Historical Approach"]
* "[http://www.edition-open-access.de/studies/1/19/index.html The Naturalization of Modern Science in South Asia: A Historical Overview of the Processes of Domestication and Globalization]"
* [http://www.downtoearth.org.in/author/dhruv-raina-1057 Articles in ''Down to Earth'' Magazine]
*[https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=9jVr03wAAAAJ&hl=en .in/citations?user=9jVr03wAAAAJ&hl=en]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raina, Dhruv}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Historians of science]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of South Asia Institute Heidelberg]]

T. B. Cunha

2026-05-05T20:45:31Z

StephaineShrader: Stub

{{short description|Goan nationalist and activist (1891–1958)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Portuguese name|Bragança|Cunha}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. B. Cunha
| image = T. B. Cunha in his 40s.jpg
| caption = Cunha in his 40s
| birth_name = Tristão de Bragança Cunha
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1891|4|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandor]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1958|9|26|1891|4|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
| resting_place = [[Azad Maidan (monument)|Azad Maidan]]
| education = Degree in [[electrical engineering]]
| alma_mater = [[Sorbonne University]]
| known_for = Organising the first movement to end Portuguese rule in Goa
| movement = [[Goa Liberation Movement]]
| party =
| otherparty =
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[Luís de Menezes Bragança]] (brother-in-law)
* [[Berta de Menezes Bragança]] (niece)
* [[Beatris de Menezes Bragança]] (niece)
}}
}}

'''Tristão de Bragança Cunha'''{{efn|alternatively spelled as '''Tristao de Braganza Cunha'''}} ({{Audio|LL-Q34239 (kok)-Fredericknoronha-Tristao de Braganza Cunha.wav|pronunciation}}; 2 April 1891 – 26 September 1958), better known as '''T. B. Cunha''',<ref>{{Cite web |first=Gauree |last=Malkarnekar|date=19 December 2021 |title=T B Cunha: Rousing nationalism in 'passive' Goans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/t-b-cunha-rousing-nationalism-in-passive-goans/articleshow/88366802.cms |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> was a [[Goan]] nationalist and anti-colonial activist. Referred to as the "Father of Goan nationalism", he was the organiser of the first movement to end [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]] in [[Goa]].

== Early and personal life ==
Tristão de Bragança Cunha was born on 2 April 1891 in the village [[Chandor]] in [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |pages=54–55}}</ref> His parents were Ligório de Cunha, a medical practitioner, and Filomena Bragança. While his mother was from Chandor, his father was from Cuelim, Cansaulim.<ref name="SushilaSisters24">{{Cite web |last=Sawant Mendes |first=Sushila |date=2024-02-24 |title=CELEBRATING THE THREE SISTERS… |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/By-invitation/CELEBRATING-THE-THREE-SISTERS%E2%80%A6/218202 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=[[Herald Goa]]}}</ref> He completed his school education in [[Nova Goa]] and then went to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] to French College for his ''[[baccalauréat]]'' and then to Paris. There he studied at the [[Sorbonne University]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamat |first=Nandkumar M |author-link=Nandkumar Kamat |date=2016-01-25 |title=Francophilic Goa's French Connections |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/01/25/opinions/opinion/francophilic-goas-french-connections/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=The Navhind Times}}</ref> and obtained a degree in electrical engineering.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> In Paris, Cunha shared a residence with the Vietnamese revolutionary, [[Ho Chi Minh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=Renewing Goa’s French Connections – 20 April 2024 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/renewing-goas-french-connections/219027/ |access-date=2026-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Cunha had two older brothers. The eldest brother, Vincent, was also an active [[nationalist]]. The other, Francisco, studied in London and later at the [[Sorbonne University]] in Paris. He translated the nationalistic views of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] into French and was later invited to teach at [[Shantiniketan]].<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=12–13, 22–23, 26, 82–83, 293 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> He also lived in Russia for many years, working with Russian revolutionary [[Vladimir Lenin]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Edila |last=Gaitonde |author-link=Edila Gaitonde |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUhPGfFg10sC |title=In Search of Tomorrow |publisher=Allied Publishers |page=19}}</ref>

Cunha was described as being "suited and booted, would not have food without cutlery even in public places and knew less of Konkani."<ref name="EPWParobo2015">{{Cite journal |last=Parobo |first=Parag D |date=2015 |title=Tristão Bragança Cunha and Nationalism in Colonial Goa: Mediating Difference and Essentialising Nationhood |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24482165 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=50 |issue=31 |pages=61–68 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

== Nationalist movement ==
[[File:Statue of T. B. Cunha at T. B. Cunha Chowk Vasco, Goa.jpg|thumb|Statue of T. B. Cunha at T. B. Cunha Chowk, Vasco, Goa]]
In Paris, Cunha was associated with the Anti-Imperialist League and with French dramatist [[Romain Rolland]] and his Information Bureau as part of its Pro-Indian Committee. He published a biography of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in French, before Rolland. He also worked together with French novelist [[Henri Barbusse]]. Cunha helped publicize the [[Indian independence movement]] generally, and the case of [[Portuguese India]] in particular, in the [[French language]] newspapers, such as the ''[[:fr:L'Europe Nouvelle|L'Europe Nouvelle]]'' and ''[[:fr:Clarté (journal)|Clarté]]''.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

After returning to Goa in 1926, Cunha established the Goa National Congress (GNC) in [[Margão]] in 1928,<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /> after meeting with [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], to mobilize [[Goan]]s against Portuguese colonial rule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 1998 |title=Tristao de Braganza Cunha, 1891 ~ 1958 – Father of Goan Nationalism |url=http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tristao.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923182300/http://www.goacom.com/culture/biographies/tristao.html |archive-date=23 September 2009 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=GOACOM}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) invited the GNC to its [[Calcutta]] session, offering it affiliation. However, in 1934, the INC decided to derecognize the GNC, stating that it was operating in a territory that was under alien rule. Cunha, now calling it the ''Comissão do Congresso de Goa'' (Goa Congress Committee),<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> moved its operations to 21 [[Dalal Street]] in [[Bombay]] in 1936. However, the INC did not support Cunha's initiatives.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

Cunha continued to publicize the Goan cause through several articles and books, denouncing Portuguese rule. Among his published works were the booklets ''Four Hundred Years of Foreign Rule'' and ''The Denationalisation of Goans'' (1944). He advocated for Goan identification, both politically and culturally, with greater India. A court then prosecuted him for his writings.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In 1929, Cunha launched a protest against agents of British tea planters against their forced indentation of [[Gauda and Kunbi|Goan kunbis]] as labourers in [[Assam]]. He then took help from the INC and successfully got the Goans repatriated by 1940.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In 1941, Cunha raised funds for people who were affected by the monsoons in Mormugao and Salcete.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

On 18 June 1946, [[Goa Revolution Day]], [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] had addressed what was arguably the first and largest mass gathering yet, setting in motion the [[Goa liberation movement]]. Cunha and his niece [[Berta de Menezes Bragança]] first held a meeting at the [[Margao]] bus stand on 20 June and then another on 30 June, at the same maidan in Margao where Lohia had given his speech, since then named as Lohia Maidan. Cunha was beaten up badly by the police.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Souza |first=Teotonio R. |author-link=Teotonio R. de Souza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruTu9oaUgUgC |title=Essays in Goan History |date=1989 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-263-7 |pages=177–178}}</ref> [[Bakibab Borkar]], who was present at this meeting, wrote the song "Dotor bos, uthun cholunk lag" ({{Translation|doctor, sit down, arise and march}}).<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /> Cunha was then arrested by the Portuguese authorities on 17 July. He was kept in dark damp cell at [[Fort Aguada]]. He was the first civilian to be tried by a military tribunal. He was court martialled and sentenced to eight years imprisonment in the [[Peniche Fortress]] in [[Portugal]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> Conditions in the prison were poor.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

While at Peniche jail, he and the other freedom fighters, [[Rama Hegde]], [[Purushottam Kakodkar]], [[José Inácio Candido de Loyola]] and [[Laxmikant Bhembre]], hosted the newlywed [[Pundalik Gaitonde]] and [[Edila Gaitonde]] for their honeymoon. These prisoners organised a celebration in honour of Pundalik and Edila. They hosted a meal for the newly-weds.<ref name="Jeevanrekha09">{{cite book|title=डॉ. पुंडलिक गायतोंडे: जीवनरेखा |trans-title = Dr. Pundalik Gaitonde: Jeevanrekha|editor-first=Somnath |editor-last=Komarpant |date=April 2009 |publisher= Shivanand Gaitonde, Sateri Prakashan |location=Pune |language=mr}}</ref><ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

{{rquote|right|A Free Goa in a Free India|Slogan by T. B. Cunha<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />}}

Due to be released from Portugal in 1954, Cunha was left two years early in 1952 under [[Amnesty]], on account of the [[Holy Year]], but was not allowed to return to Goa. He then obtained a tourist visa to France and from there escaped to [[Bombay]] in 1953. Cunha formed and headed the Goa Action Committee, to help co-ordinate the numerous Goan organisations that had emerged by this time. He published a newspaper called ''Free Goa'',<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> along with his niece [[Berta de Menezes Bragança]].<ref name="FestinoFreedom21">{{Cite journal |last=Festino |first=Cielo G. |date=March 2021 |title=Goa's freedom struggle |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jrs.2021.2 |journal=Journal of Romance Studies |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=31–48 |doi=10.3828/jrs.2021.2 |issn=1473-3536|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Philosophy ==
Cunha believed Portugal to be a "primitive" coloniser that exploited colonies without any significant investment. While [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]] claimed that Goa was a burden on the Portuguese treasury, Cunha argued that Portugal exploited the [[Customs]] and downgraded the Indian currency, which helped Portugal with its balance of payments. Cunha further analysed Goa's separation from India at a cultural level, concluding that Goans were blindly imitating [[Western culture]]. He further argued that Christianity was used as a weapon for domination by the Portuguese.<ref name="EPWParobo2015" />

== Death ==
[[File:Funeral procession of T. B. Cunha.jpg|thumb|Funeral procession of T. B. Cunha. [[Gerald Pereira]] is seen as one of the pallbearers in the front left.]]
Cunha died on 26 September 1958. The [[Catholic Church]] denied permission for his funeral and for his burial in the cemetery, because of his atheism.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> Politician and theorist [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] was one of the pallbearers at his cremation.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

==Legacy==
[[File:Tristão de Bragança Cunha 1998 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|1998 stamp of India depicting T. B. Cunha]]

Cunha is referred to as the "Father of Goan nationalism", a term first used by [[K. M. Panikkar]] in his preface to a collection of Cunha's writings.<ref name="EPWParobo2015" />

The [[World Peace Council]] at [[Stockholm]], Sweden, in 1959 posthumously awarded Cunha a gold medal for his contribution to the cause of "Peace and Friendship among People."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Arti |date=2015-06-13 |title=T B Cunha: Life in picture |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/06/14/magazines/buzz/t-b-cunha-life-in-picture/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=The Navhind Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] issued a postage stamp in his honour.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" />

[[File:Azad Maidan Memorial 3.jpg|thumb|Urn housing Braganza Cunha's remains at [[Azad Maidan (monument)|Azad Maidan]]]]
On 26 September 1986, Cunha's mortal remains were transferred from the Scotland cemetery at [[Sewri]], Bombay,<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> and are now housed in an urn at a memorial located in [[Panaji]]'s [[Azad Maidan (monument)|Azad Maidan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/happening-in-goa/articleshow/41890164.cms |title=Happening in Goa |work=The Times of India |date= 7 September 2014|accessdate=2017-02-08}}</ref> A prominent road in the city of Panaji is named as T. B. Cunha Road.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Nida |last=Sayed |date=2022-10-04 |title=Panaji: TB Cunha Road, vicinity to get facelift, lanes to be pedestrianised |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/panaji-tb-cunha-road-vicinity-to-get-facelift-lanes-to-be-pedestrianised/articleshow/94637022.cms |access-date=2024-11-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A statue of Cunha has been installed in his ancestral village of Cuelim, Cansaulim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-15 |title=Tea gadda at Cansaulim market square poses health hazard |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Citizen-Herald/Tea-gadda-at-Cansaulim-market-square-poses-health-hazard/171035 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref> A school in [[Margao]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Is-T-B-Cunha-school-safe/articleshow/39319518.cms |title=Is T B Cunha school safe? |work=The Times of India |date=31 July 2014 |accessdate=2017-02-08}}</ref> and a government higher secondary school in Panaji<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mouthshut.com/review/Doctor-T-B-Cunha-Government-High-Secondary-School-Panaji-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%80%9C-Goa-review-puturmsnmn |title=Doctor T B Cunha Government High Secondary School |publisher=MouthShut.com |date=16 April 2011 |accessdate=2017-02-08}}</ref> are also named in Cunha's honour. The campus in Panaji's Altinho which houses the Goa College of Architecture and the Goa College of Music, is named as "Dr. T. B. Cunha Educational Complex".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unigoa.ac.in/affiliate_display.php?afid=41 |title=Goa University Post Graduation, PH.D, B.SC, M.SC, Research Facilities Study India programme |publisher=Unigoa.ac.in |date= |accessdate=2017-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unigoa.ac.in/affiliate_display.php?afid=24 |title=Goa University Post Graduation, PH.D, B.SC, M.SC, Research Facilities Study India programme |publisher=Unigoa.ac.in |date= |accessdate=2017-02-08}}</ref>

[[File:Manmohan Singh, the Speaker, Lok Sabha, Smt. Meira Kumar and other dignitaries at the unveiling ceremony of the portrait of Dr. Tristao De Braganca Cunha, at Parliament House, in New Delhi on December 19, 2011.jpg|thumb|Unveiling ceremony of the portrait of Dr. Tristao De Braganca Cunha, at Parliament House, in New Delhi on 19 December 2011]]
A sports' complex in Cansaulim, Cuelim is named after him,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/On-this-stadium-it-is-a-different-ball-game-/79633.html |title=On this stadium, it is a different ball game |publisher=The Herald |date=12 October 2014 |accessdate=2017-02-08}}</ref> and his portrait was unveiled in the [[Indian Parliament]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/t-b-cunha-s-portrait-unveiled-parliament/ |title=T B Cunha's portrait unveiled in Parliament |work=The Navhind Times |date=15 March 2010 |accessdate=2017-02-08}}</ref> in 2011 to commemorate the golden jubilee of Goa's accession to India.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

The comic book, ''The Life & Times of T. B. Cunha'', by [[Nishtha Desai]], was published in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Release-of-the-book-Life-and-Times-of-T-B-Cunha/89918.html |title=Release of the book, Life and Times of T. B. Cunha |work=The Herald |date= 19 June 2015|accessdate=2017-02-08}}</ref> Illustrated by [[Ved Prabhudesai]], Desai's comic book is based on her PhD research. Near its end, the comic book reveals that, shortly before he died, Cunha expressed "disappointment with the Indian government's actions" regarding Goa, seeing the nation's interests in the region as being an extension of colonialism; this was a departure from Cunha's lifelong belief in India being able to save a supposedly "denationalised" Goa. In his review of Desai's comic book about Cunha's life, [[Dale Luis Menezes]] classifies it as a hagiography, one that "is faithful to Cunha and his views on Goan history and, as such, reproduces many of his problematical nationalist stances ... One would have expected a lot more given that Cunha’s ideas and writings show a change over a period of time – especially since he was unhappy with the manner in which India was handling the question of Goan self-emancipation."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-06 |title=T. B. Cunha and Goan history – 6 January 2016 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/edit/opinions/t-b-cunha-and-goan-history/63488/ |access-date=2026-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cunha, T. B.}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Expatriates from Portuguese India in France]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

Bhama Kurup

2026-05-04T20:27:23Z

StephaineShrader: put up a article first draft

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhama
| image = Bhama.JPG
| caption =
| birth_name = Rekhitha R. Kurup
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actress
| other names = Bhama Kurup
| years active = 2007–2019 ; <br> 2025–present
| height_cm =
| spouse =
| children = 1
| parents = Rajendran Kurup<br/>Shylaja
}}

'''Rekhitha R. Kurup''', better known by her stage name '''Bhamaa''', is an Indian actress who predominantly appeared in [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]]-language films. She made her cinematic debut in 2007 with the Malayalam film ''[[Nivedyam (2007 film)|Nivedyam]]'', directed by [[A. K. Lohithadas]] and had acted in over 42 films.

== Early life and education ==

Bhama is the youngest daughter of Rajendra Kurup & Shylaja. She has two elder sisters, Reshmitha R. Kurup and Renjitha R. Kurup.

Bhama did her schooling at St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, [[Manarcad]] and Infant Jesus Bethany Convent Girl's Higher Secondary School, [[Manarcad]]. She pursued a bachelor's in Sociology by correspondence course.<ref>{{cite journal |title=ml:മലയാളത്തിന്റെ ഭാമസൗന്ദര്യത്തിനും പ്രണയമുണ്ട് |issue=February 2013 |language=ml |pages=12, 13, 14}}</ref>

==Career==
Before she entered into the film industry, she was the host of a show on Surya TV titled ''Thaali''. She has also acted in a Christian devotional album. Director Lohithadas selected her as her first movie's lead heroine in [[Nivedyam (2007 film)|Nivedyam]]. Her second film was ''Hareendran Oru Nishkalankan'', directed by [[Vinayan]], in which she was cast opposite [[Manikuttan]]. She paired with [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] in ''Cycle'' directed by [[Johny Antony]].

Bhama said that until 2011, she was getting the same kind of roles in Malayalam. She started taking up Kannada film offers, after which she started getting fresh and interesting characters in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Finally-Im-getting-my-due-in-Malayalam-Bhamaa/articleshow/21858576.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Finally, I'm getting my due in Malayalam: Bhamaa |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=2 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102104215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Finally-Im-getting-my-due-in-Malayalam-Bhamaa/articleshow/21858576.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She acted in Sohanlal's ''[[Kadhaveedu]]'' in which she played the heroine in [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]'s segment, and her character was that of a modern girl, a media person, who is smart and energetic. She had a small but significant role in Vinod Vijayan's segment of ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]]'', ''Day of Judgement'', featuring Fahadh Faasil where she played a psycho and wore no make-up.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Finally-Im-getting-my-due-in-Malayalam-Bhamaa/articleshow/21858576.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Finally, I'm getting my due in Malayalam: Bhamaa |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=2 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102104215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Finally-Im-getting-my-due-in-Malayalam-Bhamaa/articleshow/21858576.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, she had five Malayalam releases. She played a Christian housewife in Rakesh Gopan's ''[[100 Degree Celsius]]'' and was seen as a 15-year-old mother in Vinod Mankara's ''Ottamandaram''.<ref>Radhika C Pillai (18 May 2014) [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/I-am-on-the-right-track-Bhamaa/articleshow/35296278.cms I am on the right track: Bhamaa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923235057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/I-am-on-the-right-track-Bhamaa/articleshow/35296278.cms |date=23 September 2017 }}. ''Times of India''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref> In her only non-Malayalam release of the year, the Tamil-English biographical film ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'' based on the mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], she played the role of Janakiammal, Ramanujan's wife.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/geminis-grandson-to-play-lead-in-ramanujan-biopic/article4666422.ece |location=Chennai, India |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=The Hindu |title=Gemini's grandson to play lead in Ramanujan biopic |date=29 April 2013 |access-date=29 April 2013 |archive-date=1 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501164057/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/geminis-grandson-to-play-lead-in-ramanujan-biopic/article4666422.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article565480.ece |title=Bhama discards village belle image |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 July 2012 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817011138/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article565480.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Playback singing===
Bhama has occasionally worked as a playback singer as well. She had reportedly sung the song "Kannil Kannil", composed by [[Rahul Raj]] for a film titled ''Bike'';<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/38797.html |title=Bhama turns Playback singer – Malayalam Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=26 May 2008 |access-date=25 January 2012 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709061606/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/38797.html |url-status=live}}</ref> however, the film was canceled and the song remains unreleased. She lent her voice for the devotional album ''Maaya Madhavam'' (2009),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/50520.html |title=Bhama turns a singer – Malayalam Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=5 October 2009 |access-date=25 January 2012 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712122522/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/50520.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and has sung the title song for the upcoming children's film ''Meow Meow Karimppoocha''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jiji Ann Cherian DC Kochi |title=Bhama, the girl next door |date=15 January 2012 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/bhama-girl-next-door-877 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=25 January 2012 |archive-date=17 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117233738/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/bhama-girl-next-door-877 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She did voice over for the short film named Pacha directed by Sarayu.
She has sung a song in the movie [[100 Degree Celsius]] along with other heroines [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]], [[Meghana Raj]], and [[Shwetha Menon]].<ref name="100 celsius">{{cite news |last1=V.P |first1=Nicy |title='100 Degree Celsius' Starring Meghana Raj, Bhama, Shwetha Menon to Hit Theatres This Week |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/100-degree-celsius-starring-meghana-raj-bhama-shwetha-menon-hit-theatres-this-week-610639 |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=ibtimes.co.in |date=6 October 2014 |ref=Malayalam film "100 degree Celsius" starring Shwetha Menon, Bhama, Meghana Raj, Ananya and Haritha Parokod is all set for release. |language=en}}</ref><ref name="celsius">{{cite news |last1=Sreekumar |first1=Priya |title=100 degree celsius going all over |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150928/entertainment-mollywood/article/100-degree-celsius-going-all-over |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==

In January 2020, Bhama married Arun and in May 2024, announced she is a single-parent mother living with her daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=Actress Bhama reveals she is 'single mother', drops pics with daughter |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actress-bhama-reveals-that-she-is-a-single-mother-1.9540170 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Nivedyam (2007 film)|Nivedyam]]'' || Sathya Bhama || rowspan="4" | [[Malayalam]]|| Malayalam Debut - Received the [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Star Pair|Asianet Film Award for Best Star Pair Award]] (shared with [[Vinu Mohan]])<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1178059.ece |title=Kerala / Thiruvananthapuram News: Ujala-Asianet film awards announced |work=The Hindu |date=13 January 2008 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012010220/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Ujala-Asianet-film-awards-announced/article15142929.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hareendran Oru Nishkalankan]]'' || Indhu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Cycle (2008 film)|Cycle]]'' || Annie ||
|-
| ''[[One Way Ticket (2008 film)|One Way Ticket]]'' || Sunanda ||
|-
| ''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || Chinthamani || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||Tamil debut
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009 || ''Swapnangalil Haisal Mary''|| Haisal Mary|| rowspan="9" |Malayalam||
|-
| ''Kannerinu Madhuram'' || Subhadra||
|-
| ''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]'' || Pooja ||
|-
| ''[[Ivar Vivahitharayal]]'' || Kavya ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Black and White Kudumbam]]'' || Minnu ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2010 || ''[[Sakudumbam Shyamala]]'' || Nandana ||
|-
| ''Neelambari'' || Parvathy ||
|-
| ''[[Koottukar (2010 film)|Koottukar]]'' || Aswathy ||
|-
| ''College Days'' || Athira ||
|-
| ''[[Modalasala]]'' || Deepu || [[Kannada]] ||Kannada debut
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2011 || ''[[Janapriyan]]'' || Meera || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Sevenes]]'' || Gowri ||
|-
| ''[[Swapna Sanchari]]'' || Aswathi (Achu) ||
|-
| ''Manchivadu'' || Indu || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||Telugu debut
|-
| ''[[Shyloo]]'' || Shaileshwari (Shyloo) || Kannada ||
|-

| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''[[Sevarkkodi]]'' || Valli || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Husbands in Goa]]'' || Abhirami || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Ondu Kshanadalli]]'' || Divya || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' || Rukhiya || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2013 || ''[[Auto Raja (2013 film)|Auto Raja]]'' || Radha/Rani || rowspan="3" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Barfi (film)|Barfi]]'' || Kushi ||
|-
| ''[[Appayya (film)|Appayya]]'' || Gowri ||
|-
| ''[[D Company (2013 film)|D Company]]'' || Jeena || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Ambara]]'' || Arundhathi || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhaveedu]]'' || Jeena || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||<ref>{{cite news |author=Priya Sreekumar |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130517/entertainment-mollywood/article/village-belle-glam-doll |title=Village belle to glam doll |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 May 2013 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005142900/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130517/entertainment-mollywood/article/village-belle-glam-doll |archive-date=5 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2014 || ''[[Konthayum Poonoolum]]'' || Amritha ||
|-
| ''[[Naku Penta Naku Taka]]'' || Shubha ||
|-
| ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'' || Janakiammal Ramanujan || English/Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[100 Degree Celsius]]'' || Nancy || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Ottamandaram'' || Kala ||
|-
| ''[[Mathai Kuzhappakkaranalla]]'' || Annamma ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Arjuna (film)|Arjuna]]'' || Piya Arjuna|| Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2016 || ''[[Maalgudi Days]]'' ||Janet || rowspan=2 | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Marupadi]]'' || Sarah||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Raaga (film)|Raaga]]'' || Anu || Kannada ||
|-
| 2018|| ''Khilafath'' || Amina || rowspan=2 | Malayalam ||
|-
| 2025|| ''[[Sumathi Valavu]]'' || Malu ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-06 |title=After an 8-yr break, popular Malayalam actress Bhama is back with a bang in ‘Sumathi Valavu’ |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/after-an-8-yr-break-popular-malayalam-actress-bhama-is-back-with-a-bang-in-sumathi-valavu-ilybdy8l |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bhama}}
* {{IMDb name|2778406}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhama}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kottayam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:St. Teresa's College alumni]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Murasoli Selvam

2026-04-30T00:29:14Z

StephaineShrader: Put Up A Pg

{{Short description|Indian newspaper editor and journalist (1940–2024)}}
{{Indian patronymic|"Pannirselvam" or "Selvam"|Shanmugasundaram|note=[[Indian_name#Tamil]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = 3rd [[Murasoli (India)|Chief Editor of ''Murasoli'']]
| term_start = 2 December 1989
| term_end = 2022 (?)
| predecessor = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| successor = ''To be ascertained''
| birth_name = Pannirselvam
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|04|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvarur]], [[Madras Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br/>(now [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|10|10|1940|04|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Journalist, film producer
| relations = * [[Murasoli Maran]]<br/>(elder brother)
* [[Karunanidhi family]] (Father in law)
| parents = * Shanmuga Sundarathammal (mother)
* Shanmugasundaram (father)
| spouse = M. K. Selvi
}}

'''Shanmugasundaram Pannirselvam''' (24 April 1940 – 10 October 2024), popularly known as '''''Murasoli'' Selvam''', was a [[Political journalism|political journalist]] and film producer from [[Tamil Nadu]], India. For over three decades, he served as the chief editor of ''[[Murasoli (India)|Murasoli]],'' the mouthpiece of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). Through his maternal side, he was related to the [[Karunanidhi family]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Jyotsna |date=10 August 2018 |title=Meet the Karunanidhi clan: The vast family tree of TN's departed leader |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/meet-karunanidhi-clan-vast-family-tree-tns-departed-leader-86314 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.livemint.com/news/who-is-murasoli-selvam-karunanidhis-son-in-law-passes-away-at-85-11728549552411.html</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born on 24 April 1940 in [[Thiruvarur]], a town in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=10 October 2024 |title=DMK leader, former editor Murasoli Selvam passes away at 84 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Oct/10/dmk-leader-former-editor-murasoli-selvam-passes-away-at-84 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His mother was Shanmuga Sundarathammal, whose younger brother [[M. Karunanidhi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-10 |title=Murasoli Selvam, Son-In-Law Of Former Tamil Nadu CM M Karunanidhi, Dies At 82 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/murasoli-selvam-son-in-law-of-former-tamil-nadu-cm-m-karunanidhi-dies-at-82-article-114113559 |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> (the patriarch of the [[Karunanidhi family]]<ref name=":5" />) would later serve five terms as the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] (between 1969 and 2011). Karunanidhi initially named the boy as ''Pannirselvam'' in memory of [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] leader [[A. T. Pannirselvam]], who had died in a plane crash earlier on 1 March of that year.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2024 |title=முரசொலி செல்வம்: ஜெயலலிதா ஆட்சியில் சட்டமன்றக் கூண்டில் ஏற்றப்பட்டபோது என்ன செய்தார்? |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/c4gq8vqnv0vo |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=BBC News தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref> Selvam would later marry Karunanidhi's daughter Selvi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=யார் இந்த முரசொலி செல்வம்? திமுக-வின் முக்கிய நபர்..முதல்வரின் அன்பு மச்சான்! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/who-is-murasoli-selvam-former-editor-of-dmk-mouthpiece-newspaper-and-mk-stalin-brother-in-law-read-his-biography-532537 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

Selvam's elder brother [[Murasoli Maran|''Murasoli'' Maran]] served as a [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]] (during 1989–2002) under four [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Ministers]] - [[V. P. Singh]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda]], [[I. K. Gujral]], and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].

Selvam was associated with the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) early on,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=10 October 2024 |title=Murasoli Selvam, M K Stalin's brother-in-law, dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/murasoli-selvam-m-k-stalins-brother-in-law-dies-aged-85/articleshow/114126793.cms |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and made his mark as a student leader during the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu#Agitation of 1965|1965-67 Anti-Hindi agitations]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

== Career at ''Murasoli'' ==

=== Assuming charge ===
He began his journalistic career along with Maran for [[Murasoli (India)|''Murasoli'']]. After Maran went on to become a Union Minister under V. P. Singh,<ref name=":4" /> Selvam became the editor in 1989.

On 22 May 1991, the day after the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination of former Indian Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the ''Murasoli'' office at [[Kodambakkam]] locality of [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) was attacked and set on fire. Vehicles, documents, printing papers and the printing press owned by the newspaper were all burnt down. Despite the destruction, the daily came out the next day, with the headline '''Murasoli'' Will Take It'.<ref name=":4" />

Eventually, he came to be known as ''Murasoli'' Selvam''.'' His editorial work in ''Murasoli'' played a pivotal role in uplifting the DMK's public image.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2017 |title=Karunanidhi makes rare public appearances, visits Murasoli office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/karunanidhi-makes-rare-public-appearances-visits-murasoli-office/articleshow/61147009.cms |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 1991-92 Breach of Privilege controversy ===
On 9 September 1991, [[Parithi Ilamvazhuthi]], then the only DMK [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], delivered a speech regarding the [[Tamil Nadu Housing Board]]. A part of his speech was expunged from the House notes that afternoon by the [[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] [[Sedapatti R. Muthiah]]. While the deletion was reflected in the [[Chennai]] edition of ''Murasoli'', the daily's outstation editions contained the expunged text, as they have been printed by 2 pm.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> Also, around this time, one of his articles criticised some actions of the then Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]],<ref name=":3" /> especially highlighting the sequence of events that unfolded during her stay in [[Kodanad]] estate. This had garnered him political opposition. Ultimately, a direct privilege motion was filed against him by Jayalalithaa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=சட்டமன்ற கூண்டில் ஏற்றப்பட்ட அந்தத் தருணம்... - முரசொலி செல்வம் 'சம்பவங்கள்' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/1324221-who-is-murasoli-selvam-explained.html |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

After investigation, the Assembly's Committee on Privileges issued a notice to Selvam, seeking an explanation. He was ordered to appear before the Committee despite his explanation. He appeared before the committee but refused to apologise. He was arrested on 11 May 1992 and brought before Muthiah. He was ordered to appear on the day of the next sitting of the Legislature to receive its censure. Accordingly, a notice was sent to him to appear in the Assembly on 21 September. On that designated date, Selvam appeared in the Assembly, wearing a black shirt as a mark of protest. and was put in a defendant's dock. The MLAs from [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], and [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] protested the move and staged a [[walkout]]. After this, the condemnation of the House was read, following which Selvam was discharged.

This event made Selvam the first newspaper editor in Tamil Nadu to be reprimanded at the Bar of the Legislative Assembly.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Later years ===
In November 2003, the Legislative Assembly's Committee on Privileges sentenced six journalists, including Selvam, to 15 days in prison for writing critically of Jayalalithaa's activities in the Assembly.<ref>{{Citation|title=சட்டமன்றத்தில் குற்றவாளி கூண்டு {{!}} பழைய பேப்பர்|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=248&v=4q34CHj59Q4&feature=youtu.be|date=2024-10-11|accessdate=2025-01-28|last=Political Podimas}}</ref>

=== Legacy ===
Selvam published a memoir titled ''Murasoli Sila Ninaivalaigal'' (A Few Memories regarding ''Murasoli''), where he articulated the plethora of first hand experiences with the newspaper, highlighting its crucial aspect and role in analysing the political challenges and roadblocks.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=10 October 2024 |title=Selvam, former editor of 'Murasoli', passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/selvam-former-editor-of-murasoli-passes-away/article68739596.ece |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

According to his acquaintances, he was known for his quiet nature, never seeking political positions despite his closeness to the DMK leadership.<ref name=":4" />

Selvam passionately continued his work in ''Murasoli'' under the pseudonym "''Silandhi''" ({{translation|Spider}}).<ref name=":1" /> His last officially published article appeared in ''Murasoli'' on 8 August 2024, wherein he was critical of [[R. N. Ravi]] ([[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Governor of Tamil Nadu]]), calling out his [[Hindutva|religious politics]].<ref name=":3" />

== Partial filmography ==

=== As producer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year<ref name=":3" />
!Title
!Screenplay
!Story/based on
!Director
!Starring
|-
|1978
|''[[Vandikkaran Magan]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|[[C. N. Annadurai]]
|Amirtham
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[M. R. Radha]], and [[Jayachitra]]
|-
|1986
|''[[Palaivana Rojakkal]]''
|''[[Vartha]]''
by [[T. Damodaran]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manivannan]]
|[[Sathyaraj]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
|-
|1987
|''[[Puyal Paadum Paattu]]''
|Bharathan
|[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Raghuvaran]]
|-
|1988
|''[[Paasa Paravaigal]]''
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
(dialogues)
| colspan="2" |[[Cochin Haneefa]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] and [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
|}

== Death and tributes ==
On 9 October 2024, Selvam (then living in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]] and receiving treatment at a private hospital there) had been reportedly compiling a frontpage column for ''Murasoli'' (a colleague would later report that Selvam had called to discuss the work and finalise a cartoon for the publication).<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=MK Stalin's brother-in-law, DMK mouthpiece editor Murasoli Selvam, dies at 85 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/murasoli-selvam-mk-stalin-brother-in-law-former-dmk-mouthpiece-editor-dies-at-85-2614662-2024-10-10 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The next day (10 October), Selvam suffered a heart attack and died at the age of 84.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivapriyan |first=E. T. B. |title=Murasoli Selvam, son-in-law of Karunanidhi, passes away at 82 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/murasoli-selvam-son-in-law-of-karunanidhi-passes-away-at-82-3227143 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=முரசொலி செல்வம் காலமானார்; முதல்வர் ஸ்டாலின் இரங்கல் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/murasoli-selvam-passed-away-/3752587 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=சென்னை கொண்டுவரப்பட்ட முரசொலி செல்வம் உடல்; உடைந்து அழுத முதல்வர் ஸ்டாலின்! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/murasoli-selvam-passedaway-for-helth-issue |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

Chief Minister [[M. K. Stalin]], as president of the DMK, mourned that he lost "the last shoulder and ideological pillar to lean on". The party announced that the party's flag would be hoisted in half-mast for three days in recognition of Selvam's contribution to the party's growth. Tributes poured in from key DMK leaders and legislators (including [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]) and film personalities (including [[Sathyaraj]]). Leaders of parties and organizations including [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee|INC (Tamil Nadu unit)]], [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]], [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]], CPI, CPI(M), [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]], [[Makkal Needhi Maiam|MNM]], [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (DK), and [[Dravidar Viduthalai Kazhagam]] (DVK) also expressed their condolence.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=MK Stalin's brother-in-law, DMK mouthpiece editor Murasoli Selvam, dies at 85 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/murasoli-selvam-mk-stalin-brother-in-law-former-dmk-mouthpiece-editor-dies-at-85-2614662-2024-10-10 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Murasoli Selva, former editor of DMK mouthpiece, no more; "lost last shoulder to lean on," mourns Tamil Nadu CM Stalin |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/murasoli-selva-former-editor-of-dmk-mouthpiece-no-more-lost-last-shoulder-to-lean-on-mourns-tamil-nadu-cm-stalin20241010150103/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=10 October 2024 |title=முரசொலி செல்வம் மறைவு: கண்ணீர்விட்டு அழுத முதல்வர்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2024/Oct/10/death-of-murasoli-selvam-the-chief-minister-burst-into-tears |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=*முடிவெய்தினார் முரசொலி செல்வம்!* |url=https://x.com/dvkperiyar/status/1844360334301139098}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 October 2024 |title=முரசொலி செல்வத்தின் உடலுக்கு நேரில் அஞ்சலி செலுத்திய சங்கீதா விஜய்! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/vijay-wife-sangeetha-paid-last-respects-to-murasoli-selvam |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

Selvam's funeral was held on 11 October at the [[crematorium]] in [[Besant Nagar, Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=சென்னை பெசன்ட் நகரில் இன்று 'முரசொலி' செல்வம் உடல் தகனம்: முதல்வர் மு.க.ஸ்டாலின் உருக்கம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/1324574-cremation-of-murasoli-selvam-today-in-besant-nagar-cm-mk-stalin-2.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2024 |title=Murasoli Selvam Funeral: Udhayanidhi Stalin Is Inconsolable, MK Stalin In Mourning; Watch Videos |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/murasoli-selvam-funeral-udhayanidhi-stalin-is-inconsolable-mk-stalin-in-mourning-watch-videos-9082584.html |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2024 |title=முரசொலி செல்வம் மறைவு; திரை பிரபலங்கள் நேரில் அஞ்சலி |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/murasoli-selvam-passed-away-cinema-celebrities-condolence |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref>

His portrait was opened at the DMK headquarters on 21 October. At the event, Stalin announced that a [[Trust (law)|trust]] would be established in Selvam's name to annually confer awards to works and creators from the [[Dravidian movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-22 |title=முரசொலி செல்வம் பெயரில் அறக்கட்டளை; திராவிட இயக்க படைப்புகள், படைப்பாளிகளுக்கு பரிசு: மு.க.ஸ்டாலின் அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/1329370-cm-announces-foundation-in-the-name-of-murasoli-selvam.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>

On 24 April 2025, Selvam's [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] was opened at the ''Murasoli'' office by Stalin. Among those present at the event were the DMK's general secretary [[Durai Murugan]], treasurer [[T. R. Baalu]] DK president [[K. Veeramani]], and [[Kalaignar TV]]'s director Amirtham (son of Periyanayagi Ammal, another of Karunanidhi's sisters).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jigFgXbC1Oc |title=முரசொலி செல்வம் சிலையை திறந்து வைத்தார் முதலமைச்சர் {{!}} Murasoli Selvam statue {{!}} CM Stalin {{!}} Sun News |date=2025-04-24 |last=Sun News |access-date=2025-04-24 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Arsath |date=2023-07-23 |title=அப்பாவிடம் கூட அடி வாங்கியது இல்லை! அமிர்தத்திடம் அடி வாங்கியிருக்கிறேன்! ஸ்டாலின் சொன்ன ஃபிளாஷ்பேக் |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/mk-stalin-says-i-have-always-had-a-fear-on-my-uncle-amirtham-523307.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=tamil.oneindia.com |language=ta}}</ref> A new collection of Selvam's essays, titled ''Silandhi Katturaigal'' was released by Durai Murugan at the event, with Veeramani receiving the first copy.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15GAFZMtO-k |title=முரசொலி செல்வம் நூல் வெளியீட்டு விழா : அரசியல் கட்சி தலைவர் பலர் பங்கேற்பு {{!}} DMK {{!}} CM Stalin |date=2025-04-24 |last=Kalaignar TV News |access-date=2025-04-24 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selvam, Murasoli}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

MGR Chennai Central–Narasapur Vande Bharat Express

2026-04-22T20:52:31Z

StephaineShrader: Put Up A Details.

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = MGR Chennai Central - Narasapur<br>''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo =
| image = Vijayawada Vande Bharat Express.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = This Mini VB Express train standing at [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]] & heading towards [[Narasapur railway station| Narasapur]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date|2023|09|24|df=y}} (Inaugural run)<br/>{{start date and age|25 September 2023}} (Commercial run)<br><small>''(Extension to Narasapur)''</small><br>{{start date and age|15 December 2025|df=yes}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway (SR)]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]] '''(MAS)'''
| stops = 7 (after extn to Narasapur)
| end = [[Narasapur railway station| Narasapur]] '''(NS)'''
| distance ={{convert|652|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 08 hrs 40 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20677 / 20678
| line_used = *[[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|Chennai–Banglore line (till Arakkonam Jn.)]]
*[[Gudur–Renigunta section|Renigunta–Gudur section]]
*[[Vijayawada–Gudur section|Gudur–Vijayawada section]]
*[[Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line|Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line (Till Bhimavaram Town)]]
*[[Bhimavaram–Narasapur branch line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = E Catering services, On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]]<br/>{{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{convert|75|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Southern Railway zone|Basin Bridge Junction (BBQ)]]
| map = {{MGR Chennai Central-Narasapur VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20677/20678 '''MGR Chennai Central - Narasapur Vande Bharat Express''' is India's 27th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the city of [[Chennai]] city in [[Tamil Nadu]] with [[Narasapuram|Narasapur]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. This train was inaugurated on 24 September 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conference]] from [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijayawada-Chennai Vande Bharat train to be flagged off on September 24 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-chennai-vande-bharat-train-to-be-flagged-off-on-september-24/article67326423.ece/ |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=The Hindu |date=20 September 2023 |language=EN |last1=Srinivas |first1=Rajulapudi }}</ref>

==Overview==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]], [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Jn]], [[Nellore railway station|Nellore]], [[Ongole railway station|Ongole]], [[Tenali Junction railway station|Tenali Jn]], [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada Jn]], [[Gudivada Junction railway station|Gudivada Jn]], [[Bhimavaram Town railway station|Bhimavaram Town]] and [[Narasapur railway station|Narasapur]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 20677/20678 on 6 days a week basis.

On 12 November 2025, [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]] officially announced that this express train would be further extended to [[Narasapur railway station|Narasapur]] and will commence from 15 December 2025. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-11-15 |title=Chennai-Vijayawada Vande Bharat extended up to Narsapur from January 1, 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/chennai-vijayawada-vande-bharat-extended-up-to-narsapur-from-january-1-2026/article70280000.ece |access-date=2025-11-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-11-13 |title=SCR to run Vande Bharat Express to Narsapur from January 12 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/scr-to-run-vande-bharat-express-to-narsapur-from-january-12/article70276699.ece |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat train: నరసాపురం వరకు ‘వందే భారత్‌’.. సర్వీసులు ఎప్పట్నుంచంటే? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/chennai--vijayawada-vande-bharat-express-extension-to-narsapur/1701/125208259 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Syed |date=2025-11-12 |title=చెన్నె-నర్సాపూర్ వందే భారత్ అమల్లోకి.. ! తాజా టైమింగ్స్ ఇవే..! |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/andhra-pradesh/chennai-vijayawada-vande-bharat-extended-to-narasapur-with-new-schedule-starting-today-460061.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=telugu.oneindia.com |language=te}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the twenty-fifth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation (Vande Bharat 2.0)|2nd Generation]] and thirteenth [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|'''Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=19 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 20677/20678 MGR Chennai Ctrl - Vijayawada - Narasapur Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Tuesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|514|km}} in a travel time of 6 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|77|km/h}}. The service has 4 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Chennai Central railway station]]
* [[Vijayawada Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:MGR Chennai Central-Vijayawada Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]

Satyajit Deshmukh

2026-04-21T04:31:46Z

StephaineShrader: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Mansing Fattesingrao Naik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents = [[Shivajirao Deshmukh]], Sarojini Shivajirao Deshmukh
| spouse = Adv. Renuka Deshmukh
| children = Saitejaswi Deshmukh
| name = Satyajit Shivajirao Deshmukh
| birth_date = 11 October 1973
| image =
}}
'''Satyajit Shivajirao Deshmukh''' is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. He won as an MLA in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from the [[Shirala Assembly constituency]] in [[Sangli district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Shirala, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Deshmukh Satyajit Shivajirao defeats NCP (SP)'s Mansingbhau Fattesingrao Naik with 22788 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/shirala-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638413-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shirala Election Result 2024 LIVE: Deshmukh Satyajit Shivajirao of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/shirala-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130231.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-11 |title=Party general secretary Satyajit Deshmukh may quit Congress in Maharashtra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Sep/11/party-general-secretary-satyajit-deshmukh-may-quit-congress-in-maharashtra-2032166.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshmukh, Satyajit Shivajirao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pramod Kumar Singh

2026-04-20T08:39:21Z

StephaineShrader: creating new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pramod Kumar Singh
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Rafiganj Assembly constituency|Rafiganj]]
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Nehaluddin]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pramod Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Rafiganj Assembly constituency|Rafiganj]] constituency.<ref name="Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up2">{{Cite news| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/ | title=Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up | date=15 November 2025 | access-date=15 November 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115035930/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/ | archive-date=15 November 2025 | publisher=The Indian Express | language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies2">{{Cite news| url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html | title=Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies | date=15 November 2025 | access-date=15 November 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115040110/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html | archive-date=15 November 2025 | publisher=Money Control}}</ref><ref name="Rafiganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Rafiganj Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/rafiganj|access-date=28 November 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=14 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128173031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/rafiganj|archive-date=28 November 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pramod Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Priyalaya

2026-04-19T19:13:33Z

StephaineShrader: creating a article

{{Short description|Indian dancer, choreographer and actress}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyalaya
| image =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamilnadu]], India
| citizenship =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress, dancer
| years_active = 2017{{endash}}present
}}

'''Priyalaya''' is an Indian dancer and actress in the Tamil film and television industries.

== Career ==
In 2017, Priyalaya starred in the Tamil television serial ''[[Sembaruthi]]'' on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sembaruthi |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/sembaruthi/cast/1060026086/ |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> She made her film debut in the 2023 film ''[[Good Night (2023 film)|Good Night]]'' through one of her dance videos on Instagram and was called to audition for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-04 |title=Kalaiyarasan to star in debutant Sivaraj N's Trending |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2025/01/04/kalaiyarasan-to-star-in-debutant-sivaraj-ns-trending/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120181520/https://newstodaynet.com/2025/01/04/kalaiyarasan-to-star-in-debutant-sivaraj-ns-trending/ |archive-date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=[[News Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=Actress Priyalaya பட வாய்ப்பு கிடைத்ததை பற்றி மனம் திறந்த Trending படத்தின் நடிகை பிரியாலயா |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hem7_ooKqU |via=YouTube}}</ref> Her first lead film appearance was in the 2024 film ''[[Inga Naan Thaan Kingu]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2024 |title=தமிழ்நாட்டுல இல்லாத Talent -யே கிடையாதுங்க |Actress Priyalaya 1st Ever Exclusive Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDRxVeNIubM |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-28 |title=Santhanam's next, 'Inga Naan Thaan Kingu'; Kamal Haasan releases first look |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhanams-next-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-kamal-haasan-releases-first-look/article67894881.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125122142/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhanams-next-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-kamal-haasan-releases-first-look/article67894881.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> in which she played the female lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inga Naan Thaan Kingu Movie Review: Santhanam returns with some solid laughs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/inga-naan-thaan-kingu/movie-review/110199821.cms |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612212955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/inga-naan-thaan-kingu/movie-review/110199821.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Cinema Express|''Cinema Express'']] reported that ”Priyalaya mark[ed] her debut through this film. As a well-known YouTuber and a dancer, the actor was selected to play Thenmozhi, opposite [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam’s]] Vetrivel, after a few rounds of auditions. “We were careful to select a female lead who knew to navigate this space. Her character will be on screen throughout the runtime and is crucial to move the story forward,” says [director Anand Narayan].”<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2024-05-06 |title=Anand Narayan: Inga Naan Thaan Kingu will be completely different from Santhanam's previous films |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/May/06/anand-narayan-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-will-be-completely-different-from-santhanams-previous-films |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525180444/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/May/06/anand-narayan-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-will-be-completely-different-from-santhanams-previous-films |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was followed by ''[[Trending (film)|Trending]]'' in 2025, in which she starred opposite [[Kalaiyarasan]]. Reviews of the film were mixed but rather positive regarding her performance and the chemistry of the duo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=B |first1=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=18 July 2025 |title=Trending Movie Review: This social media tale needs better algorithm |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Jul/18/trending-movie-review-this-social-media-tale-needs-better-algorithm |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208150413/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Jul/18/trending-movie-review-this-social-media-tale-needs-better-algorithm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trending OTT Release: When And Where To Watch Kalaiyarasan, Priyalaya Starrer Tamil Psychological Thriller Movie Online? |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/ott/trending-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-kalaiyarasan-priyalaya-starrer-tamil-psychological-thriller-movie-online-10258784 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.thedailyjagran.com |language=en |archive-date=2 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102172619/https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/ott/trending-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-kalaiyarasan-priyalaya-starrer-tamil-psychological-thriller-movie-online-10258784 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Priyalaya is also a dance instructor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harinath |first=Sakthi |date=2025-07-22 |title=Priyalaya Grabs Fans Attention From Trending Film – Viral Photos |url=https://www.suryanfm.in/trending-actress-priyalaya-viral-photos-2025/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807000155/https://www.suryanfm.in/trending-actress-priyalaya-viral-photos-2025/ |archive-date=August 7, 2025 |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Suryan FM |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Good Night (2023 film)|Good Night]]'' || Shalini ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Inga Naan Thaan Kingu]]'' || Thenmozhi ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Trending (film)|Trending]]'' || Meera ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role !! Network
! Notes
|-
| 2017{{endash}} 2022 || ''[[Sembaruthi]]'' || Chandini || [[Zee Tamil]] ||
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
|2021||''Maruganam''||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vVlzY0nEfg |title=Maruganam - Tamil Video Song {{!}} Aravindh Ravishankar {{!}} ft. Priyalaya, Raghavan Pugazh |date=10 December 2021 |last=Scene Mama Studios |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12392631}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}
{{dance-bio-stub}}

Badri–Kedar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:56:10Z

StephaineShrader: put up first pg from scratch

{{Short description|Former constituency of Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Badri–Kedar
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2002
| type= SLA
}}
'''Badri–Kedar Legislative Assembly constituency''' was a part of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 1967 to 2000.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> It became a part of [[Interim Uttaranchal Assembly]] from 2000 to 2002.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Independent (politician)}} {{Party index link|Janata Party}} {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Member!!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| G. Dhar<ref name="results1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Narendra Singh<ref name="results1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Narendra Singh<ref name="results1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Pratap Singh<ref name="results1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Kunwar Singh Negi<ref name="results1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3254-uttar-pradesh-1980/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Santan Barthwal<ref name="results1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Kunwar Singh Negi<ref name="results1989">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3256-uttar-pradesh-1989/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[Kedar Singh Phonia]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Kedar Singh Phonia]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Kedar Singh Phonia]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|'''Formation of Uttarakhand State'''<br><small>''Major boundary changes''</small>
|-
|colspan="4"| This Assembly constituency has been bifurcated into [[Badrinath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Badrinath]] and [[Kedarnath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kedarnath]] Assembly constituencies
|}

==See also==
* [[Badrinath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Kedarnath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Chamoli district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coords|30.74|79.29|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badri-Kedar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Chamoli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 disestablishments in India]]

Deshbandhu Chittaranjan

2026-04-18T13:42:39Z

StephaineShrader: Starting First Article Basic Info.

{{Italic title}}
{{Short description|1970 Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
'''''Deshbandhu Chittaranjan''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Ardhendu Mukhopadhyay<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deshbandhu Chittaranjan (1970) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NUO |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1970 Bollywood Poster DESHBANDHU CHITTARANJAN 30in x 40in (12343) |url=https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/365111744100 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=eBay UK |language=en-gb}}</ref> and released in 1970 under the banner of Mitra Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilingual E-archive Digital Platform for Bengal's Cinema |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/ |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref> [[Anil Chatterjee]] performed the title role of Deshbandhu [[Chittaranjan Das]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ&q=Deshbandhu+Chittaranjan+1970+film |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=1994 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=978-0-85170-455-5 |language=en}}</ref> appreciated by [[Basanti Devi]], the wife of the Deshbandhu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anil Chattopadhyay - the man who enlivened every character that he played - GetBengal story |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/anil-chattopadhyay-the-man-who-enlivened-every-character-that-he-played-getbengal-story |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=August 2025}}
The plot revolves with the life of nationalist revolutionary and barrister Chittaranjan Das commonly known as Deshbandhu for the people.

==Cast==
* [[Haradhan Banerjee|Haradhan Bannerjee]]
* [[Anil Chatterjee]] as Chittaranjan Das<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&dq=Deshbandhu+Chittaranjan+1970+film&pg=PA74 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lily Chakravarty]]
* [[Jiben Bose]]
* [[Satya Bandyopadhyay|Satya Bannerjee]]
* Amarnath Mukherjee
* Samita Biswas

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0243851}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1970 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]

Ramakrishna Mission Students Home Chennai

2026-04-16T04:53:33Z

StephaineShrader: creating a data

{{Short description|R.K Mission}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=May 2022}}
{{no footnotes|date=January 2023}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Ramakrishna Mission Students Home
| image = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption = [[#Emblem|Emblem]]
| type = [[Educational institution|Educational organisation]]
| formation = {{start date and age|1905|02|17|df=yes}} <br> {{nowrap|[[Chennai]], [[British Rule|British India]]}}
| abbreviation = RKMH
| founder = [[C.Ramasami Ayyangar]]
| purpose = [[Education]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.05|N|80.26|E|display=inline,title}}
| headquarters = [[Belur Math]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| leader_title = Secretary
| leader_name = [[Swami Satyajnanananda]]
| main_organ =
| affiliations = [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
| membership =
| location = [[Chennai]]
| region_served = Chennai
| website = {{Official website|https://www.rkmshome.org.in/}}
}}

'''Ramakrishna Mission Students Home''' is a residential and day school and polytechnic for poor, destitute and orphan boys. It is located on Sir P.S.Sivaswamy Salai (Road) in [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]].

==History==

The Home was started on 17 February 1905 by Sri C.Ramasami Ayyangar with the blessings of Swami Ramakrishnananda, a direct disciple of [[Ramakrishna]] with 7 orphan
boys. The Home began operating out of a small building in Mylapore, given free of rent by Dr. M.C.Nanjunda Rao who was a disciple of [[Vivekananda]].

In 1916, Sri S.G.Srinivasachariar donated a piece of land and the adjoining piece of land was acquired. The total area is about 1.4 acres (26 grounds). The foundation of a new building was laid on 6 May 1917 and the building was on 10 May 1921 which happened to be the [[Akshaya Tritiya]] day that year.

The Home started offering vocational training for students in the year 1932 with a Licenciate in Automobile Engineering (LAE) course.

The Home operations was temporarily shifted to Athur near [[Chengalpattu]] in 1942 during the second world war and was moved back to Mylapore in 1958. The Home is formally affiliated to the Ramakrishna Mission, Belur Math.

==Courses Offered==

The Home runs a primary school, high school and a polytechnic (offering diploma courses in Mechanical Engineering, Automobile Engineering and Computer Engineering). It is modeled on the [[Gurukula]] system of education.

==See also==
* [[Ramakrishna Mission]]

==References==

*[https://www.rkmshome.org.in/history History of Ramakrishna Home]
*[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/spiritual-resurgence-is-integral-for-bharat-says-tn-governor/article65568078.ece Hindu newspaper article on centenary celebrations of Ramakrishna Students Home Chennai]
*[https://thelogicalindian.com/story-feed/awareness/solar-steam-ramakrishna-mission Use of Solar energy for cooking at Ramakrishna Students Home Chennai]

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDEhMdmk2w/ Navratri Utsav 2021 devotional songs at the Home by Sivasri Skandaprasad]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVWknmPni1c/ Video of Home Day celebrations 2022]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQSvLDvOcjU Room of Swami Brahmananda in the Home]
*[https://www.thebetterindia.com/8647/a-palace-for-the-poor-for-108-years-now/ BetterIndia article]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kE2zXCUFpQ/ Discussion with Swami Satyajnanananda ji]

[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Education in Chennai]]

Bowbazar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:30Z

StephaineShrader: Starting New Entry W/ Sources.

{{Short description|Former Legislative Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bowbazar
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
| constituency_no = 145
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Bowbazar Assembly constituency''' was a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Bowbazar Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf |title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006|access-date = 15 November 2010 |work = West Bengal|publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

It was part of [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 15 November 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election<br/> Year!!Elected member!!Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||[[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]]||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. 186 |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||Dr.Bidhan Chandra Roy||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 141|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||[[Bijoy Singh Nahar]]||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 129|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||[[Bijoy Singh Nahar]]||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 133|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969||[[Bijoy Singh Nahar]]||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 133|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||Bijay Singh Nahar||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 133|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972||Bijay Singh Nahar||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 133|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977||[[Abul Hassan (born 1917)|Abul Hassan]] ||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||Abdul Rauf Ansari||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||[[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||Sudip Bandyopadhyay||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||Sudip Bandyopadhyay||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1998 Bye-election||[[Ajit Pandey]]||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name="vidhansabha2009by">{{cite web| url = http://electionaffairs.com/results/bye-elections/West_Bengal_bye-elections-2009.html |title = West Bengal Assembly by-elections 2009, Results August elections | work= AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||[[Nayna Bandyopadhyay]]||[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||Sudip Bandyopadyay||bgcolor=#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 145|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2009 Bye-election||Swarna Kamal Saha||Trinamool Congress<ref name="vidhansabha2009by"/>
|}

==Results==
===1977-2009===
===2009 Bye-election===
A bye-election was held on 18 August 2009 following the resignation of the sitting [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay|Sudip Banerjee]] who was elected as [[Member of Parliament|MP]] In Parliament from [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
{{Election box begin | title=West Bengal state assembly bye election, 2009: Bowbazar constituency<ref name="vidhansabha2009by"/>}}
In This Election, Swarnakamal Saha of Trinamool Congress Defeated Minati Gomez of [[CPIM]] - Supported [[Independent (politician)|Independent]].

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Swarna Kamal Saha
|votes = 26,271
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Minati Gomez
|votes = 4,851
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Bajpayee
|votes = 2,366
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 39,650
|percentage = 27.69
|change = -6.7
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +21.27
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
In the 2006 election, [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]] of Congress defeated his nearest rival Rekha Singh of CPIM.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election]]: Bowbazar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2006/><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2006 |work = Entally | publisher =Empowering India }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|votes = 21,451
|percentage = 40.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Rekha Singh
|votes = 15,309
|percentage = 28.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
|votes = 15,135
|percentage = 28.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sudipto Kumar Roy
|votes = 391
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Sanjib Mukherjee
|votes = 207
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Akbar Ali
|votes = 196
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Md. Muslim
|votes = 168
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Sajal Bandyopadhyay
|votes = 165
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Sailen Auddy
|votes = 107
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Barin Dutta
|votes = 106
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,142
|percentage = 11.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 53,236
|percentage = 54.4%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
In the 2001 election, Nayna Bandyopadhyay of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Ajit Pandey of CPIM.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal state assembly election, 2001]]: Bowbazar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2006/><ref name="auto"/>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nayna Bandyopadhyay
|votes = 27,840
|percentage = 55.1
|change = +21.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ajit Pandey]]
|votes = 15,892
|percentage = 31.5
|change = -5.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Syed Sahid Imam
|votes = 3,039
|percentage = 6.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = BJP
|candidate = Arun Kumar Hazra
|votes = 2,726
|percentage = 5.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Dutta
|votes = 330
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Sumanta Bhowmick
|votes = 281
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Subrata Singha
|votes = 162
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Rathindar Nath Bhattacharya
|votes = 130
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Khurshid Ali Afzal
|votes = 96
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,948
|percentage = 23.7%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 50,504
|percentage = 43.3%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998 Bye-election===
A bye-election was held on 3 June 1998 following the resignation of the sitting [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]] who was elected as [[Member of Parliament|MP]] In Parliament from [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
{{Election box begin | title=West Bengal state assembly bye election, 1998: Bowbazar constituency<ref name="vidhansabha2009by" />}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Ajit Pandey]]
|votes = 19,903
|percentage = 36.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nayna Bandyopadhyay
|votes = 18,021
|percentage = 33.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdur Rauf Ansari
|votes = 15,711
|percentage = 28.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Prof. Syed Haider Hasan Kazimi
|votes = 329
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Ajit Kumar Das
|votes = 89
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Sujan Mukherjee
|votes = 50
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Bablu Singh
|votes = 45
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Aloke Chatterjee
|votes = 28
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Ramen Pandey
|votes = 16
|percentage = 0.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,882
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 39,650
|percentage = 27.69
|change = -6.7
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
In the 1996 election, [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]] of Congress defeated his nearest rival Sujit Mandal of [[Janata Dal]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1996]]: Bowbazar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2006/><ref name="auto"/>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|votes = 36,579
|percentage = 59.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Sujit Mandal
|votes = 17,181
|percentage = 27.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajendra Kumar Gupta
|votes = 3,039
|percentage = 8.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyamal Kumar Dutta
|votes = 542
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Bratindra Naskar
|votes = 364
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Joseph Rozario
|votes = 284
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Pinaki Das
|votes = 227
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Habul Mukherjee (Tarak)
|votes = 207
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Md. Kasim
|votes = 188
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
|candidate = Saroj Bhattacharjee
|votes = 110
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Bibekananda Paul
|votes = 108
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Gautam Das Gupta
|votes = 90
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Social Action Party
|candidate = S.M. Mustafa
|votes = 71
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Brindaban Chandra Dey
|votes = 63
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Kamal Kumar Roy
|votes = 42
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Narayan Chandra Ghosh
|votes = 38
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Md. Saifuddin
|votes = 36
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,398
|percentage = 30.6%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 63,365
|percentage = 56.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
In the 1991 election, [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]] of Congress defeated his nearest rival Joytilak Guharoy of [[CPIM]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1991]]: Bowbazar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2006/><ref name="auto"/>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|votes = 29,405
|percentage = 59.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Joytilak Guha Roy
|votes = 17,672
|percentage = 32.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanat Kumar Datta
|votes = 6,573
|percentage = 12.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh
|candidate = Salauddin
|votes = 323
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Raju Anthony
|votes = 121
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Indranil Kumar
|votes = 69
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Bikram Sur
|votes = 62
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Khurshid Ali Afzal
|votes = 57
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Md. Zakir
|votes = 48
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Bhuban Bhowmick
|votes = 26
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Onkar Majumdar
|votes = 9
|percentage = 0.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,733
|percentage = 21.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 55,471
|percentage = 53.4%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1987===
In the 1987 election, [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]] of Congress defeated his nearest rival Md. Ismail of [[CPIM]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1987]]: Bowbazar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2006/><ref name="auto"/>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|votes = 30,333
|percentage = 56.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Md. Ismail
|votes = 19,591
|percentage = 36.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = S. M. Shahabuddin Haider
|votes = 1,871
|percentage = 3.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anindya Gopal Mitra
|votes = 694
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Chandra Deep Giri
|votes = 553
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Mohammed Musa
|votes = 143
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Ashok Chakraborty
|votes = 120
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Satya Deo Mishra
|votes = 82
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Maniruddin
|votes = 68
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Anil Kumar Sen
|votes = 49
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Shakir Hussain
|votes = 36
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,742
|percentage = 19.6%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 54,791
|percentage = 60.3%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1982===
In the 1982 election, Abdul Rauf Ansari of Congress defeated his nearest rival [[Abul Hassan (born 1917)|Abul Hassan]] of [[CPIM]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1982]]: Bowbazar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2006/><ref name="auto"/>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdul Rauf Ansari
|votes = 26,001
|percentage = 51.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Abul Hassan (born 1917)|Abul Hassan]]
|votes = 22,615
|percentage = 44.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anindya Gopal Mitra
|votes = 1,602
|percentage = 3.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramendra Bhusan Singh
|votes = 252
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Md. Salim Khan
|votes = 161
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,386
|percentage = 6.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 51,725
|percentage = 58.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
In the 1977 election, Abul Hasan of CPIM defeated his nearest rival Bijoy Krishna Dhandhania of [[Janata Party]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1977]]: Bowbazar constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2006/><ref name="auto"/>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Abul Hassan (born 1917)|Abul Hassan]]
|votes = 13,996
|percentage = 38.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Bijoy Krishna Dhandhania
|votes = 11,670
|percentage = 32.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Abdul Rauf Ansari
|votes = 8,168
|percentage = 22.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Manabendra Ghosh
|votes = 1,611
|percentage = 4.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prakash Shaw
|votes = 556
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = K. B. Roy
|votes = 182
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Hrishikesh Tewari
|votes = 68
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Anindya Kumar Mitra
|votes = 68
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,326
|percentage = 6.3%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 36,901
|percentage = 40.4%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

In the 2009 by-election, necessitated by the election of sitting MLA, [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]], to the Parliament from the [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)]], Swarnakamal Saha of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the 145 Bowbazar assembly seat.<ref name="vidhansabha2009by"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/sealdah-bowbazar-bypolls-trinamool-congress |title=Sealdah, Bowbazar by-polls Trinamool Congress...!!! |publisher=Press Release Point |access-date=15 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303225746/http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/sealdah-bowbazar-bypolls-trinamool-congress |archive-date=3 March 2012 }}</ref> In [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> the seat was won by [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeating Rekha Singh of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. In 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> the seat was won by Nayana Bandopadhyay of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] defeating Ajit Pandey of CPI(M). Sudip Bandopadhyay of Congress won the seat defeating Sujit Mandal of [[Janata Dal|JD]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> Joytilak Guha Roy of JD in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> and Md. Ismail of CPI(M) in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> In 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> Abdul Rauf Ansari of Congress defeated Abul Hasan of CPI(M). In 1977, Abul Hasan of CPI(M) won the seat defeating Bijoy Krishna Dhandhania of Congress.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp145.htm |title =145 - Bow Bazar Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 November 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Bijay Singh Nahar of Congress won the seat defeating [[Hashim Abdul Halim]] of CPI(M) in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> and 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> D.C.Bhowmick of Forward Block in 1969,<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> S.Gupta of Forward Bloc and H,Chatterjee and CPI(M) in 1967<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> and Md. Ismail of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]] won the seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> defeating Md. Ismail of CPI by a narrow margin of 540 votes and Satyapriya Banerjee of Forward Bloc (Marxists) in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India’s first election]] in 1951.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata constituencies}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{Coord|22.570|N|88.359|E|display=title|format=dms}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Miryalaguda Assembly constituency

2026-04-12T10:58:01Z

StephaineShrader: Put Up A Details.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Miryalaguda
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (88-Miryalaguda highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Miryalaguda Assembly constituency within Telangana
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 88
| mla = [[Bathula Laxma Reddy]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = [[Indian National Congress ]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = 2,07,157
| loksabha_cons= [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
}}
'''Miryalaguda Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of 12 constituencies in [[Nalgonda district]]. It is part of [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency]].

As of 2023, [[Bathula Laxma Reddy]], of [[Indian National Congress]], represents the constituency.{{update after|2028}}

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Miryalaguda]]
|-
| [[Vemulapally]]
|-
| [[Madgulapally]]
|-
| [[Dameracherla]]
|-
| Adavi Devulapally
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 1957-62
| C. Venkatareddy
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
| 1962-67
| Tippana China Krishna Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967-72
| Tippana China Krishna Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1972-78
| Tippana China Krishna Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1978-83
| Aribandi Laxminarayana
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 1983-85
| Chankilam Sreenivasa Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1985-89
| Aribandi Laxminarayana
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 1989-94
| Vijayasimha Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1994-99
| [[Julakanti Ranga Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 1999-04
| Repala Srinivas
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2004-09
| [[Julakanti Ranga Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 2009-14
| [[Julakanti Ranga Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana ]]
|-
| 2014-18
| [[N Bhaskar Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2018–2023
| [[N Bhaskar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2023-Present
| [[Bathula Laxma Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Miryalaguda}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Bathula Laxma Reddy]]
| votes = 1,14,462
| percentage = 59.08
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[N Bhaskar Rao | Nallamothu Bhaskar Rao]]|votes=65,680|percentage=33.90|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Julakanti Ranga Reddy]]|votes=3,234|percentage=1.67|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janta Party|candidate=Sadineni Srinivasa Rao|votes=3,042|percentage=1.57|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Syed Farooq|votes=1,155|percentage=0.60|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Janardan Reddy Gundreddy|votes=1,038|percentage=0.54|change=}}{{Election box candidate|party=Pyramid Party of India|candidate=Bantu Ravi|votes=574|percentage=0.30|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Mattapally Ankulamma|votes=553|percentage=0.29|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=527|percentage=0.27|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=48,782|percentage=25.18|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,93,741|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Indian National Congress
| loser =Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Miryalaguda<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34815/239 Miryalaguda Results]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[N Bhaskar Rao]]
| votes = 83,931
| percentage = 47.2%
| change = +9.3%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[R. Krishnaiah]]
| votes = 53,279
| percentage = 30.0%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dheeravath Skylab nayak
| votes = 13,961
| percentage = 7.9%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = [[Julakanti Ranga Reddy]]
| votes = 11,221
| percentage = 6.3%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = [[Pallapu Bikshpathi Rao]]
| votes = 4,758
| percentage = 2.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janta Party
| candidate = [[Karnati Prabhakar]]
| votes = 2,502
| percentage = 1.4%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = [[Jilla Ravi]]
| votes = 1,183
| percentage = 0.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 1,171
| percentage = 0.65%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 30,652
| percentage = 17.2
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,78,960
| percentage = 85.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Miryalaguda<ref>[https://resultuniversity.com/election/miryalguda-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency Miryalaguda Results]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[N Bhaskar Rao]]|votes=62,059|percentage=37.57%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Amarender Reddy|votes=56,005|percentage=33.9%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Julakanti Ranga Reddy]]|votes=22,592|percentage=13.68%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Bantu Venkateshwarlu|votes=20,758|percentage=12.57%|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,054|percentage=3.7%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = CPI(M)
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Miryalaguda<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30499|title = IndiaVotes AC Summary: Miryalaguda 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = [[Julakanti Ranga Reddy]]
| votes =52,227
| percentage =35.51%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate =[[Gangadhar Tirunagaru]]
|votes =47,864
| percentage =32.55%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = Amarender Reddy
| votes = 33,340
| percentage =22.67%
| change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Miryalaguda]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|16.87|79.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]

Ramkumar

2026-04-08T01:20:57Z

StephaineShrader: creating new bio

{{short description|Indian actor and film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramkumar
| image = Ramkumar.jpg
| caption = Ramkumar in ''[[Sri Naga Shakthi]]'' (2011)
| othername =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|12|3|df=y}}
| yearsactive = 1990–2013; 2021–present
| occupation = [[Actor]] - [[film producer]]
| father = [[Shringar Nagaraj]]
| spouse = Poornima
| children = 2
| relatives = [[List of South Indian film families#Rajkumar family|Rajkumar family]]
}}

'''Ramkumar''' is an Indian actor and film producer known for his work in [[Kannada cinema]] also appeared in few [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films, He made his acting debut in Peraala's 1990 action film ''[[Aavesha]]''. The same year, he played a small role in [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]'s ''[[Muthina Haara]]'' (1990). With his good looks, he was considered one of the "chocolate heroes" of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=6005948&cid=2404|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508224029/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/interview.php?id=6005948&cid=2404|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-05-08|title=Interview with Ramkumar|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=2013-02-03}}</ref> As of 2013, Ramkumar has acted in over 40 Kannada feature films. His acting skills are well-appreciated. He has produced the film ''[[Pandavaru]]'' (2006) in which he has acted as well.

==Personal life==
Ramkumar is the son of [[Shringar Nagaraj]], a popular actor who was also the producer of the critically acclaimed ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' (1987). Ramkumar is married to Poornima, the daughter of [[Dr. Rajkumar]]. They have two children who are both aspiring actors: daughter [[Dhanya Ramkumar]] and son Dheeren.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajkumar family rallies around Dhanya Ramkumar ahead of her film launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajkumar-family-rallies-around-dhanya-ramkumar-ahead-of-her-film-launch/articleshow/81783129.cms |access-date=12 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=1 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=M. N. |first1=Rakshitha |title=Girl from Rajkumar family enters films as leading lady |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/girl-from-rajkumar-family-enters-films-as-leading-lady-737673.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=12 April 2021 |language=en |date=2 June 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Ramkumar was an avid movie buff in his childhood. He first starred in action film ''[[Aavesha]]'' (1990). The film was a hit at the box office. It was followed by the epic ''[[Muthina Haara]]'', directed by [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] and starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]].

Ramkumar Starred a full-fledged hero in ''[[Gejje Naada]]'' (1993) opposite newcomer Shwetha. The film was declared a musical hit and his performance was lauded. This was followed by the devotional film ''Bhagawan Sri Saibaba'', with ensemble cast. Ramkumar starred in a large number of films during 1994-96 like ''[[Kavya (film)|Kavya]]'', ''Thayi Illada Thavaru'', ''[[Thavarina Thottilu]]'' and ''Gaaya'' that were successful and others like [[B. C. Patil]]'s ''Poorna Sathya'', that were not.

In 1999, Ramkumar played pivotal roles in multi-starrer films ''[[Snehaloka]]'' and ''[[Habba]]'' that proved successful. Facing flops subsequently he turned producer with ''Pandavaru'' in 2006. A multi-starrer with a host of prominent stars and a remake of ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]'', ''Pandavaru'' proved to be an average grosser at the box office.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Ramkumar made a comeback in 2021 with ''Sheegrameva Kalyana Praptirastu''. Directed by Praveen Channappa, it features Ramkumar as Krishnappa, a professor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basavarajaiah |first1=Harish |title=Ramkumar makes film comeback as a Kannada professor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramkumar-makes-film-comeback-as-a-kannada-professor/articleshow/81968987.cms |access-date=12 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''Note: all films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1990 || ''[[Aavesha]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Muthina Haara]]'' || [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] Mohan
|
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Manasara Vazhthungalen]]'' || || Tamil film
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Government Mappillai]]'' || Karthikeyan || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1993 || ''[[Gejje Naada]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Bhagavan Sri Saibaba'' || Tatya Patil
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1994 || ''Poorna Satya'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mahakshathriya]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="8"|1995 || ''State Rowdy'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kavya (film)|Kavya]]'' || Dr. Prasad
|
|-
| ''Thaliya Sowbhagya'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Thaayi Illada Thavaru]]'' ||
|
|-
|''Sathya Jwale'' ||
|
|-
| ''Hosa Baduku'' ||
|
|-
| ''Shravana Sanje'' || Chandru
|
|-
| ''[[Giddu Dada]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|1996 || ''Gaaya'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Thavarina Thottilu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Gulaabi'' ||
|
|-
| ''Pooja'' ||
|
|-
| ''Surya Puthra'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1997 || ''Jenina Hole'' ||
|
|-
| ''April Fool'' ||
|
|-
| ''Nee Mudida Mallige'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1998 || ''Vajra'' ||
|
|-
| ''Thavarina Kanike'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 1999 || ''[[Habba]]'' || Ram
|
|-
| ''[[Snehaloka]]'' || Ramkumar
|
|-
| ''No.1'' ||
|
|-
| ''Aahaa'' || Raghu
|
|-
| ''Arundathi'' || || Telugu film
|-
| ''Naanenu Madlilla'' || Inspector Harish
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2000 || ''Premi'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Swalpa Adjust Madkolli]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Gaajina Mane'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2001 || ''[[Ellara Mane Dosenu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aunty Preethse]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2002 || ''Punjabi House'' ||
|
|-
| ''Manase O Manase'' ||
|
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kushalave Kshemave]]'' || Varada
|
|-
| 2004 || ''Saagari'' ||
|
|-
| 2005 || ''Abhinandane'' ||
|
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Pandavaru]]'' ||
|
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Navashakthi Vaibhava]]'' || Vishnu
|
|-
| 2009 || ''Jodi No.1'' ||
|
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Sri Naga Shakthi]]'' || Sheshanna
|
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Sri Kshetra Adi Chunchanagiri]]'' ||
|
|-
| 2021 || ''Sheegrameva Kalyana Prapthirasthu'' || Krishnappa
|
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of people from Karnataka]]
*[[List of Indian film actors]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5909802}}
* [https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/ramkumar/filmography.html Ramkumar filmography] at Filmibeat.com

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramkumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

Palar blast

2026-04-07T18:39:31Z

StephaineShrader: creating a data

{{Short description|Landmine attack on 9 April 1993 in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Palar Blast
| image = Palar Blast, Karnataka.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| date = {{start date|df=yes|1993|04|09}}
| coordinates = {{coord|11.958|77.644|region:IN_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| cause = [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] [[Landmine]]
| reported deaths = 22
| reported injuries = 13
| accused = [[Veerappan]]<br>[[Muthulakshmi]]<br>Kolathur Mani<br>S. Sivasubramaniam<br>Savaraiyappan<br>Papathi<br>Bonda Basava<br>Eranna, etc.
| website = 
}}
The '''Palar Blast''' was a landmine attack on 9 April 1993 in [[Karnataka]], India. The attack, organized by the forest brigand [[Veerappan]], killed 22 people, making it the deadliest explosive attack in Karnataka during the 20th century.

==Background==
The sandalwood smuggler and criminal Veerappan killed a Bandari in Govindapadi village of [[Mettur]] on 8, April 1993, suspecting him to be a police informer and openly challenged the police force to track and arrest his gang.<ref name=palar>{{cite news|last=Aravind|first=H.M.|title=Why Veerappan planned the Palar blast|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysore/Why-Veerappan-planned-the-Palar-blast/articleshow/18493078.cms|access-date=17 February 2013|date=14 February 2013|archive-date=2 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602162807/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-14/mysore/37099133_1_veerappan-gang-karnataka-stf-palar-blast|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> He also claimed he would raise a banner at Kolathur village on shandy day, written in [[Tamil language]] challenging "Rambo" Gopalakrishnan, the [[Tamil Nadu Police|Tamil Nadu police]] officer, who also belonged to Veerappan's caste.<ref name=planner/> Months prior to this [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] had formed a joint Special Task Force, with one of their objectives being to track down Veerappan.

Taking the open challenge, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer K. Gopalakrishnan left Palar base of the area's [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]], near M. M. Hills, 100 km from [[Kollegal]] of Karnataka along with a team of 41 members which included police from two states, forest officials, forest watchers and informers.<ref name=palar/> The team left in two vehicles, of which one was a bus carrying most of the team members, and a jeep carrying K. Goplakrishnan, the IPS officer, who stood on the footboard of the jeep watching the road ahead.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news | last =V.S. | first =Palaniyappan | title =Though delayed, rejection of mercy petition gives some satisfaction | newspaper =The Hindu | date =14 February 2013 | url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/though-delayed-rejection-of-mercy-petition-gives-some-satisfaction/article4412449.ece | access-date =19 February 2013 | archive-date =17 February 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130217011540/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/though-delayed-rejection-of-mercy-petition-gives-some-satisfaction/article4412449.ece | url-status =live }}</ref> The Veerappan gang had planted [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] landmines on the road in more than 14 places to halt their approach.<ref name=palar/>

==Incident==
As the bus was passing over the landmines, Simon Madaiah detonated the gelatin sticks just outside the town of Surakkamaduvu, resulting in an explosion that threw the bus hundreds of feet away and killed 22 people.<ref name=palar/><ref name=penalty>{{cite news|last=Manjesh|first=Sindhu|title=Veerappan's associates to move Karnataka High Court against execution of death penalty|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/veerappan-s-associates-to-move-karnataka-high-court-against-execution-of-death-penalty-331254|access-date=17 February 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=15 February 2013|archive-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217070256/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/veerappan-s-associates-to-move-karnataka-high-court-against-execution-of-death-penalty-331254|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=planner>{{cite news | last =B | first =Sreekantaswamy | title =A master planner and master blaster cut short 22 lives | newspaper =Deccan Herald | date =23 February 2013 | url =http://www.deccanherald.com/content/314438/a-master-planner-master-blaster.html | access-date =1 March 2013 | archive-date =27 February 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130227022345/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/314438/a-master-planner-master-blaster.html | url-status =live }}</ref> Madaiah sustained minor injuries during the incident but escaped in the forest.<ref name=planner/> Among the deceased were five policemen of Tamil Nadu, 17 forest officials and informers, while 13 other members of the team, including Karnataka police, were injured.<ref name=palar/> Members of the Veerappan gang then fired on the team from a vantage point in the forest. The police returned fire in self-protection and to prevent the outlaws from stealing the team's arms and ammunition.<ref name=palar/>

Tamil Nadu IPS officer K. Gopalakrishnan, who was standing on the footboard of the jeep, was thrown out during the explosion. He suffered severe injuries to his head and legs and required nine surgeries. He returned to duty after 18 months and later retired as DIG in 2008. He witnessed several members of the gang including Madhaiayan, Gnanaprakasam, Simon and Bilavendran at the blast site. His eye witness testimony was crucial in prosecuting those members responsible for the blast.<ref name=deccan>{{cite news | last =DNHS | title =Ex-cop lauds prez decision to reject mercy plea of Veerappan aides | newspaper =Deccan Herald | date =14 February 2013 | url =http://www.deccanherald.com/content/312221/ex-cop-lauds-prez-decision.html | access-date =19 February 2013 | archive-date =25 May 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130525153955/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/312221/ex-cop-lauds-prez-decision.html | url-status =live }}</ref><ref name=gopal>{{cite news | last =S | first =Karthick | title =Veerappan targeted me for 4 years: K Gopalakrishnan| date =14 February 2013 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Veerappan-targeted-me-for-4-years-K-Gopalakrishnan/articleshow/18493074.cms| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130411043759/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-14/chennai/37098910_1_veerappan-brigand-govindapadi| url-status = live| archive-date = 11 April 2013| newspaper =[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 February 2013}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Police filed a case at M. M. Hills Police Station against 124 persons under [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act|TADA]] in connection with the blast and 50 were arrested by police.<ref name=bbc1>{{cite news|title=Indian president 'rejects mercy plea' for Veerappan gang accused|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21450046|access-date=17 February 2013|newspaper=BBC News Asia bbc.co.uk|date=13 February 2013|archive-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216054210/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21450046|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hindu1/><ref name=palar/><ref name=planner/> The accused included Veerappan, [[Muthulakshmi]], Kolathur Mani, and reporter S. Sivasubramaniam. Muthulakshmi, wife of Veerappan as well as Kolathur Mani, a Tamil activist were acquitted.<ref name=acquit>{{cite news | title =Muthulakshmi acquitted in Palar bomb blast case | newspaper =The Hindu | date =17 March 2011 | url =http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article1545395.ece?css=print | access-date =1 March 2013 | archive-date =11 November 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201111070111/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Muthulakshmi-acquitted-in-Palar-bomb-blast-case/article14950243.ece?css=print | url-status =live }}</ref> Seven members of Veerappan's gang were convicted and awarded with life term sentences.<ref name=hindu1/> A later appeal at the Supreme Court by four of the members, would see these life sentences changed to the death penalty, a rare occurrence.<ref name=bbc1/> The four convicts; Jnanaprakash (Veerappan's elder brother), Bilavendran, Simon and Meesekar Madaiah, filed against execution of their death penalties at [[Karnataka High Court]].<ref name=penalty/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 in India]]
[[Category:Organised crime events in India]]
[[Category:1993 mass murders]]
[[Category:1990s in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:Crime in Karnataka]]

Silchar–Coimbatore Superfast Express

2026-04-05T10:22:13Z

StephaineShrader:

{{Short description|Express train of the Indian Railways}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Silchar-Coimbatore Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Mail/Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|30 January 1984}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Silchar}} (SCL)
| stops = 43
| end = {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}} (CBE)
| distance = {{convert|3492|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 63 hours 50 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper 3 Tier, Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Yes
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12516/12515
| speed = {{cvt|54|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The '''Silchar-Coimbatore Express''' is a '''Express''' train of the [[Indian Railways]] belonging to [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] connecting {{stnlnk|Silchar}} in [[Assam]] and {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}} in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Silchar-Coimbatore Express|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-silchar-coimbatore-express-12516/516/1053/41|website=www.railinfo.com}}</ref> It is currently being operated with 12516/12515 train numbers on once in week basis. The train passes through [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. It starts from {{rws|Silchar}} at 20:10 on Tuesday and reaches {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} at 12:00 on Friday.
During its journey the train travels through major cities like [[Guwahati]], [[Siliguri]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], [[Rampurhat]], [[Kolkata]], [[Kharagpur]], [[Cuttack]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Vizianagaram]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Chennai]], [[Vellore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Erode]] and [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Silchar-Coimbatore Express|url=https://www.confirmtkt.com/train-schedule/12516-SCL-CBE-EXPRESS|website=confirmtkt.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Silchar-Coimbatore Express|url=https://www.trainman.in/train/12515|website=trainman.in}}</ref> It holds the record of [[Longest train services of Indian Railways|8th longest running train of Indian Railways]] that covers 3492 km. (as of 2022).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Silchar-Coimbatore Express|url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/indian-railways-announces-silchar-coimbatore-special-train-will-leave-silchar-every-tuesday-at-810-pm/|website=www.barakbulletin.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five killed after train runs them over in Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/five-killed-after-train-runs-them-over-in-andhra-pradesh-101649703743383-amp.html|website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

==Routing==

The 12515 / 16 Silchar–Coimbatore Superfast Express runs through the following states and railway stations:

'''ASSAM'''
# '''{{stnlnk|Silchar}}''' (Starts)
# {{stnlnk|Badarpur Junction}}
# [[New Haflong railway station|New Haflong]]
# {{stnlnk|Lumding Junction}}
# [[Hojai railway station|Hojai]]
# '''{{stnlnk|Guwahati}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Rangiya Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Barpeta Road}}
# {{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon Junction}}
# [[Kokrajhar railway station|Kokrajhar]]

'''BIHAR'''
# [[Kishanganj railway station|Kishanganj]]

'''WEST BENGAL'''
# [[New Alipurduar railway station|New Alipurduar]]
# [[New Cooch Behar railway station|New Cooch Behar]]
# [[Dhupguri railway station|Dhupguri]]
# '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]'''
# '''[[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]]'''
# {{stnlnk|New Farakka Junction}}
# [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|'''Rampurhat Junction''']]
# [[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station|Bolpur Shantiniketan]]
# '''[[Dankuni railway station|Dankuni (Kolkata)]]'''
# '''{{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}'''

'''ODISHA'''
# [[Balasore railway station|Balasore]]
# [[Bhadrak railway station|Bhadrak]]
# [[Jajpur Keonjhar Road railway station|Jajpur Keonjhar]]
# {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}
# [[Balugaon railway station|Balugaon]]
# [[Brahmapur railway station|Brahmapur]]

'''ANDHRA PRADESH'''
# [[Palasa railway station|Palasa]]
# [[Srikakulam Road railway station|Srikakulam]]
# {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}'''
# [[Rajahmundry railway station|Rajahmundry]]
# '''{{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}'''

'''TAMIL NADU'''
# '''{{stnlnk|Perambur}} ([[Chennai]])'''
# {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Jolarpettai Junction}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}'''
# '''{{stnlnk|Erode Junction}}'''
# [[Tiruppur railway station|Tirupur]]
# '''{{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}}'''(Ends)

<small>Note:</small>
*<small>Bold letters indicate Major Railway Stations/Major Cities.</small>
*<small>The train also passes through [[Sahibganj district]] and [[Pakur district]] of Jharkhand, but it does not have any stoppages there.</small>

==Reversal==
The train reverses the direction in the following stations
* {{rws|Badarpur Junction}}
* {{rws|Lumding Junction}}
* {{rws|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Silchar-Coimbatore Express|url=https://www.travelkhana.com/travelkhana/utilities/train-stations/12516|website=travelkhana.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh: Unwarranted pulling of alarm chain led to train accident, say railway officials|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/andhra-pradesh-unwarranted-pulling-of-alarm-chain-led-to-train-accident-say-railway-officials/article65314838.ece/|website=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Locomotive==
Silchar - Coimbatore Express is hauled by [[Indian locomotive class WDP-4|WDP-4]] from [[Silchar railway station|Silchar]] to Lumding. [[WAP-4]] Locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah]] from [[Lumding Junction railway station|Lumding]] to {{rws|Visakhapatnam}}. From {{rws|Visakhapatnam}} to {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} the train is hauled by [[WAP-4]] Locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam]]/ [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode]] and vice versa.

==Coach composition==
Silchar Coimbatore Express consists of One [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second AC (2AC)]] coaches, Four [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Third AC (3AC)]] coaches, Thirteen [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper (SL)]] coaches, Two [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second Sitting(2S)]] coaches Engine and One [[Indian Railways coaching stock|End On Generator (EOG)]] coach.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with [[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express|Silchar - Thiruvananthapuram Aronai Superfast Express]] and [[Barak–Brahmaputra Express|Silchar - New Tinsukia Barak Brahmaputra Express]].

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
image:Guwahati bound 12515 (TVC-GHY) Weekly Express.jpg|{{stnlnk|Silchar}}-bound 12515 ([[Silchar railway station|SCL]]–[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|CBE]]) Weekly Express spotted at [[Dankuni]], [[West Bengal]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Silchar-Coimbatore Superfast Express}}

Pyaas (1982 film)

2026-03-30T07:29:14Z

StephaineShrader: creating a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyaas
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[O. P. Ralhan]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Zeenat Aman]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1982}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pyaas''''' ({{Translation|Thirst}}) is a 1982 [[Bollywood]] [[film]] directed by [[O. P. Ralhan]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|access-date=23 July 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Zeenat Aman]]
*[[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]]
*[[Tanuja]]
*[[Mac Mohan]]
*[[O. P. Ralhan]]
*[[Madan Puri]]
*[[Anju Mahendru]]
*[[Dheeraj Kumar]]
*[[Manmohan Krishna]]
*[[Kamini Kaushal]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Saath Mera
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Phool Chahiye
| note2 = Sad
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar
| title3 = Phool Chahiye
| extra3 = Kishore Kumar, [[Manna Dey]]
| title4 = Om Namah Shivay
| note4 = Male version
| extra4 = Kishore Kumar, [[Amit Kumar]]
| title5 = Om Namah Shivay
| note5 = Female version
| extra5 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| title6 = Raat Sone Ko Hai
| extra6 = Asha Bhosle
| title7 = Mera Dil Tera Dil
| extra7 = Asha Bhosle
| title8 = Hamari Yaad Ki
| extra8 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
| title9 = Dard Ki Raagini (Raga Abhogi)
| extra9 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0265599 |title =Pyaas }}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:1982 Hindi-language films]]
{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Raja Sitaram Ray

2026-03-29T00:40:56Z

StephaineShrader: improved article

{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sitaram Ray
| title = [[Raja]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]] ([[Vaishnavism]])
| image =
| caption =
| succession = Position abolished
| full name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1658
| birth_place = Mahapatipur, [[Katwa]], [[Burdwan]], [[Bengal Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = October, 1714 (aged 56)
| death_place = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]], [[Bengal Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| spouse 1 = Sree
| spouse 2 = Kamala
| father = Udaynarayan Das
| mother = Dayamayi Ghosh
| occupation = Zamindar
| issue = Shyamsundar, Surnarayan, Bamdev, Jaydev|
}}
{{History of Bengal}}
'''Raja Sitaram Ray''' ({{langx|bn|রাজা সীতারাম রায়}}; 1658–1714) was initially a [[zamindar]] under the [[Mughal Empire]], who revolted and declared independence against the empire and established a short-lived sovereign [[Hindu]] dominion in [[Bengal region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].

==Early life==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2023}}

===Childhood===
Sitaram was born in Rarh Bengal in a Das family, who originally came from Gaud Banga (later known as Murshidabad). His father was Udaynarayan, a landlord and Tehsildar under the Faujdar of Bhusna and mother, Dayamayi. When [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]] transferred the capital back to [[Dhaka]] in 1660, Udaynarayan also moved to Dhaka. At that time, he did not bring his family with him.
It is said that when Udaynarayan was away a pathan dacoit had attacked his house. Dayamayi fought with the pathan with her sword, killing him and her extreme dexterity with the sword won the admiration of all. [[Shaista Khan]] became the governor of Bengal in 1664. At that time, Udaynarayan rose to the post of [[tehsildar]] and shifted to Bhusna. After a few years, he built a residence at Hariharanagar near the banks of [[Gorai-Madhumati River|Madhumati]] and brought his family there.

Sitaram spent his childhood at his maternal uncle's home at [[Katwa]]. At school, he learned [[Sanskrit]] and, though [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was not taught at the ''chatuspathi''s, he studied it at home. He could recite [[Chandidas]] and [[Jayadeva|Jaydev]], and had very good handwriting. As he began to grow up, he had to learn [[Persian language|Persian]], the official language of the Mughal Empire. Later, when he arrived at Bhusna, he picked up [[Urdu]], during interactions with the Muslims. In his childhood, he also learned how to wield a ''[[Fighting stick|lathi]]'', and learned horse riding and [[fencing]] after arriving at Hariharanagar.

===Early adulthood===
While he was growing up, Sitaram used to frequently visit Dhaka, the [[Subah (province)|provincial]] capital of Bengal. [[Shaista Khan]] was very impressed with his courage and work. At that time, a [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] [[rebellion|rebel]] named Karim Khan was wreaking havoc in the [[pargana]] of Satair. The Mughal faujdar had failed to suppress him and Shaista Khan wondered how to crush the [[rebellion]]. When Sitaram came forward to subdue the rebel, the [[Subahdar|governor]] sent him on the mission with a few thousand infantry and cavalry. Sitaram fought valiantly and Karim Khan was killed. Shaista Khan, very impressed with the success, rewarded Sitaram with the [[jagir]] of Naldi pargana.

==Career==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2023}}

===Reign as Jagirdar===
After obtaining the ''jaigir'', Sitaram concentrated on building an army. At Dhaka, he became acquainted with a [[mercenary|soldier of fortune]] named Ramrup Ghosh, who accompanied him on the mission against Karim Khan. Ramrup was not only a great soldier, but also an accomplished [[Strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]], well versed in [[mallayuddha|wrestling]]. He was popularly known as Mena Hati, for he had killed a small elephant with his bare hands. Ramrup became the chief of Sitaram's army. Two other generals were Rupchand Dhali and Fakira Machhkata. Bakhtar Khan, a [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] dacoit, and Amal Baig, a [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]] soldier, also joined his ranks.

After the death of [[Shah Jahan]], the Mughal battle for succession left the [[Subah (province)|province]] in turmoil. Lawlessness was rampant. Naldi was infested with dacoits and Sitaram had overcome them in order to restore order to the troubled pargana. Soon, the [[dacoity]] was suppressed and Sitaram became the saviour of the masses, after which he began to be compared to the village deity Nishanath.

Sitaram built his residence in the village of Suryakunda, where the erstwhile revenue office was also located. [[Garrison]]s were set up both at Suryakunda and Hariharanagar. His father was still stationed at Bhusna and he visited him regularly. At this time, he added some [[taluka]]s of Satair to his jagir.

Around 1684, Sitaram's parents died in quick succession. After the [[Śrāddha|sraddha]], he went on a [[pilgrimage]] to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]. His secretary, Muniram Ray, and principal aide, Ramrup Ghosh, accompanied him. The affairs of the jagir were entrusted to his younger brother Lakshmi Narayan. After completing the ceremonial rites at Gaya, he travelled to the Mughal court at Delhi and made a plea for vassal rule under the empire. In 1688, he was granted the title of ''[[Raja]]'' and additionally granted the right of Southern Bengal extending into the [[Sunderbans]].

===Reign as monarch===
In the same year, Sitaram was ceremonially sworn in as the king of Naldi, Satair and the [[Bhati (region)|Bhati region]] of lower Bengal. Although he had become a king, he had no capital. Therefore, he constructed a fortified capital at [[Mohammadpur Upazila|Mohammadpur]], near Suryakunda.

Mohammadpur was guarded on three sides by [[beel|bils]] and on the east by [[Madhumati]]. The fort was square, with each side not less than {{convert|1300|ft|m}}, built of [[Soil|earthen]] bricks and surrounded by a [[moat]]. Beyond the fort were natural and artificial water bodies for protection. To the north and east was the [[Kaliganga River]]. To the west were the beels and Chhatravati river. To the east was Madhumati. In the south, Sitaram constructed a moat extending from east to west, measuring almost a mile in length and {{convert|200|ft|m}} in width.

Inside the fort, Sitaram set up garrisons and built residences, temples and tanks. He encouraged craftsmen and merchants to set up businesses at [[Mohammadpur Upazila|Mohammadpur]], and soon it became a thriving [[metropolis]] abuzz with trade and commerce. Sitaram added new recruits to the army and added an [[artillery]] division. His two famous cannons, Kale Khan and Jhumjhum Khan, were commissioned during this time.

After the demise of Satrajit Ray, the son of Mukundaram Ray and one of the [[Baro-Bhuyan|Bara Bhuiyans]] of Bengal in 1636, the royal family diminished in stature. Kalinarayan Ray, the son of Satrajit, was a [[zamindar]] of the small parganas of Rupapat, Poktani, Rukanpur & Kachuberia ''taraf'' of Naldi pargana under the ''chakla'' of Bhusna. During Sitaram's reign, the minor sons of Kalinarayan's grandson Krishna Prasad were the zamindars. Sitaram annexed this small [[feudatory]] into his kingdom.

To the west of Satrajitpur lay the pargana of Mahmudshahi, at the time under the zamindari of Naldanga. When Sitaram invaded Mahamudshahi, Ramdev, the zamindar of Naldanga, was forced to cede the pargana to Sitaram. Later, when Sachipati Majumdar, the zamindar of Nanduali revolted against Ramdev and stopped paying taxes, Sitaram supported him and made a [[treaty]] with him.

Sitaram annexed the small zamindars in the north up to the [[Padma]], and even some portions to the north of Padma in the district of [[Pabna]]. Most of these zamindars were under [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] rule. To the north of Satair lay the jagir of a Pathan named Daulat Khan. After his demise, the [[estate (land)|estate]] broke into four parganas – Nasibshahi, Nusratshahi, Mahimshahi & Belgachhi.

Sitaram invaded Nasibshahi when the battle for succession was taking place among the sons of Daulat Khan. Sitaram defeated Nasibshahi in the battle of Malanchigram and the battle of [[Kalikapur, India|Kalikapur]]. After defeating the other sons of Daulat Khan, Sitaram annexed all four parganas into his kingdom. The conquest of these [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] [[feudatory|feudatories]] took place between 1702 and 1704.

When Sitaram was away from [[Mohammadpur Upazila|Mohammadpur]], Manohar Ray, the zamindar of [[Chanchra]], conspired with the Nurullah Khan, the Mughal faujdar of Mirzanagar, to attack Mohammadpur. At that time, the capital was entrusted with his Brahmin [[Diwan (title)|diwan]] Jadunath Majumdar. The combined forces of Manohar Ray and Nurullah Khan camped at Bunagati.

Jadunath connected the streams of Chitra and Phatki by a canal to check their further advancement and [[garrison]]ed his troops and artillery. Manohar Ray, sensing defeat, made peace with Jadunath and retreated. When Sitaram received the news, he immediately invaded the Ishafpur pargana of Chanchra and advanced with his troops to Nilganj. Manohar was forced to accept the [[suzerainty]] of Sitaram and pay revenue to him.

In the [[Sundarban]]s, Sitaram's domain lay to the east of [[Shibsa River|Shibsha river]], corresponding to the modern district of [[Bagerhat]]. In 1710, when the peasants revolted and stopped paying taxes, he advanced with his troops in vessels like ''sip'' and ''palwar'' along the [[Madhumati]] towards the south. In the battle of Rampal, he defeated the rebels and annexed the parganas of [[Churulia]] and Madhudiya.

Sitaram's kingdom extended from the northern banks of [[Padma]] to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south. The kingdom constituted of two distinct regions – the densely populated urban settlements to the north of the [[Bhairab River]] and the sparsely populated agricultural estates to the south of the Bhairab. The northern portion extended from [[Pabna]] in the north to Bhairab in the south and from Mahmudshahi pargana in the west to Telihati pargana in the east. The southern portion extended from Bhairab in the north to [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south, and from river Pashar in the west to [[Barisal]] in the east. The kingdom consisted of 44 parganas and its annual revenue amount to more than ten million.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|last=Satish Chandra Mitra |publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-766-3|page=868}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2023}}

==Conflict with the Mughals==
When [[Azim-ush-Shan|Azim-us-Shan]] became the [[subahdar]] of Bengal, he made his close relative Mir Abu Torap the faujdar of Bhusna. Although his primary duty was to keep Sitaram under check, he unleashed a reign of terror upon arriving at Bhusna. He forced the tax defaulters to convert to Islam. When Sitaram learned of such [[punishment|punitive]] measures, he resolved not to pay a penny to the Mughal treasury. Abu Torap sent a contemptful reminder explaining to him the consequences.

Abu Torap, however, did not have a warm relation with [[Murshid Quli Khan]], the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of Bengal, and Sitaram knew that well. [[Azim-ush-Shan|Azim-us-Shan]], the subahdar was away in Delhi. His son [[Farrukhsiyar]] the acting [[subahdar|governor]] was more interested in the developments at Delhi than the affairs of Bengal. The capital of the [[Subah (province)|province]] was relocated from Dhaka to [[Patna]], so it was difficult for Abu Torap to get any direct support either from the Diwan or the Subahdar. Therefore, he decided to act on his own.

Abu Torap was only a faujdar and, therefore, he had limited resources at his disposal. Whenever he sent his forces to subdue Sitaram, they were confronted with the archers and soldiers who manned the borders of Sitaram's kingdom. In 1713, [[Murshid Quli Khan]] became the subahdar of Bengal and Abu Torap approached him for help, which he ignored. Abu Torap sent his troops once again, but Sitaram opted for [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla tactics]] and frustrated the Mughal army in the unfriendly terrain. Unwilling to give up, Abu Torap deputed his commander-in-chief Pir Khan, a Pathan to subdue Sitaram. The latter had set up his artillery along the banks of [[Madhumati]] and garrisoned his troops in the jungles in the tract between Madhumati and Barasia.

Sitaram's troops met the Mughal army in the banks of Barasia. During the battle, the Mughal army was defeated, and Mir Abu Torap was killed by Mena Hati. Sitaram's army marched forward and captured the fort of Bhusna. Sitaram stationed a section of his army at Bhusna and put himself at the command of the fort. The Mohammadpur fort was put under the command of Mena Hati. The rest of the army was garrisoned along the Madhumati. Sitaram knew that the clash with the Mughals was inevitable. Sitaram, therefore, began to strengthen his army and reinforce his artillery.

As the news of Abu Torap's death reached [[Murshidabad]], [[Murshid Quli Khan]] immediately appointed his own brother-in-law Bux Ali Khan as the new faujdar of Bhusna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salim |first=Ghulam Husain |title=Riad al-Salatin |publisher=Bibliotbeca Indica |year=1898 |pages=264 |translator-last=Salam |translator-first=Abdus}}</ref> He notified all the [[zamindar]]s to assist the faujdar in subduing Sitaram. Bux Ali Khan was accompanied to Bhusna by Sangram Singh the commander-in-chief of the [[Subah (province)|provincial]] army of Bengal. Dayaram Ray, the principal aide of Raghunandan, the founder of the [[Natore]] estate, followed them with the zamindar's army under his command. Bux Ali Khan and Sangram Singh went along the [[Padma]] and embarked near [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]] and then marched to Bhusna. Sitaram too marched forward with his troops and in the ensuing battle the Mughals were defeated. The Mughal army surrounded the fort of Bhusna and Sitaram sensed that it would be difficult to hold on to both the forts at Bhusna and [[Mohammadpur Upazila|Mohammadpur]].

In the meantime, Dayaram had marched to Mohammadpur with his forces. Knowing that it would not be easy for him to capture the fort in a direct battle, he conspired and had Mena Hati killed by [[sabotage]], sending his severed head to Murshidabad. On receiving the news of Mena Hati's death, Sitaram retreated to Mohammadpur with most of his troops. Bux Ali Khan, too, followed him to Mohammadpur. Sitaram evacuated most of the civilian population from the fort and sent his family to [[Kolkata]].

Dayaram and Bux Ali Khan attacked the fort from the east and the south. After defending the fort for a long time, Sitaram was captured and Mohammadpur fell. Dayaram escorted him in chains to Murshidabad. At the trial, Sitaram was sentenced to death by [[Murshid Quli Khan]] and his relatives were imprisoned for life. His final rites were performed at the banks of [[Ganges]] in Murshidabad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Charles |title=History of Bengal from the First Mohammedan Invasion until the Virtual Conquest of Bengal by the English in 1734 |year=1813 |location=London}}</ref>

==Welfare==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2015}}

=== Water reservoirs ===
Sitaram constructed a number of water reservoirs in the capital to meet the need of [[drinking water]] for the fort, city and the adjacent villages. The most famous of them was the [[Ram Sagar]], a rectangular lake measuring {{convert|2400|ft|m}} by {{convert|900|ft|m}}. It had a depth of about {{convert|20|ft|m}}. Even in the summer, it sustained a water level of at least {{convert|12|ft|m}}. The reservoir was treated to prevent against any [[algal bloom]]. Towards the west of the fort, in the village of Harekrishnapur, Sitaram constructed another lake called Krishna Sagar, measuring 1000 ft by 350 ft. The excavated earth was used to raise earthen embankments at some clearance around the lake in order to prevent the flood water from contaminating the tank.

To the west of Ram Sagar, towards the beels, Sitaram constructed another tank named Sukh Sagar. It was squarish in shape, with each side about {{convert|375|ft|m}}. At the centre, there was a three-story luxurious [[palace]], which served as the summer retreat for the royal family. ''Mayurpankhi'' boats ferried them to the palace in the middle of the lake.

===Temples===
Sitaram came from a [[Shakta]] family, and was initiated into [[Shaktism]] in his early life. After setting up the capital at Mohammadpur, he erected a [[Dashabhuja Temple]] there. When he visited his father in Bhusna, he used to frequent the Gopinath Jiu ''akhada''. Gradually, he became attracted to [[Vaishnavism]], becoming a disciple of Krishna Vallabh Goswami of [[Murshidabad]], who initiated him to the faith. Sitaram erected a ''pancharatna'' temple dedicated to [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] in the village of Kanainagar to the west of the fort at Mohammadpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Westland |first=J. |title=A Report on the district of Jessore, its antiquities, its history, its commerce |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |year=1874 |edition=2nd |pages=25–38}}</ref>

==Marriages and children==
Sitaram married the daughter of a Maulik Kayastha resident of Edilpore in Bhusna. She did not have any children, and very little is known about her. After obtaining the jagir of Naldi, Sitaram married Kamala, the daughter of a [[Kulin people|Kulin]] [[Kayastha]], Saral Khan Ghosh, a resident of Das Palsha village in the district of [[Birbhum]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sitaram Ray|last=Jadunath Bhattacharya|page=138}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref> Kamala became his principal wife and, when Sitaram became king, she became the king's [[Queen consort|consort]]. They had two sons, Shyamsundar and Surnarayan. Sitaram's third wife came from the village of [[Patuli]], presently under [[Katwa]] sub-division of [[Burdwan]] district. Her name is not known. They had two sons, Bamdev and Jaydev. Both sons died in childhood.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Jadunath|title=Sitaram Ray}}
*{{Cite book|last=Mitra|first=Satish Chandra|title=Jashor Khulnar Itihash|isbn=81-7612-766-3|year=2001|publisher=Dey's Publishing}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Dinesh Chandra|title=Brihatbanga|isbn=81-7079-186-3|year=1999|publisher=Dey's Publishing}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://jessore.info/content.php?id=662 Bhusna and Raja Sitaram Ray]
*{{cite book |last1=Akhtar |first1=Shirin |last2=Jahan |first2=Shahnaj Husne |year=2012 |chapter=Bhusna |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bhusna |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Mohebbullah |first=Md. |year=2012 |chapter=Mohammadpur Upazila |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mohammadpur_Upazila |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Raja Sitaram}}
[[Category:Rulers of Bengal]]
[[Category:Rebels from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1714 deaths]]
[[Category:1650s births]]
[[Category:People from Magura District]]

Mollah Humayun Kabir

2026-03-27T09:53:40Z

StephaineShrader: Put Up New Article.

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Other uses|Humayun Kabir (disambiguation){{!}}Humayun Kabir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mollah Humayun Kabir
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1969
| term_end = 1977
| predecessor = [[Lalit Mohan Hazra]]
| successor = [[Nurunnesa Sattar]]
| constituency = [[Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Dakshin]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Purbasthali]], [[Bardhaman district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| children =
}}
'''Mollah Humayun Kabir''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was the MLA of [[Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and family==
Kabir was born into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Mullah|Mollahs]] in [[Purbasthali]], [[Bardhaman district]], [[Bengal Presidency]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Career==
Kabir contested in the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate for [[Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1969/purbasthali/|title=Purbasthali, 1969|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> He was re-elected in the subsequent [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1971/purbasthali/|title=Purbasthali, 1971|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> Kabir lost to [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Nurunnesa Sattar]] at the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1972/purbasthali/|title=Purbasthali, 1972|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kabir, Mollah Humayun}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:Politicians from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politician stubs]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Prakash Kumar Singh

2026-03-26T06:39:16Z

StephaineShrader: creating a bio

{{Short description|Indian Businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
'''Prakash Kumar Singh''', is the Chairman of [[Steel Authority of India Limited]], SAIL, one of the largest state-owned steel making company based in India and one of the major steel makers in world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sail-appoints-prakash-kumar-singh-as-company-s-new-chairman-115121000971_1.html |title=SAIL appoints Prakash Kumar Singh as company's new chairman |publisher=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/prakash-kumar-singh-is-new-sail-chairman/177215/ |title=Prakash Kumar Singh is new SAIL chairman |publisher=financialexpress.com}}</ref>

==Career==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
P K Singh obtained his degree in metallurgy from [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]]. Singh joined SAIL, [[Bokaro Steel Plant]] in 1980.

Regarded as an expert in [[blast furnace]] technology and operations, Singh has contributed many technical papers on emerging technologies and challenges in steel industry.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} .work at bokaro steel plant as general manager blast furnace( operation).

Singh was executive director (Works) at [[Bhilai Steel Plant]] and prior to that he was executive director (Works) at IISCO Steel Plant. Before taking charge as chairman, SAIL in December 2015, Singh was the chief executive officer of SAIL's [[Durgapur Steel Plant]] and in July, 2015, he was also given the additional charge of CEO, [[IISCO Steel Plant]].

==Awards and recognition==

He has been conferred with various awards viz. ‘Jawahar’ award for outstanding performance at ISP, Burnpur. ‘Industry Leader’ award conferred by [[Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute]], ‘Industry Leadership’ award conferred by the [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institution of Engineers]], Durgapur, ‘Best CEO’ award for the Eastern region conferred by the Quality Circle Forum of India, Durgapur Chapter.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sail.co.in/sites/default/files/portfolio/shri_P_K_singh.html |title=Prakash Kumar Singh |publisher=sail.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://sail.co.in/sites/default/files/portfolio/shri_P_K_singh.html Prakash Kumar Singh]

[[Category:Indian business executives]]

National Standard Examination in Astronomy

2026-03-25T18:38:38Z

StephaineShrader: Put Up New Details.

{{Short description|Indian exam}}
{| class="wikitable" align="Right"
|-
|   '''IAPT LOGO''' ||
|-
| '''Conducted By''' || [[Indian Association of Physics Teachers]]
|-
| '''First Conducted''' || 1987
|-
| '''Website''' || [http://www.iapt.org.in/ iapt.org]
|}

The '''National Standard Examination in Astronomy''' or NSEA is an examination in
astronomy and astrophysics for higher secondary school students, usually conducted in the end of November (last or second last Saturday). Organized by the [[Indian Association of Physics Teachers]]<ref name=":0"/> in association with [[Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education]] (HBCSE),<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://olympiads.hbcse.tifr.res.in/|title=Olympiads {{!}} Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education|website=olympiads.hbcse.tifr.res.in|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref> NSEA is the first stage of selection of students in the [[International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics|IOAA]]. The NSEA is carried out every year since 1987 in English, Hindi & a few other Indian languages. About 16000 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iapt.org.in/images/NSEA-national-1.pdf|title=NSEA National Top 1%}}</ref> students from over 1,200 centres take part in these olympiads.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://iapt.org.in/index.php/exams/nse/nsec-b-a-js.html|title=NSEC/B/A/JS|last=Himangi|website=iapt.org.in|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref>

==Eligibility==

Indian citizens who are in classes 10th, 11th, 12th at the time of examination are eligible to write the exam.

==Format==

The paper consists of 48 single correct type and 12 multiple correct type questions. It has a time limit of 2 hours. There are questions from high school level physics, mathematics and some questions from general astronomy.

==Question Paper==
The medium of test is English and Hindi only and comprises 48 objective single correct type questions and 12 objective multiple correct type questions . They have marking scheme of 3,0,-1. and 6,0,0 respectively.(as of 2023)

==Qualifying for the Second Stage==
The basic objective of conducting this test is not focusing on merit but to involve as many students from the country to participate in the exam and try to show and expose their talent. Hence the selection to the stage II examinations i.e. [[Indian National Olympiad Examinations]] (INOs) is based on the following scheme. Students are divided into two pools; A, with those in class 12, and B, with those in class 11 or below.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://blog.resonance.ac.in/2015/11/24/national-standard-examination-in-astronomy-nsea-2015-analysis-resonance/|title=National Standard Examination in Astronomy (NSEA) 2015: A detailed analysis by Resonance|last=resowatch|date=2015-11-24|website=Resonance Blog|access-date=2016-11-15}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.examrace.com/Olympiad/HBCSE-Information/Astronomy-Olympiad/Astronomy-Olympiad-Stage-I.html|title=Stage I: National Standard Examination in Astronomy (NSEA)- Examrace|last=Examrace|website=www.examrace.com|access-date=2016-11-15}}</ref>

===Cutoff===
To be eligible to get to the next level, i.e. the second stage, it is necessary that a student scores at-least a '''Minimum Admissible Score (MAS)''' which is 50% of the average marks scored by top 10 candidates of their group.<ref name=":0" />

===Proportional Representation Clause===
The maximum number of students that can get to '''Stage II''' (INO) in each subject is around 300. These many students are not selected only on merit basis but also on proportionate basis. This proportion is decided on the basis of the number of candidates who appeared for NSE in the previous year from that center in each State or Union Territory (UT). In case there is a tie at the last position, then all the students competing for the last position will be eligible to move to stage II. However it's necessary that the selected students fulfill the eligibility clause laid out above. The total number to be selected from centers in each State for each subject will be displayed on the [[Indian Association of Physics Teachers|IAPT]] and [[HBCSE]] website.<ref name=":2" />

===Minimum Representation Clause===
Not withstanding the proportional representation clause the number of students selected for INO from each State and UT must be at least one, provided that the eligibility clause is satisfied.

===Merit Clause===
As stated above, approximately 300 students are to be selected for second stage. If this does not happen according to MAS, then after selection as per merit, the shortfall from 300 students will be selected based purely on merit without further consideration to proportional representation and minimum representation clauses. In the event of a tie at the last position in the list all students with the same marks at this position will qualify to appear for the Stage II examination.<ref name=":3" />

==Fee==

The fee for the NSEA is about Rs. 300 ($5 for overseas candidates). Application for this examination is typically handled through the school/college to which the student is affiliated<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.motachashma.com/scholarships/nsea-astronomy-olympiad.php|title=NSEA 2016 - Astronomy Olympiad|last=Sabharwal|first=Ankita|website=Mota Chashma|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref>

== Indian National Astronomy Olympiad ==
Held in first week of February, this is a subjective exam lasting for 3 hours. Top 15 students from group A and top 35 students from group B are selected for the third stage.

== OCSC Astronomy ==
The students are taught and tested on data analysis, theory and observation. From their performance in the tests, a team of five students is selected to represent India in [[International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics|IOAA]].

==See also==
* [[Indian National Astronomy Olympiad]]
* [[International Astronomy Olympiad]]
* [[India at the IAO]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{National Standard Examination}}
{{Indian National Olympiad}}

[[Category:1987 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Astronomy education events]]
[[Category:School examinations in India]]

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

2026-03-23T13:07:35Z

StephaineShrader: Improved wording and formatting

{{short description|Indian politician and ideologue (1883–1966)}}
{{redirect2|Savarkar|Veer Savarkar|the 2001 Indian film|Veer Savarkar (film){{!}}''Veer Savarkar'' (film)|the biography|Savarkar (book){{!}}''Savarkar'' (book)|the 2024 film|Swatantrya Veer Savarkar (film){{!}}''Swatantrya Veer Savarkar'' (film)|other uses|Savarkar (surname)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
| image = Swatyantra Vir Savarkar.jpg
| alt = Savarkar
| caption = Savarkar, {{circa|1910}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1883|5|28}}
| birth_place = [[Bhagur]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1966|2|26|1883|4|1}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], India
| known_for = [[Hindutva]]
| notable_works = ''[[Essentials of Hindutva]]''
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|ideologue}}
| party = [[Hindu Mahasabha]]
| relatives = [[Ganesh Damodar Savarkar]] (brother)
| signature =
}}
'''Vinayak Damodar Savarkar'''{{efn|{{IPA|mr|ʋinaːjək d̪aːmoːd̪əɾ saːʋəɾkəɾ|IPA|Ma-VinayakDamodarSavarkar.ogg}}}} (28 May 1883 – 26 February 1966) was an Indian politician and ideologue. Savarkar developed the [[Hindu nationalist]] political ideology of [[Hindutva]] while confined at [[Ratnagiri]] in 1922. He was a leading figure in the [[Hindu Mahasabha]].<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Overview of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinayak-Damodar-Savarkar | access-date=27 February 2020 | archive-date=25 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725034949/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinayak-Damodar-Savarkar | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinayak-Damodar-Savarkar |title=Vinayak Damodar Savarkar | Biography, History, & Books | Britannica |access-date=27 February 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725034949/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinayak-Damodar-Savarkar |url-status=live }}</ref>

Savarkar began his political activities as a high school student and continued at [[Fergusson College]] in [[Pune]].{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2017|pp=127-182}} He and his brother founded a secret society called [[Abhinav Bharat Society]]. When Savarkar travelled to England for his law studies, he involved himself with organisations such as [[India House]] and the [[Free India Society]]. He also published books advocating complete Indian independence by revolutionary means.<ref name="newstodaynet1">{{cite web |author=V. Sundaram |title=remembering all the revolutionaries of 1857 |publisher=News Today INDIA TV |date=10 May 2008 |url=http://www.newstodaynet.com/col.php?section=20&catid=33&id=7318 |access-date=13 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206113125/http://newstodaynet.com/col.php?section=20&catid=33&id=7318 |archive-date=6 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> One of the books he published called ''[[The Indian War of Independence (book)|The Indian War of Independence]]'' about the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was banned in British India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Visana|first=Vikram|date=5 November 2020|title=Savarkar before Hindutva: Sovereignty, Republicanism, and Populism in India, c.1900–1920|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/abs/savarkar-before-hindutva-sovereignty-republicanism-and-populism-in-india-c19001920/90DC611F3F01B05C2FE4ECC61BECDC73|journal=Modern Intellectual History|volume=18|issue=4|language=en|pages=1106–1129|doi=10.1017/S1479244320000384|s2cid=224983230|issn=1479-2443|access-date=25 July 2021|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930153956/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/abs/savarkar-before-hindutva-sovereignty-republicanism-and-populism-in-india-c19001920/90DC611F3F01B05C2FE4ECC61BECDC73|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 1910, Savarkar was arrested by British authorities and deported back to India as a result of his involvement with India House. Upon returning to India, Savarkar was sentenced to 50 years of imprisonment in the [[Cellular Jail]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. He was released in 1924 after writing a series of mercy petitions to the British colonial government.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jha | first=D.K. | title=Gandhi's Assassin: The Making of Nathuram Godse and His Idea of India | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | year=2022 | isbn=978-93-5492-168-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_5REAAAQBAJ | access-date=2022-11-18 | page=25 | archive-date=19 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119003450/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_5REAAAQBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref> Savarkar virtually ceased his criticism of British rule in India after he was released from jail.<ref>{{cite book | last=Devare | first=A. | title=History and the Making of a Modern Hindu Self | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-19708-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1drfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 | page=168 | access-date=19 November 2022 | archive-date=30 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130151913/https://books.google.com/books?id=1drfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> After being released from his restriction to Ratnagiri district in 1937, Savarkar started traveling widely, becoming a prominent orator and writer who advocated for Hindu political and social unity. In his Ahmedabad speech, he supported the [[two-nation theory]].<ref name="Bombwall 1967">{{cite book | last=Bombwall | first=K.R. | title=The Foundations of Indian Federalism | publisher=Asia Publishing House | year=1967 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFYLAQAAIAAJ | quote= It was Savarkar, and not Jinnah, who first propounded the two-nation theory. In his 1937 presidential address at the Ahmedabad session of the Hindu Mahasabha he declared: "there are two antagonistic nations... living side by side in India."|page=228}}</ref> The Hindu Mahasabha under Savarkar's leadership endorsed the idea of India as a ''[[Hindu Rashtra]] (Hindu nation'').

In 1939, the ruling [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) resigned en masse over Britain declaring India a belligerent in [[World War II]]. The Hindu Mahasabha under Savarkar formed alliances with the [[All-India Muslim League]] and other non-INC parties to form government in many states. Subsequently, the INC, under Gandhi's leadership, launched the [[Quit India Movement]]; Savarkar boycotted the movement,<ref name="Bapu2013">{{cite book |author=Prabhu Bapu |title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930: Constructing Nation and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC&pg=PA103 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-67165-1 |pages=103– |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103033815/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC&pg=PA103 |archive-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> writing a letter titled "''Stick to your Posts''" and recruiting Indians for the British war effort.{{sfn|McKean|1996|p=72}} In 1948, Savarkar was charged as a co-conspirator in the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]; he was acquitted by the court for lack of evidence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Ajaz |date=2016-05-27 |title=History revisited: Was Veer Savarkar really all that brave? |url=https://scroll.in/article/808709/the-hollow-myth-of-veer-savarkar |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Life and career ==

=== Early life ===
Savarkar was born into a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Hindu [[Chitpavan Brahmin]] family on 28 May 1883 in [[Bhagur]], a village in the [[Nasik district]] of the [[Bombay Presidency]] of [[British India]]. Nasik district, now known by Nashik district, is in the present-day [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. His parents were Damodar and Radhabai Savarkar.{{sfn|Sampath|2019|p={{page needed|date=April 2021}}}}{{sfn|Bhave|2009|pp=12–13}} Savarkar had two brothers named [[Ganesh Damodar Savarkar|Ganesh]] and Narayan, and a sister named Mainabai.{{sfn|Keer|1966|p=5}} He began his activism as a high school student.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2017|pp=127-182}} At the age of 12, he led fellow students in an attack on the village mosque following [[Hinduism in India|Hindu]]-[[Islam in India|Muslim]] riots, stating: "We vandalised the mosque to our heart's content."{{sfn|Jyotirmaya Sharma|2011|p=128}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Savarkar, Modi's mentor: The man who thought Gandhi a sissy |url=https://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21636599-controversial-mentor-hindu-right-man-who-thought-gandhi-sissy |access-date=22 December 2014 |newspaper=The Economist |date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206061243/http://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21636599-controversial-mentor-hindu-right-man-who-thought-gandhi-sissy |archive-date=6 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1903, in the nearby city of [[Nasik]], Savarkar and Ganesh founded the Mitra Mela, an underground revolutionary organisation, which became [[Abhinav Bharat Society]] in 1906.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tejani |first=Shabnum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7sLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |title=Indian Secularism: A Social and Intellectual History, 1890-1950 |date=2021-01-05 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-05832-4 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526174131/https://books.google.com/books?id=L7sLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |url-status=live }}</ref> Abhinav Bharat's main objectives were to overthrow British rule and revive Hindu pride.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bapu |first=Prabhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC&pg=PA96 |title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-67165-1 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526174130/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC&pg=PA96 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Student activist===
[[File:The Savarkar brothers (Left to right) Narayan, Ganesh and Vinayak, with Shanta, sister Maina Kale and Yamuna.jpg|thumb|The Savarkar brothers (left to right) Narayan, Ganesh and Vinayak, with Shanta, sister Maina Kale and Yamuna]]
Savarkar continued his political activism as a student at [[Fergusson College]] in [[Pune]].
Savarkar was greatly influenced by the radical nationalist leader, [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Lokmanya Tilak]]. Tilak was in turn impressed with the young student and helped him obtain the Shivaji Scholarship in 1906 for his law studies in [[London]].{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2017|pp=127-182}}<ref>Kumar, M. (2006). History and Gender in Savarkar's Nationalist Writings. Social Scientist, 34(11/12), 33–50. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27644182 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126171440/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644182 |date=26 November 2022 }}</ref> To protest against Bengal partition of 1905, Savarkar led foreign-clothes bonfire in India with other students in presence of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/when-dussehra-was-used-to-fuel-anger-against-british-rule-101664973649291-amp.html | title=When Dussehra was used to fuel anger against British rule | date=5 October 2022 }}</ref>

====London years====
In London, Savarkar got involved with organisations such as [[India House]] and the [[Free India Society]]. He also published books advocating complete Indian independence by revolutionary means.<ref name="newstodaynet1"/> One of the books he published called ''[[The Indian War of Independence (book)|The Indian War of Independence]]'' about the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] was banned by the British colonial authorities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Visana|first=Vikram|date=5 November 2020|title=Savarkar before Hindutva: Sovereignty, Republicanism, and Populism in India, c. 1900–1920|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/abs/savarkar-before-hindutva-sovereignty-republicanism-and-populism-in-india-c19001920/90DC611F3F01B05C2FE4ECC61BECDC73|journal=Modern Intellectual History|volume=18|issue=4|language=en|pages=1106–1129|doi=10.1017/S1479244320000384|s2cid=224983230|issn=1479-2443|access-date=25 July 2021|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930153956/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/abs/savarkar-before-hindutva-sovereignty-republicanism-and-populism-in-india-c19001920/90DC611F3F01B05C2FE4ECC61BECDC73|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Savarkar was influenced by the life and thinking of Italian nationalist leader, [[Giuseppe Mazzini]]. During his stay in London, Savarkar translated Mazzini's biography in Marathi.<ref>Kumar, M. (2006). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/27644182 History and Gender in Savarkar's Nationalist Writings. Social Scientist, 34(11/12), pp 33–50.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126171440/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644182 |date=26 November 2022 }}</ref> He also influenced thinking of a fellow student called [[Madanlal Dhingra]]. In 1909, Dhingra assassinated [[Curzon Wyllie]], a colonial officer. It is alleged by Mark Juergensmeyer that Savarkar supplied the gun which Dhingra used. Juergensmeyer further alleged that Savarkar supplied the words for Dhingra's last statement before he went to the gallows for the murder. Savarkar met [[Mohandas Gandhi]] for the first time in London shortly after Curzon-Wyllie's assassination. During his stay, Gandhi debated Savarkar and other nationalists in London on the futility of fighting the colonial state through acts of terrorism and guerilla warfare.<ref>Juergensmeyer, Mark. "Gandhi vs. Terrorism." Daedalus, vol. 136, no. 1, 2007, pp. 30–39. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20028087 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817212042/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028087 |date=17 August 2022 }}. Accessed 17 Aug. 2022.</ref>

====Arrest and transportation to India====

In India, Ganesh Savarkar organised an armed revolt against the [[Indian Councils Act 1909|Morley-Minto reforms]] of 1909, and was sentenced to life imprisonment on the [[Andaman Islands]].{{sfn|Babli Sinha|2014|p=129}}<ref>Pandey, B. N. (1979). The Indian nationalist movement, 1885-1947: select documents. (No Title).|pages-=23-24 [https://books.google.com/books?id=KauwCwAAQBAJ&q=savarkar&pg=PR7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018031654/https://books.google.com/books?id=KauwCwAAQBAJ&q=savarkar&pg=PR7|date=18 October 2023}}</ref> Around the same time Vinayak Savarkar was accused of participating in a conspiracy to overthrow British rule in India by organising murders of various officials.{{sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|p=114}} Hoping to evade arrest, Savarkar moved to [[Bhikaiji Cama]]'s home in Paris,{{sfn|Trehan|1991|p=23}} but against advice from his friends, returned to London. On 13 March 1910, he was arrested in London on multiple charges, including procurement and distribution of arms, waging war against the state, and delivering seditious speeches. At the time of his arrest, he was carrying several revolutionary texts, including copies of his own banned books. In addition, the British presented evidence that he had smuggled 20 [[Browning Arms Company|Browning]] handguns into India, one of which [[Anant Laxman Kanhere]] used to assassinate the Nasik district's collector [[A.M.T. Jackson]] in December 1909.{{sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|p=114}} During the trial of [[Nasik Conspiracy Case 1910]], government's advocate alleged that Savarkar was a moving part and inspiration behind assassination of Jackson. A Bombay court tried him in the Nasik conspiracy case and sentenced him for life-imprisonment and transported him to the notorious [[Cellular Jail]] of Andaman Island and forfeited his property.<ref>{{Cite news |title=सावररांनी... |url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-42465309 |newspaper=BBC News मराठी |access-date=6 September 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130151926/https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-42465309 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasik Conspiracy Case 1910 |url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/historicalcases/cases/Nasik_Conspiracy_Case_-1910.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=Bombay High court|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409230639/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/historicalcases/cases/Nasik_Conspiracy_Case_-1910.html |archive-date=9 April 2009 }}</ref>

Although his alleged crimes were committed both in Britain as well as India, the British decided to try him in India. He was subsequently put on the commercial ship SS ''Morea'' with a police escort for his transport to India. When the ship docked in the French Mediterranean port of [[Marseille]], Savarkar escaped by jumping from the ship's window, swam to the French shore, and asked for political asylum. Local French port officials ignored his pleas and handed him back to the police escort on ''Morea''. When the French government was informed of the incident, they asked for Savarkar to be brought back to France, and lodged an appeal with the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1911 |title=The Savarkar Case |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/savarkar-case/37A389C99C443079E632279DB9E37D6E |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=208–210 |doi=10.2307/2186778 |jstor=2186778 |issn=0002-9300|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>Hamilton, P. ed., 1999. The permanent court of arbitration: international arbitration and dispute resolution. Kluwer Law International BV.[https://books.google.com/books?id=cT_po79vQvsC&dq=savarkar+marseille&pg=PR11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405013156/https://books.google.com/books?id=cT_po79vQvsC&dq=savarkar+marseille&pg=PR11|date=5 April 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|p=114}}

==== French Case before the Permanent Court of Arbitration ====
{{Infobox court case
| name = Savarkar
| court = [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]]
| image = Permanent Court of Arbitration - Cour permanente d'arbitrage.svg
| imagesize = 150px
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| full name = Arrest and Return of Savarkar (France v. Great Britain)
| date decided = 24 February 1911
| citations =
| transcripts =
| judges = [[Auguste Marie François Beernaert|M. Beernaert]], president, elected by panel<br />[[Louis Renault (jurist)|Louis Renault]]<br />Earl of Desart<br />G. Gram<br />[[Alexander de Savornin Lohman]]
| number of judges = 5
| decision by = Unanimous panel
| prior actions = Accused of crime, evading arrest
| appealed from =
| appealed to =
| subsequent actions =
| related actions =
| opinions =
| keywords = 
| italic title = no
}}

Savarkar's arrest at Marseille caused the French government to lodge a protest against its British counterpart, arguing that Britain could not recover Savarkar unless it took appropriate legal proceedings for his rendition. The dispute came before the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration|Permanent Court of International Arbitration]] in 1910, and it gave its decision in 1911. The case excited much controversy as was reported widely by the French press, and it considered it involved an interesting international question of the right of asylum.{{sfn|Sampath|2019|p=276}}

The Court held, firstly, that since there was a pattern of collaboration between the two countries regarding the possibility of Savarkar's escape in Marseille and there was neither force nor fraud in inducing the port authorities to return Savarkar to them, the British did not have to hand him back to the French for the latter to hold rendition proceedings. On the other hand, the tribunal also observed that there had been an "irregularity" in Savarkar's arrest and delivery over to his police escort.{{sfn|Goldie|1972|p=}}

=== Trial and sentence ===
Arriving in [[Bombay]], Savarkar was taken to the [[Yerawada Central Jail|Yervada Central Jail]] in [[Pune]]. The trial before the special tribunal was started on 10 September 1910.{{sfn|Palande|1958|p=456}} One of the charges on Savarkar was the abetment to murder of Nasik Collector [[A. M. T. Jackson]].{{sfn|Anderson|2003|p=}}{{sfn|Wagner|2010|p=14}} In July 1911, Savarkar was transported to [[Port Blair]] and imprisoned in [[Cellular Jail]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakhle |first=Janaki |year=2010 |title=Savarkar (1883–1966), Sedition and Surveillance: The Rule of Law in a Colonial Situation |journal=Social History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=51–75 |doi=10.1080/03071020903542286}}</ref>
[[File:Savarkar_in_jail_clothes.jpg|thumb|Savarkar in jail clothes]]
=== Prisoner in Andaman ===
[[File:A statue of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.jpg|thumb|A statue of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar at [[Cellular Jail]].]]

====Clemency petitions====

=====1911=====
Savarkar applied to the Bombay Government for certain concessions in connection with his sentences. However, by Government letter No. 2022, dated 4 April 1911, his application was rejected and he was informed that the question of remitting the second sentence of transportation for life would be considered in due course on the expiry of the first sentence of transportation for life.{{sfn|Palande|1958|p=467}} A month after arriving in the Cellular Jail, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Savarkar submitted his first clemency petition on 30 August 1911. This petition was rejected on 3 September 1911.{{sfn|Palande|1958|p=478}}

=====1913=====
Savarkar submitted his next clemency petition on 14 November 1913 and presented it personally to the Home Member of the Governor General's council, Sir Reginald Craddock.{{sfn|Majumdar|1975|pp=211–213}} In his letter, he described himself as a "''[[Parable of the Prodigal Son|prodigal son]]''" longing to return to the "''parental doors of the government''".{{efn|He met Savarkar, who is said to have submitted a clemency plea in which he described himself as the "prodigal son" eager to return "to the parental doors of the Government"{{sfn|Takle|2016|p=}}}} He wrote that his release from the jail will recast the faith of many Indians in the British rule. Also, he said {{blockquote|Moreover, my conversion to the constitutional line would bring back all those misled young men in India and abroad who were once looking up to me as their guide. I am ready to serve the government in any capacity they like, for as my conversion is conscientious so I hope my future conduct would be. By keeping me in jail, nothing can be got in comparison to what would be otherwise.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Savarkar-had-begged-the-British-for-mercy/articleshow/8792427.cms |title=Savarkar had begged the British for mercy |work=The Times of India |date=3 May 2002 |access-date=29 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531072350/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Savarkar-had-begged-the-British-for-mercy/articleshow/8792427.cms |archive-date=31 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

=====1917=====
[[File:Most Obedient British Servant Savarkar's Petition.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Mercy petition by Veer Savarkar]]
In 1917, Savarkar submitted another clemency petition, this time for a general amnesty of all political prisoners. Savarkar was informed on 1 February 1918 that the clemency petition was placed before the British colonial government.{{sfn|Palande|1958|p=480}} In December 1919, there was a Royal proclamation by [[King George V]]. The Paragraph 6 of this proclamation included a declaration of Royal clemency to political offenders.{{sfn|Palande|1958|p=469}} In view of Royal proclamation, Savarkar submitted his fourth clemency<ref>{{cite web|work=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/rahul-gandhi-must-reflect-why-indira-called-savarkar-patriot/307778/|title=Rahul Gandhi must reflect on why grandmother Indira called Savarkar a patriot|first=Vikram|last=Sampath|date=18 October 2019o|access-date=28 February 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123183748/https://theprint.in/opinion/rahul-gandhi-must-reflect-why-indira-called-savarkar-patriot/307778/|url-status=live}}</ref> petition to the British colonial government on 30 March 1920,{{sfn|Palande|1958|pp=472–476}} in which he stated that
{{blockquote|So far from believing in the militant school of the [[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin]] type, I do not contribute even to the peaceful and philosophical anarchism of a Kuropatkin [sic.] or a [[Lev Tolstoy|Tolstoy]]. And as to my revolutionary tendencies in the past- it is not only now for the object of sharing the clemency but years before this have I informed of and written to the Government in my petitions (1918, 1914) about my firm intention to abide by the constitution and stand by it as soon as a beginning was made to frame it by Mr. Montagu. Since that the Reforms and then the Proclamation have only confirmed me in my views and recently I have publicly avowed my faith in and readiness to stand by the side of orderly and constitutional development.{{sfn|Noorani|2005|p=}}}}

This petition was rejected on 12 July 1920 by the British colonial government.{{sfn|Palande|1958|p=477}} After considering the petition, the British colonial government contemplated releasing Ganesh Savarkar but not Vinayak Savarkar. The rationale for doing so was stated as follows{{sfn|Palande|1958|p=472}}
{{Blockquote |text= It may be observed that if Ganesh is released and Vinayak is retained in custody, the latter will become in some measure a hostage for the former, who will see that his own misconduct does not jeopardize his brother's chances of release at some future date.}}
Savarkar signed a statement endorsing his trial, verdict, and British law, and renouncing violence, a bargain for freedom.

=== Ratnagiri years under restrictions===
On 2 May 1921, the Savarkar brothers were transferred from Andaman to mainland India with Vinayak being sent to a jail in [[Ratnagiri]], and Ganesh to Bijapur Jail. During his incarceration in Ratnagiri jail in 1922, Vinayak wrote ''[[Essentials of Hindutva]]'' that formulated the political ideology of [[Hindutva]].{{sfn|McKean|1996|pp=73, 79, 85}} Ganesh Savarkar was unconditionally released from jail in 1922.<ref>Jha, D. (2023). Gandhi's Assassin: The Making of Nathuram Godse and His Idea of India. Verso Books.Page=23</ref> On 6 January 1924 Vinayak was released, but was restricted to [[Ratnagiri District]]. Soon after his release, he shifted his work towards Hindu nationalism. The colonial authorities provided a bungalow for him and he was allowed visitors.<ref name="Malgonkar Kapoor">{{cite book | last1=Malgonkar | first1=M. | last2=Kapoor | first2=P. | title=The Men Who Killed Gandhi | publisher=Roli Books | year=2008 | isbn=978-93-5194-083-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucWsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT41 | page=41 | access-date=25 March 2023 | archive-date=25 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325174208/https://books.google.com/books?id=ucWsCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT41 | url-status=live }}</ref> He also received a pension of 60 rupees a month from the British government.<ref name="m639">{{cite web | last=Puniyani | first=Ram |authorlink=Ram Puniyani| title=When artistic freedom becomes a propaganda tool: Film on Hindu rightwing icon Veer Savarkar distorts history | website=South Asia Monitor | date=2023-06-06 | url=https://southasiamonitor.org/medley/when-artistic-freedom-becomes-propaganda-tool-film-hindu-rightwing-icon-veer-savarkar | access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref><ref name="o518">{{cite web | last=Fernandes | first=Erica | title=Veer Savarkar: BJP Icon's Apologies towards British Raj and the Allowance | website=ARY NEWS | date=2025-03-24 | url=https://arynews.tv/veer-savarkar-bjp-icons-apologies-towards-british-raj-and-the-allowance/ | access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref> [[Nathuram Godse]], who later assassinated Gandhi, met Savarkar for the first time as a nineteen-year-old in 1929.{{sfn|Andersen|1972|pp=673–682}} Savarkar became a prolific writer during his years of restricted freedom in Ratnagiri. His publishers, however, needed to have a disclaimer that they were wholly divorced from politics. Savarkar remained restricted to Ratnagiri district until 1937. At that time, he was unconditionally released by the newly elected government of [[1937 Bombay Presidency election|Bombay presidency]].{{sfn|Malgonkar|2008|p=13}}

=== Leader of the Hindu Mahasabha ===
Savarkar as president of the Hindu Mahasabha, during the Second World War, advanced the slogan "Hinduise all Politics and Militarise Hindudom" and decided to support the British war effort in India seeking military training for the Hindus.<ref name="Pandey2006">{{cite book |author=Gyanendra Pandey |title=Routine violence: nations, fragments, histories |url=https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand |url-access=registration |access-date=3 March 2012 |year=2006 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/127 127]– }}</ref> When the Congress launched the ''[[Quit India]]'' movement in 1942, Savarkar criticised it and asked Hindus to stay active in the war effort and not disobey the government;<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web|title=Who was Veer Savarkar?|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/23spec1.htm|author=Amberish Diwanji |date=23 August 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513095209/http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/23spec1.htm |archive-date=13 May 2006|access-date=28 July 2006|url-status=live|format=PHP}}</ref> he also urged the Hindus to enlist in the armed forces to learn the "arts of war".<ref name="BaryBary1988">{{cite book |author1=Stephen N Hay, William Theodore De Bary |author2=William Theodore De Bary |title=Sources of Indian Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBWzV-TRXzkC&pg=PA880 |access-date=3 March 2012 |date=May 1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-0467-8 |pages=880– |archive-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101212902/http://books.google.com/books?id=MBWzV-TRXzkC&pg=PA880 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hindu Mahasabha under Savarkar's leadership organised ''Hindu Militarisation Boards'' which recruited armed forces for helping the British in [[World War 2]].{{sfn|McKean|1996|p=72}}

He assailed the British proposals for transfer of power, attacking both the Congress and the British for making concessions to Muslim separatists. Soon after independence, [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] resigned as vice-president of the Hindu Mahasabha dissociating himself from its ''[[Akhand Bharat|Akhand Hindustan]]'' (''Undivided India'') plank, which implied undoing partition.<ref>{{cite web |author=G.S. Bhargava |title=Apotheosis of Jinnah? |work=The Tribune, Chandigarh |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050613/edit.htm |access-date=23 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128040417/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050613/edit.htm |archive-date=28 January 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Opposition to Quit India Movement ====
Under Savarkar, the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially.<ref name="Bapu2013"/> Savarkar even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "''Stick to your Posts''", in which he instructed party members who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army ... to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.<ref name="Bapu2013"/>

==== Alliance with Muslim League and others ====
The [[Indian National Congress]] won a massive victory in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]], decimating the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and the Hindu Mahasabha. However, in 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people. This led to the Hindu Mahasabha, under Savarkar's presidency, joining hands with the Muslim League and other parties to form governments, in certain provinces. Such coalition governments were formed in Sindh, NWFP, and Bengal.{{sfn|Andersen|1972|pp=673–682}}

In Sindh, Hindu Mahasabha members joined [[Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah]]'s Muslim League government. In Savarkar's own words:
{{blockquote|Witness the fact that only recently in Sind, the Sind-Hindu-Sabha on invitation had taken the responsibility of joining hands with the League itself in running coalition government<ref name="Savarkar1963">{{cite book |author=Vinayak Damodar Savarkar |date=1963 |title=Collected Works of V.d. Savarkar |publisher=Maharashtra Prantik Hindusabha |pages=479–480}}</ref><ref name="Islam2006-3">{{cite book |author=Shamsul Islam |title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA213 |year=2006 |publisher=Media House |isbn=978-81-7495-236-3 |pages=213–}}</ref><ref name="Aiyar2009">{{cite book |author=Mani Shankar Aiyar |title=A Time of Transition: Rajiv Gandhi to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpzzxxCgpbcC&pg=PT75 |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08275-9 |pages=75–}}</ref>}}
In the [[North West Frontier Province]], Hindu Mahasabha members joined hands with [[Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan|Sardar Aurangzeb Khan]] of the Muslim League to form a government in 1943. The Mahasabha member of the cabinet was Finance Minister Mehar Chand Khanna.<ref name="Islam2006-2">{{cite book |author=Shamsul Islam |title=Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQjbO8SN48C&pg=PA313 |year=2006 |publisher=Media House |isbn=978-81-7495-236-3 |pages=313–}}</ref><ref name="Baxter1969">{{cite book |author=Craig Baxter |author-link = Craig Baxter|date=1969 |title=The jan Sangh: A biography of an Indian Political Party |url=https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/janasanghbiograp0000baxt/page/20 20]|isbn = 9780812275834}}</ref>

In Bengal, Hindu Mahasabha joined the [[Krishak Praja Party]] led Progressive Coalition ministry of [[Fazlul Haq]] in December 1941.<ref name="Sarkar">{{cite book |author=Sumit Sarkar |title=Modern India 1886–1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJeKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA349 |isbn=978-93-325-4085-9 |pages=349– |year=2014|publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref> Savarkar appreciated the successful functioning of the coalition government.<ref name="Islam2006-3"/><ref name="Savarkar1963"/>

=== Arrest and acquittal in Gandhi's assassination ===
[[File:Nathuram.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A group photo of people accused in the Mahatma Gandhi's murder case. ''Standing'': [[Shankar Kistaiya]], [[Gopal Godse]], [[Madanlal Pahwa]], [[Digambar Badge]]. ''Sitting'': [[Narayan Apte]], Savarkar, [[Nathuram Godse]], [[Vishnu Ramkrishna Karkare|Vishnu Karkare]]]]

{{See also|Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi}}

Following the assassination of Gandhi on 30 January 1948, police arrested the assassin [[Nathuram Godse]] and his alleged accomplices and conspirators. He was a member of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] and of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]. Godse was the editor of ''Agrani – Hindu Rashtra'', a Marathi daily from Pune which was run by the company "The Hindu Rashtra Prakashan Ltd" (The Hindu Nation Publications). This company had contributions from such eminent persons as [[Gulabchand Hirachand]], [[Bhalji Pendharkar]], and [[Jugalkishore Birla]]. Savarkar had invested {{INR}} 15000 in the company. Savarkar, a former president of the Hindu Mahasabha, was arrested on 5 February 1948, from his house in [[Shivaji Park Residential Zone|Shivaji Park]], and kept under detention in the [[Arthur Road Jail|Arthur Road Prison]], Bombay. He was charged with murder, conspiracy to murder, and abetment to murder. The mass of papers seized from his house had revealed nothing that could remotely be connected with Gandhi's murder.<ref name="Malgonkar, M.">{{Cite book |title=The Men Who Killed Gandhi |author=Manohar Malgonkar |publisher=Lotus (Roli Books) |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7436-617-7 |location=New Delhi |page=354}}</ref>{{rp|Chapter 12}} Due to lack of evidence, Savarkar was arrested under the Preventive Detention Act.<ref name="Malgonkar, M." />{{rp|Chapter 11}}

==== Badge's testimony ====
Godse claimed full responsibility for planning and carrying out the assassination. However, according to the [[Turn state's evidence|Approver]] [[Digambar Badge]], on 17 January 1948, Nathuram Godse went to have a last ''darshan'' (audience/interview) with Savarkar in Bombay before the assassination. While Badge and Shankar waited outside, Nathuram and Apte went in. On coming out Apte told Badge that Savarkar blessed them "''Yashasvi houn ya''" ("''यशस्वी होऊन या''", be successful and return). Apte also said that Savarkar predicted that Gandhi's 100 years were over and there was no doubt that the task would be successfully finished.<ref>Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2002) ''Savarkar and Hindutva: the Godse connection '' LeftWord Books, {{ISBN|81-87496-28-2}}, {{ISBN|978-81-87496-28-1}} p. 4 & 114</ref><ref>''Mahatma Gandhi—the last phase, Volume 2'' Navajivan Pub. House, 1958 p.752</ref> However Badge's testimony was not accepted as the approver's evidence lacked independent corroboration and hence Savarkar was acquitted.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

In the last week of August 1974, Mr. [[Manohar Malgonkar]] saw [[Digambar Badge|Digamber Badge]] several times and in particular, questioned him about the veracity of his testimony against Savarkar.<ref name="Malgonkar, M." />{{rp|Notes}} Badge insisted to Mr. [[Manohar Malgonkar]] that "even though he had blurted out the full story of the plot as far as he knew, without much persuasion, he had put up a valiant struggle against being made to testify against Savarkar".<ref name="Malgonkar, M." />{{rp|Chapter 12}} In the end, Badge gave in. He agreed to say on oath that he saw [[Nathuram Godse]] and Apte with Savarkar and that Savarkar, within Badge's hearing, had blessed their venture.<ref name="Malgonkar, M." />{{rp|Chapter 12}}

==== Kapur commission ====
{{See also|Kapur Commission}}
On 12 November 1964, at a religious program organised in Pune to celebrate the release of [[Gopal Godse]], [[Madanlal Pahwa]] and [[Vishnu Ramkrishna Karkare|Vishnu Karkare]] from jail after the expiry of their sentences, G. V. Ketkar, grandson of [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview: K. Ketkar |publisher=University of Cambridge, Centre of South Asian Studies |url=http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/ketkar.html |access-date=29 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222351/http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/ketkar.html |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> former editor of [[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]] and then editor of "''Tarun Bharat''", who presided over the function, gave information of a conspiracy to kill Gandhi, about which he professed knowledge six months before the act. Ketkar was arrested. A public furor ensued both outside and inside the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] and both houses of the [[Indian parliament]]. Under the pressure of 29 members of parliament and public opinion the then Union home minister [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] appointed [[Gopal Swarup Pathak]], M. P. and a senior advocate of the Supreme Court of India as a Commission of Inquiry to re-investigate the conspiracy to murder Gandhi. The central government intended on conducting a thorough inquiry with the help of old records in consultation with the government of Maharashtra. Pathak was given three months to conduct his inquiry; subsequently, Jevanlal Kapur, a retired judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]], was appointed chairman of the commission.<ref name="Jain">{{Cite book |author=Jagdishchandra Jain |title=Gandhi the forgotten Mahatma |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1987 |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7099-037-6}}</ref>

The commission's reinvestigation saw Savarkar's secretary and bodyguard to have testified that Savarkar met with Godse and Apte right before Gandhi was killed.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sitapati | first=V. | title=Jugalbandi: The BJP Before Modi | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | year=2020 | isbn=978-93-5305-989-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz0HEAAAQBAJ | page=46 | access-date=19 November 2022 | archive-date=19 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119003451/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz0HEAAAQBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref>

The commission was provided with evidence not produced in the court; especially the testimony of two of Savarkar's close aides – Appa Ramachandra Kasar, his bodyguard, and Gajanan Vishnu Damle, his secretary.<ref name="Savarkar and Gandhi">{{Cite magazine |author=A. G. Noorani |title=Savarkar and Gandhi |magazine=Frontline |date=15–28 March 2003 |volume=20 |issue=6 |url= http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2006/stories/20030328003603400.htm|access-date=29 August 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090822152732/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2006/stories/20030328003603400.htm |archive-date=22 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The testimony of Mr. Kasar and Mr. Damle was already recorded by [[Bombay]] police on 4 March 1948,<ref name="Kapur, J.L.">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/JeevanlalKapoorCommissionReport/JeevanLalKapurCommissionReport_PART2-D#page/n16/mode/1up |title=Report of Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma |author=J. L. Kapur |publisher=Government of India |year=1969 |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909235331/https://archive.org/stream/JeevanlalKapoorCommissionReport/JeevanLalKapurCommissionReport_PART2-D#page/n16/mode/1up |archive-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|317}} but apparently, these testimonies were not presented before the court during the trial. In these testimonies, it is said that Godse and Apte visited Savarkar on or about 23 or 24 January,<ref name="Kapur, J.L." />{{rp|317}} which was when they returned from Delhi after the bomb incident. Damle deposed that Godse and Apte saw Savarkar in the middle of January and sat with him (Savarkar) in his garden. The C. I. D. Bombay was keeping vigil on Savarkar from 21 to 30 January 1948.<ref name="Kapur, J.L." />{{rp|291–294}} The crime report from C. I. D. does not mention Godse or Apte meeting Savarkar during this time.<ref name="Kapur, J.L." />{{rp|291–294}}

Justice Kapur concluded: "All these facts taken together were destructive of any theory other than the conspiracy to murder by Savarkar and his group."<ref name="Savarkar and Gandhi"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Rajesh Ramchandran |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?225000 |title=The Mastermind? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025200232/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?225000 |archive-date=25 October 2010 |url-status=live |work=Outlook Magazine |date=6 September 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Badri Raina |title=RSS and the Gandhi murder |newspaper=People's democracy. |publisher=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |date=29 August 2004 |url=http://pd.cpim.org/2004/0829/08292004_badri%20raina.htm |access-date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812111115/http://pd.cpim.org/2004/0829/08292004_badri%20raina.htm |archive-date=12 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The arrest of Savarkar was mainly based on approver [[Digambar Badge]]'s testimony. The commission did not re-interview [[Digambar Badge]].<ref name="Kapur, J.L." /> At the time of inquiry of the commission, Badge was alive and working in [[Bombay]].

=== Later years ===
After Gandhi's assassination, Savarkar's home in Dadar, Bombay was stoned by angry mobs. After he was acquitted of the allegations related to Gandhi's assassination and released from jail, Savarkar was arrested by the government for making "Hindu nationalist speeches"; he was released after agreeing to give up political activities. He continued addressing the social and cultural elements of Hindutva. He resumed political activism after the ban on it was lifted; it was however limited until his death in 1966 because of ill health.

In 1956, he opposed [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s conversion to Buddhism calling it a "useless act", to which Ambedkar responded by publicly questioning the use of epithet ‘''Veer''’ (meaning ''brave'') by Savarkar.<ref>{{cite web | title=RSS and Ambedkar: A Camaraderie That Never Existed | website=The Wire | date=2018-04-14 | url=https://thewire.in/politics/rss-ambedkar-camaraderie-fictional-narratives | access-date=2022-11-18 | archive-date=13 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113131239/https://thewire.in/politics/rss-ambedkar-camaraderie-fictional-narratives | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 22 November 1957, [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]] moved a bill in [[Lok Sabha]] to recognise the service to the country of people like Vir Savarkar, [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] and [[Bhupendranath Datta]]. But the bill was defeated with 48 votes favouring it and 75 against it. This bill was also supported by communist leader like [[A. K. Gopalan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Shyamlal |date=2023-04-01 |title=Divided over Savarkar: Once upon a time, CPI MPs, Feroze Gandhi spoke up for him |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/savarkar-row-cpi-mp-feroze-gandhi-spoke-up-for-him-8532389/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402202827/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/savarkar-row-cpi-mp-feroze-gandhi-spoke-up-for-him-8532389/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Recognition (of Services to the country) Bill |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/898871 |website=Lok Sabha Digital Library |date=18 July 2022 |last1=Gandhi |first1=Feroze |last2=Gopalan |first2=Ayillath Kuttieri |last3=Pai |first3=Bapu Nath |last4=Tyagi |first4=Mahavir |last5=Chaudhuri |first5=Tridib |last6=Datar |first6=Balwantrao Nageshrao |last7=Tahir |first7=Mohammad |last8=Sen |first8=Ashok Kumar |last9=Narasimhan |first9=C. R. |last10=Singh (Patiala) |first10=Hukum |last11=Pratap |first11=Mahendra |access-date=2 April 2023 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402184940/https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/898871 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Death ===
On 8 November 1963, Savarkar's wife, Yamunabai, died. On 1 February 1966, Savarkar renounced medicines, food, and water which was termed as ''[[Prayopavesa|prayopavesha]]'' (fast until death).<ref>Rationalism : Collected Works of Justice R.A. Jahagirdar (Retd.) (1927-2011) pg. 122</ref> Before his death, he had written an article titled "Atmahatya Nahi Atmaarpan" in which he argued that when one's life mission is over and the ability to serve society is left no more, it is better to end the life at will rather than waiting for death. His condition was described to have become as "extremely serious" before his death on 26 February 1966 at his residence in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), and that he faced difficulty in breathing; efforts to revive him failed, and was declared dead at 11:10 a.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) that day. Prior to his death, Savarkar had asked his relatives to perform only his [[Funeral#Hindu|funeral]] and do away with the rituals of the 10th and 13th day of the Hindu faith.<ref>{{cite news |title=Savarkar dead |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YYplAAAAIBAJ&pg=219%2C831059 |access-date=28 February 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 February 1966 |pages=1, 5 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416035235/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YYplAAAAIBAJ&pg=219%2C831059 |url-status=live }}</ref> Accordingly, his last rites were performed at an electric crematorium in Bombay's Sonapur locality by his son Vishwas the following day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Savarkar's last journey |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19660228&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=28 February 2018 |newspaper=The Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |date=28 February 1966 |page=1 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014021025/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19660228&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

There was no official mourning by the [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]] or the central government in Delhi during the time of his death. No minister from the Maharashtra Cabinet paid homage to Savarkar.{{sfn|McKean|1996|p=95}}{{#tag:ref|After his death, since Savarkar was championing militarisation, some thought that it would be fitting if his mortal remains were to be carried on a gun-carriage. A request to that effect was made to the then Defence Minister, [[Yashwantrao Chavan|Y.B. Chavan]]. But Chavan turned down the proposal and not a single minister from the Maharashtra Cabinet showed up to the cremation ground to pay homage to Savarkar. In New Delhi, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha turned down a request that it pay homage to Savarkar.|group=note}} The political indifference to Savarkar has also continued after his death.{{#tag:ref|When Y.B. Chavan, as the Home Minister of India, went to the Andaman Islands; he was asked whether he would like to visit Savarkar's jail but he was not interested.{{citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=January 2016}} When [[Morarji Desai]] visited as Prime Minister to the Andaman islands, he too refused to visit Savarkar in his prison cell.<ref name="kuru">J. Kuruvachira (2006) ''Hindu nationalists of modern India: a critical study of the intellectual genealogy of Hindutva'' Rawat Publications. {{ISBN|81-7033-995-2}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7033-995-3}}</ref>|group=note}} After the death of Nehru, the Congress government, under Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri|Shastri]], started to pay him a monthly pension.{{sfn|McKean|1996|p=94}}

== Religious and political views ==
{{Conservatism in India|Politicians}}
=== Hindutva ===
{{Main|Hindutva}}

{{See also|Hindu nationalism}}In contrast with [[Dayananda Saraswati]], [[Swami Vivekananda]] and [[Sri Aurobindo]], who were "men of religion" who introduced reforms in the society and put Hinduism in front of the world, Savarkar formulated an extreme form of Hindu nationalism.{{sfn|Jyotirmaya Sharma|2011|p=127}}

During his incarceration, Savarkar's views began turning increasingly towards Hindu cultural and political nationalism, and the next phase of his life remained dedicated to this cause.<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |author=Vinay Lal |date=22 October 2006 |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Hindu_Rashtra/veer.html |title=Veer Savarkar – Ideologue of Hindutva |format=PHP |access-date=22 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909130633/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Hindu_Rashtra/veer.html |archive-date=9 September 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the brief period he spent at the Ratnagiri jail, Savarkar published his ideological epigraph – ''[[Essentials of Hindutva]]'' in 1923.<ref name="Counterview">{{cite web |last=Representative |first=Our |date=24 January 2016 |title=Savarkar in Ahmedabad 'declared' two-nation theory in 1937, Jinnah followed 3 years later |url=https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html?m=1 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606024705/https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html |archive-date=6 June 2020 |website=Counterview}}</ref> In this work, Savarkar promotes a farsighted new vision of Hindu social and political consciousness. Savarkar began describing a "Hindu" as a patriotic inhabitant of [[Bharatavarsha]], venturing beyond a religious identity.<ref name="Bio" /> While emphasising the need for patriotic and social unity of all Hindu communities, he described [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Buddhism]] as one and the same. He outlined his vision of a "[[Hindu Rashtra]]" (''Hindu Nation'') as "[[Akhand Bharat]]" (''United India''), purportedly stretching across the entire [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>MISRA, AMALENDU. "SAVARKAR AND THE DISCOURSE ON ISLAM IN PRE-INDEPENDENT INDIA." Journal of Asian History, vol. 33, no. 2, 1999, pp. 142–84. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41933141 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028232051/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933141 |date=28 October 2022 }}. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022.</ref>

According to Sharma, Savarkar's celebration and justification of violence against [British] women and children in his description of the Mutiny of 1857, "transformed Hindutva into the very image of Islam that he defined and found so intolerably objectionable".{{sfn|Jyotirmaya Sharma|2011|p=148}}

Scholars, historians and Indian politicians have been divided in their interpretation of Savarkar's ideas. A self-described atheist,<ref name="Pramod_Kumar_1992">{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://idcindia.org/wp-content/themes/idc/pdf/3.communalism/TOWARDS%20UNDERSTANDING%20COMMUNALISM-DRP-1992.pdf|title=Towards Understanding Communalism|last=Chandra|first=Bipan|date=June 1992|publisher=Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development|isbn=978-81-85835-17-4|editor-last=Kumar|editor-first=Pramod|location=Chandigarh|page=384|chapter=Use Of History and Growth Of Communalism|oclc=27810012|author-link=Bipan Chandra|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-date=17 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117154249/http://idcindia.org/wp-content/themes/idc/pdf/3.communalism/TOWARDS%20UNDERSTANDING%20COMMUNALISM-DRP-1992.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Savarkar regarded being Hindu as a cultural and political identity. He often stressed social and community unity between Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains, to the exclusion of Muslims and Christians. Savarkar saw Muslims and Christians as "misfits" in the Indian civilisation who could not truly be a part of the nation.<ref name="Clarke">{{cite book |title=Competing Fundamentalisms: Violent Extremism in Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism |year=2017 |author=Sathianathan Clarke |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press}}</ref> He argued that the holiest sites of Islam and Christianity are in the Middle East and not India, hence the loyalty of Muslims and Christians to India is divided.<ref name="Clarke" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Amar Akbar Anthony: Bollywood, Brotherhood, and the Nation |author=William Elison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qANuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |isbn=978-0-674-49599-9 |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014021015/https://books.google.com/books?id=qANuCwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT149 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Focusing his energies on writing, Savarkar authored the ''Hindu Pad-pada-shahi''<ref name="Rediff" /> – a book documenting the [[Maratha empire]] – and ''My Transportation for Life'' – an account of his early revolutionary days, arrest, trial and incarceration.<ref>{{Cite book |title=My Transportation for Life |author=Vinayak Savarkar |publisher=Swatantryaveer Savarkar Rashtriya Smarak Trust |year=1984 |location=Mumbai (India) }}</ref> He also wrote and published a collection of poems, plays and novels. He also wrote a book named ''Majhi Janmathep'' ("My Life-term") about his experience in Andaman prison.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mazi Janmathep |author=Vinayak Savarkar |publisher=Parchure Prakashan Mandir |year=1927 |isbn=978-81-86530-12-2 }}</ref>

=== Hindu orthodoxy ===
He was an ardent critique of a number of Hindu religious practices he saw as irrational and viewed them as a hindrance to the material progress of the Hindus. He believed that religion is an unimportant aspect of "Hindu identity".

He was opposed to the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and in his 1931 essay titled ''Seven Shackles of the Hindu Society,'' he wrote "One of the most important components of such injunctions of the past that we have blindly carried on and which deserves to be thrown in the dustbins of history is the rigid caste system".<ref>{{cite web|last=Sampath|first=Vikram|title=Savarkar wanted to smash caste system, cooked prawns and didn't worship the cow|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/savarkar-wanted-to-smash-caste-system-cooked-prawns-and-didnt-worship-the-cow/161016/|url-status=live|website=theprint.in|date=10 December 2018|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203054927/https://theprint.in/opinion/savarkar-wanted-to-smash-caste-system-cooked-prawns-and-didnt-worship-the-cow/161016/}}</ref>{{sfn|Sampath|2019|pp=481-482}}

However, in 1939, Savarkar assured that his party Hindu Mahasabha won't necessarily support entry of the [[Untouchability|untouchables]] into temples. Savarkar said, "Thus the Party will not introduce or support compulsory Legislature regarding Temple Entry by the untouchables etc. in old temples beyond the limit to which the non-Hindus are allowed by custom as in force today."<ref>{{cite book | last1=Savarkar | first1=V.D. | last2=Bhide | first2=Anant Sadashiv | title=Veer Savarkar's "Whirl-wind Propaganda.": Statements, Messages & Extracts from the President's Diary of His Propagandistic Tours, Interviews from December 1937 to October 1941 | year=1941 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTIdAAAAMAAJ | page=128 | access-date=1 May 2023 | archive-date=13 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513091937/https://books.google.com/books?id=kTIdAAAAMAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Islam 2022">{{cite web | last=Islam | first=Shamsul | title=Truth about Savarkar and caste | website=The Indian Express | date=2022-03-23 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/truth-about-savarkar-and-caste-7832134/ | access-date=1 May 2023 | archive-date=1 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501212438/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/truth-about-savarkar-and-caste-7832134/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Constitution of India ===
{{See also|Constitution of India}} Savarkar in his book, ''"Women in Manusmriti"'', he wrote: "The worst about the new constitution of [[India|Bharat]] is that there is nothing Bharatiya (Indian) about it. [[Manusmriti]] is that scripture which is most worship-able after [[Vedas]] for our [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu Nation]] and which from ancient times has become the basis of our culture-customs, thought and practice. This book for centuries has codified the spiritual and divine march of our nation. Even today the rules which are followed by crores of [[Hindus]] in their lives and practice are based on [[Manusmriti]]."<ref>{{cite web|title=Ambedkar 'insulted' by Amit Shah: Did 'BJP's predecessors' burn Babasaheb's effigy, as Jairam Ramesh said?|date=20 January 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/ambedkar-burn-effigy-amit-shah-9731980/lite/}}</ref> [[B. R. Ambedkar]], Chairman of the committee that drafted the [[Constitution of India]], criticised [[Manusmriti]] as responsible for [[caste system in India]].<ref name=nicholasdirks266>Nicholas Dirks (2001), ''Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691088952}}, pp. 266–269</ref>

=== Fascism ===
{{Fascism sidebar}}
{{Main|Fascism}}

In a speech on "India's foreign policy" before about 20,000 people in [[Pune]] on 1 August 1938, Savarkar stated that "India's foreign policy must not depend on 'isms'" and that [[Germany]] had the right to adopt [[Nazism]] and [[Fascist Italy|Italy]] to Fascism; such systems were suited to their national conditions and had contributed to their strength and consolidation. Savarkar criticised Nehru for denouncing Germany and Italy, proclaiming that "crores of Hindu Sanghatanists in India [..] cherish[ed] no ill-will towards Germany or Italy or [[Imperial Japan]]." He defended Germany's position on [[Czechoslovakia]], stating that Germany was justified in uniting Austrian and Sudeten Germans under its rule and that "the Germans under the Czechs wanted to join their kith and kin in Germany".<ref name="Casolari">{{cite journal|author=Marzia Casolari|title=Hindutva's Foreign Tie-Up in the 1930s: Archival Evidence|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=35|issue=4|pages=222–224}}</ref>

As [[World War II]] become imminent, Savarkar had initially advocated a policy of neutralism centered on India's geostrategic equations but his rhetoric grew coarser with time and he expressed consistent support for Hitler's policy about Jews.<ref name="Casolari" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Bhatt|first=Chetan|title=Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=9781859733486|pages=107–108|language=}}</ref> In a speech on 14 October, it was suggested that Hitler's ways be adopted for dealing with Indian Muslims. On 11 December, he characterised the Jews as a communal force. Next March, Savarkar would welcome Germany's revival of Aryan culture, their appropriation of [[Swastika]], and the "crusade" against Aryan enemies; it was hoped that German victory would finally invigorate the Hindus of India.<ref name="Casolari" />

On 5 August 1939, Savarkar highlighted how a common strand of "thought, religion, language, and culture" was essential to nationality thus preventing the [[Germans]] and [[Jews]] from being considerable as one nation.<ref name="Casolari" /> By the year end, he was directly equating the [[Indian Muslims|Muslims of India]] with [[German Jews]]; in the words of Chetan Bhatt, both were suspected of harboring extra-national loyalties and became illegitimate presences in an organic nation.<ref name="Casolari" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Yulia Egorova|title=Jews and India: Perceptions and Image|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|page=41}}</ref> These speeches circulated in German newspapers with Nazi Germany even allotting a point-of-contact person for engaging with Savarkar, who was making sincere efforts to forge a working relationship with the Nazis. Eventually, Savarkar would be gifted with a copy of [[Mein Kampf]].<ref name="Casolari" />

=== Nazis and Jews ===

Savarkar supported [[Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany|Hitler's anti-Jewish policy]]. In 1939, he deemed that "Germans and the Jews could not be regarded as a nation". In the same year, he compared [[Indian Muslims]] with the Jews of Germany by saying "Indian Muslims are on the whole more inclined to identify themselves and their interests with Muslims outside India than Hindus who live next door, like Jews in Germany".<ref name="Ravishankar">{{cite web | last=Ravishankar | first=Ra. | title=The real Sarvarkar | website=Frontline | date=2002-07-19 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30245603.ece | access-date=2023-10-19 | archive-date=20 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120203021/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30245603.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Casolari218–228">{{cite journal | last=Casolari | first=Marzia | title=Hindutva's Foreign Tie-Up in the 1930s: Archival Evidence | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | volume=35 | issue=4 | year=2000 | issn=00129976 | jstor=4408848 | pages=218–228 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4408848 | access-date=2023-10-19 | archive-date=22 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122131000/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408848 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1941, Savarkar [[Zionist antisemitism|supported Jews]] resettling their [[Land of Israel|fatherland of Israel]], in what he believed would defend the world against Islamic aggression.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|author=M. Friedman|title=Partisan Histories: The Past in Contemporary Global Politics|author2=P. Kenney|publisher=Springer|page=115}}</ref> In his letter dated 19 December 1947, Savarkar celebrated "[[Israeli Declaration of Independence|the establishment of the independent Jewish State]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] on moral as well as political grounds" while adding that "the Jewish people bear no political ill-will towards [[Hindutva|Hindudom]]".<ref name="Anon. v651">{{cite web |title=God and Politics in Secular India |url=https://philarchive.org/archive/MARGAP-2 |access-date=2023-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anoop Kumar |title=Revisiting Indian Discourse on Zionism and Israel |url=http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/revisiting-indian-discourse-on-zionism-and-israel/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=blogs.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121164521/https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/revisiting-indian-discourse-on-zionism-and-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

It remains unknown whether Savarkar withdrew his support for Nazi Germany after [[the Holocaust]] became common knowledge.<ref name=":1" /> However, on 15 January 1961 he had spoken favorably of Hitler's Nazism against Nehru's "cowardly democracy".<ref name=":1" />

=== Two-nation theory ===

In his earlier writings, Savarkar argued for "Indian independence from British rule", whereas in later writings he focused on "Hindu independence from Christians and Muslims".<ref name="Chaturvedi2010" /> In his 1909 book ''[[The Indian War of Independence (book)|The Indian War of Independence]]'', Savarkar emphasises [[Hindu-Muslim unity]], stating that they worked together for "freeing their country" during the [[1857 uprising]]. In his introduction to the book, Savarkar states that the feeling of hatred against the Muslims was necessary during [[Shivaji]]'s period, but it would be "unjust and foolish" to nurse such hatred now.{{sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|p=97}}

By 1923, when his ''[[Essentials of Hindutva]]'' was published, Savarkar no longer emphasised the Hindu-Muslim unity, and primarily focused on "Hindus" rather than "Indians".{{sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|p=41}} His writings on Hindutva emerged immediately after he was moved from the [[Cellular Jail]] to a prison in Ratnagiri in 1921, and therefore, later scholars have speculated if his stay in these prisons contributed to a change in his views. These scholars point to Savarkar's claims that the Muslim warders at the Cellular Jail treated the Muslim prisoners favourably, while mistreating Hindus; the pan-Islamic [[Khilafat Movement]] may have also influenced his views about Muslims while he stayed at Ratnagiri during 1921–1923. According to [[Bhai Parmanand]], his fellow prisoner at the Cellular Jail during 1915–1920, Savarkar had already formed his ideas about Hindutva before they met.{{sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|p=42}}

Savarkar in 1937 during the 19th session of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] in Ahmedabad supported [[two-nation theory]].<ref name="counterview">{{cite web | url=https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html | title=Savarkar in Ahmedabad 'declared' two-nation theory in 1937, Jinnah followed 3 years later | date=24 January 2016 | access-date=18 October 2023 | archive-date=26 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426154721/https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html | url-status=live }}</ref> He said:

{{blockquote|There are two antagonistic nations living side by side in India. India cannot be assumed today to be a unitarian and homogenous nation. On the contrary, there are two nations in the main: the Hindus and the Muslims, in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html | title=Savarkar in Ahmedabad 'declared' two-nation theory in 1937, Jinnah followed 3 years later | date=24 January 2016 | access-date=18 October 2023 | archive-date=26 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426154721/https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html | url-status=live }}</ref>}}

In the 1940s, the [[two-nation theory]] was supported by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and Savarkar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/SomeRecentSpeechesAndWritingsOfMr.Jinnah-JamiluddinAhmad/page/n283|title=Some Recent Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah |first=Jamiluddin |last=Ahmad|pages=283–284}}</ref> Savarkar declared on 15 August 1943, in Nagpur:

{{blockquote|I have no quarrel with Mr Jinnah's two-nation theory. We Hindus are a nation by ourselves and it is a historical fact that Hindus and Muslims are two nations.<ref name="Mukherjee Ramaswamy">{{cite book | last1=Mukherjee | first1=S. | last2=Ramaswamy | first2=S. | title=Political Science Annual 1996 | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | year=1996 | isbn=978-81-7100-833-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bO4aqix_0qkC | page=242 | access-date=18 October 2023 | archive-date=15 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215111249/https://books.google.com/books?id=bO4aqix_0qkC | url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Savarkar not only talked of Hindudom, Hindu Nation and Hindu Raj, but he wanted to depend upon the Sikhs in the Punjab to establish a Sikhistan. Savarkar assured the Sikhs that "when the Muslims woke from their day-dreams of Pakistan, they would see established instead a Sikhistan in the Punjab."<ref name="Islam 2006 p. 89">{{cite book | last=Islam | first=Shamsul | title=Savarkar Myths and Facts | publisher=Anamika Pub & Distributors| year=2006 | isbn=978-81-7495-234-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNxGvlOoUvsC&pg=PA89| quote=However , led by his blind opposition to the Congress he was willing to let Sikhs organize as a separate community and nation. He went to the extent of allowing them to have their Sikhistan or separate Sikh homeland. | page=89}}</ref> Savarkar further instigated the Sikhs by claiming that Sikhs previously occupied Afghanistan when they were not many and now there are millions of Sikhs.<ref name="Malik 1997 p.">{{cite book | last=Malik | first=N.S. | title=The All India Muslim League, 1906-47 | publisher=National Book Foundation | year=1997 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CP9tAAAAMAAJ | page=574}}</ref>

===Muslims===

Since his time in jail, Savarkar was known for his [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim writings]].<ref name="Chaturvedi2003">{{cite journal |author=Vinayak Chaturvedi |title=Vinayak & me: Hindutva and the politics of naming |journal=Social History |volume=28 |issue=2 |year=2003 |pages=155–173 |doi=10.1080/0307102032000082525 |s2cid=143605490 |quote=Savarkar had acquired an important public reputation throughout India, especially within the Hindu Mahasabha, for his nationalist and anti-Muslim writings, for his patriotic actions in India and Britain, and for having spent the bulk of his adult life as a political prisoner.}}</ref><ref name="Chaturvedi2010">{{cite journal |author=Vinayak Chaturvedi |title=Rethinking knowledge with action: V. D. Savarkar, the Bhagavad Gita, and histories of warfare |journal=Modern Intellectual History |volume=7 |issue=2 |year=2010 |pages=417–435 [420] |doi=10.1017/S1479244310000144 |s2cid=145318807 |quote=As one of the intellectual founders of Hindu nationalism, Savarkar has emerged as the most controversial Indian political thinker of the last century, gaining notoriety for his program to "Hinduize Politics and Militarize Hindudom", for his anti-Muslim and anti-Christian politics, and for his advocacy of violence in everyday life.}}</ref> Historians including Rachel McDermott, [[Leonard A. Gordon]], [[Ainslie Embree]], Frances Pritchett and [[Dennis Dalton]] state that Savarkar promoted an [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] form of Hindu nationalism.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |editor1=Rachel Fell McDermott |editor2=Leonard A. Gordon |editor3=Ainslie T. Embree |editor4=Frances W. Pritchett |editor5=Dennis Dalton |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | page=483 |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-231-13830-7}}</ref>

Savarkar saw Muslims in the Indian police and military to be "potential traitors". He advocated that India reduce the number of Muslims in the military, police and public service and ban Muslims from owning or working in munitions factories.{{sfn|McKean|1996|p=89}} Savarkar criticised Gandhi for being concerned about Indian Muslims.{{efn|He described Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolence as "absolutely sinful" and criticized Gandhi's often-expressed concern for the well-being of India's Muslims.{{sfn|Elder|2009|p=880}}}}

In his 1963 book ''Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History'', Savarkar says Muslims and Christians wanted to "destroy" Hinduism.<ref name="Chaturvedi2010" />

=== Women ===

In a 1937 speech, Savarkar said that "[[mysoginy|Kitchen and children were the main duties of women]]" and suggested that they have healthy children. Unlike [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] who said that women should not be allowed education at all as reading may make them "immoral" and "insubordinate," Savarkar held a less extreme view. Savarkar did not oppose the education of women but suggested that their education focus on how they could be good mothers and create a generation of patriotic children. In an essay titled "Women's beauty and duty," he stated that a woman's main duty was to her children, her home, and her country. As per Savarkar, any woman digressing from her domestic duties was "morally guilty of breach of trust."<ref name="BoehmerBoehmerChaudhuri2010">{{cite book | editor1 = Elleke Boehmer | editor2 = Professor of World Literature in English Elleke Boehmer | editor3 = Rosinka Chaudhuri | author = Vinayak Chaturvedi | date = 4 October 2010 | title = The Indian Postcolonial: A Critical Reader | publisher = Routledge | pages = 147–148 | isbn = 978-1-136-81957-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P_SrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 | access-date = 9 October 2022 | archive-date = 9 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221009172026/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_SrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 | url-status = live }}</ref>

In his 1963 book ''Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History'', Savarkar advocated the use of [[rape]] as political tool.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pluralism and Democracy in India: Debating the Hindu Right|page=292|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdgWBgAAQBAJ|author=Wendy Doniger, Martha Craven Nussbaum|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-539553-2|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119003455/https://books.google.com/books?id=FdgWBgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> He accused Muslim women of actively supporting Muslim men's atrocities against Hindu women, Savarkar wrote that young and beautiful Muslim girls should be captured, [[Forced conversion|converted]] and presented to Maratha warriors to reward them, stating that the Muslim ruler [[Tipu Sultan]] had similarly distributed Hindu girls among his warriors. He further wrote:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Megha Kumar |title=History and Gender in Savarkar's Nationalist Writings |journal=Social Scientist |year=2006 |volume=34 |issue=11–12 |pages=43–44 |jstor=27644182 }}</ref>
{{blockquote|Let the sultans and their peers take a pledge that in the event of a Hindu victory our molestation and detestable lot shall be avenged on the Muslim women. Once they are haunted with this dreadful apprehension that the Muslim women too, stand in the same predicament in the case the Hindus win, the future Muslim conquerors will never dare to think of such molestation of Hindu women.}}

As per Sharma, based on Swami Ramdas's teaching, Savarkar justifies the killing of countless British women and children in 1857. Sharma has translated some passages from "Savarkar Samgraha" which is originally in Savarkar's native language into English to give examples.<ref name="SharmaRaghuramaraju2012"/>

In [[Jhansi]], 12 women along with 23 children and 75 men were killed. Savarkar calls this killing of the British whites as a ''Bali'' or "Holy Sacrifice."<ref name="SharmaRaghuramaraju2012">{{cite book | author1 = Jyotirmaya Sharma | author2 = A. Raghuramaraju | date = 6 December 2012 | title = Grounding Morality: Freedom, Knowledge and the Plurality of Cultures | publisher = Routledge | pages = 324–326 | isbn = 978-1-136-19826-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2vbFb2Yh7RAC&pg=PA324 | access-date = 10 October 2022 | archive-date = 10 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221010052315/https://books.google.com/books?id=2vbFb2Yh7RAC&pg=PA324 | url-status = live }}</ref>

On page 202 of Volume 5, ''Savarkar Samgraha'', in his native language, Savarkar writes (translated by Sharma):

{{blockquote|Women had little children in their laps and these children were clinging on to their mothers. These women, infants and older children were guilty of being ''white'' and were decapitated with a ''black'' sword<ref name="SharmaRaghuramaraju2012"/>}}

When some men, women and children were killed in the Ganga river, Savarkar describes this as a "celebration" of the anniversary of plassey on page 196.<ref name="SharmaRaghuramaraju2012"/> In Kanpur, when 150 children and women were killed he quotes unemotionally as per Sharma in his native language that "the butchers entered Bibigarh ..and sea of white blood spread all over."<ref name="SharmaRaghuramaraju2012"/> In another incident on 16 May, Savarkar describes the fate of English women and children as follows:
{{blockquote|If some woman or child pleaded for mercy, people shouted: "Revenge for Meerut's chains, revenge for slavery, revenge for the ammunition shed." The vengeful sword then decapitated the pleading head<ref name="SharmaRaghuramaraju2012"/>}}

==Language and literature==
During his stay at Ratnagiri, Savarkar worked on improving Marathi language, improving it's vocabulary and understanding through introduction of new words mainly derived from [[Sanskrit]] and older Prakrits. Savarkar is noted for his contributions to Marathi language and literature, particularly in the early twentieth century. His writings—including poetry, essays, and plays compiled in Samagra Savarkar Vangmaya—demonstrate his role in shaping modern Marathi prose and promoting literary nationalism {{sfn|Samagra Savarkar Vangmaya Vol. 1 pp. 45–60}}. He is credited with coining and popularising several modern political and administrative terms, as well as advocating linguistic standardisation and reform {{sfn|Savarkar (Book) vol.1, Vikram Sampath,
2019 pp. 120–125}}. Studies of modern Marathi literature also place him among significant early twentieth-century writers who contributed to nationalist thought through literary expression {{sfn|Modern Marathi Literature: A History, pp. 210–212}}. Even critical scholarship acknowledges his efforts toward Sanskritisation and the creation of a unified linguistic identity {{sfn|Jyotirmaya Sharma, 2011 pp. 85–90}}.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 1970 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Savarkar on 1970 stamp of India|left]]

He is known among followers by the honorific prefix ''Veer'' meaning "brave",<ref>{{cite book |author=Ziya Us Salam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrNcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |title=Of Saffron Flags and Skullcaps: Hindutva, Muslim Identity and the Idea of India |date=21 May 2018 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=9789352807352 |pages= |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135107/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrNcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MacleanElam2016">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnSFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=Revolutionary Lives in South Asia: Acts and Afterlives of Anticolonial Political Action |date=5 February 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-63712-7 |editor1=Kama Maclean |pages=14– |editor2=J. David Elam |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135106/https://books.google.com/books?id=TnSFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Swatantra Veer Savarkar Sadashiva Rajaram Ranade : Vishnu Panicker : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/swatantraveersavarkarsadashivarajaramranade |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref> a qualification which has been questioned by others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parulekar |first=Raju |date=2020-01-13 |title=Savarkar praised and called himself 'Veer' in biography penned by himself |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/is-a-bharat-ratna-in-the-offing-the-real-savarkar-and-his-brave-admirers |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Ajaz |date=2016-05-27 |title=History revisited: Was Veer Savarkar really all that brave? |url=https://scroll.in/article/808709/the-hollow-myth-of-veer-savarkar |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> He has also been called "one of the most divisive figures in Indian politics"<ref>Abhinay Deshpande (April 6, 2023), [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-fight-over-savarkars-legacy/article66704159.ece The fight over Savarkar’s legacy], The Hindu</ref> and "''the'' most controversial Indian political thinker of the twentieth century."<ref>Vinayak Chaturvedi (2022), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.18252851 Hindutva and Violence: V. D. Savarkar and the Politics of History], SUNY</ref>

The airport at [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman and Nicobar]]'s capital was renamed [[Veer Savarkar International Airport]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Port Blair airport gets Rs 450 cr quake-proof makeover |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=9 June 2009 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/port-blair-airport-gets-rs-450-cr-quake-proof-makeover-109060400190_1.html/ |access-date=20 February 2010 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014020952/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/port-blair-airport-gets-rs-450-cr-quake-proof-makeover-109060400190_1.html/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the commemorative [[blue plaque]]s affixed on India House fixed by the [[English Heritage|Historic Building and Monuments Commission for England]] reads "Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, 1883–1966, Indian patriot and philosopher lived here".<ref>{{cite web |title=Search Blue Plaques |publisher=Historic Building and Monuments Commission for England |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/s/?page=2 |access-date=13 June 2010 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014021029/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/s/?page=2&page=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* A commemorative postage stamp was released by government of India in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/savarkar-an-accomplished-man-played-part-in-freedom-struggle-singhvi-1611446-2019-10-21 |title=Savarkar an accomplished man, played part in freedom struggle: Abhishek Singhvi |date=21 October 2019 |website=India Today |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218003233/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/savarkar-an-accomplished-man-played-part-in-freedom-struggle-singhvi-1611446-2019-10-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Postage Stamps - Stamps released in 1970 |website=indianpostagestamps.com |url=https://www.indianpostagestamps.com/gallery/1970.html |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021171215/http://www.indianpostagestamps.com/gallery/1970.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* A portrait of Savarkar was unveiled in the Indian Parliament in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/president-unveils-savarkar-portrait-in-central-hall-of-parliament_82859.html|title=President unveils Savarkar portrait in Central Hall of Parliament|date=26 February 2003|website=Zee News|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024184248/https://zeenews.india.com/home/president-unveils-savarkar-portrait-in-central-hall-of-parliament_82859.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] party has demanded that the Indian Government posthumously confer upon him India's highest civilian award, the [[Bharat Ratna]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shiv Sena Demands Bharat Ratna for Veer Savarkar |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/09/shiv-sena-demands-bharat-ratna-for-veer-savarkar/ |access-date=15 September 2015 |agency=ANI |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |date=15 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926193958/http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/09/shiv-sena-demands-bharat-ratna-for-veer-savarkar/ |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Uddhav Thackeray]], Shiv Sena chief, while reiterating this demand for Bharat Ratna in 2017, has also suggested that a replica of the prison cell where Savarkar was imprisoned should be built in Mumbai and the youth should be educated about Savarkar's contribution towards the 'Hindu Rashtra' and the Indian freedom struggle.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-uddhav-thackeray-seeks-bharat-ratna-for-veer-savarkar-2413309 Uddhav Thackeray seeks 'Bharat Ratna' for Veer Savarkar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812120601/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-uddhav-thackeray-seeks-bharat-ratna-for-veer-savarkar-2413309 |date=12 August 2018 }}. ''Daily News and Analysis''. (23 April 2017). Retrieved 17 December 2018.</ref>
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi paying homage at the portrait of Swatantryaveer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, on his birth anniversary, at Parliament House, in New Delhi on May 28, 2014.jpg|thumb|PM Narendra Modi pays homage to Savarkar, on his birth anniversary, at Parliament House, New Delhi on 28 May 2014]]
In 1926, two years after the release of Savarkar from the prison, a biography titled "''Life of Barrister Savarkar''" and authored by a certain "Chitragupta" was published. A revised version was published in 1939 with additions by Indra Prakash of the Hindu Mahasabha. A second edition of the book was published in 1987 by Veer Savarkar Prakashan, the official publisher of writings by Savarkar. In its preface, Ravindra Vaman Ramdas deduced that, "Chitragupta is none other than Veer Savarkar".{{sfn|Grover|1993|p=498}}{{sfn|Salam|2018|p=32}}<ref name="MacleanElam2016" />

=== In popular culture ===

* In the 1996 [[Malayalam]] movie ''[[Kaalapani]]'' directed by [[Priyadarshan]], the Hindi actor [[Annu Kapoor]] played the role of Savarkar.<ref>{{cite web | title=Magazine section - Saturday Extra | website=The Tribune | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120128/saturday/main3.htm | access-date=2022-11-19 | archive-date=19 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119003833/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120128/saturday/main3.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
* The Marathi and Hindi music director and Savarkar follower, [[Sudhir Phadke]], and [[Ved Rahi]] made the biopic film ''[[Veer Savarkar (film)|Veer Savarkar]]'', which was released in 2001 after many years in production. Savarkar is portrayed by [[Shailendra Gaur]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0303187 Veer Savarkar (2001)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326154750/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0303187/|date=26 March 2017}}. IMDb</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=6 September 2001|title=Cut to Cut|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/sep/06news.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002530/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/sep/06news.htm|archive-date=6 March 2012|access-date=8 March 2012|work=Rediff}}</ref>
* The 2015 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film ''What About Savarkar?'', directed by Rupesh Katare and Nitin Gawde, depicted the journey of a man's revenge against those who have disrespect Savarkar's name.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Deshmukh|first1=Gayatri|date=13 January 2017|title=Veer Savarkar seeks his revenge on screen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/what-about-savarkar-shrikant-bhide-sara-shrawan/articleshow/41873531.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419143331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/what-about-savarkar-shrikant-bhide-sara-shrawan/articleshow/41873531.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The 2024 Indian [[List of Hindi films of 2024|Hindi]]-language film [[Swatantrya Veer Savarkar (film)|Swatantrya Veer Savarkar]] directed, co-written, co-produced and acted by [[Randeep Hooda]] depicted the life journey of Savarkar.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hooda |first=Randeep |title=Swatantrya Veer Savarkar |date=2024-03-22 |type=Biography, Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14753612/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |others=Randeep Hooda, Ankita Lokhande, Apinderdeep Singh |publisher=Anand Pandit Motion Pictures, Avak Films, Legend Global Studio}}</ref>

===Books===
He wrote 38 books in English and Marathi.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|p=46}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

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{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |title=History and Gender in Savarkar's Nationalist Writings |first=Megha |last=Kumar |journal=Social Scientist |volume=34 |issue=11/12 |date=Nov–Dec 2006 |pages=33–50 |jstor=27644182}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links
|wikt=no
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|b=no
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|q=Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
|s=no
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}}

{{India House}}
{{Fascism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar}}
[[Category:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar| ]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
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[[Category:Hindu revivalist writers]]
[[Category:India House]]
[[Category:People acquitted of murder]]
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
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[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi assassination conspirators]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in India]]

Syed Abdul Hadi

2026-03-14T06:11:34Z

StephaineShrader: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Bangladeshi singer (born 1940)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Abdul Hadi
| native_name = সৈয়দ আব্দুল হাদী
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Syed Abdul Hadi in ATN Bangla Performance Award, Dhaka 2017-12-27 (PID-0046410) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Hadi in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|07|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]]
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]]
}}

'''Syed Abdul Hadi''' (born 1 July 1940)<ref>{{cite news |date=21 November 2014 |title=Syed Abdul Hadi performs today at IGCC |url=http://www.observerbd.com/2014/11/21/55961.php |newspaper=The Daily Observer}}</ref> is a Bangladeshi singer. He won the [[Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] five times for his playback performance in the films ''[[Golapi Ekhon Traine]]'' (1979), ''[[Sundori]]'' (1979), ''[[Koshai]]'' (1980), ''[[Goriber Bou]]'' (1990) and ''Khoma'' (1992).<ref>{{cite news |last=Mizan |first=Mahfuz |date=31 May 2019 |title=Veteran Virtuoso: Syed Abdul Hadi in focus |url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/73989/veteran-virtuoso-syed-abdul-hadi-in-focus |newspaper=New Age}}</ref> He is the recipient of [[Ekushey Padak]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 February 2001 |title=Take fresh vow to establish dignity of mother tongue : Ekushey Padak - 2000 distributed |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-45978616.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103083946/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-45978616.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |location=Dhaka |newspaper=The Independent |via=HighBeam Research }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 1 September 2008 |title=National Film Awards for the last fours years announced |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-52684|newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Hadi was born at Shahpur village in [[Kasba Upazila|Kasba]], [[Brahmanbaria District|Brahmanbaria]] in the-then [[British India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shangetangon.com/?p=1554|script-title=bn:আজ শ্রদ্ধেয় সঙ্গীত শিল্পী সৈয়দ আব্দুল হাদীর জন্মদিন… |trans-title=Today is the birthday of artist Syed Abdul Hadi |date=1 July 2016 |website=shangetangon.com |access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> He grew up in [[Agartala]], at his grandfather's house, who was a lawyer of the Agartala court.<ref name=balad>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/through-the-eyes/news/ballad-the-songbird-1709161|title=Ballad of the Songbird|date=2019-03-02|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref> He was first schooled in Umakanta Academy.<ref name=palabar/> His family moved to [[Sylhet]] in 1947. He completed his SSC from [[Annada Government High School|Annada Model High School]] in Brahmanbaria and, later, HSC from [[Dhaka College]] after six-month study in [[Carmichael College]] in [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]].<ref name=palabar/> He then earned his bachelor's and master's in Bengali from the [[University of Dhaka]].<ref name=balad/><ref name=palabar/>

==Career==
Hadi debuted as a singer for the film ''Ye Bhi Ek Kahani'' (1964).<ref name=balad/>

Hadi retired from his government service job in 1998.<ref name=palabar/>

==Personal life==
Hadi married Farunnahar Usha in 1966.<ref name=palabar>{{Cite web |last=Haque |first=Anisul |date=2025-10-20 |script-title=bn:জীবন থেকেই তো পালাবার চেষ্টা করেছি অনেকবার |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/g6gemtpdmy |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> Together they have three daughters.<ref name=palabar/>

==Discography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}

===Solo albums===
==== ''Ekbar Jodi Keu Bhalobashto'' ====
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Song name
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Tune
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Lyricist
|-
| Achen Amar Mukhtar || [[Alauddin Ali]] || [[Gazi Mazharul Anwar]]
|-
| Ami Tomari Premo Bhikari || [[Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul]] || Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul
|-
| Chokh Bujhilei Duniya Andhar || Alam Khan || [[Moniruzzaman Monir]]
|-
| Chokher Nojor || Alauddin Ali || Gazi Mazharul Anwar
|-
| Chole Jai Jodi Keu || Subal Das || Gazi Mazharul Anwar
|-
| Ekbar Jodi Keu Bhalobashto || ||
|-
| Emonoto Prem Hoy || ||
|-
| Jeyona Shathi || ||
|-
| Jonno Thekhe Jolchi Mago || ||
|-
| Ki Kore Bolibo || ||
|-
| Shoti Mayer Shoti Konna || ||
|-
| Tomader Shukheri Nire || ||
|}

==== ''Prithibir Panthoshala'' ====
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Song name
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Tune
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Lyricist
|-
| Prithibir Panthoshala || ||
|-
| Dukkho Chiro Shathire || ||
|-
| Karo Apon Hoite || ||
|-
| Bhalobasha Emoni Ek Nodi || ||
|-
| Amar Doshe Doshi || ||
|-
| Shunno Haate Aj || ||
|-
| Tomar Oi Chokher || ||
|-
| Shokhi Cholona Jolsha || ||
|-
| Tomar Amar Mon || ||
|-
| Chad Mukhe Chondro Groton || ||
|-
| Tomate Dekhlam || ||
|-
| O Chokhe Shopner || ||
|}

==== ''Ekdin Chole Jabo'' ====
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Song name
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Tune
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Lyricist
|-
| Ami Tomay Niye || ||
|-
| Ekdin Chloe Jabo || ||
|-
| Babar Kotha Mone Pore || ||
|-
| Ei Chokkhu Bondhu Hoile || ||
|-
| Ei To Besh Achi || ||
|-
| Premer Bhanga Bashi || ||
|-
| Tomake Proyojon Nei || ||
|-
| Bukkher Modhe Ei Nibash || ||
|-
| Tomar Bhalobasha || ||
|-
| Bhikkha De Ma || ||
|}

==== ''Kotha Bolbo Na'' ====
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Song name
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Tune
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Lyricist
|-
| Tumi Thake Bolo || Yunus Ali || [[Moniruzzaman Monir]]
|-
| Kotha Bolbo Na || [[Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul]] || Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul
|-
| He Data He Maula || Ali Hossain || [[Gazi Mazharul Anwar]]
|-
| Probashi Monta Amar || Azad Rahman || Gazi Mazharul Anwar
|-
| Tel Gele Furayya || Alam Khan || Moniruzzaman Monir
|-
| Pother Manush Ami Je || Subol Das || Masud Karim
|-
| Rater Kole Martha Raisha || Subol Das || Gazi Mazharul Anwar
|-
| Prem Emon Khela || M.A. Hamid || [[Ahmed Zaman Chowdhury]]
|-
| Amar Ganer Malai || Anwar Parvez || Gazi Mazharul Anwar
|-
| Ore O Manik Ratan || Robin Ghosh || Ahmed Zaman Chowdhury
|-
| Ma Amar Ma || Alam Khan || [[Mukul Chowdhury]]
|-
| Bhorsha Tomar Kahar Upor || Alam Khan || Mukul Chowdhury
|}

==== ''Jokhon Vanglo Milon Mela'' ====
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Song name
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Tune
! style=*background:d0e5f5" |Lyricist
|-
| Ami Choncholo Hey || || [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
|-
| Momo Joubon Nikunje || || Rabindranath Tagore
|-
| Tumi Ki Keboli Chobi || || Rabindranath Tagore
|-
| Tar Biday Belai Malakhani || || Rabindranath Tagore
|-
| Esho Go Jele Diye Jao || || Rabindranath Tagore
|-
| Mone Ki Didha || || Rabindranath Tagore
|-
| Tumi Kemon Kore || || Rabindranath Tagore
|-
| Jochona Porbe Na Mor Payer Chinho || || Rabindranath Tagore
|}
* ''Niyoti Aamar''
* ''Hazar Tarar Prodeep''
* ''Dag''

;Mixed albums
* ''Neel Bedona'' with [[Sabina Yasmin]]
* ''Balaka'' with Sabina Yasmin
* ''Noyonmoni'' with Sabina Yasmin
* ''Jonmo Theke Jwolchhi'' with [[Samina Chowdhury]]
* ''Golden Hits of Syed Abdul Hadi & Sabina Yasmin'' with Sabina Yasmin

;Notable songs
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* Aachhen Aamar Muktar
* Aami Tomari Premo Vikhari
* Chokh Bujilei Duniya Aandhar
* Chok'kher Nojor
* Chole Jay Jodi Keu
* Ekbar Jodi Keu Valobasto
* Emonoto Prem Hoy
* JeyoNa Sathi
* Jonmo Theke Jwolchhi
* Ki Kore Bolibo Ami(Keu Konodin Amareto)
* Keno Tare Aami Eto Valobaslam
* Soti Mayer Soti Kon'na
* Tomader Sukher Nire
* Karo Aapon Hoite
* Je Matir Buke
* Ei Prithibir Panthoshalay
* Kotha Bolbo Na Bolechhi
* Jani Tumi Chole Jabe
* Sokhi CholoNa Jolsa Ghore
* Surjodoye Tumi Surjaste Tumi
* Prithibi to DuDiner'i Basa
* Aaul Baul Laloner Deshe
* Ke Jane Koto Dure Sukher Thhikana
* Aamar Doshe Aami Doshi
* Tel Gele Furaiya
* Aami Chokkhu Diya Dekhte Chhilam Jogot Rongila
* Aamar Babar Kotha
}}

== In popular culture ==
A memoir of Hadi, ''Jiboner Gan'', is written by himself. The memoir book, published by Prothoma Prakashani, a sister concern of ''[[Prothom Alo]]'', was released on 15 February 2022.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=bn:নিজের সন্ধানের গল্পই 'জীবনের গান' |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/capital/নিজের-সন্ধানের-গল্পই-জীবনের-গান |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=Prothom Alo |date=16 February 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Syed Abdul Hadi's autobiography 'Jiboner Gaan' released |url=https://businesspostbd.com/show-biz/syed-abdul-hadis-autobiography-jiboner-gaan-released-2022-02-12 |access-date=16 February 2022 |work=businesspostbd.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7624293}}
{{Bangladesh National Film Award Best Male Playback Singer}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hadi, Syed Abdul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:People from Kasba Upazila]]
[[Category:Dhaka College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male singers]]
[[Category:Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]

{{Bangladesh-singer-stub}}

Priyamvada Kant

2026-03-14T05:27:44Z

StephaineShrader: creating new stub

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyamvada Kant
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2009–present
| known_for = ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]'', ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'', ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahe]]''
}}

'''Priyamvada Kant '''is an Indian actress, writer and the winner of [[MTV Splitsvilla]] Season 12.<ref>{{cite news|title=Priyamvada Kant in The Buddy Project!|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 August 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Priyamvada-Kant-in-The-Buddy-Project/articleshow/22120381.cms|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Priyamvada Kant opens a dance academy|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 June 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Priyamvada-Kant-opens-a-dance-academy/articleshow/20628218.cms|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Priyamvada Kant turns businesswoman|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-priyamvada-kant-turns-businesswoman-4296958-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519002526/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-priyamvada-kant-turns-businesswoman-4296958-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2014|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Talent, grit and freedom|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/05/18/stories/2007051852050200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706014007/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/05/18/stories/2007051852050200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 July 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-05-18|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
Priyamvada Kant debuted as Kaumudi with ''[[Bairi Piya (TV series)|Bairi Piya]]'' in 2010. She worked as negative character Payal in 2011 ''Hamari Saal Leela'' and then played character (Anisha) in ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'', she also played a negative role (Manjeet) in ''[[Sabki Laadli Bebo]]''. In August 2013, Kant joined the cast of ''[[The Buddy Project]]'', playing a cameo role as Kamna.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhopatkar|first=Tejashree|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Priyamvada-Kant-to-do-a-cameo-in-Channel-Vs-The-Buddy-Project-/articleshow/22120381.cms?| publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Priyamvada Kant in The Buddy Project!|access-date=August 28, 2013|date=November 3, 2014}}</ref>

She is most known for [[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]] where she played the female protagonist Sharda, Tenali Rama's wife.

She wrote the concept and was the Creative Producer of the show [[Sethji (TV series)|Sethji]] on Zee tv. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/priyamvada-kant-turns-creative-producer/articleshow/53695865.cms]

Kant is currently running a dance academy called Dancamaze.<ref name="Priyamvada Kant opens a dance academy">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Priyamvada-Kant-opens-a-dance-academy/articleshow/20628218.cms |title= Priyamvada Kant opens a dance academy|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= 17 June 2013|access-date=2014-08-18}}</ref> She won [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 12)|season 12 of ''MTV Splitsvilla'']] along with Shrey Mittal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rdduentertainment.com/shrey-mittal-and-priyamvada-kant-won-mtv-splitsvilla-12/|title=Shrey Mittal and Priyamvada Kant won MTV Splitsvilla 12|last=|first=|date=2020-01-17|website=RDDU ENTERTAINMENT|language=en|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref> She played Namrata in [[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]].

She has now joined ''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahe]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-a-six-month-break-following-her-fathers-demise-priyamvada-kant-returns-to-the-small-screen-with-tera-mera-saath-rahe/articleshow/87606881.cms| title=After a six-month break following her father's demise, Priyamvada Kant returns to the small screen with Tera Mera Saath Rahe - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=9 November 2021 }}</ref> and is playing the role of Priya.

==Filmography==
* ''[[Heropanti]]'' (2014) as Jassi
* ''Bole Chudiyan'' (TBA)

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Character
|-
| 2009–2010 ||''[[Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai]]''|| Kanchan
|-
| 2010 ||''[[Bairi Piya (TV series)|Bairi Piya]]''|| Kaumudi
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Sabki Laadli Bebo]]''|| Manjeet
|-
|''Hamari Saas Leela''|| Payal
|-
| 2012 ||''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''|| Anisha
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 ||''[[The Buddy Project]]''|| Kamna
|-
|[[Madventures (Pakistani game show)|''Madventures'']]
|herself Winner
|-
|''[[Hum Aapke Hain In Laws]]'' || Mithu Sethi
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 ||''Love by Chance''|| Mishti
|-
|''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]''|| Simran
|-
|''[[Ek Rishta Aisa Bhi]]''|| Samaira
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 ||''Tujhse Naaraaz Nahin Zindagi''|| Arunima Sinha
|-
|''[[Swim Team (TV series)|Swim Team]]''|| Kanika Jamwal
|-
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''|| Aditi
|-
|''Maan Na Maan Main Tera Mehmaan''|| Laila (episodic appearance)
|-
| 2016–2017 ||''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''|| Sharmeeli
|-
| 2017–2018, 2024–2025 ||''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]''|| Sharda
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 ||''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/priyamvada-enters-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/67205303.cms|title=Priyamvada enters 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala'|publisher=[[Times of India]]|author=IANS|date=22 December 2018|access-date=15 January 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>|| Namrata/Fake Nimrat
|-
|''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 12)|MTV Splitsvilla]]''
|Herself, winner
|-
|2020
|[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin 5'']]
|Chandani
|-
|2021
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|Riya
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Tera Mera Saath Rahe]]''
|Priya
|-
|2023
|''[[Woh Toh Hai Albelaa]]''
|Chaman
|-
|2025–present
|''[[Gharwali Pedwali]]''
|Latika
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Kill Dill|Kill Dill – The Heartbreak Club]]''
|Anara
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Kill Dill OTT Release: When and where to watch Anushka Sen's romantic thriller | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/kill-dill-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-anushka-sens-romantic-thriller-2699531-2025-03-26 | website=India Today | date=26 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Bada Naam Karenge
|Pakhi
|
|-
|Chahatein
|Mugdha
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6383558}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kant, Priyamvada}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:MTV Splitsvilla winners]]

Gopika Poornima

2026-03-13T23:31:31Z

StephaineShrader: Expanded article with relevant info

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Distinguish|Poornima (singer){{!}}Poornima}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gopika Poornima Mallikarjun
| image = Singer Gopika Poornima.jpg
| birth_name = Madhurapantula Gopika Purnima
| birth_date = 2 January 1982 <br />
Age (42)
| birth_place = [[Vizianagaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| origin = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] <br />
[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| genre = [[Playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 1997–present
}}

'''Gopika Poornima''' is an Indian singer who mostly sings for [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Kannada]] language films.<ref name="Humming identical tunes">{{cite web|title=Humming identical tunes|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Humming-identical-tunes/article15914244.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 May 2018|date=9 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="Andhra Jyothy Article">{{cite web|title=ఈ పూర్ణిమ వెన్నెలలా మనసుకు హాయినిస్తోంది -|url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=557770|website=andhrajyothy.com|publisher=[[Andhra Jyothy]]|access-date=24 May 2018|language=te|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616053806/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=557770|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="filmibeat profile">{{cite web|title=Gopika Poornima Filmography|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/gopika-poornima/filmography.html|website=filmibeat.com|publisher=Filmibeat|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> She became popular with the singing competition ''[[Padutha Theeyaga]]''. Her husband [[Mallikarjun]] is also a singer and composer in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu Film Industry]].<ref name="thehansindia article">{{cite web|title=Veturi Memorial award to Mallikarjun, Gopika Poornima|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-01-30/Veturi-Memorial-award-to-Mallikarjun-Gopika-Poornima/203578|website=thehansindia.com|date=30 January 2016 |publisher=The Hans India|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="indiaglitz.com news">{{cite web|title=Singers get married in the month of lovers|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/singers-get-married-in-the-month-of-lovers-telugu-news-36496.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151324/https://www.indiaglitz.com/singers-get-married-in-the-month-of-lovers-telugu-news-36496.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2018|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gopika was born in [[Vizianagaram]] and brought up in [[Hyderabad]]. After her initial training in carnatic classical music from her own Aunt Smt. M Padma, Gopika further trained under renowned Padmabhushan Smt. [[Sudha Raghunathan]], Smt. [[Lalitha Sivakumar]], Smt. Prabhavathi and at present she is under the tutelage of the famous classical exponent Smt. Binni Krishnakumar.<ref name="Open Heart with RK">{{cite web|last1=Vemuri|first1=Radhakrishna|title=Open Heart with RK|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2oHgLpZ1jU|via=YouTube|publisher=ABN Andhra Jyothi|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> Her father was a senior manager in a central government office in Hyderabad.<ref name="Vanita TV interview">{{cite web|last1=Vanita TV|title=Singers Mallikarjun & Gopika Poornima Interview|date=6 June 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnTT1siQgFw|via=YouTube|publisher=Vanita TV|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> She participated in the first edition of singing reality show [[Padutha Theeyaga]] hosted by [[E TV (India)|ETV]]. She got opportunities as a playback singer in films through this show and it was also at this time Gopika Poornima participated in musical reality shows in National channels like Star Plus Meri Aawaz Suno and [[Zee TV|Zee]] [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]. She met her future husband Mallikarjun in the same programme. After this programme, her father took voluntary retirement from his service and shifted to [[Chennai]] to train her in classical music and seek opportunities in professional singing.
[[File:Singer Mallikarjun 6.jpg|thumb|Gopika Poornima and Mallikarjun.]]
Mallikarjun too shifted his base to Chennai to pursue playback singing. Later they fell in love with each other and got married on 10 February 2008 in [[Simhachalam]].<ref name="v6news interview">{{cite web|last1=V6 News|title=Singers Gopika Poornima And Mallikarjuna in Life Mates|date=October 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EgltfY0Kq8|via=YouTube|publisher=V6 News Telugu|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> They have one daughter named Veda Samhitha. Currently they are living in [[Chennai]].

== Career ==
Gopika made her debut as a playback singer in the film Singanna in 1997.<ref name="Vanita TV interview"/> The music for this film was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]. He invited Gopika and Mallikarjun to sing for a song in that film. Incidentally, they recorded their first song in the same studio where [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] sang for the first time.

Gopika Poornima has sung more than 500 songs in films and 4000 Devotional songs under renowned music composers like [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Koti (composer)|Koti]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[S. A. Rajkumar]], [[Sirpy]], [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[Mani Sharma]], [[Harris Jayaraj]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]], [[Vandemataram Srinivas]], [[Thaman S|S. S. Thaman]], [[Anup Rubens]] and many others.

She is one of the core singers in the musical band "Suswana" along with [[Mallikarjun]] and [[Parthu]] formed in 2016 and performed in countries like [[India]] ([[Visakhapatnam]], [[Chennai]], [[Tirupati]], [[Hospet]]), United States ([[Dallas]], [[Texas]]), [[Oman]] ([[Muscat]]), [[Kuwait]].

Gopika Poornima regularly sings in "Swarabhishekam" program telecast in [[ETV Network|ETV]] on every Sunday .

== Concerts ==
Gopika Poornima has done more than 200 shows across the world. She also participated in various musical concerts in the countries like [[United States of America]], [[United Kingdom]] ([[England]], [[Ireland]], [[Scotland]]), ([[Germany]]), [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Kenya]], [[Japan]], [[Arab World]] ([[Kuwait]], [[Dubai]], [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Qatar]]) along with famous singers [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[S. Janaki]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[G. Anand]] and composers like [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Mani Sharma]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[S. S. Thaman]].<ref name="v6news interview" /> She gave classical concert ([[Annamacharya]] [[Kirtan]]) in front of the former [[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] and other delegates in the inauguration ceremony of Annadana Bhavan in [[Tirupati]] 2011.

=== Performances ===

* World Tour with [[A. R. Rahman]] in 2003.
*Performed in United States and UK with [[G. Anand]] team along with [[S. Janaki]] and [[P. Suseela]] in 1998.
*Performed extensively with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] across the world in his team.
* Music concerts for TANA ([[Telugu Association of North America]]) in 2013.
* Music concerts for ATA (American Telugu Association) in 2008 along with music composer [[Devi Sri Prasad]].
* Music concerts for TCAGT (Telugu Cultural Association of Greater Toronto) in 2014 along with music composer [[S. S. Thaman]].
*Music concerts for NATA (North America Telugu Association) in 2014.
*Performed at TAL (Telugu Association of London) in England 2017.
*Performed at MATA (Mana Telugu Association) in (Germany) 2016.

== Awards ==

*She got the [[Nandi Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the serial ''Priyanka ([[ETV Network|ETV]])'' in the TV Section 2003.<ref name="The Hindu article">{{cite news|last1=T|first1=Lalit Singh|title=Life Hyderabad : 'Jananee Janma Bhoomi' steals the show|date=6 October 2004|url=https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/10/06/stories/2004100600840200.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 June 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* She got the [[Maa Music]] Award for the Best Female Singer for the film [[Dhamarukam]] in 2013.
* She was also nominated for the Best Female Playback Singer for the song ''Lali Lali'' in the film [[Dhamarukam]] [[Filmfare Awards South]] in 2013 and for Bommanu Geesthe - [[Bommarillu]] in 2007.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|title=Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Telugu Nominations|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Filmfare-Awards-2013-South-Telugu-Nominations/articleshow/20924496.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="filmfare.com">{{cite web|title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-3.html|website=filmfare.com|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>

== Dubbing artist ==
She has given voice for the Actresses like [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Ameesha Patel]], [[Sadha]], [[Shriya Saran]] in various films.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Dubbed For
|-
|2001
|[[Aalavandhan|''Abhay'']]
|Telugu (Dubbed version)
|[[Manisha Koirala]]
|-
|2003
|''[[Naani]]''
|Telugu
|[[Ameesha Patel]]
|-
|2003
|''[[Praanam]]''
|Telugu
|[[Sadha]]
|-
|2005
|''[[Naa Alludu]]''
|Telugu
|[[Shriya Saran]]
|-
|
|''[[Panchatantra]]''
|Telugu
|Devi
|}

== TV programmes ==

* Participated as a Judge in the musical competition "BLACK" along with D. V. Mohan Krishna conducted by ETV.
* Participated as a Judge and Team leader in the musical competition Airtel "SUPER SINGER 9" conducted by [[Star Maa]] in 2015.
* Participated as a Judge in the musical competition "STAR OF AP" conducted by [[Gemini TV]].

== Discography ==
=== Telugu songs (selected) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Music director
!Co-singer
|-
|1997
|''Singanna''
|Kalaganti kalaganti
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|[[Mallikarjun]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998
|''[[Antahpuram]]''
|Sivamettera Sambayya
|[[Ilaiyaraja]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Pelli Pandiri]]''
|Nestaam Iddari Lokam
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |1999
|''[[Time (1999 film)|Time]]'' (Dubbed version)
|Manchu Muthyama
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Devan Ekambaram]]
|-
|[[Sparsha (film)|''Sparsha'']]
|Mansuna pongina
|[[Hamsalekha]]
|[[Pankaj Udhas]]
|-
|''Ramasakkanodu''
|Nee kallalone ummadamma
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| rowspan="10" |2000
|''Kouravudu''
|Rayanti raraju
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[Nuvve Kavali]]''
|Ekkada unna
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|Sriram Prabhu
|-
|''[[Goppinti Alludu]]''
|Nee height India gatu
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
|''[[Chala Bagundi]]''
|Sreekaram edi maro
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|[[Parthasarathy (Parthu)]]
|-
|''[[Oke Maata]]''
|Kolo kolo koilallu
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
|''[[Jayam Manadera]]''
|Happy ga jolly ga
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
|''[[Ammo! Okato Tareekhu]]''
|Navvuko pichi nayana
|[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|[[Bachi (film)|''Bachi'']]
|Habibi
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|''[[Antha Mana Manchike]]''
|I love you
|Veeremani k
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|''Manasichanu''
|Mama miya mama
|Sathya
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2001
|''Paravasam''
|Paravasam
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Febi Mani]]
|-
|''[[Prematho Raa]]''
|Gopala
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Bhalevadivi Basu]]''
|Ammammo brahma
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|''Cheppalani Undi''
|Vennela chinuka
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|Sriram Prabhu
|-
|''[[12B]]'' (Dubbed version)
|Mela Thalatho
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Mallikarjun]]
|-
|''Rayalaseema Reddana''
|Mavida kumma
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|-
|[[Chiranjeevulu (2001 film)|''Chiranjeevulu'']]
|Palley pachani
|A.B.murali
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2002
|[[Aadi (2002 film)|''Aadi'']]
|Ayyo rama anjaneya
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''Joruga Husharuga''
|Jajula jallulo
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|Sriram Prabhu
|-
|''[[O Chinadana]]''
|Veelu choosi
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidya Sagar]]
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
|''[[Neetho Cheppalani]]''
|Oh Missu Oh Vacchindi
|[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
|''Remo''
|Achu bellam
|[[Dhina]]
|[[Khushi Murali]]
|-
| rowspan="13" |2003
|''[[Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]''
|Yedo yedo
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|[[Raghavendra (film)|''Raghavendra'']]
|Adugulona
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Mallikarjun]]
|-
|''[[Palnati Brahmanayudu]]''
|Sarasala sundarayya
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|[[Abhimanyu (2003 film)|''Abhimanyu'']]
|Nee perento telusu
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Mallikarjun]]
|-
|''[[Pellam Oorelithe]]''
|Mila mila merise
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|''Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kanu''
|chelimi
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[Aadanthe Ado Type]]''
|Andhame aanandam
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|''Anaganaga Oka Kurradu''
|Cell phone dwani
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|-
|-
|''[[Praanam]]''
|Nindu nureela savasam (sad)
|Kamalakar
|Kamalakar
|-
|''Neeke Manasichanu''
|Magha masam
|[[Sri Kommineni]]
|[[Rajesh Krishnan]]
|-
|''Ottu Ee Ammay Evaro Teleedu''
|Manasu Manasu
|Ghantadi Krishna
|
|-
|''Premalo Pavani Kalyan''
|O priya
|Ghantadi Krishna
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2004
| rowspan="2" |''[[Naani]]''
|Naaku nuvvu
| rowspan="2" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|Spiderman
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|-
|[[Yagnam (2004 film)|''Yagnam'']]
|Hayiga amma
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|''[[Sakhiya]]''
|Nannochi thakindi
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|''[[Naa Autograph]]''
|Gamma gamma hungama
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|[[Kaasi (2004 film)|''Kaasi'']]
|Marugelara
|[[Sri Kommineni]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
|''[[Mumbai Xpress (2005 Tamil film)|Mumbai Xpress]]'' (Dubbed version)
|Lera Addu Tappuko
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|[[Aaru (film)|''Aaru'']]
|Hrudayam anu
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''[[News (film)|News]]'' (Dubbed version)
|Sari sari atalo
|[[Gurukiran]]
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2006
|[[Pournami (2006 film)|''Pournami'']]
|Pallakivai
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|[[Rakhi (2006 film)|''Rakhi'']]
|Ninnu choosthe
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Bommarillu]]''
|Bommanu geesthe
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|''Manasundi Kani''
|Pena vey nannu
|[[Karthik Raja]]
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
|''Dongodi Pelli''
|Holi
|Raj Kiran
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
|''I Love You''
|Prema
|[[Madhavapeddi Suresh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2007
|''[[Shankar Dada Zindabad]]''
|Bhoogolamantha
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Adnan Sami]]
|-
|[[Aata (2007 film)|''Aata'']]
|Kakiknada kaaja
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
|''[[Nava Vasantham]]''
|Aakasam
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|''Veedu Mamulodu Kadu''
|Kamala pandu
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|''[[Pellaindi Kaani]]''
|Ammalaali jo
|Kamalakar
|[[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
|''Na Route Veru''
|Yevarive sarigma
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2008
|''[[Jalsa]]''
|Gallo thelinatundhe
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
|[[King (2008 film)|''King'']]
|Nuvvu ready
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|[[Ready (2008 film)|''Ready'']]
|Na pedavulu
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Sagar
|-
|[[Gorintaku (2008 film)|''Gorintaku'']]
|Dum dum dum
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|[[Visakha Express (film)|''Visakha Express'']]
|Oh prema
|Vijay Karakula
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|''Punnami Naagu''
|Om namah shivaya
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|Rahul
|-
|''[[Snehituda...]]''
|Ayyo rama
|Shankar
|[[Jassie Gift]]
|-
|''Naa Style Veru''
|Guppedu gundello
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''Rambabu Gadi Pellam''
|Vanitha
|Kamalakar
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
|''[[Kathi Kantha Rao]]''
|Kattilantodu
|[[Mallikarjun]]
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
|2011
|[[Mr. Perfect (film)|''Mr. Perfect'']]
|Aggipulla lanti
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|[[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']]
|Aakasam ammayi
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|[[Damarukam (film)|''Damarukam'']]
|Laali laali
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''Naagamani''
|Naanaluvule
|S.P.S Vaasu
|Sri Krishna
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|''Crazy''
|Nuvve nuvve
|[[S. S. Thaman]]
|[[Suchith Suresan]]
|-
|''Preme Jeevitham''
|O nimisham
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[Unni Menon]]
|-
|''Manikyam 420''
|Thayya thayya
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''Veerudokkade''
|Maata thattadhu
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|M. L. R. Karthikeyan
|-
|''Chandrakala''
|Kathilagundi
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|[[Mallikarjun]]
|-
|2017
|''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]''
|Raandoy veduka chudam
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
|2025
|''[[3BHK]]''
|"Kalalanni"
|Amrit Ramnath
|[[Hemachandra]], [[Sahithi]], [[P V N S Rohit]]
|-
|}

=== Tamil songs (selected) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Music director
!Co-singer
|-
|1998
|[[Anthapuram (1999 film)|''Anthapuram'']]
|Thai Thaga thai
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
|''[[Thodarum]]''
|Shockadikkum
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|[[Time (1999 film)|''Time'']]
|Muthu Nilave
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''[[Thenali]]''
|Porkalam Ange
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|''[[En Sakhiye]]''
|Ennadi Amma
|Pradeep Ravi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
|''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]''
|Pathale Paravasam
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Febi Mani]]
|-
|''[[Ponnana Neram]]''
|Kolusu Kolusu
|Pradeep
|Yugendharan
|-
|''[[Nadan Pennum Natupramaniyum]]''
|Mayilaadum Kunninmel
|A.B.Murali
|Santhosh Keshav
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002
|''[[Kadhal Samrajyam]]''
|Iru Kangal
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Balaram
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Kaadhal Galatta''
|Kaadhal Kacheri Adhu Neethan
| rowspan="2" |[[Mani Sharma]]
|Krishna Raj
|-
|Etho Etho Ennil
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|''Ayiram Poi Solli''
|Kadhali En Kadhali
|[[Sabesh–Murali]]
|Naveen Madhav
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
|''[[Ennaku 20 Unnaku 18]]''
|Yedo Yedo
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|''[[Kurumbu]]''
|Adicchi Pudichchi
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Afroze
|-
|''Kaala Tapadai''
|Maizhayoo puyaloo
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
|''[[Udhaya (film)|Udhaya]]''
|Enna enna
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|''Aasa Vachean & Siva''
|Neela vana
|[[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
|
|-
|''[[Vaanam Vasappadum]]''
|Vaanam uyaram
|[[Mahesh Mahadevan]]
|[[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |2005
| rowspan="2" |''[[Vishwa Thulasi]]''
| En Maname
| rowspan="2" |[[M. S. Viswanathan]] & [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
| Kanavilavathu
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|[[Aaru (film)|''Aaru'']]
|Nenjum enum
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
|''Pattalathan''
|Soldier soldier
|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[Harish Raghavendra]]
|-
|''[[Sevvel]]''
|Unnai unnai
|Aasan
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|2006
|''[[Paramasivan]]''
|Thangakkili
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidya Sagar]]
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]''
|Yeppadi irundha yem manasu
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
|-
|[[Sangama (film)|''Sangama'']]
|Kodu kodu varavanu
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''Pournami Naagam''
|Om namah shivayya
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|Rahul
|-
|''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]''
|Adada enna azhagu
|T.M.Jayamurugan
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|2012
|''Apple Penne''
|Amma unnai
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm1301803}}
*{{AllMusic|id=mn0002132020}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poornima, Gopika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]

The Empire (Indian TV series)

2026-03-09T16:43:00Z

StephaineShrader: created initial article from scratch - done

{{short description|Indian period drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Empire Hotstar.jpeg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Drama]]<br/>[[Historical fiction]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Empire of the Moghul]] ''|[[Alex Rutherford]]}}
| runtime =
| creator = [[Nikkhil Advani]]
| director = {{ubl|[[Mitakshara Kumar]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shabana Azmi]]
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]
* [[Drashti Dhami]]
* [[Dino Morea]]
* [[Aditya Seal]]
* [[Sahher Bambba]]
* [[Rahul Dev]]
}}
| screenplay = [[Bhavani Iyer]]<br>Mitakshara Kumar<br>Dialogues<br>A M Turaz<br>Mitakshara Kumar
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Music<br>[[Shail Hada]] <br>Background Score<br> [[Ashutosh Phatak]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location =
| cinematography = Nigam Bomzan
| editor = Atanu Mukherjee<br>Sagar Manik
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2021|08|27}}
| company = [[Emmay Entertainment]]
| executive_producer =
| producer = Monisha Advani <br>Madhu Bhojwani
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| related =
| image_alt =
| channel =
}}
'''''The Empire''''' is an Indian [[period drama]] television series created by [[Nikkhil Advani]] and directed by [[Mitakshara Kumar]] based on the novel series ''[[Empire of the Moghul]]'' by [[Alex Rutherford]] for [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dia-mirza-shabana-azmi-and-ronit-roy-to-be-part-of-tv-series-moghuls-details-inside-1911993|title=Dia Mirza, Shabana Azmi And Ronit Roy To Be Part Of TV Series Moghuls. Details Inside|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="Farzeen 2021">{{cite web | last=Farzeen | first=Sana | title=The Empire teaser: Disney+ Hotstar's epic drama reminds you of Game of Thrones, Padmaavat | website=The Indian Express | date=2021-07-09 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-teaser-disney-hotstars-epic-drama-reminds-game-of-thrones-padmaavat-nikkhil-advani-7396587/ | access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> The series was premiered on Disney+ Hotstar on 27 August 2021.<ref name="Desk 2021">{{cite web | title=The Empire trailer: Hotstar brings Bhansali-level scale to small screen 'in India's biggest show', watch | website=Hindustan Times | date=2021-08-07 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-trailer-hotstar-brings-bhansali-level-scale-to-small-screen-in-india-s-biggest-show-watch-101628315290960.html | access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref>

The first season of the series opened generally favourable reviews with praise for the show's visuals, sets, costumes and the performance of the main cast, with a positive consensus on [[Shabana Azmi]]'s portrayal of [[Aisan Daulat Begum|Ësan Dawlat]] and criticism for poor VFX in a few scenes.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=The Empire review: Kunal Kapoor, Shabana Azmi period drama is no Game of Thrones, but it sticks to its guns|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-review-hotstar-shabana-azmi-kunal-kapoor-period-saga-is-no-game-of-thrones-7472468/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=The Empire review: Full marks for ambition, yet familiar clichés abound|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-empire-review-full-marks-for-ambition-yet-familiar-cliches-abound-9916601.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The series depicts upon the fall of the [[Timurid Empire]] and the rise of the [[Mughal Empire]], starting from [[Babur]]. The story begins from [[Fergana|Farghana]] where the young prince Babur is crowned as emperor at a young age after the death of his father, Umar Sheikh. His grandmother [[Aisan Daulat Begum]] guides him in his rule. He begins his campaign for the conquest of [[North India]] through hardships, betrayals and struggles amongst his court members. He was then defeated by [[Muhammad Shaybani Khan]], and as a part of a deal to save their life, his elder sister, Khanzada had to marry Shaybani. She then falls in love with Shaybani, but she ultimately chooses her brother over him, tricks him and becomes a cause of his death.

Babur then travels to Hindustan, defeats [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi]] in the [[First Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]], and establishes the [[Mughal Dynasty]]. Amongst his wives' battle for the heir to the imperial throne, Babur finally selects [[Humayun]] as his successor.

== Cast==
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as [[Aisan Daulat Begum|Ësan Dawlat]] / "Shah" Begum
* [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] as [[Babur]]
** Mehroos Mir as Young [[Babur]]
* [[Dino Morea]] as [[Muhammad Shaybani|Shaibani Khan]]
* [[Drashti Dhami]] as [[Khanzada Begum]]
** [[Gracy Goswami]] as Young [[Khanzada Begum]]
* [[Aditya Seal]] as [[Humayun]]
* [[Sahher Bambba]] as [[Maham Begum]]
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Wazir Khan
* [[Khalid Siddiqui]] as [[Umar Shaikh Mirza II]]
* [[Imaad Shah]] as Qasim<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-review-hotstar-shabana-azmi-kunal-kapoor-period-saga-is-no-game-of-thrones-7472468/|title=The Empire review: Kunal Kapoor, Shabana Azmi period saga is no Game of Thrones, but it sticks to its guns|date=27 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Gireesh Sahdev]] as Baisanghar
* Charu Shankar as [[Qutlugh Nigar Khanum]]
* Aayam Mehta as Aitbaar
* Toranj Kayvon as Gulrukh Begum<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/features/empire-hotstar-release-date-cast-trailer-web-series-review-shabana-azmi-mughal-babur-2517594|title=Everything You Need to Know About Disney+ Hotstar's The Empire|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=24 August 2021 }}</ref>
* Swattee Thakur as Nishqa
* [[Kalliroi Tzaifeta]] as Roxanna
* Akansha Sareen as Razia
* Megha Kaul as Dildar Begum
* Salina Prakash as Aq Quzi Begum
* Madhuri Pandey as Nusrat
* [[Naved Aslam]] as Qambar Ali
*Karan Pandit as [[Kamran Mirza]]
* Anuj Singh Duhan as Aslam Nawaz
* Digvijay Purohit as Zulfikar Anwar
* Akshay Nagori as Jibran

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=64544C |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Not the King but the Kingmaker
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = [[Mitakshara Kumar]]
|WrittenBy = ''Screenplay''<br>[[Bhavani Iyer]]<br>Mitakshara Kumar<br>''Dialogues''<br>A M Turaz<br>Mitakshara Kumar<br>Sanjay Bhardwaj "Lankesh"
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|27}}
|ShortSummary = After King of Ferghana Umar Shaikh's death, young Babur assumes responsibility for an entire kingdom while scheming vultures outside and inside Ferghana's walls circle the throne.
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Panther's Prowl
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Mitakshara Kumar
|WrittenBy = ''Screenplay''<br>Bhavani Iyer<br>Mitakshara Kumar<br>''Dialogues''<br>A M Turaz<br>Mitakshara Kumar<br>Sanjay Bhardwaj "Lankesh"
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|27}}
|ShortSummary = Ferghana has fallen under Shaibani Khan who imprisons Esan, Khanzada and Kutlugh. Back in Samarkand, its impregnability dawns on Babur, but a street boy may be able to help him.
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Separation
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Mitakshara Kumar
|WrittenBy =''Screenplay''<br>Bhavani Iyer<br>Mitakshara Kumar<br>''Dialogues''<br>A M Turaz<br>Mitakshara Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Alliances
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Mitakshara Kumar
|WrittenBy = ''Screenplay''<br>Bhavani Iyer<br>Mitakshara Kumar<br>''Dialogues''<br>A M Turaz<br>Mitakshara Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Roar of the Lion
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Mitakshara Kumar
|WrittenBy = ''Screenplay''<br>Bhavani Iyer<br>Mitakshara Kumar<br>''Dialogues''<br>A M Turaz<br>Mitakshara Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Requiem
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy =Mitakshara Kumar
|WrittenBy = ''Screenplay''<br>Bhavani Iyer<br>Mitakshara Kumar<br>''Dialogues''<br>A M Turaz<br>Mitakshara Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Panipat
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Mitakshara Kumar
|WrittenBy = ''Screenplay''<br>Bhavani Iyer<br>Mitakshara Kumar<br>''Dialogues''<br>A M Turaz<br>Mitakshara Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Beginning
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Mitakshara Kumar
|WrittenBy = ''Screenplay''<br>Bhavani Iyer<br>Mitakshara Kumar<br>''Dialogues''<br>A M Turaz<br>Mitakshara Kumar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|8|27}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 64544C
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Nikhil Advani]] accepted the idea of creating the show being brought up by [[Star India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bringing-back-the-moghuls/articleshow/65677454.cms|title=Ronit Roy to play Babur in Nikkhil Advani's Moghuls that also stars Shabana Azmi, Dia Mirza - Mumbai Mirror|website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref> [[Bhavani Iyer]] was initially tapped to write the screenplay for the digital adaptation on the show, with [[A. M. Turaz]] penning the dialogue. The show focuses on [[Babur]] for the first season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shabana-azmi-ronit-roy-dia-mirza-to-feature-in-nikkhil-advanis-tv-series-moghuls-based-on-alex-rutherfords-novel-5117311.html|title=Shabana Azmi, Ronit Roy, Dia Mirza to feature in Nikkhil Advani's TV series Moghuls, based on Alex Rutherford's novel |website=Firstpost|date=5 September 2018}}</ref>

Speaking about the series with ''[[Scroll.in]]'', Advani said, “What we know about the Mughal Empire is its men, but the highlight of the series is the active role women played in the backroom politics and manipulations [...] Women had the remote controls.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002295/in-mughal-dynasty-based-show-the-empire-women-have-the-remote-controls|title = In Mughal dynasty-based show 'The Empire', 'women have the remote controls'| date=7 August 2021 }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Ronit Roy]], [[Dia Mirza]] and [[Shabana Azmi]] were initially cast in the lead roles (in September 2018).<ref name="Ramasubramanian 2018">{{cite web | last=Ramasubramanian | first=Uma | title=Dia Mirza to play Babur's sister | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=2018-09-06 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/060918/dia-mirza-to-play-baburs-sister.html | access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref> However, Ronit and Dia left the series for unknown reasons, and they were replaced by [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] and [[Drashti Dhami]] respectively.<ref name="Lehren 2020">{{cite web | last=Lehren | first=Team | title=Drashti Dhami Replaces Dia Mirza In Nikhil Advani's Web Series Moghul | website=Latest Bollywood & Hollywood Entertainment, News, Celebrity Gossip, Lifestyle, Originals, Regional & COVID Updates | Lehren | date=2020-08-17 | url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/television/drashti-dhami-replaces-dia-mirza-in-nikhil-advanis-web-series-moghul/3774/ | access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref><ref name="Teaser"/> [[Rahul Dev]] was confirmed to be part of the cast in July 2020.<ref name="Hindustan Times 2020">{{cite web | title=No one does favours in Bollywood: Rahul Dev | website=Hindustan Times | date=2020-07-20 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/no-one-does-favours-in-bollywood-rahul-dev/story-UtGxbh3lDmxZbB1CxKZ3fJ.html | access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography took place in [[Jaipur]] in February 2020. The shoot was suspended due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in March 2020, and it was later resumed after the lockdown in September 2020. After shooting a large portion on sets, the filming was moved to [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], [[Maharashtra]] to recreate wilderness scene. A huge set for [[Uzbekistan]] was recreated in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="filmfare.com 2020">{{cite web | title=Shabana Azmi to start shooting for web series Moghul in September | website=filmfare.com | date=2020-08-29 | url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shabana-azmi-to-start-shooting-for-web-series-moghul-in-september-43200.html | access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref><ref name="Hymavathi 2020">{{cite web | last=Hymavathi | first=Ravali | title=Shabana Azmi Resumes Her Shooting And Joins The Sets Of Nikkhil Advani's Moghuls | website=Google | date=2020-09-08 | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/shabana-azmi-resumes-her-shooting-and-joins-the-sets-of-nikkhil-advanis-moghuls-644425 | access-date=2021-01-20}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 27 August 2021.<ref name="Trailer">{{cite web | title=Disney+Hotstar Reveals Trailer of Kunal Kapoor, Shabana Azmi Starrer The Empire | website=News18 | date=2021-08-07 | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/disneyhotstar-reveals-trailer-of-kunal-kapoor-shabana-azmi-starrer-the-empire-4056494.html | access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref>

=== Promotion ===
The first teaser was released in July 2021 by Disney+ Hotstar<ref name="Teaser">{{cite web | title=Nikkhil Advani's web series The Empire to launch on Disney+Hotstar soon | website=India Today | date=2021-07-09 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/nikkhil-advani-s-web-series-the-empire-to-launch-on-disney-hotstar-soon-1825982-2021-07-09 | access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref> and the trailer was released in August 2021.<ref name="Ramachandran Ramachandran 2021">{{cite web | last1=Ramachandran | first1=Naman | title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals First Trailer for Moghul Era Epic Series 'The Empire' (EXCLUSIVE) | website=Variety | date=2021-08-07 | url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/asia/the-empire-trailer-disney-plus-hotstar-babur-empire-of-the-moghuls-alex-rutherford-1235036373/ | access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Saraswati Datar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' welcomed the series by writing that "The Empire is an ambitious and sincere attempt to tackle a brand-new genre in the Indian OTT space, and it prompted me to go find out more about Babur than what textbooks had taught us."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/empire-review-india-s-got-generous-dash-sanjay-leela-bhansali-154507|title = The Empire review: India's GOT with a generous dash of Sanjay Leela Bhansali|date = 28 August 2021}}</ref>

''[[Lehren]]'s'' Bharathi Pradhan praised the performances of actors Shabana Azmi, Rahul Dev, Drashti Dhami, Kunal Kapoor and Dino Morea and added "when Babur's sister, well played by Drashti (Dhami), adds her bit to the tome titled ‘Baburnama,’ you know history is always part fiction. Take it with a pinch of salt."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-empire-review-moghul-history-humanised/92964/|title=The Empire Review: Moghul History Humanised|work=Latest Bollywood & Hollywood Entertainment, News, Celebrity Gossip, Lifestyle, Originals, Regional & COVID Updates | Lehren |date=27 August 2021}}</ref> In a similar review, Shubham Kulkarni of ''Koimoi'' wrote "The Empire is a huge step in creating extravagant shows for the Indian OTT. There is everything a period drama lover craves for. Go in and get to witness the saga that talks about love, war and betrayal. But [...] watch it with the word ‘fiction’ in your mind. It doesn’t intend to educate you.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/the-empire-review-a-visually-scintillating-tale-with-moving-performances-that-breathes-under-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-shadow/|title = The Empire Review: A Visually Scintillating Tale with Moving Performances That Breathes Under Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Shadow|date = 27 August 2021}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[Film Companion]]'', Rahul Desai called The Empire “a weak cocktail of fact and fiction”. He criticised the “diplomatic identity” and “free fictionalization” of the Mughal story.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desai|first=Rahul|date=2021-08-27|title=The Empire On Disney+ Hotstar Review: A Weak Cocktail of Fact And Fiction|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/the-empire-review-hotstar-weak-cocktail-of-fact-and-fiction-kunal-kapoor-drashti-dhami-shabana-azmi-dino-morea/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref> Rohan Nahaar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote that “a potentially engaging story of palace intrigue is wasted in Disney+ Hotstar's consistently dull adaptation of Alex Rutherford's Mughal era novels.”<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=The Empire review: Horrendous Hotstar show rips off Game of Thrones, apes Sanjay Leela Bhansali|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-review-horrendous-hotstar-show-rips-off-game-of-thrones-apes-sanjay-leela-bhansali-101629988884150.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Sampada Sharma of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote that the show "excels in the aesthetic department. From the intricately crafted sets, to the beautifully designed costumes, the show leaves you in awe but what it gains in aesthetics, it loses out in VFX." Additionally, Sharma criticised the length of the series but praised the performance of the cast by writing that "The Empire’s eight episodes feel a little too long, especially in places where there is song-and-dance. [...] Shabana Azmi has an aura about her that that evokes respect for her character. It is evident that a character like hers often wonders why she lives in a patriarchal world when clearly she is the smartest one around. Later in the series, Drashti Dhami’s Khanzada tries to take her legacy ahead."<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

Pradeep Menon of ''[[Firstpost]]'' appreciated the look and feel of the series writing that “the makers of The Empire deserve to be rewarded for the scale and the feel, with the chance to follow up with future seasons. But they desperately need to get their act together in terms of writing and casting.”<ref name="firstpost.com"/>

Vibha Maru of ''[[India Today]]'' praised the performance of the lead cast, saying that “Kunal Kapoor and Shabana Azmi rule this historical drama”.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Vibha Maru |date=August 27, 2021 |title=The Empire Review: Kunal Kapoor and Shabana Azmi rule this historical drama|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/the-empire-review-kunal-kapoor-and-shabana-azmi-rule-this-historical-drama-1845853-2021-08-27|access-date=2021-08-27|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Shefali Deshpande of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote that "The Empire is an engaging story of family & the casualty that is war, The first thing that hits you is the breathtaking visuals. Barring the sometimes tacky VFX of the palaces, castles and buildings, the actual sets and some special effects are beautiful."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deshpande|first=Shefali|date=2021-08-27|title=The Empire Review: An Engaging Story of Family & the Casualty That is War|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-empire-disney-plus-hotstar-review-kunal-kapoor-shabana-azmi-dino-morea|access-date=2021-08-28|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>

Appreciating the series, Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "In the Indian arena, The Empire beats out its contemporaries in scale and ambition. Some of the exterior shots and battlefield vistas are stunning to behold. [...] The action, too, is smoothly choreographed and rendered. I’ll look out for Season 2, just to see how they scale up from here. The Empire has found its feet."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/aug/30/the-empire-a-watchable-hindi-historical-series-2351661.html|title = The Empire: A watchable Hindi historical series| date=30 August 2021 }}</ref>

Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' appreciated the performances of the cast, the aesthetics and the series, in general, but opined that it skipped numerous significant historical events by writing that "we get to see the First Battle of Panipat, but the equally important Battle of Khanwa is glossed over. Similarly, for an emperor who grew up listening to multicultural poetry of Amir Khusro, his interaction with his new subjects, particularly the Sikhs, remain untouched [...] Babur’s bond with the new land and its rich flora and fauna — something he has written about extensively — remains out of the script. His love for opium and music has been airbrushed [...] how Babur crossed the mighty rivers curiously remains out of the canvas."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-empire-review-riding-and-meandering-on-a-swords-edge/article36176828.ece|title = 'The Empire' review: Riding and meandering on a sword's edge|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 30 August 2021|last1 = Kumar|first1 = Anuj}}</ref>

[[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] users on the Internet criticized the web series for glorifying [[Mughals]], causing a grievance complaint to be filed against the web series. The grievance officer appointed under Information Technology (Guidelines for intermediaries and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 received complaints against the web series., but he rejected those claims.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taneja|first=Parina|date=2021-08-27|title='Uninstall Hotstar' trends as it rejects grievance complaints against series 'The Empire' on Babur|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/trending/news-uninstall-hotstar-trends-as-it-rejects-grievance-complaints-against-series-the-empire-on-babur-729447|access-date=2021-08-27|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> Addressing this controversy, Nikkhil Advani told [[IANS]]: <blockquote>"For me, the force field in this case has been the book. I am following the book. If you have an objection you need to understand that as a maker and storyteller I have been fascinated by the book and by the story they have told in the book" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Why is 'Ban The Empire Series' trending on Twitter?|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/why-is-ban-the-empire-series-trending-on-twitter|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15012366}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/1260065198 ''The Empire''] at [[Hotstar]]
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/the_empire ''The Empire''] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

{{Hotstar|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Empire (TV series), The}}
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Works set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Family saga television series]]
[[Category:Television series about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Babur]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:Moghulistan]]
[[Category:Khanate of Bukhara]]
[[Category:Timurid Empire]]
[[Category:History of India in fiction]]
[[Category:Timurid dynasty]]
[[Category:Lodi dynasty]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Television controversies in India]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in television]]

India–United States relations

2026-03-07T13:22:05Z

StephaineShrader: Updated and refined page content

{{Use American English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|partial=y|reason=Many edits throughout 2024-25, such as [[Special:Diff/1292850818|this]] and likely other by user; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] including promotional tone, superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of 2024-25 LLMs, etc}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–United States|India|United States|map=India United States Locator.svg|mission1=[[Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.]]|mission2=[[Embassy of the United States, New Delhi]]|envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Ambassador]]|envoytitle2=[[List of ambassadors of the United States to India|Ambassador]]|envoy1=[[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]] |envoy2= [[Sergio Gor]]}}
[[File:A20250212MR-1052 - 54327769730.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] with President [[Donald Trump]] at the White House in 2025]]
[[India]] and the [[United States]] established diplomatic relations in 1947 following the independence of India from the [[United Kingdom]]. Over the decades, the relationship has evolved into a broad-based strategic partnership grounded in shared democratic values, commitment to individual freedoms, and respect for the rule of law. As of 2025, [[India]]–[[United States]] relations encompass close cooperation across defense, technology, trade, education, and people-to-people ties, reflecting converging interests in promoting stability, prosperity, and a rules-based international order, even as differences persist on specific trade and energy issues.

In early 2026, energy policy emerged as a point of discussion within [[India]]–[[United States]] relations, as analysts assessed whether India could shift a portion of its crude oil imports from [[Russia]] to [[Venezuela]] amid political pressure from the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |title=Can India switch from Russian to Venezuelan oil, as Trump wants? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/2/4/can-india-switch-from-russian-to-venezuelan-oil-as-trump-wants |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Sanjeev |date=2026-02-03 |title=India-US trade deal: India will drop Russian oil, pivot to US, Venezuela, says Trump |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/india-us-trade-deal-india-will-drop-russian-oil-pivot-to-us-venezuela-says-trump/articleshow/127870223.cms??from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Experts noted that such a transition would face logistical, economic, and contractual challenges, and that India had not formally committed to altering its existing oil procurement strategy.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=India-US trade deal: White House says New Delhi to end Russian oil purchases, buy more from US |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/india-us-trade-deal-white-house-says-new-delhi-to-end-russian-oil-purchases-buy-more-from-us-article-13809476.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260204110649/https://www.moneycontrol.com/world/india-us-trade-deal-white-house-says-new-delhi-to-end-russian-oil-purchases-buy-more-from-us-article-13809476.html |archive-date=2026-02-04 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Neerja |date=2026-02-03 |title=How Did Venezuelan Oil Become a 'Trade Bargaining Chip' in the India–US Trade Deal & Tariff Reset? |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/world/how-did-venezuelan-oil-become-a-trade-bargaining-chip-in-the-indiaus-trade-deal-tariff-reset-168117/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=The Sunday Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The United States and India announced a comprehensive trade agreement under which President [[Donald Trump]] stated that India agreed to halt purchases of [[Petroleum industry in Russia|Russian oil]] and to increase imports of U.S. and potentially Venezuelan crude, alongside broad tariff reductions on Indian goods.<ref>{{Cite news |title=US to cut tariffs on India to 18% as Modi agrees to stop buying Russian oil |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2026/2/2/trump-to-slash-us-tariffs-on-india-from-50-percent-to-18-percent |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S. and India seal trade deal after months of diplomatic tensions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/02/02/india-us-trump-trade-deal/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> Indian officials said energy security and diversification remained key priorities, with Indian refiners requiring a wind-down period to complete previously booked Russian oil shipments and with no immediate directive to abruptly cease all Russian oil purchases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian refiners await government advice on Russian oil import halt, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indian-refiners-need-wind-down-period-russian-oil-sources-say-2026-02-02/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Data showed a significant decline in India’s Russian oil imports amid ongoing negotiations and Indian energy officials indicated a broadened sourcing strategy that included crude from other regions, reflecting a shift toward diversification without an immediate full withdrawal from Russian supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Russian oil imports down in January amid trade talks with US |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indias-russian-oil-imports-down-9-jandec-amid-us-india-trade-talks-2026-02-04/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kremlin says it sees nothing new in India's plan to diversify its oil supplies |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/kremlin-says-it-sees-nothing-new-indias-plan-diversify-its-oil-supplies-2026-02-04/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

==Background==
===Early engagement and Cold War context===
India and the United States began engaging with one another soon after India’s independence in 1947, with early cooperation in areas such as food security, education, and institution-building. However, the broader geopolitical dynamics of the Cold War shaped the trajectory of the relationship. In 1955, Pakistan joined the [[Baghdad Pact]], later renamed the [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO), in which the United States held observer status, resulting in a limited strategic alignment between Washington and Islamabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of State |title=The Baghdad Pact (1955) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) |date=January 7, 2008 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/lw/98683.htm}}</ref>

India, prioritizing strategic autonomy and decolonization-era sovereignty, pursued an independent foreign policy and was a founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] in 1961, seeking to avoid formal alignment with either bloc during the Cold War.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2023 |title=Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) {{!}} Definition, Mission, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Non-Aligned-Movement |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> While India also developed close ties with the Soviet Union during this period, engagement with the United States continued in parallel through diplomacy, development assistance, and people-to-people exchanges. Differences over regional security, including U.S. support for Pakistan during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], led to periods of strain, but did not sever bilateral ties.

The end of the Cold War and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991 marked a turning point. India’s economic liberalization and the emergence of a [[unipolar world]] created new opportunities for convergence, leading both countries to reassess the relationship in light of shared democratic values and complementary interests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grare |first=Frederic |date=July 27, 2019 |title=Looking Back at Three Decades of India-U.S. Relationship |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2019/07/looking-back-at-three-decades-of-india-us-relationship?lang=en |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}</ref>

===Expansion into a comprehensive partnership===
In the twenty-first century, India’s foreign policy has emphasized strategic autonomy while actively engaging major global powers to advance national development and regional stability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassy.org/archives_details.php?nid=1743|title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Washington D C, USA |access-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326092058/https://www.indianembassy.org/archives_details.php?nid=1743|archive-date=March 26, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> This approach aligned with growing U.S. recognition of India as a key partner in Asia and beyond.

Under the administrations of Presidents [[George W. Bush]] and [[Barack Obama]], bilateral relations deepened substantially, with Washington acknowledging India’s core interests and supporting its rise as a responsible global power.<ref>{{cite news|title=One year of Modi Government: Us versus them|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/one-year-of-narendra-modi-government-us-versus-them/|work=Indian Express |date=May 25, 2015}}</ref> Landmark developments included the expansion of bilateral [[trade]] and [[investment]], enhanced cooperation on counterterrorism and global security, and U.S. support for India’s greater role in global governance institutions. India’s admission into major multilateral export control regimes, along with U.S. backing for its entry into the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]], further underscored growing trust and strategic alignment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indo-US joint statement after Obama-Modi talks|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/indous-joint-statement-after-us-president-barack-obama-and-prime-minister-narendra-modi-talks/article6821279.ece|work=The Hindu |date=January 25, 2015}}</ref>

Since 2014, strategic cooperation has accelerated across defense, technology, and regional security.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Šumit |first=Ganguly |date=2022 |title=Obama, Trump and Indian foreign policy under Modi |journal=Nature Public Health Emergency Collection |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=9–23|doi=10.1057/s41311-021-00294-4 |pmid=40477437 |pmc=7980102}}</ref> The United States designated India a "Major Defense Partner," reflecting a high degree of confidence and long-term commitment in defense collaboration.<ref name="India US Defence">{{cite web|title=India, US finalise Major Defence Partner agreement|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-us-major-defence-partner-agreement-manohar-parrikar-ashton-carter-4418019/|work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=December 9, 2016 |date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> Cooperation has also expanded within multilateral and minilateral frameworks such as the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad]] and the [[I2U2 Group]], reflecting shared interests in a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific and in addressing global challenges through partnership.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Michael |first1=Kugelman |date=July 14, 2022 |title=Another Quad Rises |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/14/i2u2-quad-india-israel-uae-us-south-asia/ |publisher=Foreign policy}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of India–United States relations}}

=== Age of Exploration ===
The term "Indian", which has been used as an alternative for the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]], originated with [[Christopher Columbus]], who, in his search for [[India]], thought that he had arrived in the [[East Indies]]. This historical misnomer has persisted over the centuries, shaping cultural perceptions and narratives surrounding Native American identity.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cp0r3aa8EM8C&q=indian+%22in+dios%22+wilton&pg=PA163|title=Word myths: debunking linguistic urban legends|first=David|last=Wilton|page=163|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-517284-3|date=December 2, 2004 |access-date=July 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1966/does-indian-derive-from-columbuss-description-of-native-americans-as-una-gente-in-dios|title=Does "Indian" derive from Columbus's description of Native Americans as "una gente in Dios"? |date=October 25, 2001 |first=Cecil|last=Adams|author-link=Cecil Adams|website=[[The Straight Dope]] |access-date=July 3, 2011 |archive-date=June 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628192914/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1966/does-indian-derive-from-columbuss-description-of-native-americans-as-una-gente-in-dios|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Biggest Misnomer of All Time?|url=http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/wordroutes/2015/ |date=October 12, 2009 |first=Ben|last=Zimmer|author-link=Ben Zimmer|publisher=VisualThesaurus |access-date=July 3, 2011 |archive-date=April 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005109/http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/wordroutes/2015/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hoxie |first=Frederick E. |title=Encyclopedia of North American Indians |year=1996 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-395-66921-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi/page/568 568] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi/page/568}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Herbst|first=Philip|title=The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States|year=1997|publisher=Intercultural Press|isbn=978-1-877864-97-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UiZQH5gHuggC&pg=PA116|page=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Discourse Analysis as Sociocriticism : The Spanish Golden Age|first=Antonio|last=Gómez-Moriana|chapter=The Emerging of a Discursive Instance:Columbus and the invention of the "Indian"|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discourseanalysi0000gome/page/124 124–32]|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|date=May 12, 1993|isbn=978-0-8166-2073-9 |access-date=July 4, 2011 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BCpLZfypTIC&q=columbus+indios+indian&pg=PA124|url=https://archive.org/details/discourseanalysi0000gome/page/124}}</ref>

=== American Revolution, the East India Company, and early America context ===
Prior to the 1770s, Americans admired the expansion of the [[British Empire]], feeling proud to be part of an expansion of British influence around the world.<ref name="LT">{{Cite web |title=The Last Time the US and India Were This Aligned? 1780 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/the-last-time-the-us-and-india-were-this-aligned-1780/ |access-date=February 20, 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Some Indians (from places such as [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and [[Bengal]]) were sent to the latter for [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States#East Indian slaves|slavery or indentured servitude]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nedhector.com/east-indians-enslaved-in-america/|title=East-Indians Enslaved in Early America – Edward "Ned" Hector – Black Revolutionary War Hero nedhector@aol.com / 610-352-4372}}</ref> Today, descendants of such East Indian slaves may have a small percent of DNA from Asian ancestors but it likely falls below the detectable levels for today's DNA tests.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/07/03/east-india-indians-in-early-colonial-records/ | title=East India Indians in Early Colonial Records | date=July 3, 2012 }}</ref>
The American [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] maintained awareness and admiration of affairs in Mysore in its resistance to London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ameen |date=August 17, 2020 |title=How Tipu Sultan and Haidar Ali inspired America's founding fathers in their quest for freedom |url=https://scroll.in/global/970265/how-tipu-sultan-and-haidar-ali-inspired-americas-founding-fathers-in-their-quest-for-freedom |access-date=February 20, 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> The American [[Continental Congress]], unable to send a full expedition to the subcontinent, instead encouraged its pirate navy to attack East India Company ships.<ref name="LT" />

The flag of the [[East India Company]] is said to have inspired the [[Continental Union Flag]] of 1775, ultimately inspiring the current [[flag of the United States]], as both flags were of the same design.<ref name="fawcett">{{cite journal|first=Sir Charles |last=Fawcett |title=The Striped Flag of the East India Company, and its connexion with the American 'Stars and Stripes' |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=449–476 |doi=10.1080/00253359.1937.10657258 |year=1937 }}{{Subscription required}}</ref> [[Mysorean rockets]] were also used in the [[Battle of Baltimore]], and are mentioned in "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", the national anthem of the United States: ''And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bandyheritagecenter.org/sites/www/Uploads/History%20Nook/The%20Congreve%20Rockets%20in%20the%20War%20of%201812.pdf|title=The Congreve Rockets in the War of 1812|author=Eugene Van Sickle|publisher=[[Dalton State College]]|access-date=December 9, 2014|archive-date=December 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225170628/http://www.bandyheritagecenter.org/sites/www/Uploads/History%20Nook/The%20Congreve%20Rockets%20in%20the%20War%20of%201812.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Under British Raj (1858–1947) ===
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Indian–American|British India|United States|flagvariant2=1912}}

==== Religious connections ====
[[File:Swami Vivekananda at Parliament of Religions.jpg|thumb|[[Swami Vivekananda]] at the Parliament of Religions with [[Virchand Gandhi]], Hewivitarne Dharmapala, and [[Gaston Bonet-Maury|A. G. Bonet-Maury]] in September 1893]]
[[File:Margaret Woodrow Wilson 1912 2.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Margaret Woodrow Wilson]], daughter of [[Woodrow Wilson]], left to India for her later life]]
The relationships between India in the days of the [[British Raj]] and the [[United States]] were thick.<ref>Holden Furber, "Historical and Cultural Aspects of Indo-American Relations," ''Journal of the University of Bombay'' (1965), Vol. 34 Issue 67/68, pp 95-116.</ref> [[Swami Vivekananda]] promoted [[Yoga]] and [[Vedanta]] in the United States at the [[Parliament of the World's Religions|World's Parliament of Religions]] in [[Chicago]], during the [[World Columbian Exposition|World's Fair]] in 1893. [[Mark Twain]] visited India in 1896<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.twainquotes.com/SpeechIndex.html |title=Chronology of Known Mark Twain Speeches, Public Readings, and Lectures |first=Barbara |last=Schmidt |publisher=marktwainquotes.com |access-date=January 1, 2013}}</ref> and described it in his travelogue ''[[Following the Equator]]'' with both revulsion and attraction before concluding that India was the only foreign land he dreamed about or longed to see again.<ref name="Global Perspectives">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Vipin |last2=Saran |first2=Pankaj |title=Global Perspectives on the United States: A Nation by Nation Survey |volume=1 |year=2007 |publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group |location=Great Barrington, MA |isbn=978-1-933782-06-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalperspectiv0000unse_j6p5/page/294 294–300] |editor-first1=David |editor-last1=Leninson |editor-first2=Karen |editor-last2=Christensen |url=https://archive.org/details/globalperspectiv0000unse_j6p5/page/294 }}</ref> Regarding India, Americans learned more from English writer [[Rudyard Kipling]].<ref>Isaacs, ''Scratches on Our Minds: American Views of China and India'' (1980) p 241</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] had an important influence on the philosophy of non-violence promoted by American [[civil rights movement]] leader [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] in the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=University |first1=© Stanford |last2=Stanford |last3=California 94305 |date=April 25, 2017 |title=Gandhi, Mohandas K. |url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/gandhi-mohandas-k |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute |language=en}}</ref>

==== President Franklin D. Roosevelt ====
In the 1930s and early-1940s, US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] voiced strong support to the [[Indian independence movement]] despite being allies with Britain.<ref>Foster Rhea Dulles, and Gerald E. Ridinger. "The Anti-Colonial Policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt." ''Political Science Quarterly'' (1955): 1–18. {{JSTOR|2145412}}</ref><ref>Kenton J. Clymer, ''Quest for Freedom: The United States and India's Independence'' (2013).</ref> The first significant immigration from India [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|before 1965]] involved Sikh farmers going to [[California]] in the early-twentieth century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gonzales |first1=Juan L. Jr. |year=1986 |title=Asian Indian Immigration Patterns: The Origins of the Sikh Community in California |journal=International Migration Review |volume=20 |issue=1|pages=40–54 |jstor=2545683|doi=10.1177/019791838602000103 |s2cid=145124856 }}</ref>

==== Case of Bhagat Singh Thind ====
{{Main|United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind}}

United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind was a landmark legal case in the United States that reverberated through issues of immigration, citizenship, and race. In 1920, Bhagat Singh Thind, an Indian Sikh man, applied for naturalization under the [[Naturalization Act of 1906]], which permitted naturalization only for "free white persons" and "persons of African nativity or descent." Thind contended that his high-caste Indian heritage aligned with the scientific definition of "Caucasian," thereby qualifying him for citizenship."<ref name="Chi, S. 2012 pp. 341">Chi, S. & Robinson, E.M. (2012). Voices of the Asian American and Pacific Islander Experience (vol. 1). pp. 341. USA: Greenwood. {{ISBN|978-1-59884-354-5}}</ref>

The case reached the Supreme Court of the United States in 1923. However, the Court unanimously ruled against Thind, asserting that while he might indeed meet the scientific classification of "Caucasian," the term "white person" in the naturalization laws was construed to apply exclusively to individuals of European descent. This pivotal decision had far-reaching implications, not only for Thind but for countless other South Asians aspiring for US citizenship. It set a legal precedent that explicitly excluded South Asians from being considered "white" for naturalization purposes, effectively prohibiting their path to citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5076/#:~:text=In%20its%20decision%20in%20the,whites%20to%20become%20naturalized%20citizens.|title=Not All Caucasians Are White: The Supreme Court Rejects Citizenship for Asian Indians}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3111&context=jour_mlr#:~:text=Thind's%20case%20is%20unknown%20to,%E2%80%94the%20non%2Dwhite%20Caucasian.|title=Stories from the Negative Spaces: United States v. Thind and the Narrative of (Non)Whiteness }}</ref>

=== During World War II ===
{{Main|China Burma India Theater}}

{{see also|Indian Ocean in World War II}}
[[File:Shops in Calcutta in 1945.jpg|thumb|American [[G.I.]]s at a market in Calcutta in present-day [[Kolkata]] in 1945]]
During World War II, 1941–1945, India became the main base for the American [[China Burma India Theater]] (CBI) in the war against Japan. Tens of thousands of American servicemen arrived, bringing all sorts of advanced technology, and currency; they left in 1945. Serious tension erupted over American demands, led by US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], that India be given independence, a proposition [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] vehemently rejected. For years, Roosevelt encouraged British disengagement from India. The American position was based on an opposition to Europeans having colonies and a practical concern for the outcome of the war, and the expectation of a large American role in a post-independence era. Churchill threatened to resign if Roosevelt continued to push his case, causing Roosevelt to back down.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rubin |first1=Eric S. |year=2011 |title=America, Britain, and Swaraj: Anglo-American Relations and Indian Independence, 1939–1945 |journal=India Review |volume=10 |issue=1|pages=40–80 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2011.548245|s2cid=154301992 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Arthur |last=Herman |title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdPmzLtU5G4C |year=2008 |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |pages=472–539 |isbn=978-0-553-80463-8}}</ref> Meanwhile, India became the main American staging base to fly aid to China. During [[World War II]], the [[Air Force Station Arjan Singh|Panagarh Airport]] in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] of India was used as a supply transport airfield from 1942 to 1945 by the [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[Tenth Air Force]] and as a repair and maintenance depot for [[B-24 Liberator]] heavy bombers by [[Air Technical Service Command]].<ref>{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}</ref><ref>Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. {{ISBN|0-89201-092-4}}.</ref>

=== After Independence (1947–1997) ===
{{Further|History of Indian foreign relations}}
[[File:Photograph of President Truman and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, with Nehru's sister, Madame Pandit, waving... - NARA - 200154.tif|thumb|US President [[Harry S. Truman]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] with Nehru's sister, [[Vijayalakshmi Pandit]], Indian ambassador to the United States, in [[Washington, D.C.]] in October 1949]]
[[File:Indo US.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] receiving US President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] at [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] prior to Eisenhower's address to a joint session of [[Parliament of India]] in 1959]]
[[File:JKGalbraith JFK.jpg|thumb|US ambassador to India [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] (left) and US [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]], US [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], and Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] at [[Joint Base Andrews]] in [[Prince George's County, Maryland]] in 1961]]
[[File:Jacqueline Kennedy at the Taj Mahal, 15 March 1962.jpg|thumb|First lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] in front of the [[Taj Mahal]] in 1962.]]
[[File:Indira and Nixon.JPG|thumb|US President [[Richard Nixon]] at the arrival ceremony for Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] on the [[South Lawn]] of the [[White House]] in November 1971]]
[[File:Jimmy Carter with Prime Minister of India, Morarji Desai - NARA - 179821.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] in the [[Oval Office]] with US President [[Jimmy Carter]] in June 1978]]

=== Nehru era ===
The United States under the [[Truman administration]] leaned towards favouring India in the late-1940s as a consequence of most US planners seeing India more valuable diplomatically than neighboring Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert J.|last=McMahon|title=The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Deq32J9P4ZMC |date=June 1, 2010 |publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51467-5|page=11|quote=Despite keen attention to Pakistan's potential strategic significance, most US planners rated India as far the more valuable diplomatic prize. American policy towards the subcontinent consequently leaned in favour of India throughout the late-1940s. The opening of bilateral relations with New Delhi and [[Karachi]] and the reasons for the initial Truman administration tilt toward the former will be explored in the next chapter.}}</ref> However, during the [[Cold War]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru's]] policy of neutrality was cumbersome to many American observers. American Ambassador [[Henry F. Grady]] told the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] in December 1947 that he had informed Nehru "that this is a question that cannot be straddled and that India should get on the democratic side immediately".<ref name="Robert McMahon">{{cite book|last1=McMahon|first1=Robert J.|title=The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan |date=August 13, 2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Deq32J9P4ZMC |access-date=November 28, 2015 |isbn=9780231514675}}</ref> In 1948, Nehru rejected American suggestions for resolving the Kashmir crisis via third party mediation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=St. John |first=Anthony Wanis |date=1997 |title=The Mediating Role in the Kashmir Dispute Between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45288985 |journal=The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=173–195 |jstor=45288985 |issn=1046-1868}}</ref>

Nehru chose United States as the first country to visit abroad as Prime Minister. However, this 1949 tour of the United States was "an undiplomatic disaster" that left bad feelings on both sides.<ref>H.W. Brands, ''Inside the Cold War'' (1991) p 202–05, quote p 204</ref> Nehru and his top aide [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] discussed whether India should "align with United States 'somewhat' and build up our economic and military strength."<ref>Sarvepalli Gopal, ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. 1947-1956. Volume Two'' (1979) 2: 59.</ref> The Truman administration was quite favorable and indicated it would give Nehru anything he asked for. Nehru refused, and thereby forfeited the chance for a gift of one million tons of wheat.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McMahon |first=Robert J. |date=1987 |title=Food as a Diplomatic Weapon: The India Wheat Loan of 1951 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638663 |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=349–377 |doi=10.2307/3638663 |jstor=3638663 |issn=0030-8684|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The American Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]] recognized Nehru's potential world role but added that he was "one of the most difficult men with whom I have ever had to deal."<ref>Gopal, ''Nehru'' 2:60.</ref> The American visit had some benefits in that Nehru gained widespread understanding and support for his nation, and he himself gained a much deeper understanding of the American outlook.<ref>Rudra Chaudhuri, ''Forged in crisis: India and the United States since 1947'' (2014) pp 25-47.</ref>

India rejected the American advice that it should not recognize the Communist conquest of China, but it did back the US when it supported the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 82|1950 United Nations resolution]] condemning North Korea's aggression in the Korean War. India tried to act as a mediator to help end the war, and served as a conduit for diplomatic messages between the US and China. Although no Indian troops took part in the war, India did send a Medical Corps of 346 army doctors to help the UN side.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-doctor-heroes-of-war/article17529390.ece|title=The doctor-heroes of war|first=D. p|last=Ramachandran|newspaper=The Hindu |date=March 19, 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Meanwhile, poor harvests forced India to ask for American aid for its food security, which was given [[Food for Peace#Public Law 480 (1954)|starting in 1950]].<ref>Brands, ''Inside the Cold War'' (1991) pp 212–24, 229</ref> In the first dozen years of Indian independence (1947–59), the US provided $1.700,000,000 in aid; including $931,000,000 in food. The Soviet Union provided about half as much in monetary terms, however made much larger contributions in kind, taking the form of infrastructural aid; soft loans; technical knowledge transfer; economic planning and skills involved in the areas of [[Bokaro Steel Plant|steel]] [[Steel mill|mills]]; [[HMT (company)|machine building]]; hydroelectric power; and other heavy industries, especially [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|nuclear energy]] and [[ISRO|space research]].<ref>Richard P. Stebbins, ''The United States in World Affairs: 1959'' (1960) p 297</ref> In 1961, the US pledged $1,000,000,000 in development loans, in addition to $1,300,000,000 of free food.<ref>Richard P. Stebbins, ''The United States in World Affairs: 1961'' (1962) p 208</ref> President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] sent [[John Sherman Cooper]] as ambassador in 1956–57, who got along very well with Nehru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franklin |first=Douglas A. |date=1984 |title=The Politician as Diplomat: Kentucky's John Sherman Cooper in India, 1955-1956 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23381056 |journal=The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=28–59 |jstor=23381056 |issn=0023-0243 }}</ref>

In terms of rhetoric, Nehru—as both prime minister and foreign minister (1947–64)—promoted a moralistic rhetoric attacking both the Soviet bloc and the US and its bloc. Nehru tried to build a nonaligned movement, paying special attention to the many new nations in the [[Third World]] released from European colonial status at this time. President Eisenhower and his Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]] themselves used moralistic rhetoric to attack the evils of Communism.<ref>Sarah Ellen Graham, "The Eisenhower Administration and Public Diplomacy in India: An Ambivalent Engagement, 1953–1960." Diplomacy & Statecraft 25.2 (2014): 260-284.</ref>

In 1959, Eisenhower became the first US president to visit India to strengthen the staggering ties between the two nations. He was so supportive that the ''[[New York Times]]'' remarked, "It did not seem to matter much whether Nehru had actually requested or been given a guarantee that the US would help India to meet further Chinese Communist aggression. What mattered was the obvious strengthening of Indian–American friendship to a point where no such guarantee was necessary."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Its-been-love-hate-across-presidents/articleshow/4009093.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512154629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-21/us/28006522_1_strategic-counter-nuclear-fuel-supply-visit |url-status=live |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |title=Strategic Counter Nuclear Fuel Supply Visit |date=January 21, 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=December 17, 2013}}</ref>

During [[Presidency of John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy's presidency]] from 1961 to 1963, India was considered a strategic partner and counterweight to the rise of Communist China. Kennedy said:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paddock |first=Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNmokBSwPJsC&dq=Chinese+Communists+have+been+moving+ahead+the+last+10+years.+India+has+been+making+some+progress,+but+if+India+does+not+succeed+with+her+450+million+people,+if+she+can't+make+freedom+work,+then+people+around+the+world+are+going+to+determine,+particularly+in+the+underdeveloped+world,+that+the+only+way+they+can+develop+their+resources+is+through+the+Communist+system&pg=PA36 |title=India-US Nuclear Deal: Prospects and Implications |date=2009 |publisher=Epitome Books |isbn=978-93-80297-00-2 |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"Chinese Communists have been moving ahead the last 10 years. India has been making some progress, but if India does not succeed with her 450 million people, if she can't make freedom work, then people around the world are going to determine, particularly in the underdeveloped world, that the only way they can develop their resources is through the Communist system."}}

Relations took a nosedive when India [[Annexation of Goa|annexed the Portuguese colony of Goa]] in 1961. The [[Kennedy administration]] condemned the armed action of the Indian government and demanded that all Indian forces be unconditionally withdrawn from Goan soil, at the same time, cutting foreign aid appropriations to India by 25 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changing Perceptions of India in the U.S. Congress|url=http://sga.myweb.uga.edu/readings/changing_perceptions_of_india.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210050251/http://sga.myweb.uga.edu/readings/changing_perceptions_of_india.htm |archive-date=December 10, 2009 |access-date=November 9, 2009 |publisher=Sga.myweb.uga.edu}}</ref> In response, [[V. K. Krishna Menon|Menon]], now the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], lectured Kennedy on the importance of US-Soviet compromise and dismissed the admonishments of the Kennedy administration as "vestige(s) of Western imperialism".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singhal |first=D. P. |date=1962 |title=Goa—End of an Epoch |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20633766 |journal=The Australian Quarterly |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=77–89 |doi=10.2307/20633766 |jstor=20633766 |issn=0005-0091|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Kennedy administration openly supported India during the [[1962 Sino-Indian war]] and considered the Chinese action as "blatant Chinese Communist aggression against India".<ref>{{cite news|title=India used US spy planes to map Chinese incursion in Sino-Indian war|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Americas/India-used-US-spy-planes-to-map-Chinese-incursion-in-1962-war/Article1-1108481.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816111143/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Americas/India-used-US-spy-planes-to-map-Chinese-incursion-in-1962-war/Article1-1108481.aspx|url-status=dead |archive-date=August 16, 2013 |access-date=August 16, 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=August 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nehru permitted CIA spy planes to use Indian air base|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/nehru-permitted-cia-spy-planes-to-use-indian-air-base-113081600225_1.html |access-date=August 16, 2013 |newspaper=Business Standard |date=August 16, 2013}}</ref> The [[United States Air Force]] flew in arms, ammunition and clothing supplies to the Indian troops and the [[United States Navy]] sent the [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|USS ''Kitty Hawk'']] [[aircraft carrier]] from the [[Pacific Ocean]] to India, though it was recalled before it reached the [[Bay of Bengal]] since the crisis had passed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-untold-story-how-the-us-came-to-indias-aid-in-1962/20121204.htm |title=The Untold Story- How the US came to India's aid |work=Rediff.com |date=December 4, 2012 |access-date=December 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sukumaran |first=R. |url=http://www.idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_sukumaran_0903.pdf |title=The 1962 India-China War and Kargil 1999: Restrictions on the Use of Air Power |date=July–September 2003 |volume=27 |journal=Strategic Analysis |access-date=December 17, 2013 |issue=3 |pages=332–356 |doi=10.1080/09700160308450094 |s2cid=154278010 |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422145041/https://www.idsa.in/system/files/strategicanalysis_sukumaran_0903.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kennedy insisted that Washington defend India as it would any ally, saying, "We ''should'' defend India, and therefore we ''will'' defend India."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/08/27/2003269368|title=JFK, aides considered nuclear arms in China-India clash|date=August 27, 2005 |access-date=September 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to IACFPA.ORG |url=http://www.iacfpa.org/p_news/nit/iacpa-archieve/2005/09/02/diplo3-02092005.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927074755/http://www.iacfpa.org/p_news/nit/iacpa-archieve/2005/09/02/diplo3-02092005.shtml |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=September 27, 2014}}</ref>

=== Indira-Rajiv era ===
Following the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of Kennedy in 1963]], India–US relations deteriorated gradually. While Kennedy's successor [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] sought to maintain relations with India to counter Communist China, he also sought to strengthen ties with Pakistan with the hopes of easing tensions with China and weakening India's growing military buildup as well.<ref name="upppav">{{cite web |title=Lyndon Johnson and India |date=May 11, 2001 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30250554.ece |access-date=December 30, 2015 |publisher=Frontline.in}}</ref> Relations then hit an all-time low under the [[Nixon administration]] in the early 1970s. [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] shifted away from the neutral stance which his predecessors had taken towards India-Pakistan hostilities. He established a very close relationship with Pakistan, aiding it militarily and economically, as India, now under the leadership of [[Indira Gandhi]], was leaning towards Soviet Union. He considered Pakistan as a very important ally to counter Soviet influence in the Indian subcontinent and establish ties with China, with whom Pakistan was very close.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacherjee |first=Kallol |date=November 30, 2023 |title=Kissinger, Nixon 'helped' Pakistan in 1971, documents from U.S. Archive reveal |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kissinger-nixon-broke-us-rule-to-help-pakistan-sent-aircraft-from-third-countries-as-they-feared-india-was-about-to-attack-west-pakistan/article67591823.ece |access-date=December 5, 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> During the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani War]], the US openly supported Pakistan and deployed its aircraft carrier [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS ''Enterprise'']] towards the Bay of Bengal, which was seen as a show of force by the US in support of the [[West Pakistan]]i forces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ |access-date=June 25, 2023 |website=nsarchive2.gwu.edu}}</ref> Later in 1974, India conducted its first nuclear test, [[Smiling Buddha]], which was opposed by the US, however it also concluded that the test did not violate any agreement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perkovich|first=George|title=India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation|year=2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23210-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ripples in the nuclear pond|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x6ZSAAAAIBAJ&pg=7191%2C5606996 |access-date=September 5, 2011 |newspaper=The Deseret News |date=May 22, 1974}}</ref>

In the late 1970s, with the [[Janata Party]] leader [[Morarji Desai]] becoming the prime minister, India improved its relations with the US, led by [[Jimmy Carter]], despite the latter signing an order in 1978 barring nuclear material from being exported to India due to India's non-proliferation record.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=30713 |title=Executive Order 12055 – Export of Special Nuclear Material to India |work=The American Presidency Project |publisher=Ucsb.edu |access-date=December 17, 2013 |archive-date=December 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224733/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=30713 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Despite the return of Indira Gandhi to power in 1980, the relations between the two countries continued to improve gradually, although India did not support the United States in its role in the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan]]. Indian Foreign Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] expressed "grave concern" over the United States's decision to "rearm" Pakistan; the two countries were working closely together to counter the Soviets in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/carterbrezhnev/docs_intervention_in_afghanistan_and_the_fall_of_detente/fall_of_detente_chron.pdf|title=The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Detente}}</ref> The [[Reagan administration]] provided limited assistance to India. India sounded out Washington on the purchase of a range of US defence technology. In 1984, Washington approved the supply of selected technology to India, including gas turbines for naval frigates and engines for prototypes for India's light combat aircraft. There were also unpublicized transfers of technology, including the engagement of a US company, [[Continental Electronics]], to design and build a new VLF communications station, which was commissioned in the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Brewster|url=https://www.academia.edu/7698761 |title=India's Ocean: the Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership |access-date=August 30, 2014}}</ref>

== Contemporary relations ==

=== Post-liberalization era ===
Under [[Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration|Bill Clinton]] (President 1993–2001) and [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] (Prime Minister 1991–1996) both sides mishandled relations, according to Arthur G. Rubinoff. Clinton simultaneously pressured India to liberalize its economy while criticizing New Delhi on human rights and nuclear issues. In the face of criticism from Washington and opposition at home, Indian leaders lost their enthusiasm for rapprochement and reverted to formalistic protocol over substantive diplomacy. The Brown Amendment that restored American aid to Pakistan in 1995 was an irritant. In returning to a Cold War style rhetoric, Indian parliamentarians and American congressmen demonstrated their unwillingness to establish a new relationship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubinoff |first=Arthur G. |date=1996 |title=Missed Opportunities and Contradictory Policies: Indo-American Relations in the Clinton-Rao Years |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761184 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=499–517 |doi=10.2307/2761184 |jstor=2761184 |issn=0030-851X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Strobe Talbott |url=http://archive.org/details/engagingindiadip00talb |title=Engaging India |date=2004 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8157-8300-8}}</ref>

=== NDA I and II governments (1998–2004) ===
[[File:President Bill Clinton and Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shake hands after signing a vision statement, Hyderabad House, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] with US President [[Bill Clinton]] in [[New Delhi]] in March 2000]]
[[File:President George W. Bush talks with Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] with US President [[George W. Bush]] in [[New York City]] in September 2003]]
Soon after [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] became Indian prime minister, he authorized [[Pokhran-II|nuclear weapons testing]] at [[Pokhran]]. The United States strongly condemned this testing, promised sanctions, and voted in favor of a [[United Nations Security Council]] resolution condemning the tests. President Clinton imposed economic sanctions on India, including cutting off all military and economic aid; freezing loans by American banks to state-owned Indian companies; prohibiting loans to the Indian government for all except food purchases; prohibiting American aerospace technology and uranium exports to India; and requiring the US to oppose all loan requests by India to international lending agencies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/clinton-imposes-full-sanctionsindia/22222/ |title=Clinton Imposes Full Sanctions On India |work=Business Standard |date=May 14, 1998 |access-date=December 17, 2013}}</ref> However, these sanctions proved ineffective—India was experiencing strong economic growth, and its trade with the US only constituted a small portion of its [[gross domestic product|GDP]]. Only [[Japan]] joined the US in imposing direct sanctions, while most other nations continued to trade with India. The sanctions were soon lifted. Afterward, the [[Clinton administration]] and Prime Minister Vajpayee exchanged representatives to help rebuild relations.<ref name="IC">{{Cite journal |last=Hathaway |first=Robert |date=2002 |title=The US–India courtship: from Clinton to Bush |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402390412331302855 |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=6–31 |doi=10.1080/01402390412331302855 |s2cid=153681638 |issn=0140-2390|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In March 2000, Clinton visited India, undertaking bilateral and economic discussions with Vajpayee. This would mark the first US presidential trip to India since 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/24/timeline-of-us-presidential-visits-to-india|title=Timeline of US presidential visits to India|first=Bilal|last=Kuckay|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=February 24, 2020|access-date=April 12, 2023}}</ref> During the visit, the [[Indo-US Science & Technology Forum]] was established.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Neureiter|first1=Norman|first2=Michael|last2=Cheetham|title=The Indo-U.S. Science and Technology Forum as a Model for Bilateral Cooperation|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=December 16, 2013|volume=2|issue=4|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/editorial/2013/indo-us-science-and-technology-forum-model-for-bilateral-cooperation}}</ref>

Over the course of improved diplomatic relations with the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]], India agreed to allow close international monitoring of its nuclear weapons development, although it refused to give up its current nuclear arsenal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Limaye |first=Satu P. |url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/0104qus_india.pdf |title=U.S.-India Relations: Visible to the Naked Eye |publisher=Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies |access-date=December 17, 2013 |archive-date=May 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518031351/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/0104qus_india.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2004, the US decided to grant [[major non-NATO ally]] (MNNA) status to Pakistan. The US extended the MNNA strategic working relationship to India but the offer was turned down.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-mulls-India-as-non-Nato-ally/articleshow/576446.cms|title=US mulls India as non-Nato ally|work=The Times of India|date=March 23, 2004 |access-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/In-US-India-strategic-tango-its-passion-vs-caution/articleshow/14101814.cms|title=In US-India strategic tango, it's passion vs caution|work=The Times of India|date=June 13, 2012 |access-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref> After the [[September 11 attacks]] against the US in 2001, President [[George W. Bush]] collaborated closely with India in controlling and policing the strategically critical [[Indian Ocean]] sea lanes from the [[Suez Canal]] to [[Singapore]].<ref name="IC" />

=== UPA I and II governments (2004–2014) ===
[[File:Bush meets Pranab Mukherjee.jpg|thumb|Indian Minister of External Affairs [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in the [[Oval Office]] with US President [[George W. Bush]] in March 2008]]
During the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush administration]], relations between India and the United States improved greatly, primarily over common concerns regarding growing [[Islamic extremism]], energy security, and climate change.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ejaz |first=Ahmad |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/4%20-%20Ahmad%20Ejaz%20Artical-2_v13No1.pdf |title=United States-India Relations: An expanding strategic partnership |journal=Pakistan Vision |volume=13 |access-date=December 17, 2013 |issue=1}}</ref> [[George W. Bush]] commented: "India is a great example of democracy. It is very devout, has diverse religious heads, but everyone is comfortable about their religion. The world needs India".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2006 |title=The world needs India: Bush |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/mar/03bush2.htm |access-date= |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Journalist [[Fareed Zakaria]], in his book ''[[The Post-American World]]'', described Bush as "being the most pro-Indian president in American history."<ref>Zakaria, Fareed, The Post-American World, 2008 Cahapter VII, pp. 225-226</ref> According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a scholar of Indian foreign policy and ideologue of the [[Indian National Congress]], the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA coalition]] saw a "transformation in bilateral ties with the US", as a result of which the relations now covers "a wide range of issues, including high technology, space, education, agriculture, trade, clean energy, counter- terrorism, etc".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul|title=Promoting National Interest Through Diplomacy|journal=Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist|date=December 2013|volume=1|issue=9|page=60}}</ref>

After the [[2004 tsunami|December 2004 tsunami]], the US and Indian navies cooperated in search and rescue operations and in the reconstruction of affected areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Naval Diplomacy: Post Tsunami {{!}} IPCS|url=http://www.ipcs.org/focusthemsel.php?articleNo=1640|access-date=April 24, 2021|website=www.ipcs.org}}</ref> Since 2004, Washington and New Delhi pursued a "strategic partnership" based on shared values and generally convergent geopolitical interests. Numerous economic, security, and global initiatives, including plans for civilian nuclear cooperation, are underway. First launched in 2005, cooperation on nuclear weapons reversed three decades of American non-proliferation policy. Also in 2005, United States and India signed a ten-year defense framework agreement, with the goal of expanding bilateral security cooperation. The two countries engaged in numerous and unprecedented combined military exercises, and major US arms sales to India were concluded.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=U.S.-India Bilateral Agreements in 2005 |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20050908_RL33072_bd0df1a29a3c0bf5945c84086bf1603b7b111ba1.pdf |journal=CRS Report for Congress}}</ref> After [[Hurricane Katrina]], India donated $5 million to the [[American Red Cross]] and sent two planeloads of relief supplies and materials to help.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ia.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/03katrina.htm |title=India pledges 5 million dollars for Katrina relief |publisher=Ia.rediff.com |date=September 3, 2005 |access-date=December 17, 2013}}</ref> The value of all bilateral trade tripled from 2004 to 2008 and continued to grow, while two-way investment also increased.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=ndia: Domestic Issues, Strategic Dynamics, and U.S. Relations |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20110901_RL33529_9822b6d90682986b02c0f0caca16037669d0d4cf.pdf |journal=CRS Report for Congress}}</ref> In November 2010, President [[Barack Obama]] visited India and addressed a joint session of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 8, 2010 |title=Obama backs India on terror, U.N. reform |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Obama-backs-India-on-terror-U.N.-reform/article15679544.ece |access-date=June 25, 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> where he backed [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|India's bid for a permanent seat]] on the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=AP |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/obama-supports-india-on-un-security-council-2128544.html |title=Obama supports India on UN Security Council |work=The Independent |date=November 8, 2010 |access-date=December 17, 2013 |location=London}}</ref>

==== Strategic and military determinants ====
{{See also|Quadrilateral Security Dialogue}}

In March 2009, the [[Obama administration]] cleared the US$2.1 billion sale of eight [[P-8 Poseidon]]s to India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE52F6X520090316|title=U.S. OKs record $2.1 billion arms sale to India |date=March 16, 2009 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref> This deal, and the $5 billion agreement to provide [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|Boeing C-17]] [[military transport aircraft]] and [[General Electric F414]] engines announced during Obama's November 2010 visit, made the US one of the top three military suppliers to India (after Israel and Russia).<ref>{{cite web|last=Cohen|first=Stephen and Sanil Dasgupta|title=Arms Sales for India|url=http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2011/03_india_cohen_dasgupta.aspx|publisher=Brookings Institution |access-date=March 18, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309074634/http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2011/03_india_cohen_dasgupta.aspx|archive-date=March 9, 2011}}</ref>

====US spying incidents====
{{Main|CIA activities in India}}

In July and November 2013, India demanded that the US respond to allegations that the Indian UN mission in [[New York City]] and the Indian Embassy in [[Washington, D.C.]] had been targeted for spying.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/terrorism-security/2014/0702/India-recoils-at-reported-NSA-spying-on-its-Hindu-nationalist-party|title=India recoils at reported NSA spying on its Hindu nationalist party |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=July 3, 2014}}</ref> A 2010 document leaked by [[Edward Snowden]] and published by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' revealed that US intelligence agencies had been authorized to spy on [[Narendra Modi]] (who was then the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat|Chief Minister of the Indian state of Gujarat]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-usa-idINKBN0F70J820140702|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117182735/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-usa-idINKBN0F70J820140702|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 17, 2016|title=India seeks assurances from U.S. over spying reports |publisher=Reuters India |date=July 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-02/india-demands-u-s-explanation-after-report-modi-party-spied-on.html|title=India Demands U.S. Explanation After Modi Party Spied On |publisher=Bloomberg |date=July 3, 2014}}</ref>

[[WikiLeaks]] revelations that Western intelligence agencies used foreign aid workers and staff at non-governmental organizations as [[non-official cover]] prompted India to increase monitoring of [[satellite phone]]s and movement of personnel working for humanitarian relief organizations and development aid agencies in the vicinity of sensitive locations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Narendra Modi govt cracks down on NGOs, prepares hitlist|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-govt-prepares-ngo-hitlist/article1-1310127.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124193153/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/modi-govt-prepares-ngo-hitlist/article1-1310127.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 24, 2015|work=Hindustan Times |date=January 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The foreign threat|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-foreign-threat/|work=The Indian Express |date=May 15, 2015}}</ref>

==== Foreign policy issues during the early 2010s ====
[[File:President Obama, Secretary Clinton, and the Indian Delegation Pose for a Photo (4693387967).jpg|thumb|President [[Barack Obama]], US [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]], and the Indian delegation at the US-India Strategic Dialogue reception at the US [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] in June 2010]]
According to some analysts,{{Who|date=June 2023}} India–US relations were strained over the approach of the [[Obama administration]] to Pakistan and the handling of the [[Taliban insurgency]] in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20081111-99718.html|title=No call from Obama seen as slight to India |access-date=September 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rafique |first=Najam |date=2011 |title=Rethinking Pakistan–U.S. relations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48527652 |journal=Strategic Studies |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=124–152 |jstor=48527652 |issn=1029-0990}}</ref> India's [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Adviser]] [[M. K. Narayanan]] criticized the Obama administration for linking the [[Kashmir dispute]] to the instability in Pakistan and Afghanistan, and said that by doing so, President Obama was "barking up the wrong tree."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-02-05/news/28438459_1_wrong-tree-narayanan-pakistan-and-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512120235/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-02-05/news/28438459_1_wrong-tree-narayanan-pakistan-and-india |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |work=The Times Of India |title=Narayanan has barked up the wrong tree now |date=February 5, 2009}}</ref> ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' in February 2009 also criticized Obama's approach to [[South Asia]], saying that "India can be a part of the solution rather than part of the problem" in South Asia. It suggested that India take a more proactive role in rebuilding [[Afghanistan]], irrespective of the attitude of the Obama administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/02/20/india-needs-a-lot-more-love-from-obama/ |title=India needs a lot more love from Obama |date=February 20, 2009 |website=Foreign Policy|access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref> ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]'' reported that, since the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the public mood in India has been to pressure Pakistan more aggressively to take actions against the culprits behind the terrorist attack, and predicted that this might be reflected in the [[2009 Indian general election|Indian general elections in May 2009]]. Consequently, the Obama administration may have found itself at odds with India's rigid stance against terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=a2us2qcyo9nw&refer=india|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721094634/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=a2us2qcyo9nw&refer=india|archive-date=July 21, 2012|title=India's Terror Stance Vexes Obama Amid Voter Ire at Pakistan |website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=March 25, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the early 2010s, India and US governments have differed on a variety of regional issues ranging from America's [[Pakistan–United States military relations|military relations with Pakistan]] and India's [[India–Russia relations#Military relationship|military relations with Russia]] to foreign policy disagreements relating to Iran, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Myanmar and Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Gardiner |date=April 1, 2014 |title=Years After Obama Hailed Warming Ties With India, the Temperature Has Fallen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/world/asia/years-after-obama-hailed-warming-ties-with-india-the-temperature-has-fallen.html |access-date=February 8, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Colley |first1=Christopher K. |title=The Obama administration and India |date=February 28, 2020 |work=The United States in the Indo-Pacific |pages=44–62 |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/display/9781526135025/9781526135025.00010.xml |access-date=February 8, 2024 |publisher=Manchester University Press |language=en-US |isbn=978-1-5261-3502-5 |last2=Gunguly |first2=Sumit}}</ref>

India criticized the Obama administration's decision to limit [[H-1B visa|H-1B (temporary) visas]], and India's then External Affairs Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] (later, the [[president of India]] until 2017) said that India would oppose US "[[protectionism]]" at various international forums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/02/20/india.us.protectionism/index.html|title=India says it will oppose U.S. 'protectionism' |access-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref> India's Commerce Minister [[Kamal Nath]] said that India may move against Obama's outsourcing policies at the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=8500ec49-8326-4a88-b41d-fdd74fd2aad3&MatchID1=4934&TeamID1=3&TeamID2=1&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1248&MatchID2=4925&TeamID3=4&TeamID4=2&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1244&PrimaryID=4934&Headline=India+may+contest+Obama%27s+move+against+outsourcing+in+WTO|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501202358/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=8500ec49-8326-4a88-b41d-fdd74fd2aad3&MatchID1=4934&TeamID1=3&TeamID2=1&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1248&MatchID2=4925&TeamID3=4&TeamID4=2&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1244&PrimaryID=4934&Headline=India+may+contest+Obama%27s+move+against+outsourcing+in+WTO|url-status=dead|title=India may contest Obama's move against outsourcing in WTO|archivedate=May 1, 2009}}</ref> In May 2009, Obama reiterated his anti-outsourcing views and criticized the current US tax policy "that says you should pay lower taxes if you create a job in Bangalore, India, than if you create one in Buffalo, New York."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=3924|title=U.S.-India Relations Strained under Obama |access-date=April 2, 2016 |archive-date=July 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704014351/http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/Article.aspx?id=3924|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, during the US India Business Council meeting in June 2009, US [[U.S. Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] advocated for stronger economic ties between India and the United States.<ref name="Clinton">{{Cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/06/125033.htm|title=Remarks at U.S.-India Business Council's 34th Anniversary "Synergies Summit"|work=U.S. Department of State |date=June 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622012521/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/06/125033.htm |archive-date=June 22, 2009 }}</ref>

In June 2010, the United States and India formally re-engaged the US-India Strategic Dialogue initiated under President Bush when a large delegation of high-ranking Indian officials, led by External Affairs Minister [[S. M. Krishna]], visited [[Washington, D.C.]] As leader of the US delegation, Secretary of State Clinton lauded India as "an indispensable partner and a trusted friend".<ref>{{cite report |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33529.pdf |title=India: Domestic Issues, Strategic Dynamics, and U.S. Relations |last1=Kronstadt |first1=K. Alan |last2=Kerr |first2=Paul K. |last3=Martin |first3=Michael F. |last4=Vaughn |first4=Bruce |date=September 1, 2011 |work=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> President Obama appeared briefly at a [[United States Department of State]] reception to declare his firm belief that America's relationship with India "will be one of the defining partnerships of the 21st century."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/08/remarks-president-joint-session-indian-parliament-new-delhi-india |title=Remarks by the President to the Joint Session of the Indian Parliament in New Delhi, India |access-date=September 27, 2014 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |date=November 8, 2010}}</ref> The Strategic Dialogue produced a joint statement in which the two countries pledged to "deepen people-to-people, business-to-business, and government-to-government linkages{{nbsp}}... for the mutual benefit of both countries and for the promotion of global peace, stability, economic growth and prosperity."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hyderabad.usconsulate.gov/clintonvisit0711.html|title=U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue |website=Consulate General of the United States Hyderabad, India |access-date=September 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216221924/http://hyderabad.usconsulate.gov/clintonvisit0711.html|archive-date=February 16, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It outlined extensive bilateral initiatives in ten key areas, covering a wide range of security-related, economic, and societal topics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/07/168745.htm|title=U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue Joint Statement|work=U.S. Department of State |access-date=September 27, 2014}}</ref>

In November 2010, Obama became the second US president (after [[Richard Nixon]] in 1969) to undertake a visit to India in his first term in office. On November 8, Obama also became the second US president (after Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1959) to ever address a [[joint session]] of the [[Parliament of India]]. In a major policy shift, Obama declared US support for India's [[United Nations Security Council#Permanent members|permanent membership]] on the UN Security Council.<ref name="nyt20101108">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100131/spectrum/main1.htm|title=Richard Nixon visited India in 1969 after becoming the president|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/world/asia/09prexy.html |title=Obama Backs India for Seat on Security Council |last=Stolberg |first=Sheryl |date=November 8, 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=November 8, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143448/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/world/asia/09prexy.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref> He also announced the removal of export control restrictions on several Indian companies, and concluded trade deals worth $10 billion, which are expected to create and/or support 50,000 jobs in the US.<ref name="bbc20101108x">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11712268|title=Obama confirms U.S. strategic shift towards India|last=Reynolds|first=Paul |date=November 8, 2010 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=November 8, 2010}}</ref>

==== Devyani Khobragade incident ====
{{Main|Devyani Khobragade incident}}

In December 2013, [[Devyani Khobragade]], the Deputy Consul General of [[India]] in New York, was arrested and accused by US federal prosecutors of submitting false work visa documents and paying her housekeeper "far less than the [[Minimum wage in the United States|minimum legal wage]]."<ref name="Harris">{{cite news|first=Gardiner|last=Harris|title=Outrage in India, and Retaliation, Over a Female Diplomat's Arrest in New York|date=December 17, 2013|location=Bangalore|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/18/world/asia/outrage-in-india-over-female-diplomats-arrest-in-new-york.html|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The ensuing incident saw protests from the Indian government and a rift in relations, with outrage expressed that Khobragade was [[Strip search|strip-searched]] and held in the general inmate population.<ref name="Harris" /> Former Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] said that Khobragade's treatment was "deplorable".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/devyani-khobragade-us-india-row-escalates-after-diplomat-complains-about-strip-search-after-arrest|title=Devyani Khobragade: US-India Row Escalates After Diplomat Complains About Strip-Search After Arrest On Visa Fraud|last=Gayathri|first=Amrutha|work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=September 27, 2014 |date=December 18, 2013}}</ref>

India demanded an apology from the US over her alleged "humiliation" and called for the charges to be dropped, which the US declined to do.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-25459805|title=Devyani Khobragade row: US refuses to drop charges |work=BBC News |date=December 20, 2013}}</ref> The Indian government retaliated for what it viewed as the mistreatment of its consular official by revoking the ID cards and other privileges of US consular personnel and their families in India and removing security barriers in front of the [[US Embassy in New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India removes US Embassy security barriers in spat|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-india-diplomat-idUSBRE9BG1A820131218|access-date=December 29, 2013|work=Reuters|date=December 18, 2013|last1=Asokan|first1=Shyamantha|last2=Francescani|first2=Chris|location=New Delhi/New York}}</ref> Nancy J. Powell, the US ambassador to India, resigned following the incident, which was widely seen by India "as fallout from the imbroglio."<ref name="BarryTires">{{cite news |first1=Ellen |last1=Barry |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/21/world/asia/india-tires-of-diplomatic-rift-over-arrest.html |title=India Tires of Diplomatic Rift Over Arrest of Devyani Khobragade |work=The New York Times |date=December 20, 2014 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Within a year of the incident, US–India relations were warming again, as President Obama visited India in January 2015.<ref name="BarryTires" />

=== Modi government (2014–present) ===

==== Modi–Obama relationship (2014–2017) ====
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the US President, Mr. Barack Obama, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on January 25, 2015 (5).jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] with US President [[Barack Obama]] in [[New Delhi]], January 2015.]]
By 2016, India–United States relations improved significantly during the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]] which began in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/05/10/how-modi-changed-the-india-us-relationship/ |title=How Modi changed the India–US relationship |date=May 10, 2016}}</ref> India and the US share an extensive and expanding cultural, strategic, military, and economic relationship<ref>Teresita C. Schaffer, ''India and the United States in the 21st Century: Reinventing Partnership'' (2010)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34161.pdf|title=India-U.S. Economic and Trade Relations|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indo-U.S. Relations: Moving Beyond the Plateau|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/07/30/indo-u-s-relations-moving-beyond-the-plateau/|work=Foreign Policy |date=July 30, 2015}}</ref> which is in the phase of implementing ''[[Confidence and security-building measures|confidence building measures]]'' (CBM) to overcome the legacy of trust deficit—brought about by adversarial US foreign policies<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond the immediate present|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/beyond-the-immediate-present/article6821491.ece|work=The Hindu |date=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nixon's dislike of 'witch' Indira|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4633263.stm|publisher=BBC World Service |date=June 29, 2005}}</ref> and multiple instances of technology denial<ref>{{cite news|title=India overcame US sanctions to develop cryogenic engine|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-overcame-US-sanctions-to-develop-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/28449360.cms?referral=PM|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=January 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How Kargil spurred India to design own GPS|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/How-Kargil-spurred-India-to-design-own-GPS/articleshow/33254691.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian scientists thwart Western embargo on manufacture of carbon composites |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/4374/indian-scientists-thwart-western-embargo-on-manufacture-of-carbon-composites/ |publisher=Centre for Science and Environment |date=August 30, 1992 |archive-date=August 1, 2022 |access-date=September 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132827/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/4374/indian-scientists-thwart-western-embargo-on-manufacture-of-carbon-composites/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>—which have plagued the relationship over several decades.<ref>{{cite news|title=The geopolitical context of India-US ties|url=https://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/the-geopolitical-context-of-india-us-ties_1474021.html|publisher=Zee News|date=September 23, 2015}}</ref>

Key developments included the rapid growth of India's economy; closer ties between the Indian and American industries, especially in the Information and communications technology (ICT), engineering and medical sectors; an informal ''[[Entente (type of alliance)|entente]]'' to [[China threat theory|manage]] an increasingly assertive [[China]]; robust cooperation on counter-terrorism; the deterioration of [[U.S.-Pakistan relations|US-Pakistan relations]]; easing of export controls over dual-use goods & technologies (99% of licenses applied were, as of 2016, approved);<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/54830169.cms |title=US rules out treaty alliance with India, says that era is over |date=October 13, 2016 |website=India Times |access-date=October 14, 2016}}</ref> and reversal of long-standing American opposition to India's strategic program.

Income creation in the US through knowledge-based employment by Asian Indians has outpaced every other ethnic group according to US Census data.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/usas-best-indian-americans-top-community/85882-2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222001100/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/usas-best-indian-americans-top-community/85882-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 22, 2009 |title=USAÃ¢ï¿½ï¿½s best: Indian Americans top community – World – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=February 20, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2013}}</ref> Growing financial and political clout of the affluent [[Indian American|Asian Indian diaspora]] is noteworthy. Indian American households are the most prosperous in the US, with a median revenue of US$100,000, and are followed by Chinese Americans at US$65,000. The average household revenue in the USA is US$63,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2019/acs/acsbr18-01.pdf|title=Household Income: 2018 American Community Survey Briefs}}</ref> The political influence of the large Indian-American community is reflected in the largest country-specific caucus in the [[United States Congress]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 7, 2004 |title=Indian Americans excel in Bush Administration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/indian-americans-excel-in-bush-administration/articleshow/481197.cms |access-date=June 26, 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> while between 2009 and 2010 more than 100,000 Indian students attended American colleges and universities.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 6, 2011 |title=Commerce Trade Official to Lead Education Trade Mission to India |url=http://trade.gov/press/press-releases/2011/commerce-trade-official-to-lead-education-trade-mission-to-india-100711.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017060809/http://www.trade.gov/press/press%2Dreleases/2011/commerce-trade-official-to-lead-education-trade-mission-to-india-100711.asp |archive-date=October 17, 2012 |access-date=December 17, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration}}</ref>

The 2014 State Department's annual [[Trafficking in Persons Report|Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report]] appeared to classify the Khobragade incident as an example of human trafficking, stating: "An Indian consular officer at the New York consulate was indicted in December 2013 for visa fraud related to her alleged exploitation of an Indian domestic worker."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/devyani-khobragade-featured-in-us-human-trafficking-report/article6134380.ece|title=Devyani Khobragade featured in U.S. human trafficking report |work=The Hindu |date=June 21, 2014}}</ref> In response, India showed no urgency to allow visits to India by the newly appointed US anti-human trafficking ambassador [[Susan P. Coppedge]] and the US special envoy for LGBT rights Randy Berry. Under [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]] homosexuality was illegal in India. Indian Ambassador to the US, Arun K. Singh reiterated India's commitment to work within an international framework to tackle the problem of trafficking but rejected any "unilateral assessments" by another country saying "We will never accept it" and downplayed the importance of the visits: "When you ask a US official when somebody will be given a visa, they always say 'we will assess when visa is applied for.'{{nbsp}}... I can do no better than to reiterate the US position."<ref>{{cite news|title=India blocks visits by U.S. officials despite warmer ties|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-india-idUSKCN0T92YI20151120|publisher=Reuters |date=November 20, 2015}}</ref>

In February 2016, the Obama administration notified the US Congress that it intended to provide Pakistan eight nuclear-capable [[F-16 fighters]] and assorted military goods, including eight [[AN/APG-68]](V)9 airborne radars and eight ALQ-211(V)9 electronic warfare suites,<ref>{{cite news|title=US to give Pakistan eight F-16s, India fumes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/US-to-give-Pakistan-eight-F-16s-India-fumes/articleshow/50979409.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India disappointed by U.S. sale of F-16 fighters to Pakistan|url=https://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/2016/02/14/india-disappointed-us-sale-f-16-fighters-pakistan/80373748/|work=Military Times |date=February 14, 2016}}</ref> despite strong reservations from US lawmakers regarding the transfer of any nuclear-capable platforms to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|title=US shouldn't sell nuclear-armed version of F-16 to Pak: Republican leadership|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-shouldnt-sell-nuclear-armed-version-of-F-16-to-Pak-Republican-leadership/articleshow/49826432.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=November 18, 2015}}</ref> The Indian Government summoned the US Ambassador to India to convey its disapproval regarding the sale of F-16 fighter jets to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|title=F-16, Pervez Musharraf pour cold water on Indo-Pak dialogue|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/F-16-Pervez-Musharraf-pour-cold-water-on-Indo-Pak-dialogue/articleshow/50988622.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 15, 2016}}</ref>

==== Modi–Trump relationship (2017–2021) ====
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of United States of America (USA), Mr. Donald Trump, at White House, in Washington DC, USA on June 26, 2017 (2).jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] with US President [[Donald Trump]] in the [[Oval Office]], June 2017]]
In February 2017, Indian ambassador to the US [[Navtej Sarna]] hosted a reception for the [[National Governors Association]] (NGA), which was attended by the governors of 25 states and senior representatives of three more states. This was the first time such an event had occurred. Explaining the reason for the gathering, Virginia Governor and NGA Chair [[Terry McAuliffe]] stated that "We clearly understand the strategic importance of India, of India–US relations. As we grow our 21st century economy, India has been so instrumental in helping us build our technology, medical professions. We recognise a country that has been such a close strategic ally of the US. That's why we the Governors are here tonight."<ref>{{cite web|title=India is Americas greatest strategic partner: top US Governor|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/india-is-americas-greatest-strategic-partner-top-us-governor_8555021.html|website=Money Control|date=February 25, 2017|access-date=February 25, 2017|archive-date=February 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226044936/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/india-is-americas-greatest-strategic-partner-top-us-governor_8555021.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October 2018, India inked a historic agreement worth US$5.43 billion with [[Russia]] to procure four [[S-400 Triumf]] surface-to-air missile defence systems—one of the most powerful [[Missile defence|missile defence systems]] in the world—ignoring America's [[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act|CAATSA act]]. The US threatened India with sanctions over India's decision to buy the S-400 missile defense system from Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, facing sanctions for Russian arms deals, says it wants to pivot spending to the US |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/23/india-to-pivot-spending-to-the-us-amid-russia-arms-deals-sanctions.html |work=CNBC |date=May 23, 2019}}</ref> The US also threatened India with sanctions over India's decision to buy [[Petroleum industry in Iran|oil from Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |title=US threatens India with CAATSA if it continues to purchase fuel from Iran |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/us-threatens-india-caatsa-continues-044500451.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmN6Lw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAKaVNQwtIyx5VcUJEIUOfD9ctVgk-FwVXbjLNopQAhvSqfnLaEkMIdy1Nu6FTMpBnOLPId5gx7c19HfIWMX_OVDjHVUdaYxX2kipal0yFoOvqhbCEtohboYjB56mlE0YSGPqhTzEsv1L_4rR0_JSRyFuK2AdXq6NVhBBRoR1VZ8r |work=Yahoo News |date=October 12, 2018}}</ref> However, the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] avoided sanctioning India for the Russian S-400 missile system, while sanctioning [[Turkey]] and China for the same purchases.<ref name="TA">{{Cite news |date=June 27, 2023 |title=Tracing the arc of American 'exception-ism' for India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/tracing-the-arc-of-american-exception-ism-for-india/article67016550.ece |access-date=June 28, 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
[[File:President Trump and the First Lady in India (49583481291).jpg|thumb|President [[Donald Trump]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at [[Namaste Trump]] rally in [[Ahmedabad]], India on February 24, 2020]]
[[File:President Trump and the First Lady in India (49584141701).jpg|thumb|PM Modi gifts exemplar of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[three wise monkeys]] to President Trump]]
President [[Donald Trump]] grew closer to India's [[BJP]] government, which shared similar [[Right-wing populism|right-wing]] views. He repeatedly praised Modi's leadership and avoided any negative criticism of the Indian government's actions on the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|citizenship]] and [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir]] disputes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Shivshankar |date=August 11, 2020 |title=How Trump and Modi Refashioned the Relationship Between America and India |language=en-US |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-08-11/modi-india-league-nationalists |access-date=March 20, 2023 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Modi Will Prefer a Trumpian World Order, Rather Than a Biden-Harris Presidency |url=https://thewire.in/world/modi-trump-authoritarianism-biden-harris |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=The Wire}}</ref> The Trump administration was consistent with the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi administration]] in combating "[[radical Islamic terrorism]]",<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2020 |title=India, US to defend people from radical Islamic terrorism: Trump |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/india-us-to-defend-people-from-radical-islamic-terrorism-trump/ |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=dailyexcelsior.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and the US reiterated its support for India's elimination of [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|terrorist training camp in Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NSA Ajit Doval calls Mike Pompeo, US reiterates its support for India's airstrike on Jaish terror camp in Pakistan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nsa-ajit-doval-mike-pompeo-united-states-reiterates-support-india-airstrike-jaish-terror-camp-pakistan-1466861-2019-02-28 |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=India Today |date=February 28, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump, India's Modi Call On Pakistan To Stem Terror Attacks |language=en |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-brands-pakistani-militant-terrorist-as-greets-indian-leader-modi-white-house-drone-sale/28580849.html |access-date=April 28, 2023}}</ref>

In early 2020, India provided its agreement for terminating an export embargo on a medicinal drug known as [[hydroxychloroquine]] amidst the combat against the ongoing coronavirus ([[COVID-19]]) [[pandemic]], after Trump threatened retaliation against India if it did not comply with terminating the export embargo on hydroxychloroquine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hydroxychloroquine: India agrees to release drug after Trump retaliation threat|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52196730|work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=August 20, 2020 |date=April 7, 2020}}</ref><ref name="CV">{{Cite web|first=Indrani|last=Bagchi |date=April 24, 2021 |title=US Covid Vaccine News: First obligation is to Americans, says US on India's request for vaccine raw materials {{!}} World News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/first-obligation-is-to-americans-says-us-on-indias-request-for-vaccine-raw-materials/articleshow/82219263.cms|access-date=April 24, 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

On December 21, 2020, President Trump awarded Modi with the [[Legion of Merit]] for elevating India–United States relations. The Legion of Merit was awarded to Modi along with Prime Minister of Australia [[Scott Morrison]] and former Prime Minister of Japan [[Shinzo Abe]], the "original architects" of the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|QUAD]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Shishir |date=December 22, 2020 |title=US' Legion of Merit award for QUAD architects sends multiple messages|language=en|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/us-legion-of-merit-award-for-quad-architects-sends-multiple-messages/story-bSHX0b7SNJXkmxTiHVU8hI.html |access-date=December 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Aakriti|date=December 22, 2020|title=After UAE's 'Order of Zayed' Indian PM Narendra Modi & QUAD Allies Awarded 'Legion of Merit' By US Government|language=en-US|work=eurasiantimes.com|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/after-uaes-order-of-zayed-pm-narendra-modi-awarded-legion-of-merit-by-us-government/ |access-date=December 22, 2020}}</ref>

====Modi–Biden relationship (2021–2025)====
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi in a Bilateral Meeting with the President of the United States of America, Mr. Joe Biden, at White House, in Washington DC, USA on September 24, 2021 (6).jpg|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] with US President [[Joe Biden]] in the [[Oval Office]], September 2021]]
US–India ties began to strain in April 2021 when India faced a massive spike in [[COVID-19]] infections. The US had invoked the [[Defense Production Act of 1950]] to [[Defense Production Act of 1950|ban the export of raw materials]] needed to produce vaccines in order to prioritize domestic vaccine production.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jain|first1=Rupam|last2=Rocha|first2=Euan |date=March 11, 2021 |title=U.S. curbs on raw material exports could dent new Quad alliance's vaccine push|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/us-curbs-raw-material-exports-could-dent-new-quad-alliances-vaccine-push-2021-03-11/}}</ref> According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', this also caused an explosion of anti-US sentiment in India, as the US had vaccine reserves and refused to share COVID-19 vaccine patents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2021 |title=As criticism mounts, US assures help to Covid-hit India {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/as-anti-us-sentiment-explodes-biden-admin-assures-help-to-covid-hit-india/articleshow/82241523.cms|access-date=April 25, 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> This came after a plea by [[Adar Poonawalla]], CEO of the [[Serum Institute of India]], to lift the embargo on export of raw materials needed to ramp up production of COVID-19 vaccines, was rejected.<ref name="CV" /> However, in late April, right after a phone call with [[Ajit Doval]], the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor of India]], the [[Biden administration]] stated it would make raw materials necessary for production of the [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine]] available to India, and began to send more than {{INR convert|714|c|year=2021}} worth of drug treatments, [[COVID-19 testing#Antibody tests|rapid diagnostic tests]], [[ventilator]]s, [[personal protective equipment]], and mechanical parts needed to manufacture vaccines to India, along with a team of public health experts from the [[United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. The US also stated that it planned to finance the expansion of [[Biological E. Limited]], an Indian-based COVID-19 vaccine production company.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 25, 2021 |title=The Latest: Biden says US set on helping India with pandemic|work=The Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/travel-coronavirus-vaccine-tokyo-osaka-coronavirus-pandemic-eed2b8c9c6d0e69d400a1a8bac9895e4 |access-date=April 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 27, 2021 |title=The Latest: Biden: Sending help to India during virus surge|work=The Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/technology-pandemics-europe-india-coronavirus-pandemic-adb43be663eeddb0ec638f1acf376735}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pathi|first=Krutika |date=April 29, 2021|title=India cases set new global record; millions vote in 1 state|work=The Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/india-coronavirus-business-health-a8f84ca9d9a4d9be322a4d9e9f614f6f}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ashok |date=May 1, 2021 |title=Hospital fire kills 18 virus patients as India steps up jabs|work=[[The Associated Press]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/india-fires-health-coronavirus-f500cb7b9e28871cf6e4e9e6ccbc1529}}</ref> India entered negotiations with the US after it declared that it would share 60 million Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines with the world.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jain|first=Rupam |date=April 27, 2021 |title=Vital medical supplies reach India as COVID deaths near 200,000|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-posts-323144-new-covid-19-cases-2021-04-27/}}</ref>

In a meeting of the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]] on the implications of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] for the region, President Biden noted India's abstention on a UN resolution condemning the invasion, saying that most global allies were united against Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news-2022-03-03/card/biden-holds-call-on-ukraine-with-leaders-of-australia-india-japan-wXpZeQ8Ev6l4HSAlCVhV|last=Siddiqui|first=Sabrina|date=March 3, 2022|location=Washington|title=Biden Holds Call on Ukraine With Leaders of Australia, India, Japan|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Speaking to the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|US Senate Foreign Relations Committee]], US diplomat [[Donald Lu]] said the Biden administration was still considering sanctions against India over its S-400 deal with Russia and its abstention at the UN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-ukraine-sanction-biden-unga-b2027646.html|title = US could sanction India after it abstained on Ukraine vote at UN|last=Mishra|first=Stuti|work= The Independent |date=March 3, 2022}}</ref> However, the Biden administration ruled out secondary sanctions against India for its considerable oil imports or defence engagement from Russia.<ref name="TA" />

===== Strengthen cooperation in various fields =====

Although there are certain differences over the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the United States and India strengthened cooperation in defense, semiconductors, critical minerals, space, climate, education, healthcare and other fields during the [[Joe Biden presidency]].<ref name="ML">{{Cite news |date=June 23, 2023 |title=Worldview with Suhasini Haidar {{!}} PM Modi in US {{!}} A major leap forward for India-US ties? |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/worldview-with-suhasini-haidar-pm-modi-in-us-a-major-leap-forward-for-india-us-ties/article67002279.ece |access-date=June 25, 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Biden called the ties with India "one of the defining relationships of the 21st century".<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 23, 2023 |title=Joe Biden and Narendra Modi hail 'defining' US-India partnership |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65994923 |access-date=July 3, 2023}}</ref> In a joint statement in 2023, Modi and Biden reiterated the call for concerted action against all groups identified by the United Nations as terrorist organisations, including Al-Qaeda, ISIS (Daesh), Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) and Hizb-ul-Mujhahideen (HuM). They also called out the [[Afghan Taliban]] authorities and Pakistan on the issue of terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2023 |title=Biden joins Modi to ask Pakistan to stop terrorism |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/biden-joins-modi-to-ask-pakistan-to-stop-terrorism-1230677.html |access-date=June 25, 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biden, Modi Call for Inclusive Govt in Afghanistan |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-183899 |access-date=June 25, 2023 |website=TOLOnews |language=en}}</ref> The joint statement declared that the two countries have strong ties spanning "seas to stars".<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2023 |title=Silent on Russia, joint statement hails ties spanning 'seas to stars' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/silent-on-russia-joint-statement-hails-ties-spanning-seas-to-stars-8683090/ |access-date=July 9, 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===== Spying allegations against India =====
{{See also|Canada–India diplomatic row}}
In November 2023, it was reported that US authorities prevented a plot to assassinate [[Gurpatwant Singh Pannun]], a Sikh separatist leader of the [[Khalistan movement]], within American borders.<ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S. Says Indian Official Directed Assassination Plot in New York |work=The New York Times |date=November 29, 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/29/nyregion/sikh-assassination-plot-charges-india.html |last1=McKinley |first1=Jesse |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |last3=Austen |first3=Ian }}</ref> Pannun had made threats to bomb the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] and [[Air India]] flights, is now facing charges related to terrorist activities by India's NIA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalistani terrorist Gurpatwant Pannun threatens to blow up Air India flight |date=November 5, 2023 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/khalistani-terrorist-gurpatwant-pannun-threatens-to-blow-up-air-india-flight-india-asks-canada-to-enhance-security-11699175959575.html}}</ref> United States federal prosecutors filed charges against Nikhil Gupta, an Indian national, alleging his involvement in a conspiracy with an Indian government official to carry out the assassination of Pannun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Accidentally Hired a DEA Agent to Kill Sikh American Activist, Federal Prosecutors Say |date=November 29, 2023 |url=https://theintercept.com/2023/11/29/india-assassination-plot-us-citizen-nikhil-gupta/}}</ref> India voiced apprehension over the connection of one of its government officials to the plot, distancing itself from the incident and saying it contradicted government policy.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Luc |last2=Mason |first2=Jeff |last3=Brunnstrom |first3=David |last4=Cohen |first4=Luc |last5=Mason |first5=Jeff |date=December 1, 2023 |title=US links Indian official to murder plot that India calls 'contrary to policy' |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-charges-indian-national-with-conspiracy-assassinate-sikh-advocate-2023-11-29/ |access-date=December 10, 2023}}</ref> In December 2023, it was reported that [[Joe Biden|President Joe Biden]] cancelled plans to attend India's January 2024 [[Delhi Republic Day parade]].<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/biden-india-visit-republic-day-quad-summit-b2462567.html</ref>

==== Modi–Trump relationship (2025–present) ====
[[File:President Donald Trump and Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the White House.jpg|right|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] with US President [[Donald Trump]] in the [[Oval Office]], February 2025]]India rejected Trump's offer to mediate [[China–India relations|India-China tensions]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump ruffles feathers with mediation offer to ease India-China tension |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/donald-trump-ruffles-feathers-with-offer-to-help-ties-between-india-and-china/article69220597.ece |work=The Hindu |date=February 15, 2025}}</ref> In May, again, India rejected Trump's and his vice president's offer to mediate when the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]] unfolded. The Indian Prime Minister first conveyed this directly to Trump in June. In late July, Modi reiterated the point during a parliamentary debate.<ref>{{Cite web |title="No World Leader Asked Us To Stop Op Sindoor": PM Modi On Congress' Trump Charge |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-world-leader-asked-india-to-stop-op-sindoor-pm-modi-8976066 |access-date=July 30, 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Modi tells Trump there was no US mediation in Pakistan truce |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/18/indias-modi-maintains-there-was-no-us-mediation-in-pakistan-ceasefire |access-date=July 30, 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

On February 13, 2025, Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] became the fourth world leader to visit Donald Trump at the White House. During the meeting, Modi praised the [[Trumpism|MAGA]] movement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Key takeaways from Donald Trump's meeting with India's Narendra Modi |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/14/key-takeaways-from-donald-trumps-meeting-with-indias-narendra-modi |work=Al Jazeera |date=February 14, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India's Modi says Trump has 'clear roadmap' in second term |website=[[Reuters]] |date=March 17, 2025 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-modi-says-trump-has-clear-roadmap-second-term-2025-03-17/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amid Trump's Tariff Threats, India And US Inch Closer Towards Trade Deal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/amid-trumps-tariff-threats-india-and-us-inch-closer-towards-trade-deal-8046546 |access-date=April 1, 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

===== Pahalgam attack and Indo-Pak ceasefire =====

Following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], the United States initially expressed support for India’s right to respond. President Donald Trump condemned the attack and offered condolences, while US officials reiterated India’s sovereignty in handling its security challenges.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 8, 2025 |title='Pakistan doesn't get to play the victim': Nikki Haley backs India's right to retaliate after Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/pakistan-doesnt-get-to-play-the-victim-nikki-haley-backs-indias-right-to-retaliate-after-pahalgam-terror-attack/articleshow/121003760.cms |access-date=August 7, 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 23, 2025 |title=What world leaders said after militant attack in India's Kashmir |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/what-world-leaders-said-after-militant-attack-indias-kashmir-2025-04-23/ |access-date=August 7, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> However, bilateral tensions emerged in the weeks that followed—particularly over conflicting claims regarding [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|the May ceasefire with Pakistan]]—after India's announcement of halting Operation Sindoor. While the [[Second Trump administration|Trump administration]] and several US media reports credited American diplomacy for facilitating the truce, Indian officials rejected these assertions.

On July 30, 2025, President Trump announced 25% tariffs on India in addition to a penalty due to India's purchase of military equipment from Russia.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vikram J. |date=December 9, 2020 |title=Spurred by China Rivalry, U.S., India Deepen Strategic Ties |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/12/spurred-china-rivalry-us-india-deepen-strategic-ties |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The move was widely interpreted in Indian media as a response to New Delhi’s consistent emphasis on strategic autonomy and its rejection of third-party mediation.<ref name="ET-tariff">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/trump-administration-imposes-25-percent-tariff-on-indian-goods-over-russian-arms-deal/articleshow/123006578.cms Trump administration imposes 25% tariff on Indian goods over Russian arms deal], Economic Times, July 30, 2025</ref> In the weeks that followed, a perceptible shift was noted in President Trump's public statements regarding South Asia. While earlier expressions had focused on supporting India’s counterterrorism efforts, subsequent remarks increasingly highlighted the role of US diplomacy in facilitating the India–Pakistan ceasefire. In public addresses, including a White House briefing and a campaign rally in July, President Trump asserted that American engagement had helped de-escalate the conflict and suggested such efforts merited international recognition.<ref name="AJ-nobel">[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/19/trump-says-he-deserves-nobel-for-averting-war-in-kashmir Trump says he deserves Nobel for 'averting war' in Kashmir], Al Jazeera, July 19, 2025</ref>

These claims were formally denied by Indian officials. Minister of External Affairs [[S. Jaishankar]] stated in Parliament that no calls or contact occurred between the Indian and US leadership during the period in question and that the ceasefire had been initiated through bilateral military dialogue.<ref name="ET-call">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/no-call-between-pm-modi-and-trump-between-april-22-and-june-17-jaishankar-rejects-us-presidents-involvement-in-ceasefire-with-pakistan/articleshow/122955374.cms No call between PM Modi and Trump between April 22 and June 17: Jaishankar], Economic Times, July 28, 2025</ref><ref name="NIE-ceasefire">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/28/jaishankar-denies-trumps-involvement-in-india-pak-ceasefire-says-no-call-or-contact-with-modi Jaishankar denies Trump’s involvement in India–Pak ceasefire], New Indian Express, July 28, 2025</ref> Several Indian media outlets noted a correlation between the timing of the US tariff announcement and the increased emphasis in Washington on American diplomatic efforts in South Asia. Commentators in both countries described the developments as indicative of growing friction over differing narratives regarding the ceasefire and broader regional dynamics.<ref name="ET-tariff" />

===== Tariff and energy dispute over Russia and Pakistan =====
{{See also|2025 United States–India diplomatic and trade crisis}}
In July 2025, President Trump criticized India for continuing [[India and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|oil trade with Russia]] despite ongoing [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|Western sanctions]]. Earlier in July, US Senator [[Lindsey Graham]] introduced a [[Sanctioning Russia Act|sanctions bill]] proposing tariffs of up to 500% on countries—including India—that continued to [[2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap|trade oil with Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2025 |title=Will the US really impose 500% tariffs on India and China for trading with Russia? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/us-500-percent-tariffs-india-china-russia-trade-ukraine-sanctions-13902276.html |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Plans 500% Tariffs On Top Russian Oil Buyers. How It Will Affect India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-plans-500-tariffs-on-top-russian-oil-buyers-how-will-it-affect-india-8810964 |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> Towards the end of July, Trump announced a 25% "reciprocal [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|tariff]]"<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Donald Trump Snubs India, Signs Oil Deal With Pak. What Does This Mean? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/donald-trump-snubs-india-signs-oil-deal-with-pak-what-does-this-mean-8990365 |access-date=July 31, 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> on Indian goods and additional 25% penalties linked to India's purchase of Russian arms and energy, taking total tariffs to around 50%.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones |first1=Callum |last2=MacRae |first2=Penelope |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/aug/27/trump-tariff-india-russian-oil-purchase|title=Trump imposes 50% tariff on India as punishment for buying Russian oil |work=The Guardian |date=August 27, 2025 }}</ref> Trump also revealed a proposed trade and energy development agreement with Pakistan. According to his [[Truth Social]] post, the United States would support the exploration and extraction of Pakistan's "massive" oil reserves through American firms, although the specifics of the deal remained unclear. However, geoscientist Moin Raza Khan, former managing director of [[Pakistan Petroleum Limited]], disputed these claims, stating that Trump’s assertions about Pakistan’s vast oil reserves did not reflect reality. Khan emphasized the lack of reliable data. Similarly, GA Sabri, a former Pakistani federal petroleum official, dismissed the claims as a "political gimmick."<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Baloch |first2=Shah Meer |date=September 27, 2025 |title=Trump brags of 'massive' oil deal in Pakistan – but drilling has not found any |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/27/pakistan-us-oil-deal-analysis-trump |access-date=September 29, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Trump also took a swipe at the Indian economy, describing it as "dead" in the context of stalled negotiations over dairy and agricultural market access.<ref name=":12" /> According to American investment bank [[Jefferies Group|Jefferies]], the unusually high tariffs were largely driven by former President Donald Trump's personal dissatisfaction after India declined his offer to mediate in its conflict with Pakistan, which may have hindered his efforts to position himself as a peace broker and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] candidate.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 31, 2025 |title=Trump's decisions based on vendettas, grudges? What US political commentator said |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/us-news/story/donald-trumps-decisions-based-on-vendettas-grudges-what-us-political-commentator-rick-sanchez-said-2779681-2025-08-31 |access-date=September 1, 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, a thaw in bilateral relations was observed when U.S. President Donald Trump made a phone call to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to extend birthday greetings. Following the call, Trump posted on [[Twitter|X]], commending Modi for doing a "tremendous job" and expressing gratitude for his support toward efforts aimed at ending the Russia–Ukraine conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2025 |title=India-US: Trump's birthday call to Modi as trade talks go on in Delhi |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgjedz3y5eo |access-date=September 19, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

U.S. President Donald Trump said on 14 January 2026 that countries that do business with Iran will face a new 25% tariff. This includes India which imports 8% of Iran's goods to as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchwald |first=Elisabeth |date=2026-01-12 |title=Trump ‘immediately’ imposes 25% tariffs on countries that do business with Iran. That could include China {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/12/business/tariffs-trump-iran |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2026, U.S. President Donald Trump announced a trade agreement with India that would lower U.S. tariffs on Indian goods to approximately 18 percent. The deal was linked to India’s reported agreement to stop purchasing Russian oil, aiming to reduce Moscow’s energy revenues amid the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=David Goldman, Matt |date=2026-02-02 |title=Trump slashes tariffs on India after he says Modi agrees to stop buying Russian oil {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/02/business/india-russian-oil-trump-tariffs |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== Military relations ==
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Yudh Abhyas 2015 National flags.jpg
| caption1 = U.S. and Indian Army soldiers during the opening ceremony of [[Yudh Abhyas]] at [[Joint Base Lewis–McChord]] in [[Tacoma, Washington]] in September 2015
| image2 = Malabar 2012 INS Satpura (F-48) sailing alongside.jpg
| caption2 = Sailors assigned to the guided-missile destroyer [[USS Halsey|USS ''Halsey'']] stand in ranks as the [[Indian Navy]] frigate [[INS Satpura|INS ''Satpura'']] pulls alongside during a [[Malabar (naval exercise)|Malabar]] naval exercise in April 2012
| image3 = Yudh Abhyas 2015 Soldiers familiarize with INSAS 1B1.jpg
| caption3 = U.S. soldiers of the [[3rd Infantry Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division]] and [[Indian Army]] soldiers of the 6th Battalion of the [[Kumaon Regiment]], fire each other's weapons during [[Yudh Abhyas]] in September 2015
| image4 = A Pair of Su-30K, Mirage 2000 and USAF F-15s during Cope India 2004.JPG
| caption4 = [[United States Air Force|USAF]] [[F-15C]] Eagles (middle of V formation) from [[Elmendorf Air Force Base]] in [[Alaska]] fly with [[India Air Force|IAF]] [[SU-30MKI]] Flankers (rear) and [[Mirage 2000]] aircraft over the Indian landscape during [[Cope India]] in 2004, the first bilateral fighter exercise between the two air forces in more than 40 years
| image5 = Sgt. Balkrishna Dave explains weapons-range safety procedures to Indian Army soldiers with the 99th Mountain Brigade before they fire American machine guns.jpg
| caption5 = Sgt. Balkrishna Dave, an India-born [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] paratrooper explains weapons range safety procedures to [[Indian Army]] soldiers before their firing of American machine guns at [[Yudh Abhyas]] in May 2013
| image6 = Indian Army Maj. Prashant Mishra is welcomed to a weapons range by Capt. Cullen Lind (cropped).jpg
| caption6 = An [[Indian Army]] officer is greeted by a [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] officer at [[Fort Bragg]] in [[Cumberland County, North Carolina]] in May 2013
| image7 = 220926-D-PM193-1175 (52386678578).jpg
| caption7 = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian External Affairs Minister]] [[S. Jaishankar]] meets [[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Secretary of Defense of the United States]] [[Lloyd Austin]] at [[The Pentagon]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]] in September 2022
}}
Though the Indian Air Force never operated the [[F-86 Sabre]], a small group of [[Indian Air Force]] pilots trained on the aircraft in the United States in 1963–65 under a brief diplomatic arrangement. The training contributed to doctrinal exposure rather than operational deployment.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=Beyond Borders: IAF Pilots on a Sabre Adventure |url=https://iafhistory.in/2022/06/23/beyond-borders-iaf-pilots-on-a-sabre-adventure/ |website=IAFHistory |date=June 23, 2022 |access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref>

The US has four [[Foundational agreement|"foundational" agreements]] that it signs with its defence partners. The Pentagon describes the agreements as "routine instruments that the US uses to promote military cooperation with partner-nations". American officials have stated that the agreements are not prerequisites for bilateral defence co-operation, but make it simpler and more cost-effective to carry out activities such as refueling aircraft or ships in each other's countries and providing disaster relief.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foundational agreements won't compromise India's security: U.S.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/foundational-agreements-wont-compromise-indias-security-us/article7213305.ece|newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=July 24, 2017 |language=en|date=May 16, 2015|last1=Lakshman|first1=Narayan}}</ref> The first of the four agreements, the General Security Of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA), was signed by India and the US in 2002. The agreement enables the sharing of military intelligence between the two countries and requires each country to protect the others' classified information.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

The second agreement, the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA), was signed by the two countries on August 29, 2016. The LEMOA permits the military of either country to use the others' bases for re-supplying or carrying out repairs. The agreement does not make the provision of logistical support binding on either country, and requires individual clearance for each request.<ref>{{cite news|title=India, US sign military logistics pact|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/India-US-sign-military-logistics-pact/article14598282.ece|newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=July 24, 2017 |language=en |date=August 30, 2016 |last1=George|first1=Varghese K.}}</ref> The third agreement, Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) was signed during the inaugural 2+2 dialogue in September 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |title=India, US ink Comcasa deal at 2+2 dialogue |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/comcasa-india-to-get-access-to-real-time-encrypted-information-from-us/articleshow/65710975.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=September 7, 2018}}</ref> It is an India-specific variant of Communications and Information Security Memorandum of Agreement (CISMOA) that enables the two countries to share secure communication and exchange information on approved equipment during bilateral and multinational training exercises and operations. The fourth agreement, the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), signed in 2020, permits the exchange of unclassified and controlled unclassified geospatial products, topographical, nautical, and aeronautical data, products and services between India and the US [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA).<ref>{{cite web|title=India will eventually ink other agreements pushed by US: Manohar Parrikar|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-will-eventually-ink-other-agreements-pushed-by-us-manohar-parrikar-3003315/|website=The Indian Express |access-date=July 24, 2017 |date=August 30, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Harsh V. Pant, professor of International relations at [[King's College London]], highlighted the importance of India to US strategic planning, saying: "India is key to the US' ability to create a stable [[balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in the larger Indo-Pacific and at a time of resource constraints, it needs partners like India to shore up its sagging credibility in the region in face of Chinese onslaught." Robert Boggs, professor of South Asia Studies at the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies, opines that the US "overestimates both India's desire to improve the relationship and the benefits doing so would bring".<ref>{{cite news|title=Friends Without Benefits|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/friends-without-benefits|issue=January/February 2015|work=Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

As part of America's policies to counter China,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://asiatimes.com/2017/10/us-woos-india-100-year-alliance-china/|title=US woos India into 100-year alliance against China|first=M. K.|last=Bhadrakumar|date=October 21, 2017|website=Asia Times}}</ref> one of the [[first Trump administration]]'s policies was to make India a major defence partner, for which it was in talks with Indian representatives to sell highly technologically advanced [[Predator drones]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/trump-administration-agrees-to-supply-predator-drones-to-india/ar-AAwzvn4?ocid=spartanntp |title=Trump administration agrees to supply Predator drones to India |website=[[MSN]] |access-date=May 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161256/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/trump-administration-agrees-to-supply-predator-drones-to-india/ar-AAwzvn4?ocid=spartanntp |archive-date=May 1, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has floated a tender to buy 100 multi-role fighter aircraft in the [[Indian MRCA competition]] (also called the "Mother of all defence deals"), worth around US$15 billion under [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[Make in India]] initiative. Although the deal was yet to be finalised as of 2018, the Trump administration pushed for sales of advanced [[F-16 jet fighter]]s,<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2018/apr/07/us-defence-major-lockheed-martin-welcomes-indias-mega-procurement-initiative-for-over-100-fighter-j-1798300.html | title=US defence major Lockheed Martin welcomes India's mega procurement initiative for over 100 fighter jets| newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and [[F/A-18 Super Hornet]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/we-will-offer-the-latest-fa-18-boeing-india-chief/article23505309.ece | title=We will offer the latest F/A-18: Boeing India chief| date=April 11, 2018}}</ref>

The Indian Army and US Army have conducted an annual training practice called Yudh Abhyas since 2002.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=November 29, 2022 |title=Five bilateral Army exercises under way, including 'Yudh Abhyas' in Uttarakhand |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-bilateral-army-exercises-under-way-including-yudh-abhyas-in-uttarakhand/article66201755.ece |access-date=February 8, 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In June 2015, US defence secretary [[Ashton Carter]] visited India and became the first American defence secretary to visit an Indian military command. In December of the same year, [[Manohar Parrikar]] became the first Indian defence minister to visit the [[US Pacific Command]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-us-barack-obama-richard-verma/ |title=India, US and a year of togetherness |publisher=The Indian Express |date=December 26, 2015 |access-date=December 30, 2015}}</ref> In March 2016, India rejected a proposal by the US to join naval patrols in the [[South China Sea]] alongside Japan and Australia. Defense Minister [[Manohar Parrikar]] said: "India has never taken part in any joint patrol; we only do joint exercises. The question of joint patrol does not arise."<ref>{{cite news|title=India Rejects Joint Naval Patrols with US in South China Sea|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/india-rejects-joint-naval-patrols-with-us-in-south-china-sea/3231567.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311165044/http://www.voanews.com/content/india-rejects-joint-naval-patrols-with-us-in-south-china-sea/3231567.html|url-status=live |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |publisher=Voice of America |date=March 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In January 2017, Peter Lavoy, Senior Director for South Asian Affairs at the [[US National Security Council]], declared that the partnership between India and the United States under Barack Obama's administration had been "incredibly successful". Lavoy stated, "I can tell you quite definitively that due to our partnerships, several terrorism plots were foiled. Indian lives and American lives were saved because of this partnership."<ref>{{cite news|title=Many a terror plot foiled due to India-U.S. cooperation: White House|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Many-a-terror-plot-foiled-due-to-India-U.S.-cooperation-White-House/article17008284.ece|newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=January 12, 2017 |date=January 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India-US Together 'Foiled Several Terror Plots', Says Top US Official|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-us-cooperation-incredibly-successful-helped-foil-several-terror-plots-us-official-1646401|website=NDTV.com |access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref>

On October 27, 2020, the United States and India signed the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), enabling greater information-sharing and further defense cooperation, to counter China's growing military power in the region.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Griffiths |first1= James |title= India signs defensive agreement with US following Himalayan standoff with China |url= https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/27/asia/us-india-defense-china-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=October 27, 2020 |website=CNN |date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201028052816/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/27/asia/us-india-defense-china-intl-hnk/index.html | archive-date=October 28, 2020}}</ref> During the 2+2 ministerial dialogue, the last agreement of four so-called "foundational agreements" for sharing sensitive information and sales of advanced military hardware was signed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Indian Hawk |first=Defence News |date=October 27, 2020 |title=India, US to sign BECA agreement during 2+2 dialogue to facilitate exchange of sensitive information |work=[[The Indian Hawk]] |url=https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/10/india-us-to-sign-beca-agreement-during.html |access-date=February 20, 2025}}</ref>

On August 16, 2022, US Air Force Secretary [[Frank Kendall]] said that "the Indian defence attaché now has un-escorted access to [[The Pentagon]] which is commencement with our close relationship with India's status as a major defense partner," and added that "if you don't think un-escorted access to the Pentagon is a big deal, I can't get into [[The Pentagon]] without an escort".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2022 |title=Indian defence attaché now has unescorted access to Pentagon: US Air Force |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-defence-attach-now-has-unescorted-access-to-pentagon-us-air-force-101660615023340.html |access-date=March 23, 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

During Modi's visit in 2023, the US and India agreed that [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|Hindustan Aeronautics]] would jointly produce [[General Electric F414|GE F-414]] jet engines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Ambuj |date=June 23, 2023 |title=What Does the GE-F414 Jet Engine Deal Mean for U.S.-India Defense Relations? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/what-does-ge-f414-jet-engine-deal-mean-us-india-defense-relations-206577 |access-date=June 25, 2023 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref> The two sides also reached an agreement to purchase [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper|MQ-9B]] drones.<ref name="ML" />

In 2024, both signed two key agreements to strengthen their defense cooperation: the Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA), which allows reciprocal priority support for defense-related goods and services; and a Memorandum of Agreement to post Indian Liaison Officers in key US Commands, starting with the US Special Operations Command.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2024 |title=Explained: The two new US-India agreements, signed as part of growing defence ties |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/two-new-us-india-agreements-a-short-history-of-growing-defence-ties-9534655/ |access-date=September 4, 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Counterterrorism cooperation ===
India–US counterterrorism cooperation has significantly deepened since the early 2000s, evolving into a central pillar of their strategic partnership. The establishment of the Joint Working Group on Counterterrorism in 2001 marked the beginning of systematic collaboration, focusing on intelligence sharing, financial tracking of terrorist networks, and capacity-building through joint training and technology transfer.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kaura |first=Vinay |date=August 8, 2017 |title=India-US Counterterrorism Cooperation: The Way Forward |url=https://besacenter.org/india-counterterrorism-cooperation/ |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=U.S.-India Counterterrorism Cooperation: Deepening the Partnership |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg68297/html/CHRG-112hhrg68297.htm |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=www.govinfo.gov}}</ref> The [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] served as a catalyst, prompting both nations to intensify intelligence exchanges and operational cooperation, and leading to the signing of the Counterterrorism Cooperation Initiative in 2010. This initiative facilitated closer collaboration on information sharing, investigative best practices, and advanced counterterrorism techniques.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> High-level dialogues, such as the Homeland Security Dialogue and the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, have further institutionalized cooperation, with joint statements increasingly reflecting shared concerns over Pakistan-based terrorist groups and calling for accountability for cross-border attacks.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Sylvia |date=October 4, 2018 |title=India–US 2+2 dialogue: changing the narrative on counterterrorism? |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/india-us-22-dialogue-changing-the-narrative-on-counterterrorism/ |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=The Strategist |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

In recent years, India and the US have expanded their partnership to include joint military exercises focused on counterterrorism, such as Yudh Abhyas and Vajra Prahar, and have worked together in multilateral forums like the Global Counter Terrorism Forum and the Quad Counterterrorism Working Group.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=U.S.-India Cooperation in Counterterrorism: Redefining Convergence Amidst Challenges |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/u-s-india-cooperation-in-counterterrorism-redefining-convergence-amidst-challenges |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=Observer Research Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Both countries have also coordinated efforts to designate terrorist leaders and groups at the [[United Nations]] and have supported actions at the [[Financial Action Task Force]] to pressure states supporting terrorism.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> While the US and India share the goal of combating terrorism, their approaches sometimes diverge due to differing geopolitical priorities and operational capabilities, with the US favoring more direct military action and India emphasizing regional diplomacy and multilateral engagement.<ref name=":5" /> Nevertheless, the partnership continues to adapt to emerging threats, with ongoing efforts to enhance intelligence-sharing, law enforcement cooperation, and regional security in the Indo-Pacific.<ref name=":5" />

In April 2025, President Trump condemned [[2025 Pahalgam attack|terrorist attack in Pahalgam]], Jammu and Kashmir, which resulted in the deaths of 26 civilians. In his public remarks, President Trump referred to the attack as “a bad one” and acknowledged the long-standing tensions in the region. In a subsequent interview, Trump emphasized that India would handle the situation independently, saying, “They’ll figure it out one way or another.” He also personally expressed condolences to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, offering full US support following the attack. US State Department spokesperson Tammy Bruce stated that, as President Trump and Secretary of State [[Marco Rubio]] had made clear, the United States stood with India and strongly condemned all acts of terrorism. She added that they mourned the lives lost, wished for the swift recovery of the injured, and called for the perpetrators of the heinous act to be brought to justice.<ref name="Bhirani">{{Cite news |last1=Bhirani |first1=Garvit |last2=Ghosh |first2=Sanchari |date=April 26, 2025 |title=Donald Trump calls Pahalgam terror attack a 'bad one' - here's what he said on growing India-Pakistan tension |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/donald-trump-calls-pahalgam-terror-attack-a-bad-one-heres-what-he-said-on-growing-india-pakistan-tension-11745624773900.html |access-date=May 7, 2025 |work=Live Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 26, 2025 |title='They'll figure it out one way or another': Donald Trump on India-Pakistan tensions after Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/theyll-figure-it-out-one-way-or-another-donald-trump-on-india-pakistan-tensions-after-pahalgam-terror-attack/articleshow/120633075.cms? |access-date=May 7, 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In May 2025, following India's retaliatory response dubbed "[[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Operation Sindoor]]", India sent a 10-member multi-party delegation led by MP [[Shashi Tharoor]] to the US to brief lawmakers, think tanks, and media on the Pahalgam attack and India’s response. The team emphasized the precision and restraint of the strikes on terror camps in Pakistan and Pakistan administered Kashmir, presenting a united stance on national security and cross-border terrorism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 17, 2025 |title=Shashi Tharoor to lead high-profile US delegation to brief on Operation Sindoor; Milind Deora, Sudip Bandyopadhyay included |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shashi-tharoor-to-lead-high-profile-us-delegation-to-brief-on-operation-sindoor-milind-deora-sudip-bandyopadhyay-included/articleshow/121229147.cms |access-date=May 29, 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 25, 2025 |title='Don't work for the govt': What Shashi Tharoor said on Operation Sindoor and India's stand on terrorism |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dont-work-for-the-govt-what-shashi-tharoor-said-on-operation-sindoor-and-indias-stand-on-terrorism/articleshow/121390918.cms |access-date=May 29, 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During their visit to the [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|9/11 Memorial]] in New York, Tharoor and the delegation paid tribute to the victims and underscored the shared global challenge of terrorism, calling for international solidarity and mutual strength to combat it.<ref name=":9">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RezunCJoGIk |title=Shashi Tharoor Pays Tribute at 9/11 Memorial Upon Arrival in USA for All-Party Delegation |date=May 25, 2025 |publisher=News9 Live |access-date=May 29, 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 25, 2025 |title=Members of all-party delegation led by Congress MP Tharoor pay tribute at 9/11 Memorial |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/members-of-all-party-delegation-led-by-congress-mp-tharoor-pay-tribute-at-9/11-memorial/articleshow/121388546.cms |access-date=May 29, 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2025 |title=Very moving moment: Shashi Tharoor as he pays tributes at 9/11 memorial in US |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shashi-tharoor-911-memorial-attacks-tributes-delegation-pak-terrorism-operation-sindoor-2730121-2025-05-25 |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=May 25, 2025 |title=Shashi Tharoor visits 9/11 memorial in US, says Pakistan's terrorism 'not acceptable to us' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-not-interested-in-warfare-shashi-tharoor-rips-into-pakistan-during-us-visit-operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-101748140050483.html |access-date=May 29, 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Tharoor reflected on his personal experience of 9/11—drawing parallels between the US and India as victims of terror—and stressed that India would not remain passive in the face of future attacks, urging that those who finance, train, and harbor terrorists must be held accountable.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shashi Tharoor's "Don't Work For Government" Reply To Pahalgam Question |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/shashi-tharoor-praises-indias-operation-sindoor-against-pakistan-in-us-i-dont-work-for-government-but-8500794 |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Yoshita |title=We will not be sitting quietly if...: Tharoor on Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/indias-precision-strikes-send-clear-message-tharoor-on-op-sindoor/20250525.htm |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

==== Pakistan factor ====
India–US counterterrorism cooperation since the 2000s has been marked by growing convergence on the threat posed by Pakistan-based terrorist groups. While both countries have historically maintained separate bilateral relationships with Pakistan, the 2008 Mumbai attacks catalyzed a shift, with the US increasingly acknowledging India's concerns about cross-border terrorism originating from Pakistani soil. Joint statements from high-level dialogues, such as the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, have explicitly called on Pakistan to take concrete action against terrorist groups operating from its territory and to bring perpetrators of attacks like the Mumbai attacks, [[2016 Pathankot attack|Pathankot attack]], and [[2016 Uri attack|Uri attack]] to justice.<ref name=":4" /> The US has supported India in international forums, including the [[United Nations Security Council]] and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), to pressure Pakistan to curb terror financing and dismantle militant infrastructure.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=May 11, 2025 |title=India to send team to UNSC with fresh proof of Pakistan terror links |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/11/india-to-send-team-to-unsc-with-fresh-proof-of-pakistan-terror-links |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Despite this alignment, direct joint US–India action against Pakistan has been limited to diplomatic, economic, and multilateral measures rather than coordinated military operations. The US has imposed aid suspensions and advocated for Pakistan's inclusion on the FATF 'grey list' for its failure to act against groups targeting India.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The Grey List: more trouble for Pakistan's economy {{!}} Lowy Institute |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/grey-list-more-trouble-pakistan-s-economy |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=www.lowyinstitute.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> India, for its part, has conducted targeted cross-border strikes against terrorist camps in Pakistan and presented evidence of Pakistani complicity in terrorism at the UN, often with US backing.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> However, operational cooperation—such as intelligence sharing on Pakistan-based threats—remains cautious, with the US sometimes hesitant to share sensitive information fully, reflecting broader geopolitical complexities.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=India-U.S. Counterterrorism Cooperation |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/india-u-s-counterterrorism-cooperation/ |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> Overall, while both countries have not engaged in joint military action against Pakistan, their partnership has strengthened international efforts to hold Pakistan accountable for cross-border terrorism and has elevated the issue in global counterterrorism discourse.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/amid-india-pakistan-tensions-the-us-must-rebalance-its-security-priorities-in-south-asia/#:~:text=Yet%20even%20as%20the%20United,the%20root%20of%20the%20problems.|title=Amid India-Pakistan tensions, the US must rebalance its security priorities in South Asia |date=May 19, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/english/research/u-s-india-cooperation-in-counterterrorism-redefining-convergence-amidst-challenges#:~:text=In%20Afghanistan%2C%20for%20example%2C%20India's,regional%20dynamics%20despite%20shared%20goals.|title=U.S.-India Cooperation in Counterterrorism: Redefining Convergence Amidst Challenges}}</ref>

==== Extraditions ====
The most prominent successful terrorist extradition from the United States to India is that of [[Tahawwur Hussain Rana]]. In April 2025, Rana was extradited to India for his alleged role in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|2008 Mumbai terror attacks]], which killed 166 people. This marked the first such extradition in a terrorism-related case between the two countries. The extradition followed years of legal proceedings and diplomatic efforts, with the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] ultimately rejecting Rana's appeals and the [[United States Department of Justice|US Department of Justice]] actively assisting Indian authorities in the process.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2025 |title=U.S. extradites key suspected conspirator behind 2008 Mumbai terror attacks to India |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/u-s-extradites-key-suspected-conspirator-behind-2008-mumbai-terror-attacks-to-india |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2025 |title=US extradites key suspect in Mumbai terror attacks that killed 166 people |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-mumbai-attacks-suspect-extradition-us-ba1f0aaa0ec4ef777654f5b284058b5b |access-date=May 29, 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 10, 2025 |title=Canadian wanted for 2008 Mumbai attacks arrives in India after US extradition |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/canadian-wanted-2008-mumbai-attacks-arrives-india-after-us-extradition-2025-04-10/ |access-date=May 29, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Rana was wanted in India for allegedly aiding [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], a Pakistani militant group blamed for the attacks.<ref name=":7" /> At a joint press conference with the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on February 14, president Donald Trump stated that the United States was returning "a very violent man" to India immediately to face justice there.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 10, 2025 |title=26/11 Mumbai attacks mastermind Tahawwur Rana extradited, arrested: NIA |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/tahawwur-hussain-rana-successfully-extradited-nia/articleshow/120164591.cms |access-date=May 29, 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Nuclear cooperation==
=== Pokhran tests ===
{{Main|Pokhran-II}}

In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons which resulted in several US, Japanese, and European sanctions on India. India's then-defence minister, [[George Fernandes]], said that India's [[India and weapons of mass destruction|program]] was necessary as it provided a deterrence to potential nuclear threats. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/us-sanctions-india-1998-trump-tariffs-2025-trade-war-history-13928613.html#:~:text=How%20India%20persevered,US%20President%20to%20waive%20sanctions.&text=The%20US%20Department%20of%20Defense,the%20foundation%20of%20strategic%20partnership.|title=Trump tariffs: What happened when US sanctioned India in 1998? Déjà vu for New Delhi? |work=Firstpost |date=August 28, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-september-24-2001-us-lifts-sanctions-on-india-pakistan-101727083193429.html|title=HT This Day: September 24, 2001 — US lifts sanctions on India, Pakistan |date=September 23, 2024 }}</ref> India has categorically stated that it will never use weapons first but will retaliate if attacked.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/release02/lyr2003/rjan2003/04012003/r040120033.html#:~:text=PIB%20Press%20Releases,of%20retaliating%20with%20nuclear%20weapons;|title=CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY REVIEWS PROGRESS IN OPERATIONALIZING INDIA'S NUCLEAR DOCTRINE}}</ref>

The economic sanctions imposed by the United States in response to India's nuclear tests in May 1998 appeared, at least initially, to seriously damage India–US relations. President [[Bill Clinton]] imposed wide-ranging sanctions pursuant to the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act]]. US sanctions on Indian entities involved in the nuclear industry and opposition to international financial institution loans for non-humanitarian assistance projects in India. The United States encouraged India to sign the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] (CTBT) immediately and without condition. The United States also called for restraint in missile and nuclear testing and deployment by both India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/1999-04/press-releases/india-pakistan-test-new-missiles-us-urges-restraint|title=India, Pakistan Test New Missiles; U.S. Urges Restraint}}</ref> The non-proliferation dialogue initiated after the 1998 nuclear tests has bridged many of the gaps in understanding between the countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/india/28590.htm|title=India (11/03)}}</ref>

=== Easing of tension ===
{{Further|India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement}}
In late September 2001, President Bush lifted sanctions imposed under the terms of the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act following India's nuclear tests in May 1998. A succession of non-proliferation dialogues bridged many of the gaps in understanding between the countries.

In December 2006, the US Congress passed the historic India–United States Civilian Nuclear Agreement|Henry J. Hyde US–India Peaceful Atomic Cooperation Act, which allows direct civilian nuclear commerce with India for the first time in 30 years. US policy had been opposed to nuclear cooperation with India in prior years because India had developed nuclear weapons against international conventions, and had never signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The legislation clears the way for India to buy US nuclear reactors and fuel for civilian use.

The [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement]]—also referred to as the "123 Agreement"—signed on October 10, 2008, is a bilateral agreement for peaceful nuclear cooperation which governs civil nuclear trade between American and Indian firms participating in each other's civil nuclear energy sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpcc.co.in/pdf/nuclearenergyprogramme.pdf |title=India's nuclear energy programme|website=www.dpcc.co.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504112517/http://www.dpcc.co.in/pdf/nuclearenergyprogramme.pdf |archive-date=May 4, 2012}}</ref><ref>Schaffer, ''India and the United States'' (2010) pp 89-117</ref><ref name=":0" /> For the agreement to be operational, nuclear vendors and operators must comply with India's 2010 [[Nuclear Liability Act]] which stipulates that nuclear suppliers, contractors and operators must bear financial responsibility in case of an accident.

On March 27, 2019, India and the US signed an agreement to "strengthen bilateral security and civil nuclear cooperation" including the construction of six American nuclear reactors in India.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 13, 2019 |title=U.S. and India commit to building six nuclear power plants|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-india-nuclearnuclearpower/u-s-and-india-commit-to-building-six-nuclear-power-plants-idUSKCN1QU2UJ |access-date=March 28, 2019 |website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref>

===Post– 9/11===

India's contribution to the [[war on terror]] has helped India's diplomatic relations with several countries. Over the past few years, India has held numerous joint military exercises with United States and European nations that have resulted in a strengthened US–India and EU–India bilateral relationship.

However, India has not signed the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty|CTBT]], or the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]], claiming the discriminatory nature of the treaty that allows the five declared nuclear countries of the world to keep their nuclear arsenals and develop them using computer simulation testing. Prior to its nuclear testing, India had pressed for a comprehensive destruction of nuclear weapons by all countries of the world in a time-bound frame. This was not favoured by the United States and by certain other countries. Presently, India has declared its policy of "no-first use of nuclear weapons" and the maintenance of a "credible nuclear deterrence". The US, under President [[George W. Bush]], lifted most of its sanctions on India and resumed military co-operation. Relations with the US have considerably improved in recent years, with the two countries taking part in joint naval exercises off the coast of India and joint air exercises both in India as well as in the United States.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20060920-0101-hawaii-indianarmy.html Indian Troops training with U.S. Army in Hawaii],''signonsandiego.com''</ref><ref>[https://www.pacaf.af.mil/News/story/storyID/123027770/ Air Force personnel fly with Indian Air Force], ''pacaf.af.mil''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061123152637/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=26464 Indian Soldiers with U.S. Marines, Sailors], ''navy.mil''</ref>

India has pushed for reforms in the [[United Nations]] and in the [[World Trade Organization]] with mixed results. India's candidature for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries including Russia, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Brazil, African Union nations and the US. In 2005, the US signed a nuclear co-operation agreement with India even though the latter is not a part of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]]. The United States agreed that India's strong nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception and persuaded other [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] members to sign similar deals with India.

On March 2, 2006, India and the United States signed the [[India Nuclear Cooperation Promotion Act|Indo-US Nuclear Pact]] on co-operation in civilian nuclear field. This was signed during the four days state visit of US President George Bush in India. On its part, India would separate its civilian and military nuclear programmes, and the civilian programmes would be brought under the safeguards of [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA). The United States would sell India the reactor technologies and the nuclear fuel for setting up and upgrading its civilian nuclear programme. The US Congress needed to ratify this pact since [[Law of the United States|US federal law]] prohibits the trading of nuclear technologies and materials outside the framework of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG).

== Economic relations ==
{{Further|US India CEO Forum}}

The United States is one of India's largest direct investors. From 1991 to 2004, the stock of FDI inflow increased from US$11 million to $344.4 million, and totaling $4.13 billion. This is a compound rate increase of 57.5 percent annually. Indian direct investments abroad began in 1992, and Indian corporations and registered partnership firms now can and do invest in businesses up to 100 percent of their net worth. India's largest outgoing investments are in the manufacturing sector, which accounts for 54.8 percent of the country's foreign investments. The second largest are in non-financial services (software development), accounting for 35.4 percent of investments. According to the data of the commerce ministry, in 2021–22, bilateral trade in goods between the two countries crossed $119.42 billion. Exports to the US increased to $76.11 billion in 2021-22 from $51.62 billion in previous fiscal year, while imports rose to $43.31 billion as compared to about $29 billion in 2020–21.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |title=US Becomes India's Biggest Trading Partner, Surpasses China |date=May 29, 2022 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/us-becomes-india-biggest-trading-partner-surpasses-china-3018969 |access-date=May 29, 2022 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Tensions arose in 2025 as US President Donald Trump imposed tariffs on Indian goods, particularly pharmaceuticals, prompting negotiations to mitigate economic impacts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=March 12, 2025 |title=Trump: Tariffs on Indian drugs will be a bitter pill for Americans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg8ke45gq0o |access-date=March 19, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=M |first1=Vivek Kumar |last2=Rajeswaran |first2=Bharath |title=Indian shares log weekly losses as IT stocks drop on US growth worries |website=[[Reuters]] |date=March 13, 2025 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-benchmark-indexes-may-open-higher-soft-us-domestic-data-2025-03-13/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Manoj |last2=Kumar |first2=Manoj |title=India and US making progress towards trade deal, officials say |website=[[Reuters]] |date=March 29, 2025 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india-us-making-progress-towards-trade-deal-officials-say-2025-03-29/}}</ref> Nearly half of all generic drugs in the US came from India, with Indian generics saving $219 billion in healthcare costs in 2022 alone.<ref name=":1" /> In late July 2025, Trump threatened to raise tariffs on Indian imports to 25% if the allies failed to complete a long-term trade deal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/29/business/india-tariffs-trump|title=Trump threatens India with tariffs as high as 25% |first=David|last=Goldman|date=July 29, 2025|website=CNN}}</ref>

As of 2025, according to the Global Trade Research Initiative, the US earns between $80–85 billion annually from India through sectors like higher education, digital services, financial consulting, intellectual property, and defense sales. These earnings create a net surplus of $35–40 billion for the US.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2025 |title=$40 billion yearly: US profits from India far exceed what trade data reveals, yet pushes tariff cuts over a 'deficit' - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/40-billion-yearly-us-profits-from-india-far-exceed-what-trade-data-reveals-yet-pushes-tariff-cuts-over-a-deficit-477827-2025-05-26 |access-date=September 9, 2025 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 26, 2025 |title=US enjoys $35-40 bn surplus with India if services, arms, royalties included: GTRI |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/us-enjoys-35-40-bn-surplus-with-india-if-services-arms-royalties-included-gtri/articleshow/121413435.cms? |access-date=September 9, 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

A major 500 billion dollar trade deal is expected to be signed between the two countries to expand their trade relations and give India better access to American consumer market. The deal is expected to be signed in the QUAD summit 2025 in India with US President Donald Trump present there.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

After a long time period of tariff tensions between the two countries, on 2 February 2026, it was reported that India and the US have signed a significant trade agreement. According to the deal the US tariffs on goods from India will be about 18%. In return India agreed to reduce to zero, trade barriers on products from the US, while expanding purchases from the US energy, technology, agriculture and defense sectors. The agreement was achieved after a key political element was settled, India will stop buying Russian oil.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026 |title=US to cut tariffs on India to 18%, India agrees to end Russian oil purchases |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/trump-says-agreed-trade-deal-with-india-2026-02-02/?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026 |title=India to ramp up purchases of US oil, arms, aircraft; open some farm access |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-commitment-buy-us-goods-under-deal-includes-petroleum-defence-aircraft-2026-02-03/?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-02 |title=US agrees to drop tariffs after India stops Russian oil purchases |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yve1x9zv0o |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Trade relations ===
[[File:Bush Manmohan Singh CEO Meeting.jpg|thumb|US President [[George W. Bush]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] during a meeting with Indian and American business leaders in [[New Delhi]] in March 2006]]
[[File:India March 2015 - 35A9754 (16295964164).jpg|thumb|US [[Food and Drug Administration]] and Indian [[List of Union Government agencies of India#Statutory Bodies|Export Inspection Council]] officials review a [[memorandum of understanding]] on food safety in 2015]]
The United States is India's [[List of the largest trading partners of India|largest trading partner]] since 2021,<ref name="NDTV" /> and India is its [[List of the largest trading partners of the United States|7th largest trading partner]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_indian_importers_trade_partners.html |title=Top India Import Partners |publisher=Worldsrichestcountries.com |access-date=December 30, 2015}}</ref> In 2017, the US exported $25.7 billion worth of goods to India, and imported $48.6 billion worth of Indian goods.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1712yr.html |title = Foreign Trade: Data}}</ref> Major imports from India include [[information technology]] services, [[textiles]], [[machinery]], [[Gemstone|gems]] and [[diamonds]], [[chemicals]], [[iron]] and [[steel]] products, [[coffee]], [[tea]], and other edible food products. Major American items imported by India include [[aircraft]], [[fertilisers]], [[computer hardware]], [[scrap metal]], and medical equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/indusrel/trade.htm |title=India – U.S. Trade and Economic Relations |access-date=May 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512152307/http://www.indianembassy.org/indusrel/trade.htm |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DoS">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm |title=India |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref>

The United States is also India's largest investment partner, with a direct investment of $10 billion (accounting for 9 percent of total foreign investment). Americans have made notable foreign investments in India's power generation, telecommunications, ports, roads, petroleum exploration and processing, and mining industries.<ref name="DoS" /> American imports from India amounted to $46.6 billion or 2% of its overall imports, and 15.3% of India's overall exports in 2015. Major goods exported from India to the US include gemstones, precious metals and coins, pharmaceuticals, oil, machinery, textiles (including knit & crochet), [[organic chemicals]], vehicles, and iron or steel products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top-india-exports.html |title=Top India Exports |publisher=Worldsrichestcountries.com |access-date=April 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_us_imports.html |title=Top US Imports |publisher=Worldsrichestcountries.com |access-date=April 7, 2016}}</ref> American exports to India amounted to $20.5 billion or 5.2% of India's overall imports in 2015. Major commodities exported from the US to India include gemstones, precious metals and coins, machinery, electronic equipment, medical equipment, oil, aircraft/spacecraft, plastics, organic chemicals, fruits and nuts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_us_exports.html |title=Top US Exports |publisher=Worldsrichestcountries.com |access-date=April 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top-india-imports.html |title=Top India Imports |publisher=Worldsrichestcountries.com |access-date=April 7, 2016}}</ref>

In July 2005, President Bush and Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] created a new programme called the Trade Policy Forum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/us/rm/2005/52753.htm|title=The U.S. and India: An Emerging Entente?|website=2001-2009.state.gov|access-date=July 27, 2017}}</ref> It is run by a representative from each nation. The United States Trade Representative was [[Rob Portman]], and the Indian Commerce Secretary then-[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce]] [[Kamal Nath]]. The goal of the programme is to increase bilateral trade and investment flow. There are five main sub-divisions of the Trade Policy Forum, including The Agricultural Trade group, which has three main objectives: agreeing on terms that will allow India to export mangoes to the United States; permitting India's Agricultural and Process Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) to certify Indian products to the standards of the US [[U.S. Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]]; and executing regulation procedures for approving [[edible wax]] on fruit.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

The goals of the Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers group include agreeing that insecticides manufactured by US companies can be sold throughout India. India had also agreed to cut special regulations on trading [[carbonated drinks]], many [[Pharmaceutical drug|medicinal drugs]], and lowering regulations on many imports that are not of an agricultural nature. Both nations have agreed to discuss improved facets of Indian regulation in the trade of [[jewellery]], [[computer parts]], [[motorcycles]], [[fertiliser]], and those tariffs that affect American exporting of [[boric acid]]. The group has also discussed matters such as those wishing to break into the accounting market, [[Indian companies]] gaining licenses for the [[telecommunications]] industry, and setting policies regarding [[Indian media]] and [[broadcasting]] markets. Other foci include the exchange of valuable information on recognizing different professional services, discussing the movement and positioning of people in developing industries, continuation of talks on financial services markets, limitation of equities, insurance, retail, joint investment in agricultural processing and transportation industries, and small business initiatives.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

On August 3, 2018, India became the third Asian nation to be granted Strategic Trade Authorization-1 (STA-1) status by the United States. STA-1 enables the export of high-technology products in civil space and defence from the US to India.<ref>{{cite web |first=Lalit K. |last=Jha |title=India third Asian nation to get STA-1 status from US |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/GvUiFqQuVzLnBYuM5mwFuK/India-third-Asian-nation-to-get-STA1-status-from-US.htm |website=Livemint |access-date=December 5, 2018 |language=en |date=August 4, 2018}} {{dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US: India fulfils all conditions, but out of Nuclear Suppliers Group due to China's veto - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/us-india-meets-all-qualifications-to-be-member-of-nsg/articleshow/65792316.cms |website=The Times of India |date=September 13, 2018 |access-date=December 5, 2018}}</ref> On February 15, 2023, Air India announced an order of 470 jets, out of which 220 jets would be bought from Boeing and the other 250 from Airbus. This is one of the biggest aircraft orders in the commercial jet industry. The deal was acknowledged by both the US President and India's Prime Minister's Office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 17, 2023 |title=The wide body aircraft ordered by Air India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/wide-body-aircraft-air-india-8451544/ |access-date=February 21, 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> During Modi's visit in 2023, resolution of six of seven outstanding WTO disputes between the US and India was reached through mutually agreed solutions and market access.<ref name="ML" />

On July 30, 2025, US President Donald Trump announced that Indian products would be subject to 25% tariffs upon arrival in the United States starting August 1, and that a "penalty" would be added for the [[India and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|purchase of Russian oil]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radio-Canada |title=L'Inde devient la nouvelle cible des droits de douane de Donald Trump |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/2182554/inde-etats-unis-tarifs-armement-russie |access-date=July 30, 2025 |website=www.ici.radio-canada.ca |date=July 30, 2025 |language=EN-US}}</ref> On August 6, 2025, President Trump raised the tariff to 50%, a 25% increase, over India's purchase of Russian oil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2025 |title=Trump threatens 50% tariffs on India for buying Russian oil |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1dxr1g4y7yo |access-date=August 6, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> The new rate will take effect on August 27, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 6, 2025 |title=Trump to Double India's Tariff to 50% Over Russian Oil Purchases |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/06/us/politics/trump-india-tariffs-russia-oil.html |access-date=August 6, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

On October 22, 2025, the United States imposed sanctions on Russian oil companies [[Rosneft]] and [[Lukoil]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shan |first1=Lee Ying |title=China and India to face supply jolt as U.S. targets Russia's oil giants |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/23/china-india-us-russia-oil-sanctions-rosneft-lukoil.html |work=CNBC |date=October 23, 2025}}</ref> affecting their customers in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=India poised to sharply cut Russian oil imports after sanctions, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indian-refiners-review-russian-oil-contracts-after-us-sanctions-source-says-2025-10-23/ |work=Reuters |date=October 23, 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+US-India goods trade in billions of US dollars (1990−2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Census Bureau |title=Trade in Goods with India |url=https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5330.html |access-date=July 13, 2024 |website=www.census.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref>
!
!1990
!2000
!2010
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
!2024
!2025
|-
|US exports to India
|2.5
|3.7
|19.2
|21.5
|21.6
|25.6
|33.2
|34.2
|27.1
|39.8
|46.9
|40.3
|41.5
|38.2
|-
|US imports from India
|3.2
|10.7
|29.5
|44.8
|46.0
|48.5
|54.2
|57.9
|51.3
|73.3
|85.5
|83.7
|87.3
|88.2
|-
|Trade balance
|−0.7
|−7.0
|−10.3
|−24.4
|−24.4
|−22.9
|−21.1
|−23.7
|−24.2
|−33.5
|−38.6
|−43.3
|−45.8
|−50.0
|}

==== Fentanyl ====
India has increasingly been implicated in the [[Fentanyl|illicit fentanyl trade]], with a 2025 US intelligence report highlighting its role as a significant supplier of precursor chemicals, second only to [[China]]. The report, published in March 2025, notes that Indian pharmaceutical companies have been linked to exports of fentanyl precursors to [[Mexico]] and [[Guatemala]], fueling the opioid crisis in the US This follows India's inclusion in the 2024 [[US Department of Justice]] indictments, targeting executives from pharmaceutical firms involved in the trade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=March 28, 2025 |title=India among top suppliers of illicit fentanyl precursors, US intelligence report says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/28/india/india-us-fentanyl-report-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=April 1, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
On January 31, 2023, the US–India Civil Space Joint Working Group met for the eighth time. The group is a collaboration of space agencies [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] and [[NASA]]. The working group planned to launch The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar mission in 2024 which is expected to map Earth using two different radar frequencies to monitor resources like water, forests, and agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |website=United States Department of State |title=U.S.-India Civil Space Joint Working Group Advances Bilateral Space Collaboration |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-india-civil-space-joint-working-group-advances-bilateral-space-collaboration/ }}</ref>

In January 2023, the national security advisors of India and the US announced the launch of the US–India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET). Under iCET, both sides will work together in the fields of artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, advanced wireless technology, space and semiconductor supply chain resilience.<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Husain Haqqani and Aparna Pande |date=March 14, 2023 |title=The US raises its bet on India |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3899812-the-us-raises-its-bet-on-india/ |access-date=March 17, 2023 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> India signed the [[Artemis Accords]] in 2023, joining 26 other countries working on exploration of the moon, Mars, and beyond; additionally, NASA will provide advanced training to ISRO astronauts with the goal of launching a joint effort to the International Space Station in 2024.<ref name="ML" />

=== Role of Indian diaspora ===
{{See also|Indian Americans}}
The Indian diaspora significantly bolsters India–US economic relations through key contributions in technology, entrepreneurship, and academia. Their presence in Silicon Valley and leadership roles in various sectors fosters innovation and collaboration, while their entrepreneurial ventures strengthen economic ties. Additionally, the diaspora serves as a vital link for investments between the two countries, and their involvement in education and research contributes to advancements in science and technology. Beyond economics, the diaspora's cultural initiatives promote understanding and dialogue, further enhancing the overall relationship between India and the US.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Varma |first=N. Shradha |title=Indian Diaspora: Analysis of Its Advantage to the Home Country and to the World |url=https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1168&context=irbe |format=pdf |access-date=November 11, 2023 |journal=International Review of Business and Economics |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=433–439 |doi=10.56902/IRBE.2020.4.2.2 |date=2020|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== India-US strategic partnership ==
[[File:Soldiers from 11th Airborne Division, U.S. Army and 9th Assam Regiment, Indian Army pose for the opening ceremony of Exercise Yudh Abhyas 22.jpg|thumb|US and Indian Army soldiers during the opening ceremony of [[Yudh Abhyas]] military exercise in November 2022]]

=== During the Cold War (1960–1990) ===
India–US strategic relations grew in the early 1960s, as the rise of the [[People's Republic of China]] worried policymakers in Washington, D.C. The Chinese government's assertion in [[Tibet]], its role in the [[Korean War]], and other such acts concerned Washington. As relations between India and China were heated during the late '50s, the Americans found a golden opportunity to take advantage of this situation to promote India as a counterweight to China.<ref name="AT">{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1507%5Cedit1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070616041613/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1507%5Cedit1|url-status=dead|title=The Assam Tribune Online |date=June 16, 2007 |archive-date=June 16, 2007 |website=archive.is}}</ref>

=== Post–Cold War era (1990–2014) ===
After the [[end of the Cold War]], Indian and American interests converged in a number of areas, including [[counter-terrorism]], promotion of democracy, counter-proliferation, freedom of navigation in the Indian Ocean, and the [[balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in Asia.<ref name="AT" /> India emerged in the 21st century as increasingly vital to core US foreign policy interests. India, a dominant actor in its region and the home of more than one billion citizens, is now often characterised as a nascent [[great power]] and an "indispensable partner" of the US, one that many analysts view as a potential counterweight to the growing clout of [[China]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Brendon J. Cannon & Ash Rossiter |title=The "Indo-Pacific" – Regional Dynamics in the 21st Century's New Geopolitical Center of Gravity |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |url=https://rpquarterly.kureselcalismalar.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Rising-Powers-Quarterly-Volume-3-Issue-2.pdf |website=risingpowersproject.com |issn=2547-9423}}</ref>

In a meeting between President [[George W. Bush]] and Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in November 2001, the two leaders expressed a strong interest in transforming the US–India bilateral relationship. High-level meetings and concrete cooperation between the two countries increased during 2002 and 2003. In January 2004, the US and India launched the "Next Steps in Strategic Partnership" (NSSP), which was both a milestone in the transformation of the bilateral relationship and a blueprint for its further progress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2004 |title=Statement by the President:Next Steps in Strategic Partnership with India |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/sca/rls/pr/28109.htm |website=U.S. State Department}}</ref> In July 2005, Bush hosted Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] The two leaders announced the successful completion of the NSSP, as well as other agreements which further enhanced cooperation in the areas of civil nuclear, civil space, and high-technology commerce. Other initiatives announced included a US–India economic dialogue; the fight against [[HIV|HIV/AIDS]]; disaster relief; technology cooperation; an agriculture knowledge initiative; a trade policy forum; energy dialogue; CEO Forum; and an initiative to assist each other in furthering democracy and freedom.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 18, 2005 |title=Joint Statement Between President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/07/20050718-6.html |access-date=December 17, 2013 |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref> President Bush made a reciprocal visit to India in March 2006, during which the progress of these initiatives were reviewed, and new initiatives were launched.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 23, 2005 |title=India calling! George Bush to come visiting in 2006 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-calling-george-bush-to-come-visiting-in-2006/articleshow/1343293.cms?from=mdr |access-date=June 25, 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As the world's oldest and largest democracies, respectively, the US and India share historic ties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.state.gov/stories/2013/06/22/us-and-india-world-s-oldest-and-largest-democracies-share-historical-ties|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401031015/https://blogs.state.gov/stories/2013/06/22/us-and-india-world-s-oldest-and-largest-democracies-share-historical-ties|url-status=dead|title=Technical Difficulties|archivedate=April 1, 2016}}</ref> India is a founding member of the "Community of Democracies"—a prominent endeavor of the United States for promotion of democracy. However, India rejected a suggestion by the US about setting up a Centre for Asian Democracy.<ref>{{cite web |author=TI Trade |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=apr2307\edit3 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070616041613/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=apr2307%5Cedit3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 16, 2007 |title=The Assam Tribune Online |publisher=Assamtribune.com |access-date=November 21, 2009}}</ref>

Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] was the guest of honour at the first state dinner of the [[Obama administration|administration]] of US President [[Barack Obama]], which took place on November 24, 2009. Obama later [[2010 Barack Obama visit to India|visited India]] from November 6–9, 2010, signing numerous trade and defence agreements with India. He addressed the joint session of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]] in New Delhi—becoming only the second US president to do so—and announced that the United States would lend its support to [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|India's bid]] for a permanent seat in the [[United Nations Security Council]], signifying the growing strategic dimension of the relationship between the world's two largest democracies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/11/08/obama.india.address/index.html |work=CNN |title=Obama backs permanent seat for India on Security Council |date=November 8, 2010}}</ref>

=== After the rise of the BJP (2014–present) ===
In 2016, India and the United States signed the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/08/india-us-sign-logistics-exchange-agreement-what-you-need-to-know/|title=India, US Sign Logistics Exchange Agreement|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |access-date=August 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/08/30/asia-pacific/key-step-toward-stronger-defense-ties-u-s-india-ink-military-logistics-agreement/|title=In key step toward stronger defense ties, U.S., India ink military logistics agreement|work=[[The Japan Times]] |access-date=August 30, 2016 |date=August 30, 2016}}</ref> and India was declared a Major Defense Partner of the United States.<ref name="India US Defence" /> During US President Trump's visit to India in 2020, both sides agree to establish "Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership".<ref>{{cite web |title=Joint Statement: Vision and Principles for the United States-India Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/joint-statement-vision-principles-united-states-india-comprehensive-global-strategic-partnership/ |publisher=Trump White House |access-date=February 25, 2020}}</ref>

In both the [[2017 Doklam standoff]] and the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]], the United States provided India with intelligence it possessed, and the two sides discussed the crisis on Ladakh border. The US was also involved in securing the release of Indian pilot [[Abhinandan Varthaman]] from Pakistani custody following the [[2019 Balakot airstrike]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Abhijnan Rej |title=How India Dealt with Donald Trump |url=https://manage.thediplomat.com/2020/11/how-india-dealt-with-donald-trump/ |publisher=DIPLOMAT MEDIA INC |date=2020}}</ref> According to former US secretary of state [[Mike Pompeo]], the US played a role in extinguishing tensions between India and Pakistan in 2019, when Pakistan and India were at the verge of nuclear war.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=The Newspaper's Correspondent |date=January 25, 2023 |title=US 'prevented' South Asia nuclear war in 2019, claims Pompeo |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1733471 |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

The strategic meetings between both countries is called the '2+2' dialogue. Representatives holding Foreign and Defense portfolios from each of the two countries participate in this meeting. The inaugural 2+2 dialogue between the two nations took place in September 2018 during the [[first Trump administration]]. The meeting involved the foreign minister [[Sushma Swaraj]] and then Defence Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] representing India, while Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Secretary of Defence [[Jim Mattis|James Mattis]] represented the United States. Some agreements, including the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) (2018), were signed in these meetings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2023 |title=India holds '2+2' Ministerial dialogue with the US: What it means |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/ministers-india-us-two-plus-two-dialogue-explained-9021601/ |access-date=November 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Howdy, Modi! (48783742533).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and President [[Donald Trump]] attending the [[Howdy Modi]] event in [[Houston]], 2019]]
On October 27, 2020, US and India signed a military agreement on sharing sensitive satellite data. The Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement, or BECA, allows the US's strategic partners to access a range of sensitive geospatial and aeronautical data which is useful for military actions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 27, 2020|title=2+2 dialogue: India, US sign crucial agreement on geo-spatial intelligence|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-us-22-dialogue-beca-pompeo-esper-rajnath-jaishankar-6897216/|access-date=October 27, 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, US India Business Council president [[Nisha Desai Biswal]] claimed that the ties between the two nations will continue and grow stronger in 2021, as the [[Biden administration]] would prioritize their trade deals for a prospering economic relationship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 25, 2020 |title=2021 to provide important opportunities to broaden India-US partnership: Biswal|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/2021-to-provide-important-opportunities-to-broaden-india-us-partnership-biswal/articleshow/79950979.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> In December 2022, based on BECA, the United States provided real-time location information of the [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force|PLA]] soldiers to help [[2022 Yangtse clash|India fight China]], during the confrontation in [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2023 |title=US shared intel with India to repel Chinese troops? White House says... |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/us-shared-intel-with-india-to-repel-chinese-troops-white-house-says-101679378652669.html |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Observer reactions ===
US [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] [[Mike Mullen]] encouraged stronger military ties between the two nations, and said that "India has emerged as an increasingly important strategic partner [of the US]".<ref>{{cite web |title=India has emerged as a strategic partner for U.S.: Mullen |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200906101311.htm |access-date=March 25, 2018 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=November 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104101025/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200906101311.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, US Undersecretary of State [[William J. Burns (diplomat)|William J. Burns]] also said, "Never has there been a moment when India and America mattered more to each other."<ref>{{cite web |title=India, U.S. Launch Strategic Talks – Global Security Newswire – NTI |url=http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20100602_6708.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105092451/http://gsn.nti.org/gsn/nw_20100602_6708.php |archive-date=November 5, 2010 |access-date=September 27, 2014 |work=NTI: Nuclear Threat Initiative}}</ref>

In the wake of the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], Indian [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] [[Shashi Tharoor]] expressed concern that US President Donald Trump made a false equivalence between India and Pakistan by equating the perpetrator with the victim in the aftermath of the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|terrorist incident]] in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Politician wanting to take credit: Tharoor slams Trump for declaring halting of Indo-Pak hostilities |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/politician-wanting-to-take-credit-tharoor-slams-trump-for-declaring-halting-of-indo-pak-hostilities-3537116 |work=Deccan Herald |date=May 13, 2025}}</ref>

=== Post interim trade agreement ===
Following this economic agreement between the two countries, the strategic cooperation grew tighter. On 16, February 2026, it was reported that India seized three [[Iranian shadow fleet|Iranian oil tankers]], that were sanctioned by the US.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" />

== Triangular relations ==
{{Main|History of India–United States relations#Triangular relations|l1 = Triangular India–United States relations}}

=== Africa ===
India and the United States have held two "India–US Dialogue on Africa" sessions as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=apofeed |date=May 14, 2024 |title=The Second India-United States Dialogue on Africa |url=https://african.business/2024/05/apo-newsfeed/the-second-india-united-states-dialogue-on-africa |access-date=February 26, 2025 |website=African Business |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
{{See also|Indo-Pacific|South Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration}}
In the 21st century, India–United States cooperation has aimed to [[China threat theory|contain China]] in Asia and the broader Indo-Pacific with the help of broader organizations, such as the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad]] which includes Japan and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The India-China-US Triangle |url=https://diplomatist.com/2021/02/12/the-india-china-us-triangle/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=Diplomatist |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 2009, [[Robert O. Blake, Jr.|Robert Blake]], [[Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs]], dismissed any concerns over a rift with India regarding American [[AfPak]] policy in South Asia, calling India and the United States "natural allies".<ref name="blake12">{{cite web |title=We're sorry, that page can't be found. |url=https://www.state.gov/p/sca/rls/remarks/125513.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705085818/http://www.state.gov/p/sca/rls/remarks/125513.htm |archive-date=July 5, 2009 |access-date=March 25, 2018 |website=state.gov}}</ref> However, American ties with Pakistan and Bangladesh have sometimes clashed with India's military and political preferences in its neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 15, 2024 |title=India pressed U.S. to go easy on Bangladeshi leader before her ouster, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/15/india-bangladesh-sheikh-hasina/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2024 |title=Demystifying the Bangladesh-India-US triangle |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/geopolitical-insights/news/demystifying-the-bangladesh-india-us-triangle-3717226 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=August 1, 2019 |title=India unhappy with U.S. aid to Pakistan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-unhappy-with-us-aid-to-pakistan/article28787611.ece/ |access-date=March 9, 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

India and United States have differences over the role of US's mediation in India's conflicts in its neighborhood that particularly involve Pakistan. For instance, in 2025, US President [[Donald Trump]] claimed multiple times how he stopped the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|2025 India-Pakistan conflict]] by leveraging trade<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZhrKt68Tzk |title=I Stopped India-Pakistan War: Trump Claims He 'Solved' India-Pakistan War Threat Through Trade |date=July 28, 2025 |last=India Today |access-date=July 29, 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref>—despite US Vice President [[JD Vance]] who earlier stated that US would not intervene—<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Vance says US won't intervene in India-Pakistan conflict: 'None of our business' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/08/jd-vance-india-pakistan |access-date=July 29, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kanishka |last2=Singh |first2=Kanishka |date=May 9, 2025 |title=US VP Vance says war between India and Pakistan will be 'none of our business' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-vp-vance-says-war-between-india-pakistan-will-be-none-our-business-2025-05-09/ |access-date=July 29, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> while India firmly rejected the claims and stated that the military operations that were part of [[Operation Sindoor]] only ceased when India's military objectives were achieved.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 28, 2025 |title='Baseless': India rejects Trump's claim he ended Pakistan conflict |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3319894/defence-minister-slams-baseless-claim-india-bowed-pressure-end-pakistan-conflict |access-date=July 29, 2025 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Both the Indian External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] and the Indian Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] rejected the claims on different occasions with the former attributing the cessation of hostilities to military actions by India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 28, 2025 |title=Defence minister denies India bowed to pressure to end fighting with Pakistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/defence-minister-denies-india-bowed-pressure-end-fighting-with-pakistan-2025-07-28/ |access-date=July 29, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 29, 2025 |title='It was Indian military action': Jaishankar denies US role in ceasefire with Pakistan, says 'draw your conclusions' on China link |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/it-was-indian-military-action-jaishankar-denies-us-role-in-ceasefire-with-pakistan-says-draw-you-conclusions-on-china-link/articleshow/121423798.cms |access-date=July 29, 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In August 2025, Pakistan’s army chief Field Marshal [[Asim Munir]] reportedly stated during a dinner in Florida that if Pakistan faced an existential threat, “we’ll take half the world down with us.” India condemned the reported remarks as “nuclear sabre-rattling” and described them as irresponsible, with the Ministry of External Affairs also expressing regret that such statements were made on the soil of a friendly third country, referring to the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 11, 2025 |title=India decries 'sabre rattling' after Pakistan army chief's reported nuclear remarks |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-decries-sabre-rattling-after-pakistan-army-chiefs-reported-nuclear-remarks-2025-08-11/ |access-date=August 12, 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Nuke Sabre-Rattling Is Pak's Stock-In-Trade": India On Asim Munir Comments |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-irresponsible-state-with-nukes-sources-on-asim-munir-comments-9061158 |access-date=August 12, 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

=== European and Western countries ===

==== Canada ====
Both Canada and the United States allege that the Indian government ordered assassinations on [[Sikh separatists]] who were their citizens. Regarding the 2023 [[Canada–India diplomatic row]] on this matter, State Department spokesman [[Matthew Miller (spokesperson)|Matthew Miller]] said in October 2024 that "We wanted to see the government of India cooperate with Canada in its investigation. Obviously, they have not; they have chosen an alternate path."<ref>{{Cite web |title=India should take Canada allegations 'seriously,' US says – DW – 10/16/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-should-take-canada-allegations-seriously-us-says/a-70508045 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
{{See also|History of United Kingdom–United States relations#Pre-Independence India}}
Serious tension erupted over American demands that [[British Raj|India]] be given independence, a proposition Churchill vehemently rejected. For years Roosevelt had encouraged Britain's disengagement from India. The American position was based on principled opposition to colonialism, practical concern for the outcome of the war, and the expectation of a large American role in a post-colonial era. In 1942 when the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] launched a [[Quit India]] movement, the colonial authorities arrested tens of thousands of activists (including [[Mahatma Gandhi]]). Meanwhile, India became the main American staging base for aid to [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Churchill threatened to resign if Roosevelt continued to push his demands, and Roosevelt backed down.<ref>Eric S. Rubin, "America, Britain, and Swaraj: Anglo-American Relations and Indian Independence, 1939–1945," ''India Review'' (Jan–March 2011) 10#1 pp 40–80</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Arthur Herman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdPmzLtU5G4C |title=Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |year=2008 |isbn=9780553804638 |pages=472–539}}</ref> Churchill was a believer in the integrity of the British Empire, but he was voted out of office in the summer of 1945. Attlee's new Labour government was much more favorable toward Indian aspirations. The process of [[Decolonization|de-colonization]] was highlighted by the independence Britain granted to India, Pakistan and Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]) in 1947. The United States approved, but provided no financial or diplomatic support.<ref>Nicholas Owen, "Attlee governments: The end of empire 1945–51." ''Contemporary British History'' 3.4 (1990): 12-16.</ref><ref>R. J. Moore, "Decolonisation in India: Towards partition and independence in India." ''Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics'' 20.2 (1982): 189-199.</ref>

==== Ukraine ====
During the [[Biden administration]] and the start of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], there were initially significant tensions regarding India's ties with Russia. However, the [[second Trump administration]] is anticipated to seek a quick end to the conflict, likely reducing India's distance from the United States on European security issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=C. Raja |date=February 27, 2025 |title=India Sees Opportunities as Trump Jettisons the Western Order |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/02/18/modi-trump-india-us-china-russia-europe-ukraine/ |access-date=February 26, 2025 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=August 2025}}

=== Latin America and the Caribbean ===
{{See also|India–Latin America relations|Latin America–United States relations}}

== Cultural relations ==
{{See also|Anglicisation|Indian Americans#Culture|Americans in India#Culture}}

Cultural relations between India and the United States are among the strongest pillars of the bilateral relationship and are largely driven by deep people-to-people ties, shared democratic norms, and sustained educational, artistic, and intellectual exchange. The Indian-American diaspora—numbering over 4.5 million people as of 2025—plays a central role in bridging the two societies and has become one of the most influential immigrant communities in the United States. Indian Americans are highly represented in science, technology, medicine, business, academia, and public service, contributing significantly to the U.S. economy while maintaining close cultural, familial, and emotional ties to India.<ref name=":0" />

Educational exchange has been a cornerstone of cultural engagement. India has consistently been among the top sources of international students in the United States, particularly in STEM fields, management, and research-oriented disciplines. Student, research, and high-skilled worker visa programs have facilitated long-term professional networks and innovation ecosystems linking Silicon Valley, major U.S. universities, and India’s technology hubs. Alumni of U.S. institutions have gone on to play leading roles in India’s private sector, civil society, and government, reinforcing a virtuous cycle of cooperation.

Language, media, cuisine, festivals, and religion further reinforce cultural familiarity. English as a shared working language, combined with the global reach of Indian and American media, has helped normalize cross-cultural consumption. Indian festivals such as Diwali and Holi are increasingly celebrated in U.S. cities, while American cultural norms and popular culture are deeply embedded in urban India, especially among younger generations.

=== Public opinion and polling ===
Public opinion data consistently reflects strong mutual goodwill. According to annual World Affairs surveys conducted by [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]], India has ranked among the most favorably viewed countries by Americans. In 2015, 71% of Americans held a favorable view of India,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Loschky |first1=Jay |last2=Riffkin |first2=Rebecca |date=March 13, 2015 |title=Canada, Great Britain Are Americans' Most Favored Nations |url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/181961/canada-great-britain-americans-favored-nations.aspx |publisher=Gallup.com}}</ref> rising to 74% in 2017,<ref>{{cite web |last=Newport |first=Frank |date=February 20, 2017 |title=North Korea Remains Least-Popular Country Among Americans |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/204074/north-korea-remains-least-popular-country-among-americans.aspx |access-date=February 6, 2018 |publisher=Gallup.com |language=en-us}}</ref> 72% in 2019,<ref>{{cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Justin |date=March 11, 2019 |title=Americans' Favorable Views of China Take 12-Point Hit |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/247559/americans-favorable-views-china-point-hit.aspx |access-date=September 8, 2019 |website=Gallup.com |language=en-us}}</ref> 75% in 2020,<ref>{{cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Justin |date=March 3, 2020 |title=Iran, North Korea Liked Least by Americans |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/287153/iran-north-korea-liked-least-americans.aspx |access-date=February 21, 2021 |website=Gallup.com |publisher=Inc Gallup |language=en}}</ref> 77% in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brenan |first=Megan |date=March 14, 2022 |title=Americans Rate Canada, Britain, France, Japan Most Favorably |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/390641/americans-rate-canada-britain-france-japan-favorably.aspx |access-date=April 20, 2022 |website=Gallup.com |publisher=Inc Gallup |language=en}}</ref> and 70% in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brenan |first=Megan |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Canada, Britain Favored Most in U.S.; Russia, N. Korea Least |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/472421/canada-britain-favored-russia-korea-least.aspx |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=Gallup.com |publisher=Gallup Inc |language=en}}</ref> India has frequently ranked within the top tier of countries viewed positively by the American public, ahead of many traditional allies.

Reciprocal sentiment in India is equally strong. A [[Morning Consult]] poll conducted in August 2021, following the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|fall of Afghanistan]], found that 79% of Indians viewed the United States favorably, with only 10% holding unfavorable views—the highest favorability rating recorded among the 15 major countries surveyed. Notably, this rating exceeded Americans’ own favorability toward the United States at the time.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Yokley |first=Eli |date=August 26, 2021 |title=How the World Sees America Amid Its Chaotic Withdrawal from Afghanistan |url=https://morningconsult.com/2021/08/26/united-states-favorability-global-countries-afghanistan/ |url-access=limited |website=morningconsult.com}}</ref> These trends underscore the unusually strong public-level foundation of the bilateral relationship.

=== Cinema and visual media ===
Film has been a powerful vehicle of cultural exchange. Indian cinema, including Bollywood and regional industries, has gained a growing audience in the United States, driven by the diaspora as well as increased mainstream exposure through streaming platforms and theatrical releases. Films such as [[RRR]] achieved unprecedented commercial and cultural success in the United States in the 2020s, signaling broader American interest in Indian storytelling, music, and spectacle.<ref>{{Cite news |title=South Asian film is on the rise in America |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/04/08/south-asian-film-united-states/ |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>

American cinema has long enjoyed widespread popularity in India, particularly since the end of the Cold War and India’s economic liberalization. India has emerged as one of the top global markets for Hollywood films, with U.S. studios increasingly tailoring releases, marketing strategies, and collaborations for Indian audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hollywood in for blockbuster year in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/hollywood-in-for-blockbuster-year-in-india-11673862686533.html |work=Livemint}}</ref> Earlier films such as [[Mississippi Masala]] also played an important role in exploring the experiences of Indian Americans and race relations in the United States, helping bring South Asian narratives into mainstream American discourse.

=== Health, spirituality, and lifestyle ===
Indian traditions related to health, wellness, and spirituality have had a lasting influence in the United States. Practices such as [[Yoga]] and meditation have become widely adopted across American society, spanning fitness, mental health, education, and alternative medicine. Indian spiritual leaders played a formative role in this exchange, most notably [[Swami Vivekananda]], who introduced aspects of Vedanta and yoga philosophy to American audiences at the turn of the twentieth century, helping lay the intellectual foundation for later cross-cultural engagement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2019 |title=Yoga Landed in the U.S. Way Earlier Than You'd Think—And Fitness Was Not the Point |url=https://www.history.com/news/yoga-vivekananda-america |access-date=November 15, 2024 |website=History |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Gritz |first2=Jennie Rothenberg |title=The Indian Guru Who Brought Eastern Spirituality to the West |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-indian-guru-who-brought-eastern-spirituality-to-the-west-180980896/ |access-date=November 15, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> In the contemporary period, wellness exchanges continue through academic research, medical collaboration, and cultural tourism.

[[File:Deputy Secretary Verma Hosts Cricket Event (53788984088).jpg|thumb|Former U.S. Ambassador to India Richard Verma celebrating the United States hosting the 2024 Men's T20 World Cup]]

=== Music ===
Musical exchange between India and the United States dates back to the early twentieth century. American music entered India partly through colonial-era networks and was strongly influenced by African American [[jazz]] traditions, which resonated with Indian modernist and urban cultural movements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Biswarup |date=October 1, 2024 |title=Introduction: western popular music and Indian modernity |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=359–373 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2024.2414698 |issn=1947-2498|doi-access=free }}</ref> In later decades, rock, pop, hip-hop, and electronic music gained widespread popularity in India, while Indian classical and fusion music influenced American artists and audiences.

In the 21st century, collaborations between Indian and American musicians, composers, and producers have increased, particularly in film scoring, electronic music, and global pop. Indian American artists have played a prominent role in blending genres and shaping transnational musical identities.

=== Sports and recreation ===
{{See also|Sport in British India#North America|Parcheesi|label 1=American sports in British India}}
Sport has emerged as a growing arena of cultural connection. Cricket was introduced to both India and the United States during the era of the British Empire, but while it flourished in South Asia, the United States gravitated toward baseball following the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2024 |title=Why cricket, once a thriving game in US, died at the hands of baseball |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/cricket-usa-history-american-civil-war-baseball-india-t20-world-cup-2024-2555977-2024-06-21 |access-date=February 20, 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In the 21st century, the growth of the Indian-American community and increased private investment have helped revive [[cricket in the United States]]. The launch of [[Major League Cricket]] and the rising popularity of [[T20 cricket]]—including the United States co-hosting the [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup]]—marked significant milestones in sporting cooperation and visibility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2024 |title=We don't like cricket no...we love it! America surprises at the T20 Cricket World Cup |url=https://www.uts.edu.au/about/uts-business-school/research/centre-sport-business-and-society/news/we-dont-cricket-no...we-love-it-america-surprises-t20-cricket-world-cup |access-date=November 15, 2024 |website=University of Technology Sydney |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Cricket is having a moment in the US. Can it bowl over American audiences? |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2024/0611/cricket-world-cup-india-pakistan |access-date=November 15, 2024 |work=Christian Science Monitor |issn=0882-7729}}</ref> At the same time, American sports leagues, fitness culture, and recreational norms have gained a substantial following in India, further reinforcing mutual cultural familiarity.

== Public opinion ==
[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]'s annual World Affairs survey shows India is perceived by [[Americans]] as their sixth favorite nation in the world, with 71% of Americans viewing India favorably in 2015,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Loschky |first1=Jay |last2=Riffkin |first2=Rebecca |date=March 13, 2015 |title=Canada, Great Britain Are Americans' Most Favored Nations |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/181961/canada-great-britain-americans-favored-nations.aspx |publisher=Gallup.com}}</ref> and 70% in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brenan |first=Megan |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Canada, Britain Favored Most in U.S.; Russia, N. Korea Least |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/472421/canada-britain-favored-russia-korea-least.aspx |access-date=March 25, 2023 |website=Gallup.com |publisher=Gallup Inc |language=en}}</ref> Gallup polls found that 74% of Americans viewed India favorably in 2017,<ref>{{cite web |last=Newport |first=Frank |date=February 20, 2017 |title=North Korea Remains Least-Popular Country Among Americans |url=http://news.gallup.com/poll/204074/north-korea-remains-least-popular-country-among-americans.aspx |access-date=February 6, 2018 |publisher=Gallup.com |language=en-us}}</ref> 72% in 2019,<ref>{{cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Justin |date=March 11, 2019 |title=Americans' Favorable Views of China Take 12-Point Hit |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/247559/americans-favorable-views-china-point-hit.aspx |access-date=September 8, 2019 |website=Gallup.com |language=en-us}}</ref> 75% in 2020<ref>{{cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Justin |date=March 3, 2020 |title=Iran, North Korea Liked Least by Americans |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/287153/iran-north-korea-liked-least-americans.aspx |access-date=February 21, 2021 |website=Gallup.com |publisher=Inc Gallup |language=en}}</ref> and 77% in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brenan |first=Megan |date=March 14, 2022 |title=Americans Rate Canada, Britain, France, Japan Most Favorably |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/390641/americans-rate-canada-britain-france-japan-favorably.aspx |access-date=April 20, 2022 |website=Gallup.com |publisher=Inc Gallup |language=en}}</ref> According to a [[Morning Consult]] poll conducted in August 2021 after the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|fall of Afghanistan]], 79% of Indians viewed the United States favorably, compared to 10% who viewed the United States unfavorably. This was the highest favorability rating out of all 15 major countries surveyed and higher than US citizens' own favorability rating of the US at the time.<ref name="auto" />

== Embassies and consulates ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Indian missions in the United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Washington D.C. |url=https://www.indianembassyusa.gov.in/pages/MTc |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=www.indianembassyusa.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Washington, D.C.]] (Embassy)
* [[Atlanta]] (Consulate General)
* [[Chicago]] (Consulate General)
* [[Houston]] (Consulate General)
* [[Los Angeles]] (Consulate General)
* [[New York City]] (Consulate General)
* [[San Francisco]] (Consulate General)
* [[Seattle]] (Consulate General)
{{col-2}}
;United States missions in India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy & Consulates |url=https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[New Delhi]] (Embassy)
* [[Chennai]] (Consulate General)
* [[Hyderabad]] (Consulate General)
* [[Kolkata]] (Consulate General)
* [[Mumbai]] (Consulate General)
* [[Bengaluru]] (Consulate General)
* [[Ahmedabad]] (Consulate, Planned)<ref name="JS">{{cite web |title=Joint Statement from the United States and India |date=June 22, 2023 |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/22/joint-statement-from-the-united-states-and-india/ |publisher=[[The White House]] |access-date=June 22, 2023}}</ref>
{{col-end}}

<gallery class="center">
File:Embassy of India, Washington, D.C. front.jpg|Embassy of India in Washington, D.C.
File:Consulate General of India building, Atlanta.jpg|Consulate-General of India in Atlanta
File:Indian Consulate-General - 03 - Off-Center Right.jpg|Consulate-General of India in Houston
File:New India House 003.JPG|Consulate-General of India in New York City
File:Consulate General of India in San Francisco.jpg|Consulate-General of India in San Francisco
</gallery>
<gallery class="center">
File:US Embassy New Delhi.jpg|Embassy of the United States in New Delhi
File:US Consulate General in Chennai lit with the Ukrainian flag to stand united with Ukraine.jpg|Consulate-General of the United States in Chennai
File:US Consulate in Mumbai lit with Ukrainian colours to stand united with Ukraine.jpg|Consulate-General of the United States in Mumbai
</gallery>

==Head of state visits==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of US Presidents to visit India
! !!Name!! Dates!! Location
|-
!1
| [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| December 9–14, 1959
|[[New Delhi]], [[Agra]]
|-
!2
|[[Richard Nixon]]
|July 31 – August 1, 1969
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
!3
|[[Jimmy Carter]]
|January 1–3, 1978
|[[New Delhi]], [[Carterpuri|Daulatpur Nasirabad ''(now Carterpuri)'']]
|-
!4
|[[Bill Clinton]]
|March 19–25, 2000
|[[New Delhi]], [[Agra]], [[Jaipur]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Mumbai]]
|-
!5
|[[George W. Bush]]
|March 1–3, 2006
|[[New Delhi]], [[Hyderabad]]
|-
!6
|[[Barack Obama]]
|November 6–9, 2010
January 25–27, 2015
|[[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]]
|-
!7
|[[Donald Trump]]
|February 24–25, 2020
|[[Ahmedabad]], [[Agra]], [[New Delhi]]
|-
!8
|[[Joe Biden]]
|September 8–10, 2023
| [[New Delhi]]
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|United States|Politics}}

; Geostrategic
* [[Blue Team (U.S. politics)]]
* [[Free and Open Indo-Pacific]]
* [[India as an emerging superpower]]
* [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement]]
* [[Group of Three]] (G3)
* [[Malabar (naval exercise)]]
* [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]]
* [[String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)]]
* [[CIA activities in India]]

; Cultural and peoples relations
* [[Sikhism in the United States]]
* [[Hinduism in the United States]]
* [[Americans in India]]
* [[Indian Americans]]
* [[Buddhism in the United States]]

; Foreign relations
* [[Canada–India relations]]
* [[China–United States relations]]
* [[China containment policy]]
* [[India–European Union relations]]
* [[Pakistan–United States relations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* Aspen Institute India. ''The United States and India: A Shared Strategic Future'' (Council on Foreign Relations, 2011) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4rgVw9wAxWwC online]
* Ayres, Alyssa and C. Raja Mohan, eds. ''Power Realignments in Asia: China, India and the United States'' (2009) {{JSTOR|48504849}}

* Brands, H. W. ''India and the United States: The Cold Peace'' (1990) [https://archive.org/details/indiaunitedstat00bran online free to borrow]
* Brands, H. W. ''Inside the Cold War: Loy Henderson and the Rise of the American Empire 1918–1961'' (1991) pp 196–230; [[Loy Henderson]] was US Ambassador, 1948–51
* Chary, M. Srinivas. ''The Eagle and the Peacock: U.S. Foreign Policy toward India since Independence'' (1995) [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Eagle_and_the_Peacock/vHrDEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%27%27The+Eagle+and+the+Peacock:+U.S.+Foreign+Policy+toward+India+since+Independence%27%27&pg=PA72&printsec=frontcover online]

* Chaudhuri, Rudra. ''Forged in Crisis: India and the United States since 1947'' (Oxford UP, 2014); online; DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199354863.001.0001
* Clymer, Kenton J. ''Quest for Freedom: The United States and India's Independence'' (1995)
* Fink, Leon. "Siren Song of Economic Development: U.S. Missions to India, 1952–1975" in Fink, ''Undoing the Liberal World Order: Progressive Ideals and Political Realities Since World War II'' (Columbia UP, 2022) [https://cup.columbia.edu/book/undoing-the-liberal-world-order/9780231202251 online] pp.&nbsp;126–162
* Gopal, Sarvepalli. ''Jawaharlal Nehru: a Biography Volume 1 1889-1947'' (1975); ''Jawaharlal Nehru Vol. 2 1947-1956'' (1979); ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Volume 3 1956-1964'' (2014), detailed coverage of diplomacy
* Gould, H.A. and S. Ganguly, eds. ''The hope and the reality: US-Indian relations from Roosevelt to Reagan'' (1992).
* Govil, Nitin. ''Orienting Hollywood: A Century of Film Culture Between Los Angeles and Bombay'' (NYU Press, 2015)
* Hart, David M., and Zoltan J. Acs. "High-tech immigrant entrepreneurship in the United States." ''Economic Development Quarterly'' (2011) 25#2 pp: 116–129. [https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/32629/1/610740172.pdf?origin=publication_detail online]
* Heimsath, C.H. and Surjit Mansingh. ''A diplomatic history of modern India'' (1971) [https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000heim online]
* Hilsman, Roger. ''To move a nation; the politics of foreign policy in the administration of John F. Kennedy'' (1967) pp 275–357. on 1961–63.
* Hooper, Jane. ''Yankees in the Indian Ocean: American Commerce and Whaling, 1786–1860'' (Ohio University Press, 2022) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58405 online review]
* Isaacs, Harold R. ''Scratches on Our Minds: American Images of China and India'' (1958) [https://archive.org/details/scratchesonourmi010380mbp online]
* Jackson, Carl T. "The Influence of Asia upon American Thought: A Bibliographical Essay." ''American Studies International'' 22#1 (1984), pp.&nbsp;3–31, {{JSTOR|41280625}} covers China, India & Japan
* Jain, Rashmi K. ''The United States and India: 1947–2006 A Documentary Study'' (2007)
* Karl, David J. "U.S.-India Relations: The Way Forward," ''Orbis'' (2012) 56#2 pp 308–327 [http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0030438712000130/1-s2.0-S0030438712000130-main.pdf?_tid=ddc2563a-6dcd-11e2-a7a0-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1359874353_ffab2d02b7f2c8443148967141f32f72 online]
* Kux, Dennis. ''India and The United States: Estranged Democracies 1941–1991'' (1993)
* McMahon, Robert J. ''Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India and Pakistan'' (1994) [https://www.amazon.com/Cold-War-Periphery-Robert-McMahon/dp/0231082274/ excerpt and text search]
* Madan, Tanvi. "With an eye to the east: the China factor and the US-India relationship, 1949-1979" (PhD dissertation, U Texas 2012). [https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/25110/madan_dissertation_20122.pdf?sequence=1 online free]
* Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy'' (2015) pp 481–94.
* {{cite book|author=Merrill, Dennis |title=Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947–1963|year=1990|publisher=UNC Press}}
* Mishra, Sylvia. "Forged in Crisis: India and the United States since 1947." ''Indian Foreign Affairs Journal'' 9#3 (2014): 301+.
* Mistry, Dinshaw. ''Aligning Unevenly: India and the United States'' (Honolulu: East-West Center, 2016), focus after 2000 [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/40628/1/ps074.pdf online].
* {{cite journal | last1 = Pant | first1 = Harsh V | year = 2009 | title = The US-India Nuclear Pact: Policy, Process, and Great Power Politics | journal = Asian Security | volume = 5 | issue = 3| pages = 273–95 | doi = 10.1080/14799850903179012 | s2cid = 144493366 }}
* Raghavan, Srinath. ''The Most Dangerous Place: A History of the United States in South Asia.'' (Penguin Random House India, 2018); also published as ''Fierce Enigmas: A History of the United States in South Asia.''(2018 )
* Rani, Sudesh. "Indo-US Maritime Cooperation: Challenges and Prospects," ''Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India,'' Vol. 8, No. 2, (December 2012) Pages: 123-43 {{doi|10.1080/09733159.2012.742664}}
* {{cite book |last=Riedel|first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Riedel |title=Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back|date=2013 |location= Washington, D.C. |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2408-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Riedel|first=Bruce |author-mask=6 |title=JFK's Forgotten Crisis: Tibet, the CIA, and Sino-Indian War |date=2015 |location= Washington, D.C.|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-2699-9}}
* Rotter, Andrew J. ''Comrades at Odds: The United States and India, 1947–1964'' (2000)
* Roy, Dr. P. C. ''Indo-U.S. Economic Relations''. Rajouri Garden, New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1986. 73–125.
* Schaffer, Teresita C. ''India and the United States in the 21st Century: Reinventing Partnership'' (2010)
* Sharma, G. D. ''Indo Us Defence Cooperation'' (Vij Books, 2012), [https://www.amazon.com/Indo-Defence-Cooperation-Capt-Sharma/dp/9381411433/ref=tmm_pap_title_0 excerpt and text search]
* Sokolski, Henry. ''United States and India Strategic Cooperation'' (2010)
* Vinod, M.J. ''United States foreign policy toward India'' (1991)

===Recent===
* Bajpai, Kanti, Selina Ho, and Manjari Chatterjee Miller, eds. ''Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations'' (Routledge, 2020). [https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-China-India-Relations-Bajpai-ebook/dp/B0855JQYJJ/ excerpt]
* Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp 481–494.
* Martin, Michael F., et al. "India-U.S. Economic Relations: In Brief" ''Current Politics and Economics of Northern and Western Asia'' 24#1 (2015): 99+.
* Mukherjee, Rohan. "Chaos as opportunity: the United States and world order in India's grand strategy." ''Contemporary Politics'' 26.4 (2020): 420-438 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13569775.2020.1777040 online].
* Raghavan, Srinath. ''The Most Dangerous Place: A History of the United States in South Asia.'' (Penguin Random House India, 2018); also published as ''Fierce Enigmas: A History of the United States in South Asia.''(2018). [https://networks.h-net.org/node/22055/reviews/3515710/subramaniam-raghavan-fierce-enigmas-history-united-states-south-asia online review]; also see [https://www.amazon.com/Fierce-Enigmas-History-United-States/dp/046503019X/ excerpt]
* Rajagopalan, Rajesh. "U.S.-India Relations under President Trump: Promise and Peril." ''Asia Policy,'' no. 24 (2017).
* Rubinoff, Arthur G. "Missed opportunities and contradictory policies: Indo-American relations in the Clinton-Rao years." ''Pacific Affairs'' (1996): 499-517 {{JSTOR|2761184}}
* Talbott, Strobe. ''Engaging India: Diplomacy, democracy, and the bomb'' (Brookings Institution Press, 2010). [https://archive.org/details/engagingindiadip00talb online]
* Tellis, Ashley J. 'The Surprising Success of the U.S.-Indian Partnership: Trump and Modi Have Deepened Defense Cooperation Against the Odds'. ''Foreign Affairs'' 20 (February 2020) [https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2020-02-20/surprising-success-us-indian-partnership online]
* Tellis, Ashley. "Narendra Modi and US–India Relations." in ''Making of New India: Transformation Under Modi Government'' (2018): 525-535 [https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Narendra_Modi_and_US-India_Relations.pdf online].
* van de Wetering, Carina. '' Changing US Foreign Policy toward India: US-India Relations since the Cold War'' (2016) [https://www.amazon.com/Changing-Foreign-Policy-toward-India-dp-1137548614/dp/1137548614/ excerpt]

===Primary sources===
* {{cite book|author=Bowles, Chester|title=A View from New Delhi: Selected Speeches and Writings, 1963–1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSSEly5x7rIC|year=1969|publisher=Yale U.P.|isbn=978-0-300-10546-9}}, US ambassador 1951–53 and 1963–69; [https://www.amazon.com/View-New-Delhi-ChesteBowles/dp/0300105460/ excerpt and text search]
* Bowles, Chester. ''Promises to Keep'' (1972), autobiography; pp 531–79 by US ambassador 1951–53 and 1963–69
* Galbraith, John K. ''Ambassador's journal: a personal account of the Kennedy years'' (1969) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QMVAAAAAIAA online], he was US ambassador to India 1961–63
* U.S. Department of State. '' Foreign Relations of the United States'' (''FRUS''), many volumes of primary sources; the complete texts of these large books are all online. See [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments Guide to FRUS]. For example, ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971'' was published in 2005 and [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v11 is online here]. The most recent volumes are ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972'' (2005) [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07 online here] and ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–8, Documents on South Asia, 1973–1976'' (2007) [https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve08 online here].
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Relations of India and the United States}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Library resources box}}
* [https://globalaffairs.org/commentary-and-analysis/blogs/united-states-and-india-emerging-allies-or-necessary-partners The United States and India: Emerging Allies or Necessary Partners] Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 2022
* [https://www.ifri.org/en/publications/notes-de-lifri/asie-visions/natural-allies-india-us-relations-clinton-administration Natural Allies? The India-US Relations from the Clinton Administration to the Trump Era] French Institute of International Relations (IFRI), 2020
* Blake, Jr., Robert O. "U.S.-India Relations: the Making of a Comprehensive Relationship." US official speech at India's Army War College, August 23, 2004; [https://web.archive.org/web/20130305081436/http://merln.ndu.edu/archivepdf/india/State/35686.pdf online]
* [https://history.state.gov/countries/india History of India – US Relations], official US site
* [https://opencrs.com/document/RL33529/ India-U.S. Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530065903/http://opencrs.com/document/RL33529/ |date=May 30, 2010}} [[Congressional Research Service]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061202152247/http://www.indianembassy.org/newsite/induspolAug06.asp Indian Embassy: India – US Relations: A General Overview], official Indian site
* [https://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=176 Deepening U.S.-India Economic Engagement], Q&A with US Ambassador Susan Esserman (September 2011)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721015037/http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=155 A Way Forward in U.S.-India Defense Cooperation], July 2011 interview with [[Stephen P. Cohen]] and Sunil Dasgupta
* [https://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=146 Charting the Future of U.S.-India Relations], June 2011 interview with Ambassador [[Thomas R. Pickering]]
* [https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rm/22615.htm U.S. Department of state: The Future of US-India Relations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120623140500/http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/us-india.asp U.S. Department of Agriculture: U.S.–India Trade Relations]
* [https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/tariffs-on-india-trade-with-pakistan-rewinding-latest-round-of-trump-deals-8988626?pfrom=home-ndtvworld_world_top_scroll Tariffs On India, Trade With Pakistan: Rewinding Latest Round Of Trump Deals]
*

{{India–United States relations}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-United States relations}}
[[Category:India–United States relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|United States]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the United States]]

Koil Assembly constituency

2026-03-05T18:10:20Z

StephaineShrader: expand structure after review and added references

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Koil
| constituency_no = 75
| map_image = 75-Koil.svg
| type= SLA
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Anil Parashar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 293,029 (2012)
}}
'''Koil''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Aligarh district]] and is one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency]]. The first election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 75.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 6 Nov 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Koil Assembly constituency is KC Koil, PC Bhamola Mafi of Morthal KC & Ward Nos. 7, 22, 28, 30 to 34, 36, 40 to 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53 & 57 in Aligarh (M Corp.) of Koil Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]]
! Name
! Party
! Ref.
|-
| May-1952 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]]|| Nafisul Hasan || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]|| <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Apr-1957 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]]|| Mohan Lal Gautam || <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Mar-1962 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]]|| Bhoop Singh || [[Republican Party of India]]||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Mar-1967 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Kishanlal Diler || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|| <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Feb-1969 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]]|| rowspan="2" | Pooran Chand || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]|| <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Mar-1974 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]]|| [[Indian National Congress]]|| <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Jun-1977 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Kishanlal Diler || [[Janata Party]]|| <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Jun-1980 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Pooran Chand || [[Indian National Congress (I)]]|| <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Mar-1985 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Kishanlal Diler || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Dec-1989 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Ram Prasad Deshmukh || [[Indian National Congress]]|| <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Jun-1991|| [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]]|| rowspan="2" | Kishanlal Diler || rowspan="3" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|| <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Dec-1993|| [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]]|| <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Oct-1996 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Ram Sakhi || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Feb-2002 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]]|| rowspan="2" | Mahendra Singh || rowspan="2" | [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|| <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| May-2007 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]]|| <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Mar-2012 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]]|| [[Zameer Ullah Khan]]|| [[Samajwadi Party]]|| <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=6 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Mar-2017 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]]|| rowspan="2"|[[Anil Parashar]] || rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ||
|-
| Mar-2022 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Koil<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil Parashar
|votes = {{formatnum:108067}}
|percentage = 42.81
|change = {{increase}}1.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shaz Ishaq
|votes = {{formatnum:103039}}
|percentage = 40.82
|change = {{increase}}22.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd Bilal
|votes = {{formatnum:23016}}
|percentage = 9.12
|change = {{decrease}}7.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vivek Bansal
|votes = {{formatnum:15550}}
|percentage = 6.16
|change = {{decrease}}10.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1144}}
|percentage = 0.45
|change = {{decrease}}0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5028}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change = {{decrease}}20.3
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:252406}}
|percentage = 62.34
|change = {{decrease}}0.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/37557 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]: Koil<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anil Parashar
|votes = {{formatnum:93814}}
|percentage = 41.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shaz Ishaq Urf Ajju Ishaq
|votes = {{formatnum:42851}}
|percentage = 18.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vivek Bansal
|votes = {{formatnum:38623}}
|percentage = 16.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:37909}}
|percentage = 16.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Zameer Ullah Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:10912}}
|percentage = 4.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1580}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:50963}}
|percentage = 22.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:228587}}
|percentage = 62.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = {{increase}}21.86
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Koil<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Zameer Ullah Khan]]
|votes = 44,847
|percentage = 25.42
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vivek Bansal
|votes = 44,248
|percentage = 25.08
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Yogendra Pal Singh
|votes = 34,741
|percentage = 19.69
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 23 candidates
|votes = 52,579
|percentage = 29.8
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 599
|percentage = 0.34
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 176,415
|percentage = 60.2
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Aligarh district]]
*[[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Marine Drive (film)

2026-03-04T04:08:14Z

StephaineShrader: quick improved intro to improve readability additionally and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{infobox film
| name = Marine Drive
| director = [[G. P. Sippy]]
| starring = [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]]<br />[[Bina Rai]]<br />[[K. N. Singh]]<br />[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
| music = [[Datta Naik|N. Datta]]
| released = {{Film date|1955}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Marine Drive''''' is a 1955 Indian Hindi-language film, starring [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Bina Rai]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mass Media in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPHZAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn = 9788123008141}}</ref>

The film deals with the smuggling business and underworld crime.

It was the first film that [[G. P. Sippy]] released under his production house Sippy Films.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA152|accessdate=28 November 2015|date=2014-07-10|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135943257|page=1994}}</ref> [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] composed lyrics for the film and told Sippy that because Sippy did not drink, he would never understand the lyrics "Mujhko na koi hosh na gham, main nashe main hoon" (English: "Neither me nor any conscious sorrow, I'm drunk, I am") from the film.<ref name="Chopra2000">{{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|title=Sholay, the Making of a Classic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8oM0k2UNzMC|accessdate=28 November 2015|year=2000|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780140299700}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Ajit Prasad
* [[Bina Rai]] as Beena Khanna
* [[K. N. Singh]] as Mr. Khanna
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Johny

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Apne Khayalon Ko"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Main Nashe Mein Hoon"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Mohabbat Yun Bhi Hoti Hai, Mohabbat Yun Bhi Hoti Hai"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Bata Ae Aasmanwale, Tere Bande Kidhar Jaye"
| Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Tum Aur Hum Ho Saath Saath"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Raaten Jagake Sapne Sajake"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Main Hoon Phooljhadi"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Raat Sunsan Hai"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0420765/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 ''Marine Drive''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:1955 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Datta Naik]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ayur Rekha

2026-03-03T21:33:22Z

StephaineShrader: put up basic entry initial version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name =Ayur Rekha
|image =
|caption =
|director =GM Manu
|producer =
|writer = K K Sudhakaran
|screenplay =
|starring =[[Sreenivasan]]<br />[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]<br />[[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]]<br />[[Lakshmi Sharma]]<br />[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]]
|music =
|cinematography =
|editing =
|studio =
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|2007|11|08}}
|country = India
|language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Ayur Rekha''''' is a [[Malayalam films of 2007|2007]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam]] film, directed by GM Manu, starring [[Sreenivasan]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]], [[Lakshmi Sharma]] and [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ayur-rekha-review-malayalam-movie-9651 | title=Ayur Rekha review. Ayur Rekha Malayalam movie review, story, rating }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4280/malayalam/ayur-rekha/1402/review.htm | title=Ayur Rekha Review | Ayur Rekha Malayalam Movie Review by Unni Nair | date=16 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jyothirmayi-going-strong-tamil--news-33849 | title=Jyothirmayi going strong - News | date=29 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ayur-rekha-preview-kannada-movie-9651 | title=Ayur Rekha Kannada Movie Preview cinema review stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ayur-rekha-from-today--news-34574 | title='Ayur Rekha' from today! - News | date=9 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/paalayathil-pada-after-ayur-rekha--news-34776 | title='Paalayathil Pada' after 'Ayur Rekha'! - News | date=21 November 2007 }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Sreenivasan]] as [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] S.K. Jacob George [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Thriprayar Madhavan
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Adv. Anand
*[[Lakshmi Sharma]] as Dr. Aparna Menon
*[[Jyothirmayi]] as Dr. Mallika Anand
*[[Mithun Murali]] as Arun Menon
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Thankappan Pillai
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Dr. Venugopal
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Captain Nair
*[[Salim Kumar]] as [[Police Constable|PC]] Ismail
*Niyaz Musaliyar as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] K.V. Balachadran
*[[TP Madhavan]] as Dr. Thomas George
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Alice Jacob
*Devi Chandana as Girija
*[[Jagannadha Varma]] as Adv. G.K. Nambiyar
*Pradeep
*[[Kochu Preman]]
*[[Ganapathi S Poduval]]
*Master Vaisakh
*Dr Vivin Mathew
* Anandhu S Nair

==Soundtrack==
Music: Sabish George, Lyrics: [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
* "Indumukhi" - [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
* "Neelmizhikalo" (D) - [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Ranjini Jose]]
* "Neelmizhikalo" (F) - Ranjini Jose
* "Sree Ranjini" - M. G. Sreekumar

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1332053}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Kochaniyathi

2026-03-03T21:03:58Z

StephaineShrader: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kochaniyathi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. Subramaniam]]
| producer = P Subramaniam
| writer = [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]]
| screenplay = S. L. Puram Sadanandan
| starring = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]<br>[[Jayabharathi]]<br>[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]<br>[[Ramachandran]]
| music = [[Pukazhenthi]]
| cinematography = E. N. C. Nair
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Neela
| distributor = Neela
| released = {{Film date|1971|12|24|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Kochaniyathi''''' is a 1971 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed and produced by [[P. Subramaniam]]. The film stars [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Jayabharathi]], [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] and [[Ramachandran]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[Pukazhenthi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=351|title=Kochaniyathi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?481 |title=Kochaniyathi |accessdate=2014-10-15 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329025328/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?481 |archivedate=29 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kochanijathy-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044825/http://spicyonion.com/title/kochanijathy-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Kochanijathy|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Raju
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Indu
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] as Doctor Mohan
*[[Ramachandran]]
*[[T. R. Omana]] as Raju's Mother
*[[Alummoodan]] as Cook
*Annamma
*[[Aranmula Ponnamma]] as Doctor's Mother
*[[Sumathi (actress)|Baby Sumathi]] as Indu (childhood)
*[[KPAC Sunny]] as Raghu
*[[Master Prabhakar]] as Raju (childhood)
*[[Pankajavalli]] as Kunchu Nair's Wife
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Rowdy Soman
*[[S. P. Pillai]] as Kunchu Nair
*[[K. V. Shanthi]] as Karthyayini
*Sarasamma
*Somasekharan Nair
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Pukazhenthi]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Agniparvatham" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kochilam Kaatte" || K. J. Yesudas || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 3 || "Sundararaavil" || [[S. Janaki]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 4 || "Theyyaare Thaka Theyyaare" || S. Janaki, [[P. Jayachandran]], Chorus || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 5 || "Thinkaleppole Chirikkunna" || [[P. Leela]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 6 || "Thinkaleppole Chirikkunna" || S. Janaki || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0257841|Kochanijathy}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pukazhenthi]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

10,000 Memories

2026-02-25T18:06:38Z

StephaineShrader: put up basic post from scratch!

{{Short description|2024 book}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox book
| name = 10,000 Memories: A Lived History of Partition, Independence and World War II in South Asia
| image = 10000 memories book cover.png
| caption =
| editor = [[Guneeta Singh Bhalla]] <br/>Fakhra Hasan<br/>Fahad Nahvi<br/>Udayan Das<br/>Erin Riggs<br/>Amardip Kumar Singh
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| genre = [[Non-fiction]]
| subject = [[Oral history]] of the [[1947 Partition of India]]<br/>[[World War II]] in [[South Asia]]
| publisher = [[The 1947 Partition Archive]]
| pub_date = 8 August 2024
| media_type = Print (hardcover)
| pages = 582
| isbn = 979-8-9867479-0-3
}}

'''''10,000 Memories: A Lived History of Partition, Independence and World War II in South Asia''''' is a 2024 non-fiction [[compendium]] of [[oral history|oral histories]] produced by the non-profit, [[The 1947 Partition Archive]]. The 582-page first volume, edited by founder [[Guneeta Singh Bhalla]] with Fakhra Hasan, Fahad Nahvi, Udayan Das, Erin Riggs, and Amardip Kumar Singh, was published in [[Berkeley, California]] on 8 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1101752-never-ending-stories |title=Never-ending stories |first=Zubair |last=Ahmad |date=August 20, 2023 |website=[[The News International]]}}</ref> Drawing on thousands of witness testimonies recorded across the [[South Asian subcontinent]], the book reconstructs the intertwined wartime and decolonization experiences that led to the [[1947 Partition of India]].<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/stories-of-india-pakistan-partition-as-oral-recorded-history-in-1947-partition-archives-book-10000-memories/article66723661.ece|title=Stories of the Partition of India, based on the largest South-Asian oral history survey ever, now compiled in a book |first=Deepa |last=Alexander |date=April 13, 2023 |via=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/gripping-storytelling-session-busts-many-myths-surrounding-partition-101678734398356.html|title=Gripping storytelling session busts many myths surrounding Partition|date=March 14, 2023|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Contents==
''10,000 Memories'' is printed as a double-sided "eastern" and "western" book: one cover opens in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]], while the reverse begins in [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]], with the narratives meeting in the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref name="thehindu"/> More than 1,000 archival photographs accompany 400 condensed life-story summaries, each framed by contextual sidebars on [[military campaign]]s, refugee corridors and political negotiations.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/partition-archive-inaugural-book-10000-memories-a-lived-history-of-partition-set-to-release-on-friday/articleshow/98523248.cms|title=Partition archive' inaugural book 10,000 Memories, a lived history of partition set to release on Friday|date=March 9, 2023|via=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The editors emphasize regional diversity while linking local memories to larger theatres such as the [[China Burma India Theater|China-Burma-India front]] and the [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal famine]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMGrzwEACAAJ|title=10,000 Memories: A Lived History of Partition, Independence and World War II in South Asia|first1=The 1947 Partition|last1=Archive|first2=Ehsan|last2=Khan|date=August 8, 2024|publisher=1947 Partition Archive |isbn=979-8-9867479-0-3 }}</ref>

==Reception==
Critics greeted the volume as an accessible bridge between [[scholarship]] and family memory. Prasun Chaudhuri of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' characterized a pre-launch reading in [[Kolkata]] as "a reminder of how Partition shaped the electoral choices of a generation for their entire lifetime".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/pre-launch-of-the-book-10000-memories-a-lived-history-of-partition-independence-and-world-war-ii-in-south-asia-gets-the-telegraph-thinking-about-partition/cid/1921883|title=The Partition Party |first=Prasun |last=Chaudhuri |date=12 March 2023 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' highlighted the book's "pan-South Asian scope" and the inclusion of 400 first-person narratives.<ref name="indiatimes"/>

An event at [[SOAS University of London]] praised the book for offering "a unique dimension and insight into the history of Partition ... unlike any previously written."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/event/10000-memories-lived-history-partition-independence-and-world-war-ii-south-asia|title=10,000 Memories: A lived history of partition, independence and World War II in South Asia {{pipe}} SOAS|date=April 26, 2023|website=SOAS}}</ref> The [[University of Florida International Center]] launch event hailed the work as "the first and largest pan-South Asian oral-history survey ever conducted."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internationalcenter.ufl.edu/10000-memories-lived-history-partition|title=10,000 Memories: A Lived History of Partition {{pipe}} International Center University of Florida}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|10000memories.com}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Oral history books]]

Vijay Adhiraj

2026-02-12T06:10:41Z

StephaineShrader: created initial post first draft - done

{{short description|Indian actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Adhiraj
| image = Vijay Adhiraj.JPG
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|4|18}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actor, director, anchor
| years_active =
| notable_works = Suzhal, Ganesh-Vasanth, Chithi, Manaivi
| television =
| spouse = Rashna
| children = 2
}}

'''Vijay Adhiraj''' is an Indian actor who has appeared in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films and serials. He was introduced in the NFDC and Doordarshan produced ''Sahashraphan'' in Hindi, written by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] and directed by [[T. S. Nagabharana]].

== Career ==
Adhiraj made his acting debut starring in television serials, before featuring in films including ''[[Ponnu Veetukkaran]]'' and ''[[Roja Kootam]]''. Throughout the 2000s, he became an established television and live event host.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/20/stories/2004072000740100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114075312/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/20/stories/2004072000740100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-01-14 |title='Each medium has its own USP' |date=2004-07-20 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>

''Suzhal'', directed by his father the late Shri Anand Mohan and written by him, launched him into the limelight. It was followed by ''Nimmadhi Ungal Choice'', produced by [[AVM Productions]] and directed by Shri Sp. Muthuraman. ''[[Ganesh–Vasanth]]'', written by Sujatha, produced by [[Madras Talkies]] and directed by [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini Manirathnam]], helped establish his credentials as an actor.

''Chithi'', produced by Radaan Mediaworks, established him as a sought after television star, and gave him the title "Superstar" of the small screen.

He finished as runner up in the reality dance show ''[[Jodi Number One (season 1)|Jodi Number One]]'' during season 1, alongside his wife, Rashna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/12/01/stories/2007120150640400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207224623/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/12/01/stories/2007120150640400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-12-07 |title=Metro Plus Tiruchirapalli / Television : From telly screen to silver screen |date=2007-12-01 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/10/stories/2007031001250200.htm |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Chennai / Gender : The Mush Register |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312180558/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/10/stories/2007031001250200.htm |archive-date=12 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He has since directed a film, ''[[Puthagam]]'', which starred [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]], [[Jagapati Babu]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]]. Adhiraj wrote the script in 1998, but was advised by his peers, including [[Crazy Mohan]], to wait before launching the production.<ref>{{cite web |author=K.R. Manigandan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-book-of-life/article3971996.ece |title=The book of life |work=The Hindu |date=2012-10-06 |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> The film had a low key release in January 2013 and received average reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-tv-actor-vijay-adhiraj-i-want-to-make-films-i-can-watch-with-my-family/305889-71-181.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120033831/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamil-tv-actor-vijay-adhiraj-i-want-to-make-films-i-can-watch-with-my-family/305889-71-181.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-20 |title=Tamil TV actor Vijay Adhiraj: I want to make films I can watch with my family |publisher=CNN IBN |date=2012-11-16 |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>

He has hosted many famous functions, including the Littleshows Award.

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable" style="width:700px"
|-
! width="10" |Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Poonthottam]]''
| Suresh
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Ponnu Veetukkaran]]''
| Muthu
|
|-
| 1997
| ''Manava 2022''
| Manava 2022
|Kannada film
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Roja Kootam]]''
| Mano's arranged husband
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Three Roses]]''
| Saleem
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Vaanam Vasappadum]]''
| Aadhi Narayanan
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Pattaya Kelappanum Pandiya]]''
| Saravanan
|
|-
|2022
| ''[[Kalaga Thalaivan]]''
| Keshav Rao
|
|}

=== Television series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
|-
|1995–2001
|''Nimathy Ungal Choice''
|
|rowspan="10"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|1997
|''Aachi International''
|Mahesh
|-
|1998–1999
|''Vazhandhu Kattugiren''
|Vikaram
|-
|1999–2000
|''Oru Pennin Kathaai''
|Sudhakar
|-
|2000
|''Gopi''
|Gopalan
|-
| 2000–2001
| ''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]''
| Prasad
|-
|2001–2004
|''Allai Osai''
|
|-
|2001
|''Anbulla Senagetheya''
|
|-
|2002-07
|''Avarkal''
|
|-
| 2003
|''Appa''
|
|-
| 2002–2003
|''Payanam''
|Samraj Patrika
|[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2000–2002
|''Gopuram''
|
|rowspan="7"|Sun TV
|-
|2002-03
|''Varam''
|
|-
| 2003–2005
| ''[[Annamalai (2002 TV series)|Annamalai]]''
| Anwar
|-
|2004
| ''[[Anandham (TV series)|Anandham]]''
| Vijay (Special Appearance)
|-
| 2004
| ''Thadayam''
|
|-
| 2004–2006
| ''Manaivi''
| Ramani
|-
| 2003–2005
| ''Vikramathithan''
|
|-
| 2005-08
| ''[[Aarthi (TV series)|Aarthi]]''
|Santhosh
|rowspan="2"|Raj TV
|-
|2006–2008
|''Sharadha''
|Sharadhanathan
|-
|2006-08
| ''[[Lakshmi (2006 TV series)|Lakshmi]]''
| Jeeva
| Sun TV
|-
|2008-10
|''[[Rekha IPS]]''
|
|Kalangiar TV
|-
|2008–2014
|''Mudha Moolu Bandham''
|
|Kiran TV
|-
|2008-11
|''[[Geethanjali (2008 TV series)|Geethanjali]]''
|
|[[Raj TV]]
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Chellamay]]''
| Lawyer Avinash (Extended Special Appearance)
|rowspan="3"|Sun TV
|-
|2013–14
|''Chellakilli''
|
|-
|2014
|''10 Mani Kathigal''
|
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Vina Vidai Vettai Juniors (season 2)|Vina Vidai Vettai Juniors]]''
|Host
|[[Puthuyugam TV]]
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!2024
![[The Mystery of Moksha Island]]
!Subbu
![[Disney+ Hotstar]]
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Gods of Dharmapuri]] (G.O.D)''
|Vengal Reddy
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|}

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Puthagam]]'' || ||
|-
| 2024 || {{Pending film|Nodikku Nodi}} || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title=After 11 years, Vijay Adhiraj is directing the film again|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/121659/cinema/Kollywood/After-11-years,-Vijay-Adhiraj-is-directing-the-film-again.htm| website=Dinamalar.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Voice Artist ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Voice
!Notes
|-
|2000
|''[[Pandavas: The Five Warriors]]''
|
|Animation film; for the character Arjun
|-
|2002
|''[[Kadhal Virus]]''
|[[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adhiraj, Vijay}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]
[[Category:Tamil Reality dancing competition contestants]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

List of Kannada film actresses

2026-02-04T15:49:52Z

StephaineShrader:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

This is a list of notable actresses who appear in [[Kannada cinema]], primarily based in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rashmika-mandanna-to-ramya-check-the-most-followed-kannada-actresses-on-instagram-8268835.html |title=Radhika Pandit to Milana Nagaraj: The most followed Kannada actresses on Instagram |work=News18 India |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The queens of desire: The top 30 Bangalore times most desirable women |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=Times of India |date=3 March 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire-here-are-the-top-30-winners-of-the-bangalore-times-most-desirable-women/articleshow/63129625.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/kannada-cinema/article/rachita-ram-to-hariprriya-leading-actresses-of-kannada-film-industry/767379 |title=Rachita Ram to Shraddha Srinath: Leading actresses of Kannada film industry |date=7 June 2021 |publisher=Zoom TV |access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Top Kannada Cinema Actresses |access-date=25 September 2020 |work=Rediff.com |date=11 January 2013 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-kannada-actresses-of-2009/20091231.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Top Kannada actress who are also popular in other film industries |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 December 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/kannada-actress-who-are-popular-in-other-film-industries/photostory/51864848.cms}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| border =
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 3
| caption_align = left
| image1 = MVRajamma.jpg
| caption1 = 1940s: [[M. V. Rajamma]]
| image2 = Saroja Devi.jpg
| caption2 = 1950s: [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| image3 = Dr. Leelavati.jpg
| caption3 = 1960s: [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
| image4 = Jayamala.jpg
| caption4 = 1970s: [[Jayamala]]
| image5 = Suhasini Maniratnam - TeachAIDS Interview (cropped).png
| caption5 = 1980s: [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]
| image6 = Sudharani (Kannada film actress) (1).jpg
| caption6 = 1990s: [[Sudha Rani]]
| image7 = Ms Ramya at the presentation of the film Thananam Thananam during the 37th International Film Festival (IFFI-2006) at Kala Academy in Panaji, Goa (cropped).jpg
| caption7 = 2000s: [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]
| image8 = Radhika Pandit (2018).jpg
| caption8 = 2010s: [[Radhika Pandit]]
| image9 = Rukmini Vasanth1.jpg
| caption9 = 2020s: [[Rukmini Vasanth]]
}}

== A ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 3
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Aindrita Ray.png
| caption1 = [[Aindrita Ray]]
| image2 = Ashika Ranganath.jpg
| caption2 = [[Ashika Ranganath]]
| image3 = Aditi Prabhudeva (2022) 01.jpg
| caption3 = [[Aditi Prabhudeva]]
}}

* [[Aamani]]
* [[Abhirami Gopikumar|Abhirami]]
* [[Aarathi (Kannada actress)|Aarathi]]
* [[Anu Mehta]]
* [[Aindrita Ray]]
* [[Amulya]]
* [[Asha Bhat]]
* [[Amy Jackson]]
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
* [[Archana Jois]]
* [[Amrutha Iyengar]]
* [[Anu Prabhakar]]
* [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]]
* [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]
* [[Archana (Kannada actress)|Archana]]
* [[Aruna Irani]]
* [[Arundhati Nag]]
* [[Anupama Gowda]]
* [[Asha Sharath]]
* [[Asha Parekh]]
* [[Amritha Aiyer]]
* [[Asmita Sood]]
* [[Aishani Shetty]]
* [[Akshara Gowda]]
* [[Aruna Balraj]]
* [[Aishwarya Arjun]]
* [[Avantika Shetty]]
* [[Aditi Prabhudeva]]
* [[Ashika Ranganath]]
* [[Anita Hassanandani]]
* [[Advani Lakshmi Devi]]
{{div col end}}

== B ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 200
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Bbavana Close-up.jpg
| caption1 = [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
| image2 = Bhama.JPG
| caption2 = [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]]
}}

* [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]]
* [[Bhanupriya]]
* [[Bhavya]]
* [[Bhagyashree]]
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
* [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]]
* [[Bhavana Rao]]
* [[Bhoomi Shetty]]
* [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]]
* [[Bhargavi Narayan]]
* [[Bhumika Chawla]]
* [[B. Jayashree]]
{{div col end}}

== C ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 150
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Chaya Singh.jpg
| caption1 = [[Chaya Singh]]
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

* [[Chandrakala]]
* [[Chandrika (Kannada actress)|Chandrika]]
* [[Chaya Singh]]
* [[Catherine Tresa]]
* [[Chitkala Biradar]]
{{div col end}}

== D ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 150
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Deeptisati_(cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Deepti Sati]]
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

* [[Unni Mary|Deepa]]
* [[Deepti Sati]]
* [[Disha Madan]]
* [[Deepa Sannidhi]]
* [[Divya Spandana]]
* [[Disha Poovaiah]]
* [[Dubbing Janaki]]
* [[Deepika Padukone]]
{{div col end}}

== E ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 150
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Ester Noronha, Indian film star.jpg
| caption1 = [[Ester Noronha]]
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

* [[Erica Fernandes]]
* [[Ester Noronha]]
{{div col end}}

== G ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 150
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 =
| caption1 = [[Gayatri Jayaraman]]
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

* [[Gautami]]
* [[Gayatri (actress)|Gayatri]]
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
* [[Gayathiri Iyer]]
* [[Genelia D'Souza]]
* [[Gayatri Jayaraman]]
{{div col end}}

== H ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 150
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Hariprriya (2).jpg
| caption1 = [[Hariprriya]]
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

* [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]]
* [[Hariprriya]]
* [[Hema Choudhary]]
* [[Hebah Patel]]
* [[Harshika Poonacha]]
{{div col end}}

== I ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
* [[K. R. Indira Devi|Indira Devi]]
* [[Isha Koppikar]]
{{div col end}}

== J ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 150
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Jennifer Kotwal.jpg
| caption1 = [[Jennifer Kotwal]]
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

* [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
* [[Juhi Chawla]]
* [[Jayamala]]
* [[Jayamalini]]
* [[Jaya Prada|Jaya Pradha]]
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
* [[Jyotika]]
* [[Jennifer Kotwal]]
{{div col end}}

== K ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 200
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Kriti Kharbanda attends a friend’s wedding function (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Kriti Kharbanda]]
| image2 = Kavya Shetty - Ishtakamya.jpg
| caption2 = [[Kavya Shetty]]
}}

* [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]]
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
* [[Karthika Nair]]
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]]
* [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]]
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]]
* [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]]
* [[Kumari Padmini]]
* [[Kusalakumari]]
* [[Kavitha Gowda]]
* [[Kutty Padmini]]
* [[Kushee Ravi]]
* [[Kavya Shetty]]
* [[Karunya Ram]]
* [[Kruttika Ravindra]]
* [[Kristina Akheeva]]
{{div col end}}

== L ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 130
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Lakshmi Gopalaswamy DS.jpg
| caption1 = [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi|Lakshmidevi]]
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
* [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
{{div col end}}

== M ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 230
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Meghana Raj.jpg
| caption1 = [[Meghana Raj]]
| image2 = Manvitha Kamath (3).jpg
| caption2 = [[Manvita Kamath]]
}}

* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
* [[Madhoo]]
* [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
* [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]]
* [[Meghashree]]
* [[Malashri]]
* [[Mayuri Kyatari]]
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
* [[Manvitha (actress)|Manvitha Kamath]]
* [[Mahalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Mahalakshmi]]
* [[Madhuri Itagi]]
* [[Meera Jasmine]]
* [[Milana Nagaraj]]
* [[Meghana Raj]]
* [[Moon Moon Sen]]
* [[Meenakshi Dixit]]
* [[Meghana Gaonkar]]
{{div col end}}

== N ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 200
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Nivedhitha Actress.jpg
| caption1 = [[Nivedhitha]]
| image2 = Nikita Thukral at SRM University Milan 2010.jpg
| caption2 = [[Nikita Thukral]]
}}

* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
* [[Nagma]]
* [[Namitha]]
* [[Nayanthara]]
* [[Neethu]]
* [[Navya Nair]]
* [[Nivedhitha]]
* [[Nabha Natesh]]
* [[Nithya Menon]]
* [[Nikki Galrani]]
* [[Nithya Ram]]
* [[Neha Shetty]]
* [[Nikesha Patel]]
* [[Nishvika Naidu]]
* [[Nikita Thukral]]
* [[Nidhi Subbaiah]]
* [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]

{{div col end}}

== O ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
*
* [[Oviya]]
{{div col end}}

== P ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 200
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Puja during Karimedu film promotion.jpg
| caption1 = [[Pooja Gandhi]]
| image2 = Priyanka Upendra 2.jpg
| caption2 = [[Priyanka Upendra]]
}}

* [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]
* [[Padmavati Rao]]
* [[Pandari Bai]]
* [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]]
* [[Pooja Gandhi]]
* [[Pramila Joshai]]
* [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]]
* [[Prathima Devi (Kannada actress)|Prathima Devi]]
* [[Pranitha Subhash]]
* [[Priyanka Thimmesh]]
* [[Priya Anand]]
* [[Priyamani]]
* [[Parul Yadav]]
* [[Priya Tendulkar]]
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]]
* [[Priyanka Upendra]]
* [[Priyanka Kothari]]
{{div col end}}

== R ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 200
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 =
| caption1 = [[Rachita Ram]]
| image2 = Rashmika Mandanna PYTV press meet.jpg
| caption2 = [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
}}

* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
* [[Rekha]]
* [[Rashmi (actress)|Rashmi]]
* [[Rachita Ram]]
* [[Ranya Rao]]
* [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]]
* [[Rachel David]]
* [[Roopa (actress)|Roopadevi]]
* [[Raai Laxmi]]
* [[Radhika Pandit]]
* [[Ragini Dwivedi]]
* [[Rashmi Prabhakar]]
* [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]]
* [[Ramya Krishna]]
* [[Ranjani Raghavan]]
* [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
* [[Rukmini Vasanth]]
* [[Rajasulochana]]
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
* [[Rachana Inder]]
* [[Roshni Prakash]]
* [[Rekha Vedavyas]]
* [[Raveena Tandon]]
* [[Reeshma Nanaiah]]
* [[Rishika Singh]]
* [[Roja Ramani]]
* [[Ramya Barna]]
* [[Radhika Narayan]]
* [[Rajshri Ponnappa]]
* [[Renukamma Murugodu]]
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
* [[Reba Monica John]]
* [[Roja Selvamani]]
{{div col end}}

== S ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 350
| image_style =
| perrow = 4
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Shraddha_Srinath.png
| caption1 = [[Shraddha Srinath]]
| image2 = Sruthi_Hariharan_at_Janapada_Lokha.jpg
| caption2 = [[Sruthi Hariharan]]
| image3 = Shanvi Srivastava.png
| caption3 = [[Shanvi Srivastava]]
| image4 = Sharmiela Mandre at 60th South Filmfare Awards 2013 (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = [[Sharmiela Mandre]]
}}

* [[Sanghavi]]
* [[B. Saroja Devi|Saroja Devi]]
* [[Sathyabhama (Kannada actress)|Satyabhama]]
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]
* [[Chippy (actress)|Shilpa]]
* [[Sadha]]
* [[Sonali Bendre]]
* [[Shilpa Shetty]]
* [[Shoba|Shobha]]
* [[Sayyeshaa]]
* [[Shobhana]]
* [[Vinodhini|Shwetha]]
* [[Sherin]]
* [[Sanjana Anand]]
* [[Sushma Raj]]
* [[Samyuktha Hegde]]
* [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
* [[Sharmiela Mandre]]
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]]
* [[Sudha Chandran]]
* [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
* [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
* [[Suman Ranganathan]]
* [[Sonu (actress)|Sonu Gowda]]
* [[Sridevi]]
* [[Soundarya]]
* [[Sripriya]]
* [[Sanjjanaa]]
* [[Sudharani]]
* [[Sreeleela]]
* [[Sameera Reddy]]
* [[Sowcar Janaki]]
* [[Shraddha Das]]
* [[Shriya Saran]]
* [[Sanjana Anand]]
* [[Sindhu Tolani]]
* [[Shubha Poonja]]
* [[Sai Dhanshika]]
* [[Sonal Monteiro]]
* [[Sapthami Gowda]]
* [[Sangeetha Bhat]]
* [[Sudha Belawadi]]
* [[Sindhu Lokanath]]
* [[Samyukta Hornad]]
* [[Srinidhi Shetty]]
* [[Shraddha Srinath]]
* [[Sruthi Hariharan]]
* [[Sangeita Chauhan]]
* [[Shanvi Srivastava]]
* [[Sanchita Padukone]]
* [[Shwetha Srivatsav]]
* [[Sangeetha Sringeri]]
{{div col end}}

== T ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 130
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Tanya hope.jpg
| caption1 = [[Tanya Hope]]
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]]
* [[Tripuramba]]
* [[Tanya Hope]]
* [[Tulip Joshi]]
{{div col end}}

== U ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 150
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Umashree.jpg
| caption1 = [[Umashree]]
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

* [[Umashree]]
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
* [[Urvashi Rautela]]
{{div col end}}

== V ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 200
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = left
| image1 = Vedhika-Kumar-spotted-at-WE-VIP-Premium-Nightclub-And-Restro-Bar-1 (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Vedhika]]
| image2 = Vaibhavi sandilya at sakka podu podu raja movie audio launch.png
| caption2 = [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]]
}}

* [[Vedhika]]
* [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]
* [[Vanitha Vasu]]
* [[Veena Sundar]]
* [[Vijayalalitha]]
* [[Vijayashanti]]
* [[Vinaya Prasad]]
* [[Varsha Bollamma]]
* [[Vaishnavi Gowda]]
* [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]]
* [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]]
* [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]]
* [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
{{div col end}}

== Y ==
{{Div col|colwidth=13em}}

* [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]]
* [[Yagna Shetty]]
{{div col end}}

== Other notable ==
Many actresses have made their debut with Kannada films or debuted in lead role with Kannada films or have played their first credited role in Kannada films and later went onto work in Hindi, Telugu and Tamil cinema. These include: [[J. Jayalalithaa]] with ''[[Shri Shaila Mahathme]]'' (1961), [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] with ''[[Goa Dalli CID 999]]'' (1968), [[Rekha]] with ''[[Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999]]'' (1969), [[Soundarya]] with ''[[Baa Nanna Preethisu]]'' (1992) and ''Gandharva'' (1992), [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajeshwari]] with ''[[Gandhada Gudi Part 2]]'' (1994), [[Monal Naval]] with ''[[Indradhanush (film)|Indradhanush]]'' (2000), [[Gayatri Jayaraman]] with ''[[Neela (film)|Neela]]'' (2001), [[Bhavna Pani]] with ''[[Yuvaraja (film)|Yuvaraja]]'' (2001), [[Deepika Padukone]] with ''[[Aishwarya (film)|Aishwarya]]'' (2006), [[Nithya Menen]] with ''[[7 O' Clock]]'' (2006), [[Surveen Chawla]] with ''[[Paramesha Panwala]]'' (2008), [[Rakul Preet Singh]] with ''[[Gilli (film)|Gilli]]'' (2009),<ref>{{cite news |title=Popular actresses who made their acting debut with Kannada films |date=26 May 2021 |access-date=28 December 2021 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/article/popular-actresses-who-made-their-acting-debut-with-kannada-films/762011 |website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=10 Bollywood beauties who acted in Kannada films |date=10 June 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/web-stories/10-bollywood-beauties-who-acted-in-kannada-films/photostory/92134064.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Catherine Tresa]] with ''[[Shankar IPS]]'' (2010), [[Yami Gautam]] with ''[[Ullasa Utsaha]]'' (2010), [[Gayathiri Iyer]] with ''[[Shravana (film)|Shravana]]'' (2011), [[Karishma Tanna]] with ''[[I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona]]'' (2011), [[Sakshi Agarwal]] with ''[[Software Ganda]]'' (2014), [[Rukshar Dhillon]] with ''[[Run Antony]]'' (2016), [[Rashmika Mandanna]] with ''[[Kirik Party]]'' (2016), [[Rukmini Vasanth]] with ''[[Birbal Trilogy Case 1]]'' (2019), [[Priyanka Mohan|Priyanka Arul Mohan]] with ''[[Ondh Kathe Hella]]'' (2019), [[Sreeleela]] with ''[[Kiss (2019 film)|Kiss]]'' (2019) and [[Kayadu Lohar]] with ''[[Mugilpete]]'' (2021).

==See also==
*[[Kannada cinema]]
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]
*[[List of Hindi film actresses]]
*[[List of Tamil film actresses]]
*[[List of Telugu film actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons =
|commons-search = Category: Kannada film actresses
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = India
|portal2 = Lists
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandalwood actresses}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian actresses]]

18th Bihar Assembly

2026-02-04T12:00:00Z

StephaineShrader: created initial info with sources - done

{{Short description|18th Bihar Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 18th Bihar Legislative Assembly
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| body = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| meeting_place =
| election = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]
| government = '''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (202)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] (89)
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}}} [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (85)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}}} [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]] (19)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}}} [[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM(S)]] (5)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|
Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}}} [[Rashtriya Lok Morcha|RLM]] (4)
| opposition = '''[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]] (35)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}} [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] (25)
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (6)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]] (2)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)
*{{Color box| {{Party color|Indian Inclusive Party}}}} [[Indian Inclusive Party|IIP]] (1)
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Other opposition]] (6)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}} [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (5)
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}} [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (1)
| term_start = {{Start date|2025|12|01|df=y}}
| term_end = 
| before = [[17th Bihar Assembly|17th Assembly]]
| after =
| website =
| chamber1 = [[Governor (India)|Nominal Executive]]
| chamber1_image =
| chamber1_image_size =
| chamber1_alt =
| membership1 =
| control1 =
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of governors of Bihar|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
| chamber1_leader2_type =
| chamber1_leader2 =
| chamber1_leader3_type =
| chamber1_leader3 =
| chamber1_leader4_type =
| chamber1_leader4 =
| chamber2 = Bihar Legislative Assembly
| chamber2_image =
| chamber2_image_size = 350px
| chamber2_alt =
| membership2 = 243
| control2 =
| chamber2_leader1_type = [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber2_leader1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]] (2025 – present)
}}
| chamber2_leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly#List_of_Deputy_Speakers|Deputy Speaker]]
| chamber2_leader2 = [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
| chamber2_leader3_type = [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader3 = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br>1 December 2025
| chamber2_leader4_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| chamber2_leader4 = [[Samrat Choudhary]]<br>[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]] (2025 – present)
| chamber2_leader5_type = Leader of the House
| chamber2_leader5 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| chamber2_leader6_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| chamber2_leader6 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| session1_start =
| session1_end =
}}

The '''Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Bihar''' (Eighteenth Vidhan Sabha of Bihar) was constituted on 20 November 2025 as a result of [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2025]] held on 6 and 11 November 2025.

==Composition==
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Alliance
!colspan=2|Political party
!No. of MLAs<ref name="Indian Express-2025">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-election-2025-result-constituency-wise-seats-check-full-list-of-winners-in-2020-elections-10363163/|title=Bihar Election Results 2025 Constituency-wise, Seat-wise: Check full list of winners|date=14 November 2025|website=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-15 |title=Bihar election final results: Breakdown of how many seats BJP, JD(U), RJD, Congress won |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nda-mahagathbandhan-bjp-jdu-rjd-congress-ljp-jan-suraaj-prashant-kishore-tejashwi-seat-tally-101763169862862.html |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
!Leader of the party
|-
|rowspan=5 {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center;"|'''Government<br/>[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''<br/>Seats: '''202'''
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|89
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]<br/><small>''([[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]])''</small>
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|85
|[[Nitish Kumar]]<br/><small>''([[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]])''</small>
|-
|{{party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|19
|[[Raju Tiwari]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|5
|[[Prafull Kumar Singh]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|[[Rashtriya Lok Morcha]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|[[Madhav Anand]]
|-
|rowspan=5 {{party color cell|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|rowspan=5 style="text-align:center;"|'''Opposition<br/>[[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]]'''<br/>Seats: '''35'''
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|style="text-align:center;"|25
|[[Tejashwi Yadav]]<br/><small>''([[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]])''</small>
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|6
|
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Ajay Kumar Kushwaha|Ajay Kumar]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian Inclusive Party}}
|[[Indian Inclusive Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Indrajeet Prasad Gupta]]
|-
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Others}}
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|'''Others'''<br/>Seats: '''6'''
|{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|style="text-align:center;"|5
|[[Akhtarul Iman]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|[[Satish Kumar Singh Yadav|Satish Kumar Yadav]]
|-
!colspan=4|Total
!colspan=2|243
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
;Full list of elected candidates<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Full list of winners and losers in Bihar Election 2025: Winning candidates from BJP, JDU, RJD, LJP, Congress |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/full-list-winners-losers-bihar-election-congress-bjp-rjd-jdu-tejashwi-yadav-chirag-paswan-nitish-kumar-prashant-kishor-11762961482224.html |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-15 |title=Bihar Election 2025 Winners List: Full List of Winning Candidates Constituency-Wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-party-wise-full-winning-candidates-names/4042004/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>
 <section begin="MLA Header"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
! Remarks
|- <section end="MLA Header"/><section begin="West Champaran district"/>
|rowspan="9" | [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]] 
| 1
|[[Valmiki Nagar Assembly constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
|[[Surendra Prasad Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|2
|[[Ramnagar, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]] (SC)
|[[Nand Kishor Ram]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|3
|[[Narkatiaganj Assembly constituency|Narkatiaganj]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Pandey]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Bagaha Assembly constituency|Bagaha]]
|[[Ram Singh (politician)|Ram Singh]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Lauriya Assembly constituency|Lauriya]]
|[[Vinay Bihari]]
|
|-
|6
|[[Nautan Assembly constituency|Nautan]]
|[[Narayan Prasad]]
|Minister
|-
|7
|[[Chanpatia Assembly constituency|Chanpatia]]
|[[Abhishek Ranjan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|8
|[[Bettiah Assembly constituency|Bettiah]]
|[[Renu Devi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|9
|[[Sikta Assembly constituency|Sikta]]
|[[Sammridh Varma]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|<section end="West Champaran district"/>
|- <section begin="East Champaran district"/>
|rowspan=12 | [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]] 
|10
|[[Raxaul Assembly constituency|Raxaul]]
|[[Pramod Kumar Sinha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=11}}
|
|-
|11
|[[Sugauli Assembly constituency|Sugauli]]
|Rajesh Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-
|12
|[[Narkatiya Assembly constituency|Narkatiya]]
|[[Vishal Kumar (Narkatiya politician)|Vishal Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|13
|[[Harsidhi Assembly constituency|Harsidhi]] (SC)
|[[Krishnanandan Paswan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|14
|[[Govindganj Assembly constituency|Govindganj]]
|[[Raju Tiwari]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-
|15
|[[Kesaria Assembly constituency|Kesaria]]
|[[Shalini Mishra]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|16
|[[Kalyanpur, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]
|[[Sachindra Prasad Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|17
|[[Pipra, Purvi Champaran Assembly constituency|Pipra]]
|[[Shyambabu Prasad Yadav]]
|
|-
|18
|[[Madhuban, Bihar Assembly constituency|Madhuban]]
|[[Rana Randhir|Rana Randhir Singh]]
|
|-
|19
|[[Motihari Assembly constituency|Motihari]]
|[[Pramod Kumar (Bihar politician)|Pramod Kumar]]
|Minister
|-
|20
|[[Chiraia Assembly constituency|Chiraia]]
|[[Lal Babu Prasad Gupta]]
|
|-
|21
|[[Dhaka Assembly constituency|Dhaka]]
|[[Faisal Rahman]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
| <section end="East Champaran district"/>
|- <section begin="Sheohar district"/>
|[[Sheohar district|Sheohar]] 
|22
|[[Sheohar Assembly constituency|Sheohar]]
|[[Shweta Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|<section end="Sheohar district"/>
|- <section begin="Sitamarhi district"/>
|rowspan="8" | [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] 
|23
|[[Riga Assembly constituency|Riga]]
|[[Baidyanath Prasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=8}}
|
|-
|24
|[[Bathnaha Assembly constituency|Bathnaha]] (SC)
|[[Anil Kumar (Bihar politician)|Anil Kumar]]
|
|-
|25
|[[Parihar Assembly constituency|Parihar]]
|[[Gayatri Devi (Bihar politician)|Gayatri Devi Yadav]]
|
|-
|26
|[[Sursand Assembly constituency|Sursand]]
|[[Nagendra Raut]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|27
|[[Bajpatti Assembly constituency|Bajpatti]]
|[[Rameshwar Mahto]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|
|-
|28
|[[Sitamarhi Assembly constituency|Sitamarhi]]
|[[Sunil Kumar Pintu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|29
|[[Runnisaidpur Assembly constituency|Runnisaidpur]]
|[[Pankaj Kumar Mishra]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|30
|[[Belsand Assembly constituency|Belsand]]
|Amit Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|<section end="Sitamarhi district"/>
|- <section begin="Madhubani district"/>
|rowspan="10" | [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]] 
|31
|[[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi]]
|[[Sudhanshu Shekhar]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|32
|[[Benipatti Assembly constituency|Benipatti]]
|[[Vinod Narayan Jha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|33
|[[Khajauli Assembly constituency|Khajauli]]
|[[Arun Shankar Prasad]]
|Minister
|-
|34
|[[Babubarhi Assembly constituency|Babubarhi]]
|[[Mina Kumari]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|35
|[[Bisfi Assembly constituency|Bisfi]]
|[[Asif Ahmad (politician)|Asif Ahmad]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|36
|[[Madhubani Assembly constituency|Madhubani]]
|[[Madhav Anand]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|37
|[[Rajnagar, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]] (SC)
|[[Sujit Paswan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|38
|[[Jhanjharpur Assembly constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
|[[Nitish Mishra]]
|
|-
|39
|[[Phulparas Assembly constituency|Phulparas]]
|[[Sheela Kumari|Sheela Kumari Mandal]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|40
|[[Laukaha Assembly constituency|Laukaha]]
|[[Satish Kumar Sah]]
|<section end="Madhubani district"/>
|- <section begin="Supaul district"/>
|rowspan="5" | [[Supaul district|Supaul]] 
|41
|[[Nirmali Assembly constituency|Nirmali]]
|[[Aniruddha Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=4}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|42
|[[Pipra, Supaul Assembly constituency|Pipra]]
|[[Rambilash Kamat]]
|
|-
|43
|[[Supaul Assembly constituency|Supaul]]
|[[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
|
|-
|44
|[[Triveniganj Assembly constituency|Triveniganj]] (SC)
|Sonam Rani Sardar
|
|-
|45
|[[Chhatapur Assembly constituency|Chhatapur]]
|[[Neeraj Kumar Singh Bablu|Neeraj Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<section end="Supaul district"/>
|- <section begin="Araria district"/>
|rowspan="6"| [[Araria district|Araria]] 
|46
|[[Narpatganj Assembly constituency|Narpatganj]]
|[[Devanti Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|47
|[[Raniganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Raniganj]] (SC)
|Avinash Mangalam
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|48
|[[Forbesganj Assembly constituency|Forbesganj]]
|[[Manoj Bishwas]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|49
|[[Araria Assembly constituency|Araria]]
|[[Avidur Rahman]]
|
|-
|50
|[[Jokihat Assembly constituency|Jokihat]]
|[[Mohammad Murshid Alam]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|align=left|None
|
|-
|51
|[[Sikti Assembly constituency|Sikti]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Mandal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|<section end="Araria district"/>
|- <section begin="Kishanganj district"/>
| rowspan="4" | [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]] 
|52
|[[Bahadurganj Assembly constituency|Bahadurganj]]
|Mohammad Tauseef Alam
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|align=left|None
|
|-
|53
|[[Thakurganj Assembly constituency|Thakurganj]]
|Gopal Kumar Agarwal
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|54
|[[Kishanganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kishanganj]]
|[[Qamrul Hoda]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|55
|[[Kochadhaman Assembly constituency|Kochadhaman]]
|[[Sarwar Alam]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|align=left|None
|<section end="Kishanganj district"/>
|- <section begin="Purnia district"/>
|rowspan="7" | [[Purnia district|Purnia]] 
|56
|[[Amour Assembly constituency|Amour]]
|[[Akhtarul Iman]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=2}}
|{{party color cell|Others|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan=2 align=left|None
|
|-
|57
|[[Baisi Assembly constituency|Baisi]]
|[[Ghulam Sarwar (AIMIM politician)|Ghulam Sarwar]]
|
|-
|58
|[[Kasba, Bihar Assembly constituency|Kasba]]
|[[Nitesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|59
|[[Banmankhi Assembly constituency|Banmankhi]] (SC)
|[[Krishna Kumar Rishi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|60
|[[Rupauli Assembly constituency|Rupauli]]
|Kaladhar Mandal
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|61
|[[Dhamdaha Assembly constituency|Dhamdaha]]
|[[Leshi Singh]]
|
|-
|62
|[[Purnia Assembly constituency|Purnia]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Khemka]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<section end="Purnia district"/>
|- <section begin="Katihar district"/>
|rowspan="7" | [[Katihar district|Katihar]] 
|63
|[[Katihar Assembly constituency|Katihar]]
|[[Tarkishore Prasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|64
|[[Kadwa Assembly constituency|Kadwa]]
|[[Dulal Chandra Goswami]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|65
|[[Balrampur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Balrampur]]
|[[Sangita Devi]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-
|66
|[[Pranpur Assembly constituency|Pranpur]]
|[[Nisha Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|67
|[[Manihari Assembly constituency|Manihari]] (ST)
|[[Manohar Prasad Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|68
|[[Barari Assembly constituency|Barari]]
|[[Bijay Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|69
|[[Korha Assembly constituency|Korha]] (SC)
|[[Kavita Devi (politician)|Kavita Devi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<section end="Katihar district"/>
|- <section begin="Madhepura district"/>
|rowspan="4" | [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]] 
|70
|[[Alamnagar Assembly constituency|Alamnagar]]
|[[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|Deputy Speaker
|-
|71
|[[Bihariganj Assembly constituency|Bihariganj]]
|[[Niranjan Kumar Mehta]]
|
|-
|72
|[[Singheshwar Assembly constituency|Singheshwar]] (SC)
|[[Ramesh Rishidev]]
|
|-
|73
|[[Madhepura Assembly constituency|Madhepura]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|<section end="Madhepura district"/>
|- <section begin="Saharsa district"/>
|rowspan="4" | [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]] 
|74
|[[Sonbarsha Assembly constituency|Sonbarsha]] (SC)
|[[Ratnesh Sada]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|75
|[[Saharsa Assembly constituency|Saharsa]]
|[[Indrajeet Prasad Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian Inclusive Party}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|76
|[[Simri Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Simri Bakhtiarpur]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Singh (LJP politician)|Sanjay Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|77
|[[Mahishi Assembly constituency|Mahishi]]
|[[Gautam Krishna]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|<section end="Saharsa district"/>
|- <section begin="Darbhanga district"/>
|rowspan="10" | [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]] 
|78
|[[Kusheshwar Asthan Assembly constituency|Kusheshwar Asthan]] (SC)
|[[Atirek Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=10}}
|
|-
|79
|[[Gaura Bauram Assembly constituency|Gaura Bauram]]
|Sujit Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|80
|[[Benipur Assembly constituency|Benipur]]
|[[Binay Kumar Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|81
|[[Alinagar Assembly constituency|Alinagar]]
|[[Maithili Thakur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|82
|[[Darbhanga Rural Assembly constituency|Darbhanga Rural]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Mandal]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|83
|[[Darbhanga Assembly constituency|Darbhanga]]
|[[Sanjay Saraogi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|84
|[[Hayaghat Assembly constituency|Hayaghat]]
|Ram Chandra Prasad
|
|-
|85
|[[Bahadurpur Assembly constituency|Bahadurpur]]
|[[Madan Sahni]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|86
|[[Keoti Assembly constituency|Keoti]]
|[[Murari Mohan Jha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|87
|[[Jale Assembly constituency|Jale]]
|[[Jibesh Kumar]]
|<section end="Darbhanga district"/>
|- <section begin="Muzaffarpur district"/>
|rowspan="11" | [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] 
|88
|[[Gaighat Assembly constituency|Gaighat]]
|Komal Singh
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=9}}
|
|-
|89
|[[Aurai, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurai]]
|[[Rama Nishad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Minister
|-
|90
|[[Minapur Assembly constituency|Minapur]]
|Ajay Kushwaha
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|91
|[[Bochahan Assembly constituency|Bochahan]] (SC)
|[[Baby Kumari]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-
|92
|[[Sakra Assembly constituency|Sakra]] (SC)
|Aditya Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|93
|[[Kurhani Assembly constituency|Kurhani]]
|[[Kedar Prasad Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|94
|[[Muzaffarpur Assembly constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
|Ranjan Kumar
|
|-
|95
|[[Kanti Assembly constituency|Kanti]]
|[[Ajit Singh (Bihar politician)|Ajit Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|96
|[[Baruraj Assembly constituency|Baruraj]]
|[[Arun Kumar Singh (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|97
|[[Paroo Assembly constituency|Paroo]]
|Shankar Prasad Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|98
|[[Sahebganj Assembly constituency|Sahebganj]]
|[[Raju Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
<section end="Muzaffarpur district"/>
|- <section begin="Gopalganj district, India"/>
|rowspan="6" | [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]] 
|99
|[[Baikunthpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]]
|[[Mithlesh Tiwari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
|100
|[[Barauli, Bihar Assembly constituency|Barauli]]
|[[Manjeet Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|101
|[[Gopalganj Assembly constituency|Gopalganj]]
|Subhash Singh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|102
|[[Kuchaikote Assembly constituency|Kuchaikote]]
|[[Amrendra Kumar Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|103
|[[Bhore Assembly constituency|Bhore]] (SC)
|[[Sunil Kumar (born 1988)|Sunil Kumar]]
|
|-
|104
|[[Hathua Assembly constituency|Hathua]]
|[[Ramsewak Singh Kushwaha]]
|<section end="Gopalganj district, India"/>
|- <section begin="Siwan district"/>
|rowspan="8" | [[Siwan district|Siwan]] 
|105
|[[Siwan Assembly constituency|Siwan]]
|[[Mangal Pandey (politician)|Mangal Pandey]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|Minister
|-
|106
|[[Ziradei Assembly constituency|Ziradei]]
|[[Bhism Pratap Singh Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|107
|[[Darauli Assembly constituency|Darauli]] (SC)
|Vishnu Deo Paswan
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-
|108
|[[Raghunathpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Raghunathpur]]
|Osama Shahab
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|109
|[[Daraunda Assembly constituency|Daraunda]]
|[[Karanjeet Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|110
|[[Barharia Assembly constituency|Barharia]]
|Indradev Patel
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|111
|[[Goriakothi Assembly constituency|Goriakothi]]
|[[Devesh Kant Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|112
|[[Maharajganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Maharajganj]]
|[[Hemnarayan Sah]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|<section end="Siwan district"/>
|- <section begin="Saran district"/>
|rowspan="10" | [[Saran district|Saran]] 
|113
|[[Ekma Assembly constituency|Ekma]]
|Manoranjan Singh Dhumal
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|114
|[[Manjhi Assembly constituency|Manjhi]]
|Randhir Kumar Singh
|
|-
|115
|[[Baniapur Assembly constituency|Baniapur]]
|[[Kedar Nath Singh (Bihar politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|116
|[[Taraiya Assembly constituency|Taraiya]]
|[[Janak Singh (politician)|Janak Singh]]
|
|-
|117
|[[Marhaura Assembly constituency|Marhaura]]
|[[Jitendra Kumar Ray]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|118
|[[Chapra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Chapra]]
|[[Chhoti Kumari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|119
|[[Garkha Assembly constituency|Garkha]] (SC)
|Surendra Ram
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|120
|[[Amnour Assembly constituency|Amnour]]
|[[Krishna Kumar Mantoo|Krishan Kumar Mantoo]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|121
|[[Parsa Assembly constituency|Parsa]]
|[[Karishma Rai]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|122
|[[Sonpur Assembly constituency|Sonpur]]
|Vinay Kumar Singh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|<section end="Saran district"/>
|- <section begin="Vaishali district"/>
|rowspan=8 | [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] 
|123
|[[Hajipur Assembly constituency|Hajipur]]
|[[Awadhesh Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|124
|[[Lalganj, Bihar Assembly constituency|Lalganj]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Singh (BJP politician)|Sanjay Kumar Singh]]
|
|-
|125
|[[Vaishali Assembly constituency|Vaishali]]
|Siddharth Patel
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|126
|[[Mahua Assembly constituency|Mahua]]
|Sanjay Kumar Singh
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|Minister
|-
|127
|[[Raja Pakar Assembly constituency|Raja Pakar]] (SC)
|Mahendra Ram
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|128
|[[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]]
|[[Tejashwi Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|129
|[[Mahnar Assembly constituency|Mahnar]]
|[[Umesh Singh Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|130
|[[Patepur Assembly constituency|Patepur]] (SC)
|[[Lakhendra Kumar Raushan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Minister
<section end="Vaishali district"/>
|- <section begin="Samastipur district"/>
|rowspan="10" | [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]] 
|131
|[[Kalyanpur, Samastipur Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]
|[[Maheshwar Hazari]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|132
|[[Warisnagar Assembly constituency|Warisnagar]]
|Manjarik Mrinal
|
|-
|133
|[[Samastipur Assembly constituency|Samastipur]]
|[[Ashwamedh Devi]]
|
|-
|134
|[[Ujiarpur Assembly constituency|Ujiarpur]]
|[[Alok Kumar Mehta]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|135
|[[Morwa Assembly constituency|Morwa]]
|Ranvijay Sahu
|
|-
|136
|[[Sarairanjan Assembly constituency|Sarairanjan]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|Minister
|-
|137
|[[Mohiuddinnagar Assembly constituency|Mohiuddinnagar]]
|[[Rajesh Kumar Singh (Bihar politician, born 1974)|Rajesh Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|138
|[[Bibhutipur Assembly constituency|Bibhutipur]]
|[[Ajay Kumar Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|139
|[[Rosera Assembly constituency|Rosera]] (SC)
|[[Birendra Kumar (Bihar politician)|Birendra Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|140
|[[Hasanpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]]
|[[Raj Kumar Ray]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|<section end="Samastipur district"/>
|- <section begin="Begusarai district"/>
|rowspan="7" | [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]] 
|141
|[[Cheria-Bariarpur Assembly constituency|Cheria-Bariarpur]]
|Sushil Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|142
|[[Bachhwara Assembly constituency|Bachhwara]]
|[[Surendra Mehata]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|Minister
|-
|143
|[[Teghra Assembly constituency|Teghra]]
|[[Rajnish Kumar Singh]]
|
|-
|144
|[[Matihani Assembly constituency|Matihani]]
|Narendra Kumar Singh
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|145
|[[Sahebpur Kamal Assembly constituency|Sahebpur Kamal]]
|[[Satanand Sambuddha|Sadanand Yadav]]
|
|-
|146
|[[Begusarai Assembly constituency|Begusarai]]
|[[Kundan Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|147
|[[Bakhri Assembly constituency|Bakhri]] (SC)
|Sanjay Paswan
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|<section end="Begusarai district"/>
|- <section begin="Khagaria district"/>
|rowspan="4" | [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
|148
|[[Alauli Assembly constituency|Alauli]] (SC)
|[[Ram Chandra Sada]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=3}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|149
|[[Khagaria Assembly constituency|Khagaria]]
|Bablu Mandal
|
|-
|150
|[[Beldaur Assembly constituency|Beldaur]]
|[[Panna Lal Singh Patel]]
|
|-
|151
|[[Parbatta Assembly constituency|Parbatta]]
|Aditya Kumar Shorya
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|<section end="Khagaria district"/>
|- <section begin="Bhagalpur district"/>
|rowspan="7" | [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]] 
|152
|[[Bihpur Assembly constituency|Bihpur]]
|[[Kumar Shailendra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
|153
|[[Gopalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]
|[[Shailesh Kumar Mandal]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|154
|[[Pirpainti Assembly constituency|Pirpainti]] (SC)
|[[Murari Paswan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|155
|[[Kahalgaon Assembly constituency|Kahalgaon]]
|[[Shubhanand Mukesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|156
|[[Bhagalpur Assembly constituency|Bhagalpur]]
|Rohit Pandey
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|157
|[[Sultanganj Assembly constituency|Sultanganj]]
|[[Lalit Narayan Mandal]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|158
|[[Nathnagar Assembly constituency|Nathnagar]]
|Mithun Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|<section end="Bhagalpur district"/>
|- <section begin="Banka district"/>
|rowspan="5" | [[Banka district|Banka]] 
|159
|[[Amarpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Amarpur]]
|[[Jayant Raj Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|160
|[[Dhoraiya Assembly constituency|Dhoraiya]] (SC)
|[[Manish Kumar]]
|
|-
|161
|[[Banka Assembly constituency|Banka]]
|[[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|162
|[[Katoria Assembly constituency|Katoria]] (ST)
|Puran Lal Tudu
|
|-
|163
|[[Belhar Assembly constituency|Belhar]]
|[[Manoj Yadav (politician)|Manoj Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|<section end="Banka district"/>
|- <section begin="Munger district"/>
| rowspan="3" | [[Munger district|Munger]] 
|164
|[[Tarapur Assembly constituency|Tarapur]]
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|Deputy Chief Minister
|-
|165
|[[Munger Assembly constituency|Munger]]
|Kumar Pranay
|
|-
|166
|[[Jamalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]]
|[[Nachiketa Mandal]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|<section end="Munger district"/>
|- <section begin="Lakhisarai district"/>
|rowspan="2" | [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]] 
|167
|[[Suryagarha Assembly constituency|Suryagarha]]
|[[Ramanand Mandal]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|168
|[[Lakhisarai Assembly constituency|Lakhisarai]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Deputy Chief Minister
<section end="Lakhisarai district"/>
|- <section begin="Sheikhpura district"/>
|rowspan="2" | [[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]] 
|169
|[[Sheikhpura Assembly constituency|Sheikhpura]]
|[[Randhir Kumar Soni]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|170
|[[Barbigha Assembly constituency|Barbigha]]
|[[Kumar Puspanjay]]
|<section end="Sheikhpura district"/>
|- <section begin="Nalanda district"/>
|rowspan="7" | [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]] 
|171
|[[Asthawan Assembly constituency|Asthawan]]
|[[Jitendra Kumar (Bihar politician)|Jitendra Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
|172
|[[Biharsharif Assembly constituency|Biharsharif]]
|[[Sunil Kumar (born 1957)|Sunil Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|173
|[[Rajgir, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajgir]] (SC)
|Kaushal Kishore
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|174
|[[Islampur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|Ruhail Ranjan
|
|-
|175
|[[Hilsa Assembly constituency|Hilsa]]
|[[Krishna Murari Sharan]]
|
|-
|176
|[[Nalanda Assembly constituency|Nalanda]]
|[[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shrawan Kumar]]
|Minister
|-
|177
|[[Harnaut Assembly constituency|Harnaut]]
|[[Hari Narayan Singh (Bihar politician)|Hari Narayan Singh]]
|<section end="Nalanda district"/>
|- <section begin="Patna district"/>
|rowspan="14" | [[Patna district|Patna]] 
|178
|[[Mokama Assembly constituency|Mokama]]
|[[Anant Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
|179
|[[Barh Assembly constituency|Barh]]
|Siyaram Singh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|180
|[[Bakhtiarpur Assembly constituency|Bakhtiarpur]]
|[[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-
|181
|[[Digha Assembly constituency|Digha]]
|[[Sanjiv Chaurasiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|182
|[[Bankipur Assembly constituency|Bankipur]]
|[[Nitin Nabin]]
|Ex minister
|-
|183
|[[Kumhrar Assembly constituency|Kumhrar]]
|Sanjay Kumar
|
|-
|184
|[[Patna Sahib Assembly constituency|Patna Sahib]]
|[[Ratnesh Kumar Kushwaha]]
|
|-
|185
|[[Fatuha Assembly constituency|Fatuha]]
|[[Rama Nand Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|186
|[[Danapur Assembly constituency|Danapur]]
|[[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Minister
|-
|187
|[[Maner Assembly constituency|Maner]]
|[[Virendra Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|188
|[[Phulwari Assembly constituency|Phulwari]] (SC)
|[[Shyam Rajak]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|189
|[[Masaurhi Assembly constituency|Masaurhi]] (SC)
|[[Arun Manjhi]]
|
|-
|190
|[[Paliganj Assembly constituency|Paliganj]]
|[[Sandeep Saurav|Sandeep Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|191
|[[Bikram Assembly constituency|Bikram]]
|[[Siddharth Saurav]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|<section end="Patna district"/>
|- <section begin="Bhojpur District, Bihar"/>
|rowspan="7" | [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] 
|192
|[[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]]
|[[Radha Charan Sah]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
|193
|[[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]]
|[[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghvendra Pratap Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|194
|[[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]]
|[[Sanjay Singh Tiger]]
|Minister
|-
|195
|[[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]] (SC)
|[[Mahesh Paswan]]
|
|-
|196
|[[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]]
|[[Vishal Prashant]]
|
|-
|197
|[[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]]
|[[Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha|Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|198
|[[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]
|[[Rakesh Ojha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<section end="Bhojpur District, Bihar"/>
|- <section begin="Buxar district"/>
|rowspan="4" | [[Buxar district|Buxar]] 
|199
|[[Brahampur Assembly constituency|Brahampur]]
|[[Shambhu Nath Singh Yadav|Shambhu Nath Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|200
|[[Buxar Assembly constituency|Buxar]]
|[[Anand Mishra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|201
|[[Dumraon Assembly constituency|Dumraon]]
|[[Rahul Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|202
|[[Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajpur]] (SC)
|[[Santosh Kumar Nirala]]
|<section end="Buxar district"/>
|- <section begin="Kaimur district"/>
|rowspan="4" | [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]] 
|203
|[[Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
|[[Satish Kumar Singh Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|bgcolor=#CDCDCD|
|None
|
|-
|204
|[[Mohania Assembly constituency|Mohania]] (SC)
|[[Sangita Kumari (politician)|Sangita Kumari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|205
|[[Bhabua Assembly constituency|Bhabua]]
|[[Bharat Bind]]
|
|-
|206
|[[Chainpur Assembly constituency|Chainpur]]
|[[Mohd Zama Khan|Mohammad Zama Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
<section end="Kaimur district"/>
|- <section begin="Rohtas district"/>
|rowspan="7" | [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]] 
|207
|[[Chenari Assembly constituency|Chenari]] (SC)
|[[Murari Prasad Gautam]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
|208
|[[Sasaram Assembly constituency|Sasaram]]
|[[Snehlata Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|
|-
|209
|[[Kargahar Assembly constituency|Kargahar]]
|[[Bashisth Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|210
|[[Dinara Assembly constituency|Dinara]]
|[[Alok Kumar Singh (RLM politician)|Alok Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}}
|
|-
|211
|[[Nokha, Bihar Assembly constituency|Nokha]]
|[[Nagendra Chandravanshi]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|212
|[[Dehri Assembly constituency|Dehri]]
|[[Rajeev Ranjan Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-
|213
|[[Karakat Assembly constituency|Karakat]]
|[[Arun Singh Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|<section end="Rohtas district"/>
|- <section begin="Arwal district"/>
|rowspan="2" | [[Arwal district|Arwal]] 
|214
|[[Arwal Assembly constituency|Arwal]]
|[[Manoj Kumar (Bihar politician)|Manoj Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|215
|[[Kurtha Assembly constituency|Kurtha]]
|Pappu Verma
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|<section end="Arwal district"/>
|- <section begin="Jehanabad district"/>
|rowspan="3" | [[Jehanabad district|Jehanabad]] 
|216
|[[Jehanabad Assembly constituency|Jehanabad]]
|Rahul Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|217
|[[Ghosi, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ghosi]]
|[[Rituraj Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
|218
|[[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency|Makhdumpur]] (SC)
|[[Subedar Das]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|<section end="Jehanabad district"/>
|- <section begin="Aurangabad district, Bihar"/>
|rowspan="6" | [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]] 
|219
|[[Goh Assembly constituency|Goh]]
|Amrender Kushwaha
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|220
|[[Obra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Obra]]
|[[Prakash Chandra]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|221
|[[Nabinagar Assembly constituency|Nabinagar]]
|[[Chetan Anand (politician)|Chetan Anand]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|222
|[[Kutumba Assembly constituency|Kutumba]] (SC)
|Lalan Ram
|{{Party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|
|-
|223
|[[Aurangabad (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
|[[Trivikram Narayan Singh|Trivikram Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|224
|[[Rafiganj Assembly constituency|Rafiganj]]
|[[Pramod Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|<section end="Aurangabad district, Bihar"/>
|- <section begin="Gaya district"/>
|rowspan="10" | [[Gaya district|Gaya]] 
|225
|[[Gurua Assembly constituency|Gurua]]
|[[Upendra Prasad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|226
|[[Sherghati Assembly constituency|Sherghati]]
|[[Uday Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-
|227
|[[Imamganj Assembly constituency|Imamganj]] (SC)
|[[Deepa Manjhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|228
|[[Barachatti Assembly constituency|Barachatti]] (SC)
|[[Jyoti Devi]]
|
|-
|229
|[[Bodh Gaya Assembly constituency|Bodh Gaya]] (SC)
|[[Kumar Sarvjeet]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|230
|[[Gaya Town Assembly constituency|Gaya Town]]
|[[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|-
|231
|[[Tikari Assembly constituency|Tikari]]
|Ajay Dangi
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|
|-
|232
|[[Belaganj Assembly constituency|Belaganj]]
|[[Manorama Devi]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|233
|[[Atri Assembly constituency|Atri]]
|Romit Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|
|-
|234
|[[Wazirganj Assembly constituency|Wazirganj]]
|[[Birendra Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<section end="Gaya district"/>
|- <section begin="Nawada district"/>
|rowspan="5" | [[Nawada district|Nawada]] 
|235
|[[Rajauli Assembly constituency|Rajauli]] (SC)
|Vimala Rajvanshi
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|236
|[[Hisua Assembly constituency|Hisua]]
|[[Anil Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|237
|[[Nawada Assembly constituency|Nawada]]
|[[Vibha Devi Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|238
|[[Gobindpur Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
|[[Binita Mehta]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|
|-
|239
|[[Warisaliganj Assembly constituency|Warsaliganj]]
|[[Anita Mahto]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|<section end="Nawada district"/>
|- <section begin="Jamui district"/>
|rowspan="4" | [[Jamui district|Jamui]] 
|240
|[[Sikandra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Sikandra]] (SC)
|[[Prafull Kumar Singh|Prafull Kumar Manjhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|241
|[[Jamui Assembly constituency|Jamui]]
|[[Shreyasi Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Minister
|-
|242
|[[Jhajha Assembly constituency|Jhajha]]
|[[Damodar Rawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|
|-
|243
|[[Chakai Assembly constituency|Chakai]]
|[[Savitri Devi (Bihar politician)|Savitri Devi]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}
|<section end="Jamui district"/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian assemblies}}

[[Category:Terms of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030| ]]

Bharat Goenka

2026-01-29T17:39:54Z

StephaineShrader:

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bharat Goenka
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Bharat Goenka
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|08|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active =
| boards = [[Tally Solutions]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[Shyam Sunder Goenka]]
| relatives =
| awards = {{plainlist|
*[[Padma Shri]] (2020)
}}
}}
'''Bharat Goenka''' (born 19 August 1955) is an Indian businessman and the co-founder and managing director of [[Tally Solutions]]. In 2020, he received the [[Padma Shri]] from the [[Government of India]] for his contribution in the field of trade and industry.<ref name="dqindia">{{cite news|url=https://www.dqindia.com/padma-awards-2020-sanjeev-bikchandani-bharat-goenka-receive-prestigious-award/|title=Sanjeev Bikchandani, Bharat Goenka Receive the Prestigious Award|access-date=26 January 2020|language=en|website=dqindia.com}}</ref><ref name="uniindia">{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/141-named-for-padma-awards-sushma-jaitley-george-fernandes-get-padma-vibhshan/india/news/1865972.html|title=141 named for Padma Awards, Sushma, Jaitley & George Fernandes get Padma Vibhshan|access-date=26 January 2020|language=en|website=uniindia.com}}</ref><ref name="dailypioneer">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/india/padma-vibhushan-for-jaitley--sushma--fernandes--bhushan-for-parrikar.html|title=Padma Vibhushan for Jaitley, Sushma, Fernandes; Bhushan for Parrikar|access-date=26 January 2020|language=en|website=dailypioneer.com|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214095042/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/india/padma-vibhushan-for-jaitley--sushma--fernandes--bhushan-for-parrikar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="khabartak">{{cite news|url=https://khabartak.com/awards/trade-business-awards/|title=उद्योग एवं व्यापार क्षेत्र के 11 दिग्गजों को पद्मश्री|access-date=26 January 2020|language=hi|website=KhabarTak.com}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="IndiaTv">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatv.in/paisa/business-2020-padma-awards-11-industrialist-including-anand-mahindra-and-venu-srinivasan-686286|title=आनंद महिंद्रा, वेणु श्रीनिवासन सहित इन 11 दिग्गज कारोबारियों को मिला सम्मान|access-date=26 January 2020|language=hi|website=IndiaTv.in}}</ref><ref name="Bhaskar">{{cite news|url=https://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-INDU-COMP-anand-mahindra-venu-srinivasan-to-be-honoured-with-padma-bhushan-naukricom-founder-to-get-padma-shri-126610367.html|title=आनंद महिंद्रा और वेणु श्रीनिवासन समेत 11 कारोबारियों को पद्म पुरस्कार|access-date=26 January 2020|language=hi|website=Bhaskar.com|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128154555/https://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-INDU-COMP-anand-mahindra-venu-srinivasan-to-be-honoured-with-padma-bhushan-naukricom-founder-to-get-padma-shri-126610367.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Goenka is the son of [[Shyam Sunder Goenka]], and is an alumnus of the [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]]. A graduate in mathematics,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/meet-some-of-karnatakas-padma-awardees-who-span-diverse-fields-798232.html|title=Meet some of Karnataka's Padma awardees who span diverse fields|date=2020-01-26|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref> Goenka co-founded Tally Solutions with his father in 1986 after searching for a software to manage their accounting books. He created an MS-DOS based accounting application named Peutronics Financial Accountant, formally changed to Tally Solutions in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tally-dreams-big-indias-top-accounting-software-is-all-set-to-expand-into-retail-5018221.html|title=Tally dreams big: India's top accounting software is all set to expand into retail|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>

In 2011, [[NASSCOM]] conferred their ''Lifetime Achievement Award'' to Goenka and the title of "the father of the Indian software product industry".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2011/nov/09/nasscom-confers-lifetime-award-on-tallys-goenka-308533.html|title=Nasscom confers lifetime award on Tally's Goenka|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref> He was given the ''CSI Honorary Fellowship Award'' by the [[Computer Society of India]] (CSI) in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dqindia.com/tally-solutions-bharat-goenka-conferred-csi-honorary-fellowship-award-2014/|title=Tally Solutions Bharat Goenka conferred CSI Honorary Fellowship Award 2014|date=2014-12-17|website=DATAQUEST|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref> In 2020, he received the [[Padma Shri]] honour from the [[Government of India]] for his contribution in the field of trade and industry.<ref name="IndiaTv" />

Goenka delivered the 16th Lecture organised by the General K.S. Thimayya Memorial Trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEJaMc-6_E0|title=Bharat Goenka - 16th General K.S. Thimayya Memorial Lecture|website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goenka, Bharat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

The Making of a Teacher

2026-01-14T07:08:16Z

StephaineShrader: Page

{{short description|1989 biography by Tim and Carol Flinders}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Making of a Teacher: Conversations with Eknath Easwaran
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Flinders-BCover-MakingOfATeacher1989.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| author = Tim Flinders and [[Carol Lee Flinders|Carol Flinders]]
| cover_artist =
| country = United States, India
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Spirituality]], [[Religion]], [[Biography]]
| publisher = [[Nilgiri Press]]; [[Penguin India]]
| pub_date = 1989; 2002
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 191
| isbn = 9780915132546
| oclc = 18983479
}}
'''''The Making of a Teacher''''' is a spiritual biography of the Indian spiritual teacher [[Eknath Easwaran]] (1910–1999), written by Tim and [[Carol Lee Flinders|Carol Flinders]] and originally published in the United States in 1989. Adopting an [[oral history]] approach, the book recounts numerous conversations with Easwaran that describe his childhood, career as a professor of English literature, spiritual awakening, and service as a spiritual teacher in the United States. The book also profiles his way of life at the time of publication, and his relationship with his grandmother, his own spiritual teacher. An Indian edition was published in 2002. The book has been reviewed in newspapers,<ref
name=behal02/><ref
name=htoday89/><ref
name=helms89/><ref
name=ibw96/>
and also excerpted.<ref
name=flinders90/><ref
name=flinders89/>

==Background==
In 1989, [[Eknath Easwaran]] had been teaching meditation in the US for more than 25 years. A former professor of English literature in India, Easwaran had in 1968 taught perhaps the first credit course on meditation at a major US university, though he was not hired by UC Berkeley and was not the "professor on record." He was, at best, a guest-lecturer. ''(pictured, below right)''. He had also published many spiritual books, had founded a meditation center, hosted numerous meditation retreats, given thousands of talks, and served as spiritual teacher to thousands of students. According to the Flinders, themselves longtime students, many people whose lives had been affected by Easwaran wanted to know more about him. "'''Who'' is he?' they ask, through letters, at retreats, and at his Tuesday night talks. 'What is he really like? And how did he get to be that way?'"<ref name=mot89>Tim Flinders & [[Carol Lee Flinders|Carol Flinders]] (1989), ''The Making of a Teacher''.</ref>{{rp|7}} In ''The Making of a Teacher'', published in 1989, the Flinders' aim was
{{blockquote|
to trace Easwaran's development as a spiritual teacher - as much as possible, in his own words ... Perhaps it can best be approached as oral history. We have tried to set forth what Easwaran said and to convey some feeling of what it's like to be with him when he's talking.<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|8}}
}}

==Topics covered==
{{Eknath Easwaran}}
''The Making of a Teacher'' contains five chapters, each named after the setting of the conversations that it recounts with Easwaran. Each of the five locations also played an important role in Easwaran's life at the time the book was written (late 1980s). Accordingly, each chapter also uses its setting to profile one facet of Easwaran's way of life and modes of interaction with the people around him.

The first chapter is entitled "Santa Sabina: Profile of a Teacher," after the location where Easwaran's Blue Mountain Center of Meditation was offering its meditation retreats.<ref name=santasabina>''Making'' states that the Santa Sabina Center was located on the campus on [[Dominican University of California|Dominican College]] (1989, p. 20).</ref> It portrays the attenders at a retreat – their diversity in age, gender, profession, and geographical residence – and describes their interactions with him in a two-hour question and answer session.

The book's middle three chapters chronologically focus on Easwaran's childhood, his life in India as a professor, and his life in the US as a spiritual teacher. Chapter 2 recounts Easwaran's upbringing in a South Indian village near the town of [[Palakkad|Palghat]], in [[Kerala]] State. The conversations describe his large matrilineal ancestral family, with special attention to his grandmother, whom he identifies as his spiritual teacher. He described her as established in "''samadrishti''... seeing the same Lord in everyone,"<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|73}}<ref name=samadrishti>The word ''samadrishti'' (in the form samadarsanah) occurs in chapter 6, verse 29 of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''. [[Bhagavad Gita (Sargeant)|Sargeant's (1979) translation]] states that "''Samadarsana'' has a special meaning ... The ''atmans'', or selves, of all creatures are conceived to be the same ..." (p. 300).</ref> "always full of God's awareness,"<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|70}} and as being "orthodox in a very unorthodox way":<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|74}} In their ancestral village, most of Easwaran's family worshiped at a temple to the god [[Shiva]]. But Easwaran's grandmother
{{blockquote|
worshiped just as freely in the [[Krishna]] temple or the temple of the [[Bhagavathi|Divine Mother]] ... she knew, on the strength of her own experience, that all of them led to the same goal. And I absorbed this....<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|74}}
}}
Chapter 2 also describes Easwaran's daily routines at Ramagiri Ashram, the spiritual community that he founded. Easwaran works in a glass-walled office "within view of his students... for long stretches at a time and is available each day for consultation."<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|61–2}} He "often jokes that he lives in a glass house".<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|62}}
With regard to being a spiritual teacher, Easwaran states that people in India know that the responsibility of a spiritual teacher is "formidable", and that spiritual teachers must be "on duty all the twenty-four hours":<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|94}}
{{blockquote|
I get alarmed when I see some people in the West acting as spiritual teachers without access to the deeper resources that come with Self-realization. I don't think they are fully aware of the awesome responsibilities on their shoulders, which can become unbearable. I never knew anyone in India who ''tried'' to become a spiritual teacher .... It's not a job you apply for – it finds you.<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|94}}
}}

Exercise is an "unvarying part"<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|107}} of Easwaran's routine, and chapter 3 is set on a beach walk by Easwaran and his wife Christine. The conversations recount Easwaran's years as a college student and professor of English literature. As an undergraduate, he attended [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur|Saint Thomas College]], receiving inspiration from its headmaster, [[John Palocaren|Father John Palocaren]] (later a [[Honorary Prelate|Monsignor]]).<ref>The last name of [[John Palocaren]] was published by Easwaran in his book ''[[Seeing with the Eyes of Love]]'' (1996, p. 8).</ref>
Deeply immersed in English literature, he attended graduate school at the [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|University of Nagpur]], and later taught at a small college in [[Amravati]].<ref name=jones06>The location is not given in ''Making'', but is given in {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism
|last=Jones|first=Constance A.|author2=James D. Ryan
|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing / Facts On File
|location=New York |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC&dq=eknath+easwaran+1910+born&pg=PA143}} "In 1946 he [Easwaran] began teaching at Amravati in [[Maharashtra]]." (p. 144)</ref> A Muslim colleague helped Easwaran develop an appreciation for [[Persian literature|Persian poetry]]:
{{blockquote|
There were evenings when with his friends we would take turns reciting ''[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám]]'' in English and Persian, and students would come in great crowds to listen. This was academic life at its richest; to my knowledge, I couldn't have been happier.<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|120}}
}}
Easwaran soon established a national reputation as a columnist for ''[[The Times of India]]'', a story writer for the ''[[Illustrated Weekly of India]]'', and a regular speaker on [[All India Radio]]. He was appointed full professor and chair of the English department at the [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|University of Nagpur]]. Yet during this same period, Easwaran started sensing that something was missing from his life, although he had "no clear sense of what it was".<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|125}} Easwaran attended lectures by prominent intellectuals and "steeped himself"<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|128}} in Western psychology. But these speakers and thinkers were unable to answer his most basic question, "What is the purpose of life?"<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|128}}

[[File:EE teaching.jpg|thumb|upright=1.60|right|[[Eknath Easwaran|Easwaran]] teaching "Theory and Practice of Meditation" (Religious Studies 138X) in 1968 at [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]], "to anyone's knowledge ... the first accredited course on meditation offered by any university"<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|148}}<ref name=fullquote138x/><ref>This photo of Easwaran teaching at [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] also appears in ''Making'' on page 140.</ref>]]

Chapter 4 describes a visit to [[University of California, Berkeley|U.C. Berkeley]] by Easwaran, his niece, and several friends, to see a play by [[George Bernard Shaw]]. Easwaran's party also briefly visits the lecture hall<ref name="fullquote138x">"On the evening of Monday, January 3, 1968, 2000 LSB had standing room only for the several hundred Berkeley students who had registered for The Theory and Practice of Meditation (Religious Studies 138X, four units' credit; instructor). To anyone's knowledge, it was the first accredited course on meditation offered by any university in the United States – or, for that matter, in the world. An article on meditation in a national weekly described Easwaran's course, mistakenly referring to the Blue Mountain Center of Zen Meditation" (''Making'', p. 148)</ref> where Easwaran in 1968 taught what is believed to be the first accredited course on meditation offered by any US university ''(see photo)''.<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|148}} Conversations describe Easwaran's discovery of his distinctive method of meditation, based on [[Passage Meditation|meditating on memorized spiritual texts]], and his prolonged period of spiritual practice – "years of discipline"<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|164}} – before he became established in meditative consciousness.
During this period he felt he was being "carried along in the arms"<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|164}} of his spiritual teacher, his grandmother. He had experienced a "voice from within, saying 'It's time to wake up! It's time to seek God,'" that he eventually discovered was his grandmother's voice. She had been his teacher all along, having "planted all the seeds"<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|46–47}}<ref>These quotations are from chapter 1 but are included here for coherence.</ref> during Easwaran's boyhood. As he engaged in systematic spiritual practice, Easwaran found himself gradually developing a "mastery of the mind",<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|164}} conscious as well as unconscious, and encountering and developing a relationship with the "deepest sources" of his life, "call it [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]], the [[Christ]], the [[Gautama Buddha|Compassionate Buddha]], or the [[Bhagavathi|Divine Mother]]."<ref name=mot89/>{{rp|165}}

Chapter 5 describes one of the public talks that Easwaran gave each week in [[Petaluma]], California. Before the talk, a coffee hour drew people of all ages, and some of Easwaran's students held meetings for social and environmental service projects. In his talk, Easwaran comments on several verses from the [[Bhagavad Gita]], using metaphors that range from the [[Olympic Games]] to a scriptural image of a tortoise.<ref name=gitatortoise>Easwaran states that the [[Bhagavad Gita]] states that "As a tortoise draws in its limbs ... you can train your senses so well that when danger approaches, you just say "Withdraw" and they will – instantly" (''Making'', p. 183). Verse 2:58 of Easwaran's translation of the Bhagavad Gita states "Even as a tortoise draws in its limbs, the wise can draw in their senses at will" (p. 23, Easwaran, ''The Bhagavad Gita'', 2010).</ref> He discusses how his system of spiritual practices can be used to help address environmental problems as well as to overcome addictions of all kinds.

The book also contains a foreword and reproduces 41 photographs from all periods of Easwaran's life.

==Reception==
Reviews have appeared in ''[[The Hindu]]'',<ref name=behal02>{{cite news |author=Suchitra Behal |title=First impressions <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of several books, including the Making of a Teacher. By Tim & Carol Flinders<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|location=[[Chennai]], India|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|date=April 7, 2002
|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/04/07/stories/2002040700270500.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323000142/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lr/2002/04/07/stories/2002040700270500.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=March 23, 2004
|issn=0971-751X }}</ref>
''[[Hinduism Today]]'',<ref name=htoday89>{{cite news
|author=Anonymous |title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of the Making of a Teacher, by Tim and Carol Flinders<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|newspaper=[[Hinduism Today]]
|publisher=Himalayan Academy |date=September 30, 1989 |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=17
|issn=0896-0801 |oclc=214444439}}</ref>
''[[The Times of Northwest Indiana|The Times]]''<ref name=helms89>{{cite news
|author=Kathy Helms-Pokrajac |title='The Making of a Teacher' tells one man's journey to life's goal
|newspaper=[[The Times of Northwest Indiana|The Times (Indiana)]]
|date=March 12, 1989 |pages=F-11
}}</ref> (Indiana),
and the ''[[Internet Bookwatch]]''.<ref name=ibw96>{{cite journal
|author=Anonymous |date=September 1996
|title=Untitled <nowiki>[</nowiki>review of the Making of a Teacher, by Tim and Carol Flinders<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|journal=[[Internet Bookwatch]]
|volume=6 |issue=9
|publisher=[[Midwest Book Review]]
|oclc=80547565}}</ref>

''[[Hinduism Today]]'' stated that the authors of ''Making'' often engage in "just turning on the tape of [[Eknath Easwaran|Easwaran]], so to speak, for the reader to listen in ...."<ref name=htoday89/>{{rp|17}} And
{{blockquote|
While the book is pure joy to read, its real value is in how it explores with crisp reality the process of Easwaran's conversion from being a satisfied intellectual to a practicing contemplative. And he didn't renounce anything, except for those qualities that inhibit the meditative mind. He simply changed careers from teaching English to teaching meditation. Few other books will so inspire Hindus to pursue meditation and its accompanying states of clarity, control and genuine caring.<ref name=htoday89/>{{rp|17}}
}}

In ''[[The Times of Northwest Indiana|The Times]]'' (Indiana), Helms-Pokrajac stated that she began reading "with a goodly amount of skepticism",<ref name=helms89/>{{rp|F11}} but that in ''Making'',
{{blockquote|
Reading the down-to-earth stories of Easwaran is a meditation in itself – one minute you're reading the introduction, and before you know it, several hours have passed and you're looking at the jacket and wondering ... "Where did the time go?"<ref name=helms89/>{{rp|F11}}
}}
She concluded that the Flinders "have succeeded" in their "aim ... to 're-create not only what Easwaran has said but to convey some feeling for what it's like to be with him when he's talking – and for what it's like to be one of his students.'"<ref name=helms89/>{{rp|F11}}

In ''[[The Hindu]]'', Behal described ''Making'' as "a journey in introspection, one told with devotion, and with an accuracy that makes for interesting reading".<ref name=behal02/>
She averred that "Easwaran's simple description of what changed in his life when he touched the great depths of meditation" – "'now I see into the world. I see the Self, the divine spirit that throbs at the heart of every creature'" – is perhaps not "the most energising point of discussion to begin". But "that is what endeared him to the people who came in contact with him. His undramatic sense of being, his almost low-key lifestyle and, most of all, his amazing compassion for his fellow beings."<ref name=behal02/>

The ''[[Internet Bookwatch]]'' stated that ''Making'' "is both inspiring and informative",<ref name=ibw96/> telling the "fascinating story of how this noted teacher of meditation transformed his own life".<ref name=ibw96/> The book "vividly demonstrates why so many people have used this method to draw upon their deepest reserves of compassion, wisdom, and serenity".<ref name=ibw96/>

''The Making of a Teacher'' has been excerpted in ''[[Hinduism Today]]''<ref name=flinders90>{{cite news
|author=Tim Flinders & [[Carol Lee Flinders|Carol Flinders]]
|title=Eknath Easwaran climbs high in meditation mountains <nowiki>[</nowiki>excerpt from the Making of a Teacher, by Tim and Carol Flinders<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|newspaper=[[Hinduism Today]]
|publisher=Himalayan Academy |date=March 1990 |pages=1, 7
|issn=0896-0801 |oclc=214444439}}</ref> and ''[[The Quest (journal)|The Quest]]''.<ref name=flinders89>{{cite journal
|author=Tim Flinders & [[Carol Lee Flinders|Carol Flinders]] |date=Autumn 1989
|title=The death of a seal pup <nowiki>[</nowiki>excerpt from the Making of a Teacher, by Tim and Carol Flinders<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|journal=The Quest |volume=2 |issue=Spring |pages=88–89
|location=Wheaton, IL |publisher=[[Theosophical Society in America]]
|issn=1040-533X |oclc=18441178 |lccn=94660549}} {{OCLC|705778309}} (ejournal).</ref>

==Editions==
The original edition was published by in 1989 by [[Nilgiri Press]], an Indian edition was published in 2002 by [[Penguin India]], and an electronic edition was published in the US in 1993:

*{{cite book |title=The Making of a Teacher: Conversations with Eknath Easwaran |last=Flinders |first=Tim |author2=Carol Flinders |author-link2=Carol Lee Flinders |year=1989 |location=Petaluma, CA |publisher=[[Nilgiri Press]] |isbn=9780915132546 |oclc=18983479 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofteacher00flin |url-access=registration }} {{ISBN|0915132540}} (191 pages).
*Ebook: {{cite book
|title=The Making of a Teacher: Conversations with Eknath Easwaran
|last=Flinders |first=Tim |author2=Carol Flinders |author-link2=Carol Lee Flinders |year=1993
|location=Petaluma, CA |publisher=[[Nilgiri Press]]
|isbn=9781586380564 |oclc=556053557 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsgkdFk4XWYC}} (191 pages).

*{{cite book
|title=The Making of a Teacher: Conversations with Eknath Easwaran
|last=Flinders |first=Tim |author2=Carol Flinders |author-link2=Carol Lee Flinders |year=2002
|location=New Delhi, India |publisher=[[Penguin India]]
|isbn=9780143028338 }} {{ISBN|0143028332}} (191 pages).



==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YsgkdFk4XWYC&dq=%22Easwaran%27s+grandmother+with+her+granddaughter+Leela%22&pg=PA56 Photograph of Easwaran's spiritual teacher, his grandmother (p. 57)]



{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Making of a Teacher}}
[[Category:1989 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:2002 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about spirituality]]

Abul Hasem Mondal

2026-01-02T20:05:48Z

StephaineShrader: put up first stub w/ refs!

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abul Hashem Mondal
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2016
| predecessor = [[Sandhya Bhattacharya]]
| successor = [[Nargis Begum]]
| constituency = [[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1946}}
| birth_place = [[Memari II|Kantipur]], [[Bardhaman district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| children =
}}
'''Abul Hashem Mondal''' is an Indian lawyer and politician belonging to the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He was the inaugural MLA of [[Memari Assembly constituency]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and family==
Mondal was born in {{circa|1946}} a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Mondal]]s in [[Memari II|Kantipur]], [[Bardhaman district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]. He is the son of Abul Kasem Mondal. Mondal is the possessor of [[Bachelor of Laws]], [[Master of Laws]] and [[Doctorate of Philosophy]] degrees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=1038|title=Abul Hasem Mondal|website=MyNeta|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Mondal contested in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as an [[All India Trinamool Congress]] candidate for [[Memari Assembly constituency]], defeating Marxist politician [[Debashis Ghosh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2011/memari/|title=Memari, 2011|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Abul Hashem}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Politicians from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Chandra Aahe Sakshila

2025-12-19T22:34:53Z

StephaineShrader: Starting New Pg W/ Refs

{{Short description|2020 Indian TV soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chandra Aahe Sakshila.jpeg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]<br>[[Drama]]<br>[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| runtime = 22 Minutes
| screenplay = [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]<br>Vinita Ainapure<br>'''Dialogues'''<br>Tushar Joshi
| voices = [[Bela Shende]]
| producer = [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]<br>Digpal Lanjekar
| director = Raghunandan Barve<br>Vaibhav Kelkar
| company = Mulakshar Productions
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| editor = Pramod Kahar, Vinay Shinde, Sagar shinde
| composer = Devdatta Baji
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2020|11|11}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2021|04|17}}
| num_episodes = 138
}}

'''''Chandra Aahe Sakshila''''' ({{translation|The moon is witness}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television [[soap opera]] which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chandra Aahe Sakshila completes 100 episodes; Team celebrates the milestone - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/chandra-aahe-sakshila-completes-100-episodes-team-celebrates-the-milestone/articleshow/81344653.cms|access-date=2023-06-28|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 March 2021}}</ref> It starred [[Subodh Bhave]], [[Rutuja Bagwe]] and Nakshatra Medhekar in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘चंद्र आहे साक्षीला’ नवीन मालिका रसिकांच्या भेटीला, या कलाकारांच्या आहेत भूमिका|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/chandra-aahe-sakshila-serial-starting-soon-a591/|access-date=2021-02-05|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref> The series is based on the famous Marathi play Kusum Manohar Lele.

== Synopsis ==
It is a story of love, deceit and betrayal. Swati is an educated working woman in her early 30s, who meets a seemingly innocent and naive man named Shridhar and falls love with him. He lures her into traps of a various kinds. Her life is picture perfect until she finds out the truth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=चंद्र आहे साक्षीलामध्ये संग्रामला कळले श्रीधरच्या खोटेपणाविषयी, पण स्वाती अडकली संकटात|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/new-twist-colors-marathis-chandra-aahe-sakshila-a588/|access-date=2023-06-28|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Swati falls in love with a man named Shridhar Kale and marries him. However, mysterious incidents occur, which seemingly point to Shridhar. It is revealed that Shridhar is already married to a woman named Suman and eloped with her. This displeased their families, who caused Suman to miscarry, and she was no longer capable of bearing children. Obsessed with having a biological child, Shridhar tricked Swati into marrying him and bearing his child. In a series of strange events, Swati is kicked out of the house, and she eventually marries a man named Sangram. Sangram is aghast after discovering that Swati is pregnant with Shridhar's child and kicks her out of the house.

In the climax, Sangram sees through Shridhar's mind games and confronts him. He reveals that he never had any intention of disowning Swati and pretended to banish her from the house to lure Shridhar. In order to ruin Shridhar's marriage with Suman, Sangram convinced Suman that Shridhar had planned her miscarriage. Sangram scolds Shridhar for exploiting Swati to fulfil his selfish desire for a biological child. He also reveals that he was adopted by his parents and reminds Shridhar that there are thousands of orphans in need of a family. Sangram curses Shridhar, saying that although Swati will give birth to Shridhar's child, Shridhar will never be able to claim the child as his. For the rest of his life. Shridhar will never be able to meet his biological child. However, Sangram vows to fulfil his paternal duty towards Swati's child. In the end, Suman reconciles with Shridhar, and the two decide to adopt a child. Shridhar accepts Sangram's punishment and says that if he is fortunate to spend a few moments with his biological child before his death, he will feel exonerated.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as Shridhar Kale
* [[Rutuja Bagwe]] as Swati Gulwani / Swati Shridhar Kale / Swati Sangram Jagtap
* Nakshatra Medhekar as Suman Shridhar Kale
* Aastad Kale as Sangram Jagtap

=== Recurring ===
* Kunjika Kalwit as Priya
* Uma Sardeshmukh as Uma
* [[Surekha Kudachi]] as Meena Atya
* Isha Deshpande as Mumu
* Bipin Surve as Ashwin
* Vinita Kale as Madhavi
* Vaishali Bhosale as Mitali Achrekar
* [[Hemant Dhome]] as Nanna
* Yash Pradhan as Dr. Parag Jagtap
* Surabhi Bhave-Damale as Pournima Raikar
* Tushar Joshi

== Production ==
===Development===
The show is being under the banner of Mulakshar Productions. It is produced by well known actor and director [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] with Digpal Lanjekar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Along with powerful storyline, characters should also be strong to take your story ahead, says actor / writer Chinmay Mandlekar - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-along-with-powerful-storyline-characters-should-also-be-strong-to-take-your-story-ahead-says-actor/-writer-chinmay-mandlekar/articleshow/79264293.cms|access-date=2021-02-05|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Subodh Bhave]] was selected to play the role of Shridhar Kale. [[Rutuja Bagwe]] grabbed opportunity to play Swati Kale.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rutuja Bagwe to make her TV comeback with Chandra Aahe Sakshila opposite Subodh Bhave - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rutuja-bagwe-to-make-her-tv-comeback-with-chandra-aahe-sakshila-opposite-subodh-bhave/articleshow/78857127.cms|access-date=2021-02-05|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vaishali Bhosale comeback television after 3 years to play Mitali Achrekar (Shridhar's sister).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title='चंद्र आहे साक्षीला'मध्ये सुबोध भावेच्या चुलत बहिणीची भूमिका साकारतेय ही अभिनेत्री, जाणून घ्या तिच्याबद्दल|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/marathi-actress-playing-role-subodh-bhaves-cousin-chandra-aahe-sakshila-find-out-about-her-a603/|access-date=2021-02-05|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref> Aastad Kale also selected for the role of Sangram Jagtap.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aastad Kale joins Chandra Aahe Sakshila, excited to work with Subodh Bhave - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aastad-kale-joins-chandra-aahe-sakshila-excited-to-work-with-subodh-bhave/articleshow/80635925.cms|access-date=2021-02-05|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Nakshatra Medhekar was selected to play the role of Suman Kale i.e. Shridhar's wife.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=Lek Mazi Ladki fame Nakshatra Medhekar to feature in Chandra Aahe Sakshila - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/lek-mazi-ladki-fame-nakshatra-medhekar-to-feature-in-chandra-aahe-sakshila/articleshow/79550255.cms|access-date=2023-06-28|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt13627102}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/chandra-aahe-sakshila/3499413 ''Chandra Aahe Sakshila''] at [[JioCinema]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]

Maneka Sorcar

2025-12-11T18:38:40Z

StephaineShrader:

{{Short description|Indian magician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maneka Sorcar
| image = Manick Sorcar.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Parama Sorcar
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| spouse = Susmit Ranjan Haldar
| occupation = Magician
}}
'''Maneka Sorcar''' (real name '''Parama Sorcar''')<ref name="Mumtaz Sorcar interview">{{cite web|title=Maneka Sorcar {{grey|Bengali}}|url=http://nilkantho.in/maneka-sorcar/|publisher=Nilkantho.in|accessdate=3 October 2012}}</ref> is an Indian magician. She is the elder daughter of [[P. C. Sorcar Jr.]] and worked as an assistant to her father in several shows and till March 2012. She has performed over 250 magic shows.<ref name="Tricks of the trade">{{cite web|title=Tricks of the trade|url=http://www.sify.com/finance/tricks-of-the-trade-news-features-mdlakhficcd.html?ref=false|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102002349/http://www.sify.com/finance/tricks-of-the-trade-news-features-mdlakhficcd.html?ref=false|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2013|website=Sify (source:Business Standard)|accessdate=3 October 2012}}</ref> Sorcar is married to Susmit Ranjan Haldar.<ref name="Sorcar scion finds suitable boy - Maneka the magician to marry US-returned son of MP">{{cite news|title=Sorcar scion finds suitable boy - Maneka the magician to marry US-returned son of MP|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120412/jsp/calcutta/story_15363719.jsp#.UGuc-M95MxA|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203113838/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120412/jsp/calcutta/story_15363719.jsp%23.UGuc-M95MxA|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=3 October 2012|newspaper=Telegraph, Calcutta|date=12 April 2012}}</ref> In 2004, Maneka teamed up with her father to create an illusion of a disappearing [[Taj Mahal]], followed by the appearance of a bicycle ride across the surface of [[Dal Lake]].<ref name="It's business as illusion">{{cite news|title=It's business as illusion|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/29/stories/2004112900500300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117093734/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/29/stories/2004112900500300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2005|accessdate=3 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 November 2004}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Maneka Sorcar is the elder daughter of Prodip C. Sorcar or Magician P.C. Sorcar Jr. and Jayashri Sorcar and the granddaughter of Protul Chandra Sorcar or Magician P.C. Sorcar. Her two younger sisters [[Moubani Sorcar]] and [[Mumtaz Sorcar]] are film actresses.<ref>{{cite web |title=P.C. SORCAR INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY |url=http://www.pcsorcarmagician.com/familytree.php |website=www.pcsorcarmagician.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.manekasorcar.com/}}

{{Notable people of P. C. Sorcar family|title-background=navbox}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sorcar, Maneka}}
[[Category:Indian magicians]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female magicians]]
[[Category:Sorcar family|Maneka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Diocese of Jalandhar

2025-12-01T20:51:19Z

StephaineShrader:

{{Short description|Latin Catholic diocese in Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Jalandhar
|latin = Dioecesis Iullundurensis
|local = जालंधर के सूबा
| image = St. Mary's Cathedral, Jalandhar.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = Photo of St. Mary's Cathedral
| caption = St. Mary's Cathedral
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan =
|province = [[Archdiocese of Delhi|Delhi]]
|denomination = [[Catholic]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
|rite = [[Roman Rite]]
|cathedral = [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Jalandhar|St. Mary's Cathedral]]
|cocathedral =
|patron=Blessed Virgin Mary (Nativity), St. Francis of Assisi|area_km2 = 51,120
|population = 19,296,682
|population_as_of = 2015
|catholics = 113,259
|catholics_percent= 0.6
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = Jose Sebastian
|metro_archbishop = [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|emeritus_bishops = [[Franco Mulakkal]]
|website = [http://jalandhardiocese.com/ jalandhardiocese.com]
|coat=|flag=|territory=|headquarters=|parishes=110|churches=|established=|founded=|dissolved=|language=|priests=89}}

The '''Diocese of Jalandhar / Jullundur''' ({{langx|la| Iullunduren(sis)}}) is a [[Latin Catholic]] [[diocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]], located in the city of [[Jalandhar]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi|Delhi]] in India.

==History==
* 17 January 1952: Established as the [[Apostolic Prefecture]] of Jalandhar from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Lahore|Diocese of Lahore]]
* 6 December 1971: Promoted as Diocese of Jalandhar

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Jalandhar ([[Latin Church]])
** Bishop [[Jose Sebastian 12 July - Present ]]
** Bishop [[Franco Mulakkal]] (4 August 2013 – 1 June 2023)
** Bishop [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]] (16 April 2007 – 30 November 2012)
** Bishop [[Symphorian Thomas Keeprath]], [[O.F.M. Cap.]] (18 March 1972 – 24 February 2007)
* Prefects Apostolic of Jalandhar (Latin Church)
** Fr. [[Alban of Blackburn]], O.F.M. Cap. (31 October 1952 – 1971)

== Sexual assault case ==

IN 2021, a court ruled Bishop Franco was not guilty. On 14 January 2022, the Additional Sessions Court acquitted him of all charges. In 2018 a rape complaint against Jalandhar Bishop Franco Mulakkal, the police received a copy of the victim nun's statement, given to Changanasseri, Kerala Judicial First Class Magistrate under Section 164 of Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC, India).<ref>{{Citation|last=New indian express rape news |title=Rt. Rev. Dr. Franco Mulakkal, Bishop of Catholic Diocese of Jalandhar, Punjab, India|date=2018-07-07|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jul/09/rape-complaint-jalandhar-bishop-franco-mulakkal-not-to-be-grilled-soon-1840775.html|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref> [[Kerala Police]] arrested Franco Mulakkal for allegedly raping a nun multiple times between 2014 and 2016.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kerala Police arrested Franco|work=[[Asianet News]]|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/news/former-jalandhar-franko-mulakkal-arrested-pfeo5t|access-date=2018-09-21}}</ref> The arrest was made in September 2018 in Kochi, India. He was interrogated by the [[Kerala Police]] for three days before arrest.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bishop-franco-mulakkal-arrested-in-kerala-nun-rape-case-1345584-2018-09-21|title=Bishop Franco Mulakkal arrested in Kerala nun rape case|work=indiatoday|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en}}</ref> Vijay Sakhare, inspector general of [[Kerala Police]] said "After our investigation, we have enough evidence that the bishop, prima facie, has committed the crime."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/21/asia/india-bishop-sex-abuse-intl/index.html|title=Catholic bishop in India arrested after being accused of raping nun|work=CNN|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en}}</ref> On September 20, 2018, Pope Francis accepted Mulakki's request for a leave of absence.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211210/Kgn1TeXqkCI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922222626/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kgn1TeXqkCI&feature=youtu.be Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kgn1TeXqkCI| title = Vatican Accepts Bishop Franco's Resignation | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=leaderless>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/accountability/pope-names-administrator-indian-bishop-investigated-alleged-rape|title = Pope names administrator as Indian bishop investigated for alleged rape|date = 20 September 2018}}</ref>

On 8 October 2018, Bishop [[Agnelo Gracias]] took office as [[apostolic administrator]] ''sede plena et ad nutum [[Holy See|Sanctae Sedis]]'' of the diocese, after Mulakkal's arrest. In 2022, the trial court found Bishop Franco not guilty and free from all the charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jalandhardiocese.com/apostolic-administrator/ |title=Apostolic Administrator - Diocese of Jalandhar |website=jalandhardiocese.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114023000/http://jalandhardiocese.com/apostolic-administrator |archive-date=2018-11-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/jull0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/djull.html Catholic Hierarchy]
* [http://www.jalandhardiocese.com/ Website of the diocese]

{{coord|31.2879|N|75.6198|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalandhar}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Jalandhar]]

Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I

2025-11-16T11:42:49Z

StephaineShrader: adjusted formatting and improved wording

{{Short description|Mughal general and noble (c. 1649–1710)}}
{{For|other people with similar names|Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung (disambiguation)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Ghazi ud Din Khan Feroze Jung I.jpg
| name = Mir Shihab-ud-Din Siddiqi
| spouse = Safiya Khanum
| birth_place = [[Bukhara]]
| office1 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Berar Subah|Berar]]
| office2 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]]
| office3 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Ajmer Subah|Ajmer]]
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat Subah]]
| death_date = {{death date|1710|12|8|df=yes}}
| birth_date = 1649
| termstart1 = 1698
| termend1 = ?
| term3 = {{date|12 April 1708|dmy}}-? <br /> {{date|15 June 1708}}-?
| parents = [[Kilich Khan|Abid Khan]]
| children = {{plainlist|
*[[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Chin Qilich Khan]]
*Hamid Khan Bahadur
*Rahimuddin Khan}}
| caption = Portrait of Ghaziuddin Bahadur Khan Firuz Jang I, {{circa|1675}}, from [[LACMA]]
| title =
| honorific_prefix = Ghaziuddin Khan Bahadur, Firuz Jang, Farzand-i Arjomand
| honorific_suffix =
| resting_place = [[Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan]], [[Old Delhi]]
| monarch1 = [[Aurangzeb]]
| monarch2 = [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]]
| monarch3 = [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]]
| battles = [[Siege of Bijapur]] (1685-1686)<br/>[[Siege of Golconda]] (1687)<br/>[[Battle of Sironj]] (1704)
| awards = [[Mahi Maratib]]
| termend2 = 8 December 1710
| term_end =
| termstart2 = 1708
| preceded2 = Ibrahim Khan
}}
'''Mir Shihab-ud-Din Siddiqi''' ({{Circa|1649}}-{{death date|1710|12|8|df=yes}}), known by his title '''Ghaziuddin Khan''', was a leading military general and noble of [[Central Asian]] origin in the [[Mughal Empire]].

He was a favoured member of emperor [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb's]] court, and the father of [[Chin Qilich Khan]], the founder of [[Hyderabad State]]. Under Aurangzeb, he distinguished himself in key battles over the [[Deccan]], and held the governorship of [[Berar Subah]]. He briefly served as the governor of [[Gujarat Subah]] during the reign of Aurangzeb's successor [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]], and died in office. He is buried in a [[madrasa]] complex he founded, known as [[Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan]], which is located in [[Old Delhi]].

== Early life ==
Ghaziuddin Khan was born in [[Bukhara]] (in present-day [[Uzbekistan]]) as Mir Shihab ud-Din Siddiqi, in the year 1649.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=General Ghazi al-Din Bahadur Khan Firuz Jang I (recto), Calligraphy (verso) {{!}} LACMA Collections |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/246400 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223070131/https://collections.lacma.org/node/246400 |archive-date=2023-02-23 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=collections.lacma.org}}</ref> He was the eldest son of [[Kilich Khan|Abid Khan]], who had emigrated to Mughal India earlier than him and later became a favoured noble of emperor Aurangzeb. Ghaziuddin Khan's grandfather was a prominent intellectual of Bukhara named Alam Shaikh, who traced his descent to renowned saint [[Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi|Shihabuddin Suhrawardi]] (d. 1234).{{Sfn|Faruqui|2009|p=7}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707-1740 |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-565444-7 |edition=4th |location=New Delhi |pages=46–49 |oclc=50004530}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Reign of Aurangzeb ===
Mir Shihab-ud-Din arrived in Mughal India around 1670, during the reign of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |title=The Delhi College : traditional elites, the colonial state, and education before 1857 |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Margrit Pernau |isbn=978-0-19-567723-2 |location=New Delhi |pages=36–37 |chapter=The Madrasa of Ghaziu' d-Din Khan at Delhi |oclc=75615171}}</ref> Accepted into the court, he was soon deployed as a commander in several military campaigns of the [[Deccan]]. He received the title '<nowiki/>''Ghaziuddin Khan Bahadur''<nowiki/>' in 1684 due to his successes fighting against the [[Marathas]]. He additionally received the title '''Firuz Jang''<nowiki/>' (victorious in battle) in 1685.<ref name=":1" /> He also distinguished himself in 1681 by performing a dangerous mission during the rebellion of Aurangzeb's fourth son, prince [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Akbar]].{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=298}}

In 1685, he participated in the [[Siege of Bijapur]],<ref name=":0" /> and was credited with the campaign's success. He was particularly recognised for leading a difficult expedition during this campaign, to relieve a trapped and starving army led by prince [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam]], Aurangzeb's third son. For his action he was rewarded with the ''[[Mahi Maratib]]'' (fish standard), and received the title '<nowiki/>''farzand-i arjomand''' (distinguished son).<ref name=":3" />{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=298}} A year later, he captured the city of [[Adoni]].<ref name=":3" />

In 1687, he fought in the [[Siege of Golconda]] and capture of Hyderabad,<ref name=":0" /> in which campaign his father Abid Khan died.<ref name=":3" /> During this campaign, he alerted the emperor Aurangzeb of collusion between his second son, prince [[Bahadur Shah I|Muazzam]], and the enemy (the [[Golconda Sultanate]]). He also played a significant part in the subsequent arrest of Muazzam and his four sons.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=298}} According to historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]], Ghaziuddin Khan lost his eyesight in 1686 due to [[bubonic plague]] in Hyderabad; however, [[Ebba Koch]] asserts that he lost his eyesight in 1690, and attributes this to a plague during the Siege of Bijapur. After he was blinded, he was allowed to continue his career in the Mughal military and administration.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

Beginning in the late 1680s, the nobles of Aurangzeb's court were split into two rival factions: Ghaziuddin Khan and his son [[Chin Qilich Khan]] (later Nizam of Hyderabad) were leaders of one group, while the other group was headed by [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]] (''wazir'' or chief minister of the empire) and his son [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]]. Key members of the first faction were Ghaziuddin Khan, his son Chin Qilich Khan, his cousin [[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani|Muhammad Amin Khan]], and two other sons of his, Hamid Khan Bahadur and Rahimuddin Khan.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=297}}<ref name=":3" />

In 1698, Ghaziuddin Khan was appointed governor of [[Berar Subah]], a province of the empire. He held this governorship for the rest of Aurangzeb's reign,<ref name=":3" /> and played an active role in defending the province from Maratha assaults.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal empire |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |edition=Transferred to digital print |series=The new Cambridge history of India / general ed. Gordon Johnson 1, The Mughals and their contemporaries |location=Cambridge |pages=236}}</ref> In 1704, Feroze Jung [[Battle of Sironj|routed a Maratha army]] that was besieging [[Sironj]].<ref>Jadunath Sarkar, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.513883/page/383/mode/1up History of Aurangzib Volume V], p .384</ref>

=== War of Succession ===
{{Further|Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)}}
In the early 1700s, as emperor Aurangzeb's death loomed, Ghaziuddin Khan (along with Chin Qilich Khan and Muhammad Amin) decided to stay neutral in any potential war of succession among the princes. Ghaziuddin Khan and other members of the family also began to stockpile arms, in anticipation of aggression from the princes. Historian Munis Faruqui describes their policy as one of 'armed neutrality', and notes that previously in Mughal history, nobles had never been allowed to stay neutral in succession conflicts.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2009|pp=13-14}}{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|pp=309-310}}

The succession struggle was kicked off when the aged emperor died in 1707, at the imperial camp in Ahmadnagar; the prince [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shah]] subsequently crowned himself emperor there. Ghaziuddin Khan was repeatedly asked to join Azam Shah in the coming battle against prince [[Muhammad Mu'azzam|Muazzam]], to no success. Ghaziuddin remained in [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]], making no move to join Azam. Seeking to stay on good terms with the noble, Azam Shah styled him governor of [[Ahmadnagar Subah|Aurangabad]] and [[Viceroy of the Deccan]], sending him several gifts.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707-1740 |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-565444-7 |edition=4th |location=New Delhi |pages=51–52 |oclc=50004530}}</ref>{{Sfn|Faruqui|2009|pp=13-14}}

=== Reign of Bahadur Shah ===
Aurangzeb's second son, prince Muazzam, emerged victorious in the war of succession and was crowned as emperor Bahadur Shah. Ghaziuddin Khan and his family were pardoned and rewarded by the emperor despite their lack of support in the war, possibly due to their military value.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2009|pp=13-14}} Ghaziuddin Khan was made governor of [[Gujarat Subah]] by the emperor, replacing Ibrahim Khan. Ghaziuddin Khan began attempts to stabilise the province, by appointing fifty spies to report on rebel [[Rajputs]] and Marathas (who occupied the northern and southern frontiers of the province respectively). However, his efforts were cut short by his death in 1710, marking the close of his tenure at a mere two years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheth |first=Sudev |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009330213/type/book |title=Bankrolling Empire: Family Fortunes and Political Transformation in Mughal India |date=2023-11-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-33021-3 |edition=1 |pages=159–160 |chapter=Interlude: Cultivating Financial Crisis under Aurangzeb, 1660s–1719 |doi=10.1017/9781009330213.005}}</ref>

During Bahadur Shah's reign, Ghaziuddin Khan was also dispatched to combat recalcitrant Rajput ''rajas'', for which purpose he was made the absentee governor of [[Ajmer Subah|Ajmer]] on 12 April 1708 (he was dismissed shortly after and reappointed on 15 June).<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707-1740 |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-565444-7 |edition=4th |location=New Delhi |pages=76 |oclc=50004530}}</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Tomb_of_Ghaziuddin_Khan.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Ghaziuddin Khan, in the [[Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan|Ghaziuddin Madrasa complex]]]]
Ghaziuddin Khan died in [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]], capital of Gujarat Subah, on 8 December 1710. His body was brought to Delhi, where it was buried at a [[madrasa]] complex he had founded during his lifetime ([[Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan]]), located near Delhi's Ajmeri Gate. Following his death, the Mughal state confiscated his assets, as per custom.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irvine |first=William |year=1898 |title=The Later Mughals (1707-1803), Chapter IV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WYyAQAAMAAJ&dq=firuz+jang+gujarat&pg=PA163 |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=67 |issue=2 |page=163}}</ref>

== Family ==
Emperor Aurangzeb took an active interest in cultivating Ghaziuddin Khan and his family, perhaps in an effort to gain an ultra-loyal group of nobles. Upon Ghaziuddin's arrival in India, Aurangzeb arranged him a prestigious marriage to Safiya Khanum, daughter of renowned Mughal ''wazir'' [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]]. This honor was in addition to several promotions his father Abid Khan had received prior.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|pp=297-298}} The marriage took place in 1670; their first son was Chin Qilich Khan (born Mir Qamaruddin), who Aurangzeb personally named and mentored.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2009|p=7}} He went on to become a major noble of the court, later becoming the first [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] and founder of [[Hyderabad State]].{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=264}} Ghaziuddin Khan was first cousins with noble [[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani|Muhammad Amin Khan]], who was promoted to the high-ranking position of ''[[Government of the Mughal Empire#law|sadr-us-sudur]]'' during Aurangzeb's reign,{{Sfn|Faruqui|2009|p=12}} and later became ''[[Vizier|wazir]]'' (prime minister) of the empire.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=16}} Ghaziuddin Khan also had two other sons: Hamid Khan Bahadur and Rahimuddin Khan.<ref name=":3" />

==Patronage==
{{Main|Madrasa Ghaziuddin Khan}}

Around the turn of the 18th century, Ghaziuddin Khan founded a ''madrasa'' complex today located in Old Delhi, near the Ajmeri Gate. The ''madrasa'' was one of Delhi's three main ''madrasas'' during the reign of Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I. It shut down in the 1790s and reopened in 1792 through the patronage of Delhi's wealthy Muslim class. It went on to house colonial education institutions, namely Delhi College and then the [[Anglo Arabic Senior Secondary School|Anglo-Arabic school]]. Since 1948, the building has been in use by [[Zakir Husain Delhi College]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pernau |first=Margrit |title=The Delhi College |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-567723-2 |editor-last=Pernau |editor-first=Margrit |location=New-Delhi |pages=4–6 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Citation |last1=Razzack |first1=Azra |title=Founding of an Institution and Its Journey |date=2023-01-12 |work=The School at Ajmeri Gate |pages=29–C1.N250 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9788194831624.003.0002 |access-date=2023-06-17 |publisher=Oxford University PressDelhi |isbn=978-81-948316-2-4 |last2=Siddiqui |first2=M. Atyab |doi=10.1093/oso/9788194831624.003.0002 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=Ebba |title=The Delhi College |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-567723-2 |editor-last=Pernau |editor-first=Margrit |location=New-Delhi |chapter=The Madrasa of Ghaziu'd-Din Khan at Delhi}}</ref> The ''madrasa'' complex exemplifies late Mughal architecture, and is one of the few surviving ''madrasas'' dating to the Mughal period.<ref name=":12" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book|last= Fanshawe |first=H.C. |title=Delhi: Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ4HFt5S8CcC|access-date=27 September 2013|year=1998|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1318-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D |title=At Empire's End: The Nizam, Hyderabad and Eighteenth-Century India |date=2009 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=5–43 |series= |doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003290 |issn=0026-749X |jstor=20488070|s2cid=146592706 }}
* {{Citation |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D |title=Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719 |year=2012 |publication-place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-52619-7 |oclc=808366461}}
* {{cite book |author=H.C. Fanshawe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ4HFt5S8CcC&q=Paharganj&pg=PA69 |title=Delhi, past and present |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1998 |isbn=81-206-1318-X |ref=Fa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghazi Ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung 01}}
[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:1640s births]]
[[Category:1710 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Berar]]
[[Category:People from Bukhara]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Banu Abu Bakr]]

Palghar railway station

2025-10-26T13:19:30Z

StephaineShrader: fixed page

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|50px|up|link=Mumbai Suburban Railway]]<br>Palghar
| type = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Mumbai Suburban Railway
| image = Palghar railway station - entrance.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Mahim Road, [[Palghar]], [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.7|N|72.77|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]] <br> [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 3
| depth =
| elevation = {{convert|15.490|m|ft}}
| levels =
| tracks = 5
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = PLG
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Western Railways]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Western|left=Kelve Road|right=Umroli}}
| map_type = India#Maharashtra
| map_dot_label = Palghar
| route_map = {{MSR Western line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Palghar railway station''' (station code: '''PLG''') is a railway station on the [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] line of [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]].

[[Palghar]] is the headquarters of the [[Palghar district]] in India's [[Maharashtra]] state, which comes under the Mumbai metropolitan region. Palghar is well served with EMU (Mumbai Locals) and MEMU trains, which provide direct connectivity to various parts of Mumbai, Thane and Panvel. Many long-distance trains also stop at Palghar.
<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/palghar-plg/965| title=PLG:Palghar| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.yatra.com/indian-railways/palghar-plg-railway-station| title=PLG:Palghar-Timetable| website=Yatra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.cris.org.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=PLG| title=PLG:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Mumbai| website=Raildrishti}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.cris.org.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationTimeTable.jsp?stncode=PLG| title=PLG:Palghar-Timetable| website=Raildrishti}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== History ==
An 1864 timetable of the BB&CIR's first passenger train service between Grant Rd and Ahmedabad advertised in the Bombay Gazette mentions the station as 'Palghur'. A table of elevation of the stations and major bridges along the line published in the Magazine, ''Bombay Builder'' of 5 April 1867 further mentions a station named 'Palghur Station' on the line. However, one source suggests that Palghar railway station was opened in the year 1893. This might suggest that a small or temporary station must have been constructed earlier, later replaced by a proper station.

The presence of the station, and due to the plague epidemic of the 1890s, caused the rich from the nearby Mahim-Kelwa village, to settle in the village, aiding in the locality's growth. A Sessional paper of 1901 stated that the double line from [[Virar railway station|Virar]] to Palghar opened on 1 December 1897, while that from Palghar to [[Dahanu Road railway station|Dahanu Rd]] was opened on 17 January 1898.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commons |first=Great Britain Parliament House of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O09BAAAAMAAJ |title=Sessional Papers |date=1901 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}</ref>

==Major trains==

The following trains stop at Palghar railway station:

* [[Bandra Terminus–Dehradun Express]]
* [[Khandesh Express|Bandra Terminus–Bhusaval Khandesh Express]]
* [[Lok Shakti Express|Bandra Terminus–Ahmedabad Lok Shakti Superfast Express]]
* [[Saurashtra Mail|Mumbai Central–Okha Saurashtra Mail]]
* [[Gujarat Mail|Mumbai Central–Ahmedabad Gujarat Mail]]
* [[Firozpur Janata Express|Mumbai Central–Firozpur Janata Express]]
* [[Ranakpur Express|Bikaner–Bandra Terminus Ranakpur Express]]
* [[Flying Ranee|Mumbai Central–Surat Flying Ranee Superfast Express]]
* [[Kochuveli–Porbandar Express]]
* [[Kochuveli–Dehradun Superfast Express]]
* [[Saurashtra Express]]
* [[Gujarat Superfast Express]]
* [[Jaipur–Bandra Terminus Superfast Express]]
* [[Indore–Pune Express (via Panvel)]]
* [[Chennai–Ahmedabad Humsafar Express]]
* Bandra Terminus–Udaipur Express
* [[Swaraj Express]]
* [[Mysore–Ajmer Express]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Palghar railway station - Platformboard.jpg|Palghar railway station – Platformboard
File:12953 Augusr Kranti Rajdhani Express at Palghar.jpg|12953 [[August Kranti Rajdhani Express]] at [[Palghar]]
File:Palghar railway station - EMU halt.jpg|Palghar railway station – EMU halt
File:Palghar railway station - Station board.jpg|Palghar railway station – Station board
File:Palghar railway station - South view from station.jpg|Palghar railway station – South view from station
File:Palghar railway station - North view from station.jpg|Palghar railway station – North view from station
File:14708 Ranakpur Express at Palghar.jpg|14708 [[Ranakpur Express]] at Palghar
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Palghar railway station}}
{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Western}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Palghar district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Mumbai WR railway division]]
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{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Sithara S.

2025-10-12T23:07:49Z

StephaineShrader:

{{short description|Indian writer and translator of Malayalam literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sithara S
| pseudonym =
| image = File:Sithara S..jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sithara S
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1972|09|15}}
| birth_place = [[Kasaragod]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[University of Calicut]]
| period = 21st century
| genre = Fiction
| subject = Women, [[Lesbianism]], Sexuality
| movement = [[Feminism]]
| notableworks = Agni; Kathakal
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}

'''Sithara S.''' (born 1972) is an Indian writer in [[Malayalam]] from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=MTgzMw==|title= Sithara S. – Speaker Profile|publisher= Kerala Literature Festival|access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref> She often highlighted women's issues, gender conflict and [[lesbian|lesbian rights]] in her books.<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://www.shcollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/VIRJ-Humani-Social-science-surya-gopi.pdf|title= Social Relevance of Malayalam Gynocentric Writing : Women Readers' Perusal of Her-Story |journal= Vimala International Research Journal for Humanities & Social Sciences| volume= 4| page=192| year=2018| author= Dr S. Gopi|issue= 2 | issn= 2348-4837|access-date= 25 January 2022}}</ref> She is also a translator.<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/23344555|title= Translators and Contributors to Sahitya Akademi Journal |journal= Indian Literature| volume= 46|issue= 1 | page=192| publisher= [[Sahitya Akademi]]|jstor= 23344555 |access-date= 25 January 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sithara was born and brought up in [[Kasaragod]] district of [[Kerala]]. She obtained her post-graduation degree in English Literature and Diploma in journalism from [[University of Calicut]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2020/speakers/sithara-ssithara-s-mbifl-2020-1.4471351|title= Sithara S. Author Profile |date= 24 January 2020 |publisher= Mathrubhumi|access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref> At an early age she was afflicted with life-threatening cancer disease. She attributes her firebrand literary style to her lifelong battle against cancer and social stigma.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/women/2017/12/19/battling-cancer-changed-womans-life-for-better.html|title= Battling Cancer Changed this Woman's Life for the Better |author= Anjali Lal| publisher= Malayala Manorama|date= 20 December 2017| access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref>

==Literary works==
Sithara is one of the leading contemporary women writers from Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/malayalam-books-that-should-not-be-missed/article6241159.ece|title= Malyalam Books That Should Not Be Missed| work= The Hindu|date= 24 July 2014| access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://api.list.ly/list/ps0-gods-own-literature-top-10-contemporary-malayalam-writers|title= God's Own Literature : Ten Contemporary Malyalam Writers| author= Soubin Nath| access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref> She has written several best-selling books in Malayalam which include "Kathakal", "Idam", "Veshappakarcha" and "Ushnagrahangalude Sneham".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://journalism.uoc.ac.in/index.php/9-academic |title= University of Calicut Academic Profiles| author= University of Calicut| access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref> She chiefly writes stories depicting oppression of women and sexuality in public places.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Christy|first1=Carmel|title= Sexuality in Public Space in India – Reading the Visible|date=16 March 2017|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_jklDwAAQBAJ&dq=sithara+s+writer&pg=PA36|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-13-156522-9-0|pages=36–39| access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> Her stories capture the complexities of modern life from women's perspective and have an angry and defiant tone.<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://samyuktajournal.in/the-thing-speaks-2/|title= The "Thing" Speaks – Feminism in Malayalam Literature|journal= |volume= 2|pages= 14–19| author= Sara Joseph| date=31 January 2004|issue= 1|access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref>

Sithara has also translated the works of Nobel Laureate [[Malala Yousafzai]] into Malayalam. Her short story "Fire" has been included in the English Literature syllabus of [[Kerala University]].<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/downloads/FINAL1605251317.pdf|title= Syllabus for BA English Language & Literature |journal= Kerala University Admissions|volume= 1|page= 43| author= Kerala University| year=2021|access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref>

==Other contributions==
Sithara's short story Agni<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.womensweb.in/2015/01/agni-short-story/|title= "Agni" Short Story by Sithara S.| author= Karthik Ramakrishnan| publisher= Women’s Web|date= 23 January 2015| access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref> has been made into a popular movie.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8161596/|title= Agni Movie by Sithara S.| publisher= IMDB|access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref> She is also a freelance content writer on children's topics for television.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.baabeetv.com/blog/author/sithara-s|title= Sithara S. as Content Writer| publisher= Babee TV|access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Sithara's works were recognised by [[Sahitya Akademi]] which conferred on her its golden jubilee prize in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=4653|title= Sahitya Akademi Awards Ceremony|publisher= Government of India|access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref> She has also won [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] award. Besides he has won numerous other literary awards including ‘’Katha Award’’ and ‘’Geetha Hiranyan Endowment Award’’ for Malayalam literature.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2020/speakers/sithara-ssithara-s-mbifl-2020-1.4471351|title= Sithara S. at Mathrubhumi International Festival of Letters |publisher= Mathrubhumi| date= 24 January 2020| access-date= 26 January 2022}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Books in English===
* {{cite book | last1 = Sithara | first1 = S. | last2= K. |first2= Madhavikutty| title = Lesbian Stories in Malyalam | publisher = Chintha Publishers | location = Trivandrum | year = 2017 | isbn = 978-81-770239-7-8}}

===Books in Malayalam===
* {{cite book | last = Sithara | first = S. | title = Kathakal | publisher = DC Books | location = Kottayam | year = 2017 | isbn = 978-81-264400-1-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Sithara | first = S. | title = Ushnagrahangalude Sneham | publisher = DC Books | location = Kottayam | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-81-264529-4-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Sithara | first = S. | title = Veyilil Oru Kaliyezhuthukari| publisher = Mathrubhoomi Publications | location = Ernakulam | year = 2015| isbn= 978-81-826607-3-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Sithara | first = S. | title = Karutha Kuppayakkari| publisher = DC Books | location = Kottayam | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-81-264276-6-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Sithara | first = S. | title = Idam| publisher = DC Books | location = Kottayam | year = 2012 |isbn= 978-81-264140-8-6 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sithara | first = S. | title = Agniyum Katakalum| publisher = Mathrubhumi Books | location = Trivandrum | year = 2015}}
* {{cite book | last = Sithara | first = S. | title = Lesbose : Malayalathile Lesbian Kathakal| publisher = Chintha Publishers | location = Vanchyoor | year = 2017}}
* {{cite book | last = Sithara | first = S. | title = Nrithashala | publisher = DC Books | location = Kottayam | year = 2020 | isbn=978-81-264467-4-2}}
* {{cite book | last = Sithara | first = S. | title = Veshakaparcha | publisher = DC Books | location = Kottayam | year = 2020 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sithara | first = S. | title = Enteyum Katha | publisher = DC Books | location = Kottayam | year = 2021}}

===Chapters in books===
* {{Citation | last = Sithara | first = S. | contribution = Madri and Maria | editor-last1 = Anilkumar | editor-first1 = K. S. | editor-last2 = Resmi | editor-first2 = G. | title = Lesbian Stories in Malayalam | volume = 1 | publisher = Chintha Publishers | location = Trivandrum | year = 2017 | edition = 1st | isbn = 978-81-770239-7-8 |url = }}

===Journal articles===
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Sithara | first1 = S. | title = The Poet and the Farmer | journal = Indian Literature | volume = 53 | pages=96–99| year = 2009 | issue = 5 | jstor = 23340231 | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/23340231}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Sithara | first1 = S. | title = Contemporary Malayalam Literature | journal = Indian Literature | volume = 49 | pages=199–205| year = 2005 | issue = 1 | jstor = 23346594 | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/23346594 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Sithara | first1 = S. | title = Lone Trips | journal = Indian Literature | volume = 49 | pages=47–51| year = 2006 | issue = 1 | jstor = 23346550 | url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/23346550}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Sithara | first1 = S. | title = Agni| journal = Samyukta Journal of Gender and Culture | volume = 1 | pages=40–45| year = 2016 | issue = 2 | url= https://samyuktajournal.in/agni/}}

===Translations===
*''Enteyum Katha'' (2021), DC Books (Translation of [[We Are Displaced]] by [[Malala Yousafzai]])

==See also==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* [[Kerala Sahitya Academy Award]]
* [[Malayalam literature]]
* [[Tapan Kumar Pradhan]]
* [[Mandakranta Sen]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://timescontent.com/syndication-photos/reprint/entertainment/548648/abdul-rasheed-writer-author-mysuru.html Interview with Abdul Rasheed – Times of India dated 17 October 2019]

{{authority control}}
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Languages|Feminism|Lesbian}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sithara, S.}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:University of Calicut]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]

Kisalwans

2025-09-27T10:35:01Z

StephaineShrader: Created Post

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kisalwans
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.85198|N|78.21441|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.434
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2552
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 284124
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kisalwans''' is a village in [[Jakhaura]] block of [[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 2,552 people, in 447 households.

== Name ==
According to Paul Whalley, the suffix ''-wāns'' in ''Kisalwāns'' is a variant form of the suffix ''-bās'', ultimately from Sanskrit ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/वास vāsa]'', meaning "dwelling". The variant ''-wāns'' is common in Lalitpur district; other examples are [[Nagwans]], [[Satarwans]], [[Satwansa]], [[Kurwans]], and [[Khitwans]].<ref name="Whalley 1922">{{cite journal |last1=Whalley |first1=Paul |title=Place-Names in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Chapter III, Section 2: Suffixes |journal=The Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society |date=1922 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=52–98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwdDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|85–6}}

== Geography ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Kisalwans has a total area of 943.4 [[hectare]]s, of which 609.3 were currently farmland and 113.5 were under non-agricultural use. 84.8 hectares were classified as cultivable but not currently under any agricultural use, and 0 were classified as non-cultivable. 56.8 hectares were forested. No orchards, or pastures existed on village lands.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|107}}

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Kisalwans had a population of 2,552, in 447 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|108}} This population was 53.1% male (1,355) and 46.9% female (1,197). The 0-6 age group numbered 454 (240 male and 214 female), or 17.8% of the total population. 193 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 7.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Lalitpur, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1249/download/4010/DH_2011_0936_PART_B_DCHB_LALITPUR.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|68–9}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Kisalwans had 2 primary schools and 1 primary health centre. Drinking water was provided by well and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for domestic and commercial purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Lalitpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1248/download/4006/DH_2011_0936_PART_A_DCHB_LALITPUR.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|108–13}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Lalitpur district, India]]

Ramna Etbarnagar Basantapur

2025-09-16T18:34:44Z

StephaineShrader: creating new article

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramna Etbarnagar Basantapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.11|N|88.53|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8409
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|2011]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742406
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Domkal Assembly constituency|Domkal]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ramna Etbarnagar Basantapur''' is a village located in [[Domkal (community development block)|Domkal]] CD block of the [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK MURSHIDABAD|work=[[2011 census of India]], DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS WEST BENGAL |url= https://westbengal.census.gov.in/DCHB_2011_WB_Part_A/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |access-date= 16 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Murshidabad district]]

Nagendra Narayan Choudhury

2025-08-03T05:05:20Z

StephaineShrader: minor update

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Nagendra Narayan Choudhury
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1881
| birth_place = [[Lakhipur, Goalpara|Lakhipur]], [[Goalpara]], [[Assam]]
| death_date = 13 November 1947
| death_place = Lakhipur, Goalpara, Assam
| occupation = Writer, essayists
| nationality = [[India]]n
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Nagendra Narayan Choudhury''' (1881-1947) was a short story writer and essayist from [[Assam]]. He was noted for his contribution to the field of Short stories and essays in the [[Assamese literature]] during the years of Awahon.<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4035|accessdate=15 June 2013|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|pages=4035–}}</ref><ref name="Baragohāñi1999">{{cite book|author=Nirupamā Baragohāñi|title=One Life Many Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCS3E11jeR0C&pg=PT172|accessdate=15 June 2013|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0688-5|pages=172–}}</ref> He was elected as a president of the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]] in 1931 held at [[Sivasagar district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vedanti.com/News/assam_sahitya_sabha_is_the_forem.htm |title=Assam Sahitya Sabha is the foremost and the most popular organization of Assam |publisher=Vedanti.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref>

==Brief life==
Choudhury was born in 1881 at Lakhipur near [[Goalpara]] of [[Assam]] to Khagendra Narayan Choudhury and Saradapriya Choudhury. After primary education at his birthplace he did his higher education at [[Dhuburi district|Dhuburi]] and Goalpara. After passing the entrance examination from he went to Calcutta and admitted in ''Jubilee Art Akademi''. He died in his own residence at Lakhipur on 13 November 1947.

==Literary works==
Choudhury was a regular writer in the "Awahan" journal of that time.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose|year = 1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA61|accessdate=15 June 2013|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|pages=61–}}</ref>

Some of his literary works include:
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
'''Books'''
# ''Dangai Atmorokshya'' (দাঙ্গায় আত্মৰক্ষা),
# ''Binar Jhonkar'' (বীণাৰ ঝঙ্কাৰ)

'''Short stories'''
# ''Nagendra Narayan Chaudhurtr Galpa'' (নগেন্দ্ৰ নাৰাযণ চৌধুৰীৰ গল্প)(Published in 1963)<ref name="Das1991">{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=A History of Indian Literature: 1800-1910, western impact: indian response / Sisir Kumar Das|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA604|accessdate=15 June 2013|year=1991|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-006-5|pages=604–}}</ref>
# ''Usorga'' (উছৰ্গা),
# ''Dutiramor sonkhar'' (দুটিৰামৰ সংসাৰ),
# ''Puhari'' (পোহাৰী),
# ''Modhumaloti'' (মধুমালতী),
# ''Tamor Tabiz'' (তামৰ তাবিজ),
# ''Osompurno aain'' (অসৰ্ম্পূণ আইন),
# ''Mur porisoy kahini'' (মোৰ পৰিণয় কাহিনী),
# ''Bijoya'' (বিজয়া),
# ''Noyontora'' (নয়নতৰা),
# ''Ustadzi'' (ওস্তাদজী),
# ''Lahori'' (লাহৰী),
# ''Protigya'' (প্ৰতিজ্ঞা),
# ''Poriworton'' (পৰিবৰ্তন),
# ''Bogitora'' (বগীতৰা),
# ''Moidam onusondhanot rosayon'' (মৈদাম অনুসন্ধানত ৰাসায়ন)
{{Col-break}}

'''Essays'''
# ''Oti luptokai prani'' (লুপ্ত অতিকায় প্ৰাণী),
# ''Vajonor fashion'' (ভাজনৰ ফেশ্যন),
# ''Bodo jatir kotha'' (বড়ো জাতিৰ কথা),
# ''Stree sikhar proujoniyota'' (স্ত্ৰী শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা),
# ''Ahom puthior bhaxa'' (আহোম ভাষাৰ পুথি),
# ''Gutosoror gupto koshol'' (গুপ্তচৰৰ গুপ্ত কৌশল),
# ''Prag Oitihashikjugor sitrokolpo'' (প্ৰাগ ঐতিহাসিক যুগৰ চিত্ৰশিল্প),
# ''Mur Jiwon Smriti'' (মোৰ জীৱন স্মৃতি),
# ''Seri Kellar Su-nrityo'' (ছেৰাই কেল্লাৰ ছো-নৃত্য),
# ''Monipuri pouranik nrityo'' (মণিপুৰী পৌৰাণিক নৃত্য)
{{col-end}}

==See also==
* [[Assamese literature]]
* [[History of Assamese literature]]
* [[List of Asam Sahitya Sabha presidents]]
* [[List of Assamese-language poets]]
* [[List of Assamese writers with their pen names]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Nagendra Narayan}}
[[Category:Writers from Assam|Choudhury, Nagendra Narayan]]
[[Category:Asom Sahitya Sabha presidents]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Goalpara district]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Short story writers from British India]]
[[Category:Essayists from British India]]
{{india-writer-stub}}

Rakesh Tiwari

2025-07-25T15:48:19Z

StephaineShrader:

{{short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
'''Rakesh Tiwari''' (born 25 October 1955) is a retired Indian judge and former acting Chief Justice of the [[Calcutta High Court]].

==Career==
Tiwari graduated in Commerce subject and passed [[LL.B.]] from [[Allahabad University]] in [[Allahabad]]. He got the enrollment on 20 July 1984 from the Bar Council of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He started practice in the [[Allahabad High Court]] on the Civil matters as well as Labour Industry, Company and Constitutional law. Tiwari also worked as advocate of Central Government Undertaking Corporations, Banks, Local Bodies and Premier Companies. He was first elevated as permanent Judge on 14 February 2002. In March 2016, Justice Tiwari was transferred to the Calcutta High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=44|title=HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD|website=allahabadhighcourt.in|access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in/Judges/24|title=The Hon'ble Justice Rakesh Tiwari|website=calcuttahighcourt.gov.in|access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref> After the retirement of Smt. [[Nishita Nirmal Mhatre]] he took charge of the Chief Justice on 20 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/six-new-judges-appointed-hyderabad-hc-justice-rakesh-tiwari-new-acting-cj-calcutta-hc-read-notifications/|title=Six New Judges Appointed In Hyderabad HC, Justice Rakesh Tiwari New Acting CJ Of Calcutta HC|access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref> He retired from the judgeship in October 2017.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/six-new-judges-joins-at-the-calcutta-high-court/other/news/997841.html|title=Six new judges joins at the Calcutta High Court|date=22 September 2017|publisher=United News of India|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Rakesh}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]

Syed Abdur Rouf

2025-07-14T14:04:33Z

StephaineShrader:

'''Syed Abdur Rouf''', also known as '''Maulavi Abdur Rouf''', was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] representing [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPzEMItoHDQC&q=Abdur+Rouf+assam |title=Constituent Assembly Debates: V. 7 : 4 November 1948 to 8 January 1949 |date=1999 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |page=650 |language=en}}</ref> He also served in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bangladesh |first1=Asiatic Society of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCXlAAAAMAAJ&q=Abdur+Rouf+assam |title=Journal |date=1978 |pages=77 |language=en}}</ref>

From 7 to 8 April 1944, Rouf was the chairperson of the Reception Committee of 3rd annual conference of the [[Assam Provincial Muslim League]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Phukon |first=Girin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Abdur+Rouf+assam |title=Politics of Regionalism in Northeast India |date=1996 |publisher=Spectrum Publications |isbn=978-81-85319-62-9 |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref> He was a leader of immigrant Muslims in Assam.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQ48AQAAIAAJ&q=Abdur+Rouf+assam |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh: Humanities |date=1981 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |pages=200 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rouf, Syed Abdur}}
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1937–1946]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1946–1952]]
[[Category:People from Barpeta district]]

Newaj River

2025-06-22T11:18:26Z

StephaineShrader:

{{Short description|River in Malwa Region}}
The '''Newaj''' is a river in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]], India. It is a tributary of the [[Kali Sindh River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newaj River |url=https://www.mappls.com/place-newaj+river+pachore-rajgarh+district-madhya+pradesh-465683-763B44@zdata=MjMuNzEwNjQzMDAwMDAwMSs3Ni43Mjg0MTYrMTcrNzYzQjQ0ed |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.mappls.com |language=en}}</ref> The Newaj River flows through [[Sehore]], [[Shajapur]], and [[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh District]] of Madhya Pradesh and [[Jhalawar District]] of Rajasthan. [[Jawar, Sehore|Jawar]], [[Shujalpur]], [[Pachore]] and [[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh]] towns are located on bank of the river.
[[File:Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh, India - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Newaj River In Rajgarh]]
The Newaj is a right bank principal tributary of the [[Kali Sindh River|Kali Sindh]]. The Newaj River reaches an elevation of 634 m in the [[Ashta, Madhya Pradesh|Ashta]] of [[Sehore District]] in Madhya Pradesh and traverses 220 km, of which 205 km is in Madhya Pradesh.

Mohanpura dam site is located in [[Mohanpura Ranwa|Mohanpura]] village of [[Biaora tehsil]] of Rajgarh. Mohanpura Dam is 8 km from Rajgarh. The catchment area intercepted at the dam site is 3726 km<sup>2</sup>. Mohanpura dam proposes to provide water for irrigation, domestic and industrial uses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=एमपी की खतरनाक नदी जो सबकुछ निगल जाती है ! रोंगटे खड़े कर देने वाला वीडियो {{!}} Rajgarh Newaj river swallow everything Video Viral On Social Media |url=https://www.patrika.com/rajgarh-news/rajgarh-newaj-river-swallow-everything-video-viral-on-social-media-18979794 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

A 15-day fair is organized on Rangpanchami in [[Avantipur Barodiya]], located in Shujalpur Block in [[Shajapur District]] of Madhya Pradesh. The fair is held in the dry premises of the Newaj river, attended by thousands of devotees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-30 |title=बाबा गरीबनाथ दरबार में निभाई गई 725वर्षों पुरानी परंपरा,रंगपंचमी पर उमड़ा भीड़ |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/madhya-pradesh/ujjain-725-years-old-tradition-performed-in-baba-garib-nath-temple-crowd-of-devotees-gathered-in-rangpanchami-8195489.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-20 |title=बाबा गरीब नाथ मेले को लेकर तैयारियां जोरों पर |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/shajapur-preparations-in-full-swing-for-baba-garib-nath-fair-7394743 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.5331|N|76.2820|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Geography of Malwa]]

{{India-river-stub}}