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India–Tibet relations

2026-05-07T16:30:12Z

StellaWindsor21: new initial pg added tags

{{Short description|Relations between Tibet and India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:1000 Year loop.jpg|thumb|[[Key Gompa|Kye Gompa]] is a [[Tibetan Buddhist]] monastery located in the [[Spiti Valley]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.]]
[[File:Tenzin Tsundue.jpg|thumb|[[Tenzin Tsundue]] protesting across from Chinese Premiere [[Wen Jiabao]]'s hotel room in [[Bangalore]] in 2005.]]
{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Tibet|India|Tibet|map=Map of (Thibet) with Lhasa (Lassa) capitol and India (Hindoostan) with Calcutta capitol in 1839 from Mitchell's School Atlas LOC 2007633727-13 (cropped).jpg|mission1=None|mission2=Tibet Office}}
'''Tibet–India relations''' are said to have begun during the spread of Buddhism to Tibet from India during the 6th century CE. During the [[Tibetan Empire]], Tibet controlled the Silk road routes around and through the Tibetan plateau, and from Tang China to Indian kingdoms. Their relations continued through the centuries and in c.1908 and 1912, India gave shelter to the [[13th Dalai Lama]] during Qing China's failed invasion of Tibet, before the Qing collapsed and surrendered. India continued to support Tibet during the ROC China's [[Simla Accord (1914)|Simla Accord]]. In 1959, the [[14th Dalai Lama]] escaped from Lhasa to India after the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]], when Tibet rescinded its [[Seventeen Point Agreement]] with PRC China. The [[Tibetan diaspora]] followed the Dalai Lama into India.

Since then, Tibetans-in-exile have been given asylum in India, with the Indian government accommodating them into 45 residential settlements across 10 states in the country, homes of the Tibetan diaspora. From around 150,000 Tibetan refugees in 2011, the number fell to 85,000 in 2018, according to government data.{{cn|date=May 2025}} Many Tibetans are now leaving India to go back to Tibet and other countries such as United States or Germany. The Government of India, soon after India's independence in 1947, treated Tibet as an independent country.{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=7|"Tibet was at minimum a de-facto independent country in 1951" is an UN ICJ quotation from 1959, not applicable to 1947}} However, more recently India's policy on Tibet has been mindful of China, and has recognized Tibet as a part of China.<ref>[https://www.arabnews.com/node/233423 India Recognizes Tibet As Part Of China], Arab News, 25 June 2003.</ref>
[[File:Gumpa.jpg|thumb|Gumpa dance, [[Lachung Monastery]], Sikkim, India]]

== History ==
Scholars like [[Buton Rinchen Drub]] (Bu-ston) have suggested that Tibetans are descendants of Rupati, a [[Kaurava]] military general from the historical [[Kurukshetra War]].{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=1}} Other scholars point to the spread of Buddhism to Tibet from India through the efforts of Tibetan kings, [[Songtsen Gampo]] and [[Trisong Detsen|Trisong-Detsen]] as the first significant contact.{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=2}} The [[13th Dalai Lama]], Thubten Gyatso, had visited the Indian subcontinent in 1910.{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=14}} Today, Tibetan pilgrims visit [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Sarnath]] and [[Sanchi]], places that are connected to the life of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=8}}

Tibet and China [[Wang Xuance|invaded northern India]] in the 7th century to punish a hostile king. Later on, Tibet adopted Indianized Buddhism after Indian Buddhists won against Chinese Buddhists in a debate organized by the Tibetan emperor. Indians regularly visited Tibet during the [[Era of Fragmentation]], seeking Tibet's abundance in gold under the guise of religious pilgrimages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sam. |first=Van Schaik |title=Tibet : a History. |date=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17217-1 |oclc=956654568}}</ref> In the 13th century, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] of Hindustan launched a disastrous invasion of Tibet. The [[Mughal Empire]] of Hindustan later [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War|relinquished]] influence over Ladakh to Tibet.

=== British Raj (1767–1947) ===
In 1779, the [[third Panchen Lama]], was well disposed to [[East India Company]] agents from British India.<ref name="Frederick W. Mote 1800, p.938">[[Frederick W. Mote]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC Imperial China 900–1800]'', Harvard University Press, 2003 p.938.</ref> Treaties regarding Tibet were concluded between Britain and China in the 1880s and 1890s but the Tibetan government refused to recognize their legitimacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – Treaties & Conventions Relating to Tibet |url=http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229182020/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/index.html |archive-date=29 December 2019 |access-date=4 October 2020 |website=tibetjustice.org}}</ref>

A [[British expedition to Tibet]], effectively an invasion, under the command of [[James Macdonald (British Army officer)|Brigadier-General James Macdonald]] and [[Francis Younghusband|Col. Francis Younghusband]] began in December 1903 and lasted for around ten months.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McKay|first=Alex|year=2012|title=The British Invasion of Tibet, 1903–04|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24572145|journal=Inner Asia|volume=14|issue=1|pages=5–25|doi=10.1163/22105018-990123777|jstor=24572145|issn=1464-8172|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Following this the [[Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet]] was signed in 1904; essentially the treaty imposed upon the Tibetans numerous points such as payment of a large indemnity to the British. This treaty was followed by a [[Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet|Sino-British treaty in 1906]] in which the British agreed not to annex Tibet and China agreed "not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906) [389] |url=http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties11.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912002742/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties11.html |archive-date=12 September 2009 |access-date=4 October 2020 |website=tibetjustice.org}}</ref>

The [[Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)|Qing sent a military expedition to Tibet in 1910]], [[Lhasa]] was occupied,<ref>{{cite book |author=Melvyn C. Goldstein |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv |title=A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State |date=1989 |url-access=registration}}</ref> and the Dalai Lama had to flee to British India, where he stayed for around three years.<ref>{{cite book |author=Melvyn C. Goldstein |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv |title=A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State |date=1989 |url-access=registration}}</ref> During 1904–1947, over 100 British-Indian officials lived and worked in Tibet.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McKay |first1=Alex |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMP7HTbD-BEC |title=Tibet and the British Raj: The Frontier Cadre, 1904–1947 |last2=McKay |first2=Professor Alex |date=1997 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-0627-3 |pages=xi |language=en}}</ref>

=== Independent India (1947–1962) ===
In August 1947, the Government of India inherited the treaties of the British Raj with regard to Tibet. The British Mission in [[Lhasa]] became India's diplomatic mission.{{Sfnp|Members of the International Commission of Jurists, Geneva|1959|p=6}} The Government of India made it evident in its correspondence that it regarded Tibet as a ''de facto'' country.{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=7}}{{efn|In this, independent India followed the British India's policy, e.g., "an informal memorandum from Foreign Secretary Eden which stated that since 1911 Tibet had enjoyed de facto independence and opposed Chinese attempts to reassert control".<ref>{{citation |last1=Van Eekelen |first1=Willem Frederik |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eTzBwAAQBAJ |year=1967 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-017-6555-8 |page=19}}</ref>}} This was not unique to India, as Nepal and Mongolia also had treaties with Tibet.{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=8}} A few months before India's independence, an Asian Conference was held in New Delhi, to which Tibet was invited. Along with the flags of other countries participating, [[Flag of Tibet|Tibet's flag]] was flown.{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=7}}

In August 1950 a Tibetan delegation and representatives of the People's Republic of China sat for negotiations in New Delhi. Following the [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|Chinese annexation of Tibet]] in October of that year, India sent a note of protest.{{Sfnp|Members of the International Commission of Jurists, Geneva|1959|p=6}}{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=7}} India's Deputy Prime Minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] wrote, "The tragedy of it is that the Tibetans put faith in us; they chose to be guided by us; and we have been unable to get them out of the meshes of Chinese diplomacy or Chinese malevolence."<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2020 |title='China Doesn't See Us as Friends': Patel's Letter to Nehru in 1950 |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/patels-letter-to-nehru-on-tibet-chinese-do-not-regard-us-as-friends |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

In 1954, China and India signed a [[Sino-Indian Agreement 1954|trade agreement]] that would regulate the trade between the two countries with respect to Tibet.{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 1954 |title=Agreement on Trade and Intercourse with Tibet Region |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7807/Agreement-on-Trade+and+Intercourse+with+Tibet+Region |access-date=25 September 2020 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> This trade agreement ended India's centuries-old free trade with Tibet.{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=12}}{{Clarify|reason=How can a "trade agreement" end trade? This is confusing and incomplete.|date=December 2021}} [[File:Pro-Tibet and anti-China protest in India in 1958.JPG|thumb|A protest in India in 1958]]
[[Acharya Kriplani]] said of Tibet in the Lok Sabha in 1959, "It was a nation which wanted to live its own life and it sought to have been allowed to live its own life. A good government is no substitute for self-government." [[Jayaprakash Narayan|Jaya Prakash Narayan]] had said "Tyrannies have come and gone and Caesars and Czars and dictators. But the spirit of man goes on forever. Tibet will be resurrected."{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=27}} However, the Indian press commented on the silence of the government during the time and noted that the government could do little to help Tibet, even after a United Nations General Assembly resolution in 1961 that mentioned Tibet's right to [[self-determination]].{{Sfn|Mehrotra|2000|p=28, 46}}

India's diplomatic mission in Lhasa in 1952 was downgraded into a consulate general, and, after the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], closed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Arpi |first=Claude |author-link=Claude Arpi |date=25 April 2014 |title=When India had a consulate general in Lhasa |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/slide-show-1-when-india-had-a-consulate-general-in-lhasa/20140425.htm |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> At the time, there were three countries that had missions in Lhasa: Bhutan, Nepal and India; only Nepal's mission remains.<ref name=":1" /> India has requested China over the years to allow the re-opening of a consulate in Lhasa; however, China has not accepted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samanta |first=Pranab Dhal |date=2 December 2006 |title=India wants consulate in Lhasa, Beijing says sorry |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-wants-consulate-in-lhasa-beijing-says/17824/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}; {{Cite web |last=Varma |first=K. J. M. |date=31 March 2015 |title=India to set up consulate in Chengdu as China says no to Lhasa |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/FbBiPnYJaaZOyKcVDFsigL/India-to-set-up-consulate-in-Chengdu-as-China-says-no-to-Lha.html |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2000 onwards ===
More recently, India's policy on Tibet has been based on trying not to offend China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pai |first=Nitin |date=13 September 2020 |title=It is time India gave its policy on Tibet some strategic coherence |url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/it-is-time-india-gave-its-policy-on-tibet-some-strategic-coherence-11600007875021.html |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Although [[Lobsang Sangay]] was invited to [[First swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Modi's swearing-in ceremony]] in 2014 and the [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[Pema Khandu]] declared that his state had a border with Tibet and not with China in 2017. A major shift in policy came in April 2018 after the Modi-Xi Jinping summit in Wuhan with the foreign ministry issuing a circular to dissuade government officials from going to Tibetan functions where the Dalai Lama or Tibetan government in exile were present.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Saran |first=Shyam |date=14 September 2020 |title=India waving SFF and Tibet cards won't scare China. Can't pull levers you don't have |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/india-waving-sff-and-tibet-card-wont-scare-china/501826/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> All events marking 60 years of the Tibetan government in exile were moved from New Delhi to Dharamshala.<ref name=":5" /> During the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|2020 border skirmishes and standoff]] between China and India, [[Shyam Saran|Shyam Sharan]] called "the tactical use of the Tibetan issue and of the Dalai Lama is both cynical and counter-productive"; he was referring to the use of the [[Special Frontier Force]] and the subsequent media coverage.<ref name=":6" /> New Delhi was accused of using the Tibetans as a bargaining card only when tensions with China are high.<ref name=":4" />[[File:CMO Naveen Patnaik and Dalai Lama in 2017 (4).jpg|thumb|[[Naveen Patnaik]] and Dalai Lama in 2017]]

== India's position on Tibet Autonomous Region ==
In 1988, following Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s visit, the first visit of an Indian Prime Minister to China since 1954, a joint press communique read, "the Indian side reiterated the long-standing and consistent policy of the Government of India that Tibet is an autonomous region of China [...]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sino-Indian Joint Press Communique (Beijing, 23 December 1988) |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t15800.shtml |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited China |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18017.shtml |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China}}</ref>

After Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] visit to China in June 2003, a joint declaration was signed in which India recognised that "the Tibet Autonomous Region is part of the territory of the People's Republic of China".<ref name="historical dictionary">{{citation |last1=Powers |first1=John |last2=Templeman |first2=David |title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&pg=PA749 |year=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7984-3 |page=184}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2003 |title=Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation Between the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?7679/Declaration+on+Principles+for+Relations+and+Comprehensive+Cooperation+Between+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Peoples+Republic+of+China |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> In Chinese view, this meant that India had, for "the first time", officially recognised Tibet as "part of China".<ref>Nilofar Shrawardy, [https://www.arabnews.com/node/233423 India Recognizes Tibet As Part Of China], Arab News, 25 June 2003. "... India for the first time explicitly recognized Tibet as a part of China, according to a copy of the declaration released by the official Chinese news agency Xinhua late yesterday."</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-52826828 帝国遗梦: 中国印度的三段边境争议 (The Last Dream of an Empire: Three Border Disputes between China and India)], BBC News Zhongwen, 27 May 2020. [Machine translated]: "India did not recognize Tibet as part of China for the first time until 2003."</ref> Some Indian and western commentators interpret it to mean that India had recognised China's "sovereignty" over Tibet.<ref name="historical dictionary" />{{Sfn|Indurthy|2016|p=64}} In return China, over a period of time, incrementally took steps to acknowledge India's sovereignty over Sikkim.{{Sfn|Indurthy|2016|p=64}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Anil K |date=31 May 2004 |title=China takes another step to recognise Sikkim as part of India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/china-takes-another-step-to-recognise-sikkim-as-part-of-india/225323 |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> [[Brahma Chellaney]] has written that India's recognition of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet constituted its "single biggest security blunder".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvDWA3wlc8AC |title=Water: Asia's New Battleground |date=2011 |publisher=Georgetown University Press |isbn=978-1-58901-798-6 |pages=177 |language=en}}</ref>

== Exile in India ==
[[File:Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg|thumb|[[Rumtek Monastery]] is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery located near [[Gangtok]], Sikkim, India]]The 14th Dalai Lama escaped from Tibet to India in March 1959 following the failed [[1959 Tibetan uprising]]. On reaching India, the [[Chushi Gangdruk]], who had assisted the Dalai Lama in his escape, handed over all their weapons to the Indian authorities. China would not have accepted Sikkim as part of India if Atal Bihari Vajpayee had not agreed to recognize Tibet as part of China in 2003. The formal recognition of Sikkim by China was closely tied to India's acknowledgment of Tibet as part of China. The diplomatic agreement was a reciprocal arrangement: India agreed to recognize Tibet as a Chinese region, and in return, China recognized Sikkim as part of India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kunga Samten Dewatshang |title=Flight at the Cuckoo's Behest, The Life and Times of a Tibetan Freedom Fighter |date=1997 |publisher=Paljor Publications |location=New Delhi |page=149}}; {{cite book |last1=Gompo Tashi Andrugtsang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=on1CAAAAYAAJ |title=Four Rivers, Six Ranges: Reminiscences of the Resistance Movement in Tibet |date=1973 |publisher=Information and Publicity Office of H.H. The Dalai Lama |location=Dharamsala |pages=105–106}}</ref> Since 1959, for over 60 years, India has given exiled Tibetans shelter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2019 |title=60 Years Into Exile, Tibetans Say India Has Done A Lot For Them |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-60-years-into-exile-tibetans-say-india-has-done-a-lot-for-them-news-334323 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> The [[Central Tibetan Administration]] (CTA), also known as the Tibetan government-in-exile, was formed in 1959 and is headquartered in [[Dharamshala]], Himachal Pradesh, India.<ref name="CTA">{{cite web |title=Central Tibetan Administration |url=http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803041342/http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=14 |archive-date=3 August 2010 |access-date=28 August 2010 |publisher=Central Tibetan Administration}}</ref> In 1991 the CTA became a founding member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] (UNPO).<ref>{{cite web |author=Ben Cahoon |title=International Organizations N–W |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/International_Organizations2.html#UNPO |access-date=27 November 2011 |publisher=Worldstatesmen.org}}; {{Cite web |date=23 May 2018 |title=UNPO: Tibet |url=https://unpo.org/members/7879 |access-date=23 September 2020 |website=unpo.org}}</ref> In 2009, a survey by the CTA recorded 94,203 Tibetan refugees in India.<ref name="Press Trust of India">{{Cite news |date=12 April 2010 |title=127935 Tibetans living outside Tibet: Tibetan survey |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/127935-Tibetans-living-outside-Tibet-Tibetan-survey/Article1-634405.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=17 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927215516/http://www.hindustantimes.com/127935-Tibetans-living-outside-Tibet-Tibetan-survey/Article1-634405.aspx |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> The Indian government officially recognises Tibetans only as 'foreigners' and not as refugees.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Kunal |date=21 March 2019 |title=After 60 years in India, why are Tibetans leaving? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/3/21/after-60-years-in-india-why-are-tibetans-leaving |access-date=24 September 2020 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

A CTA functionary said in 2019:<ref name=":0" />
{{Blockquote|text=China has occupied Tibet and we expect India has the only legitimacy and credibility to speak about Tibet [...] It is due to India's consistent generosity and kindness, we, the people in exile, have been able to preserve our ancient cultural heritage in exile|title=|source=}}
[[File:Golden temple at Khushalnagar in Karnataka.jpg|thumb|The Golden temple at the Tibetan settlement in Khushalnagar, Coorg district, Karnataka, India]]
[[File:His Holiness at TCV Gopalpur.jpg|thumb|The Dalai Lama visiting the [[Tibetan Children's Villages]] student art centre at [[Gopalpur, Himachal Pradesh]]]]Tibetans in India have been accommodated by the Indian government in 45 residential settlements across 10 states in the country. There are 59 monasteries across India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalbag |first=Chaitanya |date=3 July 2019 |title=The Merry Monk and His Floundering Flock |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-needles-eye/the-merry-monk-and-his-floundering-flock/ |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=Economic Times Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Tibetan children are provided free education, and seats are reserved for them in universities. However, they are not eligible for government jobs, and in some states they cannot get loans and are not allowed to drive.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2017 |agency=Reuters |title=60 years after fleeing Tibet, refugees in India get passports, not property |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tibet-tibetan-refugees-india-passports-984080-2017-06-22 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Tibetans refugees in India cannot own land or property. In 2017, 60 years after coming to India, the Indian government permitted Tibetans to get passports.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Madhukar |first1=Abhishek |last2=Chandran |first2=Rina |date=22 June 2017 |title=Sixty years after fleeing Tibet, refugees in India get passports, not property |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-refugees-tibet-idINKBN19D00O |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622185051/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-refugees-tibet-idINKBN19D00O |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 June 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> In 2018 it was reported that many Tibetans are leaving India for better opportunities elsewhere, including Tibet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Kunal |date=31 March 2018 |title=The search for home: Why Tibetans are leaving India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-search-for-home-why-tibetans-are-leaving-india/story-fs6G56W52aPEjkFPbS5yYK.html |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> From around 150,000 Tibetan refugees in 2011 the number fell to 85,000 in 2019, according to government data.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> While some are going back to Tibet, other Tibetans are leaving India for countries such as United States and Switzerland.<ref name=":2" /> In 2018, due to Chinese presence, India had shifted its stance with respect to Tibet, resulting in the [[Dalai Lama]] calling on Tibetans to stay united.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Madhukar |first=Abhishek |date=31 March 2018 |title=Dalai Lama calls on Tibetans to remain united as India drifts towards China |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-china-tibet-idINKBN1H70J9 |access-date=10 May 2020}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Special Frontier Force ==
The [[Special Frontier Force]] (SFF), an elite [[commando]] unit formed in 1962 to conduct covert operations behind Chinese lines, consists of [[Tibetan refugees in India]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2020 |title=Explained: What is the Special Frontier Force, referred to as Vikas Battalion? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-special-frontier-force-vikas-battalion-6578568/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Establishment-22 draws its strength from Karnataka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/sep/04/establishment-22-draws-its-strength-from-karnataka-2192215.html |access-date=4 September 2020 |website=The New Indian Express |date=4 September 2020 }}</ref> During the [[2020 China–India skirmishes]] media reports emerged of the death of a Tibetan–Indian soldier of the SFF, Nyima Tenzin. On 8 September, images and videos appeared in the media of his public funeral and cremation with full state honors. His coffin was covered with both the Indian and [[Flag of Tibet|Tibetan flags]]. However while media covered the event, the leadership in India remained silent.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Ankita |date=14 September 2020 |title=India-China tension: Soldier's death puts spotlight on Tibetans in India {{!}} DW {{!}} 14 September 2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-china-tension-soldiers-death-puts-spotlight-on-tibetans-in-india/a-54913740|access-date=28 September 2020|website=DW|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=2 September 2020 |title=Ladakh intrusions: Special Frontier Force takes first casualties |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/defence/ladakh-intrusions-special-frontier-force-takes-first-casualties-120090200030_1.html |access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref> [[Ram Madhav]], who was seen at the funeral paying his respects, tweeted about the event, "Attended the funeral of SFF Coy Ldr Nyima Tenzin, a Tibetan who laid down his life protecting our borders in Ladakh, and laid a wreath as a tribute. Let the sacrifices of such valiant soldiers bring peace along the Indo-Tibetan border. That will be the real tribute to all martyrs." Ram Madhav later deleted his tweet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Geeta |date=8 September 2020 |title=Ram Madhav attends Tibetan soldier's funeral, deletes tweet; experts debate if India has new Tibet policy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ram-madhav-attends-tibetan-soldier-s-funeral-deletes-tweet-india-tibet-policy-1719658-2020-09-08 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== India–Tibet trade ==

=== Bengal–Lhasa route via Kalimpong ===
By 1924, "half the entire trade between Tibet and India" was through the Bengal–Lhasa route via [[Kalimpong]].{{Sfn|Majumdar|1994|p=630}} However this route is no longer open. There has been talk of opening up a Lhasa to Kolkata road and rail link via Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Kalyan |date=18 July 2003 |title=Routes of promise |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30217901.ece |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> However a recent attempt at re-opening Nathu La resulted in underperforming trade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Debasis |date=25 January 2017 |title=Closed Sino–India trade route Jelep-La deserves reopening |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/closed-sinoindia-trade-route-jelep-la-deserves-reopening/articleshow/56778794.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref>

== Cultural relations ==
Buddhism and knowledge stored in the Sanskrit language are a large part of the Tibetan culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title="We consider ourselves extension of Indian culture," says Tibetan leader in exile |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/we-consider-ourselves-extension-of-indian-culture-says-tibetan-leader-in-exile20240718214329/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:The Dalai Lama in ceremonial dress enters India through a high mountain pass, Sikkim, 1956.jpg|The 14th Dalai Lama in ceremonial dress enters India through a high mountain pass, Sikkim, 1956
File:Prime Minister Nehru pointing out a landmark to the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama.jpg|Prime Minister Nehru pointing out a landmark to the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama, 1956
File:The Holiness the Dalai Lama visited the Kashmir Art Emporium at Calcutta, during his visit to the city, on January 21, 1957C.jpg|Dalai Lama visits the Kashmir Art Emporium at Calcutta, during his visit to the city, on January 21, 1957
File:The Dalai Lama with President Rajendra Prasad and Vice President S Radhakrishnan.jpg|The Dalai Lama with President Rajendra Prasad and Vice President S Radhakrishnan
File:The Dalai Lama, Nehru and Zhou Enlai in 1956 in India.jpg|The Dalai Lama, Nehru and Zhou Enlai in 1956 in India, at the UNESCO Buddhist Conference in Ashok Hotel, New Delhi.
File:The Dalai Lama at Chou En-Lai’s side in 1956.jpg|The Dalai Lama at Chou En-Lai's side in 1956; Nehru is on the left
File:2008 Tibet. China..jpg|Protest against China in India, 19 April 2008. Visible on left is Tibetan activist [[Tenzin Tsundue]]'''.'''
File:His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIV Dharamsala India 2012.10.02 08.50am.jpg|The 14th Dalai Lama in Dharamsala, 2012
File:Mindrolling stupa at Dehradun.jpg|Mindrolling stupa at Dehradun
File:Dalai Lama, Manish Sisodia and Arvind Kejriwala on Happiness Curriculum Launch.jpg|Dalai Lama, Manish Sisodia and Arvind Kejriwal at the launch of the [[Happiness Curriculum]], 2018
File:The Tawang Monastery.jpg|[[Tawang Monastery]] located in [[Tawang]], Arunachal Pradesh. It the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world.
File:Cham dance during Dosmoche festival in Leh Palace DSCN5689 1.jpg|[[Cham dance]] during Dosmoche festival in [[Leh Palace]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Relations of India and Tibet}}
* [[Barkor Khache]]
* [[Foreign relations of Tibet]]
* [[Tibet House]]
* [[Asian relations with Northeast India#China|Tibet's relations with Northeast India]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''{{notelist}}'''Citations'''{{reflist}}'''Bibliography'''
* {{Cite book |last=Mehrotra |first=LL |url=https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Inidas-Tibet-Policy.pdf |title=India's Tibet Policy: An Appraisal and Options |publisher=Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre, New Delhi. |year=2000 |edition=Third |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Indurthy |first=Rathnam |year=2016 |title=India and China: Conflict, Competition, Cooperation, and Prospects for Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45014321 |journal=International Journal on World Peace |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=43–108 |jstor=45014321}}
* {{Cite book |last=Members of the Commission |url=http://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1959/01/Tibet-rule-of-law-report-1959-eng.pdf |title=The Question of Tibet and the Rule of Law |publisher=International Commission of Jurists |year=1959 |location=Geneva |ref={{sfnref|Members of the International Commission of Jurists, Geneva|1959}}}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Majumdar |first=Enakshi |year=1994 |title=THE ROUTE: A Study of the Trade Route Connecting the Frontier Trade Part of Kalimpong with the Plains of Bengal and Lhasa (1865–1965) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143420 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=55 |pages=630–638 |jstor=44143420}}

== Further reading ==
* C. H. Alexandrowicz (April 1953). India and the Tibetan Tragedy. Foreign Affairs.
* [https://theprobe.in/india-needs-to-state-clearly-that-the-reincarnation-of-his-holiness-dalai-lama-is-his-prerogative-alone-and-would-be-decided-according-to-his-wishes "India must state clearly reincarnation of Dalai Lama is his prerogative, should be decided as per his wishes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130193851/https://theprobe.in/india-needs-to-state-clearly-that-the-reincarnation-of-his-holiness-dalai-lama-is-his-prerogative-alone-and-would-be-decided-according-to-his-wishes/ |date=30 November 2021 }}, ''The Probe'', 27 May 2021.
* {{Cite journal |last=Dolma |first=Tenzin |date=Spring–Summer 2019 |title=Why are Tibetans Migrating Out of India? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26921466 |journal=The Tibet Journal |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=27–52 |jstor=26921466}}
* Arpi, Claude (2004). Cultural Relations between India and Tibet : An overview of the light from India. Dialogue. October–December 2004, Volume 6 No. 2.
* {{Cite book |last=Arpi |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKczxQEACAAJ |title=Tibet: When the Gods Spoke. India Tibet Relations (1947–1962), Part 3 |publisher=Vij Books |year=2019 |isbn=9789388161572 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arpi |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VucvuwEACAAJ |title=Will Tibet Ever Find Her Soul Again? India Tibet Relations (1947–1962), Part 2 |publisher=Vij Books |year=2018 |isbn=9788193759189 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arpi |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qY8CugEACAAJ |title=Tibet, the Last Months of a Free Nation: India Tibet Relations (1947–1962), Part 1 |publisher=Vij Books |year=2017 |isbn=9789386457226 |location=New Delhi}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Tibet topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tibet-India relations}}
[[Category:India–Tibet relations| ]]
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in India]]

Kozhithodu

2026-05-06T10:33:49Z

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{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Kozhithodu''' is a tributary of the [[Pamba River]], the third longest river in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. It separates [[Aranmula]] and [[Edayaranmula]]. This stream is located in [[Pathanamthitta District]].

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Rivers of Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Pamba River]]

{{Kerala-river-stub}}

Anglo-Mughal war (1686–1690)

2026-04-29T16:24:58Z

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{{Short description|First Anglo-Indian war, 1686–1680}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Child’s War
| image = The English ask pardon of Aurangzeb.jpg
| caption = [[Kingdom of France|French]] illustration of [[Josiah Child|Sir Josiah Child]] requesting a pardon from the [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]
| date = January 1686 – February 1690
| partof = the [[Anglo-Indian wars]]
| place = [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| result = Mughal victory
| territory =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.png}} [[East India Company]]
| combatant2 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Josiah Child]] [[Thomas Pitt]] [[Job Charnock]]
| commander2 = [[Shaista Khan]] [[Daud Khan Panni]] [[Yakut Khan]]
| strength1 = '''Total: 3,300''' 
* Including 150 Portuguese, 600 Bengali [[mercenaries]]
* 2,300 at Bombay
* 1,000 at Madras
| strength2 = '''Total: 980,000''' 
* ~500,000 professional army
* ~400,000 militia
* ~50,000 [[Heavy Cavalry]]
* ~30,000 [[War Elephants]]

'''Siege of Bombay'''<ref name="Hunt2017">{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48554769 | jstor=48554769 | title=The 1689 Mughal Siege of East India Company Bombay | last1=Hunt | first1=Margaret R. | journal=[[History Workshop Journal]] | year=2017 | issue=84 | pages=149–169 | doi=10.1093/hwj/dbx034 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 14,000 total
| casualties1 = '''Bombay''' 
* ~115 deserters
* ~2,000 killed

'''Madras'''
Unknown
| casualties2 = '''Total'''<ref name="Hunt2017" />
Light to none
}}

[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|thumb|upright=1.47|In 1702 [[Daud Khan of the Carnatic|Daud Khan]], the [[Mughal Empire]]'s local [[Subahdar]] of the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], besieged and blockaded [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St George]] in [[Chennai|Madras]] for more than three months;<ref name="Blackburn 2007">{{cite book|title=A Miscellany of Mutinies and Massacres in India|last=Blackburn |first=T. R.|date=2007|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=9788131301692|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQgt5SYepi8C|page=11|access-date=2015-02-23}}</ref> the governor of the fort, [[Thomas Pitt]], was instructed by the [[East India Company]] to sue for peace.]]

The '''Anglo-Mughal war''',<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Conflict and Cooperation in Anglo-Mughal Trade Relations during the Reign of Aurangzeb|first=Farhat|last=Hasan|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=34|issue=4|date=1991|pages=351–360|doi=10.1163/156852091X00058|jstor=3632456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675–1690|first=James M.|last=Vaughn|journal=[[Britain and the World]]|volume=11|issue=1|date=September 2017|doi=10.3366/brw.2017.0283|pages=101–137}}</ref> also known as the '''Child's War''', was the first [[Anglo-Indian wars|Anglo-Indian war]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]].

The [[East India Company|English East India Company]] had been given a monopoly and numerous fortified bases on the western and south-eastern coasts of the [[Mughal Empire]] by [[the Crown]], which was permitted by the local governors. In 1682, [[William Hedges (colonial administrator)|William Hedges]] was sent on behalf of the Company to negotiate with the governor of the [[proto-industrialisation|proto-industrialised]] [[Bengal Subah]], [[Shaista Khan]], and to obtain a [[firman]], an imperial decree that would allow the English company regular trading privileges across the Mughal provinces.

In 1685, after some breaking of negotiations by [[Josiah Child]], the Governor of Bengal reacted by increasing the tributaries of the trade with the north-east from 2% to 3.5%. The company refused the newly introduced taxes and began to try to get the province of Bengal to accept new terms in favour of the trading power and expressed to capture [[Chittagong]]. They also planned to establish fortified enclaves throughout the region, and attain independence of the surrounding [[subah]] from the Mughal territory by bringing the local governors and the [[Hooghly River]] under their control, which would later allow formation of relationships with the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] based in [[Arakan]] (today's [[Myanmar]]) and hold substantial power in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>John Keay, ''India: A History'', pp. 79–81, {{ISBN|9780802195500}}</ref>

Upon the Company's request, King [[James II of England|James II]]<ref>The Evolution of Judicial Systems and Law in the Sub-continent by Ayub Premi, page 42, [[University of California]]</ref> sent 12 warships to help out the [[company rule in India]], but the expedition failed as he was overthrown by [[William III of England|William III]] in 1688, whose reign was hostile to the company.<ref>{{cite book |title=From Plassey to Partition |first=Śekhara |last=Bandyopādhyāẏa |year=2004 |page=39 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=81-250-2596-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EpNz0U8VEQC&q=plassey+to+partition |via=Google Books}}</ref> Following the dispatch of twelve warships loaded with troops, a number of battles took place, leading to the siege of [[Bombay Harbour]] and bombardment of the city of [[Balasore]]. New peace treaties were negotiated, and the East India Company sent petitions to the emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], about trade involving the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] at [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hooghly]] and religious intolerance of the [[Tamils|Tamil community]] in [[Madras]], but praised Aurangzeb's imperial majesty and compared him with [[Achaemenid Empire|ancient Persia]]'s emperors [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] and [[Darius I|Darius]].<ref name="British Rule page 19-22">{{cite book |title=India under British Rule |pages=19–22 |author=[[James Talboys Wheeler]]}}</ref> However, the company eventually failed to reach an agreement.

The English naval forces established a blockade of the Mughal ports on the western Indian coast, engaged in several battles with the Mughal Army, and captured ships with [[Muslim]] pilgrims journeying to [[Mecca]].<ref name="The Cambridge Modern History page 699">{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Modern History |page=699 |volume=5 |author1=Ward |author2=Prothero |publisher=Macmillan, [[University of Michigan]] |year=1908}}</ref><ref name="British Rule page 19-22" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |date=January 2005 |pages=16–18 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. |isbn=9781932705546}}</ref>

The blockade started to affect major cities like [[Chittagong]], [[Madras]] and [[Mumbai (Bombay)]], which resulted in the intervention of [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]], who seized all the factories of the company and arrested members of the [[Presidency armies|East India Company Army]], while the Company forces commanded by Josiah Child captured further Mughal [[Merchant ship|trading ships]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Anglo-Mughal Commercial Relations, 1583–1717 |first=Phanindranath |last=Chakrabarty |page=257 |publisher=O.P.S. Publishers, [[University of California]] |year=1983}}</ref>

Ultimately the Company was forced to concede by the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|armed forces of the Mughal Empire]] and the company was fined 150,000 rupees (roughly equivalent to today's $4.4 million). The company's apology was accepted and the trading privileges were restored by Aurangzeb.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |title=India: A History |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |page=372}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Imperialism and the Developing World: How Britain and the United States Shaped the Global Periphery |first=Atul |last=Kohli |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=31 January 2020 |pages=42–44}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company, 1600–1757 |first=Emily |last=Erikson |page=193 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |date=13 September 2016 |isbn=9780691173795}}</ref>

==Background==
In 1682 the [[East India Company|English East India Company]] sent [[William Hedges (colonial administrator)|William Hedges]] to [[Shaista Khan]], the Mughal governor of [[Bengal Subah]], in order to obtain a [[firman]], an imperial directive that would grant the Company regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire. The intervention of the company's governor in London, Josiah Child, with Hedges's mission caused [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]] Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations. After that Child decided to go to war against the Mughals.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Asia.aspx# |title=Asia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia | Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World |publisher=encyclopedia.com|access-date=2015-02-23}}</ref>

==Events==
In 1685, Admiral Nicholson was sent out with twelve warships, carrying 200 pieces of cannon and 600 men, to be reinforced by 400 men from [[Madras]]. His instructions were to capture and fortify [[Chittagong]], with 200 additional guns placed on board, to demand the cession of the encompassing territory, to conciliate the [[Zamindar]]s and [[Taluqdar]]s, to establish a mint, and to enter into a treaty with the ruler of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]]. But the fleet was dispersed during the voyage, and several of the vessels entered the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] instead of steering to Chittagong, joining English troops from Madras, and anchoring off the Company's factory.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

The arrival of the formidable expedition alarmed Shaista Khan, and he offered to compromise his differences with the English; but an unforeseen event brought the negotiation to an abrupt close. Three English soldiers, strolling through the marketplace of Hooghly, quarrelled with Mughal officials, and were severely beaten. After that, Nicholson dispatched a force to capture the town.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

In 1686, new negotiations started in Chuttanutty which the Mughals intentionally prolonged till their troops could be assembled to attack the English encampment, and English commander Job Charnock retired with his soldiers and establishments to the island of Ingelee, at the mouth of the [[Hooghly River]]. It was a low and deadly swamp, covered with long grass, without any fresh water. In three months, half of the English troops had died from disease.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

In 1688, an English fleet was dispatched to [[blockade]] the Mughal harbours in the [[Arabian Sea]] on the western coast of India. Merchantmen containing [[Muslim]] pilgrims to [[Mecca]] (as part of the ''[[hajj]]'') were among those captured. Upon hearing of the blockade, Emperor Aurangzeb resumed negotiations with the English.<ref name="The Cambridge Modern History page 699" /><ref name="British Rule page 19-22" /> However, the Company sent out reinforcements commanded by Captain Heath who on his arrival disallowed the treaty then pending and proceeded to [[Balasore]] which he bombarded unsuccessfully. He then sailed to Chittagong; but finding the fortifications stronger than he had anticipated, landed at Madras.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

After that, Emperor Aurangzeb issued orders for the occupation of the East India Company's possessions across the subcontinent, and the confiscation of their property. As a result, possessions of East India Company were reduced to the fortified towns of Madras and [[Bombay]].{{cn|date=April 2025}}

In 1689, the strong Mughal fleet from [[Janjira State|Janjira]] commanded by [[Sidi Yaqub]] and composed of [[Siddi]] from the [[Ethiopia]] blockaded the East India Company fort in Bombay. After a year of resistance, a famine broke out due to the blockade, the Company surrendered, and in 1690 the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's court to plea for a pardon and to renew the trade firman. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large imperial fine of 150,000 rupees, and promise better behavior in the future. [[Aurangzeb|Emperor Aurangzeb]] then ordered [[Sidi Yaqub]] to lift the [[siege of Bombay]] and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name="encyclopedia" />

==See also==
* [[Henry Every]]
* [[Thomas Tew]]
* [[Battle of Buxar]]
* [[Sloop]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Mughal war (1686-1690)}}
[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1680s in India]]
[[Category:1690 in India]]
[[Category:1680s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1690s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1680s in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1690 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:James II of England]]

Mohan Yadav ministry

2026-04-29T10:36:45Z

StellaWindsor21:

{{Short description|2023 cabinet of Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 34th
| jurisdiction = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| flag = File:Emblem of Madhya Pradesh.svg
| incumbent =
| image = File:PM attends swearing in ceremony of Mohan Yadav and his deputies at Bhopal, in Madhya Pradesh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Mohan Yadav|Dr Mohan Yadav]]
| date_formed = 13 December 2023
| date_dissolved = Incumbent
| government_head = [[Mohan Yadav|Dr Mohan Yadav]]
| government_head_title = [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| deputy_government_head = [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]] [[Jagdish Devda]]
| deputy_government_head_title = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Deputy Chief Ministers]]
| state_head = [[Mangubhai C. Patel]]
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh|Governor]]
| members_number = 31
| total_number = 32
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government| Majority]]
{{Composition bar|165|230|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
| opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| opposition_leader = [[Umang Singhar]]
| election = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| last_election = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| previous = [[Fourth Chouhan ministry]]
| successor = Incumbent
}}

The '''Mohan Yadav ministry''' represents the formation of the Thirty-Fourth cabinet of the Indian state [[Madhya Pradesh]] under the leadership of [[Mohan Yadav]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-12 |title=MP's new CM Mohan Yadav can brandish swords & degrees, has strong RSS links |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mps-new-cm-can-brandish-swords-degrees-has-strong-rss-links/articleshow/105916880.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MP CM Oath Ceremony: मोहन यादव कल लेंगे MP के CM पद की शपथ, PM मोदी और शाह सहित कई दिग्गज होंगे शामिल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/live/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-cm-oath-taking-live-mohan-yadav-swearing-in-ceremony-mp-deputy-cm-ministers-list-news-in-hindi-2023-12-12 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> who was elected as the Nineteenth [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-12-11 |title=Madhya Pradesh: Meet Mohan Yadav, the 3-time Ujjain South MLA, and now CM |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/madhya-pradesh-news-meet-mohan-yadav-the-3-time-ujjain-south-mla-education-minister-and-now-chief-minister-11702293483803.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), led by Mohan Yadav, secured an absolute majority in the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], winning 163 out of the 230 seats in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|state assembly]].

==Council of Ministers==
===Cabinet Ministers===
On 25 December 2023, Chief Minister Mohan Yadav inducted 28 ministers into his council of ministers.<ref name="Madhya Pradesh Cabinet expansion: Kailash Vijayvargiya, 27 others take oath">{{cite news |publisher=India Today |title=Madhya Pradesh Cabinet expansion: Kailash Vijayvargiya, 27 others take oath |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madhya-pradesh-cabinet-expansion-today-mohan-yadav-bjp-ministers-swearing-in-2480179-2023-12-25 |access-date=25 December 2023 |date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225175434/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madhya-pradesh-cabinet-expansion-today-mohan-yadav-bjp-ministers-swearing-in-2480179-2023-12-25 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Madhya Pradesh CM Mohan Yadav distributes portfolios, keeps Home">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Madhya Pradesh CM Mohan Yadav distributes portfolios, keeps Home |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/madhya-pradesh-cm-mohan-yadav-distributes-portfolios-keeps-home/article67691269.ece |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305114407/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/madhya-pradesh-cm-mohan-yadav-distributes-portfolios-keeps-home/article67691269.ece |archive-date=5 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister allocates portfolios, keeps Home {{!}} Full list here">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister allocates portfolios, keeps Home {{!}} Full list here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madhya-pradesjh-government-new-portfolios-chief-minister-mohan-yadav-bjp-governmnet-2482425-2023-12-31 |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305114405/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madhya-pradesjh-government-new-portfolios-chief-minister-mohan-yadav-bjp-governmnet-2482425-2023-12-31 |archive-date=5 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|'''Chief Minister''']] {{bulletlist
|General Administration
|Home
|Public Relations
|Jails
|Mining
|Aviation
|Industrial Policies
|Investment Promotion
}}
And all other departments not specifically assigned to any minister.
| minister1 = [[Mohan Yadav]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|'''Deputy Chief Minister''']] {{bulletlist
|Public Health
|Medical Education
}}
| minister1 = [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|'''Deputy Chief Minister''']] {{bulletlist
|Finance
|Commercial Tax
}}
| minister1 = [[Jagdish Devda]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Panchayat and Rural Development
}}
| minister1 = [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Public Works
}}
| minister1 = [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Transport
|School Education
}}
| minister1 = [[Uday Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Uday Pratap Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Urban Development
|Housing
|Parliamentary Affairs
}}
| minister1 = [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Sports and Youth Affairs
|Co-operatives
}}
| minister1 = [[Vishvas Sarang]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Energy
}}
| minister1 = [[Pradhuman Singh Tomar]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Water Resources
}}
| minister1 =[[Tulsi Ram Silawat]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Farmers' Welfare
|Agricultural Development
}}
| minister1 = [[Adal Singh Kansana]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Social Justice
|Horticulture
|Food Processing
}}
| minister1 = [[Narayan Singh Kushwah]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Tribal Affairs
|Public Assets Management
|Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation
}}
| minister1 = [[Kunwar Vijay Shah]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Revenue
}}
| minister1 = [[Karan Singh Verma]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Public Health Engineering
}}
| minister1 = [[Sampatiya Uikey]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Women and Child Development
}}
| minister1 = [[Nirmala Bhuria]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Food and Civil Supplies
}}
| minister1 = [[Govind Singh Rajput]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Higher Education
|Technical Education
}}
| minister1 = [[Inder Singh Parmar]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Scheduled Castes Welfare
}}
| minister1 = [[Nagar Singh Chouhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
}}
| minister1 = [[Chetanya Kasyap]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|New & Renewable Energy
}}
| minister1 = [[Rakesh Shukla (politician)|Rakesh Shukla]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Forest And Environment
}}
| minister1 = [[Ramnivas Rawat]]<ref name="M.P. cabinet expanded; Ramniwas Rawat takes oath as Minister">{{cite news |newspaper=The Hindu |title=M.P. cabinet expanded; Ramniwas Rawat takes oath as Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/mp-cabinet-expanded-ramniwas-rawat-takes-oath-as-minister/article68380601.ece |access-date=8 July 2024 |date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708162432/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/mp-cabinet-expanded-ramniwas-rawat-takes-oath-as-minister/article68380601.ece |archive-date=8 July 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| minister1_termstart = 8 July 2024
| minister1_termend =4 December 2024
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of State (Independent Charge)===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Other Backward Classes and Minority Welfare
}}
| minister1 = [[Krishna Gaur]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Culture
| Tourism
|Religious Trust and Endowments
}}
| minister1 = [[Dharmendra Singh Lodhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Cottage and Village Industries
}}
| minister1 = Dilip Jaiswal
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Skill Development and Employment
}}
| minister1 = [[Gautam Tetwal]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Dairy and Animal Husbandry
}}
| minister1 = [[Lakhan Patel]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{bulletlist
|Fisheries and Fishermen Welfare
}}
| minister1 = [[Narayan Singh Panwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 25 December 2023
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==Demographics of Council of Ministers==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Division
! District
!Ministers
!Name of ministers
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Chambal division|Chambal]]
| [[Sheopur district|Sheopur]]
|1
|[[Ramnivas Rawat]]
|-
| [[Morena district|Morena]]
|1
|[[Adal Singh Kansana]]
|-
| [[Bhind district|Bhind]]
|1
|[[Rakesh Shukla (politician)|Rakesh Shukla]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Gwalior division|Gwalior]]
| [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]]
|2
|[[Pradhuman Singh Tomar]] [[Narayan Singh Kushwah]]
|-
| [[Datia district|Datia]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Shivpuri district|Shivpuri]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Guna district|Guna]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Ashoknagar district|Ashoknagar]]
|–
|–
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Sagar division|Sagar]]
| [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
|1
|[[Govind Singh Rajput]]
|-
| [[Tikamgarh district|Tikamgarh]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Niwari district|Niwari]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
|1
|[[Dileep Ahirwar]]
|-
| [[Damoh district|Damoh]]
|2
|[[Dharmendra Singh Lodhi]] [[Lakhan Patel]]
|-
| [[Panna district|Panna]]
|–
|–
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Rewa division|Rewa]]
| [[Satna district|Satna]]
|1
|[[Pratima Bagri]]
|-
| [[Maihar district|Maihar]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Rewa district|Rewa]]
|1
|[[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]] ([[List of deputy chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]])
|-
| [[Mauganj district|Mauganj]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Sidhi district|Sidhi]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Singrauli district|Singrauli]]
|1
|[[Radha Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Shahdol division|Shahdol]]
| [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Anuppur district|Anuppur]]
|1
|[[Dilip Jaiswal]]
|-
| [[Umaria district|Umaria]]
|–
|–
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Jabalpur division|Jabalpur]]
| [[Katni district|Katni]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]
|1
|[[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
|-
| [[Dindori district|Dindori]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Mandla district|Mandla]]
|1
|[[Sampatiya Uikey]]
|-
| [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Seoni district|Seoni]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Narsinghpur district|Narsinghpur]]
|2
|[[Prahlad Singh Patel]] [[Uday Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Uday Pratap Singh]]
|-
| [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Pandhurna district|Pandhurna]]
|–
|–
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Narmadapuram division|Narmadapuram]]
| [[Betul district|Betul]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Harda district|Harda]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Narmadapuram district|Narmadapuram]]
|–
|–
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Bhopal division|Bhopal]]
| [[Raisen district|Raisen]]
|1
|[[Narendra Shivaji Patel]]
|-
| [[Vidisha district|Vidisha]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Bhopal district|Bhopal]]
|2
|[[Vishvas Sarang]] [[Krishna Gaur]]
|-
| [[Sehore district|Sehore]]
|1
|[[Karan Singh Verma]]
|-
| [[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]]
|2
|[[Gautam Tetwal]] [[Narayan Singh Panwar]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Indore division|Indore]]
| [[Khandwa district|Khandwa]]
|1
|[[Kunwar Vijay Shah]]
|-
| [[Burhanpur district|Burhanpur]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Khargone district|Khargone]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Barwani district|Barwani]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Alirajpur district|Alirajpur]]
|1
|[[Nagar Singh Chouhan]]
|-
| [[Jhabua district|Jhabua]]
|1
|[[Nirmala Bhuria]]
|-
| [[Dhar district|Dhar]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Indore district|Indore]]
|2
|[[Kailash Vijayvargiya]] [[Tulsi Silawat]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Ujjain division|Ujjain]]
| [[Agar Malwa district|Agar Malwa]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Shajapur district|Shajapur]]
|1
|[[Inder Singh Paramar]]
|-
| [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
|–
|–
|-
| [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]]
|1
|[[Mohan Yadav]] ([[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]])
|-
| [[Ratlam district|Ratlam]]
|1
|[[Chetanya Kashyap]]
|-
| [[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur]]
|1
|[[Jagdish Devda]] ([[List of deputy chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]])
|-
| [[Neemuch district|Neemuch]]
|–
|–
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
! colspan="2" |32
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian ministries}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan Yadav ministry}}
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial ministries]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2023|Mohan Yadav]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Madhya Pradesh|Mohan]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh ministries]]

Spandan Banerjee

2026-04-29T04:53:20Z

StellaWindsor21: Starting new data

{{short description|Indian independent filmmaker|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Spandan Banerjee
| image = SPANDAN_BANERJEE.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|04|02|df=yes}}
| parents = Mr M.K Banerjee and Kabita Banerjee
| education = Bachelor's degree, [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St Xavier's College]], [[Kolkata]]
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]]/ Filmmaker
}}

'''Spandan Banerjee''' is an Indian independent [[filmmaker]]. He is the Founder of Overdose Films Pvt. Ltd. He was born in [[Kolkata]], and finished his undergraduate studies from [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]], [[Kolkata]], [[India]].

==Career==
His interest in art started early from being a young [[cartoonist]] for [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] in 1990's [[Kolkata]] to designing for the [[Satyajit Ray]] Society. He started his advertising career at Response India, [[Kolkata]] and subsequently [[BBDO]] and McCann, until he quit to make films under the banner of Overdose Films.
He was one of the six shortlisted for the British Council Young Creative Entrepreneur Award in the SCREEN category.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} His other advertising work includes [[Horlicks]], [[Incredible India]], [[British High Commission]], [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic Channel Films]], [[Goethe Institute]], [[Pratham]], [[UNICEF]] and more. He has also directed video clips for the '[[Indian Ocean (band)|Tandanu]]' album featuring [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]], Kumaresh, [[Grammy Award]] winner [[Pandit Vishwamohan Bhatt]] and [[Selvaganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-13 |title=Indian Ocean finds new shores {{!}} Tehelka - Investigations, Latest News, Politics, Analysis, Blogs, Culture, Photos, Videos, Podcasts |url=http://www.tehelka.com/2014/05/indian-ocean-finds-new-shores/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613125534/http://www.tehelka.com/2014/05/indian-ocean-finds-new-shores/ |archive-date=13 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title='Tandanu' (sneak preview) - Indian Ocean and Shankar Mahadevan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aUIayqNB0E |language=en |access-date=2022-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Canfield |first=David |date=2015-03-17 |title='Raiders!' and 'Mavis!' Highlight Hot Docs 2015 Lineup |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/03/raiders-and-mavis-highlight-hot-docs-2015-lineup-63995/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iffk.in/idsffk/awardfilms.php |title=International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala |access-date=2014-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821205651/http://www.iffk.in/idsffk/awardfilms.php |archive-date=2014-08-21 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-23 |title=Made in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/made-in-india-5/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/to-let-best-long-documentary/article4804355.ece|title = To Let best long documentary|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 12 June 2013}}</ref>

His independent films including the National Award-winning ''You Don't Belong'', and ''To-Let (''Best Doc IDSFFK 2013) have been highly acclaimed. His earlier film ''Beware Dogs'' (World Premiere [[IFFR]] 2008) was one of a kind and one of the first music documentaries from [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beware Dogs {{!}} IFFR |url=https://iffr.com/nl/iffr/2008/films/beware-dogs |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=iffr.com}}</ref> His films have a distinct style and language and have often been compared to jazz in its form.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/home-and-the-world/article4908751.ece |title= Home and the world |newspaper= The Hindu |publisher=thehindu |date= 12 July 2013|last1= Bhattacharya |first1= Budhaditya }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title=Spandan Banerjee on his film English India: 'Language is the subtext of everything that surrounds us' |url=http://scroll.in/article/721664/spandan-banerjee-on-his-film-english-india-language-is-the-subtext-of-everything-that-surrounds-us |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=Scroll.in |date=20 April 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newcanadianmedia.ca/item/27028-spotlighting-diverse-films-filmmakers-at-this-year-s-hot-docs |title=Spotlighting Diverse Films, Filmmakers at this Year's Hot Docs - New Canadian Media |website=newcanadianmedia.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129211213/http://newcanadianmedia.ca/item/27028-spotlighting-diverse-films-filmmakers-at-this-year-s-hot-docs |archive-date=2016-01-29}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Producer
!class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2006
|''Track2''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| 6 mins. Official Selection: [[Festival Grec de Barcelona|Festival Cine International de Barcelona]], 2007
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2006
|''Thekey Pe Kya Kartey Ho?''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| 6 mins. Official Selection: VISCULT 2007, [[Finland]], Girona Film Festival 2007, [[Spain]] & [[Kara Film Festival|KARA Film Festival]] 2007–09, [[Pakistan]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2008
|''Beware Dogs''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| World Premiere: [[International Film Festival Rotterdam|International Film Festival]], [[Rotterdam]] 2008. Off. Selection: [[Art Film Fest|Festival of International Films on Art]] (FIFA), [[Montreal]] 2008, Barcelona Asian Film Festival (BAFF), [[Barcelona]] 2008, [[Portobello Film Festival]], [[London]] 2008, [[Indo-American Arts Council|MIAAC]] 2008, [[New York City|New York]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2011
|''You Don't Belong''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| 75 mins. "Special Jury" at the 59th National Films Awards, 2012, [[India]]; INDIAN PANORAMA at the 42nd [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI 2011), [[Goa]]; Special Jury at the 4th IDSFFK 2011, [[Kerala]]. US Premiere: [[New York Indian Film Festival]], [[New York City|NY]], 2011. You Don't Belong Film Festival, [[China]] 2012
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2013
|''To-Let''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|65 mins. 'Best Long Documentary' at the 6th IDSFFK 2013, [[Kerala]]. USA Premiere: [[New York Indian Film Festival]], [[New York City|NY]], 2013
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015
|''City Of Dark''
|{{yes}}
|
| Fiction Feature (85 mins. under [[post-production]])
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015
|''English India''
|{{yes}}
|
| (75 mins/ Doc) [[Film festival|WORLD PREMIERE]], HOTDOCS [[Toronto]] 2015, IDSFFK, [[Kerala]] 2015, Long list for nomination [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]] 2015.
|}

==Reception==

You Don't Belong is a 2011 music documentary that follows a popular 80's Bengali song known as traditional and locates the author of the song. Myth and memory, [[Folk music|folk]] and copyright, home and migration are the larger narratives emerging from the journey of a song from the margins into the urban mainstream.

The song was first popularized during the emergence of Bengali bands interspersing [[Rock music|rock]] and [[Folk music|folk]] to capture contemporary displaced realities. Reproduced and distributed by the flourishing recording industry as representative of the [[Folk music|folk]] traditions of [[Bengal]]. Traveling across known and remembered lands, following the unseen path of migration that [[music]] takes, You Don't Belong asks some important questions about the encounter between art and mass production, creation and ownership in a country of myriad folk and oral traditions.

The Jury citation of To-Let by IDSFFK states, much like a jazz jam, the film takes us on a journey through the plight of the modern urban nomad in search of a home in a modern-day [[Delhi]]. Drawing on a mosaic of all too familiar situations, the director creates a funny and poignant ballad that really grooves.

Rotterdam Film Festival described his 2008 film ''Beware Dogs'' as "a poetic and exciting documentary on the contemporary music group Indian Ocean. The film depicts the creative struggle of four musicians who are together on their artistic journey, sharing their inner joy, fears, laughs, thoughts and putting it all in their songs. With a lyrical, rather slow pace, yet in a cinema vérité manner, the film shares with us the excitement and the inner battle of the process of creating music.<ref name="himalmag">{{cite web|url=http://himalmag.com/earnest-real/|title=More than 'earnest' and 'real' - Himal Southasian|date=October 2013|publisher=himalmag.com|accessdate=2016-01-20}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Spandan}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kolkata]]

Hakeem Faizy Adrisseri

2026-04-28T19:26:30Z

StellaWindsor21: new the stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and educationist from Kerala}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Abdul Hakeem Faizy Adrisseri
| native_name = അബ്ദുൽ ഹക്കീം ഫൈസി ആദൃശ്ശേരി
| native_name_lang = ml
| birth_date = {{circa|1958}}
| image = Portrait of Hakeem Faizy Adrisseri.jpg
| caption = Abdul Hakeem Faizy Adrisseri in Kerala, India
| birth_place = Adrisseri, [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], India
| citizenship = Indian
| signature = Signature of Hakeem Faizy.svg
| signature_size = 120px
| signature_alt = Signature of Abdul Hakeem Faizy Adrisseri
| occupation = [[Islamic scholar]], educationist
| known_for = Wafy and Wafiyya integrated curricula; pioneer of women-only Islamic seminaries in Kerala
| organisation = [[Coordination of Islamic Colleges]]
| awards = IOL Star of the Year (2009); OnIslam Muslim Star of the Year (2011); Azhari Thangal Excellence Award (2022)

}}

'''Abdul Hakeem Faizy Adrisseri''' ([[Malayalam]]: {{lang|ml|അബ്ദുൽ ഹക്കീം ഫൈസി ആദൃശ്ശേരി}}; [[Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|عبد الحكيم الفيضي}};) is an Indian [[Islamic scholar]], and educationist from [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]]. He is the chief architect of the '''''Wafy''''' and '''''Wafiyya''''' integrated academic programmes combining advanced [[Islamic studies]] with state-university secular degrees and the pioneer of women-only Islamic higher education seminaries in [[Kerala]].<ref name="qantara2017">{{cite web |url=https://qantara.de/en/article/islamic-education-india-all-female-madrassas-women-women-and-women |title=All-female madrassas: Of women, by women and for women |publisher=[[Qantara.de]] |date=23 August 2017 |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref><ref name="studyint2017">{{cite web |url=https://studyinternational.com/news/female-madrassas-tradition-science/ |title=For women, by women: All-female madrassas mixing tradition with science |publisher=Study International |date=25 August 2017 |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref>

He is a co-founder and serves as General Secretary of the [[Coordination of Islamic Colleges]] (CIC), an academic confederation administering over 90 affiliated Islamic colleges, including nearly 40 all-women institutions across [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref name="cicgov2024">{{cite web |url=https://wafycic.com/governance |title=Governance – About Prof. Abdul Hakeem Faizy |publisher=Coordination of Islamic Colleges |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref> In January 2018, he became the '''first Indian''' to be appointed to the 21-member Executive Board of the Cairo-based [[League of Islamic Universities]] (LIU).<ref name="twocircles2018">{{cite web |url=http://twocircles.net/2018jan26/420277.html |title=Abdul Hakeem Faizy Adrisseri: The first Indian to join the governing body of League of Islamic Universities |publisher=TwoCircles.net |date=26 January 2018 |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref> He also serves as India's representative at the General Secretariat of the World Muslim Communities Council in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="cicgov2024">{{cite web |url=https://wafycic.com/governance |title=Governance – About Prof. Abdul Hakeem Faizy |publisher=Coordination of Islamic Colleges |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref>

In late 2022 he attracted national and international media attention when he was expelled from the [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama]] following a dispute over his reformist educational programme.<ref name="manorama2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/11/10/samastha-expels-reformist-leader-faizy.html |title=Samastha expels reformist leader for 'working against principles of Sunni Islam' |publisher=Manorama English |date=10 November 2022 |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref><ref name="hindu2022">{{cite news |title=Abdul Hakeem Faizy's expulsion exposes divide within Samastha as Sunni orthodoxy prevails |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 November 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Abdul Hakeem Faizy was born around 1958 in Adrisseri, [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]]. He was raised in a clerical family and left formal school in the first standard, pursuing traditional dars education for approximately eight years.<ref name="twocircles2018" /> In 1977, he enrolled at '''Jamia Nooriya Arabic College''', Pattikkad, Malappuram, for a two-year religious studies course, subsequently graduating from a seminary affiliated with the [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama]].<ref name="newageislam2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.newageislam.com/islam-politics/muhammed-thaiparambil-new-age-islam/how-sunni-orthodoxy-kerala-seeks-witch-hunt-progressive-scholar/d/130872 |title=How Sunni Orthodoxy in Kerala Seeks to Witch-Hunt a Progressive Scholar |publisher=New Age Islam |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref>

==Career==
===Imam in Abu Dhabi===
After his religious studies, Faizy served as an [[Imam]] in [[Abu Dhabi]], [[UAE]], for approximately a decade.<ref name="newageislam2023" />

===Return to Kerala and curriculum reform===
In the mid-1990s, Faizy returned to Kerala and took charge of '''Markazu Tharbiyyathil Islamiyya''' at [[Valanchery]], Malappuram, where he developed an integrated, multidisciplinary curriculum combining classical Islamic learning with modern secular disciplines including comparative religious studies, modern research methodology, and English language.<ref name="newageislam2023" />

===Founding of the Coordination of Islamic Colleges===
In 2000, Faizy co-founded the [[Coordination of Islamic Colleges]] (CIC), registered under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860, as an academic confederation initially associated with the [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama]].<ref name="cicgov2024">{{cite web |url=https://wafycic.com/governance |title=Governance – About Prof. Abdul Hakeem Faizy |publisher=Coordination of Islamic Colleges |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref> The CIC grew to encompass over 90 affiliated colleges, including nearly 40 all-women institutions.<ref name="cicgov2024">{{cite web |url=https://wafycic.com/governance |title=Governance – About Prof. Abdul Hakeem Faizy |publisher=Coordination of Islamic Colleges |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref> It has signed memoranda of understanding with the [[University of Cairo]], [[Al-Azhar University]], [[League of Islamic Universities]], and [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo]].<ref name="cicgov2024">{{cite web |url=https://wafycic.com/governance |title=Governance – About Prof. Abdul Hakeem Faizy |publisher=Coordination of Islamic Colleges |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref>

===Wafy and Wafiyya integrated programmes===
Faizy played a leading role in developing the '''Wafy''' (for men) and '''Wafiyya''' (for women) integrated programmes, successors to the Al-Muthawwal course of the traditional [[Nizamiyya]] syllabus.<ref name="cicgov2024">{{cite web |url=https://wafycic.com/governance |title=Governance – About Prof. Abdul Hakeem Faizy |publisher=Coordination of Islamic Colleges |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref> Wafy is an eight-year programme combining two-year Higher Secondary, four-year undergraduate, and two-year postgraduate Islamic studies with a state-recognised secular university degree. Wafiyya is a five-year integrated undergraduate programme for women, combining advanced Islamic theology with a [[Bachelor's degree]] from a recognised university.<ref name="qantara2017" />

===Pioneering women-only Islamic seminaries===
The first women-only Wafiyya seminary was established at [[Valanchery]] in 2008.<ref name="twocircles2018" /> By 2018, over 1,300 female students were enrolled across 24 Wafiyya colleges in Kerala.<ref name="twocircles2018" /> Graduates earn the title ''al-Wafiyya'' ("the committed women"). The initiative received international coverage from ''[[Qantara.de]]'',<ref name="qantara2017" /> ''Study International'',<ref name="studyint2017" /> and the ''[[Saudi Gazette]]''.<ref name="muslimmirror2016">{{cite web |url=https://muslimmirror.com/indian-scholar-underscores-need-to-promote-islams-moderation/ |title=Indian scholar underscores need to promote Islam's moderation |publisher=Muslim Mirror (citing Saudi Gazette) |date=7 June 2016 |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref>

[[File:CIC coordinator.jpg|thumb|Abdul Hakeem Faizy, General Secretary CIC, attending a workshop in [[Cairo]] (2018).]]
===League of Islamic Universities===
In January 2018, Faizy was appointed to the 21-member Executive Board of the [[League of Islamic Universities]], the first Indian to hold such a position.<ref name="twocircles2018" /> He attended the Fourth Executive Conference and Tenth General Assembly of the LIU in [[Alexandria]], April 2018.<ref name="twocircles2018" />

===World Muslim Communities Council===
Faizy serves as India's representative at the General Secretariat of the World Muslim Communities Council in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref name="cic-official" />

==Controversy with Samastha Kerala==
Tensions between the CIC and the [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama]] escalated over the CIC's constitutional amendment, Faizy's attempt to standardise the ''dars'' curriculum, and the Wafiyya marriage policy.<ref name="manorama2022" /> In November 2022, Samastha formally expelled Faizy, citing anti-organisational activities.<ref name="manorama2022" /><ref name="hindu2022" /> In February 2023, Samastha withheld cooperation with the CIC pending Faizy's removal as General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Samastha not to cooperate with CIC until Hakeem Faizy's removal as general secretary |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=15 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/breaking-news/2023/02/21/abdul-hakeem-faizy-adrisseri-will-resign-cic-post-21.html |title=Hakeem Faizy to resign CIC post |publisher=Manorama News |date=21 February 2023 |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref> Faizy denied the allegations and said he would "focus on the future."<ref>{{cite news |title=Hakeem Faizy says he will focus on future, will not bow to Samastha diktats |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="newageislam2023" /> Students and parents protested against proposals to discontinue the Wafy and Wafiyya courses.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Kerala: Students, parents slam scrapping of Wafy, Wafiyya courses
|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/kerala-students-parents-slam-scrapping-of-wafy-wafiyya-courses-35221.html
|website=EdexLive
|publisher=The New Indian Express
|date=15 May 2023
|access-date=26 April 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=All eyes now on Samastha meet in Kerala as CIC backs Faizy |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 June 2023}}</ref>

==Recognition and awards==
* '''IOL Star of the Year (2009)''' — [[IslamOnline]]<ref name="cic-official">{{cite web |url=https://wafycic.com/governance |title=Governance – About Prof. Abdul Hakeem Faizy |publisher=Coordination of Islamic Colleges |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref>
* '''OnIslam Muslim Star of the Year (2011)''' — OnIslam.net<ref name="cicgov2024">{{cite web |url=https://wafycic.com/governance |title=Governance – About Prof. Abdul Hakeem Faizy |publisher=Coordination of Islamic Colleges |access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref>
* '''Azhari Thangal Excellence Award (December 2022)'''<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/azhari-thangal-excellence-award-to-abdul-hakeem-faizy-adrisseri-1103022
|title=അസ്ഹരി തങ്ങൾ എക്‌സലൻസി അവാർഡ് അബ്ദുൽ ഹകീം ഫൈസി ആദൃശ്ശേരിക്ക്
|publisher=Madhyamam
|date=3 December 2022
|access-date=2024-01-10
}}</ref>

==Views and philosophy==
Faizy advocates for a synthesis of Islamic and secular knowledge, arguing that seminary graduates must understand "the scientific, cultural, political and intellectual currents that shape our modern world."<ref name="qantara2017" /> On women's education, he has stated that "there is no better way of empowering Muslim women than to educate them and give them access to all streams of knowledge."<ref name="qantara2017" /> He is an advocate of interfaith dialogue and religious pluralism, having organised international conferences on multiculturalism in Kerala.<ref name="muslimmirror2016" />

==See also==
* [[Coordination of Islamic Colleges]]
* [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama]]
* [[League of Islamic Universities]]
* [[Islam in Kerala]]
* [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
* [[Madrasa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wafycic.com/governance Official CIC biography of Abdul Hakeem Faizy]
* [https://qantara.de/en/article/islamic-education-india-all-female-madrassas-women-women-and-women "All-female madrassas: Of women, by women and for women"] – ''Qantara.de'', 2017
* [http://twocircles.net/2018jan26/420277.html "First Indian to join the governing body of League of Islamic Universities"] – ''TwoCircles.net'', 2018
* [https://www.newageislam.com/islam-politics/muhammed-thaiparambil-new-age-islam/how-sunni-orthodoxy-kerala-seeks-witch-hunt-progressive-scholar/d/130872 "How Sunni Orthodoxy in Kerala seeks to witch-hunt a progressive scholar"] – ''New Age Islam'', 2023
* [https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/11/10/samastha-expels-reformist-leader-faizy.html "Samastha expels reformist leader"] – ''Manorama English'', 2022
* [https://studyinternational.com/news/female-madrassas-tradition-science/ "All-female madrassas mixing tradition with science"] – ''Study International'', 2017

[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Indian educationists]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Rishiraj Singh

2026-04-24T11:58:07Z

StellaWindsor21:

{{short description|Retired Indian Police Service Officer}}
{{Infobox police officer
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rishiraj Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| image =
| caption =
| status = Retired
| department = [[Kerala Police]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|07|23}}{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
| death_date = 
| nickname =
| badge_number = 19851069<ref>{{cite web|title=IPS Civil List 2014|url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm|website=dtf.in|publisher=Disciplinary & Transparency forum|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| religion =
| country = {{IND}}
| allegiance = [[Indian Police Service]]
| service_years = 1985–2021
| rank = [[Director General of Police]]
| awards = PPMDS-2009
| memorials =
| relatives =
| alma_mater = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad]]
| other_work =
| module =
| known_for = Excise commissioner
Transport Commissioner
Chief Vigilance Officer, KSEB
| cadre = Kerala
| batch = 1985
}}

'''Rishiraj Singh''' (born 23 July 1961) is a retired [[Indian Police Service]] (I.P.S.) officer. He was a Director General of [[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services|Prisons and Correctional Services]] of the Kerala. He retired on July 31, 2021 as the [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] ([[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services|Prisons]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=DGP Rishiraj Singh to retire on July 31, to continue in Kerala |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-1.5859303 |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=26 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Rishiraj Singh is an I.P.S. officer of 1985 Batch of Kerala Cadre. He belongs to Bikaner, Rajasthan. He started his career as an ASP in [[Keralam]] and later worked in different capacities in Kerala such as Police
Commissioner of Cochin, Calicut City, Deputy Police Commissioner at Trivandrum City, Superintendent of Police at Kottayam and Kannur.
He worked in Special Protection Group (SPG) as Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) from 1999 to 2004 when Sri. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was Prime Minister. He worked as the Joint Director of CBI, in Mumbai from
2008 to 2013. He, on his own, detected the ‘ADARSH’ scam; got the approval of registration of FIR and supervised the whole investigation. He has been awarded the Police medal for meritorious services in 2001 and Police Medal for distinguished Services in 2012.

He took charge as joint director CBI's ACB Central Zone, [[Bhopal]] in January 2013. He was posted to [[Thiruvananthapuram]] as the Transport Commissioner on June. As transport commissioner in Kerala, he worked relentlessly for strict implementation of traffic laws and got the traffic accidents reduced by 30%. Deaths occurring in accidents were also reduced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rishi Raj Singh |url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/rishi_raj_singh-profile-6480-18.htm |website=veethi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=EconomyLead |title=Is Rishiraj Singh a victim of KSEB corruption? - EconomyLead |url=http://www.economylead.com/states/is-rishiraj-singh-a-victim-of-kseb-corruption-81125 |website=www.economylead.com}}</ref> He later became Excise Commissioner, [[Keralam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Excise Department Of Kerala - Welcome to the State Excise Department, Kerala |url=http://www.keralaexcise.gov.in |website=www.keralaexcise.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rishiraj}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

Thakur Ramprasad Potai

2026-04-23T08:40:50Z

StellaWindsor21: Starting a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Thakur Ramprasad Potai
| office = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| image =
| parents = Ghanshyam Singh Potai
| birth_name = Pharso
| birth_date = 1923
| birth_place = [[Kanker district]]
| death_date = 6 October 1962
| constituency = [[Central Provinces States]]
| term_end = 25 January 1950
| term_start = 9 December 1946
}}
'''Thakur Ramprasad Potai''' was an Indian politician who served as Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY MEMBERS |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/ConstituentAssembly |website=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}</ref> He also played role in making [[Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public awareness campaign soon for PESA Act |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/public-awareness-campaign-soon-for-pesa-act--baghel.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=[[Daily Pioneer]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born to Ghanshyam Singh Potai in 1923 in [[Kanker district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who’s Who 1950, Parliament of India |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/782468/1/publication_whoswho_eng_pp_1950.pdf |website=Digital Parliamentary Library}}</ref> His childhood name was Pharso.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Men from Kanker |url=http://164.100.86.30/grtmen.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=164.100.86.30}}</ref> He died on 6 October 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPECIAL: संविधान सभा में आदिवासियों की आवाज उठाने वाले 'छत्तीसगढ़ के गांधी' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/chhattisgarh/state/kanker/ramprasad-potai-who-represented-bastar-in-the-constituent-assembly/ct20210125112755873 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Potai, Thakur Ramprasad}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

Goan derbies

2026-04-21T11:26:04Z

StellaWindsor21:

{{Short description|Association football derbies based in Goa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
[[File:Fatorda Stadium.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]], the primary venue for major Goan derbies.]]
'''Goan derbies''' are the various [[local derby|local]] [[association football|football]] derbies between teams based in [[Goa]], [[India]]. The term refers to matches between clubs from the state and the rivalries associated with them.

Football is the most popular sport in Goa, and the state has historically been one of the strongest centres of the game in India. Clubs from Goa have played a major role in national competitions such as the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]], the [[I-League]] and the [[Indian Super League]].

The most prominent rivalries in Goan football have traditionally involved [[Dempo SC]], [[Salgaocar FC]] and [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa]], often referred to collectively as the dominant clubs of the state.<ref name="toi_big3">{{cite web |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/we-were-the-3-big-brothers-of-goan-football-big-loss-for-india/articleshow/101348354.cms |title=We were the 3 big brothers of Goan football |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>
[[File:Margao Stadium.jpg|thumb|The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]] in [[Margao]], a key venue for Goan derbies.]]

==Clubs in Goa==
{{updated|[[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26 season]]}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Division
!Club(s)
|-
|[[Indian Super League]]
|[[FC Goa]]
|-
|[[Indian Football League]]
|[[Dempo SC]]
|-
|[[I-League 2]]
|[[SC de Goa]], [[Churchill Brothers FC]]
|-
|[[I-League 3]]
|[[Clube de Salgaocar]]
|-
|[[Goa Professional League]]
|[[Clube de Salgaocar|Salgaocar FC]], [[Vasco SC]], [[Sesa Football Academy]]
|}

==Major Goan derbies==

* '''Dempo SC vs Churchill Brothers'''
A major rivalry in Indian football, often referred to as the '''Goan derby'''. Both clubs are among the most successful in the state and have competed extensively in the National Football League and I-League eras.<ref name="goanderby">{{cite web |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-league-dempo-look-to-upset-league-leaders-churchill-in-goan-derby/articleshow/119174874.cms |title=I-League: Dempo look to upset Churchill in Goan derby |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="goanderby2">{{cite web |work=The Goan Everyday |url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFchurchill-brothers-beat-dempo-20-in-goan-ileague-derby/123461.html |title=Churchill Brothers beat Dempo in Goan I-League derby |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>

* '''Dempo SC vs Salgaocar FC'''
One of the oldest rivalries in Goan football, involving two of the most decorated clubs in the state. The fixture was a regular feature in national competitions and local leagues.<ref name="toi_big3"/>

* '''Churchill Brothers vs Salgaocar FC'''
A key rivalry in Goan football, particularly prominent during the National Football League and I-League periods.<ref name="salgaocar_rival">{{cite web |work=Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/churchill-brothers-vs-salgaocar-match-report/blt |title=Churchill Brothers vs Salgaocar match report |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>

* '''Sporting Clube de Goa rivalries'''
[[Sporting Clube de Goa]] has long-standing rivalries with Dempo, Churchill Brothers and Salgaocar, with matches between these clubs forming a core part of Goa's football culture.<ref name="sporting_rival">{{cite web |work=Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sporting-clube-de-goa-salgaocar-report/blt |title=Sporting Clube de Goa vs Salgaocar match report |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref>

* '''Local Goa Professional League derbies'''
Matches between clubs such as [[Vasco SC]], [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] and Salgaocar FC in the [[Goa Professional League]] represent local rivalries within the state.

==Venues==
The primary venue for major Goan derbies is the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]] in [[Margao]], which hosts national and international fixtures.

Other venues include:
* [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]
* [[Duler Stadium]]

==Derby culture==
Football rivalries in Goa are shaped by club history, community identity and institutional backing. Traditional clubs such as Dempo, Salgaocar and Churchill Brothers were historically associated with major business houses and dominated Indian football for decades.<ref name="toi_big3"/>

The state's compact geography and strong football culture contribute to intense rivalries, particularly in domestic competitions and local leagues.

==See also==
{{Portal|Association football|India}}
* [[Kolkata derbies]]
* [[Goa Professional League]]
* [[I-League]]
* [[Indian Super League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in Goa}}

[[Category:Football in Goa]]

Emblem of Tripura

2026-04-17T14:32:21Z

StellaWindsor21: done

{{Short description|Official seal of Indian state of Tripura}}
{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Seal of Tripura
|image = Emblem of Tripura.svg
| image_width = 200
| middle =
| middle_width =
| middle_caption =
| lesser =
| lesser_width =
| lesser_caption =
| armiger = The [[Government of Tripura]]
| year_adopted = 2025
| crest =
| torse =
| shield = National emblem of India Map of Tripura
| supporters =
| compartment =
| motto = "सत्यमेव जयते" ([[Satyameva Jayate]], [[Sanskrit]] for "Truth Alone Triumphs")
| orders =
| other_elements = Government of Tripura
| earlier_versions =
| use =
}}

The '''Seal of Tripura''' is the official seal of the government of the [[India]]n [[States of India|state]] of [[Tripura]]. It was initially proposed in October 2024 and approved on 7 January 2025.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/home-ministry-approves-new-state-emblem-for-government-of-tripura/ar-AA1xaNZP</ref><ref>https://neindia.com/central-government-officially-recognized-new-symbol-for-the-tripura-government-as-the-state-emblem/</ref> Previously the state used the [[national emblem of India]] for official purposes.

==Design==
The emblem depicts the national emblem superimposed over a map of the state within an orange roundel.

==Historic emblems==
<gallery>
File:Coat of Arms of Tripura Princely State.gif|Coat of arms of the [[Kingdom of Tripura]]
File:Seal of Tripura.svg|Emblem of Tripura used prior to January 2025
</gallery>

==Emblems of autonomous district councils in Tripura==
The [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] adopted a distinct emblem in 2024.
<gallery>
File:Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council emblem.png|Emblem of the TTAADC before 2024
File:Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Emblem (2024).png|Emblem of the TTAADC since 2024
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[National Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Indian state emblems}}
{{Tripura}}

[[Category:Government of Tripura]]
[[Category:Indian state seals|Tripura]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Roha Sudhagad Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:27:27Z

StellaWindsor21: added a entry from scratch!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Roha Sudhagad
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 52,120
| mla = Savant Maruti Sitaram
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Roha Sudhagad Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Savant Maruti Sitaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Roha Sudhagad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Savant Maruti Sitaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,440 |percentage = 48.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanap Pandurang Ramji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,250 |percentage = 34.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandorkar Rajaram Mukund |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,918 |percentage = 16.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,190 |percentage = 14.15% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,608 |percentage = 56.81% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,608}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,120 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Bharosi Lal Jatav

2026-04-04T03:46:56Z

StellaWindsor21: starting new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bharosi Lal Jatav
| image =
| office1 = [[Ashok Gehlot|Minister of State]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start1 = 2 March 2009
| term_end1 = 16 November 2011
| governor1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| 2blankname1 = [[Ashok Gehlot|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata1 = * Estate (I/C)
* Agriculture
* Animal Husbandry
* Fisheries
* Rajasthan State Motor Garage
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Ashok Gahlot]]
| office2 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2018
| term_end2 = 2023
| predecessor2 = [[Rajkumari Jatav]]
| successor2 = [[Anita Jatav]]
| term_start3 = 2008
| term_end3 = 2013
| successor3 = [[Rajkumari Jatav]]
| predecessor3 = Kaluram Yadav
| term_start4 = 1998
| term_end4 = 2003
| predecessor4 = Kamal Ram Koli
| successor4 = Kaluram Yadav
| term_start5 = 1990
| term_end5 = 1992
| predecessor5 = Ummedi Lal Jatav
| successor5 = Kamal Ram Koli
| term_start6 = 1980
| term_end6 = 1985
| successor6 = Ummedi Lal Jatav
| predecessor6 = Shravanlal
| constituency6 = [[Hindaun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hindaun]]
| office7 = [[Karauli district|District Head Karauli]]
| term_start7 = 2005
| term_end7 = 2008
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|August|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jhirna, [[Karauli]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Resham Devi|1960}}
| children = 7
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(Till November 2023 suspended)}}
| parents = Tek Ram Jatav (father) Champa Devi Jatav (mother)
| partner =
| relations =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = [[Agriculture]]
}}
'''Bharosi Lal Jatav''' (born 2 August 1948) is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] for five terms from [[Hindaun Assembly constituency|Hindaun, Rajasthan]]. He previously also served as [[Minister of State]] in the [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-05 |title=Rajasthan elections: Why Dalits are keeping BJP, Congress guessing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/why-dalits-are-keeping-bjp-congress-guessing-5478918/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान: कोरोना वायरस के कहर के बीच कांग्रेस विधायक ने होटल में मनाया जन्मदिन, वीडियो वायरल होने पर हुए ट्रोल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/rajasthan/story-rajasthan-political-crisis-mla-bharosi-lal-jatav-celebrated-his-birthday-at-suryagarh-amid-coronavirus-case-3394439.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress Party |url=https://www.rajpcc.com/bharosilaljatav |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www-rajpcc-com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 |title=Congress announces fourth list of 56 candidates for Rajasthan polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly/congress-announces-fourth-list-of-56-candidates-for-rajasthan-polls/article67481714.ece |access-date=2024-06-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bharosi Lal Jatav: MLA Hindaun (SC), Rajasthan |url=https://www.molitics.in/leader/Bharosi-Lal%20Jatav-16542 |website=Molitics.in}}</ref>

== Early life and personal life ==
Bharosi Lal Jatav was born on 2 August 1948 in Jhirna village in Karauli district, Rajasthan, to Tek Ram Jatav and Champa Devi Jatav. He is married to Resham Devi (since 1960); the couple has seven children. His primary occupation is listed as agriculture. Specific details about formal education are not widely documented.

== Political career ==
He represented the [[Hindaun Assembly constituency|Hindaun]] constituency in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in multiple non-consecutive terms spanning from 1980 to 2023. He has been involved in local party organization and governance at the district level.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He reportedly faced a suspension from the Congress party until November 2023 amid internal factional disputes, though he remained aligned with the party's ideology.

During the Ashok Gehlot ministry, Jatav held independent charge of the Estate Department and served as '''Minister of State with responsibilities covering Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries''' and the Rajasthan State Motor Garage. He worked on policies and initiatives aimed at strengthening rural livelihoods, livestock management and agricultural infrastructure.

== Electoral history ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Term
!Years served
!Predecessor
!Successor
|-
|1st
|1980–1985
|Shravanlal
|Ummedi Lal Jatav
|-
|2nd
|1990–1992
|Ummedi Lal Jatav
|Kamal Ram Koli
|-
|3rd
|1998–2003
|Kamal Ram Koli
|Kaluram Yadav
|-
|4th
|2008–2013
|Kalu Ram
|Rajkumari Jatav
|-
|5th
|2018–2023
|Rajkumari Jatav
|Anita Jatav
|}
He did not contest the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections, ending his direct legislative tenure.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[Hindaun]]

* [[Karauli district]]

* [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

2011 Indian Grand Prix

2026-03-29T22:24:48Z

StellaWindsor21: adding the entry first draft.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox Grand Prix race report
| Type = F1
| Country = IND
| Grand Prix = Indian
| Previous_round = 2011 Korean Grand Prix
| Next_round = 2011 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
| Details ref =
| Fulldate = {{Start date|2011|10|30|df=y}}
| Year = 2011
| Race_No = 17
| Season_No = 19
| Image = Buddh Circuit 1.svg
| Official name = 2011 Formula 1 Airtel Grand Prix of India
| Location = [[Buddh International Circuit]] [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| Course = Permanent racing facility
| Course_km = 5.125
| Course_mi = 3.185
| Distance_laps = 60
| Distance_km = 307.249
| Distance_mi = 190.916
| Attendance = 95,000 for weekend<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.givemesport.com/385263-has-formula-1-failed-in-asia |title=Has Formula 1 failed in Asia? |publisher=GiveMeSport |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131184818/http://www.givemesport.com/385263-has-formula-1-failed-in-asia |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Weather = Fine and Dry
Air Temp {{convert|30|C}}<ref>{{cite news|title=2011 FORMULA 1 AIRTEL GRAND PRIX OF INDIA (Race) |url=http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2011/863/6939/live_timing_popup.html |work=Formula1.com |publisher=[[Formula One Group]] |date=30 October 2011 |access-date=31 March 2012 }}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| Pole_Driver = [[Sebastian Vettel]]
| Pole_Country = GER
| Pole_Team = [[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]
| Pole_Time = 1:24.178
| Fast_Driver = [[Sebastian Vettel]]
| Fast_Team = [[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]
| Fast_Time = 1:27.249
| Fast_Lap = 60 {{smaller|(lap record)}}
| Fast_Country = GER
| First_Driver = [[Sebastian Vettel]]
| First_Country = GER
| First_Team = [[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]
| Second_Driver = [[Jenson Button]]
| Second_Country = GBR
| Second_Team = [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines|Mercedes]]
| Third_Driver = [[Fernando Alonso]]
| Third_Country = ESP
| Third_Team = [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| Lapchart = {{F1Laps2011|IND}}
}}
The '''2011 Indian Grand Prix''', formally the '''2011 Formula 1 Airtel Grand Prix of India''', was a [[Formula One]] [[auto racing|motor race]] that was held on 30 October 2011<ref name="WMSC031110">{{cite news|url=http://www.fia.com/en-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/wmsc/2010/Pages/wmsc_031110.aspx |title=World Motor Sport Council: 03/11/2010 |work=fia.com |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] |date=3 November 2010 |access-date=31 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906044409/http://www.fia.com/en-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/wmsc/2010/Pages/wmsc_031110.aspx |archive-date=6 September 2011 }}</ref> at the [[Buddh International Circuit]] in [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It was the seventeenth round of the [[2011 Formula One season]] and the first Formula One Grand Prix to take place in [[South Asia]] and first to take place in [[India]].

The 60-lap race was won by [[Red Bull Racing]]'s [[Sebastian Vettel]], after leading every lap of the race from [[pole position]] and setting the fastest lap of the race to claim his first [[Grand Slam (Formula One)|Grand Slam]]. [[Jenson Button]] finished in second place for [[McLaren]], and [[Fernando Alonso]] completed the podium for [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]], in third position.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12725.html |title=Vettel eases to inaugural Indian victory |work=Formula1.com |publisher=[[Formula One Group|Formula One Administration]] |date=30 October 2011 |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031092248/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12725.html |archive-date=31 October 2011 }}</ref>

==Report==

===Background===
The circuit, designed by [[Hermann Tilke]] in association with teams, was deliberately designed to be one of the fastest on the calendar, with projected lap times of less than one minute and twenty seconds. The circuit was officially [[Homologation (motorsport)|homologated]] on 1 September 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motorbeam.com/f1/buddh-international-circuit-receives-homologation/|title=Buddh International Circuit Receives Homologation|work=MotorBeam|publisher=Motorbeam India Pvt. Ltd.|date=1 September 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|first=Faisal|last=Ali Khan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108184929/http://www.motorbeam.com/f1/buddh-international-circuit-receives-homologation/|archive-date=8 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> At 1060 metres, the circuit's main straight was among the longest in Formula One. The pit lane had also been described in similar terms at over 600 metres in length. Time spent in the pitlane was expected to be an important factor in determining race strategies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fia.com/en-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/f1releases/2011/Pages/f1-preview-ind.aspx |title=2011 Indian GP –Preview |work=fia.com |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] |date=27 October 2011 |access-date=27 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104020236/http://www.fia.com/en-GB/mediacentre/pressreleases/f1releases/2011/Pages/f1-preview-ind.aspx |archive-date=4 November 2011 }}</ref> The race saw the return of two Drag Reduction System (DRS) zones and two detection points,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95681|title=FIA confirms double DRS zone for Indian Grand Prix|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=26 October 2011|access-date=26 October 2011|first=Pablo|last=Elizalde|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028180505/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95681|archive-date=28 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> as was the case at the {{F1 GP|2011|Italian}}. The first zone encompassed the length of the pit straight, with the detection point on the exit to the penultimate corner; the second zone took in the second half of the long back straight, with its detection point located just before the apex of the third corner.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Indian driver [[Narain Karthikeyan]] returned to [[HRT F1|HRT]] for the race,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/94268|title=Karthikeyan secures Indian GP return|first=Matt|last=Beer|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=5 September 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925145449/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/94268|archive-date=25 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> having been replaced by [[Daniel Ricciardo]] since [[2011 British Grand Prix|Silverstone]].<ref name="Ricciardo HRT">{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/92740|date=30 June 2011|access-date=30 June 2011|title=Hispania confirms Daniel Ricciardo will race for it from Silverstone|first=Matt|last=Beer|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011093113/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/92740|archive-date=11 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95612|title=Narain Karthikeyan says racing at home will be a surreal experience|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=22 October 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|first=Sam|last=Tremayne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024152332/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95612|archive-date=24 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Ricciardo was moved to [[Vitantonio Liuzzi]]'s car for the race, while Karthikeyan took Ricciardo's regular car, the car he started the season in. Fellow Indian driver [[Karun Chandhok]] had received support from [[Team Lotus (2010–11)|Team Lotus]] team principal [[Tony Fernandes]] to take part in the race,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/94512|title=Chandhok backed to race in India|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=12 September 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|first=Pablo|last=Elizalde|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029101044/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/94512|archive-date=29 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> though he conceded that the ultimate decision did not rest with him. On the Tuesday before the race, it was announced that Chandhok would not be racing in the Grand Prix, but would still run during Friday free practice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95657|title=Karun Chandhok will not race in the Indian Grand Prix|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=25 October 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|first=Pablo|last=Elizalde|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028011831/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95657|archive-date=28 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

Upon arrival at the circuit, teams reported several issues with construction, including power outages, some infrastructure being "incomplete", and a colony of bats living in the pit building.<ref name="Brawn">{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95698|title=Formula 1 did the right thing in coming to India, says Ross Brawn|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=27 October 2011|access-date=27 October 2011|first=Jonathan|last=Noble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029204440/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95698|archive-date=29 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Faced with criticism over the morality of hosting a race in a developing nation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://joesaward.wordpress.com/2011/10/25/formula-1-meets-poverty/|title=Formula 1 meets poverty|date=25 October 2011|access-date=27 October 2011|work=Joe Saward's F1 Blog|publisher=[[WordPress]]|first=Joe|last=Saward|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027202840/http://joesaward.wordpress.com/2011/10/25/formula-1-meets-poverty/|archive-date=27 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes GP]] team principal [[Ross Brawn]] praised the circuit, describing the decision to host a race in India as "the right one" and pointing out the benefits the sport would bring to the country. Brawn also relayed the positive response to the circuit layout from teams and drivers.<ref name="Brawn"/> Other personalities within the paddock were less complimentary, with commentator [[Martin Brundle]] describing the commentary booth as a "cell" with no window and "nowhere near [the] track",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MBrundleF1/statuses/129501939774930944|title=@MBrundleF1: 27 October|work=[[Twitter]]|publisher=Twitter Inc.|date=27 October 2011|access-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131184818/https://twitter.com/MBrundleF1/statuses/129501939774930944|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> while team engineers reported that there was no gas connection available, the plumbing to the paddock was incomplete, and the entire circuit was still being powered by generators and did not have a continuous electricity supply.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/oct/27/india-grand-prix-formula-one|title=State of unease hangs over impressive circuit as India joins F1 party|first=Paul|last=Weaver|date=27 October 2011|access-date=28 October 2011|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131184818/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/oct/27/india-grand-prix-formula-one|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tyre supplier Pirelli brought its yellow-banded soft compound tyre as the "prime" tyre and the silver-banded hard compound as the "option" compound. This was the first and only race of the season where the prime tyre was the less durable than the option.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pirelli announce tyre choices for remaining races |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12604.html |work=Formula1.com |publisher=[[Formula One Group]] |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210020300/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12604.html |archive-date=10 February 2012 }}</ref>

Like the Canadian, European, Italian races earlier in the year, two DRS (Drag Reduction System) Zones were implemented in the inaugural Indian race. The detection point for the first DRS zone was located at the exit of turn 15 (10m after), while the DRS activation point was 36m after the final turn (turn 16). This meant that the start/finish straight would be utilised for one DRS overtaking zone. The second DRS zone had the activation point 16m before the turn 3 hairpin while the DRS activation zone was 510m after turn 3 which is about halfway down the back straight prior to turn 4.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two DRS zones for the Indian Grand Prix|url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2011/10/26/drs-zones-indian-grand-prix/|first=Keith|last=Collantine|work=F1 Fanatic|publisher=Keith Collantine|date=26 October 2011|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230133259/http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2011/10/26/drs-zones-indian-grand-prix/|archive-date=30 December 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Vitaly Petrov]] was given a five-place grid penalty for causing an avoidable collision with [[Michael Schumacher]] at the {{F1 GP|2011|Korean}}.<ref name="Petrov">{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12667.html |title=Petrov handed five-place grid penalty for India |date=16 October 2011 |access-date=25 October 2011 |work=formula1.com |publisher=[[Formula One Group|Formula One Administration]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018144000/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12667.html |archive-date=18 October 2011 }}</ref>

The race was [[Felipe Massa]]'s 150th Grand Prix start.

===Free Practice===
The first Friday practice session was stopped after just five minutes when a stray dog found its way onto the circuit. The session was red-flagged while the dog was led away, and re-opened within five minutes.

When the session restarted, the two [[Force India]] cars, [[Karun Chandhok]]'s [[Team Lotus (2010–11)|Lotus]] and the [[HRT F1|Hispania]] of [[Narain Karthikeyan]] were queued at the end of pit lane, waiting to be the first cars to take to the circuit. Although most drivers prefer to do an "installation lap", pitting at the end of their first lap of the circuit, Chandhok remained out to set the first flying lap time of the circuit. [[Michael Schumacher]] and [[Jenson Button]] were the early leaders of the session, while [[Fernando Alonso]]'s car succumbed to a loss of power halfway through the session. The track surface was noticeably dusty, and despite becoming cleaner as the session wore on, the drivers struggled for grip and several ran wide. [[Jaime Alguersuari]] fell victim to this lack of grip, spinning into the barriers at the far end of the circuit fifteen minutes before the chequered flag fell. [[Pastor Maldonado]] was also forced out when his [[Cosworth]] engine exploded. He had narrowly avoided a collision with Chandhok in pit lane moments before, after Chandhok spun when attempting to lay rubber down in the Lotus pit bay so as to allow the team's drivers a faster getaway from the concrete apron. When the session ended, [[Lewis Hamilton]] was fastest, half a second ahead of [[Sebastian Vettel]] and [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]]. Hamilton however, had set his time when yellow flags had been shown in the final sector for Pastor Maldonado's stricken Williams, and was given a three-place grid penalty.<ref name="HamPer">{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95704|title=Lewis Hamilton and Sergio Perez given three-place grid penalties after practice|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=28 October 2011|access-date=28 October 2011|first=Simon|last=Strang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029175216/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95704|archive-date=29 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sauber]]'s [[Sergio Pérez]] received a three-place penalty for a similar offence.<ref name="HamPer"/>

The second session saw [[Felipe Massa]] top the timesheets, 0.088 seconds ahead of Vettel, and 0.224 seconds ahead of teammate Alonso, who had recovered from his mechanical fault in the first session. Several drivers ran off the road, with Turns 6 and 7 proving to be particularly troublesome as [[Vitaly Petrov]], [[Kamui Kobayashi]], [[Sébastien Buemi]] and [[Adrian Sutil]] all went off there. Pastor Maldonado experienced further trouble when he spun into the gravel at Turn 9, though his car could be retrieved in time for him to complete the session. The session was red-flagged with forty minutes remaining when [[Jérôme d'Ambrosio]] crashed at Turn 12; having run wide at Turn 11, he had gone too far onto the slippery kerbing on the inside of Turn 12 and spun when he applied too much power. Although the crash itself was heavy enough to destroy his rear wing and rear suspension, the damage was largely cosmetic. [[Jaime Alguersuari]] was suspected of ignoring yellow flags at Turn 9 and was referred to the race stewards, but escaped penalty when the team provided telemetry that demonstrated that he had slowed down.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95733|title=Alguersuari escapes penalty after being summoned by Indian GP stewards|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=28 October 2011|access-date=28 October 2011|first=Jonathan|last=Noble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030025354/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95733|archive-date=30 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

The third and final practice session saw some of the fastest lap times of the weekend thus far; this was a by-product of dust being cleaned from the circuit and drivers becoming familiar with the circuit layout. Vettel finished fastest, becoming the first person to set a time faster than 1:25.00, and comfortably inside the projected lap times claimed by [[Pirelli]]. Button was second, ahead of [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] and Lewis Hamilton. The new front wing of the [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] cars attracted significant attention, with commentators observing it to "flutter", rapidly vibrating and sparking off the circuit surface, particularly under braking into Turn 4. This phenomenon attracted the attention of the FIA's technical delegates, and the problem was noticed to have stopped when the team replaced the front wing on Felipe Massa's car.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

===Qualifying===
[[File:Force india Buddh.jpg|thumb|[[Adrian Sutil]] qualified in eighth position for [[Force India]]'s 'home race'.]]
Qualifying began with the observation that many of the drivers using the softer option tyres drove a slower flying lap to generate heat into the tyres, before starting a faster flying lap. [[Vitaly Petrov]] set the fastest time of the session, while [[Timo Glock]] was forced out early with a gearbox problem. Glock failed to set a time within 107% of Petrov, and therefore needed permission to enter the race. Permission was ultimately granted on the basis that Glock had set times through free practice that were well within 107% of the fastest times in those sessions. Jenson Button experienced early troubles when he reported that his car lacked rear grip, and he was sixteenth in the final few minutes of the session, just ahead of Michael Schumacher in seventeenth and Kamui Kobayashi in eighteenth. Both of them had demonstrated lap times faster than that of Button's, placing Button in danger of being eliminated. Button was forced to use a set of option tyres earlier than planned in order to advance to Q2, even though Kobayashi ultimately aborted his final flying lap, meaning Button would have been safe whether he had stayed in the pits or not. Michael Schumacher was impeded on his final lap through Turns 10 and 11 by [[Narain Karthikeyan]], who later received a five-place penalty for the infringement. Kobayashi, [[Heikki Kovalainen]], [[Jarno Trulli]], [[Daniel Ricciardo]], Karthikeyan, [[Jérôme d'Ambrosio]] and [[Timo Glock]] were all eliminated, although those positions were subject to change once grid penalties were applied.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

[[File:Alonso Buddh 2011.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fernando Alonso]] qualified in third position.]]
The second qualifying period was topped by Sebastian Vettel, who remained the only driver of the weekend to break the 1:25.000 barrier. [[Jaime Alguersuari]] and Vitaly Petrov set identical lap times to the thousandth of a second, with both drivers recording a lap time of 1:26.319, and finishing the session in tenth and eleventh place respectively. Alguersuari advanced to the third and final qualifying period by virtue of having set his lap time before Petrov. Petrov finished the session eleventh, which became sixteenth when his penalty from the {{F1 GP|2011|Korean}} was applied. Michael Schumacher qualified twelfth after complaining of a vibration in the rear of the car, ahead of [[Paul di Resta]], [[Pastor Maldonado]], [[Bruno Senna]], [[Rubens Barrichello]], Petrov and [[Sergio Pérez]] in seventeenth. Pérez was later moved back to twentieth place, having earned a three-place penalty for ignoring yellow flags in practice, and started the race behind teammate Kobayashi and the [[Team Lotus (2010–11)|Team Lotus]] cars of Kovalainen and Trulli.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The third and final session saw the top four drivers separated by just one tenth of a second. Vettel set the early pace, ahead of Hamilton, [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] and [[Fernando Alonso]]. Having used a set of soft tyres early, Jenson Button elected to do just one flying lap at the end of the session, finishing fifth after Felipe Massa crashed out in front of him and forcing Button to slow down. Massa hit the high kerb on the inside of Turn 8, breaking his suspension and sending him into the wall, damaging his front wing. There was some contention as to whether Button's lap time was legal, as he had set his fastest (and only) lap time while yellow flags were displayed for Massa's crash. Button maintained that he had slowed down as soon as he saw the accident, but that he was following too closely to Massa at the time of the accident to have seen the yellow flags; by the time the marshalls had reacted, Button had already passed the marshall station. The stewards took no action against him. Massa's accident also disrupted the final laps of Webber, Hamilton and Alonso, giving Sebastian Vettel his thirteenth pole position of the season. Hamilton finished second, which became fifth once his penalty was applied. Webber qualified third ahead of Alonso and Button, with Massa sixth and [[Nico Rosberg]] seventh, the final driver to have set a lap time. [[Adrian Sutil]] would start the race in eighth place, having taken to the circuit to record sector times, but without actually completing a lap. [[Sébastien Buemi]] and [[Jaime Alguersuari]] were ninth and tenth, making the race the first time all four cars owned by [[Red Bull]] had started in the top ten.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

After grid penalties had been applied, just seven drivers – Vettel, Massa, Rosberg, Sutil, Buemi, Alguersuari and Glock – started the race in the positioned they had actually qualified in.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

[[File:Podium winners of 2011 Indian Grand Prix.jpg|right|420px|thumb|From left to right: Jenson Button, Sebastian Vettel and Fernando Alonso on the podium]]

===Race===
Before the race, a minute's silence was held in memory of [[IndyCar Series|IndyCar]] driver [[Dan Wheldon]] and [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] rider [[Marco Simoncelli]], who died in motor racing accidents over the previous two weekends. [[Sebastian Vettel]] retained the lead from the start, while [[Jenson Button]] also had a good start, jumping [[Fernando Alonso]] down into turn 1. He then managed to pass [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]] on the back straight to be second by the end of the first lap. By comparison, his [[McLaren]] teammate [[Lewis Hamilton]] dropped down behind [[Felipe Massa]] to sixth at the start. [[Michael Schumacher]] was another to make a good start, jumping up to eighth, just behind [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] teammate [[Nico Rosberg]], having started eleventh. [[Bruno Senna]], having started fourteenth, now rounded out the points-scoring positions in 10th place, behind [[Adrian Sutil]].

Meanwhile, behind the leading pack, carnage ensued. [[Rubens Barrichello]] made slight contact with his [[Williams F1|Williams]] teammate [[Pastor Maldonado]]. The Brazilian then speared sidewards and collected [[Kamui Kobayashi]]. As the [[Sauber]] driver returned to the track, he hit [[Timo Glock]]. Maldonado's car was undamaged, and he continued, while Barrichello pitted for a new front wing and also continued. Kobayashi, meanwhile, pulled off on the back straight, and Glock retired his [[Virgin Racing|Virgin]] two laps later with suspension damage. There was also contact at turn 3, as [[Narain Karthikeyan]] hit the back of [[Jarno Trulli]]'s [[Team Lotus (2010–11)|Lotus]], spinning the Italian off the track. Trulli pitted for repairs and continued, but he was slow for the rest of the race.

On lap 9, [[Jaime Alguersuari]] successfully completed an overtaking manoeuvre on Senna, with the aid of the DRS, to move into tenth place. The [[Renault F1|Renault]] driver was passed just a couple of laps later by Alguersuari's [[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]] teammate [[Sébastien Buemi]]. Pastor Maldonado suffered a gearbox failure on lap 13 and became the race's third retirement. However, he parked the Williams far enough off the race track to avoid a safety car. The following lap, Alguersuari continued his charge up the field, passing Adrian Sutil's [[Force India]] to take ninth place.

The pitstops began for the top ten on lap 17, as Webber, Alonso, Hamilton and Alguersuari all pitted. Alonso emerged behind Michael Schumacher, but was able to quickly pass the Mercedes driver. The following lap, Massa and Rosberg both pitted to restore the positions up front. After the leaders, Vettel and Button, also pitted, the order from before the pitstops was exactly restored, with the exception of Bruno Senna, who was now in tenth having not yet pitted. When he did, Sebastien Buemi had managed to jump in front of Sutil in the pit stops.

Shortly afterwards, the race's major talking point occurred {{citation needed|date=November 2011}} when Lewis Hamilton attempted to pass Felipe Massa in turn five. As had happened already four times before in the 2011 season – in [[2011 Monaco Grand Prix|Monaco]], [[2011 British Grand Prix|Silverstone]], [[2011 Singapore Grand Prix|Singapore]] and [[2011 Japanese Grand Prix|Suzuka]] – the two cars collided. Massa continued without damage but was later awarded a drive through penalty for the incident. Hamilton, meanwhile, was forced to return to the pits to change his front wing. On the same lap, Sébastien Buemi retired his Toro Rosso with an engine failure, maintaining the relatively high level of attrition in the race. At the end of that lap, then, Massa remained in fifth place, but Rosberg, Schumacher and Alguersuari were promoted to sixth, seventh and eighth places respectively. Hamilton was now ninth after his adventures, with Sutil promoted to tenth by Buemi's retirement.

When Massa took his drive through penalty, he dropped down behind the two Mercedes cars. Meanwhile, Hamilton passed Alguersuari for eighth, leaving the McLaren and the Ferrari nose to tail once again. However, it was only one lap before Massa suffered a suspension failure, just as he had suffered in qualifying, as he this time broke the left front suspension of his [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] on the kerb and retired from the race. This left, on lap 32, Hamilton in seventh, Alguersuari back to eighth and Sutil and [[Sergio Pérez]], who had been having a quiet race for [[Sauber]], rounding out the points. The second round of pitstops saw far less action than the first, with the exception of Alonso's better stop allowing him to emerge ahead of Mark Webber's [[Red Bull Racing]] in the battle for third place. Also, Bruno Senna was now in ninth, due to being on a different pit stop strategy. Senna pitted four laps from the end, allowing Sutil and Pérez back into their ninth and tenth place.

The race finished, therefore, with Vettel comfortably ahead of Button and Alonso holding off a charge from Webber to round out the podium. Michael Schumacher led home teammate Nico Rosberg for a strong fifth place, while Hamilton was the last unlapped runner in seventh. Alguersuari's eighth place allowed Toro Rosso to draw level with Sauber in the chase for seventh in the constructors' championship, with Sutil leading Pérez home in the last two points scoring positions. Vettel completed his first career [[Grand Slam (Formula One)|Grand Slam]] with the race's fastest lap on the final lap, having led every lap from pole position prior to doing so but at the time no one knew this would be Vettel's last win of 2011.

==Controversies==

===Taxation dispute===
Six weeks before the Grand Prix, reports emerged that the race was under threat from the Indian government seeking to tax a share of the teams' earnings.<ref name="Cooper">{{cite news|url=http://www.autoweek.com/article/20110909/F1/110909855 |title=Indian Grand Prix under threat due to tax dispute with teams |first=Adam |last=Cooper |date=9 September 2011 |access-date=25 October 2011 |work=[[AutoWeek]] |publisher=[[Crain Communications]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926074021/http://www.autoweek.com/article/20110909/F1/110909855 |archive-date=26 September 2011 }}</ref> Under the system used by Formula One, teams that place in the top ten in the final World Constructors' Championship standings receive a percentage of money paid to [[Formula One Group|Formula One Management]] for television rights. In accordance with Indian tax law, it was reported that the Indian government believed it was entitled to levy taxes on these earnings because the teams competed in India. This led to suggestions that the teams could boycott the race, though [[McLaren]] team principal and [[Formula One Teams Association]] chairman [[Martin Whitmarsh]] denied the claims,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/f1-teams-association-denies-speculations-of-indian-grand-prix-boycott/844639/|title=F1 teams' association denies speculations of Indian Grand Prix boycott|date=10 September 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|work=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref> stating that the teams were exploring their options and were confident of finding a resolution.<ref name="Cooper"/> On 14 September, the race organizers JPSI offered to pay the customs tax if necessary.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/94543|title=Indian GP eases custom taxes fears|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=14 September 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|first=Pablo|last=Elizalde|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105193259/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/94543|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian government later relented, offering the sport an exemption from paying the tax altogether.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/motorsports/government-exempts-indian-gp-from-paying-huge-taxes_729353.html|title=Government exempts Indian GP from paying huge taxes|date=14 September 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|work=[[Zee News]]|publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024032806/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/motorsports/government-exempts-indian-gp-from-paying-huge-taxes_729353.html|archive-date=24 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] sought an explanation from the Uttar Pradesh government for granting the tax exemption to Jaypee Group. The notices were issued by the apex court on the basis of a public interest litigation, which challenged the exemption of entertainment and luxury tax for organising the Formula One event.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/f1-sc-notice-to-up-govt-jaypee-on-tax-exemption/194195-3.html|title=SC notice to UP Govt, Jaypee on tax exemption|date=18 October 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|publisher=[[Turner International India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020123636/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/f1-sc-notice-to-up-govt-jaypee-on-tax-exemption/194195-3.html|archive-date=20 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 21 October, the Supreme Court enacted a temporary injunction to end the dispute, stipulating that the event organisers would deposit 25% of ticket money into a separate account until the court judged the validity of the entertainment tax exemption granted for the event by the Uttar Pradesh government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/f1-race-onwant-25-sales-proceeds-reserved-sc/149466/on|title=F1 race on, but want 25% ticket sales reserved: SC|date=21 October 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|work=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=Business Standard Ltd.|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

===Status of visa applications===
Further complications arose when several figures within the Formula One paddock – reported to be [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]] driver [[Nico Rosberg]] and "half" of the [[HRT F1|HRT]] team – had their [[visa (document)|visa]] applications rejected.<ref name="Visa woes">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-15/racing/30159808_1_tourist-visa-visa-applications-visa-woes|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701145200/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-15/racing/30159808_1_tourist-visa-visa-applications-visa-woes|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2012|title=Visa woes for Indian Grand Prix|date=15 September 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|agency=[[Times News Network]]|first=Ruhi|last=Batra}}</ref> A senior [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] figure was quoted as saying that if the extended visa processing period continued, then up to ninety percent of people involved in the sport would be unable to attend the race.<ref name="Visa woes"/> Ten days before the race, [[Team Lotus (2010–11)|Team Lotus]] driver [[Heikki Kovalainen]] reported via [[Twitter]] that he was still in the process of signing documents to enter the country, labelling the process as "a joke" and describing it as needlessly complex.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/H_Kovalainen/statuses/126307927668690944|title=@H_Kovalainen: 18 October|work=[[Twitter]]|publisher=Twitter Inc.|date=18 October 2011|access-date=25 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131184818/https://twitter.com/H_Kovalainen/statuses/126307927668690944|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite concerns over the application process, no teams reported that their personnel had been denied entry to the country.

==Classification==

===Qualifying===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%"
! Pos
! No
! Driver
! Constructor
! Part 1
! Part 2
! Part 3
! Grid
|-
! 1
| 1
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Vettel]]
| [[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]
| 1:26.218
| '''1:24.657'''
| '''1:24.178'''
| 1
|-
! 2
| 3
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines|Mercedes]]
| 1:26.563
| 1:25.019
| 1:24.474
| 5{{ref|1|1}}
|-
! 3
| 2
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]]
| [[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]
| 1:26.473
| 1:25.282
| 1:24.508
| 2
|-
! 4
| 5
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fernando Alonso]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:26.774
| 1:25.158
| 1:24.519
| 3
|-
! 5
| 4
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jenson Button]]
| [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines|Mercedes]]
| 1:26.225
| 1:25.299
| 1:24.950
| 4
|-
! 6
| 6
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Felipe Massa]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:27.012
| 1:25.522
| 1:25.122
| 6
|-
! 7
| 8
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Nico Rosberg]]
| [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]]
| 1:26.364
| 1:25.555
| 1:25.451
| 7
|-
! 8
| 14
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Adrian Sutil]]
| [[Force India]]-[[Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines|Mercedes]]
| 1:26.271
| 1:26.140
| no time
| 8
|-
! 9
| 18
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Sébastien Buemi]]
| [[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:26.608
| 1:26.161
| no time
| 9
|-
! 10
| 19
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jaime Alguersuari]]
| [[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:26.557
| 1:26.319
| no time
| 10
|-
! 11
| 10
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vitaly Petrov]]
| [[Renault F1|Renault]]
| '''1:26.189'''
| 1:26.319
|
| 16{{ref|2|2}}
|-
! 12
| 7
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Michael Schumacher]]
| [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]]
| 1:26.790
| 1:26.337
|
| 11
|-
! 13
| 15
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Paul di Resta]]
| [[Force India]]-[[Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines|Mercedes]]
| 1:26.864
| 1:26.503
|
| 12
|-
! 14
| 12
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Pastor Maldonado]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 1:26.829
| 1:26.537
|
| 13
|-
! 15
| 9
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Senna]]
| [[Renault F1|Renault]]
| 1:26.766
| 1:26.651
|
| 14
|-
! 16
| 11
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rubens Barrichello]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 1:27.479
| 1:27.247
|
| 15
|-
! 17
| 17
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Sergio Pérez]]
| [[Sauber]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:27.249
| 1:27.562
|
| 20{{ref|1|1}}
|-
! 18
| 16
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kamui Kobayashi]]
| [[Sauber]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 1:27.876
|
|
| 17
|-
! 19
| 20
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Heikki Kovalainen]]
| [[Team Lotus (2010–11)|Lotus]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]
| 1:28.565
|
|
| 18
|-
! 20
| 21
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Jarno Trulli]]
| [[Team Lotus (2010–11)|Lotus]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]
| 1:28.752
|
|
| 19
|-
! 21
| 23
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daniel Ricciardo]]
| [[HRT F1|HRT]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 1:30.216
|
|
| 23{{ref|3|3}}
|-
! 22
| 22
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Narain Karthikeyan]]
| [[HRT F1|HRT]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 1:30.238
|
|
| 24{{ref|4|4}}
|-
! 23
| 25
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Jérôme d'Ambrosio]]
| [[Virgin Racing|Virgin]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 1:30.866
|
|
| 21
|-
! colspan=8|[[107% time]]: 1:32.222
|-
! 24
| 24
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Timo Glock]]
| [[Virgin Racing|Virgin]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 1:34.046
|
|
| 22
|-
!colspan="8"|{{center|Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 FORMULA 1 AIRTEL GRAND PRIX OF INDIA - Qualifying Results |url=http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2010/863/6938/ |work=formula1.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024203035/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2011/863/6938/ |archive-date=24 October 2014}}</ref>}}
|}
;Notes:
:{{note|1|1}} – Lewis Hamilton and Sergio Pérez were given three-place grid penalties for ignoring yellow flags during the first practice session.<ref name="HamPer"/>
:{{note|2|2}} – Vitaly Petrov was given a five-place grid penalty for causing an accident with Michael Schumacher at the {{F1 GP|2011|Korean}}.<ref name="Petrov"/> Although Petrov and [[Jaime Alguersuari]] set identical lap times in Q2, Alguersuari advanced to Q3 because he had set his lap time three minutes before Petrov.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12715.html |title=Vettel on pole for inaugural Indian race |work=Formula1.com |publisher=[[Formula One Group|Formula One Administration]] |date=29 October 2011 |access-date=30 October 2011 |quote=Renault caught a tough break when Vitaly Petrov actually lapped in 1m 26.319s, the same time as Jaime Alguersuari had done for Toro Rosso, but the Spaniard did it first which meant that the Russian did not make it through to Q3. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030045109/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12715.html |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}</ref>
:{{note|3|3}} – Daniel Ricciardo was given a five-place grid penalty for a gearbox change.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95748|title=Daniel Ricciardo to take gearbox change penalty in India|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=29 October 2011|access-date=29 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030025415/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95748|archive-date=30 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
:{{note|4|4}} – Narain Karthikeyan was given a five-place grid penalty for impeding Michael Schumacher during Q1.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95760|first=Pablo|last=Elizalde|title=Karthikeyan penalised for impeding Schumacher during qualifying|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Group|Haymarket Publications]]|date=29 October 2011|access-date=29 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030051206/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/95760|archive-date=30 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Race===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
! Pos
! No
! Driver
! Constructor
! Laps
! Time/Retired
! Grid
! Points
|-
! 1
| 1
| {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Sebastian Vettel]]'''
| '''[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]'''
| 60
| 1:30:35.002
| 1
| '''25'''
|-
! 2
| 4
| {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Jenson Button]]'''
| '''[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines|Mercedes]]'''
| 60
| +8.433
| 4
| '''18'''
|-
! 3
| 5
| {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Fernando Alonso]]'''
| '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'''
| 60
| +24.301
| 3
| '''15'''
|-
! 4
| 2
| {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]]'''
| '''[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]'''
| 60
| +25.529
| 2
| '''12'''
|-
! 5
| 7
| {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Michael Schumacher]]'''
| '''[[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]]'''
| 60
| +1:05.421
| 11
| '''10'''
|-
! 6
| 8
| {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Nico Rosberg]]'''
| '''[[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]]'''
| 60
| +1:06.851
| 7
| '''8'''
|-
! 7
| 3
| {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Lewis Hamilton]]'''
| '''[[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines|Mercedes]]'''
| 60
| +1:24.183
| 5
| '''6'''
|-
! 8
| 19
| {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Jaime Alguersuari]]'''
| '''[[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'''
| 59
| +1 Lap
| 10
| '''4'''
|-
! 9
| 14
| {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Adrian Sutil]]'''
| '''[[Force India]]-[[Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines|Mercedes]]'''
| 59
| +1 Lap
| 8
| '''2'''
|-
! 10
| 17
| {{flagicon|MEX}} '''[[Sergio Pérez]]'''
| '''[[Sauber]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'''
| 59
| +1 Lap
| 20
| '''1'''
|-
! 11
| 10
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vitaly Petrov]]
| [[Renault F1|Renault]]
| 59
| +1 Lap
| 16
|
|-
! 12
| 9
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Senna]]
| [[Renault F1|Renault]]
| 59
| +1 Lap
| 14
|
|-
! 13
| 15
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Paul di Resta]]
| [[Force India]]-[[Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines|Mercedes]]
| 59
| +1 Lap
| 12
|
|-
! 14
| 20
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Heikki Kovalainen]]
| [[Team Lotus (2010–11)|Lotus]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]
| 58
| +2 Laps
| 18
|
|-
! 15
| 11
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rubens Barrichello]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 58
| +2 Laps
| 15
|
|-
! 16
| 25
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Jérôme d'Ambrosio]]
| [[Virgin Racing|Virgin]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 57
| +3 Laps
| 21
|
|-
! 17
| 22
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Narain Karthikeyan]]
| [[HRT F1|HRT]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 57
| +3 Laps
| 24
|
|-
! 18
| 23
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Daniel Ricciardo]]
| [[HRT F1|HRT]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 57
| +3 Laps
| 23
|
|-
! 19
| 21
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Jarno Trulli]]
| [[Team Lotus (2010–11)|Lotus]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]
| 55
| +5 Laps
| 19
|
|-
! {{abbr|Ret|Retired}}
| 6
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Felipe Massa]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 32
| Suspension
| 6
|
|-
! {{abbr|Ret|Retired}}
| 18
| {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Sébastien Buemi]]
| [[Scuderia Toro Rosso|Toro Rosso]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 24
| Engine
| 9
|
|-
! {{abbr|Ret|Retired}}
| 12
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Pastor Maldonado]]
| [[Williams F1|Williams]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 12
| Gearbox
| 13
|
|-
! {{abbr|Ret|Retired}}
| 24
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Timo Glock]]
| [[Virgin Racing|Virgin]]-[[Cosworth]]
| 2
| Collision damage
| 22
|
|-
! {{abbr|Ret|Retired}}
| 16
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kamui Kobayashi]]
| [[Sauber]]-[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 0
| Collision
| 17
|
|-
!colspan="8"|{{center|Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=2011 FORMULA 1 AIRTEL GRAND PRIX OF INDIA - Race Results |url=http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2010/863/ |work=formula1.com |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103050156/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2011/863/ |archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref>}}
|}

== Championship standings after the race ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Drivers' Championship standings
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
!
! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
! Driver
! Points
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Sebastian Vettel]]'''
| 374
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jenson Button]]
| 240
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fernando Alonso]]
| 227
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Webber (racing driver)|Mark Webber]]
| 221
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lewis Hamilton]]
| 202
|-
!colspan=4|Source:<ref name="Championship standings">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statsf1.com/en/2011/inde/championnat.aspx|title=India 2011 - Championship • STATS F1|website=www.statsf1.com|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220102403/http://www.statsf1.com/en/2011/inde/championnat.aspx|archive-date=20 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
{{col-2}}
;Constructors' Championship standings
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
!
! {{Tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
! Constructor
! Points
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| {{flagicon|AUT}} '''[[Red Bull Racing]]-[[Renault Sport F1|Renault]]'''
| 595
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines|Mercedes]]
| 442
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 325
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes]]
| 145
|-
|align="left"| [[File:1rightarrow_blue.svg|10px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Renault F1|Renault]]
| 72
|-
!colspan=4|Source:<ref name="Championship standings"/>
|}
{{col-end}}

* '''Note''': Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
* '''Bold text''' indicates the 2011 World Champions.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://www.jaypeesports.com/main.shtml|Jaypee Sports}}
*{{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20111107014749/http://formula1.airtel.in:80/index.php|Airtel }}

{{F1 race report
|Name_of_race = [[Indian Grand Prix]]
|Year_of_race = 2011
|Previous_race_in_season = [[2011 Korean Grand Prix]]
|Next_race_in_season = [[2011 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix]]
|Previous_year's_race = ''N/A''
|Next_year's_race = [[2012 Indian Grand Prix]]
|Previous_promotional_trophy_winner = [[2010 Korean Grand Prix]]
|Next_promotional_trophy_winner = [[2012 Indian Grand Prix]]
}}
{{F1GP 10-19}}

[[Category:2011 Formula One races|Indian Grand Prix]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian motorsport|Indian Grand Prix]]
[[Category:Indian Grand Prix]]
[[Category:October 2011 sports events in India|Indian Grand Prix]]

Manish R Goswami

2026-03-27T14:37:57Z

StellaWindsor21: new initial stub first draft

{{short description|Indian television producer, film producer and director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manish Goswami
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|10|8}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| othername = Chintu
| occupation = Television producer, cmd
| yearsactive = 1993–present
| alma_mater = [[Mumbai University]]
| citizenship = Indian
| spouse = Anuradha Goswami
| children = Siddhant Goswami
| relatives = [[Manoj Kumar]] (brother)<ref>{{cite news|title=Manish Goswami To Make Films|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/manish-goswami-to-make-films|accessdate=16 April 2014|work=Box Office India|date=16 April 2014|archive-date=20 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420033704/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/manish-goswami-to-make-films/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| honours =
| website = {{URL|www.scvl.in}}
}}

'''Manish R Goswami''' (born 8 October 1964) is an Indian television producer<ref>{{cite news |title=TV is a rating driven market: Producer Manish Goswami|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/behind-the-lens/tv-rating-driven-market-producer-manish-goswami-161111 |accessdate=11 November 2016 |work=Tellychakkar.com|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> and chairman and managing director (CMD) of Siddhant Cinevision Private Limited. He is the founder of [[Siddhant Cinevision]] Limited and did debut as television producer with the Hindi Serial Parampara in 1993,<ref>{{cite news |title=Manish Goswami to make a film on Guru Dutt's life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/manish-goswami-to-make-a-film-on-guru-dutts-life/ |accessdate=18 April 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 April 2014}}</ref> which was telecasted on [[Zee TV]] and a popular serial among the viewers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manish R. Goswami |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/producer/manish-r-goswami}}</ref> Later he produced more than 35 TV serials like [[Aashirwad (TV series)|Aashirwad]], Daraar, [[Kittie Party]], Milan, Sarrkkar, [[Kaisa Yeh Ishq Hai... Ajab Sa Risk Hai|Kaisa Yeh Ishq Hai...Ajab Sa Risk Hai]] etc. Those serials were telecasted on different Hindi entertainment TV Channels like [[DD National|DD-1]], [[Zee TV]], [[Star Plus]], [[Imagine TV|NDTV Imagine]], [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]], [[Life Ok]], [[Sahara One]] etc.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manish Goswami to make a movie on Guru Dutt|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Manish-Goswami-Guru-Dutt/articleshow/33659165.cms?from=mdr&pcode=461 |accessdate=13 April 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddhant Cinevision's next gets a pace! – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/siddhant-cinevisions-next-gets-a-pace/articleshow/18447621.cms |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=The Times of India |date=11 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Manish R Goswami is the son of R. N. Goswami and Vimla R. Goswami. He is first cousin of versatile and legendary actor, producer and director of [[Bollywood]] [[Manoj Kumar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Producer Manish Sharma Goswami & Director Siddhant Goswami snapped along with Sunil Gavaskar and Subhash Ghai inaugurate a preschool |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-sunil-gavaskar-drops-in-to-wish-manoj-kumar-s-happy-birthday-1906456 |work=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Kumar's 'Upkar' Revisited: Brother Manish Goswami gets emotional – Exclusive – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manoj-kumars-upkar-revisited-brother-manish-goswami-gets-emotional-exclusive/articleshow/93505452.cms |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=The Times of India |date=11 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He graduated from [[Mumbai University]] and married Anuradha Goswami on 19 January 1987. He founded his production house [[Siddhant Cinevision]] Private Limited in 1993 and started his production journey with hit TV serial ''Parampara''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindi Tv Serial Parampara |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/parampara}}</ref> Actress [[Neena Gupta]] recently released her autobiography 'Sach Kahu To' and narrated her television acting journey by mentioning producer Manish Goswami in that book. Responding to which Manish Goswami said, "Parampara was my first show as a producer on [[Zee TV|Zee]] and his first show on Satellite TV. It ran from 1993 to 1998. Whenever he needed advice on production-related activities, I used to guide him. She is a child at heart, passionate and hardworking."<ref>{{cite news |title=Old memories! Producer Manish Goswami finds mention in Neena Gupta's book, 'Sach Kahun Toh'|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/old-memories-producer-manish-goswami-finds-mention-in-neena-guptas-book-sach-kahun-toh-23178788|accessdate=19 June 2021 |work=Mid Day|date=19 June 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Goswami's father produced the film [[Upkar]] released in 1967<ref>{{cite news |title=Upkar Awards Won:7 Filmfare Awards, 2 National Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/upkar/movieawards/61344144.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and his brother [[Manoj Kumar]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Manoj Kumar didn't socialise much: Manish Goswam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Manoj-Kumar-didnt-socialise-much-Manish-Goswami/articleshow/12314251.cms |accessdate=18 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 March 2012}}</ref> is an actor, producer, and director. After Graduation (B.Com.) from [[Mumbai University]], Goswami joined his brother Manoj's film company and worked as a Production Controller from 1987 to 1989. In 1990 he opened his own High Band Editing Studio & A Communication Center from 1990 to 1993, then he opened his own production company and produced his first show Parampara. Under his production house he has produced many TV serials, two Tele films and few TV Serials are in pre-production stage. Manish Goswami has registered the title of [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]'s classic cult comedy film [[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]] (1975) long ago, later while Bhushan's company approached him he gave away the title with 'No Objection' letter as [[Bhushan Kumar]] and [[Luv Ranjan]] has already decided to remake the 1975 original.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manish Goswami parts with 'Chupke Chupke' title for the remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manish-goswami-parts-with-chupke-chupke-title-for-the-remake/articleshow/72081998.cms |accessdate=16 November 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rajkummar Rao's 'Chupke Chupke' remake gets its title as producer Manish Goswami gives permission |url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/rajkummar-raos-chupke-chupke-remake-gets-title-producer-manish-goswami-gives-permission-228693/ |accessdate=16 November 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 November 2019}}</ref> Further in 2019 he also gave the title to [[Ekta Kapoor]] for her comedy movie [[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manish R Goswami Helps Ekta Kapoor with the Title of Her Film "Dream Girl" |url=https://bollyy.com/manish-r-goswami-helps-ekta-kapoor-with-the-title-of-her-film-dream-girl/ |accessdate=18 September 2019 |work=Bollyy|date=18 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=One TV producer helps another TV producer for film! Television Producer Manish R Goswami of Siddhant Cinevision Pvt. Ltd. helps Ekta Kapoor of Balaji Motion Pictures Ltd. with the title of her film "Dream Girl" |url=https://bollywoodtimesindia.com/11313 |accessdate=18 September 2019 |work=Bollywood Times India |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120160342/https://bollywoodtimesindia.com/11313 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Social activity==
Goswami has started a Preschool & Daycare center<ref>{{cite news |title=Producer Manish Goswami and son Siddhant to open a Preschool |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/snippets/producer-manish-goswami-son-siddhant-open-preschool/2018/08/09 |accessdate=9 August 2018 |work=IWM BUZZ.COM}}</ref> with his son Siddhant Goswami, on occasion of inauguration the cricketer Mr. [[Sunil Gavaskar]] and Film director [[Subhash Ghai]] was presented.<ref>{{cite news |title=Producer Manish Goswami & Director Siddhant Goswami snapped along with Sunil Gavaskar and Subhash Ghai inaugurate a preschool |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/producer-manish-goswami-director-siddhant-goswami-snapped-along-sunil-gavaskar-subhash-ghai-inaugurate-preschool/sunil-gavaskar-and-subhash-ghai-inaugurate-a-preschool-8/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Former Indian batsman [[Sunil Gavaskar]] and producer Manish Goswami have been close friends for more than two decades. Producer Manish Goswami is trying to convince her to face the camera in one of his upcoming productions.<ref>{{cite news |title=No birthday bash this year for 'Little Master' : Manish Goswami |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/no-birthday-bash-this-year-for-little-master-manish-goswami/ |accessdate=10 July 2020 |work=Cinebuster.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No birthday bash for Sunil Gavaskar this year says Manish Goswami|url=https://cineblitz.in/news-gossip/latest-news/no-birthday-bash-for-sunil-gavaskar-this-year-says-manish-goswami/ |accessdate=10 July 2020 |work=Cineblitz.in}}</ref> Manish Goswami (Vice President) will hand over 5,000 Covishield vaccines to [[Federation of Western India Cine Employees|FWICE]] (Federation of Western India Cine Employees). [[Federation of Western India Cine Employees|FWICE]] may vaccinate its members who may also ask their spouses to take the dose.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddharth Roy Kapur and Manish Goswami intensify the COVID vaccination drive for film shoots to become safe – Exclusive!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/siddharth-roy-kapur-and-manish-goswami-intensify-the-covid-vaccination-drive-for-film-shoots-to-become-safe-exclusive/articleshow/83379094.cms |accessdate=9 Jun 2021 |work=Times of INDIA}}</ref> 35 million will be transferred among 7,000 salaried employees in trouble due to [[COVID-19]] through a private organization, for which FWICE thanked Manish Goswami for his cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=SALMAN KHAN, PRODUCERS GUILD, NETFLIX, YASH RAJ FOUNDATION IN FOREFRONT TO EXTEND AID TO NEEDY IN FILM INDUSTRY |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/salman-khan-producers-guild-netflix-yash-raj-foundation-in-forefront-to-extend-aid-to-needy-in-film-industry-8-may-2021/ |accessdate=8 May 2021 |work=filminformation.com}}</ref> Manish Goswami shares memories related to [[Dilip Kumar]] on his death.<ref>{{cite news |title=When Sunil Gavaskar and Dilip Kumar met and realised their mutual admiration for each other|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-sunil-gavaskar-and-dilip-kumar-met-and-realised-their-mutual-admiration-for-each-other/articleshow/84202217.cms?from=mdr |accessdate=7 July 2021 |work=Times of INDIA}}</ref> Manish Goswami learned about [[Shagufta Ali]] health and financial plight and helped him financially for his better condition so that he could live well.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shagufta Ali gets financial aid from Manish Goswami, Ashoke Pandit and Ashok Shekhar- Exclusive!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shagufta-ali-gets-financial-aid-from-manish-goswami-ashoke-pandit-and-ashok-shekhar-exclusive/articleshow/84206069.cms |accessdate=7 July 2021 |work=Times of INDIA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MANISH GOSWAMI, ASHOKE PANDIT, ASHOK SHEKHAR TRANSFER FUNDS TO AILING SHAGUFTA ALI |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/manish-goswami-ashoke-pandit-ashok-shekhar-transfer-funds-to-ailing-shagufta-ali-7-july-2021/ |accessdate=7 July 2021 |work=FILM INFORMATION}}</ref>

Manish Goswami was unanimously elected as the vice-chairman of The Producers Guild of India Limited for the 10th consecutive time in the first meeting of the Management Council held immediately after the 68th Annual General Meeting on 21 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film producer Shibasish Sarkar gets elected as President of the Producers Guild of India – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/film-producer-shibasish-sarkar-gets-elected-as-president-of-the-producers-guild-of-india/articleshow/94358942.cms |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=The Times of India |date=22 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |title=SHIBASISH SARKAR ELECTED GUILD PRESIDENT {{!}} 21 September 2022 – Film Information |date=21 September 2022 |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/shibasish-sarkar-elected-guild-president-21-september-2022/ |access-date=2022-09-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Television==
The following is the list of Television shows produced by Manish R Goswami under his banner [[Siddhant Cinevision|Siddhant Cinevision Private Limited]]. Note: television series in bold are the shows presently on air.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width=60%
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Channel
!scope="col"| Episodes
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
| 1993–98
| ''PARAMPARA''<ref>{{cite news |title=Old memories! Producer Manish Goswami finds mention in Neena Gupta's book, 'Sach Kahun Toh'|url=http://bollywoodspy.in/2021/06/17/actor-neena-gupta-recently-launched-her-autobiography-sach-kahu-toh-and-fondly-mentions-producer-manish-goswami-recalling-her-television-acting-journey/|accessdate=17 June 2021 |work=Bollywoodspy.in |date=17 June 2021}}</ref>
| [[ZEE TV]]
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| 1994–98
| ''Daraar''
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| ''[[Chashme Baddoor (TV series)|Chashme Baddoor]]''
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| ''KAHAN SE KAHAN TAK''
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| ''WAARIS''
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| ''Meethi meethi baatien''
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| ''INSAAF''
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| ''[[Milan (Indian TV series)|MILAN]]''
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| ''[[Kittie Party|KITTY PARTY]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha's Blast From The Past, 'Kittie Party': "I knew she could settle in Bollywood," maker Manish Goswami reminisces|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nushrratt-bharucchas-blast-from-the-past-kittie-party-i-knew-she-could-settle-in-bollywood-maker-manish-goswami-reminisces/articleshow/85457330.cms?from=mdr/|accessdate=19 August 2021 |work=Times of India |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
| [[ZEE TV]]
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| 2003
| ''FORCE 1''
| [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|3
|(WEEKLY 45 MIN.)
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| ''[[Aandhi (TV series)|Aandhi]]''
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|76
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| ''[[Kituu Sabb Jaantii Hai|KITTU SABB JAANTII HAI]]''
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| ''[[Sarkarr:Rishton Ki Ankahi Kahani|Sarrkkar]]''
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|26
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| ''[[Meet Mila De Rabba]]''
| [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|103
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| [[Imagine TV|NDTV Imagine]]
|61
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| ''[[Shraddha (TV series)|Shraddha]]''
| [[Star Plus]]
|80
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| 2013–14
| ''[[Kaisa Yeh Ishq Hai... Ajab Sa Risk Hai|KAISA YE ISHQ HAI AJAB SA RISK HAI]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kaisa-ye-ishq-hai-is-a-new-age-love-story-manish/articleshow/19710361.cms|title=Kaisa Ye Ishq Hai is a new age love story: Manish|website=The Times of India|date=24 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/siddhant-cinevisions-next-gets-a-pace/articleshow/18447621.cms |title=Siddhant Cinevision's next gets a pace! |work=Times of India |date= 11 February 2013 |accessdate=19 June 2021}}</ref>
| [[Life OK]]
|252
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| 2016–17
| ''[[Dil Deke Dekho (TV series)|DIL DEKE DEKHO]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Dil-Deke-Dekho-will-highlight-love-stories-across-three-generations/articleshow/54641336.cms|title='Dil Deke Dekho' will highlight love stories across three generations – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 October 2016 }}</ref>
| [[Sony SAB]]
|169
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|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2276241}}
* [http://scvl.in/- Siddhant Cinevision Pvt.Ltd.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Manish R}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]

Indo-Parthian kingdom

2026-03-27T09:52:57Z

StellaWindsor21:

{{Short description|19–226 CE kingdom in northwestern South Asia}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Indo-Parthian kingdom
| common_name = Indo-Parthian kingdom
| era = [[ancient history|Antiquity]]
| status =
| event_start = [[Gondophares|Gondophares I]]
| year_start = 19 CE
| date_start =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event_end =
| year_end = 226 CE
| date_end =
| p1 = Parthian Empire
| p3 = Indo-Scythians
| p2 = Indo-Greek Kingdom
| p4 = Northern Satraps
| s1 = Paratarajas
| s2 = Kushan Empire
| s3 = Sasanian Empire
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image=Map of the Indo-Parthians.png
| width=290 
| float = center
| border =none
| nodiv = 1
| mini = 1
| relief = yes
| places =
{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|[[40CE|South-Asia 40 CE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|155|[[Satavahana Empire|SATAVAHANAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|220|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|230|[[Ay dynasty|AY]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|205|[[Chola dynasty|CHOLAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|195|[[Chera dynasty|CHERAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|185|[[Chutu dynasty|CHUTUS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|20|15|[[Yuezhi|YUEZHI]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|75|115|[[Western Satraps|WESTERN SATRAPS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|160|105|[[Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)|MITRAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|95|102|[[Malavas|MALAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|85|85|[[Yaudheya|YAUDHEYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|150|135|[[Mahameghavahana dynasty|MAHAMEGA- VAHANA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|200|120|[[Samatata|SAMATATAS]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|257|245|[[Template:South Asia in 150 BCE| ◁ ]] [[Template:South Asia in 350 CE| ▷ ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
|caption=
}}
| image_map_alt = Map of the Indo-Parthians.
| map_width = 290
| image_map_caption = {{center|Indo-Parthian kingdom at its maximum extent, circa 40 CE, and neighbouring South Asian polities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=21, 145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=182&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>}}
| capital = [[Taxila]] [[Kabul]]
| common_languages = [[Old Aramaic|Aramaic]] [[Koine Greek|Greek]] [[Pali]] ([[Kharoṣṭhī|Kharoshthi]] script) [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]] ([[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script), [[Parthian language|Parthian]]
| religion = [[Buddhism]] [[Hinduism]] [[Zoroastrianism]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[Gondophares|Gondophares I]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 19–46
| leader2 = [[Farn-Sasan]] (last)
| year_leader2 = ?–226
| title_leader = [[Indo-Greek Kingdom#Indo-Greek kings: their coins, territories and chronology|King]]
| legislature =
}}
The '''Indo-Parthian kingdom''', also known as '''Pahlavas''' or '''Pahlawas''' in ancient [[Sanskrit]] texts,{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=30-31}} was a [[Syncretism|synectric]] kingdom founded by [[Gondophares]] and was active from 19 CE to c. 226 CE. At its zenith, it ruled an area covering parts of eastern [[Iran]], various parts of [[Afghanistan]] and the northwest regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] (most of modern Pakistan and parts of northwestern [[India]]). Its rulers may have been members of the [[House of Suren]], and the kingdom has even been called the "Suren Kingdom" by some authors.{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|p=26}}

The kingdom was founded in 19/20 when the governor of [[Drangiana]] ([[Sistan|Sakastan]]) [[Gondophares]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Ghosh |first=Suchandra |title=Indo-Parthian Kingdom |date=2016-01-11 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe038 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Empire |pages=1–2 |editor-last=Dalziel |editor-first=Nigel |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe038 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 |access-date=2023-01-28 |editor2-last=MacKenzie |editor2-first=John M|url-access=subscription }}</ref> declared independence from the [[Parthian Empire]]. He would later make expeditions to the east, conquer territory from the [[Indo-Scythians]] and [[Indo-Greeks]] and thus transforming his kingdom into an empire.{{efn|"As a result, the Indo-Greek kingdom emerged to the south but it did not exist long and was soon replaced by the Indo-Parthian kingdom."{{sfn|Ellerbrock|2021|p=117}}}}{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=35}} The domains of the Indo-Parthians were greatly reduced following the invasions of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]] in the second half of the 1st century. They managed to retain control of [[Sakastan]], until its conquest by the [[Sasanian Empire]] in c. 224/5.{{sfn|Olbrycht|2016|p=25}} In [[Baluchistan]], the [[Paratarajas]], a local Indo-Parthian dynasty, fell into the orbit of the [[Sasanian Empire]] circa 262 CE.<ref name="PA29">"New light on the Paratarajas" Pankaj Tandon [http://people.bu.edu/ptandon/Paratarajas.pdf p.29-35]</ref>

The Indo-Parthians are noted for the construction of the [[Buddhist]] [[monastery]] [[Takht-i-Bahi]] ([[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]) in [[Mardan]], Pakistan.

==Name==
The name "Indo-Parthian" is a name given by modern scholars to a royal dynasty whose members were loosely with one another. The dynasty was also called "Pahlavas" in [[Puranas|Puranic]] and [[Mahabharata]] texts.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|pp=30-31}}

==Gondophares I and his successors==
[[File:GondopharesCoin.JPG|thumb|150px|left|Portrait of [[Gondophares]], founder of the Indo-Parthian kingdom. He wears a headband, earrings, a necklace, and a cross-over jacket with round decorations.]]
[[Gondophares|Gondophares I]] originally seems to have been a ruler of [[Seistan]], in what is today eastern Iran and probably a vassal or relative of the [[Apracarajas]]. He may have replaced previous Parthian governors of Seistan, such as [[Cheiroukes]] or [[Tanlismaidates]].{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=56}} These Parthian satraps had been ruling the region of [[Sakastan]] since the time when [[Mithridates II of Parthia|Mithridates II]] (124–88 BC) had vanquished the Sakas of the region.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=32|loc="The coinage of a series of authorities whose names are given as Tanlis, Tanlis Mardates, and probably a queen named Rangodeme are quite likely to be the last series issued by these ‘satraps’ before the establishment of the dynasty of Gondophares in Sistan and Arachosia. The early rulers of Sakistan/Sistan can thus be characterised as Arsacid governors, possibly of Saka origin, who are appointed following the defeat of the Sakas in the region by Mithridates II"}}

Around 20–10 BC,<ref>The chronology of the Gondopharid kings has long been uncertain, predominantly based on coins. This reconstruction is based on "Indo-Scythian Coins and History IV" by Robert Senior, CNG 2006, as the four volumes of Senior's work provide an almost complete catalogue of the coinage of the period. Senior's chronology is based on the existence of only one king Azes, a theory that was vindicated when it was shown that a coin of the so-called Azes II was overstruck with a type attributed to Azes I (see Senior, "The final nail in the coffin of Azes II", Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society 197, 2008).</ref> he made conquests in the former [[Indo-Scythian]] kingdom, perhaps after the death of the important ruler [[Azes]]. Gondophares became the ruler of areas comprising [[Arachosia]], [[Seistan]], [[Sindh]], [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]], and the [[Kabul]] valley, but it does not seem as though he held territory beyond eastern [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref>Rosenfield, p129</ref> Gondophares called himself "King of Kings", a [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] title that in his case correctly reflects that the Indo-Parthian empire was only a loose framework: a number of smaller dynasts certainly maintained their positions during the Indo-Parthian period, likely in exchange for their recognition of Gondophares and his successors. These smaller dynasts included the [[Apracarajas]] themselves, and Indo-Scythian [[satrap]]s such as [[Zeionises]] and [[Rajuvula]], as well as anonymous Scythians who struck imitations of [[Azes]] coins. The [[Ksaharata]]s also held sway in [[Gujarat]], perhaps just outside Gondophares' dominions.

[[File:Takht-e-bahi.jpg|thumb|Ancient [[Buddhist]] [[monastery]] [[Takht-i-Bahi]] (a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]) constructed by the Indo-Parthians in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]].]]
After the death of Gondophares I, the empire started to fragment. The name or title ''[[Gondophares]]'' was adapted by [[Sarpedones]], who become '''Gondophares II''' and was possibly son of the first Gondophares. Even though he claimed to be the main ruler, Sarpedones’ rule was shaky and he issued a fragmented coinage in Sind, eastern Punjab and Arachosia in southern Afghanistan. The most important successor was [[Abdagases]], Gondophares’ nephew, who ruled in Punjab and possibly in the homeland of Seistan. After a short reign, Sarpedones seems to have been succeeded by [[Orthagnes]], who became '''Gondophares III Gadana'''. Orthagnes ruled mostly in Seistan and Arachosia, with Abdagases further east, during the first decades AD, and was briefly succeeded by his son Ubouzanes [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231141/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/par_rel/print/i_ubouzanes.jpg Coin]. After 20 AD, a king named [[Sases]], a nephew of the Apracaraja ruler Aspavarma, took over Abdagases’ territories and became '''Gondophares IV Sases'''{{citation needed|reason=What is the evidence equating the Apraca Sasan with the Indo-Parthian Sases?|date=March 2021}}. According to Senior, this is the Gondophares referred to in the [[Takht-i-Bahi]] inscription.<ref>A votive inscription of the 26th year of Guduvhara or Gondophares, is reported to have been found on a stone at [[Takht-i-Bahi]], northeast of [[Peshawar]] with a date in the year 103 of an unspecified era reckoning. This era is likely to have been the Malva or Vikrama era, founded in 57 BCE, this would give a date of 20 CE for this king's ascension (see [[Hindu calendar]]). The stone was formerly in the museum at [[Lahore]]. The point is especially important for the Christians who consider that a germ of history is embedded in the ''[[Acts of Thomas]].''</ref>

There were other minor kings: Sanabares was an ephemeral usurper in Seistan anb called himself Great King of Kings, and there was also a second Abdagases [https://web.archive.org/web/20040411002040/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/par_rel/print/i_abdagases.jpg Coin], a ruler named Agata in Sind, another ruler called Satavastres [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231145/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/par_rel/print/i_satavastres.jpg Coin], and an anonymous prince who claimed to be brother of the king Arsaces, in that case an actual member of the ruling dynasty in [[Parthia]].

However, the Indo-Parthians never regained the position of Gondophares I, and from the middle of the 1st century AD the [[Kushans]] under [[Kujula Kadphises]] began absorbing the northern Indian part of the kingdom.{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|pp=26-27}}

===Rulers of Turan and Sakastan (160-230 AD)===
[[File:KINGS of TURAN. Pahares I. Circa 160-230 AD. Bearded bust left, wearing Parthian-style tiara - Crude figure of Nike walking right.jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Pahares I]], Indo-Parthian king of [[Turan]] (Circa 160-230 CE). Bearded bust left, wearing Parthian-style tiara. Crude figure of Nike walking right.]]
The Indo-Parthians managed to retain control of [[Turan (Sasanian province)|Turan]] and [[Sistan|Sakastan]], which they ruled until the fall of the [[Parthian Empire]] at the hands of the [[Sasanian Empire]] circa 230 CE.{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|pp=26-27}} [[Pahares I]] (160-230 AD) was a ruler of [[Turan (Sasanian province)|Turan]] following the partition of the remains of the Indo-Parthian kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitchiner |first1=Michael |title=Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian Coinage |date=1975 |publisher=Hawkins Publications |isbn=978-0-904173-12-3 |page=779 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4EaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA779 |language=en}}</ref> The kingdom of Sakastan was ruled by a second king with the name [[Sanabares II]] (160-175 AD).<ref name="ACW">{{cite book |last1=Mitchiner |first1=Michael |title=The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650 |date=1978 |publisher=Hawkins Publications |isbn=978-0-904173-16-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuQLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA348 |language=en|quote="Pakores was succeeded in the office of Great King by Sanabares (c. AD 135-160). The much reduced Indo-Parthian realm then split into its two geographical constituents. These now became the Kingdom of Turan whose king was named Pahares and the Kingdom of Sakastan ruled by a second king bearing the name Sanabares (c. AD 160-175). These two kingdoms, Turan and Sakastan, were to persist until the first Sasanian Emperor, Ardeshir I, about AD 230. Both then became vassal kingdoms within the Sasanian Empire. Tabari recorded the submission made by the King of Turan which transpired when Ardeshir was at Gor: then envoys of the king of the Kushan, of the kings of Turan and Mokran came to him with declarations of their submission."}}</ref> The Kingdoms of Turan and Sakastan ended when they submitted to the Sasanian ruler [[Ardeshir I]] circa 230 CE.<ref name="ACW"/> These events were recorded by [[Al-Tabari]], describing the arrival of envoys to Ardeshir at [[Firuzabad, Fars|Gor]]:<ref name="ACW"/>

{{blockquote|“Then he [Ardashir] marched back from the Sawad to Istakhr, from there irst to Sagistan, then to Gurgan, then to Abrasahr, Merv, Balkh, and Khwarizm to the farthest boundaries of the provinces of Kohrasan, whereupon he returned to Merv. Ater he had killed many
people and sent their heads to the Fire temple of Anahedh he returned from Merv to Pars and settled in Gor. Then envoys of the king of the Kushan, of the kings of Turan and [[Makran|Mokran]] came to him with declarations of their submission."|[[Al-Tabari]]<ref name="ACW"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bracey |first1=Robert |title=The Mint Cities of the Kushan Empire |journal=The City and the Coin in the Ancient and Early Medieval World |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=BAR International Series 2402 |page=124 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2078818}}</ref>}}

==Archaeology and sources==
[[File:A picture Texila by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|The Hellenistic temple with [[Ionic order|Ionic]] columns at [[Jandial]], [[Taxila]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]. It is usually interpreted as a Zoroastrian [[fire temple]] from the period of the Indo-Parthians.]]
The city of [[Taxila]] is thought to have been a capital of the Indo-Parthians. Large strata were excavated by Sir [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] with a quantity of Parthian-style artifacts. The nearby temple of [[Jandial]] is usually interpreted as a Zoroastrian [[fire temple]] from the period of the Indo-Parthians.

Some ancient writings describe the presence of the Indo-Parthians in the area, such as the story of Saint [[Thomas the Apostle]], who was recruited as a carpenter to serve at the court of king "Gudnaphar" (thought to be Gondophares) in India. The [[Acts of Thomas]] describes in chapter 17 Thomas' visit to king Gudnaphar in northern India; chapters 2 and 3 depict him as embarking on a sea voyage to India, thus connecting Thomas to the west coast of India.

As Senior points out,<ref>see Senior, "The final nail in the coffin of Azes II".</ref> this Gudnaphar has usually been identified with the first Gondophares, who has thus been dated after the advent of Christianity, but there is no evidence for this assumption, and Senior's research shows that Gondophares I could be dated even before 1 AD. If the account is even historical, Saint Thomas may have encountered one of the later kings who bore the same title.

[[File:GondopharesFinePortrait.jpg|thumb|Portrait on Gondophares on one of his coins.]]
The Greek philosopher [[Apollonius of Tyana]] is related by [[Philostratus]] in ''[[Life of Apollonius Tyana]]'' to have visited India, and specifically the city of [[Taxila]] around 46 AD. He describes constructions of the Greek type,<ref>Description of the Hellenistic urbanism of Taxila: 
* "Taxila, they tell us, is about as big as Nineveh, and was fortified fairly well after the manner of Greek cities" [https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_16.html#§20 (Life of Apollonius Tyana, II 20)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310044312/https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_16.html#§20 |date=2016-03-10 }}
*"I have already described the way in which the city is walled, but they say that it was divided up into narrow streets in the same irregular manner as in Athens, and that the houses were built in such a way that if you look at them from outside they had only one story, while if you went into one of them, you at once found subterranean chambers extending as far below the level of the earth as did the chambers above." [https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_21.html#§23 (Life of Apollonius Tyana, II 23)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310023858/https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_21.html#§23 |date=2016-03-10 }}</ref>
probably referring to [[Sirkap]], and explains that the [[Indo-Parthian]] king of Taxila, named [[Phraotes]], received a Greek education at the court of his father and spoke Greek fluently:

:{{blockquote |"Tell me, O King, how you acquired such a command of the Greek tongue, and whence you derived all your philosophical attainments in this place?"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_26.html#§29 |title=(Life of Apollonius Tyana, II 29) |access-date=2020-03-26 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307154937/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_26.html#§29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
:{{blockquote |[...]-"My father, after a Greek education, brought me to the sages at an age somewhat too early perhaps, for I was only twelve at the time, but they brought me up like their own son; for any that they admit knowing the Greek tongue they are especially fond of, because they consider that in virtue of the similarity of his disposition he already belongs to themselves."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_31.html#§31 |title=(Life of Apollonius Tyana, II 31) |access-date=2020-03-26 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172439/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_31.html#§31 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] is a surviving 1st century guide to the routes that was commonly used for navigating the Arabian Sea. It describes the presence of Parthian kings fighting with each other in the area of Sindh, a region traditionally known at that time as "Scythia" due to the previous rule of the Indo-Scythians there:

:"This river ([[Indus]]) has seven mouths, very shallow and marshy, so that they are not navigable, except the one in the middle; at which by the shore, is the market-town, Barbaricum. Before it there lies a small island, and inland behind it is the metropolis of Scythia, Minnagara; it is subject to Parthian princes who are constantly driving each other out." Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chap 38<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chap 38]</ref>

An inscription from [[Takht-i-Bahi]] bears two dates, one in the regnal year 26 of the Maharaja Guduvhara (again thought to be a Gondophares), and the year 103 of an unknown era.<ref>Rosenfield, p130.</ref>

===Religion of the Indo-Parthians===
[[File:FireAltarWorship.JPG|thumb|left|Devotees at [[Zoroastrian]] fire-altar.]]
The religion of the House of Suren is unknown although it is known to have been in conflict with the Zoroastrian [[Arsacid dynasty]].{{sfn|Gazerani|2015|p=111}} Unlike the Indo-Greeks or Indo-Scythians, there are no explicit records of Indo-Parthian rulers supporting Buddhism, such as religious dedications, inscriptions or even legendary accounts. Also, although Indo-Parthian coins generally closely follow Greek numismatics, they never display the Buddhist [[triratna]] symbol (apart from the later [[Sases]]), and they never use depictions of the elephant or the bull, possible religious symbols that were profusely used by their predecessors. They are thought to have retained [[Zoroastrianism]] since they were of Iranian extraction themselves. This [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] mythological system was inherited from them by the later [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]]s who ruled from the [[Peshawar]]-[[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] region of [[Pakistan]].

Coins of the [[Hindu]] deity [[Shiva]] have also been found issued in the reign of Gondophares I.<ref>Gondophares I Indological researches in India: selected works of Prof. K.D. Bajpai [https://books.google.com/books?id=MOJtAAAAMAAJ&q=indo+parthian+shiva+coin]</ref><ref>Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Volume 46 Pg. 274
[https://books.google.com/books?id=TPMXAQAAMAAJ&q=indo+parthian+shiva+coin]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/0001_0099/gondopharescoins/gondopharescoins.html|title=Gondopharescoins}}</ref>

===Representation of Indo-Parthian devotees===
[[File:IndoParthianKing.JPG|thumb|Indo-Parthian King.<ref>Alternatively "Scythian prince drinking" in {{cite journal |last1=Pons |first1=Jessie |title=The Figure with a Bow in Gandhāran Great Departure Scenes. Some New Readings. |journal=Entangled Religions |date=1 January 2014 |page=52 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38803912}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Betts |first1=Alison |last2=Vicziany |first2=Marika |last3=Jia |first3=Peter Weiming |last4=Castro |first4=Angelo Andrea Di |title=The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads |date=19 December 2019 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-78969-407-9 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxUSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |language=en}}</ref>]]
On their coins and in the art of Gandhara, the Indo-Parthians are depicted with short crossover [[jackets]] and large baggy [[trousers]], possibly supplemented by [[chaps|chap]]-like over-trousers.<ref>Described in "Rome's enemies, Parthians and Sassanid Persians", {{ISBN|0-85045-688-6}}</ref> Their jackets are adorned with rows of decorative rings or medals. Their hair is usually bushy and contained with a headband, a practise largely adopted by the Parthians from the 1st century AD.<ref>"Parthians, from about the 1st century AD, seem to have preferred to show off their carefully tonsured hair, usually only wearing a fillet of thick ribbon; before then, the Scythian cap or [[bashlyk]] was worn more frequently". In "Parthians and Sassanid Parthians" Peter Willcox {{ISBN|0-85045-688-6}}, p12</ref>

Individuals in Indo-Parthian attire are sometimes shown as actors in Buddhist devotional scenes. It is usually considered that most of the excavations that were done at [[Sirkap]], near [[Taxila]], by [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] relate to Indo-Parthian layers, but more recent scholarship sometimes relates them instead to the [[Indo-Greeks]].<ref>Pierfrancesco Gallieri, in "Crossroads of Asia": "The parallels are so striking that it is not excluded that the objects discovered in Taxila and dated to between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE were in reality produced earlier, maybe by artisans who had followed the Greeks kings during their retreat from Bactria to India", p. 211 (in French in the original).</ref> That archaeological research has provided a quantity of Hellenistic artifacts combined with elements of Buddhist worship ([[stupas]]). Some other temples, such as in nearby [[Jandial]], may have been used as a Zoroastrian [[fire temple]].

===Buddhist sculptures===
The statues found at Sirkap in the late Scythian to Parthian level (level 2, 1–60 AD) suggest a developed state of Gandharan art at the time or even before Parthian rule. A multiplicity of statues, ranging from Hellenistic gods, to various Gandharan lay devotees, are combined with what are thought as some of the early representations of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas. Today, it is still unclear when the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]] exactly emerged, but the findings in Sirkap do indicate that the art had been highly developed before the advent of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]].

===Stone palettes===
{{main|Stone palette}}
Numerous [[stone palettes]] found in Gandhara are considered to be good representatives of Indo-Parthian art. These palettes combine Greek and Persian influences, together with a frontality in representations which is considered as characteristic of Parthian art. Such palettes have been found only in archaeological layers corresponding to Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian rule, and are essentially unknown the preceding [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] layers or the succeeding [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] layers.<ref>"Let us remind that in [[Sirkap]], stone palettes were found at all excavated levels. On the contrary, neither Bhir-Mound, the [[Maurya]] city preceding Sirkap on the [[Taxila]] site, nor Sirsukh, the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] city succeeding her, did deliver any stone palettes during their excavations," in "Les palettes du Gandhara", p. 89. "The terminal point after which such palettes are not manufactured anymore is probably located during the Kushan period. In effect, neither [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] nor Taxila (although the Sirsukh had only been little excavated), nor [[Begram]], nor [[Surkh Kotal]], neither the great Kushan archaeological sites of Soviet [[Central Asia]] or [[Afghanistan]] have yielded such objects. Only four palettes have been found in Kushan-period archaeological sites. They come from secondary sites, such as Garav Kala and Ajvadz in Soviet Tajikistan and Jhukar, in the Indus Valley, and Dalverzin Tepe. They are rather roughly made." In "Les Palettes du Gandhara", Henri-Paul Francfort, p. 91 (in French in the original),</ref>

The palettes very often represent people in Greek dress in mythological scenes, but a few of them represent people in Parthian dress (head-bands over bushy hair, crossed-over jacket on a bare chest, jewelry, belt, baggy trousers). A palette from the [[Naprstek Museum]] in [[Prague]] shows an Indo-Parthian king, seated crossed-legged on a large sofa, surrounded by two attendants also in Parthian dress. They are shown to be drinking and serving wine.
<gallery>
File:IndoParthianHunting.JPG|Indo-Parthian man hunting.
File:IndoParthianReveling.JPG|Indo-Parthian revelers.
File:IndoParthianCouple.JPG|Indo-Parthian couple.
</gallery>

==Silk Road transmission of Buddhism==
{{main|Silk Road transmission of Buddhism}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}
[[File:BuddhistReliquaryWithContent1stCenturyCE.jpg|thumb|[[Gandhara]] Buddhist reliquary with contents, including Indo-Parthian coins, 1st century AD.]]
Some pockets of Parthian rule remained in the East, even after the takeover by the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanids]] in 226. From the 2nd century, several Central-Asian Buddhist missionaries appeared in the Chinese capital cities of [[Luoyang]] and sometimes [[Nanjing]], where they particularly distinguished themselves by their translation work. The first known translators of Buddhist texts into Chinese are actually Parthian missionaries, distinguished in Chinese by their Parthian surname "An", for "Anshi", "country of the [[Arsacid dynasty of Parthia|Arsacids]]".
*[[An Shih Kao]], a Parthian prince who made the first known translations of [[Hinayana]] Buddhist texts into Chinese (148–170).
*[[安玄 (Ān Xuán)|An Hsuan]], a Parthian merchant who became a monk in China 181 AD.
*[[Tan-ti]] (c. 254), a Parthian monk.
*[[An Fajin]] (281–306), a monk of Parthian origins.

==Main Indo-Parthian rulers==
[[File:AbdagasesOnHorse.jpg|thumb|Coins of the Indo-Parthian king Abdagases, in which his clothing is clearly apparent. He wears baggy trousers, rather typical of Parthian clothing.]]
[[File:AbdagasesOnHorseFacing.jpg|thumb|Coins of the Indo-Parthian king Abdagases, in which his clothing is clearly apparent. He wears baggy trousers and a crossover jacket.]]
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
* [[Gondophares|Gondophares I]] (c. 19 – 46) [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231146/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/par_rel/print/i_gondopharesI.jpg Coin]
* [[Sarpedones|Gondophares II Sarpedones]] (first years AD – c. 20 AD) [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231140/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/par_rel/print/i_sarpedones.jpg Coin]
* [[Abdagases I]] (first years AD – mid-1st century AD) [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231147/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/indoparthian/i_ipr_abdagases_o.jpg Coin]
* [[Gadana|Gondophares III Gudana]], previously [[Orthagnes]] (c. 20 AD – 30 AD)
* [[Sases|Gondophares IV Sases]], (mid-1st century AD)
* [[Ubouzanes]], (late-1st century AD)
* [[Pacores]] (late 1st century AD) [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231149/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/indoparthian/i_ipr_pakores_o5.jpg Coin]
* [[Farn-Sasan]] (r. 210–226)

== See also ==
* [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]
* [[Indo-Sasanians]]
* [[Indo-Scythians]]
* [[Kushan Empire]]
* [[Yuezhi]]
* [[Pahlavas]]
* [[Kambojas]]
* [[Gandapur]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Sīstān | first = Clifford Edmund | last = Bosworth | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San–Sze | location=Leiden, and New York | publisher=BRILL | year=1997 | isbn=9789004082656 | pages = 681–685 | url =http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/sistan-SIM_5452?s.num=247&s.rows=100&s.start=180 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = DRANGIANA | last = Schmitt | first = R. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/drangiana | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5 | pages = 534–537 | year = 1995 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Parthians: The Forgotten Empire |first=Uwe |last=Ellerbrock |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 }}
* {{cite book | title = The History of Ancient Iran | year = 1984 | publisher = C.H.Beck | last = Frye | first = Richard Nelson | author-link = Richard Nelson Frye | pages = [https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye/page/n20 1]–411 | isbn = 9783406093975 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye| url-access = registration | quote = The history of ancient iran. }}
* {{cite book | title = The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography | year = 2015 | publisher = BRILL | last = Gazerani| first = Saghi | pages = 1–250 | isbn = 9789004282964 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=92zsCgAAQBAJ&q=false}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = GONDOPHARES | last = Bivar | first = A. D. H. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gondophares | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 2 | pages = 135–136 | year = 2002 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Olbrycht |first1=Marek Jan|editor-last1=Curtis|editor-first1=Vesta Sarkhosh|editor-last2=Pendleton|editor-first2=Elizabeth J.|editor-last3=Alram|editor-first3=Michael|editor-last4=Daryaee|editor-first4=Touraj|title=The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion |date=2016 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=9781785702082 |chapter=Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān}}
* {{cite book | title = ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity | year = 2017 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | last = Rezakhani| first = Khodadad | pages = 1–256 | isbn = 9781474400305 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=false}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Indo-Parthian}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206140303/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/indoparthian/indoparthian.html Coins of the Indo-Parthians]
* [http://sites.google.com/site/grecoindian/Home/history-of-greco-india History of Greco-India]

{{India topics}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
{{Ancient India and Central Asia}}
{{Parthian Empire}}

[[Category:Parthian Empire]]
[[Category:Indo-Parthian kingdom| ]]
[[Category:10s establishments]]
[[Category:220s disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 1st century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]

M. C. Bhatt

2026-03-14T18:54:47Z

StellaWindsor21: new the stub w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian human rights lawyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. C. Bhatt
| image = MC Bhatt.jpg
| birth_name = Mahesh Chandrakant Bhatt
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|02|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dholka]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| education = L.L.B.
| occupation = Advocate
| spouse = Daksha M. Bhatt
}}

'''M. C. Bhatt''' (born 6 February 1939) is an Indian [[human rights lawyer]] and [[Human rights activist|activist]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Senior rights activist MC Bhatt calls it a day |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/senior-rights-activist-mc-bhatt-calls-it-a-day/81828137.html |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref> He practiced at [[Gujarat High Court]] in [[Ahmedabad]] from 1962 to 2022.

== Career ==

Concerns were raised in 1980s about lack of appropriate compensation for sugar factory harvest workers in South Gujarat. M. C. Bhatt was appointed court commissioner for inquiry into this matter. His report resulted in payment of minimum wages to 1 lakh 25 thousand migrant workers at 9 sugar factories and set a precedent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Breman |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7myAAAAIAAJ |title=Wage Hunters and Gatherers: Search for Work in the Urban and Rural Economy of South Gujarat |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563556-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdzsAAAAMAAJ |title=Capitalist Development: Critical Essays |date=1990 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-86132-270-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ypoi75jabcC |title=Times of India Illustrated Weekly |date=1987 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, concerns were raised regarding use of bonded labour at [[IFFCO]]. Bhatt conducted inquiry as court commissioner which ultimately resulted in release of the bonded labourers.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzuTAAAAIAAJ |title=India Today |date=1983 |publisher=Thomson Living Media India Limited |language=en}}</ref>

The state of Gujarat has experienced communal violence over several decades starting long before the [[2002 Gujarat riots|2002 riots]]. Bhatt fought for rights of Muslims and provided legal representation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Engineer |first=Asghar Ali |date=1985 |title=Communal Fire Engulfs Ahmedabad Once Again |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4374559 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=20 |issue=27 |pages=1116–1120 |jstor=4374559 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Engineer |first=Asghar Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEs9AAAAMAAJ |title=Communalism and Communal Violence in India: An Analytical Approach to Hindu-Muslim Conflict |date=1989 |publisher=Ajanta Publications (India) |isbn=978-81-202-0220-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-07-01 |title=Pota court to decide on Umarji bail on July 4 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/pota-court-to-decide-on-umarji-bail-on-july-4/articleshow/52721.cms |access-date=2023-02-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-07-21 |title=Gujarat HC issues notice to govt over Maulvi bail's plea |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/gujarat-hc-issues-notice-to-govt-over-maulvi-bails-plea_112232.html |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Appeal to Centre not to pass Bill - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/appeal-to-centre-not-to-pass-bill/361527/ |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onlinevolunteers.org - Convention On The Present Situation In Gujarat (Delhi, July 14) : Gujarat Carnage: The Aftermath |url=https://www.onlinevolunteers.org/gujarat/events/delhi-convention.htm |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=www.onlinevolunteers.org}}</ref>

Industrial development in Gujarat has seen land of small farmers acquired by the state. Bhatt has provided legal representation to small farmers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Railway Corridor Virodh Kishan Sangh v. Union Of India, Gujarat High Court, Judgment, Law, casemine.com |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5ac5e4694a93261aa7929cb8 |access-date=2023-02-26}}</ref>

The current [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] of [[Kerala High Court]] Justice [[Ashish Jitendra Desai]] previously worked under the mentorship of Bhatt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Gujarat |url=https://gujarathighcourt.nic.in/cjjfull?jid=439 |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=gujarathighcourt.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Sparsh |date=2023-02-24 |title=Justice Ashish Jitendra Desai Appointed As The Acting Chief Justice Of Gujarat High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/justice-ashish-jitendra-desai-appointed-acting-chief-justice-gujarat-high-court-222406 |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VoI |first=Team |date=2023-02-24 |title=Justice Ashish Jitendra Desai To Be Gujarat HC Acting Chief Justice |url=https://www.vibesofindia.com/justice-ashish-jitendra-desai-to-be-gujarat-hc-acting-chief-justice/ |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Vibes Of India |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title=Justice A J Desai appointed as acting Chief Justice of Gujarat High Court |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2023/02/25/justice-a-j-desai-appointed-as-acting-chief-justice-of-gujarat-high-court/ |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bhatt has been a close associate of [[Girishbhai Patel|Girish Patel]] including for work on behalf of those displaced by [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]], and of [[Mukul Sinha]] for several rights issues.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Memorandum to the government on principles and provisions for rehabilitation and reconstruction policy in earthquake affected areas of Gujarat (EARRS) - Ahmedabad |url=https://www.onlinevolunteers.org/relief/earss0213-memo.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=www.onlinevolunteers.org}}</ref>

Bhatt is a vocal critic of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabarimala is India's Little Rock Moment, Govt Must Deploy Troops to Implement the Court Order |url=https://thewire.in/law/sabarimala-verdict-supreme-court-india-little-rock |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Samay |first=NavGujarat |title=લોકડાઉનમાં હડધૂત થયેલા લાખો માઇગ્રન્ટ શ્રમિકો અને આપણું ગુલાગ પ્રજાસત્તાક |url=https://navgujaratsamay.com/indias-poor-and-labor-struggle-during-lockdown-due-to-coronavirus/176212.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, M. C.}}
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Indian critics of religions]]

Lakhan (film)

2026-03-10T15:21:12Z

StellaWindsor21: slightly added article for clarity further and fixed typos

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Laakhan
| image =
| caption =
| director = Dinesh-Ramanesh
| producer = K.K. Jain Kanti Kanakia A. Sayeed Khan A. Waheed Khan
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] [[Ranjeet]] [[Amrish Puri]]
| music = [[Sonik Omi]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1979}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Lakhan''''' is a 1979 Hindi film directed by Dinesh-Ramanesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Lakhan 1979 |url=https://theiapolis.com/lakhan/index-90r7r.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=theiapolis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0430282/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Lakhan
* [[Ranjeet]] as Munna
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Diwan Hariprasad
* [[Navin Nischol]] as Vijay
* [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] as Lata
* [[Padma Khanna]] as Gulabjaan
* [[Chand Usmani]] as Maharani

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0430282|Lakhan}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Aadhaar

2026-03-10T00:50:08Z

StellaWindsor21: quick fix

{{short description|Indian national identification number}}
{{for|the films|Aadhaar (2019 film)|Aadhaar (2022 film)}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox project
| logo = [[File:Aadhaar Logo.svg|250px]]
| caption=Unique Identification Authority of India
| launched = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2009|01|28}}<ref name="AboutUIDAI" />
| country = [[India]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|11366|c|lk=on}} (up to the month of August 2019)<ref name="UIDAIFinance">{{Cite web |title=UIDAI Finance and Budge Section |url=https://uidai.gov.in/about-uidai/about-uidai/financials.html |access-date=4 September 2018 |website=UIDAI |archive-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527185941/https://uidai.gov.in/about-uidai/about-uidai/financials.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| key_people =* Neelkanth Mishra,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/neelkanth-mishra-uidai-chairperson-neelesh-shah-prof-mausam-members-8903409/ |title=Neelkanth Mishra appointed part-time chairperson of UIDAI, Neelesh Shah and Prof Mausam join as members |date=22 August 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907052910/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/neelkanth-mishra-uidai-chairperson-neelesh-shah-prof-mausam-members-8903409/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Chairman, UIDAI
* Bhuvnesh Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Bhuvnesh Kumar assumes charge as CEO of Unique Identification Authority of India - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/bhuvnesh-kumar-assumes-charge-as-ceo-of-unique-identification-authority-of-india/116875171 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref> CEO, UIDAI
| ministry = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[India]]
| website = {{URL|https://uidai.gov.in|uidai.gov.in}}
| current_status = {{increase}} 138.3 [[crore]] (1.383 billion) holders as of October 2024<ref name="Dashboard" />
|slogan="Mera Aadhaar, Meri Pehchaan." Translation : "My Aadhaar, My Identity"}}
{{Infobox Identity document
| document_name = Aadhaar Card or UID card
| image = Specimen of an Aadhaar Card 2024.png
| image_caption = Specimen of an Aadhaar Card
| using_jurisdiction = {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Unique Identification Authority of India]] (UIDAI)
| document_type = [[Identity document]]
| purpose = * [[Identity document|Identification]]
* [[Direct Benefit Transfer]]
* [[Insurance]]
* [[Bank account]]
| expiration = Lifetime validity
| eligibility = Resident of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Unique Identification Authority of India | Government of India |url=https://uidai.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-02-12 |publisher=Uidai.gov.in |archive-date=10 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310022111/https://uidai.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| cost = First-time enrollment is free of cost. Further demographic updates cost {{INRConvert|75|lk=r}} and biometric updates cost {{INRConvert|125}}.
}}

'''Aadhaar''' is a twelve-digit [[Unique identifier|unique identity number]] that can be obtained voluntarily by all residents of [[India]] based on their place of residence, [[biometrics]] and [[demography|demographic]] data.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-26 |title=Aadhaar is voluntary—but millions of Indians are already trapped |url=https://qz.com/india/1351263/supreme-court-verdict-how-indias-aadhaar-id-became-mandatory |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> The data is collected by the '''Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)''', a statutory authority established in January 2016 by the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], following the provisions of the [[Aadhaar Act, 2016]].<ref name="AboutUIDAI">{{Cite web |title=About UIDAI |url=https://uidai.gov.in/about-uidai/about-uidai.html |access-date=25 July 2017 |publisher=UIDAI |archive-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723031106/https://uidai.gov.in/about-uidai/about-uidai.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Applicants to Aadhaar receive an '''Aadhaar UID Card/UID Card''', that can be utilzed to identify a resident of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a UID Card? |url=http://www.adhar-card.in/what-is-uid-card.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website= Unique Identification Authority of India}}</ref> As of May 2023, more than 99.9% of India's adult population had been issued Aadhaar IDs,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Biometrics (facts, use cases, biometric security) |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/government/inspired/biometrics |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.thalesgroup.com}}</ref> making it the world's largest [[biometric ID system]]<ref name=":1" />

Considered a [[Residence permit|proof of residence]] and not a [[Citizenship|proof of citizenship]], Aadhaar does not itself grant any right to [[Domicile (law)|domicile]] in India, and can not be used as an [[identity document|identification document]] for international travel.<ref name="AadharrNotCitizenship">{{Cite web |date=25 December 2016 |title=Aadhaar Card not proof of citizenship: Calcutta HC |url=http://www.livelaw.in/aadhaar-card-not-proof-citizenship-calcutta-hc/ |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305042625/http://www.livelaw.in/aadhaar-card-not-proof-citizenship-calcutta-hc/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadhaar not valid for Indians travelling to Nepal, Bhutan: Home Ministry |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aadhaar-not-valid-for-indians-travelling-to-nepal-bhutan-home-ministry-1716773?pfrom=home-india |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625151152/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aadhaar-not-valid-for-indians-travelling-to-nepal-bhutan-home-ministry-1716773?pfrom=home-india |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Unique Identification Authority ==
The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, created by the Government of India on July 12, 2016. UIDAI’s mandate is to assign a 12-digit unique identification number to all residents of India. This system ensures that the number is linked to residents’ demographic and biometric data, including a photograph, ten fingerprints, and two iris scans, all stored in a centralized database.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-04 |title=Learning with the Times: What is Aadhaar? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Learning-with-the-Times-What-is-Aadhaar/articleshow/6680601.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Initially, the UIDAI was set up as an office under the Planning Commission of India in January 2009. It was later made an independent statutory authority to implement and oversee the Aadhaar project, which includes the creation, management, and maintenance of the UID database. The UIDAI is responsible for ensuring the number's integrity and security by verifying and authenticating it in real-time, preventing fraudulent activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-07 |title=New UIDAI data centre to come up at Manesar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/new-uidai-data-centre-to-come-up-at-manesar/story-2uPu8Vf85cWTmqCMiW8ofL.html |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Since the first Aadhaar number was issued in September 2010, the UIDAI has expanded its scope, targeting to issue a unique ID to all residents in India. This unique number facilitates access to government services and reduces the likelihood of duplication or fraud.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notifications - Reserve Bank of India |url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=6284&Mode=0 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=rbi.org.in}}</ref>

== History ==
Following the Kargil War in 1999, the Government of India constituted the Kargil Review Committee chaired by security analyst K. Subrahmanyam to examine national security concerns. The Committee submitted its report to Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 7 January 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A committee and some questions |url=http://www.frontline.in:80/static/html/fl1702/17020310.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130709125628/http://www.frontline.in:80/static/html/fl1702/17020310.htm |archive-date=2013-07-09 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.frontline.in}}</ref>

Among its recommendations was the phased issuance of identity cards, beginning with residents of border villages and later extending to all citizens in border states.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com Special: The Kargil Review Committee Report |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/04kargil.htm |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> In 2000, the Rangarajan Commission was established to review India’s statistical system. In its August 2001 report, the Commission recommended the creation of a centralized database of citizens and the issuance of a unique identification number to each individual.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation {{!}} Government Of India |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/background-national-statistical-commission-nsc |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260113192456/https://www.mospi.gov.in/background-national-statistical-commission-nsc |archive-date=2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.mospi.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

The report observed that India lacked a standardized population database capable of integrating information across multiple sources and suggested that a unique identification system would improve administrative efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=9.2 Population and Basic Statistics at the Local Level {{!}} Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation {{!}} Government Of India |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/92-population-and-basic-statistics-local-level |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250807060611/https://www.mospi.gov.in/92-population-and-basic-statistics-local-level |archive-date=2025-08-07 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.mospi.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> A Group of Ministers headed by L. K. Advani was formed to examine these recommendations. In May 2001, the Group endorsed the proposal for a “multi-purpose National Identity Card”, initially to be implemented in border areas. In September 2001, the Ministry of External Affairs proposed the introduction of mandatory national identity cards following reports of passport fraud arising from inadequate interlinking of passport databases.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-09-21 |title=Govt in no position to check passport fraud |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-in-no-position-to-check-passport-fraud/articleshow/1002214008.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In December 2003, the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003 was introduced in the Lok Sabha. The amendment included a provision empowering the central government to compulsorily register citizens and issue national identity cards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/949775/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

=== Establishment of UIDAI (2009–2013) ===
The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) was established on 28 January 2009 through a notification of the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog). On 23 June 2009, Nandan Nilekani, co-founder of Infosys, was appointed as its first chairperson with rank equivalent to a Cabinet minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UIDAI: Inside the World's Largest Data Management Project |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/uidai-inside-the-worlds-largest-data-management-project/19632/1 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251215114137/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/uidai-inside-the-worlds-largest-data-management-project/19632/1 |archive-date=2025-12-15 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=forbesindia.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2010, the programme was formally branded as “Aadhaar” and its logo was unveiled.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-26 |title=UID number gets brand name, logo |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/UID-number-gets-brand-name-logo/article16372787.ece |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Nilekani stated that UIDAI would support legislation to safeguard data collected under the programme. In February 2012, UIDAI launched an online verification system enabling institutions to authenticate Aadhaar numbers electronically.<ref>{{Cite news |title=₹3L cr gone! Sensex sinks over 1,000 pts in freaky Friday show |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In November 2012, a Public Interest Litigation was filed in the Supreme Court of India by former Karnataka High Court judge K. S. Puttaswamy, challenging the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar scheme on grounds including privacy and lack of statutory backing.<ref>{{Cite news |title=₹3L cr gone! Sensex sinks over 1,000 pts in freaky Friday show |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Around this time, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh launched an Aadhaar-linked Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme in 51 districts, aimed at transferring subsidies directly to beneficiaries’ bank accounts.

On 23 September 2013, the Supreme Court issued an interim order directing that no person should suffer for not possessing an Aadhaar number and clarified that the programme was voluntary at that stage.

=== Legislative enactment and judicial review (2016–2018) ===
On 3 March 2016, the Aadhaar Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services Bill, 2016 was introduced in Parliament as a Money Bill by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-03 |title=New Aadhaar Bill introduced as money Bill in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/aadhaar-legislation-tabled-as-a-money-bill/article64338990.ece |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 11 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2016-03-11 |title=Aadhaar bill passed in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/UgblAmPPHetk71sjQUqcvN/Aadhaar-bill-passed-in-Lok-Sabha-the-story-so-far.html |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Opposition parties criticised its introduction as a Money Bill, arguing that it limited the role of the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-05 |title=Opposition livid over money bill on Aadhaar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Aadhaar-Opposition-livid-over-money-bill/article60513999.ece |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 24 August 2017, in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, the Supreme Court unanimously held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right under the Constitution of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-24 |title=Indian Supreme Court in landmark ruling on privacy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41033954 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In September 2018, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar Act, 2016, while restricting its mandatory use. The Court held that Aadhaar could not be required for opening bank accounts, obtaining mobile connections, or school admissions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saberin |first=Zeenat |title=India’s top court upholds validity of biometric ID card |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/9/26/indias-top-court-upholds-constitution-validity-of-aadhaar-card |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

=== Subsequent developments ===
In 2018, UIDAI introduced face authentication as an additional mode of biometric verification, supplementing fingerprint and iris authentication.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aadhaar Authentication Via Face Recognition From July. How It Will Work |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/aadhaar-authentication-via-face-recognition-from-july-how-it-will-work-1800194 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230723103737/https://www.ndtv.com/business/aadhaar-authentication-via-face-recognition-from-july-how-it-will-work-1800194 |archive-date=2023-07-23 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In 2019, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman proposed permitting the use of Aadhaar in place of a Permanent Account Number (PAN) for specified high-value cash transactions.

=== Bhudhaar ===
{{Main|Bhudhaar}}

[[Andhra Pradesh|Government of Andhra Pradesh]] started Aadhaar based innovative first of its kind project called [[Bhudhaar]] to assign an 11-digit unique number for every land parcel<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-launches-bhudhaar/article25551979.ece|title=Naidu launches 'Bhudhaar'|date=2018-11-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121185845/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-launches-bhudhaar/article25551979.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> in the state as part of the "land hub in E-Pragati Programme". Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] launched<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-launches-bhudhaar/article25551979.ece|title=Naidu launches 'Bhudhaar'|date=2018-11-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121185845/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/naidu-launches-bhudhaar/article25551979.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> the programme on 20 November 2018 to streamline the land records. [[Union Government of India]] also implementing [[Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN)]] Project with the reference<ref>{{cite web|title=ULPIN Concept Note|url=http://kashmirdivision.nic.in/WebPages/OrdersCirculars/pdf/order.05.11.2020.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152610/http://kashmirdivision.nic.in/WebPages/OrdersCirculars/pdf/order.05.11.2020.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2021 }}</ref> from this Bhudhaar Project.

Bhuseva Authority,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bhuseva.ap.gov.in/|title=హోం - భూసేవ|website=bhuseva.ap.gov.in|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217024334/https://bhuseva.ap.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> an inter-departmental committee was formulated to implement and its progress monitored in real time basis by [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister]] and all citizens using [[Core Dashboard]] (developed and managed by the [[Real Time Governance Society]]).

Any type of land parcel categories i.e. agriculture lands, rural properties & urban properties (like houses, house sites, and vacant lands) are managed by all land-related departments in the states. These are Revenue, Panchayat Raj, Municipal Administration, Registration, Survey & Settlements, Forest, Endowments, Wakf. Under the Land Hub core platform, these departments integrate their land-related services and issue a new Bhudhaar number to each land holding or property upon ownership change.

In general Land records consists of two types<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ap.meeseva.gov.in/DeptPortal/Downloads/Note%20on%20BhuSeva%20-%20Copy.pdf|title=Bhudhaar Handout|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202064756/https://ap.meeseva.gov.in/DeptPortal/Downloads/Note%20on%20BhuSeva%20-%20Copy.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> of data: textual data (like village name, name of land owner, survey number, extent, ID proof like Aadhaar, [[Voter ID (India)|Voter ID]] or other related documents), and spatial data (data depicting the sketch of the land, its measurements (in links/metres/feet), adjacent fields, location on ground).

The [[Bhudhaar]] issuing process contains 2 stages. Firstly, a temporary Bhudhaar is assigned based on valid textual data of an agriculture land holding, rural or urban property. It begins with 99, and the following numbers are generated on a random basis only. There is no meaning to the 9 digits, but they form a unique ID for that property. A special series number is allocated to government lands, for example, 99.312.725.202., where "99" indicates that it is a temporary Bhudhaar.

Second, a permanent Bhudhaar is assigned once the spatial data is captured and linked to the textual data. The spatial data contains the measurement of the land and its resultant sketch (FMB), the location of the land on the ground along with [[geo-coordinates]]. To capture the measurement of land holding or a sub-division, the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh Government]] uses<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apts.gov.in/pdf/RFP_CORS_Vol_I%26II.pdf|title=CORS Tender|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072937/https://www.apts.gov.in/pdf/RFP_CORS_Vol_I%26II.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Continuously Operating Reference Station]] (CORS) a state-of-the-art technology in surveying properties. Once the geo-coordinates captured are completed using CORS, the permanent Bhudhaar is assigned, and the first two numbers i.e., 99 in the temporary Bhudhaar are replaced with 28 (State Census Code).

== Predominant uses ==
=== Direct Benefit Transfer ===
{{Main|Direct Benefit Transfer}}

The Aadhaar project has been linked to welfare schemes and [[unemployment benefit]] schemes such as the domestic LPG scheme and [[MGNREGA]]. In these [[Direct Benefit Transfer]] (DBT) schemes, the subsidy money is directly transferred to a bank account which is Aadhaar-linked.<ref name="LinkLPG">{{Cite news |date=2 January 2015 |title=Link your LPG connection to Aadhaar or bank a/c to keep getting subsidy |work=[[DNA India]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-link-your-lpg-connection-to-aadhaar-or-bank-ac-to-keep-getting-subsidy-2048799 |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-date=29 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429073928/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-link-your-lpg-connection-to-aadhaar-or-bank-ac-to-keep-getting-subsidy-2048799 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NREGAcard">{{Cite news |date=2 May 2012 |title=In convergence push, NREGA card to carry Aadhar number |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-02/news/31538629_1_uidai-aadhar-number-uid-number |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704114528/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-02/news/31538629_1_uidai-aadhar-number-uid-number |url-status=dead }}</ref> Previously, the direct-benefit transfer had been carried out via the [[National Electronic Funds Transfer]] (NEFT) system, which did not depend on Aadhaar.

On 29 July 2011, the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] with UIDAI. The Ministry had hoped the ID system would help eliminate the loss of the subsidised kerosene and LPG.<ref name="UIDAIPetroleum">{{Cite news |date=30 June 2011 |title=UIDAI, Petroleum Ministry sign MoU on AADHAR |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uidai-petroleum-ministry-sign-mou-on-aadhar/article542304.ece?ref=relatedNews |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-date=30 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830085823/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uidai-petroleum-ministry-sign-mou-on-aadhar/article542304.ece?ref=relatedNews |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2012 the government announced that it would begin issuing Aadhaar-linked MGNREGS cards.<ref name="NREGAcard" /> On 26{{nbsp}}November 2012 a pilot programme was launched in 51 districts.<ref name="51Districts">{{Cite news |date=26 November 2012 |title=PM launches Aadhar-based direct cash transfers in 51 districts of India |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-launches-aadhar-based-direct-cash-transfers-in-51-districts-of-india-505663 |access-date=27 May 2015 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723133921/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-launches-aadhar-based-direct-cash-transfers-in-51-districts-of-india-505663 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under the original policy for liquefied petroleum gas subsidies, the customers bought gas cylinders from retailers at subsidised prices, and the government compensated companies for their losses. Under the current Direct Benefit Transfer of LPG (DBTL), introduced in 2013, customers had to buy at full price, and the subsidy would be then directly credited to their Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. This scheme, however, did not take off, and in September 2013 a Supreme Court order put a halt on it.<ref name="AadharCourtTie">{{Cite news |date=24 September 2013 |title=Don't tie up benefits to Aadhaar, court tells Centre |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/dont-tie-up-benefits-to-aadhaar-court-tells-centre/article5162837.ece |access-date=27 May 2015 |archive-date=30 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830192536/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/dont-tie-up-benefits-to-aadhaar-court-tells-centre/article5162837.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, the GOI constituted a committee to review the "Direct Benefits Transfer for LPG Scheme"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of the Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG Scheme |url=http://petroleum.nic.in/docs/dhande.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319221847/http://petroleum.nic.in/docs/dhande.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 |access-date=18 July 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas}}</ref> to study the shortcomings in the scheme and recommend changes. The DBTL scheme was modified later as PAHAL by the new government in November 2014. Under PAHAL, subsidies could be credited to a purchaser's bank account even if he or she did not have an Aadhaar number. Official data show that cooking gas consumption during the January–June period grew at a slower 7.82%, which is nearly four percentage points less than the 11.4% growth in the same period last year.<ref name="DBTL">{{Cite news |date=3 July 2015 |title=DBTL helps govt save Rs 100 billion as illegal LPG consumption falls |work=[[Live Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/PGCreyRo9L9rCt3Vx3xyBO/DBTL-helps-govt-save-Rs10000-crore-as-illegal-LPG-consumpti.html |access-date=3 July 2015 |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703230945/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/PGCreyRo9L9rCt3Vx3xyBO/DBTL-helps-govt-save-Rs10000-crore-as-illegal-LPG-consumpti.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NewLPG">{{Cite news |date=15 November 2015 |title=New LPG subsidy transfer linked with Aadhaar starts today |work=[[DNA India]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-new-lpg-subsidy-transfer-linked-with-aadhaar-starts-today-2035310 |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626204551/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-new-lpg-subsidy-transfer-linked-with-aadhaar-starts-today-2035310 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The PAHAL scheme has covered 118.9 million of the 145.4 million active LPG consumers until March, as stated by the Petroleum Minister in the Parliament. The DBT has thereby become a "game changer" for India, claimed the Chief Economic Adviser to the Finance Ministry, Government of India, Arvind Subramanian, for in case of LPG subsidy, DBT had resulted in a 24% reduction in the sale of subsidised LPG, as "ghost beneficiaries" had been excluded. The savings to the government were to the tune of {{INRConvert|127|b|year=2014|mode=historical}} in 2014–2015.<ref name="PDS">{{Cite news |date=3 July 2015 |title=NDA govt kicks off PDS reforms with direct cash transfers |work=[[Live Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/BfeNi5AreTn1cJ8ROIzxXM/NDA-kicks-off-PDS-reforms.html |access-date=3 July 2015 |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703085248/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/BfeNi5AreTn1cJ8ROIzxXM/NDA-kicks-off-PDS-reforms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The success of the modified scheme helped fuel marketing companies save almost {{INRConvert|80|b|lk=on|year=2014|mode=historical}} from November 2014 to June 2015, said oil company officials.<ref name="DBTL" /> The DBT for the [[public distribution system]] (PDS) will be rolled out in September 2015.<ref name="PDS" />

The government's own data, however, suggest that the cost of implementing the DBT for LPG was over a million dollars, a figure quite at odds with the savings figures that the government cites.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ready Reckoner: Oil Industry Information at a Glance |publisher=Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas |year=2016}}</ref>

Prime Minister Modi has asked for the integration of all land records with Aadhaar at the earliest, emphasising at his monthly PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation) meeting on 23{{nbsp}}March 2016 that this was extremely important to enable monitoring of the successful implementation of the [[Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana]] or crop insurance scheme.<ref>{{Citation |title=PM Narendra Modi wants integration of all land records with Aadhaar |date=24 March 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/pm-narendra-modi-wants-integration-of-all-land-records-with-aadhaar/articleshow/51535407.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=26 March 2016 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160425083140/http://economictimes.com/news/economy/policy/pm-narendra-modi-wants-integration-of-all-land-records-with-aadhaar/articleshow/51535407.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Aadhaar-enabled biometric attendance systems ===
In July 2014 Aadhaar-enabled biometric attendance systems were introduced in government offices. The system was introduced to check the late arrival and absenteeism of government employees. The public could see the daily in and out of employees on the website ''attendance.gov.in''.<ref name="AadhaarAttendance">{{Cite news |date=22 November 2014 |title=Aadhar-enabled biometric attendance system introduced |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aadharenabled-biometric-attendance-system-introduced/article6622610.ece |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-date=28 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128062945/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aadharenabled-biometric-attendance-system-introduced/article6622610.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Website">{{Cite news |date=11 October 2014 |title=Government website throws up shocking attendance figures |work=[[DNA India]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-government-website-throws-up-shocking-attendance-figures-2025075 |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713032426/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-government-website-throws-up-shocking-attendance-figures-2025075 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2014 the website was closed to the public but as of 24{{nbsp}}March 2016 is again active and open to public access.<ref name="Password Veil">{{Cite news |date=14 October 2014 |title=Password veil over officials' attendance |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141014/jsp/frontpage/story_18924513.jsp |url-status=dead |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014002859/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141014/jsp/frontpage/story_18924513.jsp |archive-date=14 October 2014}}</ref> The employees use the last four digits (last eight digits for government employee registering as of August 2016) of their Aadhaar number and their fingerprints, for authentication.<ref name="BiometricLinked">{{Cite news |date=23 August 2014 |title=Aadhaar-linked biometric attendance for Central staff |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/427255/aadhaar-linked-biometric-attendance-central.html |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713085109/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/427255/aadhaar-linked-biometric-attendance-central.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Uses by government agencies ===
In November 2014 it was reported that the Ministry for External Affairs was considering making Aadhaar a mandatory requirement for passport holders.<ref name=MustForPassport>{{cite news|title=Aadhaar to be must for passports|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aadhaar-to-be-must-for-passports/articleshow/45103609.cms|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 November 2014|archive-date=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629184148/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aadhaar-to-be-must-for-passports/articleshow/45103609.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2015 it was reported that people with an Aadhaar number would get their passports issued within 10 days, as it sped up the verification process by making it easier to check if an applicant had any criminal records in the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] database.<ref name=FasterPassport>{{cite news|title=Have Aadhaar? Get passport in 10 days|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Have-Aadhaar-Get-passport-in-10-days/articleshow/46256405.cms|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 February 2015|archive-date=21 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521234147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Have-Aadhaar-Get-passport-in-10-days/articleshow/46256405.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2015, it was announced that the Ministry of External Affairs was testing the linking of passports to the Aadhaar database.<ref name=SoonPassport>{{cite news|title=Soon, passport authorities to verify applicant identity with Aadhaar database|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Soon-passport-authorities-to-verify-applicant-identity-with-Aadhaar-database/articleshow/47115181.cms|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 May 2015|archive-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504023618/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Soon-passport-authorities-to-verify-applicant-identity-with-Aadhaar-database/articleshow/47115181.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2014 the [[Department of Electronics and Information Technology]] said that they were considering linking Aadhaar to [[SIM card]]s.<ref name=AadhaarSIM>{{cite news|title=Aadhaar-SIM Card Linking Project Soon|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Aadhaar-SIM-Card-Linking-Project-Soon/2014/10/31/article2501053.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=31 October 2014|archive-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716010510/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Aadhaar-SIM-Card-Linking-Project-Soon/2014/10/31/article2501053.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> In November 2014 the [[Department of Telecom]] asked all telecom operators to collect Aadhaar from all new applicants of SIM cards.<ref name=DoTSIM>{{cite news|title=Dot Tells Operators to Collect Aadhaar Numbers for Issuing New SIM Cards|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/dot-tells-operators-to-collect-aadhaar-numbers-for-issuing-new-sim-cards-615444|access-date=31 May 2015|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=3 November 2014|archive-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714071733/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/dot-tells-operators-to-collect-aadhaar-numbers-for-issuing-new-sim-cards-615444|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4{{nbsp}}March 2015 a pilot project was launched allowing Aadhaar-linked SIM cards to be sold in some cities. The purchaser could activate the SIM at the time of purchase by submitting his Aadhaar number and pressing his fingerprints on a machine.<ref name=SIMsale>{{cite news|title=Aadhaar-based SIM sale begins today amid Intelligence Bureau objections|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aadhaar-based-sim-sale-begins-today-amid-intelligence-bureau-objections-2065946|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=4 March 2015|archive-date=23 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423193659/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aadhaar-based-sim-sale-begins-today-amid-intelligence-bureau-objections-2065946|url-status=live}}</ref> It is part of the [[Digital India]] plan. The Digital India project aims to provide all government services to citizens electronically and is expected to be completed by 2018.<ref name=SIMsale /><ref name=DigitalIndia>{{cite news|title=Digital India – A programme to transform India into digital empowered society and knowledge economy|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108926|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=20 August 2014|archive-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531034401/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108926|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2014 the [[Employees' Provident Fund Organisation]] (EPFO) began linking provident fund accounts with Aadhaar numbers.<ref name=PFAadhaar>{{cite news|title=EPFO revives Aadhaar for rolling out unique account numbers|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/epfo-revives-aadhaar-for-rolling-out-unique-account-numbers/|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 July 2014|archive-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723135352/http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/epfo-revives-aadhaar-for-rolling-out-unique-account-numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2014 the EPFO became a UIDAI registrar and began issuing Aadhaar number to provident fund subscribers.<ref name=AadhaarEPFO>{{cite news|title=Now get Aadhaar number through EPFO|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-get-aadhaar-number-through-epfo/article6648400.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 November 2015|archive-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203035239/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-get-aadhaar-number-through-epfo/article6648400.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2014 Labour Minister [[Bandaru Dattatreya]] clarified that an Aadhaar number was not necessary for any provident fund transaction.<ref name=PFtrans>{{cite news|title=Aadhaar details not mandatory for PF transactions: Government|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Aadhaar-details-not-mandatory-for-PF-transactions-Government/articleshow/45417019.cms|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 December 2014|archive-date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215001242/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Aadhaar-details-not-mandatory-for-PF-transactions-Government/articleshow/45417019.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2014 Prime Minister Modi directed the Planning Commission of India to enrol all prisoners in India under the UIDAI.<ref name=PlanPrison>{{cite news|title=PM asks Plan panel to enrol inmates under Aadhaar|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pm-asks-plan-panel-to-enrol-inmates-under-aadhaar/|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 August 2014|archive-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414210102/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pm-asks-plan-panel-to-enrol-inmates-under-aadhaar/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2014 it was proposed by the Minister for Women and Child Development, [[Maneka Gandhi]], that Aadhaar should be made mandatory for men to create a profile on [[matrimonial website]]s, to prevent fake profiles.<ref name=Matrimony>{{cite news|title=Government asks matrimonial websites to authenticate profiles using Aadhaar cards|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-16/news/57112630_1_matrimonial-sites-aadhaar-card-profiles|access-date=7 July 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=16 December 2014|archive-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708080342/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-16/news/57112630_1_matrimonial-sites-aadhaar-card-profiles|url-status=dead}}</ref> In July 2015 the [[Department of Electronics and Information Technology]] (DeitY) called a meeting of various matrimonial sites and other stakeholders to discuss the use of Aadhaar to prevent fake profiles and protect women from exploitation.<ref name=Matrimony2>{{cite news|title=Govt to check fraud by linking Aadhaar to matrimonial accounts|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-to-check-fraud-by-linking-aadhar-to-matrimonial-accounts/article1-1366578.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707132229/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-to-check-fraud-by-linking-aadhar-to-matrimonial-accounts/article1-1366578.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=7 July 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

On 3 March 2015, the [[National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme]] (NERPAP) of the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] was started. It aims to link the Elector's Photo Identity Card (EPIC) with the registered voter's Aadhaar number. It aims to create an error-free [[voter]] identification system in India, especially by removing duplications.<ref name=NERPAPLaunches>{{cite news|title=EC launches NERPAP countrywide|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ec-launches-nerpap-countrywide-115030300685_1.html|access-date=4 March 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=3 March 2014|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103258/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/ec-launches-nerpap-countrywide-115030300685_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=DuplicationPast>{{cite news|title=Voters' List Duplication to be Thing of Past with Aadhaar Linking|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Voters%E2%80%99-List-Duplication-to-be-Thing-of-Past-with-Aadhaar-Linking/2015/03/04/article2696697.ece|access-date=4 March 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093255/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Voters%E2%80%99-List-Duplication-to-be-Thing-of-Past-with-Aadhaar-Linking/2015/03/04/article2696697.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Uses by states ===
In the [[Hyderabad]] region of [[Telangana]] state, Aadhaar numbers were linked to ration cards to remove duplicate [[Ration card (India)|ration cards]]. The project was started in July 2012 and was carried out despite the 2013 Supreme Court order. More than 63,932 ration cards in the white category and 229,757 names were removed from its database in the drive between July 2012 and September 2014.<ref name=64000Bogus>{{cite news|title=64,000 bogus cards deactivated after survey|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/64000-bogus-cards-deactivated-after-survey/article6403360.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|date=12 September 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174414/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/64000-bogus-cards-deactivated-after-survey/article6403360.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BogusRationCard>{{cite news|title=Aadhaar helps weed out bogus ration cards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/aadhaar-helps-weed-out-bogus-ration-cards/article5598190.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-date=9 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609134408/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/aadhaar-helps-weed-out-bogus-ration-cards/article5598190.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=HurdleFakeRation>{{cite news|title=Aadhaar hurdle in drive against fake ration cards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/aadhaar-hurdle-in-drive-against-fake-ration-cards/article6170576.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 July 2014|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121000110/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/aadhaar-hurdle-in-drive-against-fake-ration-cards/article6170576.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2012 the government of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] asked citizens to surrender illegal ration cards before it began to link them with Aadhaar numbers. By September 2014, 15 [[lakh]] (1.5 million) illegal ration cards had been surrendered.<ref name=15lakhbogus>{{cite news|title=15 lakh bogus ration cards found so far: Sunitha|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/15-lakh-bogus-ration-cards-found-so-far-sunitha/article6384014.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 September 2014|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917103449/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/article11121997.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=FakeRationCards>{{cite news|title=2.10 lakh fake ration cards surrendered|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article596021.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 August 2012|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622122113/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article596021.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2015 the state of [[Maharashtra]] began enrolling all school students in the state in the Aadhaar project to implement the [[Right to Education Act]] properly.<ref name=MahaLinkSchool>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra to link school admission with Aadhaar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-to-link-school-admission-with-aadhaar/article7134236.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 April 2015|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220180321/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-to-link-school-admission-with-aadhaar/article7134236.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Electronic-Know Your Customer (e-KYC) using Aadhaar card is also being introduced to activate mobile connections instantly to check Aadhaar Card Status.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Danish|date=2016-08-17|title=Electronic KYC to enable instant activation of mobile phone connections with Aadhar|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/Electronic-KYC-to-enable-instant-activation-of-mobile-phone-connections-with-Aadhar/articleshow/53726630.cms|access-date=2020-06-05|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605042956/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/Electronic-KYC-to-enable-instant-activation-of-mobile-phone-connections-with-Aadhar/articleshow/53726630.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== PVC Card ==
[[File:Aadhar PVC Front.jpg|thumb|Sample PVC Aadhaar card front]]
[[File:Sample PVC Aadhar Card back.jpg|thumb|Sample PVC Aadhaar card back]]
In 2020, UIDAI introduced a new physical Aadhaar card made of [[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] with additional security features such as [[security hologram|holograms]], micro text, ghost images, [[guilloché Patterns]], invisible logos etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uidai.gov.in/contact-support/have-any-question/1024-faqs/aadhaar-online-services/order-aadhaar-pvc-card-online.html|title=PVC Aadhar Card FAQ|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=22 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222113720/https://uidai.gov.in/contact-support/have-any-question/1024-faqs/aadhaar-online-services/order-aadhaar-pvc-card-online.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The PVC Aadhaar Card can be ordered by any Aadhaar holder from UIDAI's official website and it will be delivered to the Aadhaar holder's registered address in the UIDAI database via [[India Post|Speed Post]] at a fee of ₹50.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/aadhaar-pvc-card-latest-news-uidai-starts-new-service-how-to-get-aadhar-pvc-card-online-2325943%3Famp%3D1%26akamai-rum%3Doff|title=How To Get A PVC Aadhaar Card Online Using This New Service|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917103414/https://www.ndtv.com/business|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=30 November 2020|title=Order Aadhaar reprint online: Here is all you need to know|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/order-aadhaar-reprint-online-here-is-all-you-need-to-know-1745382-2020-11-30|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130154943/https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/order-aadhaar-reprint-online-here-is-all-you-need-to-know-1745382-2020-11-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Criticism and concerns ==

=== Feasibility concerns ===
In October 2010 R. Ramakumar, an economist at the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]],<ref name=Ramakumar>{{cite web|title=R. Ramakumar, Dean|url=http://www.tiss.edu/faculty/Ramakumar|publisher=[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]]|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190619/http://www.tiss.edu/faculty/Ramakumar|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> wrote in an editorial for ''[[The Hindu]]'' that the project was being implemented without any cost-benefit or feasibility studies to ensure whether the project would meet its stipulated goals. He also pointed out that the government was obscuring the security aspects of Aadhaar and focusing on the social benefit schemes. He quoted a former chief of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] [[Ajit Doval]], who had said that originally Aadhaar aimed to weed out [[alien (law)|illegal aliens]].<ref name=UIDConceals>{{cite news|title=What the UID conceals|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/what-the-uid-conceals/article839590.ece|access-date=26 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 October 2010|archive-date=3 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703121117/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/what-the-uid-conceals/article839590.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2011 Rajanish Dass of [[IIM Ahmedabad]]'s Computer and Information Systems Group published a paper titled "Unique Identity Project in India: A divine dream or a miscalculated heroism". Dass claimed that even if enrolment was voluntary, it was being made mandatory by indirect means. He pointed out that essential schemes like the [[National Food Security Act, 2013]], was being linked to the UIDAI. He also stated that the feasibility of a project of this size had not been studied and raised concerns about the quality of the biometric data being collected. He cited statements of another researcher, [[Usha Ramanathan]], that the UIDAI would ultimately have to become profit-making to sustain itself.<ref name=IIMALoopHoles>{{cite news|title=IIMA prof's study finds loopholes in UID project|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/iima-prof-s-study-finds-loopholes-in-uid-project/792408/0|access-date=30 May 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 March 2011|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224054010/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/iima-prof-s-study-finds-loopholes-in-uid-project/792408/0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Heroism>{{cite web|title=Unique Identification for Indians: A Divine Dream or a Miscalculated Heroism?|url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/assets/snippets/workingpaperpdf/17212155992011-03-04.pdf|publisher=[[IIM Ahmedabad]]|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617214336/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/assets/snippets/workingpaperpdf/17212155992011-03-04.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The debate on the feasibility of sustaining a project of the size of the population of India is settled as over 1.22 billion Indians are enrolled in Aadhaar as of July 2018,<ref name="Dashboard">{{Cite web |title=Aadhaar Dashboard |url=https://uidai.gov.in/aadhaar_dashboard/index.php |access-date=19 October 2024 |publisher=UIDAI |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229021846/https://uidai.gov.in/aadhaar_dashboard/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref> representing about 90% of the total estimated population.<ref name="UN_WPP">{{cite web |url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=World Population Prospects: The 2018 Revision |type=custom data acquired via website |publisher=United Nations |access-date=22 July 2018 |quote=1,354,051,854 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The scheme complements other initiatives taken by the government, for example [[Digital India]], to benefit people by giving easier access to public services.

On 9 November 2012 the [[National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]] (NIPFP) published a paper titled ''A cost-benefit analysis of Aadhaar''. The paper claimed that by 2015–2016 the benefits of the project would surpass the costs, and by 2020–2021 the total benefit would be {{INRConvert|251|b}} against a total expenditure of {{INRConvert|48.35|b}}. The benefits would come from plugging leakages in various subsidy and social benefit schemes.<ref name=NIPFPAadhar>{{cite news|title=NIPFP study: 52.85 per cent returns expected from Aadhaar project|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-10/news/35032814_1_aadhaar-project-unique-identification-authority-corruption-and-pilferage|access-date=27 May 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=10 November 2012|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145547/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-10/news/35032814_1_aadhaar-project-unique-identification-authority-corruption-and-pilferage|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=CostBenefit>{{cite web|title=A cost-benefit analysis of Aadhaar|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_uid_cba_paper.pdf|publisher=[[National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]]|access-date=27 May 2015|date=9 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711144136/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_uid_cba_paper.pdf|archive-date=11 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 2 February 2013 [[Reetika Khera]], a development economist at IIT Delhi, published a paper in the ''Economic and Political Weekly'' titled ''A 'Cost-Benefit' Analysis of UID,'' in response to the cost-benefit analysis published by NIPFP. She argued that the seemingly large benefits were based 'almost entirely on unrealistic assumptions' and outdated data. The paper pointed to how the relative cost-effectiveness of Aadhaar in comparison with alternative technologies{{snd}}the basic premise of any cost-benefit analysis{{snd}}was entirely ignored. Further, concerns regarding a possible conflict of interest were also raised.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khera|first=Reetika|date=2015-06-05|title=A 'Cost-Benefit' Analysis of UID|url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2013/05/commentary/cost-benefit-analysis-uid.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=48|issue=5|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030904/http://www.epw.in/journal/2013/05/commentary/cost-benefit-analysis-uid.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2016 the [[International Institute for Sustainable Development]] released a report that the benefit from Aadhaar-linked LPG subsidy scheme for 2014–2015 was {{INRConvert|140|m}} and for 2015–2016 was {{INRConvert|1.21|b}}. These sums were much lower than the number stated by Finance Minister Jaitley in the Lok Sabha. He had said in March 2016 that the government had saved {{INRConvert|150|b}} from the scheme. The paper said that the government was also including the savings from the efforts of oil marketing companies (OMCs) prior to the introduction of Aadhaar. The method used by the OMCs to weed out duplicates and ghost customers was 15–20 times more effective than the Aadhaar-based method.<ref name="Only14cr-BS">{{cite news|title=Aadhaar-linked LPG: Govt says Rs 15,000 cr saved, survey says only Rs 14 cr in FY15|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/aadhaar-linked-lpg-govt-says-rs-15-000-cr-saved-survey-says-only-rs-14-cr-in-fy15-116031800039_1.html|access-date=18 March 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=18 March 2016|archive-date=19 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319011136/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/aadhaar-linked-lpg-govt-says-rs-15-000-cr-saved-survey-says-only-rs-14-cr-in-fy15-116031800039_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The savings of {{INRConvert|150|b}} from the scheme was not claimed by the government to be from LPG subsidy alone, but by plugging leaks and checking corruption with the help of Aadhaar in all the schemes administered by the government of India.

=== Lack of legislation and privacy concerns ===
On 2 February 2015, the Supreme Court asked the new government to clarify its stance on the project. This was in response to a new PIL filed by Mathew Thomas, a former army officer. Thomas had claimed that the government was ignoring previous orders while pushing ahead with the project and that the project was unconstitutional as it allowed [[Profiling (information science)#Risks and issues|profiling]] of citizens. In a reply on 12{{nbsp}}February the government said that it would continue the project.<ref name="3Feb15IT">{{cite news|title=Supreme Court seeks Modi government's view on Aadhaar scheme|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/supreme-court-aadhaar-scheme-modi-government-upa-government-gopal-subramanium-mathew-thomas-238398-2015-02-02|access-date=8 August 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=3 February 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133514/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/supreme-court-aadhaar-scheme-modi-government-upa-government-gopal-subramanium-mathew-thomas/1/416595.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="13Feb15ET">{{cite news|title=Will continue with Aadhaar scheme: Centre to Supreme Court|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-13/news/59119322_1_aadhaar-scheme-aadhaar-card-unique-identification-authority|access-date=8 August 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 February 2015|archive-date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530094301/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-13/news/59119322_1_aadhaar-scheme-aadhaar-card-unique-identification-authority|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 July 2015 the government requested the Supreme Court to revoke its order, saying that it intended to use Aadhaar for various services.<ref name="17July15HT">{{cite news|title=Centre wants SC to lift stay order on linking Aadhaar to benefits|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-wants-sc-to-lift-stay-order-on-linking-aadhaar-to-benefits/article1-1370095.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719174637/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-wants-sc-to-lift-stay-order-on-linking-aadhaar-to-benefits/article1-1370095.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2015|access-date=8 August 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=17 July 2015}}</ref> On 21 July 2015 the Court noted that some states were insisting on Aadhaar for benefits despite its order.<ref name="22Jul15NDTV">{{cite news|title=Why Are States Still Insisting on Aadhar Card, Asks Supreme Court|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-are-states-still-insisting-on-aadhar-card-asks-supreme-court-783901|access-date=8 August 2015|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=22 July 2015|archive-date=9 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809094032/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-are-states-still-insisting-on-aadhar-card-asks-supreme-court-783901|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 11 August 2015, the Supreme Court directed the government to widely publicise in print and electronic media that Aadhaar was not mandatory for any welfare scheme. The Court also referred the petitions claiming Aadhaar was unconstitutional to a Constitutional Bench.<ref name=RemainOptional>{{cite news|title=Aadhaar shall remain optional: Supreme Court|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aadhaar-shall-remain-optional-supreme-court/article7525976.ece?homepage=true|access-date=11 August 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 August 2015|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109061631/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aadhaar-shall-remain-optional-supreme-court/article7525976.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 July 2017, a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court began hearing the arguments on whether there is a fundamental right to privacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/fundamental-right-to-privacy/|title=Fundamental Right to Privacy Case|website=scobserver.clpr.org.in|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227153800/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/fundamental-right-to-privacy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 August 2017 the nine-judge bench unanimously upheld the right to privacy as a fundamental right under the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/fundamental-right-to-privacy-verdict/|title=Summary of the judgment (in Plain English)|website=scobserver.clpr.org.in|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227153901/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/fundamental-right-to-privacy-verdict/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/right-privacy-9-judge-verdict-plain-english-part-ii/|title=Summary of the judgment (Part 2)|website=scobserver.clpr.org.in|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227153957/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/right-privacy-9-judge-verdict-plain-english-part-ii/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2017/08/24/privacy-fundamental-right-sc-judgment-aadhaar.html|title=Setback to Center, Supreme Court rules right to privacy as fundamental right|website=manoramaonline.com|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109143112/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2017/08/24/privacy-fundamental-right-sc-judgment-aadhaar.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court has heard various cases relating to the validity of Aadhaar on various grounds including privacy, surveillance, and exclusion from welfare benefits.<ref name="Aadhaar Act Case Background">{{Cite web |title=Aadhaar Act Case Background |url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/aadhar-card-case/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227153935/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/aadhar-card-case/ |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=27 February 2018 |website=scobserver.clpr.org.in}}</ref> As of 27 February 2018, senior counsels Shyam Divan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/aadhaar-act-case-day-7-arguments/|title=Arguments by Mr. Shyam Divan|website=scobserver.clpr.org.in|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227154003/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/aadhaar-act-case-day-7-arguments/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kapil Sibal,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/aadhaar-act-case-day-10-arguments/|title=Arguments by Mr. Kapil Sibal|website=scobserver.clpr.org.in|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227154000/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/aadhaar-act-case-day-10-arguments/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Gopal Subramanium,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/aadhaar-act-caseday-13-arguments/|title=Arguments by Mr. Gopal Subramanium|website=scobserver.clpr.org.in|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227153951/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/aadhaar-act-caseday-13-arguments/|url-status=dead}}</ref> argued over a span of 13 days in this matter.

In a majority opinion dated 26 September 2018, the Supreme Court upheld the use of Aadhaar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=Aadhaar gets thumbs up from Supreme Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aadhaar-gets-thumbs-up-from-supreme-court/article25051538.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=13 April 2019 |language=en-IN |date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927113829/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aadhaar-gets-thumbs-up-from-supreme-court/article25051538.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Legality of sharing data with law enforcement ===
In 2013 in [[Goa]] the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] was trying to solve the case of a rape of a schoolgirl. It approached a Goa local court saying that they had acquired some fingerprints from the scene that could be matched with the UIDAI database. The court asked the UIDAI to hand over all data of all persons in Goa to the CBI.<ref name=ShareData /><ref name=ProbeCrime />

The UIDAI appealed in the [[Bombay High Court]] saying that accepting such a request would set a precedent for more such requests. The High Court rejected the argument and on 26{{nbsp}}February 2014 in an interim order directed [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]] (CFSL) to study the technological capability of the database to see if it could solve such a crime. The UIDAI then appealed in the Supreme Court. It argued that the chance of a [[false positive]] was 0.057% and with 600 million people in its database, it would result in hundreds of thousands of false results.<ref name=ProbeCrime>{{cite news|title=Stop Aadhaar data use to probe crime: UIDAI to SC|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/stop-aadhaar-data-use-to-probe-crime-uidai-to-sc-2/99/|access-date=27 May 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 March 2014|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306014812/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/stop-aadhaar-data-use-to-probe-crime-uidai-to-sc-2/99/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CBISharing>{{cite news|title=UIDAI approaches SC over sharing data with CBI|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/392748/uidai-approaches-sc-over-sharing.html|access-date=27 May 2015|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=17 March 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114430/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/392748/uidai-approaches-sc-over-sharing.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 24 March 2014, the Supreme Court restrained the central government and the UIDAI from sharing data with any third party or agency, whether government or private, without the consent of the Aadhaar-holder in writing. Vide another interim order dated 16{{nbsp}}March 2015, the Supreme Court of India has directed that the Union of India and States and all their functionaries should adhere to the order passed by this court on 23{{nbsp}}September 2013. It observed that some government agencies were still treating Aadhaar as mandatory and asked all agencies to issue notifications clarifying that it was not.<ref name=ShareData>{{cite news|title=Don't exclude those without Aadhaar, share data: SC|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/supreme-court-bars-sharing-of-uidai-info-denial-of-benefits-to-those-without-aadhaar/99/|access-date=27 May 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 March 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305201803/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/supreme-court-bars-sharing-of-uidai-info-denial-of-benefits-to-those-without-aadhaar/99/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 September 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that Section 57 of the Aadhaar Act was unconstitutional, meaning that private entities cannot compel their customers to provide their Aadhaar number as a condition of service to verify their identity, specifically citing requiring it for bank accounts, school admissions, and mobile phone service as examples of unlawful use cases. However, it did uphold its requirement for income tax filing and welfare programmes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/supreme-court-strikes-down-section-57-of-aadhaar-act-what-it-means-for-you|title=Sec 57 of Aadhaar Act Struck Down. Here's What It Means For You|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-09-27|language=en|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927085830/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/supreme-court-strikes-down-section-57-of-aadhaar-act-what-it-means-for-you|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1351263/supreme-court-verdict-how-indias-aadhaar-id-became-mandatory/|title=Supreme Court verdict: How India's Aadhaar ID became mandatory|website=Quartz|date=26 September 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-09-27|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130430/https://qz.com/india/1351263/supreme-court-verdict-how-indias-aadhaar-id-became-mandatory/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aadhaar-stays-minus-fangs-and-pangs/articleshow/65972588.cms|title=Aadhaar stays, minus fangs and pangs|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-27|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927065338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aadhaar-stays-minus-fangs-and-pangs/articleshow/65972588.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/technology/india-id-aadhaar-supreme-court.html|title=India's Top Court Limits Sweep of Biometric ID Program|work=The New York Times|date=26 September 2018|access-date=2018-09-27|language=en|last1=Goel|first1=Vindu|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927015718/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/technology/india-id-aadhaar-supreme-court.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Land allotment dispute ===
In September 2013 the [[Delhi Development Authority]] accepted a complaint from the activist group [[India Against Corruption]] and cancelled a land allotment to the UIDAI. The land was previously owned by [[BSNL]], and [[MTNL]] had also laid claims on it. It had an estimated {{INRConvert|9|b}} value but had been allotted to the UIDAI at a very cheap rate.<ref name=DDAland>{{cite news|title=UIDAI land allotment scam: DDA accepts IAC prayer to scrap the deal|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/uidai-land-allotment-scam-dda-accepts-iac-prayer-to-scrap-the-deal/34513.html|access-date=29 May 2015|work=Money Life|date=17 September 2013|archive-date=4 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604201540/http://www.moneylife.in/article/uidai-land-allotment-scam-dda-accepts-iac-prayer-to-scrap-the-deal/34513.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The issue of constructing the UIDAI HQs and UIDAI Regional Office building in Delhi was resolved with the Department of Telecom (DoT), following which the Ministry of Urban Development issued a notification on 21{{nbsp}}May 2015 clearing the titles of the land in favour of the UIDAI, including projected land use.<ref name=landGazette>{{cite web|title=No. K-13011/26/2012-DD-I|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/164026.pdf|website=[[Gazette of India]]|access-date=7 July 2015|archive-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708053137/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/164026.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Security concerns ===
In an August 2009 interview with the ''[[Tehelka]]'', former chief of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB), Ajit Doval, said that Aadhaar was originally intended to flush out illegal immigrants, but social security benefits were later added to avoid privacy concerns.<ref name=barcodes>{{cite news|title=Falling Between the Barcodes|url=http://www.tehelka.com/falling-between-the-barcodes/?singlepage=1|access-date=7 July 2015|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=22 August 2009|archive-date=10 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710142450/http://www.tehelka.com/falling-between-the-barcodes/?singlepage=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2011 the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance, led by [[Yashwant Sinha]], rejected the National Identification Authority of India Bill, 2010, and suggested modifications. It expressed objections to the issuing of Aadhaar numbers to [[illegal immigrant]]s. The Committee said that the project was being implemented in an unplanned manner and bypassing the Parliament.<ref name=Panelrejects>{{cite news|title=Why Parliamentary Panel rejected the UID Bill|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/why-parliamentary-panel-rejected-the-uid-bill-428035.html|access-date=29 May 2015|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=13 December 2011|archive-date=28 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628152425/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/why-parliamentary-panel-rejected-the-uid-bill-428035.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2013, deputy director general of the UIDAI, Ashok Dalwai, admitted that there had been some errors in the registration process. Some people had received Aadhaar cards with wrong photographs or fingerprints.<ref name=DogsTrees>{{cite news|title=Dogs, trees and chairs have Aadhaar cards|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dogs-trees-and-chairs-have-Aadhaar-cards/articleshow/20359001.cms?referral=PM|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 May 2013|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513174030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dogs-trees-and-chairs-have-Aadhaar-cards/articleshow/20359001.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Aloke Tikku of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', some officials of the Intelligence Bureau (IB) had criticised the UIDAI project in September 2013, with the officials saying that the Aadhaar number cannot be considered a credible proof of residence. As under the liberal pilot phase, where a person claimed to live was accepted as the address and recorded.<ref name=IBSlams>{{cite news|title=IB slams Uidai, says Aadhaar not credible as residence proof|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/ib-slams-uidai-says-aadhaar-not-credible-as-residence-proof/article1-1126679.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202091524/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/ib-slams-uidai-says-aadhaar-not-credible-as-residence-proof/article1-1126679.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2015|access-date=29 May 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=25 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Ram Sewak Sharma|R. S. Sharma]], former director general of the UIDAI shared his Aadhaar number on Twitter, challenging people to show "one concrete example where you can do any harm to me!" Within hours, Twitter users managed to dig out his personal details like his personal mobile number(s), Gmail and Yahoo addresses, physical address, date of birth, his frequent flyer number, and that he uses an iPhone.<ref name=RSsharma>{{cite news|title=By Revealing His Aadhaar Number, the TRAI Chairman Has Opened a Can of Worms|url=https://thewire.in/tech/trai-rs-sharma-aadhaar|access-date=6 June 2022|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|date=5 June 2022|archive-date=5 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605065310/https://thewire.in/tech/trai-rs-sharma-aadhaar|url-status=live}}</ref> After this incident, UIDAI tweeted urging users not to share Aadhaar numbers publicly.<ref name="uidai-tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1024316404860780544 |user=UIDAI |title=#PressStatement People are advised to refrain from publicly putting their Aadhaar numbers on the internet and social media and posing challenges to others. 1/n |date=2018-07-31 |access-date=2023-02-14 |url=https://twitter.com/UIDAI/status/1024316404860780544}}</ref>

In September 2023, independent analyst [[Moody's Corporation|Moody's]] raised concerns about the Aadhaar system, highlighting its tendency to result in service denials, especially affecting manual labourers in hot, humid climates due to questionable reliability of biometric technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=Aadhaar biometrics not reliable in India's climate: What Moody's has said |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/aadhaar-biometrics-reliable-moodys-climate-8955019/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Government of India refuted Moody's claims emphasizing the absence of reported security or privacy breaches within the Aadhaar System. The centre's stance was reaffirmed in response to parliamentary enquiries, where it unequivocally stated that no breaches had been reported from the Aadhaar database.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-09-25 |title=Government rebuffs Moody's Aadhaar views; says a billion Indians trust it |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/government-rebuffs-moodys-aadhaar-views-says-a-billion-indians-trust-it/article67346212.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Overlaps with National Population Register ===
{{Main|National Population Register}}

[[File:The Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh reviewing the implementation of the National Population Register (NPR), at a meeting, in New Delhi on June 18, 2014.jpg|450px|thumb|right|The Union Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] reviewing the implementation of the National Population Register (NPR), at a meeting in New Delhi on 18 June 2014]]

The Aadhaar and the similar [[National Population Register]] (NPR) projects have been reported to be in conflict. In January 2012 it was reported that the UIDAI would share its data with NPR and the NPR would continue to collect its own data.<ref name=Mandate>{{cite news|title=UIDAI's mandate expanded|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uidais-mandate-expanded/article2837329.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 January 2012|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917103416/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/UIDAIs-mandate-expanded/article13383262.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2013 then-Home Minister [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] said that Aadhaar was not an identity card but a number, while the NPR was necessary for national security purposes.<ref name=NPRvsAadhar>{{cite news|title=NPR vs Aadhar card game gets tougher|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/article1457196.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 February 2013|archive-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826022144/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/article1457196.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2013 Supreme Court order did not affect the NPR project as it was not linked to any subsidy.<ref name=NPRrolls>{{cite news|title=NPR rolls on, regardless|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/npr-rolls-on-regardless/article5204935.ece|access-date=31 May 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 October 2013|archive-date=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425070432/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/npr-rolls-on-regardless/article5204935.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2014 a meeting was held to discuss the possibility of merging the two projects, Aadhaar and NPR, or making them complementary. The meeting was attended by Home Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], Law and Justice and Telecom Minister [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]], and Minister of State for Planning [[Rao Inderjit Singh]].<ref name=AadhaarNPR>{{cite news|title=Government favours Aadhaar-NPR synergy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-favours-aadhaarnpr-synergy/article6174633.ece|access-date=31 May 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 July 2014|archive-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707094208/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-favours-aadhaarnpr-synergy/article6174633.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Later in the same month, Rao Inderjit Singh told the Lok Sabha that no plan to merge the two projects has been made.<ref name=NoIntegrate>{{cite news|title=No proposal to integrate Aadhar with National Population Register: Centre|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/no-proposal-to-integrate-aadhar-with-national-population-register-centre-704021.html|access-date=31 May 2015|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=25 July 2014|archive-date=31 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831005751/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/no-proposal-to-integrate-aadhar-with-national-population-register-centre-704021.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 September 2019, the then Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced an idea where the NPR and Aadhaar would be on the 2021 census and would be used with the census data to build a new unique national document,<ref>{{cite news|title=Aadhaar, passport, driving licence to become one card? Amit Shah moots idea|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/aadhaar-passport-driving-licence-to-become-one-card-amit-shah-moots-idea/story/380729.html|access-date=24 September 2019|date=23 September 2019|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924074929/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/aadhaar-passport-driving-licence-to-become-one-card-amit-shah-moots-idea/story/380729.html|url-status=live}}</ref> however, UIDAI confirmed that for 2021 census, the Aadhaar use would be voluntary, also saying that "Collection of biometrics is not been provided under Citizenship Rules".<ref>{{cite news|title=UIDAI nod to 'voluntary' use of Aadhaar for National Population Register rollout: Centre|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/amit-shah-moots-idea-of-multipurpose-card-says-2021-census-to-be-digital/articleshow/71257771.cms|access-date=24 September 2019|date=24 September 2019|archive-date=23 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923103558/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/amit-shah-moots-idea-of-multipurpose-card-says-2021-census-to-be-digital/articleshow/71257771.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Fraud ===
In order to make Aadhaar accessible to often undocumented poorer citizens, obtaining an Aadhaar card does not require significant documentation, with multiple options available. In theory, the use of biometric facilities should reduce or eliminate duplication. So, in theory, while it may be possible to obtain the card under a false name, it is less likely that a person would be able to obtain another Aadhaar card under a different (or real) name.

The Aadhaar card itself is not a secure document (being printed on paper) and according to the agency should not be treated as an [[identity card]]<ref>{{cite news|title='Aadhaar' is a number, not an ID card: Montek Singh Ahluwalia|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aadhaar-is-a-number-not-an-id-card-montek-singh-ahluwalia-512202|access-date=28 May 2017|work=NDTV.com|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172630/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aadhaar-is-a-number-not-an-id-card-montek-singh-ahluwalia-512202|url-status=live}}</ref> though it is often treated as such. However, with currently no practical way to validate the card (e.g. by police at airport entry locations) it is of questionable utility as an identity card. "There are five main components in an Aadhaar app transaction{{snd}}the customer, the vendor, the app, the back-end validation software, and the Aadhaar system itself." There are also two main external concerns{{snd}}the security of the data at rest on the phone and the security of the data in transit. At all seven points, the customer's data is vulnerable to attack ... The app and validation software are insecure, the Aadhaar system itself is insecure, the network infrastructure is insecure, and the laws are inadequate," claims Bhairav Acharya, Program Fellow, New America.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Dangers of Aadhaar-Based Payments That No One Is Talking About|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/2017/01/17/the-dangers-of-aadhaar-based-payments-that-no-one-is-talking-about|access-date=28 May 2017|work=Bloomberg Quint|language=en|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173108/https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/2017/01/17/the-dangers-of-aadhaar-based-payments-that-no-one-is-talking-about|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Aadhaar card is usually printed on glossy paper, and the government has stated black and white copies are valid. Some agencies charge extra to laminate the document. Other agencies have been reported charging {{INR}} 50 to 200 to produce a PVC version of the card, and it is marketed by them as a [[smart card]], despite having no official validity and no chip.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/uidai-warns-against-agencies-printing-plastic-aadhaar-cards/articleshow/56853380.cms|title=UIDAI warns against agencies printing plastic Aadhaar cards|website=The Times of India|date=30 January 2017 |access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927034155/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/uidai-warns-against-agencies-printing-plastic-aadhaar-cards/articleshow/56853380.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Certain [[mobile app]]s claim to verify an Aadhaar card using a [[QR code]] scanner. However, the QR code is not a secure representation of an Aadhaar card either and can be copied and edited. The only way to validate an Aadhaar card is to perform an online validation, which will confirm that the card number is valid, and confirm the postal code and gender of the holder (but not their name or photo). In theory, this means that is possible to create a false Aadhaar card using the number of a genuine holder from the same postal code with the same gender, with the card subject to a number of cases of counterfeiting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jobless engineer made over 100 fake Aadhaar cards – Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/jobless-engineer-made-over-100-fake-aadhaar-cards/articleshow/58406979.cms|access-date=28 May 2017|work=The Times of India|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517175244/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/jobless-engineer-made-over-100-fake-aadhaar-cards/articleshow/58406979.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The digital document itself is self-signed by a non-internationally recognised certificate authority (n)Code Solutions, a division of [[Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers|Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers]] Company Ltd (GNFC)<ref>{{cite web|title=India goes digital – Hacker News|url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9163984|website=news.ycombinator.com|access-date=28 May 2017|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071426/https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9163984|url-status=live}}</ref> and needs to be manually installed on the PC. This is despite [[Entrust]] assisting in the development of the solution.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entrust Datacard – Partner Profile — (N)Code Solutions|url=https://www.entrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/170322_nCode-case-study_FINAL.pdf|website=entrust.com|publisher=Entrust|access-date=28 May 2017|quote=In order to set up a Certifying Authority for the Ministry of Information Technology in India, (n)Code Solutions needed a technology partner for digital signature certificates. (n)Code Solutions worked with Entrust Datacard to set up a certificate authority infrastructure {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} Entrust Authority PKI that issues digital certificates and integrates with various applications and certificate profiles for individuals and corporations with various validity periods of one, two or three years based on individual customer needs.|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121071313/https://www.entrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/170322_nCode-case-study_FINAL.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Cloning of biometric data===
Aadhaar data is linked to the fingerprints of cardholders. This has been used by fraudsters to withdraw money from bank accounts. Most people have linked their bank accounts to their Aadhaar identity due to the mandatory nature of the linkage as promoted by the government. The Aadhaar programme automatically enrolls the bank customer into a payment system wherein money can be withdrawn from their bank account using their Aadhaar card numbers and fingerprints. Fraudsters obtain customers' fingerprints through websites where land-owning documents are public or where fingerprints can be sold to fraudsters by people who can obtain copies of victims' fingerprints through objects in their homes. Essentially, one's fingerprints work as a password that cannot be changed, unlike credit card PINs and many other similar protective services.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslesha |first1=Divya |last2=Aafaq |first2=Zafar |title=Stolen fingerprints, empty bank accounts: How customers are paying for gaps in Aadhaar |url=https://scroll.in/article/1059347/stolen-fingerprints-empty-bank-accounts-how-customers-are-paying-for-gaps-in-aadhaar |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126021657/https://scroll.in/article/1059347/stolen-fingerprints-empty-bank-accounts-how-customers-are-paying-for-gaps-in-aadhaar |archive-date=26 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Application issues ===
While the service is free for citizens, some agents have been charging fees.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Agency-charging-for-Aadhaar-card-services/articleshow/46776409.cms|title=Agency charging for Aadhaar card services|website=The Times of India|date=2 April 2015 |access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=16 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116023943/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Agency-charging-for-Aadhaar-card-services/articleshow/46776409.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the modern processes, there are cases where enrolments are lost in the system without explanation. mAadhaar is an official mobile application developed by the UIDAI to provide an interface for Aadhaar number holders to carry their demographic information including name, date of birth, gender, and address along with a photograph linked with their Aadhaar number in smartphones. In one case, every resident in a village in Haridwar was assigned a birthday of 1{{nbsp}}January.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/india-news/village-in-haridwar-shares-the-same-birthday-on-aadhaar-cards/video-L4M8VBQWg0xL5tXi08HjJP.html|title=Village in Haridwar shares the same birthday on Aadhaar cards|website=hindustantimes.com/|date=28 October 2017|language=en|access-date=2017-11-01|archive-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101181459/http://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/india-news/village-in-haridwar-shares-the-same-birthday-on-aadhaar-cards/video-L4M8VBQWg0xL5tXi08HjJP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:AADHAAR SEVA KENDRA.jpg|thumb|Aadhar Seva Kendra]]

=== Threat of exclusion ===
Many private and public benefits are being linked to Aadhaar numbers and made contingent on it: food aid, cooking-gas subsidies, mobile connections, NREGA wages, government examinations, banking facilities, tax filings, etc. In fact, much of the massive enrolment resulted from the fear of being excluded from these benefits. There have been instances where people have been denied food aid because of issues with authentication arising from network issues or problems with identifying fingerprints (sometimes fingerprints become faded from age or manual labour).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/aadhaar-mixing-public-risk-private-profit|title=Aadhaar's mixing of public risk and private profit|last=Thaker|first=Aria|website=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713111703/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/aadhaar-mixing-public-risk-private-profit|url-status=live}}</ref>

Documentary proof may be difficult to obtain, with the system requiring documents such as bank accounts, insurance policies, and driving licences that themselves increasingly require an Aadhaar card or similar documentary evidence to originate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aadhaar-to-be-mandatory-for-driving-licence/articleshow/57834023.cms|title=Aadhaar to be mandatory for driving licence – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 March 2017 |access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=27 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527211311/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aadhaar-to-be-mandatory-for-driving-licence/articleshow/57834023.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This may lead to a significant minority underclass of undocumented citizens who will find it harder to obtain necessary services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/1-05-billion-aadhar-cards-issued-challenge-to-enrol-remaining-20-crore-uidai-1468140|title=1.05 Billion Aadhaar Cards Issued, Challenge To Enrol Remaining 20 Crore: UIDAI|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324020102/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/1-05-billion-aadhar-cards-issued-challenge-to-enrol-remaining-20-crore-uidai-1468140|url-status=live}}</ref> Introducers and Heads of family may also assist in documentation; however, for many agencies and legitimate applications, this facility may not be practical.<ref>{{cite news|title=India: Aadhaar Unmasked – The UID Number and Threat of exclusion, and of surveillance – South Asia Citizens Web|url=http://www.sacw.net/article4901.html|access-date=28 May 2017|work=sacw.net|language=en|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730132759/http://www.sacw.net/article4901.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Non resident Indian|Non-resident Indians]], [[Overseas Citizenship of India|overseas citizens of India]], and other resident foreigners may also find it difficult to avail themselves of services they could previously freely obtain, such as local [[Subscriber identity module|SIM cards]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sarkarieyojana.in/aadhar-card-me-mobile-number-kaise-jode/|title=Aadhaar to be mandatory for mobile phone verification|first=Komal|last=Gupta|date=24 March 2017|access-date=7 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007054614/https://sarkarieyojana.in/aadhar-card-me-mobile-number-kaise-jode/|url-status=live}}</ref> despite assurances to the contrary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/society/indian-expats-not-eligible-for-aadhaar-ids-1.2002690|title=Indian expats 'not eligible for Aadhaar IDs'|author=Binsal Abdul Kader|date=29 March 2017|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517154634/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/society/indian-expats-not-eligible-for-aadhaar-ids-1.2002690|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the Unique Identification Authority office first opened in Delhi, people have been allowed to designate their gender as "transgender" on their Aadhaar card, according to an August 2013 report.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=Neelam|date=27 August 2013|title=In a first, Aadhar recognises 1,600 transgender persons|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/in-a-first-aadhar-recognises-1-600-transgender-persons/story-Geb68xqQ8KiVT1cyUeqLxL.html|access-date=2021-02-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206161610/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/in-a-first-aadhar-recognises-1-600-transgender-persons/story-Geb68xqQ8KiVT1cyUeqLxL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Data leaks and security incidents ===
The Aadhaar database has experienced multiple data leaks and security breaches since its inception. These have ranged from the sale of unauthorised access by database administrators, the exposure of personal information on government websites, and unauthorised use and access of Aadhaar data by private institutions.

The detailed personal information being collected is of extremely high importance to an individual. However, once collected, it is not being treated with the required sensitivity for privacy<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/119323/real-problem-aadhaar-lies-biometrics/|title=Four reasons you should worry about Aadhaar's use of Biometrics|work=The Wire|access-date=2017-03-28|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084140/https://thewire.in/119323/real-problem-aadhaar-lies-biometrics/|url-status=live}}</ref> concerns. Major financial transactions are linked with information collected in Aadhaar. Data leaks<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/31/aadhaar-data-leak/|title=Indian state government leaks thousands of Aadhaar numbers data|last=Whitter|first=Zack|date=31 January 2019|work=Techcrunch|access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=1 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201172728/https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/31/aadhaar-data-leak/|url-status=live}}</ref> are a gold mine for criminals who now use sophisticated hackers. Government departments and various other agencies that collect this information such as banks cannot be trusted to maintain the secrecy of all this collected information.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/aadhaar-data-of-130-millions-bank-account-details-leaked-from-govt-websites-report-974771-2017-05-02|title=Aadhaar data of 130 millions leaked from govt websites: Report|access-date=2017-07-06|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713034502/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/technology/story/aadhaar-data-of-130-millions-bank-account-details-leaked-from-govt-websites-report/1/943632.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Another case occurred wherein Aadhaar data collected by Reliance Jio was leaked online, and the data may now be widely available to hackers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fonearena.com/blog/224741/jio-customer-database-of-over-120-million-users-leaked-could-be-biggest-data-breach-in-india.html|title=Jio Customer Database of over 120 million users leaked, could be biggest data breach in India|website=fonearena.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-13|archive-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713071528/http://www.fonearena.com/blog/224741/jio-customer-database-of-over-120-million-users-leaked-could-be-biggest-data-breach-in-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/reliance-jio-says-it-s-not-hacked-aadhaar-data-not-leaked-but-online-users-insist-otherwise-325533.html|title=Reliance Jio Says It's Not Hacked, Aadhaar Data Not Leaked, But Online Users Insist Otherwise|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-13|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713061654/http://www.indiatimes.com/technology/news/reliance-jio-says-it-s-not-hacked-aadhaar-data-not-leaked-but-online-users-insist-otherwise-325533.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The UIDAI confirms more than 200 government websites were publicly displaying confidential Aadhaar data; though removed now, the data leaked cannot be scrubbed from hackers' databases.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/210-govt-websites-made-public-aadhaar-details-uidai/articleshow/61711303.cms|title=Over 200 govt websites made Aadhaar details public: UIDAI – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-19|archive-date=21 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121021632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/210-govt-websites-made-public-aadhaar-details-uidai/articleshow/61711303.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2017 privacy issues with regard to the Aadhaar card were discussed in the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2017/07/19/supreme-court-right-to-privacy-fundamental-right.html|title=Right to privacy can't be absolute, may be regulated: SC|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719103401/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2017/07/19/supreme-court-right-to-privacy-fundamental-right.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quintdaily.com/2017/08/aadhar-is-future-india/|title=Aadhaar is Future India|website=quintdaily|date=6 August 2017|access-date=6 August 2017|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806140632/http://quintdaily.com/2017/08/aadhar-is-future-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> A report from the Center for Internet and Society suggests that the records of about 135 million Indians may have been leaked.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/aadhaar-numbers-and-personal-details-of-135-million-indians-may-have-leaked-says-cis-report/968774|title=Aadhaar Numbers And Personal Details of 135 Million Indians May Have Leaked, Says CIS Report|work=outlookindia.com|access-date=2017-11-14|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202347/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/aadhaar-numbers-and-personal-details-of-135-million-indians-may-have-leaked-says-cis-report/968774|url-status=live}}</ref> A loophole was identified that allows all records to be accessed by anyone<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42575443|title=Aadhaar: 'Leak' in world's biggest database worries Indians|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815042700/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42575443|url-status=live}}</ref> though hackers can find other routes.

==== 2017 ====
In February 2017, the Unique Identification Authority of India filed a police complaint after confirming that Axis Bank, a private banking institution, Suvidhaa Infoserve (a business news reporter) and eMudhra (an agency providing e-signature services) had illegally accessed the Aadhaar database and further, had impersonated people after illegally storing their personal data.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Vishwanath |first2=Suranjana |last2=Roy|first3= Komal |last3=Gupta |first1=Apurva |date=2017-02-24 |title=Aadhaar biometric data breach triggers privacy concerns |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/IKgrYL5pg3eTgfaP253XKI/Aadhaar-data-breach-triggers-privacy-concerns.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034806/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/IKgrYL5pg3eTgfaP253XKI/Aadhaar-data-breach-triggers-privacy-concerns.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2017, the government of the state of Jharkhand exposed Aadhaar details and personal information of over 10 [[lakh]] (1 million) people as a result of a programming mistake on the website of the Jharkhand Directorate of Social Security, making this information available to any person who was logged on to the website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-22 |title=Details of over a million Aadhaar numbers published on Jharkhand govt website |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-massive-data-breach-over-a-million-aadhaar-numbers-published-on-jharkhand-govt-website/story-EeFlScg5Dn5neLyBzrkw1I.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034806/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-massive-data-breach-over-a-million-aadhaar-numbers-published-on-jharkhand-govt-website/story-EeFlScg5Dn5neLyBzrkw1I.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand government website leaks personal details of 1 million Aadhaar subscribers |url=http://privacyinternational.org/examples/824/jharkhand-government-website-leaks-personal-details-1-million-aadhaar-subscribers |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Privacy International |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707050210/https://www.privacyinternational.org/examples/824/jharkhand-government-website-leaks-personal-details-1-million-aadhaar-subscribers |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2017, the UIDAI blacklisted a contracted agency charged with collecting biometric data, after they shared a photograph containing the personal information of Indian cricketer M.S. Dhoni. The photo was tweeted as part of efforts to promote Aadhaar enrolment in India, and showed Dhoni enrolling, including a visual of his enrolment form being fed into a computer. The image was retweeted by several people, including [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]], the then-Information and Broadcasting Minister of the Indian Government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2017 |title=MS Dhoni's Aadhaar details leaked on Twitter, wife Sakshi complains to IT minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ms-dhonis-aadhar-details-leaked-on-twitter-wife-sakshi-complains-to-it-minister/articleshow/57886970.cms |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706102723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ms-dhonis-aadhar-details-leaked-on-twitter-wife-sakshi-complains-to-it-minister/articleshow/57886970.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-29 |title=MS Dhoni's Aadhaar details made public, Ravi Shankar Prasad promises action |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sakshi-dhoni-raises-privacy-issue-after-ms-dhoni-aadhaar-details-made-public-on-twitter-ravi-shankar-prasad-promises-action-4590310/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706101221/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sakshi-dhoni-raises-privacy-issue-after-ms-dhoni-aadhaar-details-made-public-on-twitter-ravi-shankar-prasad-promises-action-4590310/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2017, a software engineer was arrested after he created an app that exploited vulnerabilities in the official Aadhaar app in order to allow him to re-route requests for data, after unlawfully accessing the networks of the [[National Informatics Centre]]. He was able to exploit the Aadhaar app before detection for six months, between January and July 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-03 |title=IIT graduate illegally accesses Aadhaar data to create app, arrested |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/techie-held-for-accessing-sensitive-aadhaar-data/article19421763.ece |access-date=2022-07-06 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706101409/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/techie-held-for-accessing-sensitive-aadhaar-data/article19421763.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-04 |title=An IIT graduate has been arrested for illegally accessing the Aadhaar database: Report |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/an-iit-graduate-has-been-arrested-for-illegally-accessing-the-aadhaar-database-report-3892045.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706101221/https://www.firstpost.com/india/an-iit-graduate-has-been-arrested-for-illegally-accessing-the-aadhaar-database-report-3892045.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Wikileaks tweeted on 25 August 2017 that the same American supplier of fingerprint and Iris scanning equipment that collaborated with the CIA to identify Osama Bin Laden was also supplying equipment to India.<ref>{{cite web |title=WikiLeaks suggests CIA may have access to India's Aadhaar data |date=26 August 2017 |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/technology/wikileaks-suggests-cia-may-have-access-to-indias-aadhaar-data/story/259089.html |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915160702/http://www.businesstoday.in/technology/wikileaks-suggests-cia-may-have-access-to-indias-aadhaar-data/story/259089.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The complex structure of ownership is detailed in an article in Fountainink.in<ref>{{cite web |title=Aadhaar in the hand of spies |url=http://fountainink.in/reportage/aadhaar-in-the-hand-of-spies- |access-date=23 February 2018 |archive-date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052904/http://fountainink.in/reportage/aadhaar-in-the-hand-of-spies- |url-status=live }}</ref> Concerns were raised as early as 2011 in the Sunday ''Guardian'' regarding not following due process and handing over contracts to entities with links to the FBI and having a history of leaking data across countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign agencies can access Aadhaar data |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/foreign-agencies-can-access-aadhar-data |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922024612/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/foreign-agencies-can-access-aadhar-data |url-status=dead }}</ref> How the CIA can hack and access the Aadhaar database using a secret Expresslane project is documented in a report on the GGInews website<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-25 |title=How CIA Spies Access India's Biometric Aadhaar Database {{!}} GGI News |language=en-US |work=GGI News |url=http://gginews.in/cia-spies-access-aadhaar-database/ |access-date=2017-11-14 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170825153455/http://gginews.in/cia-spies-access-aadhaar-database/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and saved in an archive lest it be removed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-25 |title=How CIA Spies Access India's Biometric Aadhaar Database {{!}} GGI News |work=archive.is |url=http://gginews.in/cia-spies-access-aadhaar-database/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-11-14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170825153455/http://gginews.in/cia-spies-access-aadhaar-database/ |archive-date=2017-08-25}}</ref> Further communications have also identified the clauses under which data may have freely flowed to foreign agencies due to the nature and wordings in the Aadhaar contracts<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-30 |title=Foreign Firms Given Access To Your Unencrypted Aadhaar Data {{!}} GGI News |language=en-US |work=GGI News |url=http://gginews.in/foreign-firms-given-access-unencrypted-aadhaar-data/ |access-date=2017-11-14 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171114054948/http://gginews.in/foreign-firms-given-access-unencrypted-aadhaar-data/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and archived here.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-14 |title=Foreign Firms Given Access To Your Unencrypted Aadhaar Data {{!}} GGI News |work=archive.is |url=http://gginews.in/foreign-firms-given-access-unencrypted-aadhaar-data/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-11-14 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171114054948/http://gginews.in/foreign-firms-given-access-unencrypted-aadhaar-data/ |archive-date=2017-11-14}}</ref>

The Centre for Internet and Society, a non-profit research organisation from India, reported that during 2017, the Aadhaar of 130 million people was leaked as a result of information exposed on websites relating to four government social security schemes. These schemes were the National Social Assistance Programme and the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (managed by the Ministry of Rural Development), and the Daily Online Payment Reports under NREGA and Chandranna Bima Scheme (managed by the State Government of Andhra Pradesh).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-02 |title=Aadhaar data leak exposes cyber security flaws |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/aadhaar-data-leak-exposes-cyber-security-flaws/article64269282.ece |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034849/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/aadhaar-data-leak-exposes-cyber-security-flaws/article64269282.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2017, the Central Government of India admitted in the Supreme Court that Aadhaar data had been leaked several times in that year. Arghya Sengupta, the head of policy consulting institution, [[Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy]], argued that none of the leaks had come directly from the Aadhaar database, while the Attorney General, Mukul Rohatgi, defended the leaks and argued that, "one cannot have an absolute right over his or her body".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-04 |title=In Supreme Court, Centre admits Aadhaar data leak, critics cite 'civil liberties' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-admits-aadhaar-data-leak-critics-cite-civil-liberties-4639819/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034807/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-admits-aadhaar-data-leak-critics-cite-civil-liberties-4639819/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The leak of Aadhaar data was further confirmed publicly by the Ministry of Electronics and IT.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government admits your Aadhaar data has been leaked |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/31/government-admits-your-aadhaar-data-has-been-leaked-1588027.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=The New Indian Express |date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034806/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/31/government-admits-your-aadhaar-data-has-been-leaked-1588027.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 2018 ====
In 2018, the Aadhaar database suffered several breaches, resulting in 1.1 billion people's data being leaked and compromised. This was described by the [[World Economic Forum]] 2019 [[Global Risks Report]] as the "largest breach" of personal information in that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2019 |title=The Global Risks Report 2019 |url=https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2019/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=World Economic Forum |page=16 |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034806/https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, Right to Information petitions filed by media organisations indicated that 210 Indian government officials and institutions had posted parts of the Aadhaar database in publicly accessible sources, resulting in the leak of personal data, resulting in post-facto removals of this data by the Unique Identification Authority of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-19 |title=UIDAI reveals 210 govt websites made Aadhaar details public, did not specify when breach took place |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/uidai-reveals-210-govt-websites-made-aadhaar-details-public-did-not-specify-when-breach-took-place-4217597.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034806/https://www.firstpost.com/india/uidai-reveals-210-govt-websites-made-aadhaar-details-public-did-not-specify-when-breach-took-place-4217597.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 5 January 2018, media correspondents from The Tribune reported that they were, by posing as buyers, able to gain administrator access to the entire Aadhaar database for a payment of {{INRConvert|500}}, revealing major security flaws.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 500, 10 minutes, and you have access to billion Aadhaar details |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/rs-500-10-minutes-and-you-have-access-to-billion-aadhaar-details-523361 |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034807/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/rs-500-10-minutes-and-you-have-access-to-billion-aadhaar-details-523361 |url-status=live }}</ref> Acknowledging this data breach, the Unique Identification Authority of India suspended 5000 officials from accessing the database after an investigation revealed misuse and unauthorised usage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-09 |title=UIDAI blocks 5,000 officials from Aadhaar portal following reports of unauthorised usage|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/uidai-blocks-5000-officials-from-aadhar-portal-following-reports-of-unauthorised-usage-4294143.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Tech2 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034806/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/uidai-blocks-5000-officials-from-aadhar-portal-following-reports-of-unauthorised-usage-4294143.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The incident was widely reported internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-04 |title=Personal data of a billion Indians sold online for £6, report claims |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/04/india-national-id-database-data-leak-bought-online-aadhaar |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706123418/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/04/india-national-id-database-data-leak-bought-online-aadhaar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Analysis {{!}} A security breach in India has left a billion people at risk of identity theft |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/01/04/a-security-breach-in-india-has-left-a-billion-people-at-risk-of-identity-theft/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105162153/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/01/04/a-security-breach-in-india-has-left-a-billion-people-at-risk-of-identity-theft/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to the incident, UIDAI denied the breach, and filed a criminal complaint against the newspaper and journalists who reported the security flaws.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-07 |title=UIDAI files FIR against The Tribune, reporter Rachna Khaira for Aadhaar data breach story |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/uidai-files-fir-against-the-tribune-reporter-rachna-khaira-for-aadhaar-data-breach-story-4291109.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706102724/https://www.firstpost.com/india/uidai-files-fir-against-the-tribune-reporter-rachna-khaira-for-aadhaar-data-breach-story-4291109.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 January 2018, India's Union Government confirmed that three websites belonging to the Government of the State of Gujarat had exposed the personal Aadhaar data of citizens. These websites included the website of the University of Gujarat, the Gujarat government website, and the website of Gujarat's Director of Developing Caste Welfare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2018 |first=Ashish |last=Chauhan |title=Three Gujarat websites including government portal made Aadhaar details public |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/three-gujarat-websites-including-govt-portal-made-aadhaar-details-public/articleshow/62406648.cms |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706102723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/three-gujarat-websites-including-govt-portal-made-aadhaar-details-public/articleshow/62406648.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 24 January 2018, a French security researcher posted on Twitter that the m-Aadhaar mobile application contained serious security vulnerabilities that could be used to compromise the personal data of users.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-12 |title=Twitter user highlights security flaws in UIDAI's mAadhaar app for Android devices, user data could be compromised-Business News |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/twitter-user-highlights-potential-security-flaws-in-uidais-maadhaar-app-for-android-devices-user-data-could-be-compromised-4298719.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706101221/https://www.firstpost.com/business/twitter-user-highlights-potential-security-flaws-in-uidais-maadhaar-app-for-android-devices-user-data-could-be-compromised-4298719.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2018, an Indian security researcher noted that a vulnerability in the website of [[Indane (LPG)|Indane]] Gas, an Indian-government owned corporation supplying gas cylinders for domestic cooking, had resulted in exposing Aadhaar and personal data of every person enrolled with the Aadhaar database, and not just customers of Indane. American security website [[ZDNet]] reported that they spent a month attempting to contact the National Informatics Centre, the UIDAI, and Indian consulate officials in the United States, but did not receive a response before they ran the story.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A new data leak hits Aadhaar, India's national ID database |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/another-data-leak-hits-india-aadhaar-biometric-database/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=ZDNet |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706101221/https://www.zdnet.com/article/another-data-leak-hits-india-aadhaar-biometric-database/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saldanha |first=Alison |date=2018-03-30 |title=Aadhaar security flaw can give access to data without OTP: Ethical hacker |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/aadhaar-security-and-authentication-flaw-can-give-access-to-data-without-otp-ethical-hacker-118033000123_1.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706101409/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/aadhaar-security-and-authentication-flaw-can-give-access-to-data-without-otp-ethical-hacker-118033000123_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 20 March 2018, it was reported that Aadhaar data and linked personal information, including addresses, linked to a special scheme by the Government of Andhra Pradesh for women and girls had been left unsecured online and could be accessed by anyone, even though the scheme itself had been suspended in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadhaar data leak of Andhra Pradesh women raises security concerns |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/mar/20/aadhaar-data-leak-of-andhra-pradesh-women-raises-security-concerns-1789648.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706101409/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/mar/20/aadhaar-data-leak-of-andhra-pradesh-women-raises-security-concerns-1789648.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In May 2018, an Indian security researcher found that Aadhaar data linked to personal information, including caste identities, religious affiliation, bank accounts, and personal addresses and mobile numbers had been left unprotected on a website of the State Government of Andhra Pradesh, resulting in the leak of data belonging to 130,000 citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidyut |date=2018-04-24 |title=New data leak allows targeting by religion, caste and locality and provides Aadhaar and bank details |url=https://www.medianama.com/2018/04/223-new-data-leak-allows-targeting-by-religion-caste-and-locality-and-provides-aadhaar-and-bank-details/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=MediaNama |language=en-US |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706101222/https://www.medianama.com/2018/04/223-new-data-leak-allows-targeting-by-religion-caste-and-locality-and-provides-aadhaar-and-bank-details/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government website leaked 1.3 lakh Aadhaar numbers, linked them with caste, religion: Researcher |url=https://scroll.in/latest/876775/government-website-leaked-1-3-lakh-aadhaar-numbers-linked-them-with-caste-religion-researcher |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Scroll.in |date=24 April 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706101221/https://scroll.in/latest/876775/government-website-leaked-1-3-lakh-aadhaar-numbers-linked-them-with-caste-religion-researcher |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2018, [[Ram Sewak Sharma|R.S. Sharma]], the chairman of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India and former UIDAI chairman, disclosed his Aadhaar number on Twitter and challenged anyone to misuse it, in an effort to demonstrate the security of the Aadhaar programme. Using his Aadhaar, French researchers were able to access and disclose personal information belonging to Sharma, including his personal telephone number, tax identity card, his secretary's phone number, personal address, family photographs, date of birth, frequent flyer numbers, telecom operator, model of phone, details of personal purchases and transactions, and advised him to change his personal Gmail account password as a precaution.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-29 |title=Aadhaar safety: Trai chief throws a challenge, French expert 'leaks' his data |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/aadhaar-safety-trai-chief-throws-challenge-french-expert-leaks-his-data-118072900077_1.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706101221/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/aadhaar-safety-trai-chief-throws-challenge-french-expert-leaks-his-data-118072900077_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The information was later used to make an unauthorised symbolic deposit of {{INRConvert|1}} in his personal bank account as well, to demonstrate the possibility of blackmail and compromise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2018 |first=Rachel |last=Chitra |title=Hackers deposit Re 1 in Trai chief's account |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hackers-deposit-re-1-in-trai-chiefs-account/articleshow/65190556.cms |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723232658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hackers-deposit-re-1-in-trai-chiefs-account/articleshow/65190556.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, his Aadhaar number was also used to unlawfully register him for certain government subsidies for which he was ineligible, resulting in the fraudulent receipt of government funding. Sharma has blamed this incident on the state government's failure to verify his enrolment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020|first=Yasmin |last=Ahmed |title=Former UIDAI chief RS Sharma suffers Aadhaar fraud, Rs 6000 PM Kisan fund deposited in his account |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/former-uidai-chief-rs-sharma-suffers-aadhaar-fraud-rs-6000-pm-kisan-fund-deposited-in-his-account-1749464-2020-12-14 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610131938/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/former-uidai-chief-rs-sharma-suffers-aadhaar-fraud-rs-6000-pm-kisan-fund-deposited-in-his-account-1749464-2020-12-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Virtual ID ===
On 1 March 2018, Virtual ID aka VID was introduced and was made as an option for agencies to use Virtual ID by 1 September 2018. A Virtual ID is a 16-digit number that is generated using the Aadhaar number. This Virtual ID can then be used instead of the Aadhaar number to carry out some Aadhaar-related work.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srinivas|first1=T.|last2=Aditya|first2=Sai|last3=Ramasubbareddy|first3=Somula|last4=Govinda|first4=K.|title=Privacy and security in Aadhaar|journal=Smart Intelligent Computing and Applications}}</ref>

=== Revolving door problem ===
The question of the [[Revolving door (politics)|revolving door]] phenomenon (where "individuals using experience, knowledge and clout gained while in public service in pursuit of profit for private companies") has been raised in the context of Aadhaar, as people who were involved in the creation, design, and popularisation of Aadhaar are now working in the private sector where they can use this knowledge for their own private enterprises which profit off this knowledge. Some examples of this are [[Khosla Ventures|Khosla Labs]] as well as [[iSPIRT]], a non-profit organisation which is dedicated to developing and supporting [[India Stack]]'s APIs has had many employees who were involved with UIDAI in various capacities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/aadhaar-mixing-public-risk-private-profit|title=Aadhaar's mixing of public risk and private profit|last=Thaker|first=Aria|website=The Caravan|language=en|access-date=2019-07-22|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713111703/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/aadhaar-mixing-public-risk-private-profit|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== CAG Report on the functioning of the UIDAI ===
In April 2022, the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] published an audit report on the functioning of the UIDAI. The report contains observations and recommendations based on a performance audit – which included assessments of both the Enrolment and Update Ecosystems as well as the Authentication Ecosystems for the period 2014–15 to 2018–19. The press release lists the Summary of Performance, Significant Audit Findings, and the recommendations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/PressRelease/PR-UIDAI-report-no-24-of-2021-in-English-0624d89a0e200e2-55589718.pdf|title=Audit Report on Functioning of Unique Identification Authority of India|access-date=1 May 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524051054/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/PressRelease/PR-UIDAI-report-no-24-of-2021-in-English-0624d89a0e200e2-55589718.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cag.gov.in/en/audit-report/details/116042|title=Performance Audit on Functioning of Unique Identification Authority of India|access-date=1 May 2022|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501121157/https://cag.gov.in/en/audit-report/details/116042|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Drive to link Aadhaar with Voter ID card ===

In 2022, the Election Commission started a drive to link the Aadhaar card with the voter ID card.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ec-to-start-campaign-to-link-voter-id-with-aadhaar-from-august-1-check-details-here-11658748573098.html |title=EC to start campaign to link voter ID with Aadhaar from August 1. Check details here |access-date=2022-08-25 |work=Mint |date=2022-07-25 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825132151/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ec-to-start-campaign-to-link-voter-id-with-aadhaar-from-august-1-check-details-here-11658748573098.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Union Government claimed that this linking will be voluntary, but the bill passed in the parliament contradicts the claim.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poddar |first1=Umang |title=Centre claims linking of Aadhaar to voter ID is voluntary – but bill in Parliament contradicts it |url=https://scroll.in/article/1013270/centre-claims-linking-of-aadhaar-to-voter-id-is-voluntary-but-bill-in-parliament-contradicts-it |access-date=2022-08-25 |work=Scroll.in |date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825132151/https://scroll.in/article/1013270/centre-claims-linking-of-aadhaar-to-voter-id-is-voluntary-but-bill-in-parliament-contradicts-it |url-status=live }}</ref> The rules issued by the Union Government mention that the only "sufficient cause" for a person to not link their Aadhaar Card with the Voter ID Card is if the person does not have one. The election officials cited 'orders from above' to pressure voters into linking these documents.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poddar |first1=Umang |title=Aadhaar-voter ID linking is voluntary, says government – but law leaves little room to avoid it |url=https://scroll.in/article/1031224/aadhaar-voter-id-linking-is-voluntary-says-government-but-law-leaves-little-room-to-avoid-it |access-date=2022-08-25 |work=Scroll.in |date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825132153/https://scroll.in/article/1031224/aadhaar-voter-id-linking-is-voluntary-says-government-but-law-leaves-little-room-to-avoid-it |url-status=live }}</ref>

The linkage of Aadhaar with Voter ID cards has several concerns. First, Aadhaar is not a proof of citizenship and such a linkage will not filter non-citizens. Another problem is the [[Unique Identification Authority of India]] in 2018 reported that Aadhaar-based biometric authentication had a 12% error rate and linkage of voter ID with Aadhaar in Andhra and Telangana in 2015 led to the disenfranchisement of around 30 lakhs (3 million) voters leading to Supreme Court cancelling the linkage process. Yet another problem is that such a linkage would assign Aadhaar's demographic information to an electoral database leading to misuse for profiling of voters, and India's lack of data protection laws makes it even worse.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Trishee |title=Explained {{!}} The concerns around Aadhaar-Voter ID linkage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-concerns-around-aadhaar-voter-id-linkage/article65821967.ece |access-date=2022-09-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2022-08-28 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902221257/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-concerns-around-aadhaar-voter-id-linkage/article65821967.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Nandan Nilekani]], first chairman of the UIDAI

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==

=== Supportive views ===
* {{cite web|title=A cost-benefit analysis of Aadhaar|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_uid_cba_paper.pdf|publisher=[[National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]]|date=9 November 2012|access-date=1 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711144136/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_uid_cba_paper.pdf|archive-date=11 July 2019|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nilekani|first1=Nandan|last2=Shah|first2=Viral|title=Rebooting India: Realizing a Billion Aspirations|date=2015|publisher=Penguin Group|location=India|isbn=978-0-670-08789-1|page=340|id= {{ASIN|0670087890|country=in}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Aiyar |first1=Shankkar|title=Aadhaar: A Biometric History of India's 12-Digit Revolution|publisher=[[Westland Publications]]|date=21 July 2017|id= {{ASIN|938622495X|country=in}}}}
* {{cite web|title=God, please save India from our upper class Aadhaarophobics|url=https://theprint.in/2018/01/09/god-please-save-india-upper-class-aadhaar-phobics/|publisher=ThePrint|author=[[Shekhar Gupta]]|date=9 January 2018|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127160056/https://theprint.in/2018/01/09/god-please-save-india-upper-class-aadhaar-phobics/|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=dead}}
* [[Nandan Nilekani|Nilekani, Nandan]], "Data to the People: India's Inclusive Internet", ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', vol. 97, no. 5 (September / October 2018), pp. 19–26.

=== Critical views ===
* {{cite web |title=Unique Identification for Indians: A Divine Dream or a Miscalculated Heroism? |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6426194.pdf |author=Rajanish Dass |date=March 2011}}
* {{cite news|author1=Kieran Clarke|author2=Shruti Sharma|author3=Damon Vis-Dunbar|title=Ghost savings: Understanding the fiscal impacts of India's LPG subsidy|url=https://www.iisd.org/blog/ghost-savings-understanding-fiscal-impacts-indias-lpg-subsidy|publisher=[[International Institute for Sustainable Development]]|date=30 September 2015|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618042050/https://www.iisd.org/blog/ghost-savings-understanding-fiscal-impacts-indias-lpg-subsidy|url-status=dead}}
* [https://medium.com/@jackerhack/a-rant-on-aadhaar-6213e002f064#.qjde53lu1 A rant on Aadhaar]
* [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/aadhaar-sitting-duck-for-cyber-criminals-says-rbi-backed-research/articleshow/62426729.cms Aadhaar sitting duck]

=== Other ===
* {{cite news|author=Elonnai Hickok|title=Aadhaar Number vs the Social Security Number|url=http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/aadhaar-vs-social-security-number|publisher=[[Centre for Internet and Society (India)]]|date=21 July 2015}}

== External links ==
* 
* {{official website|url=https://www.uidai.gov.in/}}

{{Indian Identity Documents}}
{{National identification numbers}}
{{Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (India)}}
{{Asia topic|National identity cards in}}
{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:National identification numbers]]
[[Category:Executive branch of the government of India]]
[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:Identity documents of India]]
[[Category:Biometrics]]
[[Category:Fingerprints| ]]
[[Category:Identification]]
[[Category:Mass surveillance]]
[[Category:Computer security in India]]

News media

2026-03-08T00:30:47Z

StellaWindsor21: small changes

{{Short description|Elements of mass media that focus on delivering news}}
{{redirect|The press|the New Zealand newspaper|The Press}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}
[[Image:Newark-prudential-terrorist-threat-media-2004.jpg|thumb|[[Electronic news-gathering]] trucks and photojournalists gathered outside the [[Prudential Financial]] [[Prudential Headquarters|headquarters]] in [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[United States]] in August 2004 following the announcement of evidence of a terrorist threat to it and to buildings in [[New York City]].]]
{{Journalism sidebar}}

The '''news media''' or '''news industry''' are forms of [[mass media]] that focus on delivering [[news]] to the [[general public]]. These sources include [[News agency|news agencies]], [[newspaper]]s, [[news magazine]]s, [[News broadcasting|news channels]] etc.

== History ==
Some of the first news circulations occurred in Renaissance Europe. These handwritten newsletters, circulated among merchants, contained news about wars, economic conditions, and social customs. Newsletters were very scarce and no two were the same as they were all hand written, until the invention of the printing press by [[Johannes Gutenberg]] in 1440. With movable type and ink, newspapers were now able to be mass produced for cheap.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |author= |date=2016-03-22 |chapter=1.3 The Evolution of Media |title=Understanding Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication |url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/1-3-the-evolution-of-media/ |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817174152/http://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/1-3-the-evolution-of-media/ |archive-date=2016-08-17 |access-date=2024-11-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first printed news appeared by the late 1400s in German pamphlets, which contained content that was often highly sensationalized. The first newspaper written in English was ''The Weekly News,'' published in London in 1621. Several papers followed in the 1640s and 1650s. In 1690, the first American newspaper was published by Richard Pierce and Benjamin Harris in Boston. However, it did not have permission from the government to be published and was immediately suppressed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NOW with Bill Moyers. Politics & Economy. Milestones in Media and Politics |url=http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/mediahistory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030303221729/http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/mediahistory.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 3, 2003 |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=PBS}}</ref>

=== In the United States ===
{{main|News media in the United States}}
In 1729, [[Benjamin Franklin]] began writing a new form of newspaper that was more satirical and involved in civic affairs than previously seen. In 1735, [[John Peter Zenger]] was accused of seditious libel by the governor of New York, [[William Cosby]]. Zenger was found not guilty, largely in part to his attorney Andrew Hamilton. Hamilton later wrote a paper in which he argued that newspapers should be free to criticize the government as long as it was true. Later, with the ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1791, freedom of the press would be guaranteed by the First Amendment.<ref name=":0" />

In the 1830s, newspapers started seeking commercial success and turned toward reportage, beginning with the New York Sun in 1833. Advancements in technology made it cheaper to print newspapers and "[[penny papers]]" emerged. These issues sought out more entertaining daily news like murder and adventure, rather than politics. Penny papers attempted to reach a larger audience due to the cheap prices.<ref name=":1" />

By the end of the century, modern aspects of newspapers such as banner headlines, extensive use of illustrations, "funny pages," and expanded coverage of organized sporting events began to appear. Media consolidation emerged with many independent newspapers becoming part of "chains".<ref name=":0" />

The early 1900s saw Progressive Era journalists using a new style of investigative journalism that revealed the corrupt practices of government officials. These exposing articles became featured in many newspapers and magazines. Those who wrote them were labeled as "[[muckraker]]s". They became very influential and were a vital force in the Progressive reform movement. However, after 1912, muckraking declined. The public began to think the exposés were sensationalized, but they did make a great impact on future policies.<ref name=":0" />

In the early 1920s, [[radio]]s became accessible and allowed large audiences to simultaneously listen to breaking news. Advertisers jumped on the opportunity to persuade the millions of captive listeners.<ref name=":1" />

With the introduction of the television came The Communications Act of 1934. It was an agreement between commercial television and the people of the United States that established that 1. The airways are public property. 2. Commercial broadcasters are licensed to use the airways. 3. The main condition for use will be whether the broadcaster served "the public interest, convenience, and necessity".

Television news continued to expand during the 1970s. By 1990, more than half of American homes had cable systems and nationally oriented newspapers expanded their reach. With technological advancements in the newsroom, notably the Internet, a new emphasis on computer-assisted reporting and a new blending of media forms emerged, with one reporter preparing the same story in print, online, and on camera for a newspaper's cable station.<ref name=":0" />

==Etymology==

A "[[Medium (communication)|medium]]" (plural "media") is a carrier of something. Common things carried by media include information, art, or physical objects. A medium may provide transmission or storage of information, or both. The industries which produce news and entertainment content for the [[mass media]] are often called "the media" (in much the same way the newspaper industry is called "the [[News|press]]"). In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular ("The media is...") rather than as the traditional plural.

"Press" is the collective designation of media vehicles that carry out journalism and other functions of informative communication, in contrast to pure propaganda or entertainment communication. The term press comes from the [[printing press]].

==Broadcasting==
{{Main|Broadcasting}}
Broadcasting is the distribution of [[Sound|audio]] and [[video]] [[signals]] (programs) to a number of recipients (listeners or viewers). This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the [[mass media]]. Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or [[Cable television|cable]], often simultaneously. By coding signals and having [[Descrambler|decoding]] equipment in homes, the latter also enables [[subscription]]-based channels and [[pay-per-view]] services. The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a [[Scheduling (broadcasting)|schedule]]. A broadcasting [[organization]] may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels ([[frequencies]]), for example [[BBC One]] and [[BBC Two|Two]]. On the other hand, two or more organizations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day. [[Digital radio]] and [[digital television]] may also transmit [[Multiplexing|multiplexed]] programming, with several channels [[Data compression|compressed]] into one [[DAB ensemble|ensemble]].

===Television===
In [[television]] or [[broadcast journalism]], news analysts (also called newscasters or news anchors) examine, interpret, and broadcast news received from various [[Journalism sourcing|sources]] of information. [[News anchor|Anchors]] present this as news, either videotaped or live, through transmissions from on-the-scene reporters (news correspondents).

News films, or "clips," can vary in length. There are some which may be as long as ten minutes and others that need to fit in all the relevant information and material in two or three minutes. News channels have also begun to host special [[documentary films]] that are much longer durations and able to explore a news subject or issue in greater detail.

News stories are categorized with various formats according to the merit of the story. Such formats include AVO, AVO Byte, Pkg, VO SOT, VOX POP, and Ancho Visual.

* The AVO, or Anchor Voice Over, is the short form of news. The story is written in a gist. According to the script visual is edited. The anchor reads the news while the visual is broadcast simultaneously. Generally, the duration of an AVO is 30 to 40 seconds. The script is three to four lines. At first the anchor starts to read the news, and, after reading one or one-and-a-half lines, the visual is aired, overlapping the face of anchor.
* The AVO Byte has two parts: An AVO, and one or more bytes. This is the same as an AVO, except that as soon as the AVO ends, the Byte is aired.
* The Pkg has three parts: Anchor, Voice Over, and Sign Off. At first a Script is written. A voice over anchor reads the anchor or anchor intro part.

==Newspapers==
{{main|Newspaper}}

A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable [[publication]] (more specifically, a [[periodical]]), usually printed on low-cost paper called [[newsprint]]. It may be general or of special interest, and may be published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.

General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current [[news]] on a variety of topics. Those can include [[Politics|political events]], [[crime]], [[business]], [[Sportswriting|sports]], and opinions (either [[editorial]]s, [[Columnist|columns]], or [[political cartoon]]s). Many also include weather news and [[Weather forecast|forecasts]]. Newspapers increasingly use photographs to illustrate stories; they also often include [[comic strips]] and other entertainment, such as [[crossword]]s.

=== Print journalism ===

[[File:CBC journalists in Montreal.jpg|thumb|Journalists at work in [[Montreal]] in the 1940s]]

A '''story''' is a single article, [[news]], item or [[Feature story|feature]], usually concerning a single event, issue, [[Theme (literature)|theme]], or profile of a person. ''Correspondents'' report news occurring in the main, locally, from their own country, or from foreign cities where they are stationed.

Most reporters ''file'' information or write their stories electronically from remote locations. In many cases, ''breaking stories'' are written by staff members, through information collected and submitted by other reporters who are out in the field gathering information for an event that has just occurred and needs to be broadcast instantly. Radio and television reporters often compose stories and report "live" from the scene. Some journalists also interpret the news or offer opinions and analysis to readers, viewers, or listeners. In this role, they are called commentators or columnists.[[File:Helsingin-Sanomat-1965.jpg|thumb|The editor's office (Newsroom) of the {{Lang|fi|[[Helsingin Sanomat]]}} in 1965]]
[[File:Jack Breibart and Bill German.jpg|thumb|Bill German, editor emeritus and Page One editor Jack Breibart in the newsroom of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' in 1994]]

[[Reporter]]s take notes and photographs or videos, either on their own, by citizens, or through a [[photographer]]. In the second phase, they organize the material, determine the focus or emphasis (identify the peg), and write their stories. The story is then [[Editing|edited]] by news or copy-editors (U.S. style) or sub-editors in Europe, who function from the ''news desk''. The headline of the story is decided by the news desk. Often, the news desk also heavily re-writes or changes the style and tone of the first draft prepared. Finally, a collection of stories that have been picked for the newspaper or magazine ''edition'', are laid out on dummy (trial) pages, and after the ''chief editor'' has approved the content, style and language in the material, it is sent for [[publishing]]. The writer is given a ''byline'' for the piece that is published; his or her name appears alongside the article. This process takes place according to the frequency of the publication. News can be published in a variety of formats ([[broadsheet]], [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]], [[magazine]] and periodical publications) as well as periods (daily, weekly, semi-weekly, fortnightly or monthly).

==Newsmagazines==
{{main|Newsmagazine}}
[[Image:Couverture-3-magazine-2512.JPG|thumb|upright|Cover of ''[[2512 (magazine)|2512]]'', a monthly newsmagazine published in [[Réunion]]]]
A newsmagazine is a usually weekly magazine featuring articles on current events. These magazines generally go more in-depth into stories than newspapers, trying to give the reader an understanding of the context surrounding important events, rather than just the facts. For example, TIME magazine is an [[New York City|NYC]] based weekly newsmagazine that is known for its in depth articles on current events, politics, science, and more. TIME, with an audience of 100 million people, has built a brand on trust and authority.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2023-03-26 |title=About Us |url=https://time.com/longform/about-time/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>

==Newsreels==

A [[newsreel]] was a [[documentary film]] common in the first half of the 20th century, that regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed [[news]] stories.

Created by [[Pathé Frères]] of [[France]] in 1908, this form of film was a staple of the typical North American, [[United Kingdom|British]], and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia and New Zealand)]]. Newsreels were popular throughout European [[Film|cinema]] programming schedule from the [[Silent movies|silent era]] until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role. Due to television news, the popularity of newsreels began to decline, and they were eventually phased out all together.

==Online journalism==
{{Main|Online newspaper|Online magazine}}

[[File:Newspapers-20101122.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Empty newspaper vending boxes on the street, left to right, the Los Angeles Times (cut off), Epoch Times, a San Diego paper (Gone to the Web, sddt.com), a white unnamed box, and the San Diego Business Journal (cut off)|Newspaper "gone to the Web" in California]]
Online journalism''',''' otherwise known as [[digital journalism]], is the reporting of news produced or distributed via the [[Internet]]. The [[Internet]] has allowed the formal and informal publication of news stories. Online journalism can be published by professional writers and journalists, through mainstream media websites and outlets.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-08-09 |title=Journalism in the Digital Age: What Is Digital Journalism? |url=https://online.sbu.edu/news/journalism-in-the-digital-age |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=online.sbu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Or, news can be published by citizens, through [[blog]]s, [[vlog]]s, and [[social media]].<ref name=":2" />

== News coverage ==
By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape the dominant cultural, social and political picture of society. Due to the rise of social media involvement in news, the most common news value has become entertainment in recent years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harcup |first1=Tony |last2=O’Neill |first2=Deirdre |title=What is News?: News values revisited (again) |journal=Journalism Studies |date=2 December 2017 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=1470–1488 |doi=10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Apropos of this was [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]]'s 11,000-word ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' [http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0601-34.htm article] apropos of the [[2004 United States presidential election]], published June 1, 2006. By June 8, there had been no mainstream coverage of the documented allegations by President John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this sub-story was covered by a ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'' article.<ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0609-29.htm Public Interest in News Topics Beyond Control of Mainstream Media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615112013/http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0609-29.htm |date=2006-06-15 }}, June 9, 2006.</ref>

Media coverage during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] highlighted the use of [[new media]] and Internet social networking tools, including [[Twitter]] and [[Flickr]], in spreading information about the attacks, observing that Internet coverage was often ahead of more traditional media sources. In response, traditional media outlets included such coverage in their reports.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7752003.stm As it happened: Mumbai attacks 27 Nov], ''BBC News'', November 27, 2008.</ref> However, several outlets were criticized as they did not check for the reliability and verifiability of the information.<ref>[http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2008/11/twitter_in_cont.html Twitter In Controversial Spotlight Amid Mumbai Attacks], ''Information Week'', November 29, 2008.</ref> Some public opinion research companies have found that a majority or plurality of people in various countries distrust the news media.<ref>Karen Dawisha, Bruce Parrott - 1997, Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe p 164</ref><ref>Frank Newport - 2012, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 2011 - Page 335</ref>

=== Social media ===
People have a lot of options when it comes to choosing their consumption of news, and many are increasingly turning to social media. Over half of U.S. adults, 54%, get some of their news from [[Social media as a news source|social media]], according to a Pew Research Center survey from September 2024.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Social Media and News Fact Sheet |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/social-media-and-news-fact-sheet/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> The two most popular sources are Facebook and Youtube, as 33% and 32% of users learn information from these sources, with Instagram and TikTok following close at 20% and 17%. The director of news and information research at Pew Research Center, Katerina Eva Matsa, says people aren't just looking for facts when they seek out news, but also a sense of community.<ref name=":3" /> Social media groups and pages gives them a sense of community, and are easily accessible, right at their fingertips. Also according to Pew Research Center, Americans value the speed, novelty, format, and variety that the news on social media offers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forman-Katz |first=Luxuan Wang and Naomi |date=2024-02-07 |title=Many Americans find value in getting news on social media, but concerns about inaccuracy have risen |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/07/many-americans-find-value-in-getting-news-on-social-media-but-concerns-about-inaccuracy-have-risen/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Social media [[algorithm]]s allow for users to see catered news and information to suit their likings and beliefs.

These [[algorithm]]s have introduced users to social media news [[influencers]] that may resonate with them. "News influencers" have gained huge popularity in recent months, as almost 4 in 10 U.S. adults under 30, or 37%, regularly turn to them, according to another Pew Research Center study from November 2024.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Liedke |first=Galen Stocking, Luxuan Wang, Michael Lipka, Katerina Eva Matsa, Regina Widjaya, Emily Tomasik and Jacob |date=2024-11-18 |title=1. Americans' experiences with social media news influencers |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2024/11/18/americans-experiences-with-social-media-news-influencers/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> News influencers are defined as "individuals who have a large following on social media and often post about news or political or social issues".<ref name=":4" /> Users say they get basic facts, opinions, funny posts, and breaking news from their respective news influencers. Americans like to connect and resonate with those who agree with their opinions and beliefs, and getting news updates from your own corner of the internet is comforting and assuring to them. Some U.S. adults have also noted that news influencers have helped them better comprehend events and issues.<ref name=":4" />

=== Fake news ===
{{main|Fake news}}

Fake news articles are untruthful-on-purpose stories that purposely mislead the reader to think one way.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Taylor |title=Hook, Line, and Sinker: Media Disruptors That Will Influence the Industry in 2017 |url=https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/hook-line-and-sinker-media-disruptors-that-will-influence-the-industry-in-2017,11073? |work=Editor and Publisher |date=1 February 2017 }}</ref> With the rise of new media through social media (Facebook, Youtube, etc) there has been an increase in fake news due to the ability of anyone able to share and rapidly spread information. It can be tough to decipher who to trust, and who not to.<ref name=":4" /> On the Internet, fake news articles can appear in the same search as truthful ones. This makes it hard for others to determine between what is fact and what is opinion. Specifically, the media coverage during the 2016 United States presidential election saw numerous misleading articles for both candidates.<ref>{{cite news |title=Should the tech giants be liable for content? |id={{ProQuest|2100785283}} |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/08/should-the-tech-giants-be-liable-for-content |newspaper=The Economist |date=8 September 2018 |volume=428 |issue=9108 |pages=14, 16 }}</ref>

== Media integrity ==
Media integrity refers to the ability of a news media outlet to serve the [[public interest]] and [[democratic process]], making it resilient to institutional [[corruption]] within the media system,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.lessig.org/Institutional_Corruption|title=Institutional Corruption – LessigWiki|last=Lessig|first=Lawrence|website=wiki.lessig.org|access-date=2016-03-11}}</ref> economy of influence, conflicting dependence and [[political clientelism]]. Media integrity encompasses following qualities of a media outlet:
* [[Editorial independence|independence]] from private or political interests
* [[Media transparency|transparency]] about own financial interests
* commitment to [[journalism ethics and standards]]
* responsiveness to citizens
The concept was devised particularly for the media systems in the region of [[Southeast Europe|South East Europe]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://mediaobservatory.net/sites/default/files/Media%20Integrity%20Matters_broshure_eng.pdf|title=Media Integrity Matters: Reclaiming Public Service Values in Media and Journalism: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia|publisher=Peace Institute|year=2014|editor-last=Petković|editor-first=Brankica|location=Ljubljana}}</ref> within the project [[South East European Media Observatory]], gathering organizations which are part of the [http://www.seenpm.org/about-us/ South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM)].

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Court of public opinion]]
* [[Hostile media effect]]
* [[Media regulation]]
* [[News presenter]]
* [[Yellow press]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/vanessa.otero.9619/posts/10155006385626062 Chart – Real and Fake News (2016)/Vanessa Otero] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20170708003907/http://www.allgeneralizationsarefalse.com/?p=65 basis]) ([https://boingboing.net/2016/12/14/an-attempt-to-chart-new-source.html Mark Frauenfelder])
*[http://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08/ Chart – Real and Fake News (2014)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818114412/http://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08/ |date=2021-08-18 }} ([http://www.pewresearch.org/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08-2/ 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110081753/http://www.pewresearch.org/pj_14-10-21_mediapolarization-08-2/ |date=2021-11-10 }})/[[Pew Research Center]]

{{Media culture}}
{{Media manipulation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:News media| ]]

Naharlagun

2026-03-07T15:17:59Z

StellaWindsor21:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naharlagun
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.103029|N|93.700848|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Itanagar capital complex]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 155
| population_total = 36,158
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=278576|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 791110
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0360
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|AR]]
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Naharlagun''' is a town situated in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It falls in and is administered as a part of [[Itanagar|Itanagar Capital Complex.]]

==Geography==
{{Unreferenced|section|date=November 2025}}
It is at an altitude of {{convert|155|m}} above sea level.{{cn|date=October 2022}} Surrounded by mountains, Naharlagun is a city which sees annual long monsoon rains. The weather is sub-tropical, with hot and humid summer and temperate winter.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Naharlagun had a population of 36,158. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Naharlagun has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 62%. In Naharlagun, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

===Religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Naharlagun<ref name="census2011">{{cite web
|title = Population by Religious Community
|publisher = Census of India
|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html
|access-date = 10 May 2016
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html
|archive-date = 13 September 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|43.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|DodgerBlue|32.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Donyi Polo]]|teal|16.23}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|4.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|#FFFF00|1.75}}
{{bar percent|Others|#808080|0.80}}
Others include [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]] & Not stated
}}
According to the 2011 census, 43.14% of the population is [[Hindu]], 32.28% [[Christians|Christian]], 16.23%  [[Donyi Polo]], 4.80% [[Muslim]] and 1.75% [[Buddhist]]

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Itanagar (2011)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180724113957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1200.XLSX 2011 Census]</ref>
|label1 = [[Nishi language|Nishi]]
|value1 = 34.33
|color1 = yellow
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bangla]]
|value2 = 15.67
|color2 = red
|label3 = [[Adi language|Adi]]
|value3 = 12.03
|color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value4 = 9.18
|color4 = green
|label5 = [[Apatani language|Apatani]]
|value5 = 7.20
|color5 = pink
|label6 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|value6 = 6.22
|color6 = gold
|label7 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|value7 = 3.76
|color7 = teal
|label8 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|value8 = 3.41
|color8 = silver
|label9 = Others
|value9 = 8.20
|color9 = blue
}}

According to 2011 census, Nishi was the most spoken language in Naharlagun with 12,414 speakers followed by Bengali at 5,667, Adi at 4,351, Hindi at 3,319, Assamese at 2,250, Apatani at 2,639, Nepali at 1,358 and Bhojpuri at 1,236.

==Transport==
[[Naharlagun railway station]] is the first major rail head in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. The premier train [[Arunachal AC Superfast Express]] links Naharlagun with Anand Vihar Terminal at Delhi. It has also a helicopter service of [[Pawan Hans]] to [[Dibrugarh Airport]] and [[Guwahati Airport]]. It is connected by road to the rest of country via Guwahati which is {{convert|380|km}} away.
[[File:Sacred Heart Church, Naharlagun, Aurnachal, India.jpg|center|frameless|1000px|alt=Sacred Heart Church, Naharlagun|Sacred Heart Church, Naharlagun ]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Papum Pare district]]

Teja (film)

2026-03-03T18:29:09Z

StellaWindsor21: updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Teja
| image =Teja 1992 film poster.jpeg
| director =N. Hari Babu
| producer =[[Ramoji Rao]] Atluri Rama Rao
| story =N. Hari Babu
| screenplay=N. Hari Babu Bollimuntha Nageswara Rao
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Sathyanand}}
}}
| starring = [[Tarun Kumar]] [[Kumar Bangarappa]] [[Shari (actress)|Shari]] Prasad Rayala
| music =[[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography =K. S. Hari
| editing =Gautham Raju
| studio =[[Ushakiran Movies]]
| distributor =Mayuri Films
| released = {{Film date|1992}}
| runtime =2:10:49
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Teja''''' is a 1992 Indian [[Telugu film|Telugu]] language [[children's film]] written and directed by N. Hari Babu. Produced by [[Ramoji Rao]], under [[Ushakiran Movies]], the film starred [[Tarun (Telugu actor)|Tarun]] in the titular role.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jaideep Deo Bhanj|date=4 August 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sharing-his-knowledge/article4986284.ece|title=Sharing his knowledge|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Upon release, the film received positive reviews, and won three state [[Nandi Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imsports.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/07tarun.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies|website=imsports.rediff.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
This story is about [[child prodigy]] Teja who is at his 6th standard preparing for 10th class. Being an enthusiast of [[science]], [[history]], [[photography]], [[music]], [[computers]] and [[robotics]], he makes pranks on his peers and helpers at home. One day he is expelled from the class by his teacher in front of his vice-principal Sarada because of his incomplete homework. Though Teja explains well about the subject, he is expelled from the class on the grounds of mischief.

Amazed by his knowledge, Sarada recommends Teja to 10th class. Later Teja befriends a journalist called Jagan, who admires his intelligence and takes his help in several circumstances. One day in a school excursion, Sarada witnesses a murder of a woman done by her ex-husband Vinod who is a womanizer. This is unknown to Teja, who is clicking the pictures of nature. Vinod chases them to kill, with a hard run, Sarada manages to reach her bus safely along with Teja. Later, Teja reminds her of her duty as a teacher. Then Sarada gains courage and arrests Vinod. Later Vinod bribes a constable and comes out from the police station illegally and kills Sarada by pouring acid at her school lab. Then at the judgement, Teja submits the secondary evidence i.e. the photograph of murder which he has clicked through his camera unknowingly, meanwhile the cop who bribed by Vinod becomes approver in the Sarada's murder case. then the judge sentences Vinod to death.

Later, Vinod avenges on Teja to kill him and escapes from prison. Meanwhile, at Teja's home with the help of Teja his sister's marriage preparations are done and all went to Tirupati, in confusion, Teja is left at home which is locked. At the same time two thieves enter his house unknowingly (once Teja teaches them a lesson for stealing Jagan's wallet). Meanwhile, Vinod enters Teja's home to escape from cops and is waiting for his arrival to kill him. Unknown of all these facts Teja stays at his home alone with his pet. After lot of chaos they all realise they were in a dangerous play. Vinod ties up the thieves and searches for Teja. Then Teja retorted back with his electronic gadgets and arranges a deadly trap for Vinod to stop him. Then as Vinod is about to kill Teja, cops surround him along with Teja's parents and Jagan. Then Vinod is arrested again.

In the final the film ends with Teja winning the [[National Bravery Award]].

== Cast ==
*[[Tarun Kumar|Master Tarun]] as Teja
*[[Kumar Bangarappa]]
*[[Shari (actress)|Shari]] as Sarada
*Sudha as Teja's Mother
*[[Ananth Babu]]
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]]
*[[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]
*[[Veturi]] (special appearance)
*Prasad Rayala
*R. V. Prasad
*Srinivasa Rao
*Sanjeevi
*Yuvarani
*Sadhana
*Poojitha

==Production==
The films production design is handled by Bhaskara Raju, and was shot in [[Jubilee Hills]], [[Madhapur]], [[Nanakramguda]], St. Ann's High school, Vivekananda Public school, St. Mark's High school, and Directorate of archaeology and museums in [[Hyderabad]].
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.yousay.tv/en/tfidb/movie/Teja_CQYnsnRBNG | title=Teja }}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1992<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Children Film|Best Children's Film - Gold]] - [[Ramoji Rao]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor|Best Child Actor]] - [[Tarun (actor)|Tarun]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] - R. V. Prasad

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M.M. Keeravani]] and lyrics were written by [[Veturi]] and audio was bought by [[Lahari Music]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vaanavillu Ekkupetti
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ee Sarigama Saradaa Yaatralo
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chitra]], Sunanda
| lyrics2 = Veturi
| length2 =
| title3 = Shree Dhana Kanaka Tailaadi
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S.P. Sailaja]]
| lyrics3 = Veturi
| length3 =
| title4 = Siggochhinda chiguraakula
| extra4 = [[S.P. Balasubramaniam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| length4 =
}}

==Home media==
The film was premiered on [[ETV Network|ETV WIN]] App in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvwin.com/telugu-movies/teja|title=ETV Win - Watch Latest Shows, Telugu Serials, Events | Telugu Movies | ETV News|website=ETVWin}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1992 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:1992 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about burglary]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:Indian educational films]]

Bhairadevi

2026-03-03T12:17:40Z

StellaWindsor21: starting a bio

{{short description|Indian supernatural thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhairadevi
| image = Bhairadevi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Srijai
| producer = [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]]
| writer = Srijai
| starring = [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] [[Ramesh Aravind]] [[Anu Prabhakar]] [[Skanda Ashok]] [[P. Ravishankar]]
| music = K. K. Senthil Prasath
| studio = Shamika Enterprises
| cinematography = J. S. Wali
| editing = C. Ravichandran
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|03}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| language = [[Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bhairadevi''''' is a 2024 [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] [[supernatural thriller]] film written and directed by Srijai and produced by [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Sep/23/bhairadevis-success-will-decide-my-future-radhika-kumaraswamy|title='Bhairadevi's success will decide my future: Radhika Kumaraswamy|work=The New Indian Express|date=23 September 2024|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009071602/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Sep/23/bhairadevis-success-will-decide-my-future-radhika-kumaraswamy|url-status=live}}</ref> Besides Radhika in dual roles, the film features [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Anu Prabhakar]], [[Skanda Ashok]], [[P. Ravishankar]] and [[Rangayana Raghu]] in lead supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Oct/03/every-ritual-and-mantra-showcased-in-bhairadevi-is-rooted-in-reality-says-radhika-kumaraswamy|title=Every ritual and mantra showcased in 'Bhairadevi' is rooted in reality, says Radhika Kumaraswamy|work=The New Indian Express|date=3 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/after-apthamitra-i-have-done-a-horror-film-of-its-kind-in-bhairadevi-says-ramesh-aravind-article-113877504|title=After Apthamitra, I Have Done A Horror Film Of Its Kind In Bhairadevi, Says Ramesh Aravind|website=TimesNowNews.com|date=2 October 2024|archive-date=9 October 2024|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009071602/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/after-apthamitra-i-have-done-a-horror-film-of-its-kind-in-bhairadevi-says-ramesh-aravind-article-113877504|url-status=live}}</ref> The makers are planning for a sequel post the release of the film on 3 October 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ramesh-aravind-returns-as-a-cop-in-bhairadevi-set-for-october-3-release-9054069.html|title=Ramesh Aravind Returns As A Cop In Bhairadevi, Set For October 3 release|website=News18.com|date=18 September 2024|archive-date=9 October 2024|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009071602/https://www.news18.com/movies/ramesh-aravind-returns-as-a-cop-in-bhairadevi-set-for-october-3-release-9054069.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] as Bhairadevi/Aghori/Bhoomi
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as DCP Aravind
* [[Anu Prabhakar]] as Shalini
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Veeraiah
* [[P. Ravishankar]] as Aghori
* [[Skanda Ashok]]
* [[Shivaram]]
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]
* [[Malavika Avinash]]
* [[Padmaja Rao]]
{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's score and soundtrack was composed by K. K. Senthil Prasath and lyrics were written by Srijai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wynk.in/music/song/bhairadevi-theme-from-bhairadevi/wm_198846417721_INM402402958|work=Wynk.in|access-date=3 October 2024|title=Bhairadevi Theme (From "Bhairadevi") MP3 Song}}</ref>
*"Kali Amma Baa" - [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
*"Jai Durga" - [[P. Ravishankar]]

== Reception ==
The film received positive reviews from critics.

Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "Despite flaws, the engaging second half saves the film. ''Bhairadevi'' will entertain those who love supernatural thrillers."<ref>{{cite news |title='Bhairadevi' movie review: An entertaining supernatural thriller |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/bhairadevi-movie-review-an-entertaining-supernatural-thriller-3220319 |work=Deccan Herald |date=5 October 2024 |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124005234/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/bhairadevi-movie-review-an-entertaining-supernatural-thriller-3220319 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "In the era of horror comedy, ''Bhairadevi'' presents a horror script in all its glory, albeit with a predictable storyline. If horror films are your jam, you can give this film a try."<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhairadevi Movie Review : Bhairadevi review: Radhika and Ramesh add soul to this revenge horror film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bhairadevi/movie-review/113908227.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 October 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203180625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bhairadevi/movie-review/113908227.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunayana Suresh of ''The South First'' gave it three out of five stars and opined that "The way the story traverses through the entire twists and turns might not entirely be dexterous or novel, but it does provide the necessary entertainment, which keeps the audience engaged."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Bhairadevi review: Radhika Kumaraswamy and Ramesh Aravind shine in this fantasy thriller |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/bhairadevi-movie-review/ |work=The South First |date=4 October 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005234104/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/bhairadevi-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt29928931}}

[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]

Kuttrame Thandanai

2026-03-03T03:07:35Z

StellaWindsor21: minor edit

{{short description|2016 film by M. Manikandan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kutrame Thandanai
| image = Kuttrame Thandanai poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = [[M. Manikandan]]
| producer = S. Harihara Naganathan S. Muthu S. Kaleeswaran
| writer = M. Manikandan Anand Annamalai
| starring = [[Vidharth]] [[Pooja Devariya]] [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = M. Manikandan
| editing = [[Anucharan Murugaiyan|Anucharan]]
| studio = Don Production Tribal Art Productions
| distributor = KR Films Skylark Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2016|09|02|df=yes}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Kuttrame Thandanai''''' ({{lit|Crime itself is a punishment}}) is a 2016 [[Tamil language]] [[neo noir]] [[psychological thriller film]] cinematographed and directed by [[M. Manikandan]] and produced by S. Harihara Naganathan, S. Muthu, and S. Kaleeswaran under Don Production, co produced with Tribal Art Productions.

This film stars [[Vidharth]], [[Pooja Devariya]] and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] in the leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidharth's crime and punishment after Kaadu! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vidharths-crime-and-punishment-after-kaadu.html |access-date=2016-12-19 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> The supporting roles played by [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[G. Marimuthu]] and [[Yogi Babu]] made guest appearances.

This film is written by M. Manikandan and Anand Annamalai with a music score by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] (without songs), edited by Anucharan ([[Kirumi]] fame director and editor), produced and designed by Balasubramanian and Vijay Aadhinathan.

The film is based on the novel "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Dostoevsky. The film follows the story of a man with [[tunnel vision]], who is slowly going blind and cannot afford the surgery to fix his eyes. When he witnesses a young woman's murder, the suspects offer him large sums of money to remain quiet and he inadvertently gets stuck between two parties. The film was released on 2 September 2016 to positive reviews, following several screenings at film festivals worldwide.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=May 2024}}
Ravi, a young man suffering from [[tunnel vision]], works as a collection boy in a [[credit card]] collection office. Anu is his senior officer, and also a close friend. Ravi lives in a [[housing colony]], which is surrounded by many flats. He lives on the first floor and opposite to his house on the ground floor lives Swetha, a young woman who appears to be modern and carefree. Ravi always watches her from his balcony and sometimes watches her secretly. She is often visited by a few men. One of them is her boss Vijay Prakash, who brings her a gift on his birthday and the other seems to be her boyfriend Arun. One day Ravi sees Arun coming out of her house angry and stares at him as he drives away.

Ravi is getting treatment for his eye condition and his doctor says his condition could only get worse in the future and needs an [[Eye transplantation|eye transplant]], which would cost him ₹ 3,20,000. As he doesn't have enough money, he tries to apply for a loan from his boss, which is rejected.

One night, Ravi sees Vijay Prakash coming out of Swetha's house with a panicked expression and gets back inside suddenly and locks the door. Ravi gets suspicious and goes down and enquires him about Swetha. He calls him inside and shows him Swetha, who is lying dead in a pool of blood. Ravi assumes that Vijay Prakash has killed Swetha and gets angry. But Vijay Prakash offers him a deal to remain quiet, despite claiming that he did not kill her and if his name is involved in her death, then it may affect his name and business in the society. So in order to get his eye condition cured, Ravi agrees to remain quiet and takes ₹ 3,20,000 from Vijay Prakash. Vijay and Ravi part ways.

Ravi visits the hospital to pay the money for his treatment, but is told that the full amount for surgery will be ₹ 4,82,000 instead of ₹3,20,000 due to some miscellaneous charges. Disappointed, Ravi calls Vijay Prakash for more money but he refuses to pay any more saying that their deal is over. Meanwhile, police start investigating and start enquiring everyone in the colony and finally visit his house too. He initially says he doesn't know anything, but as he is angry at Vijay Prakash for not giving him money, he informs the police that he saw a man near Swetha's house on the night of the murder.

The police takes him to the station and begin to enquire, at the same time Arun (Swetha's boyfriend) is in the station applying for [[anticipatory bail]], saying that he never knew anyone named Swetha. Ravi identifies Arun as the man he saw on the night of the murder to the police and Arun is considered as the [[prime suspect]]. Ravi tries to contact Vijay Prakash again but his phone is switched off. With Anu's help, he gets his number and meets him again, threatening that he will inform him to police and strikes a deal again, this time for ₹ 2,00,000 rupees.

Ravi goes to the hospital again and is informed that his name is registered for surgery and is on the waiting list to get a suitable [[donor]] and is told that he must wait for a long time. Frustrated, Ravi shouts at the hospital employees and is enraged. An employee says him that if he pays ₹ 5,00,000 extra as a [[Bribery|bribe]], his name will pushed up the order and his surgery will take place soon.

Ravi is clueless as to what to do. One night he is met by Balan who was sent by Arun's advocate and he offers him a deal to remain quiet in the court, as Ravi is the only witness in this case. Ravi agrees for a deal of ₹ 5,00,000 but Arun's side offer him only Rs.1,00,000 as advance and the remaining money after the hearing of the case. Ravi half heartedly agrees and takes the one lakh.

While walking back home Ravi is attacked by a stranger. Ravi guesses that it must be the work of Vijay Prakash and visits him. He threatens Vijay Prakash saying that he will reveal everything to his family if he doesn't agree to his deal. and Ravi demands ₹ 25,00,000. Enraged, Vijay Prakash shouts at him saying that he did not kill Swetha but eventually agrees to pay Ravi and also confesses that he had an affair with Swetha.

In the court, Arun is cross-examined in front of the judge and he too says that he had a relationship with Swetha but argued and left when she brought up marriage. Ravi falsely states that he saw Arun on the day of the murder and withholds the fact that she was seen alive after he left and the judge announces the verdict of [[Life imprisonment in india|life imprisonment]] and fine for Arun as the killer. Arun's lawyer and father are shocked. Ravi returns ₹ 1,00,000 to them and returns home. His house owner asks him to vacate his house for a relative so he starts packing his things. Meanwhile Anu has been fired for helping him find Vijay Prakash's number.

Ravi has a secret mobile phone in which the wallpaper is a photo of him and Swetha together. It is then revealed that Ravi and Swetha were in a relationship and Swetha started avoiding him after knowing about his eye condition. Also she turns out to be unfaithful, sleeping with many men for her pleasure and profits. This enrages Ravi and he asks her to come with him and he is ready to accept her. She refuses and insults Ravi. So Ravi kills her in a fit of rage and escapes.

Finally Ravi is met on the road by the lady doctor who initially diagnosed him with this eye condition and tells him that, his condition is indeed incurable and he will become blind despite an eye transfer. She was forced to lie to him because of the hospital pressure and leaves.

Ravi is totally heartbroken and regrets that he did a big mistake. Some years later, Ravi has moved to [[Kolkata]]. He has married Anu, who is pregnant, and is completely blind. The film ends by showing that Ravi's mistakes were indeed the punishment.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vidharth]] as Ravichandran
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Swetha
* [[Pooja Devariya]] as Anu
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Vijay Prakash
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Balan
* [[Srinish Aravind]] as Arun
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Police officer
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]]
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Auto passenger
* [[George Maryan]]
*[[Pasi Sathya]]
* Rajasekhar
* Mona Bedre as Doctor
{{colend}}

==Production==
Manikandan had committed to direct ''Kutrame Thandanai'' produced by the brothers of actor [[Vidharth]], before the director had made ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]'' (2015). The film's shoot began production in October 2014 with Vidharth and Pooja Devariya portraying the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kaaka Muttai' director's next won't feature any songs |url=http://www.sify.com/news/kaaka-muttai-directors-next-wont-feature-any-songs-news-others-okhlEidhcfija.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010082135/http://www.sify.com/news/kaaka-muttai-directors-next-wont-feature-any-songs-news-others-okhlEidhcfija.html |archive-date=2014-10-10 |access-date=2016-12-19 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Manikandan then approached actress [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] to portray an interesting role in the film, and though the actress initially turned down the offer, she later chose to feature in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Exclusive Interview with actress Ishwarya Rajesh aka Aishwarya Rajesh by Dilani Rabindran |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actress/iyshwarya-rajesh/an-exclusive-interview-with-actress-ishwarya-rajesh-aka-aishwarya-rajesh-by-dilani-rabindran.html |access-date=2016-12-19 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> [[Ilaiyaraaja]] was signed on to compose the film's background music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An exclusive interview with Kaakka Muttai director M Manikandan by Dilani Rabindran |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-director/m-manikandan/an-exclusive-interview-with-kaakka-muttai-director-m-manikandan-by-dilani-rabindran.html |access-date=2016-12-19 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film was shot over a period of 33 days in Chennai and Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-01 |title='Kutrame Thandanai' will be as successful as 'Kaaka Muttai': Director Manikandan |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kutrame-Thandanai-will-be-as-successful-as-Kaaka-Muttai-Director-Manikandan/2016/09/01/article3606175.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901150641/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kutrame-Thandanai-will-be-as-successful-as-Kaaka-Muttai-Director-Manikandan/2016/09/01/article3606175.ece |archive-date=1 September 2016 |access-date=2016-12-19 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Kuttrame thandanai was rerecorded by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and the background score was recorded in Prasad Studios, Chennai.

==Release==
Prior to its theatrical release, the film premiered at a few international festivals, including the New York Indian Film Festival and Mumbai International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New York Indian Film Festival to screen Kutrame Thandanai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/new-york-indian-film-festival-to-screen-kutrame-thandanai/article8483411.ece |access-date=2016-12-19 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-27 |title=Kutrame Thandanai will play at the 11th annual Habitat Film Festival |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kutrame-thandanai-will-play-at-the-11th-annual-habitat-film-festival.html |access-date=2016-12-19 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2016 |title=Kutrame Thandanai goes the Kaaka Muttai way! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180416/kutrame-thandanai-goes-the-kaaka-muttai-way.html |access-date=2016-12-19 |website=Deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> The film had a worldwide theatrical release on 2 September 2016 and received critical acclaim. Behindwoods.com noted that it was a "technically sound thriller film", while Rediff.com noted "despite the ordinary performances, the gripping plot, engaging screenplay and care to technical details make director Manikandan's ''Kutrame Thandanai'' an interesting watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-02 |title=Review: Kutrame Thandanai is an interesting crime thriller - Rediff.com Movies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kutrame-thandanai-is-an-interesting-crime-thriller/20160902.htm |access-date=2016-12-19 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-02 |title=Kuttrame Thandanai (aka) Kutrame Thandanai review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kuttrame-thandanai/kuttrame-thandanai-review.html |access-date=2016-12-19 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> A critic from The New Indian Express wrote "with its mature unconventional take on a crime scene, and its international feel and sensibility, ''Kuttrame Thandanai'' does Tamil cinema proud", adding that Manikandan displays "out-of-the-box-thinking, an intriguing screenplay and deft narration".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-04 |title=Kuttrame Thandanai review: With out-of-the-box thinking, the film makes Tamil cinema proud |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Kuttrame-Thandanai-review-With-out-of-the-box-thinking-the-film-makes-Tamil-cinema-proud/2016/09/04/article3611314.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905132542/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Kuttrame-Thandanai-review-With-out-of-the-box-thinking-the-film-makes-Tamil-cinema-proud/2016/09/04/article3611314.ece |archive-date=5 September 2016 |access-date=2016-12-19 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee Tamizh]]. Baradwaj Rangan of the Hindu called it "Thoughtfully made, but something's missing" in his review.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=2 September 2016 |title='Kutrame Thandanai' review: thoughtfully made, but something's missing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Kutrame-Thandanai-review-thoughtfully-made-but-something%E2%80%99s-missing/article14621814.ece |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5857968|Kuttrame Thandanai}}

{{M. Manikandan}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Manikandan]]

DPS Barra

2026-02-22T05:09:50Z

StellaWindsor21: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Delhi Public School, Barra
| image = Delhi Public School Barra, Kanpur 01.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Delhi Public School Barra
| logo =
| motto = '''Service Before Self'''
| established = 2010
| type = Private School
| founder = Mr. Alok Misra
| head_label =
| head =
| principal = Mrs. Jayanti Mitra
| staff = 75+
| enrollment = 1000+
| campus = Urban
| colours = Green and white {{color box|#006A4E}}{{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| city = Barra, [[Kanpur]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[Delhi Public School Society]]
| free_label = Acronym
| free_text = DPS
| website = {{URL|https://www.dpsbarra.com}}
}}

'''Delhi Public School''' Barra is a private school running under the aegis of the [[Delhi Public School Society]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|title= DPS Society |url=http://www.dpsfamily.org/school-in-india7.html|accessdate=22 February 2014}}</ref> in [[Kanpur]] in the [[Indian people|Indian]] state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. This school is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), New Delhi. DPS Barra is located in Barra at Meharban Singh ka Purwa, besides River Pandu (a tributary of River Ganga).

==Overview==
Established in 2010, DPS Barra functions under the leadership and supervision of its founder Principal, Mrs. Shilpa Manish. Moreover, DPS Kidwai Nagar<ref>{{cite web|title= DPS Kidwai Nagar |url=http://www.dpskidwainagar.com/|accessdate=22 February 2014}}</ref> was established at K-Block, Kidwai Nagar in 2011 as a feeder school for DPS Barra.<ref>{{cite web|title= DPS Barra, History|url=http://www.dpsbarra.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=113&Itemid=646|accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DPS Barra, Mentors|url=http://www.dpsbarra.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86&Itemid=775|accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref> DPS Barra, located in a 14-acre campus is a co-educational school. The School has of an Administrative Block and an Academic Block. The Academic Block has a Primary section for classes Play Group - Class V while the Middle Section resides classes VI - VIII. The Senior Section consists of classes IX – X. The School has an amphitheater, a multipurpose hall, playground, academic Labs and a library. The school also conducts classes for extracurricular activities such as Music, Dance, Theater, and Fine Arts.<ref>{{cite web|title=DPS Barra Campus|url=http://www.dpsbarra.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89&Itemid=662|accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DPS Barra Campus|url=http://www.dpsbarra.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=97&Itemid=691|accessdate=21 February 2014}}</ref>

== Activities ==

DPS Barra trains Students in various sports such as cricket, football, basketball, archery, horse riding and adventure sports. The school also conducts numerous inter school events throughout the year. DPS Barra hosted the Inter DPS Football Tournament<ref>{{cite web|title= Inter DPS Football Championship |url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/26-oct-2013-64-kanpur-archive-edition-kanpur-Page-8.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225063444/http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/26-oct-2013-64-kanpur-archive-edition-kanpur-Page-8.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref> for Boys at the Zonal level. The competition was held from 24 – 26 October 2013. 12 Delhi Public Schools’ participated in the Zonal tournament. DPS Azaad Nagar was declared the Winners of the tournament while DPS Bhopal emerged as the 1st Runners Up.

The annual concert of the school "Umang" is held on 13 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Umang 2015 {{!}} DPS Barra|url = http://inextepaper.jagran.com/c/7650466|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222133743/http://inextepaper.jagran.com/c/7650466|url-status = dead|archive-date = 22 December 2015|website = inextepaper.jagran.com|accessdate = 2015-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = उमंग में बच्चों ने उतारे जीवन के रंग|url = http://epaper.livehindustan.com/story.aspx?id=770997&boxid=81923104&ed_date=2015-12-15&ed_code=43&ed_page=2|website = epaper.livehindustan.com|accessdate = 2015-12-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115051/http://epaper.livehindustan.com/story.aspx?id=770997&boxid=81923104&ed_date=2015-12-15&ed_code=43&ed_page=2|archive-date = 22 December 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = DPS Barra {{!}} Umang 2015|url = http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/14-dec-2015-edition-Kanpur-page_6-56674-6178-64.html|website = epaper.jagran.com|accessdate = 2015-12-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095525/http://epaper.jagran.com/ePaperArticle/14-dec-2015-edition-Kanpur-page_6-56674-6178-64.html|archive-date = 22 December 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Umang 2015 {{!}} Amar Ujala|url = http://epaper.amarujala.com/kc/my/20151214/06.html?format=html|website = epaper.amarujala.com|accessdate = 2015-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.rashtriyasahara.com/newsview.aspx?eddate=12/14/2015%2012:00:00%20AM&pageno=5&edition=12&prntid=108462&bxid=103219496&pgno=5|title = Umang 2015 {{!}} Rastriya Sahara|last = DPS|first = Barra|via = Rastriya Sahara}}</ref> It is a platform for the students to present social awareness<ref>{{cite web|title= Social Awareness |url=http://www.rashtriyasahara.com/epapermain.aspx?queryed=12&eddate=12%2f21%2f2012}}</ref> and understanding of diverse cultures & religion through music and dance. As part of the [[Kanpur]] Sahodaya Inter School Competitions,<ref>{{cite web |title= Sahodaya Schools |url= http://inextepaper.jagran.com/202134/INext-Kanpur/23.12.13#page/18/1 |access-date= 19 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140225063419/http://inextepaper.jagran.com/202134/INext-Kanpur/23.12.13#page/18/1 |archive-date= 25 February 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Sahodaya Schools Cricket |url= http://inextepaper.jagran.com/200655/INext-Kanpur/20.12.13#page/18/2 |access-date= 19 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140225055750/http://inextepaper.jagran.com/200655/INext-Kanpur/20.12.13#page/18/2 |archive-date= 25 February 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref> DPS Barra hosted the Rock Band Competition in its premises. The competition, which was held on 10 December 2013, saw 10 CBSE schools participate in the Rock Band event<ref>{{cite web|title=Rolling start to 'Tarang' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Rollicking-start-to-Tarang/articleshow/26950680.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140224220304/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-06/kanpur/44862221_1_science-exhibition-vidyarthi-memorial-medical-college-gsvm|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2014-02-24}}</ref>...<ref>{{cite web|title='School Rock - A Battle of School Bands' organised by Times-NIE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/A-rocking-evening-for-kids/articleshow/7044625.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140224220337/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-04/kanpur/28266210_1_dps-kalyanpur-modern-school-nie|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2014-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jaipuria band rocks at NiE event |url=http://www1.lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIL&mydateHid=09-12-2010&pubname=Times%20of%20India%20-%20Lucknow&edname=&articleid=Ar00402&publabel=TOI&max=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227233441/http://www1.lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&sectid=edid%3D&edlabel=TOIL&mydateHid=09-12-2010&pubname=Times%20of%20India%20-%20Lucknow&edname=&articleid=Ar00402&publabel=TOI&max=true |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-02-27 }}</ref>
[[File:Delhi Public School Barra, Kanpur 02.JPG|alt=DPS Barra|thumb|Delhi Public School Barra]]

== See also ==
* [[Delhi Public School Society]]
* [[List of schools in Kanpur]]
* [[DPS Azaad Nagar]]
* [[Delhi Public School, Servodaya nagar]]
* [[Delhi Public School Kidwai Nagar]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.dpsbarra.com}}
* [http://dpsfamily.org/ DPS Family Official Website]

{{DPS Society aegis}}

[[Category:Delhi Public School Society]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Delhi]]

Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-22T03:49:04Z

StellaWindsor21:

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Delhi Sadar
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
|union_territory = [[Delhi]]
|reservation =
|assembly_cons =
}}
'''Delhi Sadar''' Lok Sabha constituency was one of the [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the National Capital Territory of [[Delhi]] from 1956 to 2008.

==Assembly segments==
From 1966 to 1993, Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following Delhi Metropolitan Council segments:
# Moti Nagar
# Kamla Nagar
# Vijay Nagar
# Model Town
# Deputy Ganj
# Sohan Ganj
# Shakti Nagar
# Karampura

From 1993 to 2008, it comprised the following [[Delhi Vidhan Sabha]] segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies, General Election to the Lok Sabha, 2004 |publisher=Government of Delhi website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180007/http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DoIT_CEO/parliamentary.pdf |archivedate=2011-10-06 }}</ref>
# Timarpur (Polling stations 1-45, 47–96)
# Model Town (Polling stations 1–102)
# Kamla Nagar
# Sadar Bazar
# Moti Nagar (Polling stations 1–106, 110–117)

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Member!!Party
|-
|style="background-color:" |
| 1952
| colspan=2 align=center|''Does not exist''
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[Chaudhary Brahm Prakash]]
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[Shiv Charan Gupta]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Kanwar Lal Gupta]]
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}" |
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| A. N. Chawla
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Kanwar Lal Gupta]]
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan=2| [[Jagdish Tytler]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Jagdish Tytler]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Jagdish Tytler]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|style="background-color:" |
| 2009-Onwards
| colspan=2 align=center|''Does not exist''
|-
|}

==Election result==

===1967 Lok Sabha Elections===
* Kanwar Lal Gupta (Bharatiya Jana Sangh) : 73,801 votes
* Amar Nath Chawla (INC) : 64,096 votes

===1971 Lok Sabha Elections===
* Amar Nath Chawla (INC) : 98,108 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1971-election-results.html|title = 1971 India General (5th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
* Kanwar Lal Gupta (Bharatiya Jana Sangh) : 55305

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: '''Delhi Sadar''' <ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jagdish Tytler]]
|votes = 140,073
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
|votes = 124,099
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 16,064
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Delhi City (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of National Capital Territory}}

{{coord|28.6|77.2|display=title}}

[[Category:1956 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1956]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-22T03:38:01Z

StellaWindsor21:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Rajnandgaon {{Small|CG-6}}
| map_image =
| map_caption =
|reservation= None
| established = 1952
|electors =18,68,021<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | date=2024-05-25 | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Santosh Pandey (BJP)|Santosh Pandey]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Pandariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandariya]] [[Kawardha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kawardha]] [[Khairagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khairagarh]] [[Dongargarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dongargarh]] [[Rajnandgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]] [[Dongargaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dongargaon]] [[Khujji (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khujji]] [[Mohla-Manpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mohla-Manpur]]
}}
'''Rajnandgaon''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] [[constituency]] in the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]].

==Assembly segments==
Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following eight assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf
|title = Final notification on delimitation of Chhattisgarh constituencies
|publisher = Delimitation Commission of India
|date = 2 June 2008
|access-date = 23 November 2008
|archive-date = 29 December 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061229001834/http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf
|url-status = usurped
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|title = CandidateAC.xls file on assembly constituencies with information on district and parliamentary constituencies
|access-date = 23 November 2008
|work = Chhattisgarh
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204083059/http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|archive-date = 4 December 2008
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|71
|[[Pandariya Assembly constituency|Pandariya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kabirdham district|Kabirdham]]
|[[Bhawna Bohra]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|72
|[[Kawardha Assembly constituency|Kawardha]]
|[[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|73
|[[Khairagarh Assembly constituency|Khairagarh]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district|Khairagarh]]
|[[Yashoda Verma]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|74
|[[Dongargarh Assembly constituency|Dongargarh]] (SC)
| rowspan="4" |[[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]]
|Harshita Swami Baghel
|-
|75
|[[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
|[[Raman Singh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|76
|[[Dongargaon Assembly constituency|Dongargaon]]
|[[Daleshwar Sahu]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|77
|[[Khujji Assembly constituency|Khujji]]
|[[Bholaram Sahu]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|78
|[[Mohla-Manpur Assembly constituency|Mohla-Manpur]] (ST)
| rowspan="1" |[[Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki district|Mohla-Manpur]]
|[[Indrashah Mandavi]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
!colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Raja Bahadur Singh
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Padmawati Devi]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Ramsahai Pandey]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Madan Tiwary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shivendra Bahadur Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]

|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Dharmpal Singh Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Shivendra Bahadur Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Ashok Sharma (politician)|Ashok Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Motilal Vora]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Raman Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Pradeep Gandhi]]
|-
|2007^
|[[Devwrat Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Madhusudan Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Abhishek Singh (politician)|Abhishek Singh]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Santosh Pandey (BJP)|Santosh Pandey]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh|2024]]
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Rajnandgaon]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Rajnandgaon">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Rajnandgaon |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S266.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731175721/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S266.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Santosh Pandey (BJP)|Santosh Pandey]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=712057
|percentage=49.25
|change={{decrease}}1.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=6,67,646
|percentage=46.18
|change={{increase}}4.07
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate =A. H. Siddique
|votes = 10,737
|percentage = 0.74
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Devlal Sinha (Sonvanshi)
|votes = 9,668
|percentage = 0.67
|change = {{decrease}}1.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 9,553
|percentage = 0.66
|change = {{decrease}}0.65
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 44,411
|percentage = 3.07
|change = -5.50
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =14,47,888
|percentage =77.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajnandgaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Santosh Pandey (BJP)|Santosh Pandey]]
|votes = 6,62,387
|percentage = 50.68
|change = {{decrease}}3.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhola Ram Sahu
|votes = 5,50,421
|percentage = 42.11
|change ={{increase}}7.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravita Lakra (Dhruv)
|votes = 17,145
|percentage = 1.31
|change ={{decrease}}0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 19,436
|percentage = 1.49
|change = {{decrease}}1.26
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,11,966
|percentage = 8.57
|change = {{decrease}}11.45
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,07,878
|percentage = 76.20
|change = {{increase}}2.16
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajnandgaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Abhishek Singh (politician)|Abhishek Singh]]
|votes = 6,43,473
|percentage = 54.61
|change = {{increase}}1.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kamleshwar Verma
|votes = 4,07,562
|percentage = 34.59
|change = {{decrease}}3.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 32,385
|percentage = 2.75
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anand Sahu
|votes = 20,458
|percentage = 1.74
|change = {{decrease}}0.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|candidate = Narendra Bansod
|votes = 11,704
|percentage = 0.99
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,35,911
|percentage = 20.02
|change = {{increase}}5.68
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,78,305
|percentage = 74.04
|change = {{increase}}15.18
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajnandgaon]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Madhusudan Yadav]]
|votes =4,37,721
|percentage = 52.70
|change = {{increase}}12.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Devwrat Singh]]
|votes = 3,18,647
|percentage = 38.36
|change ={{decrease}}8.52
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party =[[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate =D. R. Yadav Pracharya
|votes = 19,984
|percentage = 2.41
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Pradhuman Netam
|votes = 15,956
|percentage = 1.92
|change = {{decrease}}1.46
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,19,074
|percentage = 14.34
|change = {{increase}}7.33
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8.30,581
|percentage = 58.86
|change = {{decrease}}4.44
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Rajnandgaon]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Raman Singh]]
|votes = 3,04,611
|percentage = 51.46
|change = {{increase}}10.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Motilal Vora]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,77,896
|percentage = 46.94
|change = {{decrease}}2.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Deosingh Nandeshwar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,847
|percentage = 0.48
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Gond
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 2,735
|percentage = 0.46
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,715
|percentage = 4.52
|change ={{decrease}}3.91
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,91,992
|percentage = 59.37
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Rajnandgaon]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Motilal Vora]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,04,709
|percentage = 49.19
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Sharma (politician)|Ashok Sharma]]
|votes = 2,52,468
|percentage = 40.76
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 52,241
|percentage =8.43
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,19,439
|percentage = ''N/A''
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rajnandgaon]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.1|81.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rajnandgaon district]]
[[Category:Kabirdham district]]

Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T03:24:17Z

StellaWindsor21: new first article more to come

{{short description|Wildlife Sanctuary in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Hirpora Wildlife Sanctary Shopian.jpg
| image_caption = A view of the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, Hirpora in Shopian district, Jammu and Kashmir
| map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Kulgam district]] and [[Shopian district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| nearest_city = [[Shopian]] [[town]]
| coordinates = {{coords|33|35|56|N|74|36|56|E|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{convert|341|km2|abbr=on}}
| administrator = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| operator = Wildlife Protection Department, J&K
| website = {{url|http://www.jkwildlife.com/}}
| established = 1987
}}

'''Hirpora [[Wildlife Sanctuary]]''' or '''Heerpora Wildlife Sanctuary''' is located in [[Kulgam district]] and [[Shopian district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It lies 12 km from [[Shopian|Shopian town]], {{cvt|70 |km}} south of [[Srinagar]].<ref name=wti/> It spreads over an area of {{cvt|341|km2}}.<ref name=gkashmir/> It is bounded to the north by Lake Gumsar, northeast by [[Hirpora]] village, east by Rupri, south by Saransar and to the west by the [[Pir Panjal#Passes|Pir Panjal pass]]. The slopes are gentle to moderately steep on the eastern aspect and very steep with many cliffs on the higher northern and western aspect. The southern and southeastern portions are moderately steep. Heerpora wildlife sanctuary is one of the beautiful wildlife sanctuary in Jammu and Kashmir<ref name=wti/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aharbal {{!}} Shopian District, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India|url=https://shopian.nic.in/tourist-places/|access-date=2021-05-27|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Flora ==

The vegetation types present in the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary include western mixed coniferous forests, deciduous sub-alpine scrub forests and sub-alpine pastures. Western mixed coniferous forest is dominated by [[Himalayan pine|Kail pine]] with [[spruce]] and [[fir]] (''Abies pindrow'') as its primary associates. The West Himalayan sub-alpine forests are dominated by fir, while the deciduous sub-alpine scrub is dominated by [[Himalayan birch]] (''Betula utilis'') and [[juniper]] (''Juniperus communis'') with [[Rose|wild rose]] as an associate. The southeastern part has moderately open coniferous vegetation dominated by Kail pine and associated with fir and spruce. The vegetation of the more rocky and open northwestern portion is predominantly sub-alpine scrub forest dominated by juniper and the Kail pine as an associated species. Man-made sub-alpine pastures also occur in both north-western and south-eastern parts of the sanctuary.<ref name=wti>{{cite web|title=GOATS ON THE BORDER|url=http://www.wti.org.in/oldsite/publications/goats-on-the-border-(revised-edition).pdf|publisher=[[Wildlife Trust of India]]|access-date=1 July 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203138/http://www.wti.org.in/oldsite/publications/goats-on-the-border-(revised-edition).pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Fauna ==

The Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary is an abode to many species of animals including the [[Himalayan brown bear]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Qadri|first=Azhar|title=State animal, bird among endangered species|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130622/j&k.htm#10|access-date=1 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=21 June 2013}}</ref> [[Himalayan black bear]], [[musk deer]], [[leopard]], [[Tibetan wolf]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Kashmir gets eco-tourism campsite|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/Sep/25/kashmir-gets-eco-tourism-campsite-41.asp|access-date=14 July 2013|newspaper=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=25 September 2012}}</ref> [[Himalayan palm civet]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Alam|first=Ajmer|title=Conserving endangered Pir Panjal mountain goat|url=http://amchron.soundenterprises.net/articles/view/100252|access-date=1 July 2013|date=28 April 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702151506/http://amchron.soundenterprises.net/articles/view/100252|archive-date=2 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and around 50 individuals the [[critically endangered]] [[Markhor#Astor markhor|Pir Panjal markhor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashmir's Markhor goat in peril|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/kashmirs-markhor-goat-in-peril/article3409924.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 May 2012|access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=gkmarkhor>{{cite news|title=Breather for endangered Markhor|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2009/Apr/26/breather-for-endangered-markhor-39.asp|access-date=1 July 2013|newspaper=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=26 April 2009}}</ref> Besides, 130 species of birds including the [[spotted forktail]], [[western tragopan]],<ref name=wti/> [[rock bunting]], [[rufous-breasted accentor]], [[Himalayan woodpecker]], [[blue rock thrush]], [[white-capped redstart]], [[Himalayan griffon]], [[common stonechat]], [[red-billed blue magpie]] and [[grey wagtail]] are found in the sanctuary.<ref name=gkashmir>{{cite news|title=Guv visits Pir Ki Gali, Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2012/Jul/3/guv-visits-pir-ki-gali-hirpora-wildlife-sanctuary-72.asp|access-date=1 July 2013|newspaper=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=3 July 2012}}</ref>

== Disturbance ==

The [[Mughal Road]] cuts through the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary and is believed to inhibit the movement of animals, especially the critically endangered [[Markhor#Astor markhor|Pir Panjal markhor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fading Glory|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/fading-glory/|work=kashmirlife.net|date=4 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522003016/http://www.kashmirlife.net/fading-glory/|archive-date=22 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Sanctuary has also been disturbed due to [[deforestation]], excessive [[livestock]] grazing and construction of permanent huts by the [[Gujjars#Jammu and Kashmir|Gujjars]], [[Bakerwal]]s and local shepherds.<ref name=wti/>

== Gallery ==

<gallery>
File:Heerpora Wildlife Sanctuary Shopian.jpg|A view of the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary from the [[Mughal Road]].
File:Mughal Road via Hirpora Sanctuary.jpg|A view of the [[Mughal Road]], which cuts through the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary.
File:Water Stream - Hirpora N.P. Shopian.jpg|A stream flowing through the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary.
File:Stream - Hirpura N.P. Shopian.jpg|A stream flowing through the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary in Shopian district of Kashmir.
File:Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, Shopian, Kashmir.jpg|Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary (As seen from Mughal Road).
File:Pastures Hirpora - Pir Ki Gali.jpg|Lush green Pastures of the Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary at Pir Ki Gali.
File:Hirpora WLS Shopian Kashmir.jpg|The Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary has dense Coniferous Forests & difficult terrain.
</gallery>

== See also ==

*[[Dachigam National Park]]
*[[Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*[[Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*[[Kishtwar National Park]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[http://hillpost.in/2012/05/kashmirs-iconic-markhor-goat-on-critically-endangered-list/44952/ Kashmir’s iconic Markhor goat on critically endangered list]

{{Kashmir Valley}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kulgam district]]
[[Category:Shopian district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Joramow railway station

2026-02-17T02:55:59Z

StellaWindsor21:

{{Short description|Railway station in Deoghar district, Jharkhand, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|JORAMOW}}
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Joramow_Railway_Station_JRW.jpg
| caption =
| address = Joramow, [[Deoghar District]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.20397|N|86.70530|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|208|m|}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = Broad gauge
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platforms = 2
| parking = No
| status = {{color|green|Active}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JRW
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| classification = '''HG-2'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Railway – Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |publisher=Eastern Railway, Government of India |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]]
| passengers =
| map_type = India Jharkhand
| map_dot_label = Joramow railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| line = * [[Asansol–Patna section]] of [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
| other =
| accessible =
| route_map = {{Asansol–Patna section}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Joramow railway station''' (station code: '''JRW''') is a railway station on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] in [[Deoghar district]], [[Jharkhand]]. It comes under the [[Asansol railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Stations on Asansol Division |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,443,528,537 |access-date=8 Sep 2025 |website=er.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> The station serves Joramow and its surrounding rural areas such as Nayachak, Gajiyadih, Harhaja, and several nearby villages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashish |title=Joramow Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/joramow-jrw/9572 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> Only passenger and MEMU trains have scheduled halts here.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TTI |title=Express trains at Joramow Railway Station (JRW) {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Joramow |url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/jrw/5 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=www.totaltraininfo.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joramow (JRW) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/joramow-jrw |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JORAMOW (JRW) Railway Station - Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry {{!}} ixigo |url=https://www.ixigo.com/train-stations/joramow-jrw-railway-station |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=www.ixigo.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The station consists of two platforms connected by a foot overbridge. It has a ticket counter and platform sheds for passengers waiting for trains. A drinking water facility is also available. The station lacks advanced amenities such as waiting rooms or retiring rooms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Jharkhand - NFR |url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/secretary_branches/Constituency_Wise_2019/South%20Eastern%20Railway/JHARKHAND%20CONSTITUENCY%20WISE/JKD%20Constitution%20Wise%20-%20Godda.pdf |access-date=9 Sep 2025 |website=Indian Railways}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashish |title=Joramow Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/joramow-jrw/9572 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joramow (JRW) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/joramow-jrw |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref>

==Trains==
Several passenger and MEMU trains halt at Joramow railway station. Important trains include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Trains at JORAMOW (JRW) Railway Station with Arrival and Departure details, Availability, Wailtlist Confirmation Chances and Fare Calculator : etrain.info |url=https://etrain.info/station/Joramow-JRW/all |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=etrain.info |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Siddharth |title=13030/Mokama - Howrah Express - Mokama to Howrah ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mokama-howrah-express-13030/6487/330/1 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

* Howrah–Mokama Express (13029/13030)
* Asansol–Jasidih MEMU (63561/63563)
* Andal–Jasidih MEMU (63545/63546)
* Barddhaman–Jhajha MEMU (63509/63510)
* Baidyanathdham–Asansol MEMU (63562)
* Jasidih–Asansol MEMU (63564)

== See also ==
* [[Asansol railway division]]
* [[Eastern Railway zone]]
* [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
* [[Asansol–Patna section]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Deoghar district]]

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/joramow-jrw/9572 Joramow railway station map]
* [http://deoghar.nic.in/ Official website of the Deoghar District]

{{Jharkhand-railstation-stub}}

Rasik Dave

2026-02-10T02:57:02Z

StellaWindsor21: added some post v1!

{{Short description|Indian actor (1957–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rasik Dave
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1957|06|19|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|07|29|1957|06|19|df=y}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| occupation = actor
| years_active =
| known_for = his role of [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda baba]], father of Krishna in [[B. R. Chopra]]'s television show ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
| notable_works =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ketki Dave|Ketki Joshi-Dave]]|1983}}
| children = 1 son, 1 daughter
}}
'''Rasik Dave''' (19 June 1957 – 29 July 2022) was an Indian actor working predominantly in Hindi television industry. He is best known for his role of [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda baba]], father of Krishna in [[B. R. Chopra]]'s television show ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (1988). Dave had a [[Bachelor of Laws]] but pursued acting as career. His first appearance was in the Gujarati film ''Putra Vadhu''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/veteran-tv-actor-rasik-dave-dies-due-to-kidney-failure-at-65-8060261/ | title=Veteran actor Rasik Dave passes away due to kidney failure at 65 | publisher=Indian Express | date=31 July 2022 | accessdate=1 August 2022}}</ref>

== Family and death ==
Dave was married to actress [[Ketki Dave|Ketki Joshi-Dave]]; who is daughter of actress [[Sarita Joshi]] and Gujarati theatre actor [[Pravin Joshi]]. They met in 1979 during a common play and married in 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-life-will-never-be-the-same-without-rasik-ketki-dave-talks-about-her-husband-actor-rasik-dave-who-passed-away-last-night/articleshow/93231224.cms | title=Life will never be the same without Rasik: Ketki Dave talks about her husband actor Rasik Dave who passed away last night | publisher=Times of India | date=30 July 2022 | accessdate=1 August 2022 | author=Trivedi, Tanvi}}</ref> They together have a daughter Riddhi Dave and son Abhishek Dave. Riddhi is also a theatre actress. Rasik Dave died on 29 July 2022 due to complications from kidney failure.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mahabharat-actor-rasik-dave-dies-at-65-dipika-chikhlia-ashoke-pandit-and-more-pay-condolences-3207960 | title=Mahabharat Actor Rasik Dave Dies At 65. Dipika Chikhlia, Ashoke Pandit And More Pay Condolences | publisher=NDTV | date=30 July 2022 | accessdate=1 August 2022 | author=Clarance, Daphne}}</ref> He suffered for over four years and was on dialysis frequently.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/alpana-buch-shares-what-rasik-dave-told-his-wife-ketki-before-passing-away/articleshow/93229541.cms | title=Alpana Buch shares what Rasik Dave told his wife Ketki before passing away | publisher=Times of India | date=30 July 2022 | accessdate=1 August 2022 | author=Doshi, Hasti}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Genre !! Language !! Notes
|-
| || ''Putra Vadhu'' || || Film || Gujarati ||
1985 Jhoothi film Hindi
|-
| || ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' || [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda baba]] || TV series || Hindi || Aired on [[DD National]]
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Eeshwar (1989 film)|Eeshwar]]'' || Eeshwar's son || Film || Hindi ||
|-
| 1994–95 || ''[[Tehkikaat]]'' || Various roles || TV series || Hindi || Aired on [[DD National]]
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Masoom (1996 film)|Masoom]]'' || || Film || Hindi ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Hasratein]]'' || Bobby Mehra || TV series || Hindi || Aired on [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]'' || Inspector Ratikant Chaudhry || TV series || Hindi || Aired on [[DD National]] Episode ''Aag aur Patanga''
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Alpviram]]'' || Amit Bakshi || TV series || Hindi || Aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|-
| 1999–2000 || ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka (TV series)|Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]'' || Shekhar Purushottam Nanavati || TV series || Hindi || Aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 2]]'' || Self || Reality TV show || Hindi || Celebrity Dance competition Aired on [[StarPlus]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Straight (2009 film)|Straight]]'' || Jaysukh kaka || Film || Hindi ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Lipstick (TV series)|Lipstick]]'' || Vivek || TV series || Hindi || Aired on [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2013–14 || ''[[Sanskaar - Dharohar Apnon Ki]]'' || Karsandas Vaishnav || TV series || Hindi || Aired on [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Piya Basanti Re]]'' || Mahesh Shah || TV series || Hindi || Aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|-
| 2017–18 || ''[[Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi]]'' || Dharam Singh Rathod || TV series || Hindi || Aired on [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2018–19 || ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]'' || Haren Patel
| || Hindi || Aired on [[Colors TV]]
|-
| || ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' || Doctor Naik
| || Hindi || Episode 1298
|-
|1985
|Jhoothi
|Sunil
|Film
|Hindi
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dave, Rasik}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure]]

N. C. Sekhar

2026-02-06T20:25:36Z

StellaWindsor21: new the page w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
'''N. C. Sekhar''' alias '''Narayanan Pillai Sekhar Chandrasekharan Pillai''' (2 July 1904 – 3 December 1986) was a freedom fighter, political leader, Rajya Sabha member and writer. He was a member of the first Communist group in Kerala. Sekhar was one of the four founding leaders of the [[Communist Party of India]] in Kerala who participated in the formation of the [[Communist League (India, 1931)|Communist League]] in Thiruvananthapuram in 1931.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/founders-98.php?n=1|title=Founders|website=CPIM Kerala|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208202135/https://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/founders-98.php?n=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]]. ''The Communist Party in Kerala – Six Decades of Struggle and Advance''. [[New Delhi]]: National Book Centre, 1994. p. 6, 13.</ref>

He joined the national movement during his education. Gandhiji's ideals were very appealing. Participated in the 1930 [[Civil disobedience movement]] and was imprisoned. While in jail, he met Bhagat Singh's colleagues. Sekhar began to think seriously about new avenues for freedom. When the [[Congress Socialist Party]] was formed in 1934, [[P. Krishna Pillai]] contacted Shekhar and entrusted him with the task of building the Kozhikode trade unions.

When the agitation for responsible governance took place in Travancore, Sekhar came to Travancore from Kozhikode and participated in it. In 1949 he had to go into hiding. Elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/mpterms.aspx|title = List of Former Members of Rajya Sabha (Term Wise)}}</ref> When the party split, he sided with the [[CPI (M)]]. He was expelled from the party in 1967. Although he worked with the [[Naxalbari uprising|Naxalite movement]], he soon withdrew and returned to the CPI (M).

He died on December 3, 1986.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=January 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sekhar}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]

2014 Chennai train bombing

2026-02-04T20:43:13Z

StellaWindsor21: minor changes

{{Short description|Train bombing at Chennai railway station}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
| title = 2014 Chennai train bombing
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Chennai Central railway station]], India
| target = [[Kaziranga Superfast Express|Guwahati–Bangalore Cantt. Superfast Express]] (S4 and S5 coaches)
| date = 1 May 2014
| type = [[Bombing]]
| fatalities = 1
| injuries = 14
| perpetrators = [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] [[Indian Mujahideen]]
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}

The '''2014 Chennai train bombing''' is the explosion of two low-intensity bombs in the early hours of 1 May 2014, Thursday at [[Chennai Central railway station]]. The [[Kaziranga Superfast Express|Bangalore–Guwahati Kaziranga Superfast Express]] which came from [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station|Bangalore]] and was going towards [[Guwahati railway station|Guwahati]] was standing on platform 09 of [[Chennai Central railway station]], when two blasts occurred in two coaches S4 and S5. The bombing killed one female passenger and injured at least fourteen others.<ref name="IE1">{{cite news|title=LIVE: Twin blasts at Chennai Central Station kill woman, injure 9 others; SIT probe ordered, one detained|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/live-blast-at-chennai-central-station-10-feared-injured-reports/|accessdate=1 May 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

The [[Students' Islamic Movement of India|Students Islamic Movement of India]] claimed responsibility for the attack, stating that it was in revenge for the removal of some Muslims from the train in 2012. Its affiliate the [[Indian Mujahideen]] is also suspected of involvement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 201405010001 |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=201405010001 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=[[Global Terrorism Database]]}}</ref>

==Attack==
The Guwahati-bound train from Bangalore, [[Guwahati–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express|12509-Guwahati–Bangalore Kaziranga Express]], was scheduled to arrive at [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]] around 5:30 a.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]), but it had arrived late around 7:05 a.m. (IST). While the train was stationed at Platform 9 of the railway station, two bombs exploded at the buffer of S4 and S5 coaches at 7:15 a.m. (IST).<ref name="oi1">{{cite news|title=Chennai Blast: Pregnant woman, TCS employee from Andhra Pradesh dies|url=http://news.oneindia.in/india/chennai-blast-bangalore-guwahati-train-pregnant-woman-from-andhra-dies-1439651.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502031930/http://news.oneindia.in/india/chennai-blast-bangalore-guwahati-train-pregnant-woman-from-andhra-dies-1439651.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2014|accessdate=1 May 2014|newspaper=One India|date=1 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="ibn1" /> Upon hearing the explosion, panicked passengers rushed out of the train.<ref name="IE1" /> One of the bombs had exploded under the seat of a 24-year-old woman,<ref name="teleuk1">{{cite news|title=Twin bomb blasts hit Indian train|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10800234/Twin-bomb-blasts-hit-Indian-train.html|accessdate=1 May 2014|newspaper=Telegraph UK|date=1 May 2014}}</ref> who was employed with [[Tata Consultancy Services]] in Bangalore. She was the only person killed in the attack, was travelling to her home town [[Guntur]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Of the fourteen injured passengers, five were admitted in serious condition at [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|Rajiv Gandhi Government Multi-speciality Hospital]].<ref name="lm1">{{cite news|title=Twin blasts on train at Chennai railway station kills passenger|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/DI61ecQr3qMMEf5YMBCtJJ/Two-blasts-at-Chennai-station-1-woman-dead-7-injured.html|accessdate=1 May 2014|newspaper=Livemint|date=1 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Chennai train blasts |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chennai-train-blasts-TCS-techie-killed-ISIs-role-suspected/articleshow/34484506.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 1 May 2014 |accessdate= 1 May 2014}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Investigation===
The damaged bogies were detached and the train was searched by a bomb-disposal squad and was then allowed to carry on with its onward journey. Following the incident police have mounted a massive search operation in all the trains. The cause of explosion and device used for it were being probed. A suspect who had been detained by [[Tamil Nadu Police]] was found to be innocent.<ref name="ibn1">{{cite news|title=Two blasts in Bangalore-Guwahati Express at Chennai station, one dead, police confirm terror angle|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/two-blasts-in-bangaloreguwahati-express-at-chennai-station-one-dead-suspect-to-be-freed-sit-to-probe/468762-62-128.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501235859/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/two-blasts-in-bangaloreguwahati-express-at-chennai-station-one-dead-suspect-to-be-freed-sit-to-probe/468762-62-128.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2014|accessdate=1 May 2014|newspaper=IBN Live|date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

An investigation by a Special Investigation Team (SIT) has been ordered. A [[National Investigation Agency]] team was sent to Chennai to assist in the case.<ref name=IE1 /> Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa]] ordered a CB-CID probe into the blasts.<ref name=IE2>{{cite news|title=Bangalore-Guwahati Express bomb blasts: Jayalalithaa orders CB-CID probe|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/bomb-blasts-on-train-jayalalithaa-orders-cb-cid-probe/|accessdate=1 May 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=1 May 2014|agency=PTI}}</ref>

Initial investigation revealed that the bombs might have been planted in the train five to six hours before it blasted.<ref name="toi2">{{cite news|title=Chennai blasts suspect Rahman still at large|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Chennai-blasts-suspect-Rahman-still-at-large/articleshow/34548499.cms|accessdate=3 May 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=3 May 2014}}</ref> Also, the devices used in the bomb were found to be similar to the one used in [[2013 Patna bombings|Patna rally bombing]] by [[Indian Mujahideen]] that occurred six months before.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news|title=Chennai blasts probe: CCTV image provides first clue|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chennai-blasts-probe-cctv-image-provides-first-clue/article5971263.ece|accessdate=3 May 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 May 2014}}</ref>

===Security measures===
Immediately after the blasts, security was tightened across the major crowded areas of the [[Tamil Nadu|state]].<ref name="lm1" /> Alerts have been sounded in the neighbouring state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], with police checking all major railway stations across the state.<ref name="et1">{{cite news|title=Security heightened at AP railway stations after Chennai bomb blasts|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/security-heightened-at-ap-railway-stations-after-chennai-bomb-blasts/articleshow/34474206.cms|accessdate=1 May 2014|newspaper=Economic Times|date=1 May 2014}}</ref> Also, a high security red alert has been declared in the capital city of [[New Delhi]].<ref name="dna1">{{cite news|title=Red alert in Delhi after Chennai blasts|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-red-alert-in-delhi-after-chennai-blasts-1984030|accessdate=1 May 2014|newspaper=DNA|date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

===Compensation===
The deceased identified as 24-year-old woman travelling from Bangalore to Vijayawada, had been sitting in the seat where the explosion occurred.<ref name=IE1 /><ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |title= 1 dead, 14 hurt in twin blasts at Chennai railway station |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1-dead-9-injured-in-explosion-at-Chennai-railway-station/articleshow/34457393.cms? |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 1 May 2014 |accessdate= 1 May 2014}}</ref> [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union railway minister]], [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] announced an ex-gratia of {{INR}} 1 [[lakh]] (100,000 Rupees, approximately US$1667) to the family of the dead woman, {{INR}} 25,000 for grievously injured and {{INR}} 5,000 for those with minor injuries. [[Tamil Nadu Chief Minister]] [[Jayalalithaa]] also announced a solatium of {{INR}} 100,000 to the family of the dead, {{INR}} 50,000 to those who suffered serious injuries and {{INR}} 25,000 to other injured people.<ref name="bp">{{cite web|title=1 dead, 14 injured in Twin Bomb Explosion at Chennai Railway Station|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/1-dead-14-injured-in-twin-bomb-explosion-at-chennai-railway-station/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=1 May 2014}}</ref>

===Fake bomb report===
On the day following the bombing, an anonymous call about a bomb [[Express Avenue]] mall in [[Chennai]] was made, which resulted in closing of the mall for public for a few hours on 2 May and after searching the mall for suspicious objects, police declared it as a hoax.<ref name="ndtv1">{{cite web|title=Bomb Threat at Chennai Mall a Hoax: City Police|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/bomb-threat-at-chennai-mall-a-hoax-city-police-517296|publisher=NDTV|accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref> Similar bomb threat calls were made to an education institution and a suburban railway station in Chennai on the day after the bombing, which prompted the police to issue warning against such activities. Law enforcement was kept on alert for a while following the explosion and subsequent threats.

==See also==
*[[Brahmaputra Mail train bombing]]
*[[2006 Mumbai train bombings]]
*[[Jnaneswari Express train derailment]]
*[[List of railway accidents and incidents in India]]
*[[List of terrorist incidents involving railway systems]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=201405010001 Incident Summary] at the [[Global Terrorism Database]]

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai train bombing}}
[[Category:2014 murders in India]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2014]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in 2014]]
[[Category:2010s in Chennai]]
[[Category:Train bombings in India]]
[[Category:May 2014 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:May 2014 in India]]
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2014]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Indian Mujahideen attacks]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2014]]

Hanumanthanagar, Mysuru

2026-01-26T18:56:51Z

StellaWindsor21: new a details w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hanumanth Nagar
| official_name =
| native_name = Hanumanthanagara
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mysore]]
| image_skyline = Highway Circle Mysore.jpg
| image_alt = Hotel Grand Mercure opposite to Highway Circle
| image_caption = Highway Circle in Hanumanthanagar, Bannimantap
| map_alt = Location of Hanumanthanagara
| map_caption = India Karnataka#India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.340401|76.651979|display=inline,title}}
| timezone = [[indian standard time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 570015
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0821
| registration_plate = KA-55
}}
'''Hanumanthanagar''' is a locality in Bannimantap,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/africa/english/star+of+mysore-epaper-smysore/chain+snatched+at+hanumanthanagar-newsid-113579554|title=Dailyhunt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.whatpincode.com/bunnimaiad-ews-hanumantha-nagar-mysore-pin-code-is-570015/ |title=Bunnimaiad ews hanumantha nagar mysore Pin Code | Bunnimaiad ews hanumantha nagar mysore Google map |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804154751/http://www.whatpincode.com/bunnimaiad-ews-hanumantha-nagar-mysore-pin-code-is-570015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entranceindia.com/skill-training-coaching/driving-classes-in-hanumanthanagar-mysore-k-s-r-t-c-training-centre/|title = K S R T C Training Centre Driving Classes {{pipe}} ENTRANCEINDIA|date = 22 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://starofmysore.com/the-bad-road-at-hanumanthanagar/ | title=The bad road at Hanumanthanagar | date=2019-01-28 | website=starofmysore.com}}</ref> a suburb of [[Mysore]] coming on the Northern side of the city. It is part of [[Mysore district]] in [[Karnataka]] state of [[India]].<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Why-Dasara-procession-culminates-at-Bannimantap/articleshow/16897375.cms|title=Why Dasara procession culminates at Bannimantap - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 October 2012 |publisher=}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280917/howdah-jumbo-its-arjuna-again.html|title=Howdah jumbo: It's Arjuna again|date=28 September 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/food/mysore-dasara-or-dussehra-2017-the-grand-celebration-in-the-royal-city-of-mysore-1750707|title=Mysore Dussehra 2017: The Grand Festive Celebration in the Royal City of Mysuru|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-maharajas-of-mysore-ensured-that-the-dasara-festivities-were-a-grand-spectacle/article19768722.ece|title=The Maharaja's day out|first=Rudrapatnam S.|last=Ramakanth|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 September 2017|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Hanumanth Nagar is famous for the [[Jumboo Savari|Jumbo Savari]] with the golden Howdah, a part of [[Mysore Dasara]], which marks an end of the procession in Bannimantap via Highway Circle of Hanumanth Nagar.

==Etymology==
The name comes from Sri Veeranjaneyaswamy Temple in the aea<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/special-darshan-city-temples-vaikunta-ekadashi-tomorrow/|title=Special Darshan at city Temples on Vaikunta Ekadashi tomorrow|date=28 December 2017}}</ref>

==Landmarks==
* Highway Circle
* Nalapad Residency
* Bannimantap Parade Grounds<ref name="Deccan Chronicle"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/dasara-air-show-may-make-a-comeback/article6426977.ece|title=Dasara air show may make a comeback|first=Shankar|last=Bennur|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 September 2014|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/government-keen-on-reviving-air-show-this-dasara/article19726729.ece|title=Government keen on reviving air show this Dasara|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 September 2017|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* [[Karnataka Gramin Bank]] (formerly known as [[Kaveri Grameena Bank]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.codeforbanks.com/banks/ifsc-code/of/kaveri-grameena-bank/hanumanthanagar/branch/mysuru/karnataka/SBMY0RRCKGB|title = IFSC Code SBMY0RRCKGB for Hanumanthanagar Branch, Kaveri Grameena Bank, Mysuru, Karnataka}}</ref>

==Transportation==
From the Mysore city bus stand to Hanumanthanagar buses are available.

Nearby bus stops at HUDCO Layout.

==See also==
* [[Bannimantap Parade Grounds]]
*[[Naidu Nagar]]
*[[Hebbal, Mysore|Hebbal]]
*[[Hale Kesare]]
*[[Mandi Mohalla]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mysore}}

[[Category:Mysore North]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]

Rajesh Mapuskar

2026-01-16T15:31:20Z

StellaWindsor21: added initial article and citations!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2017|blp=yes}}
{{short description|Indian film writer, director and producer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajesh Mapuskar
| image = Rajesh Mapuskar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|26 September 1968}}
| birth_place = Shrivardhan, Maharashtra, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Director| Writer|Producer}}
| years_active = 1991–present
| spouse =
| website =
| parents = Anant Mapuskar (father) Sindhu Mapuskar (mother)
| relatives = Megha Barve (sister)
}}

'''Rajesh Mapuskar''' is an Indian film writer, director and producer. He got involved in the world of films at a very young age, as his family owned a cinema hall. He made his writing and directional debut with [[Ferrari Ki Sawaari]] (2012). Later, he wrote and directed the acclaimed Marathi language film ''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]'' (2016), which won him several accolades, including the [[National Film Award for Best Direction|National Film Award for Best Director]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajesh Mapuskar: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Rajesh-Mapuskar|access-date=2020-10-26|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rajesh Mapuskar was born on 26 September 1968 in [[Shrivardhan]], a village in coastal Maharashtra. He was born into a joint family, to Anant Mahadev Mapuskar and Sindhu Anant Mapuskar. He studied at Shrivardhan High School till Grade 10 and then came to Mumbai and joined [[Kirti M. Doongursee College|Kirti College]], Dadar. He graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce degree.

He spent his childhood watching movies in the cinema hall his family owned. He got involved with taking care of it at a very young age - cleaning up, taking bookings and starting the film.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kunal Guha|date=Apr 16, 2017|title=Small talk: An accidental filmmaker|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/small-talk-an-accidental-filmmaker/articleshow/58198815.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

He also introduced his cousin [[Rohan Mapuskar]] to the film industry.

He has two sons Utsav and Zeal.

== Film career ==
'''Early career'''

Mapuskar was introduced to the media world in Mumbai by Dr. Satish Rajmachikar, a television producer-director. In 1991, he started working in production with veteran ad film maker [[Dilip Ghosh (film director)|Dilip Ghosh]] at Z Films. He worked there for 4 years, then left to start on his own, producing and line-producing ad films in India and abroad. It was at this time that he met and formed a friendship with Rajkumar Hirani.

Mapuskar started Collective Efforts Films, which soon became a top line producing company. His friend Bimal Oberoi joined him as partner in the company. Mapuskar started directing music videos for artistes like Sonu Nigam, Jagjit Singh and Mika. Collective Effort Films also handled photographer Prasad Naik's print campaigns and multiple ad films in India and abroad.

'''Feature Films'''

Just when Mapuskar was readying to relocate from Mumbai to Bangkok because of the constant stream of work from there, Rajkumar Hirani asked him to work as Chief Assistant Director on his directorial debut, Munnabhai MBBS. After Munnabhai MBBS, Mapuskar worked on Hirani's next two films Lage Raho Munnabhai and 3 Idiots, as Associate Director. All three films were produced by Vinod Chopra Films.

Under the same banner, Rajesh Mapuskar made his writing and directorial debut with '''''Ferrari Ki Sawaari'''''. The critically acclaimed ‘father-son-father’ film, starring Sharman Joshi and Boman Irani, was released on 15 June 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-30|title=Didn't sit in the real Ferrari: Rajesh Mapuskar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/didn-t-sit-in-the-real-ferrari-rajesh-mapuskar/story-c3IzPHoGHB6gR2s9IOXF4K.html|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Mapuskar's next film was Marathi language film Ventilator. Written and directed by him, the film was produced by Priyanka Chopra and Dr. Madhu Chopra, under their banner Purple Pebble Pictures. The dark comedy on family relationships released on 4 November 2016. It featured Jitendra Joshi and director-actor Ashutosh Gowariker, along with an ensemble cast of 116 actors, including Mapuskar's sons Utsav and Zeal. With Ventilator, Mapuskar also launched his own production house Magij Films.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-04|title=Ventilator review: A bickering family that fights but sticks together|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/ventilator-review-a-bickering-family-that-fights-but-sticks-together/story-Vd4EZNRI3d4j9FbspIoRYN.html|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

He is currently working on his next Hindi film, a musical based in North East India. The film goes on the floor mid-2017.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Avinash Lohana|date=Oct 27, 2017|title=Shillong Chamber Choir inspires Rajesh Mapuskar's next, a musical|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shillong-chamber-choir-inspires-rajesh-mapuskars-next-a-musical/articleshow/61253473.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

'''Ad Films'''

Mapuskar has directed numerous ad films in India and abroad for production houses like Fingerprint Films and Rajkumar Hirani Films. He has worked with brands like Cadbury Drinking Chocolate, Vodacom, Milo, Cello Butterflow, Airtel, Serengeti Beer, Classmate Pens and Pan Emirates.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!Producer
!Chief AD
!Associate Director
|-
|2003
|''[[Munna Bhai MBBS]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''
|
|
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|-
|2009
|[[3 Idiots|''3 idiots'']]
|
|
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|-
|2012
|[[Ferrari Ki Sawaari|''Ferrari ki Sawaari'']]
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Rudra: The Edge of Darkness]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Yek Number (film)|Yek Number]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Real Kashmir Football Club]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|
|
|
|-
|''[[April May 99]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=‘व्हेंटिलेटर’ फेम दिग्दर्शकाच्या मराठी सिनेमाची घोषणा, कास्टिंग डायरेक्टर रोहन मापुस्कर करणार पदार्पण |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/rohan-mapuskar-direction-debut-marathi-movie-april-may-99-hrc-97-4805648/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|}

;Actor
*''[[Sau Jhooth Ek Sach]]'' (2005)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/reel/820549/people-tried-to-discourage-me-from-making-ventilator-in-marathi-says-director-rajesh-mapuskar | title=People tried to discourage me from making 'Ventilator' in Marathi, says director Rajesh Mapuskar | date=3 November 2016 }}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="16" | [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]]
|rowspan="16" | 27 October 2017
| Best Film
| ''Ventilator''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="16" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Award Marathi 2017|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-award-marathi-2017_-24704.html|work=Filmfare|date=24 October 2017|accessdate=24 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026004655/https://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-award-marathi-2017_-24704.html|archivedate=26 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=All the winners of Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/all-the-winners-of-jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2017_-24779.html|work=Filmfare|date=27 October 2017|accessdate=27 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027193551/https://www.filmfare.com/news/all-the-winners-of-jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2017_-24779.html|archivedate=27 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

|-
|'''Best Director'''
| '''Rajesh Mapuskar'''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Jitendra Joshi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| Sukanya Kulkarni Mone
| {{nom}}
|-
|'''Best Debut Director'''
| '''Rajesh Mapuskar'''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music
| Rohan Gokhale, Rohan Pradhan
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| Manoj Yadav (for song "Baba")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| Nikhil Kovale
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| Savita Singh
| {{nom}}
|-
|'''Best Original Story'''
| '''Rajesh Mapuskar'''
| {{won}}
|-
|'''Best Screenplay'''
| '''Rajesh Mapuskar'''
| {{won}}
|-
|'''Best Dialogue'''
| '''Rajesh Mapuskar'''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Editing
| Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| Rohan Gokhale, Rohan Pradhan
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| Sanjay Maurya, Allwyn Rego
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" | Lions Gold Awards
| 5 January 2017
|Favourite Marathi Film
| ''Ventilator''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=PIX: Aishwarya, Tiger Shroff at an awards show|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-aishwarya-tiger-shroff-at-an-awards-show/20170105.htm|last=Bandekar|first=Pradeep|work=Rediff.com|date=5 January 2017|accessdate=8 January 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108222732/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-aishwarya-tiger-shroff-at-an-awards-show/20170105.htm|archivedate=8 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" | [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
| 30 April 2017
| Best Film III
| ''Ventilator''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=राज्य मराठी चित्रपट महोत्सवात 'कासव' सर्वोत्कृष्ट|url=https://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-state-film-awards-kaasav-movie-1463648/|work=Loksatta|date=1 May 2017|accessdate=6 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507074527/http://www.loksatta.com/mumbai-news/maharashtra-state-film-awards-kaasav-movie-1463648/|archivedate=7 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=8" | Mata Sanman Awards
| rowspan="8" | 28 March 2017
| Best Film
| ''Ventilator''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite episode|title=Mata Sanman Awards 2017|series=Mata Sanman Awards|network=Colors Marathi|date=9 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
|'''Best Director'''
|Rajesh Mapuskar
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
| [[Jitendra Joshi]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Direction
| Rohan-Rohan
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| Manoj Yadav (for song "Baba")
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer Male
| Rohan Pradhan (for song "Baba")
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| Rajesh Mapuskar
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Editing
| Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]] Marathi
| rowspan="2" | 2 March 2017
| Listeners' Choice Song of the Year
| [[Priyanka Chopra]] (for song "Baba")
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Mirchi Music Awards Marathi|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/marathi-2016/nominations/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222112232/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/marathi-2016/nominations/|publisher=[[Mirchi Music Awards]] Marathi|archivedate=22 February 2017|accessdate=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=It was a starry affair at the Jio Mirchi Music Awards Marathi 2016 held in Mumbai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/it-was-a-starry-affair-at-the-jio-mirchi-music-awards-marathi-2016-held-in-mumbai/articleshow/57412344.cms|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304025217/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/it-was-a-starry-affair-at-the-jio-mirchi-music-awards-marathi-2016-held-in-mumbai/articleshow/57412344.cms|archivedate=4 March 2017|last=Bhatkar|first=Mrunali|work=The Times of India|date=2 March 2017|accessdate=7 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Upcoming Music Composer of the Year
|Rohan-Rohan
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[National Film Awards]]
|rowspan="3" |[[64th National Film Awards|3 May 2017]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Director|'''Best Director''']]
| Rajesh Mapuskar
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Sound Mixing]]
| Alok De
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[Pune International Film Festival]]
| February 2017
|'''Best Screenplay'''
| Rajesh Mapuskar
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|title=Priyanka Chopra's Ventilator wins big at Pune International Film Festival|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/130217/priyanka-chopras-ventilator-wins-big-at-pune-international-film-festival.html|agency=Press Trust of India|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=13 February 2017|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407234518/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/130217/priyanka-chopras-ventilator-wins-big-at-pune-international-film-festival.html|archive-date=7 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7" | Sanskruti Kaladarpan Awards
|rowspan="7" | 8 May 2017
| Best Film
| ''Ventilator''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |
<ref>{{cite news|title=संस्कृती कलादर्पण गौरवः 'कोडमंत्र' व 'व्हेंटिलेटर' ने मारली बाजी|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/sanskruti-kala-darpan-awards-2017-codemantra-and-ventilator-1469608/|work=[[Loksatta]]|date=9 May 2017|accessdate=6 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516103358/http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/sanskruti-kala-darpan-awards-2017-codemantra-and-ventilator-1469608/|archivedate=16 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| Rajesh Mapuskar
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Jitendra Joshi]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Villain
| Nilesh Diwekar
| {{won}}
|-
|'''Best Screenplay'''
| Rajesh Mapuskar
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Editing
| Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=4" | [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar]]
| rowspan="4"| 26 March 2017
| Best Film
| ''Ventilator''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite episode|title=Zee Gaurav Puraskar 2017|series=Zee Gaurav Puraskar|network=Zee Marathi|date=26 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|'''Best Director'''
| Rajesh Mapuskar
| {{nom}}
|-
|'''Best Screenplay'''
| Rajesh Mapuskar
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Editing
| Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2" | [[Zee Talkies]] Comedy Awards
| rowspan="2" | 30 July 2017
| Best Film
| ''Ventilator''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news|title='झी टॅाकीजवर कॅामेडी अवॉर्ड्स'च्या विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/zee-talkies-comedy-awards-2017-winners-full-list-1520885/|work=Loksatta|date=29 July 2017|accessdate=6 December 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205225932/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/zee-talkies-comedy-awards-2017-winners-full-list-1520885/|archivedate=5 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|'''Best Director'''
|Rajesh Mapuskar
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
# {{IMDb name|1907581}}
# [http://thereel.scroll.in/820549/people-tried-to-discourage-me-from-making-ventilator-in-marathi-says-director-rajesh-mapuskar ''INTERVIEW Rajesh Mapuskar'', "People tried to discourage me from making ‘Ventilator’ in Marathi", says director Rajesh Mapuskar, 3 November 2016 · 01:30 pm]
#[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1907581/bio ''Biography'',Rajesh Mapuskar is a director and writer, known for Ferrari Ki Sawaari (2012), Ventilator (2016) and 3 Idiots (2009)]
#[https://mubi.com/cast/rajesh-mapuskar ''Rajesh Mapuskar on MUBI'',2012]

{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mapuskar, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Marathi winners]]

IREL (India)

2026-01-15T21:37:50Z

StellaWindsor21: new the entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Government-owned mining corporation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = IREL (India) Limited
| logo = Indian Rare Earths Logo.svg
| logo_size = 100px
| image = Indian Rare Earths Limited at Kovilthottam in Kollam, Nov 2016.jpg
| image_caption = IRE centre in [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| former_name = Indian Rare Earths Limited
| type = [[Public Sector Undertaking]]
| slogan =
| foundation = 18 August 1950<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barc.ernet.in/about/mmile.htm |title=Department of Atomic Energy: Milestones |publisher=Barc.ernet.in |access-date=10 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920002004/http://barc.ernet.in/about/mmile.htm |archive-date=20 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| location = 1207, Veer Savakar Marg, Prabhadevi, near Siddhi Vinayak temple
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
| key_people = D. Singh ([[Chairman]] & [[Managing director|MD]])
| industry = [[Rare-earth mineral|Rare Earth Extraction]]
| products = [[Ilmenite]] [[Leucoxene]] [[Rutile]] [[Zircon]] [[Garnet]] [[Sillimanite]] [[Lanthanum carbonate]] [[Cerium(III) carbonate]] [[Neodymium]] [[Praseodymium]] [[Samarium]] [[Gadolinium]] [[Yttrium]] NdPr Oxalate [[Thorium(IV) nitrate]] [[Trisodium phosphate]] Rare Earth Chloride
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|1536.30|c}} (2021) <ref name="Balance Sheet 2021">[https://www.irel.co.in/documents/20126/114997/Annual+report+_2020-21.pdf/71bdcd04-da97-7361-d0fe-bbac32fc52e9?t=1644381225303 "Balance Sheet 31.03.2021"].</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|500.12|c}} (2021)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2021"/>
| profit = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|315.68|c}} (2021)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2021"/>
| assets = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|1703.55|c}} (2021)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2021"/>
| equity = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|1167.15|c}} (2021)<ref name="Balance Sheet 2021"/>
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| num_employees = 1222 (March 2021) <ref name="Balance Sheet 2021"/>
| homepage = {{URL|irel.co.in}}
}}

'''IREL (India) Limited''', formerly '''Indian Rare Earths Ltd''', is an Indian [[Public Sector Undertaking]] based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It specializes in mining and refining [[rare earth metals]].

It has installed capacity to process about 10,000 MT of rare earth bearing mineral. As regards production, capacity and capabilities in terms of mining, processing, extraction, refining and production of high pure RE oxides is adequately available in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-not-reliant-on-china-to-access-rare-earth-minerals-jitendra-singh-11671027007212.html | title=India not reliant on China to access rare earth minerals: Jitendra Singh | date=14 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news/irel-india-renewed-its-agreement/31246 | title=IREL India renewed its agreement to Boost Rare Earth Sector | date=9 February 2022 }}</ref> The company primarily exports it's rare earth compounds to USA, UK, France, Germany, Norway, and Japan.<ref>{{cite web | title=India Likely to Suspend Rare Earth Exports Deal with Japan in Bid to Counter China's Dominance, Eyes Self-Reliance | date=14 June 2025 | url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/economy-and-policy/india-likely-to-suspend-rare-earth-exports-deal-with-japan-in-bid-to-counter-chinas-dominance }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=The Particulars of Organisation, Functions and Duties | url=https://irel.co.in/documents/20126/0/RTI_1.pdf/bc3c9a33-9799-9dee-eb74-83ce2cb944fb?t=1594773976173 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806115345/https://irel.co.in/documents/20126/0/RTI_1.pdf/bc3c9a33-9799-9dee-eb74-83ce2cb944fb?t=1594773976173 | archive-date=2024-08-06}}</ref>

== Production facilities ==
===Rare Earths Division (RED) Aluva===

This plant, the first unit of IREL, became operational in 1952 for the processing of [[monazite]], whose capacity was subsequently increased by about three times. Rare Earths Division (RED), Udyogamandal, Aluva is located on the banks of [[Periyar River]] in Kerala, some 12 km from the port city of [[Kochi]] and 15 km from [[Kochi International Airport]].

In 2012, the plant was refurbished to process mixed rare earth chlorides. It produces high pure individual rare earth compounds of [[lanthanum]] and [[cerium]] in oxide and carbonate form, and that of [[neodymium]]-[[praseodymium]], [[samarium]], [[gadolinium]] and [[yttrium]] in oxide and oxalate form (with more than 99% Purity). RED also produces strategic materials for the Department of Atomic Energy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rare Earths Division Aluva |url=https://www.irel.co.in/rare-earths-division-aluva |access-date=2024-04-19}}</ref>

=== Odisha Sand Complex (OSCOM) and OSCOM - Rare Earth Extraction Plant (REEP)===

IREL commissioned its largest division called Odisha Sand Complex (OSCOM)<ref>{{cite web |author=DAE |url=http://www.dae.gov.in/ar2001/irel.htm |title=Indian Rare Earths Limited |publisher=Dae.gov.in |access-date=10 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915061434/http://www.dae.gov.in/ar2001/irel.htm |archive-date=15 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> at [[Chhatrapur]], [[Odisha, India|Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/21/stories/2010052151330300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106065843/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/21/stories/2010052151330300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Other States / Orissa News : Drinking water projects inaugurated in three villages |date=21 May 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissalinks.com/orissagrowth/topics/investments-and-investment-plans-in-orissa/central-public-sector/indian-rare-earths-ltd|title=___________ » Indian Rare Earths Ltd|access-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> Today IREL operates these four units along with a corporate office in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isis-online.org/publications/southasia/indianprocurement.pdf |title=In 1986x, Indian Rare Earth Ltd |access-date=10 July 2010}}</ref> and a unit located in [[Manavalakurichi]] of [[Kanyakumari district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irel.gov.in/scripts/about_us.asp|title=About Us|access-date=11 February 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903140542/http://irel.gov.in/scripts/about_us.asp|archive-date=3 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It produces/sells six heavy minerals namely [[ilmenite]], [[rutile]], [[zircon]], [[monazite]], [[sillimanite]], and [[garnet]] as well as various value added products.

From 1 May 2015 it started commercial operation of Monazite Processing Plant at Orissa to process 10000tpa monazite to produce 11220tpa of rare earth chloride, 13500 tri-sodium phosphate, 26tpa NGADU etc. Similarly High Pure Rare Earth facility also commenced operation to refine pure rare earth compounds. In 2013 [[Gopalpur port]] shipped 7,500 metric tonne of ilmenite from Orissa Sand Complex (OSCOM) to South Korea for the first time after IREL started the operation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/gopalpur-port-begins-operations/articleshow/20288883.cms | title=Gopalpur Port begins operations | newspaper=The Times of India | date=27 May 2013 }}</ref> Monazite deposit in Odisha contains rare earths like, [[Lanthanum]], [[Cerium]], [[Praseodymium]], [[Neodymium]] etc. It also contains [[Thorium]] which is a "prescribed substance", the list of which was revised in 2006 under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/countrys-only-monazite-processing-plant-goes-on-stream-115100900778_1.html|title=Countrys only monazite processing plant goes on stream|first=Hrusikesh |last=Mohanty|date=9 October 2015|website=business-standard.com}}</ref>

IREL has set up a Rare Earth Extraction plant (REEP) producing mixed Rare Earth chloride (MRCL) Tri-sodium phosphate etc., at its unit OSCOM Odisha. MRCL produced from the above plant is processed at IREL's plant at Rare Earth Division (RED) in Aluva Kerala for producing separated High Pure Rare Earth (HPRE) Oxides/Compounds.Rare Earth processing unit having installed capacity of 11200 tpa mixed Rare Earth Chlorides was commissioned in the year 2015–16.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.irel.co.in/oscom-rare-earth-extraction-plant | title=OSCOM - Rare Earth Extraction Plant - IREL (India) Limited }}</ref>

===Manavalakurichi unit (MK)===
IREL opened the division in 1963 after becoming a fully public sector undertaking under the administrative control of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE), [[Government of India]], IREL will carry out beach sand mining and extract heavy minerals at an area of 1,144.06 hectare in eight villages of Kanniyakumari district. It currently holds beach sand mining lease for an area of 178.06 hectare including 29.78 hectare in Midalam and Keezhmidalam,148.27 hectare in Manavalakurichi of Kanyakumari district.

IREL has a mineral manufacturing unit functioning in Manavalakurichi village near Colachel in Kanniyakumari for extracting ilmenite, zircon, rutile, monazite and sillimanite.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/may/22/centre-gives-nod-for-irel-to-mine-beach-sand-for-heavy-minerals-in-kanniyakumari-after-21-years-2456532.html | title=Centre gives nod for IREL to mine beach sand for heavy minerals in Kanniyakumari after 21 years | date=24 May 2022 }}</ref> Annual production capacity of MK mineral separation plant is 91,200 tonnes per annum (tpa) of Ilmenite and other associated minerals such as rutile, zircon and garnet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.irel.co.in/manavalakurichi-mineral-division | title=Manavalakurichi Mineral Division - IREL (India) Limited }}</ref>

===Chavara Mineral Division===
{{no sources|section|date=November 2025}}
Chavara mineral separation plant is located 10 km north of Kollam and 85 km from Thiruvananthapuram the Capital of Kerala. It is about 135 km from Kochi, the major port in Kerala. The nearest airport is at Thiruvananthapuram. The adjacent area of Chavara is blessed with one of the best mineral sand deposits in the country – the renowned “Q” Grade minerals.

The Chavara mines contain as high as 40% heavy minerals extending over a stretch of 23 km in the coastal belt of Neendakara and Kayamkulam, The deposits is quite rich with [[ilmenite]], [[rutile]], [[zircon]], [[sillimanite]] and is unique with weathered variety having 60% TiO2 ilmenite.

The plant has a capacity to produce 2,35,900 tpa of ilmenite and associated minerals such as rutile, zircon and sillimanite. It has a facility to produce [[Zirflor]] in sizes (-300 and -200) in the zircon opacifier plant. The plant operates on an advanced modular design with state of the art equipment in mineral separation and has a well - equipped quality control laboratory for quality assurance. It is certified for [[ISO 9001:2008]], 14001:2004 and 18001:2007.

===Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Plant (REPM), Vishakapatnam ===

This plant was opened in 2023. IREL has set up this plant for producing Rare Earth Permanent Magnet (REPM) at Visakhapatnam based on Indigenous Technology. This plant produces [[Samarium–cobalt magnet|samarium-cobalt permanent magnet]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/a-rare-earths-roadmap-for-india-seeking-atma-nirbharta-in-indian-technology-10270901.html | title=A rare earths roadmap for India: Seeking atma nirbharta in Indian technology | date=9 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.irel.co.in/repm | title=REPM – Rare Earth Permanent Magnet (VIZAG) - IREL (India) Limited }}</ref>

The plant has an annual capacity of 3,000 kg and overall cost is 197 crore. The Facility has been established based on indigenous technology developed by [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] and [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory|DMRL]] and using indigenous rare earth [[Samarium]] resources.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 May 2023 |title=PM Modi dedicates Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Plant at BARC |url=https://psuwatch.com/newsupdates/pm-modi-dedicates-rare-earth-permanent-magnet-plant-at-barc |website=PSU Watch Bureau}}</ref>

===IRERC, Kollam===

The Corporate Research Centre is located at [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102009/1002.pdf |title=1002.PDF | apr102009 | currsci | Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109155615/https://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102009/1002.pdf |archive-date=9 January 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and carries out research in the field of value added products from beach sand minerals, undertakes consultancy projects on mineral separation and flow sheet development, carrying out mineral analysis and caters to the needs of internal and external customers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irel.gov.in/scripts/unit.asp |title=Indian Rare Earths Limited - About Us |publisher=Irel.gov.in |access-date=10 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113114214/http://www.irel.gov.in/scripts/unit.asp |archive-date=13 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Research and development==

IREL Technology Development Council (IRELTDC) is formed with an objective of promoting industrial scale [[research and development]] (R&D) that would be beneficial to the overall programme of DAE in both strategic and non-strategic fields utilizing mineral & value-added products of IREL. Council invites funds and monitors R&D project proposals from CSIR, IITs, State & Central laboratories, for large scale application & exploitation on the areas of technology of mutual interest.

===List of completed R&D projects===

Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=IREL (India) Limited: R & D Projects Completed |url=https://www.irel.co.in/documents/20126/253901/NEW++COMPLETED+22072020-converted+%281%29.pdf |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=IREL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Amen letters and rules (National Elite Foundation) | language=fa | url=https://www.inae.in/wp-content/themes/fortuna-child/img/Metallurgy%20REPORT.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129172035/https://www.inae.in/wp-content/themes/fortuna-child/img/Metallurgy%20REPORT.pdf | archive-date=2023-01-29}}</ref>

# Augmentation of PREE solvent extraction test facility at RED.
# Pilot-scale production for nanosize rare earth phosphates and development of potential industrial application areas.
# Design and development of environmentally secure rare earth based colorants.
# Inflight processing of metallised ilmenite in a DC plasma furnace for continuous production of titania-rich slag and pig iron.
# Development of cerium oxide based nano materials for applications as Chemical-Mechanical Planarisation/Polishing (CMP) slurry.
# Recovery of heavy rare earths from phosphoric acid using phosphorus-based commercial extractants and their mixtures.
# Synthesis and properties of electrodeposited nickel/ceria nanocomposite coatings.
# Catalysis by nano Crystalline Ceria Modifies with Transition Metals.
# Design and scale-up of Annular Centrifugal Extractor (ACE).
# Processing of monazite through sulphuric acid for the recovery of rare earths, thorium and uranium.
# Preparation of mullite and zirconia toughened mullite from sillimanite.
# Study of suitability of magnetic separators as replacement for air tables for recovery of monazite.
# Versatile nano zirconia production facility at IREL, OSCOM.
# High-field composite varistors based on rare earth oxides.
# Smart magneto rheological elastomers based on rare earth Magnets.
# Production of nano titania from ilmenite and set up a pilot plant to process 1 ton/batch.
# Production of environmentally secure rare earth oxide brown pigment for surface coating applications.
# Optimization of processing parameters to produce high aspect ratio synthetic wollastonite.
# Improving recovery of heavy minerals at IREL plants using spiral separators.
# Suitability of rare earth drum magnetic separator to increase plant efficiency at IREL, Chavara.
# With the help of [[National Metallurgical Laboratory]], Column flotation technology for the beneficiation of sillimanite was successfully developed and demonstrated first at the IREL plant in Orissa. Today it is commercially operating with consistent recovery and grades, both at Chatrapur and Chavara.
# With help of [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]], Cerium and lanthanum metals have been prepared by fused salt electrolysis from its phosphors, These rare earth based phosphors compounds have been separated and purified from the stock obtained from beach sands.

==Finance==

IREL records highest-ever sales turnover and PBT in FY 2021–22. According to the company, it has achieved its highest ever sales turnover and profit before tax (PBT) since its inception. The sales turnover and PBT stood at a whopping Rs 1462.05 crore, while the PBT stood at about Rs 700.00 crore, which surpassed the previous year record by 53.3 percent and 68.6 percent respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://psuwatch.com/national-news/irel-records-highest-ever-sales-turnover-and-pbt-in-fy-2021-22 | title=IREL records highest-ever sales turnover and PBT in FY 2021-22 | date=5 April 2022 }}</ref>

IREL declared and paid dividend of Rs.166.67 Crores out of the profit for the financial year 2021–22. The total income of the company was Rs. 1536.30 crore.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news/irel-pays-dividend-of-rs-167-cr-for-the-year-2021-22/34762/ | title=IREL pays dividend of Rs. 166.67 Cr for the year 2021-22 | date=14 October 2022 }}</ref>

==Collaboration==
IREL extracts the rare earth metal and rare earth alloy using the refining technique based on laboratory scale process developed by [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] and [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory|DMRL]].<ref name="auto"/>

IREL (India) Limited renewed its agreement with [[Toyota Tsusho|Toyotsu Rare Earths (India)]] for creating a critical minerals supply chain.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/partnering-with-japan-for-critical-minerals-supply/ | title=Partnering with Japan for critical minerals supply | date=28 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news/IREL-India-renewed-its-agreement/31246|title=IREL India renewed its agreement to Boost Rare Earth Sector|website=www.psuconnect.in |date=9 February 2022 }}</ref> Toyotsu Rare Earths (India) remarkets the rare earth oxides or carbonates like Lanthanum Oxide(LA2O3), Cerium Oxide(CEO2), Praseodymium Oxide(PR6O11), Neodymium Oxide(ND2O3), Praseodymium-Neodymium Oxide((PRND)2O3) and Cerium Carbonate (CE2(CO3)3) from IREL.IREL suspended the agreement with [[Toyota Tsusho|Toyotsu Rare Earths (India)]] on 14 June 2025.<ref>{{cite web | title=India Likely to Suspend Rare Earth Exports Deal with Japan in Bid to Counter China's Dominance, Eyes Self-Reliance | date=14 June 2025 | url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/economy-and-policy/india-likely-to-suspend-rare-earth-exports-deal-with-japan-in-bid-to-counter-chinas-dominance }}</ref>

Reduction-Diffusion Technique is a process used by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) for the production of enriched uranium as well as magnet production in Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Plant (REPM), Vishakapatnam. IREL uses the same process for thorium and other radio active metals.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 May 2023 |title=PM Modi inaugurates 'Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Plant, Vishakhapatnam' |url=https://psuwatch.com/newsupdates/pm-modi-inaugurates-rare-earth-permanent-magnet-plant-vishakhapatnam |website=PSU Watch Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparation of rare earth-cobalt magnet alloy by reduction-diffusion process |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Volumes/boms/002/03/0161-0165.pdf |access-date=2024-04-19}}</ref>

== Upcoming projects==

===Ambadongar Rare Earth project===

New carbonatite deposit in Gujarat. Technical feasibility and economic viability studies undertaken.<ref name="PUI">{{cite web | url=https://www.irel.co.in/projects-under-implementation | title=Projects Under Implementation - IREL (India) Limited }}</ref>

===IREL-IDCOL Ltd ===

Setting up of new mining and mineral separation plant for winning beach sand mineral deposits in Puri District of Odisha.<ref name="PUI"/>

===Private Freight Terminal (PFT)- OSCOM ===

Conversion of IRELs Private railway siding to Private Freight Terminal<ref name="PUI"/>

===Capacity expansion of OSCOM plant===

Increase in capacity from 2.8 to 6.2 lakh tpa of Ilmenite and associated minerals.<ref name="PUI"/>

== Export controls ==
In June 2025, it was reported that the Indian government asked IREL to suspend a 13-year-old rare earth export agreement with Japan in order to safeguard supplies for India's domestic uses, as the country is also seeking to reduce dependence on Chinese rare earths imports.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2025 |title=India moves to conserve its rare earths, seeks halt to Japan exports, sources say |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/india-moves-to-conserve-its-rare-earths-seeks-halt-to-japan-exports-sources-say/articleshow/121827729.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sarkarinaukrieasyalert.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/IREL-logo.png IREL(INDIA) LIMITED LOGO]

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Rare earth companies]]
[[Category:Mining companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1950]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1950]]
[[Category:Metal companies of India]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Government-owned mining companies of India]]

Gujarat Giants

2026-01-11T18:15:08Z

StellaWindsor21:

'''Gujarat Giants''' may refer:

* [[Gujarat Giants (WPL)]], a cricket team in the Women's Premier League based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat
* [[Gujarat Giants (PKL)]], a kabbadi team in the Pro Kabaddi League based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat
* [[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)]], a kho-kho team in the Ultimate Kho Kho League based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat

{{disambiguation}}

Nexus Seawoods

2026-01-06T13:28:39Z

StellaWindsor21: added new article needs work!

{{Short description|Shopping Mall in Navi Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{infobox shopping mall
| name = Nexus Seawoods
| logo = Nexus SEAWOODS Logo.svg
| logo_width = 175px
| image = Seawoods Grand Central 4.jpg
| image_width = 275px
| caption = Seawoods Grand Central 4
| location = [[Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|1|17.66|N|73|1|5.86|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| address = Plot No R, 1, Seawoods Station Rd, near Railway Station, Nerul East, Sector 40
| opening_date = 23 March 2017
| developer = [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| manager =
| owner = Nexus Select Trust
| number_of_stores =
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area = {{cvt|971742|sqft}}
| floors = 4
| website = {{URL|https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-seawood}}
}}

'''Nexus Seawoods''', formerly known as '''Seawoods Grand Central Mall''', is a [[shopping mall]] located in [[Seawoods]], [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lntrealty.com/retails/seawoods-grand-central-navi-mumbai|title=Malls & Retails in Navi Mumbai {{!}} Seawoods Grand Central, Navi Mumbai {{!}} L&T Realty|website=Real Estate Developers in Mumbai, India {{!}} Residential, Commercial Property Developers in Mumbai, Bangalore|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://mumbai.mallsmarket.com/malls/seawoods-grand-central-mall-navi-mumbai|title=Seawoods Grand Central Mall Navi Mumbai|last=Gr|first=Seawoods|last2=Road|first2=Central Mall Gharkul|website=Mumbai|language=en|access-date=2019-01-08|last3=Mumbai|first3=Seawoods Railway Station Sector 40 400706 Navi}}</ref> Launched in 2017 as Seawoods Grand Central, it was built as Transit Oriented Development, allowing seamless access to the mall from suburban railway. Spanning 40 acres, Nexus Seawoods has multiple shops including a multiplex ([[IMAX]] & [[4DX]]), game arcade, fashion, accessories, cafes and restaurants. It has centralized air conditioning and a security and building management system.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Nexus Seawoods is also home to a large exhibition space with a wide selection of home-grown and local brands that exhibit their wares.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fun Things To Do Beyond Shopping At Seawoods Grand Central In Navi Mumbai {{!}} LBB|url=https://lbb.in/mumbai/things-to-do-seawoods-grand-central/|access-date=2020-11-03|website=LBB, Mumbai|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Built by [[Larsen & Toubro|Larsen and Toubro Realty]], Nexus Seawoods was envisioned as part of a [[Transit-oriented development|Transit Oriented Development]] project which includes offices and residential complexes, all built around [[Seawoods-Darave-Karave railway station|Seawoods Darave railway station]] of the [[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour line]].<ref name=":0" /> Spread around 40 acres and with a leasable area of 1.2 million sq.ft., it is India's largest retail transit-oriented development project.

Work on the retail project began around 2008, following an agreement between [[Larsen & Toubro#Construction|L&T Realty]] and [[City and Industrial Development Corporation|CIDCO]] to develop the Seawoods Darave station area.<ref>[https://corpwebstorage.blob.core.windows.net/media/31172/april-21-2008.pdf april-21-2008.pdf]</ref> During construction of the mall, [[Blackstone Group]], through its Indian subsidiary Nexus Malls, bought retail spaces spanning 1 million sq.ft from L&T Realty.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Nandy |first=Madhurima |date=2017-03-21 |title=Blackstone subsidiary Nexus to launch its first mall in India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/lwW4DWAjuPPeudPBNUDEIO/Blackstone-subsidiary-Nexus-to-launch-its-first-mall-in-Indi.html |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

On March 23, 2017, the first phase of the mall, which includes retail spaces, officially opened to the general public under the name Seawoods Grand Central (SGC) Mall.<ref name=":2" /> The second phase was opened in 2019, which includes gaming and arcade zones, a multiplex with IMAX and 4DX and a second exhibition space.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retailers Association of India (RAI) |url=https://rai.net.in/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=rai.net.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, as part of consolidating all of its malls under the Nexus brand, Seawoods Grand Central was officially renamed to Nexus Seawoods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nexus Malls reveals its new brand identity |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com//2022/06/08/nexus-malls-reveals-its-new-brand-identity |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.indiaretailing.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{Official|https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-seawood/}}

{{Larsen & Toubro}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Navi Mumbai]]

Hemant Joshi (politician)

2026-01-05T13:16:29Z

StellaWindsor21: new first article v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox office holder
| constituency = [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Ranjanben Dhananjay Bhatt]]
}}
'''Hemant Joshi''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Vadodara]], Gujarat. He was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency]]. He belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Vadodara, Gujarat Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/vadodara-gujarat-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547695-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Vadodara election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Hemang Joshi in lead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vadodara-election-results-2024-gujarat-vadodara-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-hemang-joshi-bjp-padhiyar-jashpalsinh-mahendrasinh-bapu-cong/articleshow/110643642.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2024-06-04 |title=Vadodara Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP's Hemang Joshi Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/vadodara-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-gujarat-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Hemant}}

[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

AEC metro station

2025-12-19T17:49:35Z

StellaWindsor21: starting a stub

{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Red Line metro station}}
{{notability|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = AEC
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| type = {{Ahmedabad Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}
| image =
| caption =
| address = Dharm Nagar II, Sabarmati, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380005
| coordinates = {{coord|23.07511|72.59321|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| operator = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Sector-1 metro station (Gandhinagar)|Sector-1]] / {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|GIFT City}} Platform-2 → [[APMC metro station|APMC]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|6 October 2022}}
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Red|left=Sabarmati|to-left=Sector-1 or GIFT City|right=Sabarmati Railway Station|to-right=APMC}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''AEC''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2024}} Around this metro station holds the main and upcoming '''Sabarmati HSR Terminal''' railway station along with AEC Garden Park and [[Torrent Power|Torrent Power Limited]].

This phase of the metro system was inaugurated on 30 September 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was opened to the public on 6 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Ahmedabad: North-South corridor metro service to be operational from October 6 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-north-south-corridor-metro-service-to-be-operational-from-october-6-article-94664917 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = AEC track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Sabarmati}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Sabarmati Railway Station}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[APMC metro station|APMC]] '''Next Station:''' [[Sabarmati Railway Station metro station|Sabarmati Railway Station]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Sector-1 (Gandhinagar) metro station|Sector-1]]
'''Next Station:''' [[Sabarmati metro station|Sabarmati]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

S. P. Sudrania

2025-12-16T07:15:27Z

StellaWindsor21:

{{Short description|Indian paediatrician}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = S.P. Sudrania
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 3 July 1936
| birth_place = [[Jhunjhunu]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| field = [[Paediatrics]] [[Medicine]]
| awards =
| alma_mater = [[Rajasthan University]], [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]], [[SMS Medical College]]
}}
'''Swayambar Prasad Sudrania''' (born 3 July 1936) is a former senior consultant and professor in [[paediatrics]] at [[SMS Medical College]] [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, India. He is well-known and quoted for his work in electrocrygram, dermatoglyphics and oral rehydration solution. His Post Doctoral Thesis on "A Study of Serum Electrolytes in Infantile and early Childhood Diarrhoea (ORS)" was submitted to University of Rajasthan in 1966. He was awarded Vikas Ratna in 2000-2001 by the International Integration and Growth Society for his contribution towards development of medical sciences. He is also Nahar Samman winner of 1996-97 awarded by the Rajasthan Welfare Association.

Sudrania was born in Islampur, [[Jhunjhunu]] district of Rajasthan and completed his M.B.B.S. from [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]] in 1962. He was the first M.D. (Paediatrics) from University of Rajasthan in 1966 where he topped the university; he was recipient of F.I.C.P. award from USA and F.R.S.T.M & H. award from U.K. apart from M.N.A.M.S. (Member of National Academy of Medical Sciences) award from Indian Academy of Medical Sciences for his academic career. He was granted position of Senior Scientist in Medical field by the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] for 1993–94.

During 33 years of active service in [[Government of Rajasthan]] he treated/attended 25 lac children at national and international medical colleges and hospitals and conducted over 170 medical relief camps. Sudrania guided 18 doctorates in paediatrics and examined nearly 6,000 MBBS/DCH and M.D. students apart from mentoring numerous para-medical students. He was on foreign assignment for nearly six years and was deputed for medical and healthcare and delivering lectures in 29 countries of North America, South America Europe, Africa and Asia.

==Research career==
Sudrania has guest lectured, read papers, chaired session in 29 countries including Sheraj (Iran) in 1976, Berlin in 1980, Tripoli (Libya) in 1981 and 1982, Manila in 1983, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992, Atlanta (USA) in 1992, Cairo in 1995, and Durham (USA) in 1996 at Duke Medical Center, from which he got a fellowship. He was one of the members of O.R.S. Committee at WHO Headquarters at Geneva (Switzerland).

Sudrania held a number of positions: member of Indian Association for Advancement of Medical Education, member of Indian Academy of Paediatrics (President of Rajasthan in 1986), member of all Rajasthan Paediatrics Association (had been in Executive many times), member of [[Indian Medical Association]] (Secretary of state in 1974).

==Selected publications==
* ''Incidence of Oxyuriasis in Paediatric Ward of Umaid Hospital of Jodhpur'', read in International Arabic Conference of Parasitology - Sheraj (Iran), 1976.
* ''Incidence of Acute Juvenile Rheumatism in Un. Children Hospital "Tripoli'', read in International Arabic Conference of Medicine, 1981.
* ''A Study on Marasmus anjd Kwashiorkor in Un. Children Hospital of Tripoli (Libya)'', read in International Arabic Conference of Paediatrics, 1982.
* ''Electrocrygram or Cry analysis as one of the diagnostic and prognostic tool in different diseases in paediatric practice''. A new concept, read in National Conference of Japan, 1982.
* ''Dermatoglyphics for genetic disorders'', read in International Conference of Paediatrics, Manila, 1983.
* ''Dermatoglyphics as diagnostic tool'', paper read in XX World Congress of Paediatrics, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Sept. 1992 and Cairo (Egypt) Sept. 1995.

== External links ==
*[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02790642 Estimation of serum electrolytes in cases of gastroenteritis]
*[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02755424 Drug-induced disorders in the perinatal period]
*[http://indianpediatrics.net/may1994/607.pdf ESR Estimation in Fasting] Indian pediatrics
*[http://indianpediatrics.net/may1994/608.pdf Extrapyramidal Syndrome Following Ciprofloxacin Treatment] Indian pediatrics
*[http://indianpediatrics.net/may1994/609.pdf Post-Polio Residual Paralysis in Rural Areas—Place of Physical Therapy] Indian pediatrics
*[https://indianpediatrics.net/may1994/current.htm Indian Pediatrics - Contents]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudrania, Swayambar Prasad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Jaipur]]
[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]
[[Category:Indian paediatricians]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sawai Man Singh Medical College alumni]]

Plurality (voting)

2025-12-15T13:08:50Z

StellaWindsor21: reworked lead based on references

{{Short description|Poll most votes, but less than half overall}}
{{about|a majority of voters|voting system|Plurality voting}}
[[File:Plurality versus Majority.svg|thumb|Pie charts illustrating the difference between a mere plurality (where the green/bottom area is less than 50% of the total area) and a majority (where the green/bottom area is greater than 50% of the total area of the pie chart).]]
A '''plurality vote''' (in [[North American English]]) or '''relative majority''' (in [[British English]])<ref name="Fowler1965" /> describes the circumstance when a [[political party|party]], [[candidate]], or [[Ballot proposition|proposition]] polls more votes than any other but does not receive a ''[[majority]]'' or more than half of all votes cast.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plurality |title = plurality |work = Merriam-Webster Dictionary |access-date=2015-12-29 |quote = a number of votes that is more than the number of votes for any other candidate or party but that is not more than half of the total number of votes }}</ref>

For example, if from 100 votes that were cast, 45 were for ''candidate A'', 30 were for ''candidate B'' and 25 were for ''candidate C'', then ''candidate A'' received a plurality of votes but not a majority. In some election contests, the winning candidate or proposition may need only a plurality, depending on the rules of the organization holding the vote.<ref name="Robert">{{cite book |title=Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised |last1=Robert |first1=Henry M. III |last2=Honemann |first2=Daniel H. |last3=Balch |first3=Thomas J. |year=2011 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-82021-2 |edition=11 |pages = 404–405 }}</ref>

== Versus majority ==
In international institutional law, a ''simple majority'' (also a ''plurality'') is the largest number of votes cast (disregarding abstentions) ''among'' alternatives. In many jurisdictions, a simple majority is a stronger requirement than a plurality (yet weaker than an ''absolute majority'') in that more votes than half cast, excluding abstentions, are required.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0951629809347557?journalCode=jtpa | doi=10.1177/0951629809347557 | title=The Properties of Simple Vs. Absolute Majority Rule: Cases Where Absences and Abstentions Are Important | date=2010 | last1=Dougherty | first1=Keith L. | last2=Edward | first2=Julian | journal=Journal of Theoretical Politics | volume=22 | pages=85–122 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/in-parliament-which-votes-require-a-simple-majority-and-which-votes-require-an-absolute-majority | title=In Parliament, which votes require a simple majority and which votes require an absolute majority? - Parliamentary Education Office }}</ref>

An ''absolute majority'' (also a ''[[Majority#Majority vote|majority]]'') is a number of votes "greater than the number of votes that possibly can be obtained at the same time for any other solution",{{Efn|For example, 50 voters elect six office holders from a field of 11 candidates, thereby casting 300 votes. The largest ''absolute majority'' in this scenario would be 50 voters casting all their ballots for the same six candidates, which at 300 votes would be substantially higher than the ''simple majority'' of 151 votes—a result that no individual candidate can achieve, since the most votes any one can receive is 50. With the smallest absolute majority in this scenario, the six winners would receive 28 votes each, totaling 168, and the [[Runner-up|runners-up]] would receive either 27 or 26 votes each.}} when voting for ''multiple'' alternatives at a time<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schermers|first1=Henry G. |authorlink1=Henry G. Schermers |last2=Blokker|first2=Niels M. |title= International Institutional Law: Unity Within Diversity|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|edition=5|year=2011|isbn=978-9004187986 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OMXToQLp21UC&q=relative+majority }}</ref>{{Efn|An ''absolute majority'' can also mean a "[[Supermajority#Majority of the entire membership|majority of the entire membership]]", a [[voting basis]] that requires that more than half of ''all'' the members of a body (including those absent and those present but not voting) to vote in favour of a proposition in order for it to be passed.}}

A ''qualified majority'' (also a ''[[supermajority]]'') is a number of votes above a specified percentage (e.g. two-thirds); a ''relative majority'' (also a ''plurality'') is the number of votes obtained that is greater than any other option.

[[Henry Watson Fowler]] suggested that the American terms ''plurality'' and ''majority'' offer single-word alternatives for the corresponding two-word terms in British English, ''relative majority'' and ''absolute majority'', and that in British English ''majority'' is sometimes understood to mean "receiving the most votes" and can therefore be confused with ''plurality''.<ref name="Fowler1965">{{cite book |last=Fowler |first=Henry Watson |author-link=Henry Watson Fowler |title=[[A Dictionary of Modern English Usage]]|publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=2 |year=1965 |location=Oxford|page = 725 |isbn=0-19-953534-5 }}</ref>{{Efn|"With three-cornered contests as common as they now are, we may have occasion to find a convenient single word for what we used to call an ''absolute majority''... In America the word ''majority'' itself has that meaning while a poll greater than that of any other candidate, but less than half the votes cast is called a ''plurality.'' It might be useful to borrow this distinction..." —Henry Watson Fowler}}

In strict electoral sense (especially in American English) the terms ''[[#top|plurality]]'' and ''[[majority]]'' can not overlap and are mutually exclusive. A ''plurality'' refers to receiving the most votes but less than half of the total, whereas a ''majority'' refers to receiving the most votes exceeding half of the total.

== See also ==
* [[Plurality voting system]]
* [[Plurality-at-large voting]]
* [[Plurality opinion]]
* [[Voting system]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{-}}
{{Majorities}}

[[Category:Majority]]
[[Category:Voting theory]]

Extended family

2025-12-14T19:12:09Z

StellaWindsor21:

{{Short description|Family that extends beyond the immediate family}}
{{About||the TV series|Extended Family (TV series)|the TV episode|Extended Families (Friday Night Lights)}}
[[File:Five photographs of a very large, unknown, multigenerational family, taken against the side of a house, 1914 October 4 - DPLA - 53ea22a8bac494d583b6150d41b02f5c (page 2).jpg|260px|thumb|right|1914 extended family photograph]]
{{Anthropology of kinship |concepts}}
{{childcare}}
An '''extended family''' is a family that extends beyond the [[nuclear family]] of parents and their children to include aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins or other relatives, all living nearby or in the same household. Particular forms include the '''stem''' and '''joint families'''.

==Description==
In some circumstances, the extended family comes to live either with or in place of a member of the immediate family. These families include, in one household or close proximity, relatives in addition to an immediate family.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=eXnaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 Webster's New World Dictionary], p. 231 (2013)</ref> An example would be an elderly parent who moves in with their children due to old age. In modern Western cultures dominated by [[immediate family]] constructs, the term has come to be used generically to refer to grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins, whether they live together within the same household or not.<ref>Andersen, Margaret L and Taylor, Howard Francis (2007). The extended family may live together for many reasons, such as to help raise children, support for an ill relative, or help with financial problems. Sociology: Understanding a diverse society. p. 396 {{ISBN|0-495-00742-0}}.</ref> However, it may also refer to a family unit in which several generations live together within a single household. In some cultures, the term is used synonymously with [[consanguineous family]].

A stem family is a kind of extended family, first discussed by [[Frédéric Le Play]]. Parents will live with one child and his/her spouse, as well as the children of both, while other children will leave the house or remain in it, unmarried. The stem family is sometimes associated with inegalitarian inheritance practices, as in [[Japan]] and [[Korea]], but the term has also been used in some contexts to describe a family type where parents live with a married child and their spouse and children, but the transfer of land and moveable property is more or less egalitarian, as in the case of traditional [[Romania]],<ref>Gender and Well-Being Interactions between Work, Family and Public Policies COST ACTION A 34 Second Symposium: The Transmission of Well-Being: Marriage Strategies and Inheritance Systems in Europe (17th-20th Centuries) 25th -28th April 2007 University of Minho Guimarães-Portugal http://www.ub.edu/tig/GWBNet/MinhoPapers/Constanta%20Ghitulescu.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025232/http://www.ub.edu/tig/GWBNet/MinhoPapers/Constanta%20Ghitulescu.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> northeastern [[Thailand]]<ref name="KertzerFricke1997">{{cite book|author1=David I. Kertzer|author2=Thomas Earl Fricke|title=Anthropological Demography: Toward a New Synthesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTk-o1tn6CwC&pg=PA62|date=15 July 1997|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-43195-6|pages=62–}}</ref> or [[Mesoamerican]] indigenous peoples.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3774080|title=Residence Rules and Ultimogeniture in Tlaxcala and Mesoamerica|first=David Luke|last=Robichaux|date=1 January 1997|journal=Ethnology|volume=36|issue=2|pages=149–171|doi=10.2307/3774080|doi-access=free}}</ref> In these cases, the child who cares for the parents usually receives the house in addition to their own share of land and moveable property.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Sociology==
Often, it has been presumed that extended family groups sharing a single household enjoy specific advantages, such as a greater sense of security and belonging due to sharing a wider pool of members to serve as resources during a crisis, and more role models to help perpetuate desired behavior and cultural values. However, even in cultures in which adults are expected to leave home after marriage to begin their own nuclear-based households, the extended family often forms an important support network offering similar advantages. Particularly in working-class communities, grown children tend to establish their own households within the same general area as their parents, aunts, uncles, and grandparents. These extended family members tend to gather often for family events and to feel responsible for helping and supporting one another, both emotionally and financially.<ref name="Browne, Ken 2011 p. 107">Browne, Ken (2011). Introduction to Sociology. p. 107 {{ISBN|0-7456-5008-2}}.</ref>

While contemporary families may be considered more mobile in general than in the past, sociologists find that this has not necessarily resulted in the disintegration of extended family networks. Rather, technological aids such as the Internet and [[Social networking service|social networking sites]] such as [[Facebook]] are now commonly used{{where?|date=May 2014}} to retain contact and maintain these family ties.<ref name="Browne, Ken 2011 p. 107"/>

Particularly in the case of single-parent households, it can be helpful for extended family members to share a single household in order to share the burden of meeting expenses. On the other hand, sharing a household can present a disadvantage depending on the sizes and number of families involved, particularly when only a few members shoulder most of the responsibility to meet expenses for the family's basic needs.<ref>Pillitteri, Adele (2009). Maternal and Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family. p. 42 {{ISBN|1-58255-999-6}}.</ref>

An estimated 49 million Americans (16.1% of the total population) live in homes comprising three or more generations, up from 42 million in 2000. This situation is similar in Western Europe. Another 34 percent live within a kilometer of their children.<ref name="pewsocialtrends">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2010/03/18/the-return-of-the-multi-generational-family-household/|title=The Return of the Multi-Generational Family Household | Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project|publisher=pewsocialtrends.org|date=2010-03-18|access-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>It is also said that in an extended family grandfathers and grandmothers take care of the children staying home, mother works in the kitchen and father does the financial work</ref>

==Around the world==
In many cultures, such as in those of [[Asians]],<ref name="Pritchard 2006 https://archive.org/details/practisingmental00prit/page/n125 111">{{cite book|title=Mental Health Social Work: Evidence-Based Practice|url=https://archive.org/details/practisingmental00prit|url-access=limited| first= Colin Pritchard|last=Pritchard|year= 2006| isbn= 9781134365449| page =[https://archive.org/details/practisingmental00prit/page/n125 111] |publisher=Routledge|quote= ... in cultures with stronger 'extended family traditions', such as Asian and Catholic countries...}}</ref> [[Middle Easterners]], [[Ethnic groups of Africa|Africans]], Indigenous peoples like [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] and [[Pacific Islanders]], and [[Latin Americans]] and [[Caribbeans]], even for [[Eastern Europe|Eastern Europeans]] and [[Southern Europe|Southern Europeans]] (Orthodox/[[Catholic countries]]<ref name="Pritchard 2006 https://archive.org/details/practisingmental00prit/page/n125 111"/>), extended families are the basic family unit. That is to say the modern western nuclear family is not the norm. Even in Western [[Europe]], extended families (mostly of the stem type) were also clearly prevalent, [[England]] being a rare exception.<ref>Family Types and the Persistence of Regional Disparities in Europe http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33152/1/sercdp0009.pdf</ref> In Britain and the United States, during the [[Industrial Revolution]] (approximately 1750 to 1900), more people lived in extended families than at any time before or since.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brooks|first=Story by David|title=The Nuclear Family Was a Mistake|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/03/the-nuclear-family-was-a-mistake/605536/|access-date=2020-10-02|issn=1072-7825}}</ref>

It is common for today's world to have older children in nuclear families to reach walking up to driving age ranges before meeting extended family members. Geographical isolation is common for middle-class families who move based on occupational opportunities while family branches "retain [their] basic independence".<ref>Meyerhoff, Michael. Discovery Fit and Health. ''Understanding Family Structure and Dynamics: The Extended Family''. Discovery Communications, LLC. 2012. Web. [http://health.howstuffworks.com/pregnancy-and-parenting/parenting/understanding-family-structures-and-dynamics-ga2.htm]</ref> Some extended families hold family reunions or opportunities for gathering regularly, normally around holiday time frames, to reestablish and integrate a stronger family connection. This allows individual nuclear families to connect with extended family members.

Where families consist of multiple generations living together, the family is usually headed by the elders. More often than not, it consists of grandparents, their sons, and their sons' families in patriarchal and especially patrilineal societies. Extended families make discussions together and solve the problem. {{Failed verification|date=May 2023}}

===Indian subcontinent===
{{main|Hindu joint family}}
Historically, for generations [[South Asia]] had a prevailing tradition of the ''joint family system'' or ''undivided family''. The joint family system is an extended family arrangement prevalent throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], particularly in [[India]], consisting of many generations living in the same home, all bound by the common relationship.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Talwar|first1=Swati|title=Meaning of HUF (Hindu Undivided Family)|url=http://taxpaisa.com/meaning-huf-hindu-undivided-family/|publisher=Taxpaisa.com|access-date=June 29, 2014}}</ref> A patrilineal joint family consists of an older man and his wife, his sons and unmarried daughters, his sons' wives and children. The family is headed by a patriarch, usually the oldest male, who makes decisions on economic and social matters on behalf of the entire family. The patriarch's wife generally exerts control over the household, minor religious practices and often wields considerable influence in domestic matters. Family income flows into a common pool, from which resources are drawn to meet the needs of all members, which are regulated by the heads of the family.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Hindu Joint Family: The Norms and the Numbers |author=Henry Orenstein and Michael Micklin|journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=39 |issue=3/4 |quote=Autumn, 1966 |jstor=2754275 |pages=314–325 |year=1966|doi=10.2307/2754275}}</ref>

===Recent trend in the United States===
{{See also|American family structure}}
In the early stages of the twentieth century, it was not very common to find many families with extended kin in their household, which may have been due to the idea that the young people in these times typically waited to establish themselves and start a household before they married and filled a home.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} As life expectancy becomes older and programs such as Social Security benefit the elderly, the old are now beginning to live longer than prior generations, which then may lead to generations mixing together.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cherlin|first=Andrew J.|title=Public and Private families|year=2010|publisher=McGraw Hill}}</ref> According to results of a study by [[Pew Research Center]] in 2010, approximately 50 million (nearly one in six) Americans, including rising numbers of seniors, live in households with at least two adult generations, and often three. It has become an ongoing trend for elderly generations to move in and live with their children, as they can give them support and help with everyday living. The main reasons cited for this shift are an increase in unemployment and slumped housing prices and arrival of new immigrants from Asian and South American countries.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/money/blogs/the-best-life/2010/03/21/surge-in-multigenerational-households-.html Surge in Multigenerational Households], ''U.S. News'' (March 21, 2010).</ref> According to the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 2.7 million grandparents raising their grandchildren in 2009.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lee | first1=Youjung | last2=Blitz | first2=Lisa V. | title=We're GRAND: A qualitative design and development pilot project addressing the needs and strengths of grandparents raising grandchildren | journal=Child & Family Social Work | date=2016 | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=381–390 | doi=10.1111/cfs.12153 }}</ref> The dramatic increase in grandparent-headed households has been attributed to many factors including parental substance abuse.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Cox | first1=Carole B. | title=To Grandmother's House We Go and Stay: Perspectives on Custodial Grandparents | date=2000 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-0-8261-1691-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1gLn9Qhx9cC }}</ref> In 2003, the number of U.S. "family groups" where one or more subfamilies live in a household (e.g. a householder's daughter has a child. The mother-child is a subfamily) was 79 million. Two-point-six million of U.S. multigenerational family households in 2000 had a householder, the householder's children, and the householder's grandchildren. That is 65 percent of multigenerational family households in the U.S. So it is twice as common for a grandparent to be the householder than for adult children to bring parents into their home.<ref>Bronson, Po. Multiple Generation/Extended Family Households. ''The Factbook: eye-opening memos on everything family.'' 2000 [http://www.pobronson.com/factbook/pages/41.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718193601/http://www.pobronson.com/factbook/pages/41.html|date=2017-07-18}}</ref> The increase in the number of multigenerational households has created complex legal issues, such as who in the household has authority to consent to police searches of the family home or private bedrooms.<ref>[http://ssrn.com/abstract=1532243 When is a Parent's Authority Apparent? Reconsidering Third Party Consent Searches of an Adult Child's Private Bedroom and Property], ''Criminal Justice'', Vol. 24, pp. 34–37, Winter 2010.</ref>

Besides the legal issues that multigenerational households could create, there are issues that may arise from households where the grandparents are the sole guardians. The Supporting Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Act was signed into law on July 7, 2018 after unanimously passing the U.S. House and Senate. It was first introduced in the Senate on May 10, 2017 by Senators [[Susan Collins]] (R-ME) and [[Bob Casey Jr.]] (D-PA). Out of this came The Supporting Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Advisory Council which will identify, promote, coordinate, and disseminate to the public information, resources, and the best practices available to help grandparents and other older relatives both meet the needs of the children in their care and maintain their own physical and mental health and emotional well-being.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senator Collins Announces Nominations of Mainers to Grandparent and Family Caregiver Federal Councils {{!}} Senator Susan Collins|url=https://www.collins.senate.gov/newsroom/senator-collins-announces-nominations-mainers-grandparent-and-family-caregiver-federal#:~:text=The%20Advisory%20Council%20to%20Support%20Grandparents%20Raising%20Grandchildren,(D-PA)%20and%20signed%20into%20law%20in%20July%202018.|access-date=2021-09-14|website=www.collins.senate.gov| date=9 August 2019 }}</ref>

===Mexico===
Mexican society is composed of three-generational units consisting of grandparents, children, and grandchildren. Further close relationships are maintained with the [[progenitor]]s of these families and are known as kin or "cousins". When one is born, they are born into two extended families, a kinship group of sometimes 70 people. The group traditionally acts as a cohesive unit, pooling resources and influence. The extended family also consists of spouses and siblings. This is in contrast to the two generational American nuclear family.<ref>The Family on the Threshold of the 21st Century: Trends and Implications By Solly Dreman</ref>

Some scholars have used the term "grand-family" to describe the close relationship between grandparents, children, and grandchildren in Mexican society.<ref name = Lomnitz>{{cite book |last1=Lomnitz |first1=Larissa A. |last2=Perez-Lizaur |first2=Marisol |year= 2003|chapter=Dynastic Growth and Survival Strategies: The Solidarity of Mexican Grand Families |editor1-last=Cheal |editor1-first=David |title=Family: Critical Concepts in Sociology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H86sRSfV6oMC&pg=PA377 |publisher=Psychology Press |publication-date=2003 |page=377 |isbn=978-0415226325 |access-date=March 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jelin |first=Elizabeth |date=1991 |title=Family, Household and Gender Relations in Latin America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEOaAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Kegan Paul International |isbn=978-9231026577}}</ref> Larissa A. Lomnitz and [[Marisol Perez-Lizaur]], for example, describe the grand-family as "the basic unit of family solidarity in Mexico", where basic family obligations between grandparents, children, and grandchildren include "economic support, participation in family rituals, and social recognition".<ref name = Lomnitz/>

===Economic background===
{{Globalize|section|date=July 2025}}
The relative economic deprivation of racial and ethnic minorities leads to higher levels of extended family involvement; primarily because blacks and Latinos have less money and education than whites, they are more likely to give and receive help from kin.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gerstel | first1 = N | year = 2011 | title = Rethinking Families and Community: The Color, Class, and Centrality of Extended Kin Ties | journal = Sociological Forum | volume = 26 | issue = 1| pages = 1–20 | doi = 10.1111/j.1573-7861.2010.01222.x }}</ref> Having family on which one can rely is very important in times of economic hardship especially if there are children involved. Living in an extended family provides constant care for children and support for other members of the family as well. Analysis of the National Survey of Families and Households{{Clarify|date=May 2014|reason=Whose nation's 'National Survey'?}} suggests there are differences between whites and other ethnic groups because of economic differences among racial groups: blacks and Latinos less often have the economic resources that allow the kind of privatization that the nuclear family entails. Extended kinship, then, is a survival strategy in the face of economic difficulties.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Gerstel | first1=Naomi | title=Rethinking Families and Community: The Color, Class, and Centrality of Extended Kin Ties1 | journal=Sociological Forum | date=2011 | volume=26 | pages=1–20 | doi=10.1111/j.1573-7861.2010.01222.x }}</ref> Being able to rely on not only two parents but grandparents, aunts, uncles, brothers, and sisters helps to create a support system which in turn brings families closer together. Living in an extended family provides many things that a nuclear family does not.

The number of multigenerational households has been steadily rising because of the economic hardships people are experiencing today.{{When|date=May 2014}} According to the AARP, multigenerational households have increased from 5 million in 2000 to 6.2 million in 2008.<ref name="Metcalf, E. R. 2010">{{cite journal|last1 =Metcalf|first1 =E. R.|year=2010|title=The Family That Stays Together|journal=Saturday Evening Post|volume=282|issue=1|page=39}}</ref> "There's no question that with some ethnicities that are growing in America, it is more mainstream and traditional to have multigenerational households. We're going to see that increasing in the general population as well," says AARP's Ginzler.<ref name="Metcalf, E. R. 2010"/> While high unemployment and housing foreclosures of the recession have played a key role in the trend, Pew Research Center exec VP and co-author of its multigenerational household study Paul Taylor said it has been growing over several decades, fueled by demographic and cultural shifts such as the rising number of immigrants and the rising average age of young-adult marriages.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bulik | first1 = B | year = 2010 | title = We Are Family-And More Of Us Are Living Under One Roof. (Cover story) | journal = Advertising Age | volume = 81 | issue = 30| pages = 1–20 }}</ref> The importance of an extended family is one that many people may not realize, but having a support system and many forms of income may help people today because of the difficulties in finding a job and bringing in enough money.{{clarify|reason=Are the statements in this paragraph or in fact the whole section referring to the United States? If so, this has to be explicitly stated. Or it could be moved to or merged with, as perhaps a subsection, the 'Recent trend in the United States' section.|date=May 2014}}

==See also==
* [[Cluster genealogy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Family}}
{{Accommodation}}
{{Parenting}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Extended Family}}
[[Category:Family]]
[[Category:Living arrangements]]

Bishnupur, Birbhum

2025-12-14T09:17:21Z

StellaWindsor21: details

{{Other uses|Bishnupur (disambiguation){{!}}Bishnupur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
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| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|24.1312|N|87.8902|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.5678
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,118
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731244
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03461
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hansan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hansan]]
| website = {{URL|birbhum.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bishnupur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Rampurhat II]] [[Community development block|CD block]] in [[Rampurhat subdivision]] of [[Birbhum district]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|15|0|N|87|50|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Rampurhat subdivision of Birbhum district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|25|20|N|87|51|27|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Murarai | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Murarai]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|33|25|N|87|51|54|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Ambhua | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ambhua]] (CT)|
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|33|43|N|87|48|44|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Barua Gopalpur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Barua Gopalpur]] (CT)|
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|27|45|N|87|55|30|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Kashimnagar| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Kashimnagar]] (CT)|
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|0|N|87|53|25|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Bishnupur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= Bishnupur, Birbhum (CT)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|4|45|N|87|44|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Fatehpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Fatehpur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|17|38|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Nalhati | numbered7=M| mark-title7= [[Nalhati]] (M)|label-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|11|10|N|87|46|38|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Rampurhat | numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Rampurhat]] (M)|label-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|59|37|N|87|45|53|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Mayureswar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Mayureswar]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|8|45|N|87|50|32|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Margram| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Margram]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|6|30|N|87|47|50|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tarapith| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Tarapith]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|4|42|N|87|42|46|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Mallarpur| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Mallarpur]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|25|35|N|87|54|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Paikar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Paikar]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|18|44|N|87|57|44|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Lohapur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Lohapur]] (R)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|57|49|N|87|44|45|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Kotasur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Kotasur]] (R)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|12|5|N|87|52|56|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Hansan| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Hansan, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|3|0|N|87|50|52|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Ekachakra| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Ekachakra]] (R)|shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|56|18|N|87|50|6|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Lokpara| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Lokpara]] (R)|shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|3|15|N|87|41|43|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Madian| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Madian, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|8|50|N|87|52|49|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Basoa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Basoa]] (R)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|11|50|N|87|43|30|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Chakmandala| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Chakmandala]] (R)|shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|55|0|N|87|47|45|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Satpalsa| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Satpalsa]] (R)|shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.8982|87.8249}}| label23=Mayurakshi River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 0| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24.2475|87.7596}}| label24=Brahmani River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=-10| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|24.5118|87.6521}}| label25=Bansloi River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25= 10| label-pos25=right| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|24.0046|87.4722}}| label26=Dwaraka River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26= 0| label-pos26=right| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|5|N|87|49|20|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Rajgram| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Rajgram, West Bengal|Rajgram]] (R)|shape-color27=#A40000
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|16|0|N|87|31|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-120| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Bishnupur is located at {{coord|24.1312|N|87.8902|E|display=inline}}.

===Overview===
The northern portion of Rampurhat subdivision (shown in the map alongside) is part of the Nalhati Plains, a sub-micro physiographic region, and the southern portion is part of the Brahmani-Mayurakshi Basin, another sub-micro physiographic region occupying the area between the [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]] in the north and the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] in the south. There is an occasional intrusion of [[Rajmahal Hills]], from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]], towards the north-western part of the subdivision. On the western side is Santhal Parganas and the border between West Bengal and Jharkhand can be seen in the map. Murshidabad district is on the eastern side. A small portion of the [[Padma River]] and the border with Bangladesh (thick line) can be seen in the north-eastern corner of the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 15: Physiography | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 30 January 2018}}</ref> 96.62% of the population of Rampurhat subdivision live the rural areas and 3.38% of the population live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census - Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 30 January 2018 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Bishnupur had a total population of 8,118 of which 4,134 (51%) were males and 3,984 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 623. The total number of literates in Bishnupur was 5,719 (78.40% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 16 July 2019}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Bishnupur covered an area of 2.5678 km2. There is a railway station at [[Rampurhat]] 13 km away. Buses are available in Rampurhat. It has 11 km roads and open drains. The major source of protected water supply is from bore well pumping. There are 900 domestic electric connections. Amongst the medical facilities it has are 14 medicine shops. Amongst the educational facilities it has are 4 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school and 1 senior secondary school. The nearest general degree college is at Rampurhat. There is a public library and reading room at [[Basoa|Baswa]] 1 km away. It has branches of 1 nationalised bank and 1 agricultural credit society. Amongst the commodities it produces are silk products.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1025- 1033 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 16 July 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bishnupur is on Rampurhat-Margram-Bishnupur-Sherpur Road.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
Bishnupur Rasamanjari High School, a Bengali-medium co-educational institution, was established in 1918. It has arrangements for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/bishnupur-rasamanjari-high-sch-gp5nvk| title = Bishnupur Rasamanjari Sch High School| publisher = ICBSE |accessdate = 18 July 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Baswa Rural Hospital at Baswa, located nearby, has 30 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =26 January 2018 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Birbhum District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Birbhum district]]

Bar Council of Kerala

2025-12-10T22:22:43Z

StellaWindsor21: starting new article

{{Short description|Representative body for lawyers in India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bar Council of Kerala
| type = Statutory body
| nativename_r =
| formed = {{start date and age|1961}}
| headquarters = High Ct Rd, Kochi, Kerala
| chief1_name = K.N. Anil Kumar<ref name="Ker bar ref1">{{cite web |title=Home : Bar Council of Kerala >> The Bar Council of Kerala is the professional body for Lawyers in Kerala. |url=http://www.barcouncilkerala.org/ |website=www.barcouncilkerala.org |access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| website = http://www.barcouncilkerala.org/
}}

'''Bar Council of Kerala''' is the regulatory and statutorily representative body for [[lawyers]] practicing law in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It was constituted as per the mandatory requirement as per [[Advocates Act, 1961]] and [[Bar Council of India]]. In March 1953, S. R. Das as head of the 'All India Bar Committee', proposed the creation of the apex body as an All-India Bar Council and Bar council at state levels and submitted a report to the Central [[Government of India]]. Members of the Bar Council are elected from among members enrolled and practicing as [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Kerala]] and they represent the state in Bar Council of India meetings. Bar Council of a place designs standards of [[professional conduct]] to be followed by members, and designs [[etiquette]]s and has the power to enforce disciplinary guidelines over the members of bar council.

== History ==

The Kerala Bar Council was formed as per the requirement of Section 3 of Advocates Act, 1961 which mandates for each state of India to have its Bar Council. As per the guidelines, the legal profession in India and the standards of legal education would be regulated by the All India Bar Council. The [[Law Commission of India]] was suggested to prepare a report on judicial administration reforms in India.

In July 2021, the state Bar Council along with Bar Councils of other Southern states of India had requested the Vice-president [[M. Venkaiah Naidu|Mr Venkaiah Naidu]] and Supreme Court Chief Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Hon. N. V. Ramana]] for the setting up of separate bench for Southern India.<ref name="Andhra Bar Ref2">{{cite news |title=Plea to set up SC bench in south |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/plea-to-set-up-sc-bench-in-south/article35550291.ece |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=26 July 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Andhra Bar Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Mutha |first1=Sagar Kumar |title=Bar councils of five states call for an SC bench in south India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bar-councils-of-five-states-call-for-an-sc-bench-in-south-india/articleshow/80440609.cms |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=25 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Functions ==

Section 7 of the Advocates Act, 1961 lays down the regulatory and representative requirements which are mandatory for State Bar Councils. Bar Councils of each place has following functions:<ref name="Him Ref2">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Bar Council of India |url=http://103.25.172.19/bar-council/statebarcouncil-ap.php |website= |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>

#Facilitating the election with rules for members to get elected and manage the Bar Council.
#Designing the professional behaviours and code to be followed by [[advocate]]s who are its members.
#Lay down guidelines for disciplinary committees and other committees formed by it.
#Supporting with financial aid in case of need.<ref name="kbc ref9">{{cite news |last1=Varghese |first1=Hannah M. |title='Total Restriction On Lawyers' Free Speech': Plea In Kerala HC Challenges New Bar Council Rules Which Make Criticism Of Its Decisions Ground For Disqualification |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/plea-in-kerala-hc-challenges-new-bar-council-rules-critizism-decisions-ground-for-disqualification-176412 |access-date=25 November 2021 |publisher=www.livelaw.in |date=28 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kbc ref15">{{cite news |last1=Pratap |first1=Giti |title=Kerala Bar Council member moves Kerala High Court challenging new BCI rules for violating right to free speech and expression of lawyers |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/new-bci-rules-violative-right-to-free-speech-advocates-petition-kerala-high-court |access-date=25 November 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=28 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kbc ref13">{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Lydia Suzanne |title=Bar Council of Kerala decides to boycott upcoming e-Lok Adalat organised by Kerala Legal Services Authority [Read Letter] |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/bar-council-of-kerala-e-lok-adalat-organised-by-kelsa |access-date=25 November 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=2 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing, promoting and supporting [[law reform]] as per changing circumstances.<ref name="kbc ref14">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Kerala, Kerala High Court Advocates Association oppose Electronic Filing Rules; to refrain from e-filing tomorrow |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/kerala-high-court-advocates-association-kerala-bar-council-oppose-electronic-filing-rules |access-date=25 November 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=16 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Handle and resolve other issues or any matter placed before it by its members in ad hoc situations.
#Design and organise [[seminar]]s on wide legal topics in the interest of members by reputed [[jurist]]s and publishing them in journals and magazines of legal circles and other sources of media.
#Facilitating [[legal aid]] to those who can't afford it.
#Ensuring that guidelines laid in various legal forums are followed by members.
#Initiating disciplinary action in case of professional misconduct.<ref name="kbc ref10">{{cite news |last1=Emmanuel |first1=Meera |title=Petition in Kerala HC alleges gross misappropriation of funds by Bar Council of Kerala |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/kerala-hc-misappropriation-funds-bar-council-kerala |access-date=25 November 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=15 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing welfare schemes like Insurance for its members.
#Supporting members with emergency services during natural calamities.
#Initiate disciplinary action in case the official premises is used for other than professional purpose.
#Fixing Annual Fee for members for enrolling in Council which includes fees for enrollment and funds towards identity card, building, library, indigent and other welfare schemes.
#Organising regular meeting with local associations enrolled with council.
#Enrolling various bar associations in the state as its associate members.
#Resolving disputes between members within timeframe.
#Initiating disciplinary action against members for complying to its policies.<ref name="Kerala bar ref3">{{cite news |title=Kerala Bar Council to act against lawyer over FB post against cop Anie Siva |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-bar-council-act-against-lawyer-over-fb-post-against-cop-anie-siva-152524 |access-date=26 September 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Enrolling newly qualified lawyers into council.<ref name="Kerala bar ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Kerala organises first-ever online enrolment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/jun/28/bar-council-of-kerala-organises-first-ever-online-enrolment-2162395.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=28 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="kbc ref11">{{cite news |last1=Emmanuel |first1=Meera |title=Should enrolments be conducted via video conferencing amid COVID-19 Lockdown? Kerala HC seeks Kerala Bar Council's response |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/should-enrolments-be-conducted-via-video-conferencing-amid-covid-19-lockdown-kerala-hc-seeks-kerala-bar-councils-response |access-date=25 November 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=18 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Constitution ==

The council elects its own chairman and vice-chairman for a period of two years from amongst its members. Assisted by the various committees of the council, the chairman acts as the chief executive and director of the council. Voting rights in elections are available only for advocates having a Certificate of Practice. As per the Advocates Act, the bar council of the state should have 25 members in case the members on roll exceeds 10000.

Mr. Ajay Kochar was elected as Chairman of Kerala Bar Council in the year 2021.

==Enrollment of advocates==

Graduates having a law degree from recognised universities permitted to impart legal education are admitted as advocates in The Kerala Bar Council.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref5">{{cite news |title=Any procedure in place for online enrollment of law grads, Delhi HC asks Bar Council of Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/any-procedure-in-place-for-online-enrollment-of-law-grads-hc-asks-bcd/story-7g6f5reL3joGTgT9fhTU0J.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Law graduates can enroll online for Kerala Bar Council.<ref name="kbc ref12">{{cite news |title=First Online Enrolment Ceremony: Kerala Bar Council to conduct Ceremony on June 27 [Read Notification] |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/first-online-enrolment-ceremony-kerala-bar-council-to-conduct-ceremony-on-june-27-read-notification |access-date=25 November 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=14 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kerala bar ref2" /> State bar councils are empowered by Advocates Act, 1961 to frame rules according to their convenience for enrolling advocates in council. The enrollment committee formed by Councils will scrutinise a prospective member's application. Enrolled advocates of any bar council in state are considered as eligible to write the All India Bar Examination conducted by the Bar Council of India. After clearing the exam, they are certified by the Bar Council of India and issued 'Certificate of Enrolment', which facilitates them to practice the profession of law in any High Court based in India and lower courts of the country, as an advocate. Advocates are required to qualify in the exam known as "Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination" which is conducted by the Supreme Court exclusively to practice in the Supreme Court of Country.

== Past Chairmen==
Below are the past Chairmen of the Kerala Bar Council:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Index !!Name !! Holding charge from !! Holding charge to
|-
| 1
| K.K Mathew
| 02.12.1961
| 02.06.1962
|-
| 2
| V.P. Gopalan Nambiar
| 01.01.1963
| 27.03.1965
|-
| 3
| T.S. Krishna Moorthy
| 28.03.1965
| 29.10.1965
|-
| 4
| Dr. V.A. Sail Mohammad
| 30.10.1965
| 08.09.1967
|-
| 5
| P.Subramanian Potti
| 09.09.1967
| 18.07.1969
|-
| 6
| M.M. Abdul Khader
| 19.07.1969
| 08.06.1979
|-
| 7
| C.K. Sivasankara Panicker
| 09.06.1979
| 20.02.1980
|-
| 8
| K. Sudhakaran
| 21.02.1980
| 07.01.1982
|-
| 9
| V. Bhaskaran Nambiar
| 08.01.1982
| 09.09.1983
|-
| 10
| M.K. Vasudeva Kurup
| 10.09.1983
| 31.05.1986
|-
| 11
| M.M. Abdul Aziz
| 01.06.1986
| 30.03.1990
|-
| 12
| K.M.C. Kurup
| 31.03.1990
| 01.03.1992
|-
| 13
| M.M. Abdul Aziz
| 01.03.1992
| 18.09.1993
|-
| 14
| M.K. Vasudeva Kurup
| 19.09.1993
| 17.02.1996
|-
| 15
| K.M.C. Kurup
| 18.02.1996
| 15.06.1997
|-
| 16
| Thomas Mathew
| 15.06.1997
| 28.02.1999
|-
| 17
| S. Gopakumaran Nair
| 28.02.1999
| 03.04.1999
|-
| 18
| M.K. Damodaran
| 03.04.1999
| 04.06.2000
|-
| 19
| S. Gopakumaran Nair
| 04.06.2000
| 12.04.2003
|-
| 20
| Vinod Singh Cherian (Acting)
| 12.04.2003
| 29.06.2003
|-
| 21
| K.B. Mohandas
| 29.06.2003
| 26.11.2005
|-
| 22
| P.G. Thampi
| 27.11.2005
| 19.10.2008
|-
| 23
| Vinod Singh Cherian
| 19.10.2008
| 29.08.2010
|-
| 24
| K. Jayarajan
| 29.08.2010
| 10.05.2011
|-
| 25
| Sreedharan Nair C
| 11.05.2011
| 13.04.2014
|-
| 26
| T.H Abdul Azeez
| 13.04.2014
| 15.02.2015
|-
| 27
| Joseph John
| 15.02.2015
| 28.08.2016
|-
| 28
| E Shanavas Khan from 28 to 08–2016 to 10–10–2016
| 28.08.2016
| 10.10.2016
|-
| 29
| C.P Sudharakara Prasad
| 11.10.2016
|-

|}

== Important Actions ==

1. In 2020, Bar Council of Kerala for the first time organised on-line enrollment procedure for newly passed out lawyers in which around 810 members participated through video conferencing which was web-based.<ref name="Kerala bar ref2" />

== See also ==

* [[Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Bar Council of Telangana]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.barcouncilkerala.org/ official website]

[[Category:India law-related lists]]
[[Category:Law commissions]]
[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]

Rahul Mahajan

2025-11-30T01:30:53Z

StellaWindsor21:

{{short description|Indian entertainer (born 1975)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rahul Mahajan
| image = Rahul Mahajan in 2018.jpg
| caption = Mahajan in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|07|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Entertainer
| years_active = 2008–present
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Shweta Singh|2006|2008|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Dimpy Ganguly]]|2010|2015|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|Natalya Ilina|2018|2023|end=divorce}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/paws-for-praise/articlesow/66742122.cms | title=Rahul Mahajan gets married to model Natalya Ilina from Kazakhstan and divorced in 2023. | work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] | date=22 November 2018 | access-date=24 November 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}}
| parents = [[Pramod Mahajan]] (father)
| relatives = [[Poonam Mahajan]] (sister)
}}

'''Rahul Mahajan''' (born 25 July 1975) is an Indian reality show entertainer and former pilot. He is the son of former union cabinet minister [[Pramod Mahajan]]. He appeared as a contestant on reality shows like ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss 2]]'', ''[[Bigg Boss Halla Bol]]'' and ''[[Bigg Boss 14]]''.

==Career==
Rahul participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss 2]]'' in 2008. He was the finalist of the season. But a couple of days before the Grand Finale, Rahul Mahajan, Raja Chaudhary, Ashutosh Kaushik and Zulfi Syed climbed the wall to get out of the house.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-throwback-when-rahul-mahajan-fled-the-house-and-refused-to-apologise-lifetv-1058403-2017-10-05| title=Bigg Boss throwback: When Rahul Mahajan fled the house and refused to apologise}}</ref> Mahajan has participated in ''Rahul Dulhaniya Le Jayega'', the reality show sequel of ''[[Rakhi Ka Swayamwar]]''. This show was a [[swayamvar]] for Rahul Mahajan, where 17 girls were participating including his would-be bride. Rahul Mahajan married [[Dimpy Mahajan]] (née Ganguly), a 25-year-old Bengali model and actress on 6 March 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Rahul-Mahajan-ties-knot-with-Dimpy/articleshow/5652588.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811050240/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-06/tv/28119529_1_rahul-mahajan-rahul-dulhaniya-le-jayega-praveen-mahajan |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 | title=Rahul Mahajan ties knot with Dimpy|date= 6 March 2010|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 March 2010}}</ref>
As the previous version of the show (''[[Rakhi Ka Swayamwar]]'') did not culminate in a marriage, the marriage of Dimpy with Rahul was the first one of its kind to be telecast on Indian television with a national audience. Rahul and his wife Dimpy Mahajan had participated in ''[[Nach Baliye 5|Nach Baliye]]'' season 5. He also participated in Bigg Boss alongside her, but both were ultimately eliminated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Dolly-Bindra-approached-for-Nach-Baliye/articleshow/17475215.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-04/tv/35594214_1_nach-baliye-celebrity-couples-rahul-and-dimpy-mahajan|url-status=live|archive-date=30 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Dolly Bindra approached for ''Nach Baliye''!|access-date=4 December 2012}}</ref>

In February 2022, he participated in [[StarPlus]]'s ''Smart Jodi'' as Contestant with Natalya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=
|title=Smart Jodi gets Neil-Aishwarya, Rahul-Natalya as contestants. Ayushmann or Riteish to host|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/smart-jodi-gets-neil-aishwarya-rahul-natalya-as-contestants-ayushmann-or-riteish-to-host-1908879-2022-02-04|access-date=24 February 2022|work=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life ==
Rahul Mahajan is the elder child of [[former]] [[BJP]] leader [[Pramod Mahajan]] and Rekha Mahajan.<ref>{{cite news | title =Rahul punched, kicked me: Dimpy|work = The Times of India|date = 30 July 2010 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rahul-punched-kicked-me-Dimpy/articleshow/6235699.cms | quote= "This is not the first time Rahul, son of late Bharatiya Janata Party leader Pramod Mahajan, has been accused of domestic violence."}}</ref> His sister [[Poonam Mahajan]] is a member of parliament from [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]] and a politician of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].

In July 2006, he became engaged to Shweta Singh whom he knew for 13 years and was with in flying school in US together and also flew for [[Jet Airways]]. In December 2007, both filed for a divorce with mutual consent; Shweta filed for divorce after accusing him of domestic violence on 13 December 2007 on grounds of incompatibility and mutual consent of both parties. On 1 August 2008, Rahul Mahajan and his wife were granted a divorce by a [[Gurgaon]] [[court]]. [[District courts of India|District]] Judge Ramendra Jain granted their divorce after both parties mutually agreed on the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/day-after-divorce-shweta-says-dont-want-any-money-from-mahajan/343992/ |title=Day after divorce, Shweta says don't want any money from Mahajan |first=Ayesha |last=Arvind |date=3 August 2008 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827151654/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Day-after-divorce-Shweta-says-dont-want-any-money-from-Mahajan/343992/ |archive-date=27 August 2008 }}</ref>

In 2010, Mahajan married Dimpy Ganguly at the end of ''Rahul Ka Swayamwar'', a TV reality show which staged a [[swayamvar]] for him. However, Dimpy left his Worli house after what she has described as violent abuse that involved "punching, kicking and dragging her by her hair". A source said the domestic abuse of Dimpy by Mahajan had started about a month after their national TV wedding.<ref>{{cite news | title =Rahul punched, kicked me: Dimpy|work = The Times of India|date = 30 July 2010 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rahul-punched-kicked-me-Dimpy/articleshow/6235699.cms | quote= "This is not the first time Rahul, son of late Bharatiya Janata Party leader Pramod Mahajan, has been accused of domestic violence."}}</ref>

Rahul Mahajan was married for the third time to Natalya Ilina, an [[Russians in Kazakhstan|ethnic Russian Kazakh]] model, on 20 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-fame-rahul-mahajan-and-wife-natalya-ilina-off-for-a-mini-honeymoon-see-pics/articleshow/67574019.cms|title = Bigg Boss fame Rahul Mahajan and wife Natalya Ilina off for a mini honeymoon; see pics - Times of India}}</ref>

==Television==
* ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss 2]]'' (2008) (Ejected on Day 93)
* ''Chhote Miyan - Jung Nanhe Hasgullon Ki'' (2008)
* ''Chhote Miyan - Chapter 2'' (2009)
* ''Chhote Miyan Bade Miyan'' (2009)
* ''[[Swayamvar (TV series)|Rahul Dulhaniya Le Jayega]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Emotional Atyachar|Emotional Atyachar (Season 1)]]'' (2010)
* ''Job Time TV'' (2010)
* ''[[Comedy Circus|Jubilee Comedy Circus]]'' (2011)
* ''Perfect Bachelor'' (2011)
* ''[[Welcome - Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 5|Nach Baliye 5]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Nach Baliye#Shriman V/s Shrimati|Nach Baliye: Shriman V/s Shrimati]]'' (2013)
* ''Meri Maa... (Mother's Day Special)'' (2013)
* ''India's Dancing Superstar'' (2013)
* ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 6|Nach Baliye 6]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Bigg Boss Halla Bol]]'' (2015) (Entered on Day 105 & Evicted on Day 126)
* ''[[Comedy Classes]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao|Comedy Nights Bachao (S1; E22)]]'' (2016)
* ''Cricket, Camera, Action!'' (2016–17)
* ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]'' (2020–21) (Entered on Day 65 & Evicted on Day 93)
* ''Smart Jodi'' (2022)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bigg Boss 2}}
{{Bigg Boss Halla Bol}}
{{Nach Baliye}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahajan, Rahul}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Battle of Patna (1745)

2025-11-21T17:43:11Z

StellaWindsor21: starting a pg

{{Short description|1745 battle between Alivardi and Afghan rebels of Bihar}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Patna
| place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| partof = [[Afghan insurrections in Bengal Subah]]
| date = 14–21 March, 1745
| result = [[Bengal Subah]] victory<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n96/mode/1up 72]}} "At last Mustafa realised that he was powerless to storm the city and camp, and began his retreat on the 21st"</ref><ref name=":5" />
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| combatant2 = '''Afghan rebels'''
| commander1 = [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan]] Abdul Ali Khan Ahmad Khan Qureshi Raja Kyretchand Rajah Ram Narain Khadem Husain Khan Nasir Ali Khan Zulfiqar Khan Mewati Raja Kirat Singh Muhammad Jahan Yar Khan
| commander2 = Mustafa Khan{{WIA}} Buland Khan Ruhela Abdul Rasul Khan Udal Shah{{KIA}} Hakim Shah{{KIA}} Murtaza Khan
| strength1 = 14,000–15,000<ref name=":1" />
| strength2 = 14,000–15,000 or 20,000 soldiers 150 elephants 50 artilleries<ref name=":2" />
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 300 generals and chieftains<ref name=":4" />
| caption = The Chowk and the main street of Patna {{circa|1814–15}}
| image = The Chowk, and the main street of Patna, 1814-15.jpg
}}

The '''Battle of Patna''' (1745) was a conflict between the army of Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] and his former Afghan generals. Led by the renegade general Mustafa Khan, the rebels invaded Bihar and stormed [[Munger Fort]]. They proceeded towards Patna and planned to capture the city on 14 March, but was repelled by its governor [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zain ud-din Ahmed Khan]] in a fierce battle outside the city walls. Mustafa Khan renewed attacks on 21 March before being defeated and expelled from Bihar.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n483/mode/1up 462]}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further|Afghan insurrections in Bengal Subah#Invasion of Patna}}
In February 1745, Mustafa Khan marched for [[Patna]] at the head of eight or nine thousand cavalry to seize the Bihar province from [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zain ud-din Ahmed Khan]]. He seized some elephants, guns, and ammunition at Rajmahal. His nephew Abdul Rasul Khan, the Deputy Governor of [[Odisha|Orissa]], joined him with his forces. Mustafa Khan successfully sieged the [[Munger Fort]] defeating it's [[garrison]] and seized [[Cannon|cannons]] and some ammunition. After staying there for three days, he marched for Patna.<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n144/mode/1up 122]}}</ref>

[[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zain ud-din Ahmed Khan]] received a warning from Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] of Afghan rebels and was urged to flee to [[Murshidabad]] via the northern bank of the [[Ganges]], thereby avoiding Mustafa Khan's route.<ref name=":0" /> Instead, he chose the more courageous path of defending the province under his command. Hastening back to his capital from [[Mithila (region)|Tirhut]], he swiftly devised an effective plan to secure [[Patna]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n95/mode/1up 71]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n145/mode/1up 123]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|pp=382–383}}</ref>

== Prelude ==
Zain ud-din, summoning his detachments from the outposts, along with all local nobles and loyal [[Zamindar|zamindars]],{{Efn|Ahmad Khan Qureshi, Shaikh Jahan Yar, Shaikh Hamiduddin, Shaikh Amrullah, Karam Khan, Ghulam Jeelani, Khadem Husain Khan, Jaswant Nagar, Hajah Kyretchand, Rajah Kam Narain, Korar Singh and other Hindu commanders, were directed to raise new levies.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n145/mode/1up 123]}} {{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=383}}</ref>}} he quickly assembled some 14,000–15,000 fighters around him.<ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n96/mode/1up 72]}} "… he [Zain ud-din] soon assembled about 14,000 fighters round him."{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n145/mode/1up 123]}} "Thus within a short time Zainuddin could gather fourteen to fifteen thousand soldiers on his side."{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=383}} "At that time in all 14,000 troopers were present with Zainuddin"</ref> Some Zamindars of the province, namely Sundar Singh of [[Tikari Assembly constituency|Tikari]], Namdar Khan of Narhat and Samai, Bishun Singh of Seres and Cotombah, Pahalwan Singh and his brother Sabuthar Singh of [[Sasaram]] and [[Chainpur subdivision|Chainpur]], and Bharat Singh of [[Arwal]], offered their services to him. By mid of March 1745, Mustafa Khan's force reached 14,000–15,000 or 20,000 troopers. He had 50 artillery pieces and 150 elephants.<ref name=":2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n95/mode/1up 71]}} "By the middle of March, Mustafa Khan's force had swollen to 14,000 troopers … With him were about 50 pieces of artillery and 150 elephants"{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n145/mode/1up 123]}} "… Mustafa Khan, who had then under his control 15,000 cavalry, 150 elephants, and 50 pieces of artillery."{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=383}} "At that time in all 14,000 troopers were present with Zainuddin, while Mustafa Khan was at the head of 20,000."</ref> His armed camp was established in Jafar Khan's garden, east of Patna City.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=383}}</ref>

Zainuddin's army was divided into six brigades under faithful commanders: Abdul Ali Khan, Ahmad Khan Qureshi, Raja Kyretchand, Rajah Ram Narain, Khadem Husain Khan, and Nasir Ali Khan.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n146/mode/1up 124]}}</ref>

When Zain ud-din heard the news of Mustafa Khan's capture Munger and advance to Patna, he sent envoys to Mustafa Khan for peace, which Mustafa Khan rejected. Mustafa Khan arrived within twelve miles of Zain ud-din's [[Trench|trenches]], Zainuddin again sought peace sending his ambassador.<ref name="p384">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=384}}</ref> Mustafa Khan stuck with same reply:

{{Blockquote|text="When an army of the heretics ([[Shias]]) and a force of [[Hindus]] confront me, it is my duty to fight the heretics first."<ref name="p384" />}}

== Battles ==

=== First battle ===
Mustafa Khan reached the outskirts of Patna roughly early on 14 March 1745, positioning his army amid the extensive mango groves to the city's south. He divided his troops into two formations, each numbering between 6,000 and 7,000 soldiers, and directed one contingent, led by Buland Khan Ruhela, to maneuver around the rear of the defensive lines. Mustafa Khan himself commanded the second contingent in an assault on the forwardmost stockade, defended Rajah Sundar Singh, Rajah Kyretchand, alongside other zamindars. The provincial militias scattered and routed upon the initial onslaught by these disciplined units of battle-hardened troops, leaving the Nawab's commanders—who sought to hold their ground—isolated save for 200 cavalry and 150 infantry.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n147/mode/1up 125]}} "Some of his generals, like Zulfiqar Khan Mewati, and Rajah Kyretchand, with his aunt’s son Bala Uri Lai, his uncle’s young son Balmukund, and his deputy Deepchand, presented a bold stand but were wounded and fled away. Many other soldiers of Zainuddin followed suit so that there remained with him only 200 cavalry and 150 infantry"</ref> The battlefield was rapidly secured up to the thinly protected vantage point occupied by Zain ud-din Ahmed himself.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n96/mode/1up 72]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n147/mode/1up 125]}}</ref>

Mustafa Khan advanced aggressively toward Zain ud-din Ahmed. The Afghan victory seemed secured. At that critical juncture, [[musket]] shots killed Udal Shah, Hakim Shah, a few other Afghan generals as well as Mustafa Khan'a elephant's driver, prompting him to jump to avoid the out-of-control elephant running back, which his troops might think was him fleeing. Yet this maneuver sowed chaos among his ranks, who presumed their general had been slain. The soldiers promptly broke formation and fled from the battlefield.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n96/mode/1up 72]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n148/mode/1up 126]}}</ref> Muskets were incessantly fired on his troops by Jaswant Nagar and some Bahlia [[Musketeer|musketeers]], which killed most of Afghan army. Three hundred of his noted generals and chieftains were slain.<ref name=":4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=384}} "Mustafa in spite of his advantageous position was badly defeated. Nearly three hundred of his noted chiefs and generals were slain. </ref>

Gaining victory, Zain ud-din, ordered the damaged wall of the entrenchment to be repaired and returned to his own tent to offer prayer to God.<ref name=":5">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=384}} "Victorious and emboldened Zainuddin … returned to his own tent to offer prayer to God"</ref>

=== Second Battle ===
Following the battle, the two armies stood facing each other in their respective positions and exchanged fruitless gunfire for a week. On 21st March Mustafa Khan again assaulted Zain ud-din's defences. A section of his army marched against Muhammad Jahan Yar Khan and Ahmad Khan Qureshi. Observing the trench defenders dispersed and under severe pressure, Mustafa Khan fearlessly advanced toward Zainuddin. However, his assault was repelled by Diwan Kirat Chand and Maharaja Ram Narain, who had quickly arrived with their artillery in the interim.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|pp=384–385}}</ref> He himself advanced to the right flank of the enemy's position. A sudden gunshot struck Mustafa Khan in the right eye, rendering him senseless. Toward evening, his son Murtaza Khan and his soldiers fled to [[Patna Junction railway station|Mithapur]], carrying him on an elephant. There, he recovered his senses.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n148/mode/1up 126]}}</ref>
== Aftermath ==
Zain ud-din chased the Afghans beyond [[Naubatpur]] and Muhib Alipur on south-westwards to the [[Sone River|Son River]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1978|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149767/page/n208/mode/1up 190]}}</ref> Soon afterwards Alivardi arrived at Patna and joined in the pursuit of the Afghans. Mustafa Khan was quickly expelled from Bihar and chased as far as [[Zamania]]. The rebel took refuge in the village at the foot of [[Chunar Fort|Chunar fort]] in the belonging to Nawab [[Safdar Jang]] of [[Oudh State|Subah of Oudh]].<ref name=":3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n96/mode/1up 72]}}</ref>

Alivardi meantime wanted to attack territories of Oudh Subah but failed to carry his ambition as Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]], accompanied by Safdar Jang, had advanced to punish [[Ali Mohammed Khan|Ali Muhammad]]. Alivardi plundered the adjoining lands of Safdar Jang and returned to Patna.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n149/mode/1up 127]}}</ref>

Alivardi and Zain ud-din returned to their respective capitals in April 1745.<ref name=":3" /> Meantime [[Raghuji I]] of [[Kingdom of Nagpur|Nagpur]] at the invitation of Mustafa Khan again invaded Bengal.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n483/mode/1up 462]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Battle at Bhagalpur (1745)]]
* [[Battle of Giria]]

== Notes ==
{{Notes}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485 |title=Alivardi and His Times |date=1939 |publisher=University of Calcutta |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire 1739-1754 |date= |publisher=Orient Longman Ltd |year=1964 |edition=3rd |volume=I |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Comprehensive_History_of_Modern_Bengal.html?id=Z3GxzQEACAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Modern Bengal, 1700-1950 |date=2020 |publisher=The Asiatic Society |isbn=978-93-89901-95-5 |editor-last=Bhattacharya |editor-first=Sabyasachi |volume=I |location=Kolkata |language=en|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_History_of_Bengal.html?id=DiUKAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=The History of Bengal |date=1943 |publisher=The University of Dhaka |volume=II |location=Ramna, Dhaka |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Upendra |date=1958 |title=Alivardi and the Afghans of Tirhut |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145227 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=21 |pages=376–392 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggduAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=A Comprehensive History of India: 1712-1772, edited by A. C. Banerjee and D. K. Ghase |date=1978 |publisher=People's Publishing House |editor-last=Banerjee |editor-first=A.C. |language=en |chapter=Bengal Subah (1707-1756) |editor-last2=Ghase |editor-first2=D. K.}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1745]]
[[Category:Conflicts in India]]

Kaun Banegi Shikharwati

2025-07-08T23:42:58Z

StellaWindsor21: new the data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama original web series on ZEE5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = {{Plainlist |
* Comedy
* Drama
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist |

* Ananya Banerjee
}}
| director = {{Plainlist |
* Gauravv Chawla
* Ananya Banerjee
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist |
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
* [[Raghubir Yadav]]
* [[Lara Dutta]]
* [[Dino Morea]]
* [[Soha Ali Khan]]
* [[Kritika Kamra]]
* [[Anya Singh]]
}}
| music = Anurag Saikia
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes = #Episode list
| cinematography = {{Plainlist |
* Srijan Chaurasia
* Linesh Desai
}}
| editor = {{Plainlist |
* Sudhir Achary
* Ninad Khanolkar
}}
| runtime = 30 mins
| company = {{Plainlist |
* [[Applause Entertainment]]
* [[Emmay Entertainment]]
}}
| released = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=y}}
}}
'''''Kaun Banegi Shikharwati''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[comedy-drama]] original [[web series]] streaming on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Entertainment|first=Quint|date=2022-01-03|title=Lara Dutta on Having to Call Naseeruddin 'Buddha' in 'Kaun Banegi Shikharwati'|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/lara-dutta-series-kaun-banegi-shikharwati-shooting-naseeruddin-shah-raghubir-yadav-buddhe-reaction|access-date=2022-01-11|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> It is written and directed by Gauravv Chawla and Ananya Banerjee.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=Kaun Banegi Shikharwati trailer: In Lara Dutta, Soha Ali Khan's new series, a glimpse of desi Squid Game. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/kaun-banegi-shikharwati-trailer-in-lara-dutta-soha-ali-khan-s-new-series-a-glimpse-of-desi-squid-game-watch-101640262740211.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The series has been produced by [[Applause Entertainment]] & [[Emmay Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2021-12-17|title=ZEE5 partners with Applause Entertainment|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/zee5-partners-with-applause-entertainment-11639720075182.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> This ten-episode web series was released on 7 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Britto|first=Anita|date=4 Jan 2022|title=It's nothing like Squid Game, says Soha Ali Khan on Kaun Banegi Shikharwati's comparisons with the Korean show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/it-s-nothing-like-squid-game-says-soha-ali-khan-on-kaun-banegi-shikharwati-s-comparisons-with-the-korean-show-1895832-2022-01-04|access-date=2022-01-11|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Soha Ali Khan]], [[Kritika Kamra]] and [[Anya Singh]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=Kaun Banegi Shikharwati trailer: This dysfunctional royal family is a hoot|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kaun-banegi-shikharwati-trailer-zee5-7687258/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
It is the story of Raja Mrityunjay Singh Shikharwat, who is broke and owes the Indian government a hefty amount of in unpaid property taxes. To come out of this scenario, he fakes sickness and summons his four estranged daughters, Devyani, Gayatri, Kamini, and Uma. He plans to hold a nine-rounds tournament amongst them, each with a job for the princesses to complete. At the end of this tournament, the winner will be crowned Queen.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sur|first=Prateek|date=8 Jan 2022|title='Kaun Banegi Shikharwati' Review: A Stellar Starcast Wasted In This Desi 'Squid Game' Meets 'Roadies' Show|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/kaun-banegi-shikharwati-review-a-stellar-starcast-wasted-in-this-desi-squid-games-meets-roadies-show/408805|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Outlookindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-15|title=Kaun Banegi Shikharwati teaser: 'Kadki' Lara Dutta, 'sanskari' Soha Ali Khan join comic outing with Naseeruddin Shah|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/kaun-banegi-shikharwati-teaser-kadki-lara-dutta-sanskari-soha-ali-khan-join-comic-outing-with-naseeruddin-shah-101639560427511.html|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> as Raja Mrityunjay Singh Shikharwat
* [[Raghubir Yadav]] as Mishraji
* [[Lara Dutta]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Anil|date=3 Jan 2022|title=शो में नसीरुद्दीन शाह को कहना था बुड्ढा, लारा दत्ता ने स्क्रिप्ट बदलने की कह दी थी बात, जानिए|work=lokmatnews.in|url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/bollywood/lara-hesitated-to-call-naseeruddin-buddha-in-kaun-banegi-shikharwati-reveals-his-reaction-b615/|access-date=11 Jan 2022}}</ref> as Devyani Shikharwat Goel
* [[Soha Ali Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goyal|first=Samarth|date=3 Jan 2022|title=What Convinced Soha Ali Khan To Say 'Yes' To 'Kaun Banegi Shikharwati'? Script, Shooting Location and Naseer Sab!|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-what-convinced-soha-ali-khan-to-say-yes-to-kaun-banegi-shikharwati-script-shooting-location-and-naseer-sab/407973|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Outlookindia.com|language=en}}</ref> as Gayatri Shikharwat
* [[Kritika Kamra]] as Kamini Shikharwat
* [[Anya Singh]] as Uma Shikharwat
* [[Cyrus Sahukar]] as Harsh Goel
* Varun Thakur as Roop Singh
* [[Anurag Sinha (actor)|Anurag Sinha]] as Veer Singh
* Norshang Tamang as Dhanur
* Alisha as Padma
* [[Dino Morea]] as Rudro
* [[Sahil Salathia]]

==Episode list==
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Strokes of Genius
|DirectedBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|WrittenBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After the government's notice, Mishraji devises a plan to reunite King's four estranged daughters, Devyani, Gayatri, Kamini and Uma. The sisters return home and learn about the Navrasa Royal Games.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = The Game Begins
|DirectedBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|WrittenBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = In the past, the sisters humiliate each other in public and leave the palace. In the present, the Navrasa Royal Games begin, and the sisters face a cooking challenge, but it ends in a bitter squabble.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = A Common Enemy
|DirectedBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|WrittenBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The next game is a stage play performance, but Devyani converts it into a roast on the king, and they make embarrassing jokes about him. King feels he can still save his family as his daughters reunite.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Fear Is the Key
|DirectedBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|WrittenBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The king recreates a horror night to unite his daughters with the common fear of darkness. Mishraji urges King to tell the princesses about the tax problem, but he declares the games will continue.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Earth, Wind and Fire
|DirectedBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|WrittenBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The next game is based on the four elements of nature. Kamini faces trouble during the fire round but is rescued by Veer Singh. Devyani's husband Harsh arrives at the palace with their twins.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Nightmare?
|DirectedBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|WrittenBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Kamini reconnects with Uma. At the palace, the sisters perform the queen’s famous Holi pooja in tandem. Meanwhile, tax officials discuss an infamous officer, who has been given a task related to Shikharwati.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Heart-Speak
|DirectedBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|WrittenBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = An old man claims that the king owes him money for a job he had done 30 years ago that helped him hide a treasure. Gayatri's confession shocks everyone. Roop Singh's real purpose is revealed.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Clue-Less
|DirectedBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|WrittenBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Roop speculates where King must have hidden the treasure. Kamini wins her first game but is shocked to learn that Veer is leaving for Mewar. Later, she and King have a heart-to-heart conversation.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Treasure Hunt
|DirectedBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|WrittenBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The sisters must face their deepest fears in the next game. King admires his daughters, but the moment is interrupted by an unknown man pointing a gun at the king. Roop decides to raid the palace.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = All That Glitters Is Not Gold
|DirectedBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|WrittenBy = Gauravv Chawla, Ananya Banerjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = During the final game, Uma has an allergy attack, following which the sisters unite. Roop Singh arrives with his team to raid the palace, but the king has the last laugh as he announces his decision.
|LineColor =
}}
}}

== Release ==
ZEE5 announced the launch of a trailer on 23 December 2021<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keshri|first=Shweta|date=23 December 2021|title=Kaun Banegi Shikharwati trailer out. Naseeruddin Shah reunites with 4 daughters to save his palace|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/kaun-banegi-shikharwati-trailer-out-naseeruddin-shah-reunites-with-4-daugthers-to-save-his-palace-1891346-2021-12-23|access-date=2022-01-11|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> and the series was released on 7 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-03|title=Kaun Banegi Shikharwati: Soha Ali Khan feels praise from Naseeruddin Shah is 'gratifying'|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/kaun-banegi-shikharwati-soha-ali-khan-feels-praise-naseeruddin-shah-gratifying-983088|access-date=2022-01-11|website=PINKVILLA|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reviews ===
Archika Khurana of [[The Times of India]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Kaun Banegi Shikharwati Season 1 Review: A fun, breezy take on a dysfunctional royal family|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/kaun-banegi-shikharwati/season-1/seasonreview/88564805.cms|access-date=2022-01-11}}</ref> has given 3.5/5 stars stating that the series is a fun, breezy take on a dysfunctional royal family. Due to its simple writing and weird characters, it is a fine blend of humour and drama. Do not be fooled by the tracksuit and games; the series is not as gory as ‘Squid Game’, but it is a light-hearted dramedy that will bring a smile to your face.

Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV India|NDTV]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaun Banegi Shikharwati Review: A Patchy Dramedy, Starring Naseeruddin Shah, Lara Dutta And Soha Ali Khan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kaun-banegi-shikharwati-review-a-patchy-dramedy-series-starring-naseeruddin-shah-lara-dutta-and-soha-ali-khan-2-5-stars-2694055|access-date=2022-07-05|website=NDTV.com|first=Saibal|last=Chatterjee|date=7 January 2022}}</ref> has given 2.5/5 stars stating that the series is a patchy dramedy. It is a mildly diverting, inoffensive parody of the repercussions of power wielded without responsibility. It does not scale any peak, but it is entertaining enough not to sink into a low work that it cannot find its way out of with a little bit of help from the actors.

Shubham Kulkarni of Koimoi<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Shubham|date=2022-01-07|title=Kaun Banegi Shikharwati Review: Naseeruddin Shah, Lara Dutta's Dramedy About Dysfunctional Family Falls Prey To Repetitiveness & Confused Tonality|url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/kaun-banegi-shikharwati-review-naseeruddin-shah-lara-duttas-dramedy-about-dysfunctional-family-falls-prey-to-repetitiveness-confused-tonality/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=Koimoi|language=en-US}}</ref> has given 2/5 stars stating that the series is a dramedy about a dysfunctional family that falls prey to repetitiveness and confused tonality. The actor Naseeruddin Shah is prolific, but the character becomes repetitive. All the other actors have made justice to their respective roles. The web series like this with more evolved humour deserved depth too. The bar for dramedies about families raised four decades ago by some prolific filmmakers will struggle to live up to them.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/global/web-series/details/kaun-banegi-shikharwati/0-6-4z560880/ Kaun Banegi Shikharwati]'' at [[List of ZEE5 original programming|ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt13062628}}

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama web series]]

India at the 2014 Winter Olympics

2025-07-06T21:13:57Z

StellaWindsor21: new a article nd citations

{{good article}}
{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Winter Olympics
| year = 2014
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
|website = {{url|olympic.ind.in}}
| location = [[Sochi]], '''Russia'''
| date = 7–23 February 2014
| competitors = 2 (2 men)
| sports = 2
| flagbearer_open = Did not participate
| flagbearer_close =[[Himanshu Thakur]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sochi 2014 Closing Ceremony - Flagbearers |url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Sochi_2014/Flagbearers_Sochi_2014_Closing_Ceremony.pdf |work=[[International Olympic Committee]] |date=23 February 2014 |access-date=23 February 2014 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327092930/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Sochi_2014/Flagbearers_Sochi_2014_Closing_Ceremony.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rank =
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials =
| appearances =
| app_begin_year = 2014
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
}}

Three athletes from [[India]] qualified for the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]], Russia, held between 7 and 23 February 2014. The country's participation in Sochi marked its ninth appearance at the Winter Olympics since its debut in [[India at the 1964 Winter Olympics|1964]].{{efn|name= Chamonix|The first medals for [[Alpinism at the Olympic Games|alpinism]] were awarded at closing ceremony of the [[1924 Winter Olympics]] in [[Chamonix]], to the members of the unsuccessful [[1922 British Mount Everest expedition]] led by [[Charles Granville Bruce]].<ref>{{cite web|first1=Volker|last1=Kluge|first2=Thomas|last2=Lippert|title=The Olympic Alpinism Prize and a promise redeemed|work=International Society of Olympic Historians|date=2013|url=https://isoh.org/wp-content/uploads/JOH-Archives/JOHv21n3n.pdf|access-date=27 January 2024|archive-date=27 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127200156/https://isoh.org/wp-content/uploads/JOH-Archives/JOHv21n3n.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Charles Granville Bruce | work=[[British Olympic Association]]|url=https://www.teamgb.com/athlete/charles-granville-bruce/4y9AOl4OjHnTXniIPKVh4T|access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> The medals were awarded to 21 people: the [[1922 British Mount Everest expedition#Expedition participants|thirteen British expedition members]], seven Indian [[Sherpas]] who died during the ascent and one Nepalese soldier.<ref name="IW"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Douglas |first=Ed|title='My modest father never mentioned his Everest expedition Olympic gold'|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 May 2012|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/19/olympic-secret-everest-forgotten-hero|access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Prize Alpinism|work=The Gurkha Museum, Winchester|date=12 January 2021|url=https://thegurkhamuseum.co.uk/blog/olympic-prize-alpinism/|access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Olympedia – Alpinism| work=[[Olympedia]]|url=https://www.olympedia.org/sports/APN|access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref> As the medal was awarded to a team of players of various nationalities, the [[International Olympic Committee]] recognizes it as a medal awarded to the [[Mixed teams at the Olympics|mixed team]] rather than any individual nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/chamonix-1924/medals|title=Chamonix 1924 Olympic Medal Table|work=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=15 August 2024}}</ref>}}

While three Indians qualified for the games, they entered the competition as [[Independent Olympic Participants at the 2014 Winter Olympics|Independent Olympic Participants]] due to the suspension of the [[Indian Olympic Association]] since 2012. After [[Shiva Keshavan]] had participated in the [[Luge at the 2014 Winter Olympics|luge]] event on 11 February 2014, the [[International Olympic Committee]] reinstated India's [[National Olympic Committee]] (NOC). This allowed the other two athletes, [[Himanshu Thakur]] and [[Nadeem Iqbal]], who still had their respective events to compete under the Indian flag.

As participation under the Indian flag was not approved initially, there was no official flag-bearer during the [[2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]]. Thakur served as the flag-bearer during the [[2014 Winter Olympics closing ceremony|closing ceremony]]. India did not win a medal, and as of these Games, India had not earned a Winter Olympic medal.

== Background ==
The [[Indian Olympic Association]] was recognized by the [[International Olympic Committee]] in 1927.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/india|title=India – National Olympic Committee (NOC)|work=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326005433/https://www.olympic.org/india/|archive-date=26 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, by this time, they had already competed in three [[Summer Olympic Games]], in [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]], [[1920 Summer Olympics|1920]], and [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]]. The nation made its first Winter Olympics appearance until the [[1964 Winter Olympics]] held in [[Innsbruck]], Austria.{{efn|name= Chamonix}}<ref name="IW">{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/|title=India at the Olympics|work=Sports Reference|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233500/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/|archive-date=8 January 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This edition of the Games marked the nation's ninth appearance at the [[Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/india-winter-olympics-history-athletes-list-qualify|title=India at Winter Olympics - Jeremy Bujakowski to Arif Khan|work=[[Olympics.com]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721162720/https://olympics.com/en/news/india-winter-olympics-history-athletes-list-qualify|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/countries/IND|title=India at the Olympics|work=[[Olympedia]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010142456/http://www.olympedia.org/countries/IND|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Indian Olympic Association]] (IOA) was suspended by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) due to government interference in the autonomy of the country's [[National Olympic Committee]] (NOC) in December 2012.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2012 |title=IOC bans India from Olympics |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/ioc-bans-india-from-olympics-1.1272480 |work=[[CBC Sports]] |access-date=31 December 2013 |archive-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101104608/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/ioc-bans-india-from-olympics-1.1272480 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was announced on 31 December 2013 that India would be competing under the [[Olympic flag]] in Sochi.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 January 2014 |title=Three Indians to take part in Sochi Winter Games |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/2014-sochi-winter-olympics/Three-Indians-to-take-part-in-Sochi-Winter-Games/articleshow/28596848.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 January 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129170218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/2014-sochi-winter-olympics/Three-Indians-to-take-part-in-Sochi-Winter-Games/articleshow/28596848.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shiva Keshavan]] had traveled to [[Sochi]] independently and the skiing team consisting of athletes [[Himanshu Thakur]], and [[Nadeem Iqbal]] and three coaches traveled from [[Delhi]] to Sochi on 5 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-skiers-off-to-Russia-to-take-part-in-Olympics-without-national-flag/articleshow/29833899.cms|title=Indian skiers off o Russia to take part in Olympics|date=4 February 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721162731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-skiers-off-to-Russia-to-take-part-in-Olympics-without-national-flag/articleshow/29833899.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> As participation under the Indian flag was not approved, there was no official flag-bearer during the [[2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Sochi_2014/Flagbearers_Sochi_2014_Opening_Ceremony.pdf|title=Sochi 2014 Opening Ceremony|date=7 February 2014|work=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=7 February 2014|archive-date=26 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326222842/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Sochi_2014/Flagbearers_Sochi_2014_Opening_Ceremony.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Elections for the Indian Olympic Association were scheduled two days after the [[2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony|opening ceremony]], which was the major condition for the suspension to be lifted.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 December 2013 |title=Sochi Games: Four Indian skiers to go as independent athletes |url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/sochi-games-four-indian-skiers-to-go-as-independent-athletes_777046.html |work=[[Zee news]] |access-date=31 December 2013 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102160545/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/sochi-games-four-indian-skiers-to-go-as-independent-athletes_777046.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[International Olympic Committee]] eventually reinstated the Indian Olympic Association on 11 February after the election of a new board headed by [[Narayana Ramachandran]], the president of the [[World Squash Federation]], who was voted in as its new president.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/11/world/asia/sochi-olympics-india-reinstated/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |title=International Olympic Committee reinstates India at Sochi after ban |work=[[CNN]] |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222091016/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/11/world/asia/sochi-olympics-india-reinstated/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |url-status=live }}</ref> By then, Keshavan had already participated in the [[Luge at the 2014 Winter Olympics|luge]] event on 11 February 2014 as an [[Independent Olympic Participants at the 2014 Winter Olympics|Independent Olympic Participant]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Sochi 2014: India's Shiva Keshavan registers worst Winter Olympics performance, finishes 37th |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/sochi-2014-indias-shiva-keshavan-registers-worst-winter-olympics-performance-finishes-37th-1523581?|agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=[[NDTV]] |date=10 February 2014 |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302090246/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/220693-sochi-2014-indias-shiva-keshavan-registers-worst-winter-olympics-performance-finishes-37th |url-status=live }}</ref>

The other two athletes [[Himanshu Thakur]] and [[Nadeem Iqbal]], who still had pending events were able to compete under the Indian flag.<ref name="IT">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/sochi-games-indian-tricolour-unfurled-181309-2014-02-16|title=Sochi Games: Tricolour unfurled, Indian teams can now proudly fly national flag and wear dresses with India written on them|date=16 February 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721162728/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/sochi-games-indian-tricolour-unfurled-181309-2014-02-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Result">{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/countries/IND/editions/58|title=India at the 2014 Winter Olympics|work=[[Olympedia]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061832/http://www.olympedia.org/countries/IND/editions/58|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 February 2014, the [[Indian flag]] was hoisted in the Games village by the newly IOA president in the presence of IOC officials and the Indian delegation.<ref name="IT"/> Thakur served as the flag-bearer during the [[2014 Winter Olympics closing ceremony|closing ceremony]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sochi 2014 Closing Ceremony - Flagbearers |url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Sochi_2014/Flagbearers_Sochi_2014_Closing_Ceremony.pdf |work=[[International Olympic Committee]] |date=23 February 2014 |access-date=23 February 2014 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327092930/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Sochi_2014/Flagbearers_Sochi_2014_Closing_Ceremony.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Competitors ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%"
|-
! width=120|Sport
! width=50|Men
! width=50|Women
! width=50|Total
|-
| align=left|[[Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics|Alpine skiing]]
| 1
| 0
| 1
|-
| align=left|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics|Cross-country skiing]]
| 1
| 0
| 1
|-
| align=left|[[Luge at the 2014 Winter Olympics|Luge]]
| 1{{efn|[[Shiva Keshavan]] competed as an [[Independent Olympic athlete|Independent athlete]] due to the suspension of [[Indian Olympic Association]] during his event}}
| 0
| 1
|-
! Total
! 2
! 0
! 2
|}

== Alpine skiing ==
=== Qualification ===
{{main article|Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Qualification}}

The basic qualification mark for [[Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's slalom|slalom]] and [[Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's giant slalom|giant slalom]] events stipulated an average of less than 140 points in the list published by the [[International Ski Federation]] (FIS) as of 19 January 2014 for competitors ranked outside the top 100. The quotas were allocated further based on athletes satisfying other criteria, with a maximum of 22 athletes (maximum of 14 male or 14 female athletes) from a single participating NOC with not more than four participants in a single event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/media/olympic-games/sochi2014-18-09-2012-qualification-system-fis-english.pdf|title=2014 Winter Olympics Alpine Skiing Selection Procedure|work=[[International Ski Federation]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210091417/https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/media/olympic-games/sochi2014-18-09-2012-qualification-system-fis-english.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the final quota allocation released on 20 January 2014,<ref name="Quota">{{cite web |url=http://data.fis-ski.com/media/olympic-games/quota-20-01-2014-6.pdf |title=Summary of Quota allocation as per 20.01.2014 |date=20 January 2014 |publisher=[[International Ski Federation]] |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=29 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129014759/http://data.fis-ski.com/media/olympic-games/quota-20-01-2014-6.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2013, Indian [[alpine skiing|alpine skiers]] Himanshu Thakur and [[Hira Lal (skier)|Hira Lal]] achieved the basic qualification mark for the giant slalom event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/indian-athletes-sochi-winter-olympics-ioa-ioc-175804-2014-01-06|title=No Indian flag at Winter Olympics, country's athletes to compete as independent sportspersons|date=7 January 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721162619/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/indian-athletes-sochi-winter-olympics-ioa-ioc-175804-2014-01-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/3-manali-skiers-qualify-for-winter-olympics/story-iQrlyjfmG0gEjetSlhGhFJ.html|title=3 Manali skiers qualify for Winter Olympics|date=21 December 2013|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Despite two athletes achieving the qualification standard, India was allocated only one quota place based on the allocation criteria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/assigned-quota-for-olympic-games-2014-sochi.html?sectorcode=al |title=Alpine skiing quotas list for Olympic Winter Games 2022 |date=20 January 2014|work=[[International Ski Federation]] |access-date=20 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202171422/http://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/assigned-quota-for-olympic-games-2014-sochi.html?sectorcode=al|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Though Lal had prior experience having participated in the [[2006 Turin Olympics]], Thakur was selected for the event on account of his better performances in the recent events.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-sochi-winter-olympics/three-indians-to-take-part-in-sochi-winter-games/articleshow/28596848.cms|title=Three Indians to take part in Sochi Winter Games|date=9 January 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721162622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-sochi-winter-olympics/three-indians-to-take-part-in-sochi-winter-games/articleshow/28596848.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The 20-year old Thakur hailed from [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] [[Himachal Pradesh]] and is a younger cousin of Lal.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/news/in-from-the-cold-india-has-been-officially-excluded-from-the-sochi-winter-olympic-games-but-four-of-its-athletes-will-still-compete-9081510.html|title=In from the cold: India has been officially excluded from the Sochi Winter Olympic Games but four of its athletes will still compete|date=23 January 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

=== Main event ===
{{main article|Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics}}

Thakur was initially slated to compete as an Independent athlete at the games.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-two-alpine-skiers-and-a-luger-qualify-for-sochi-winter-olympics-won-t-be-able-to-carry-indian-flag-though-1951782|title=Two Alpine skiers and a luger qualify for Sochi Winter Olympics; won't be able to carry Indian flag though|date=29 September 2017|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721163221/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-two-alpine-skiers-and-a-luger-qualify-for-sochi-winter-olympics-won-t-be-able-to-carry-indian-flag-though-1951782|url-status=live}}</ref> But after the reinstatement of the Indian Olympic Committee on 11 February 2014, he received the necessary funding and equipment from the [[Government of India]] two days later, less than a week before the main event.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 February 2014|title=Sochi Olympics: Indian Himanshu Thakur gets skiing gear just in time|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/sochi-olympics-indian-himanshu-thakur-gets-skiing-gear-just-in-time-1389059.html|access-date=2 January 2022|newspaper=[[Firstpost]]|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221212521/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/sochi-olympics-indian-himanshu-thakur-gets-skiing-gear-just-in-time-1389059.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The giant slalom event was held on 19 February 2014 at the [[Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort]] and marked Thakur's first and only appearance at the Winter Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/himanshu-thakur|title=Himanshu Thakur|work=[[Olympics.com]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721163204/https://olympics.com/en/athletes/himanshu-thakur|url-status=live}}</ref> Thakur completed his first run in 1:47.86 to rank 71st. He took slightly longer to complete the course in the second run at 1:49.69 to be ranked 72nd among the competition.<ref name="AS">{{cite report|url=https://medias4.fis-ski.com/pdf/2014/AL/0342/2014AL0342RLR2.pdf|title=Results of Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's giant slalom|work=[[International Ski Federation]]|date=13 February 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703034504/http://medias4.fis-ski.com/pdf/2014/AL/0342/2014AL0342RLR2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> With a combined time of 3:37.55, he finished 72nd and last amongst the classified finishers in the overall classification.<ref name="AS"/><ref>{{cite news |title=India end 2014 Winter Olympics campaign as skier Himanshu Thakur finishes last |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/221120-india-end-2014-winter-olympics-campaign-as-skier-himanshu-thakur-finishes-last |agency=[[Reuters]] |work=[[NDTV]] |date=20 February 2014 |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311141535/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/221120-india-end-2014-winter-olympics-campaign-as-skier-himanshu-thakur-finishes-last |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/results/350002|title=Giant Slalom, Men|work=[[Olympedia]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819111816/https://www.olympedia.org/results/350002|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Run 1
!colspan=2|Run 2
!colspan=2|Total
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Himanshu Thakur]]
|align=left|[[Alpine skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's giant slalom|Men's giant slalom]]
|1:47.86
|71
|1:49.69
|72
|3:37.55
|72
|}

== Cross-country skiing ==
=== Qualification ===
{{main article|Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Qualification}}

As per the "A" standard, athletes with a maximum of 100 distance points were allowed to compete in both the sprint and distance events. Athletes with a maximum of 120 sprint points were allowed to compete in the sprint event. They were also allowed to compete in the distance event provided that their distance points did not exceed 300. NOCs which did not have any athlete meeting the "A" standard were allowed to enter one competitor of each sex (known as the basic quota) in the sprint event or the distance event provided that they satisfied the "B" standard of having a maximum of 300 distance points at the end of qualifying on 20 January 2014. A maximum of 20 athletes (maximum of 12 male or 12 female athletes) from a single participating NOC were allowed to compete and the remaining quotas were allocated further to athletes satisfying the "B" standard criteria from other NOCs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fis-ski.com/data/document/fis-sochi2014-180912.pdf |title=Qualification Systems for XXII Olympic Winter Games, Sochi 2014 |work=[[International Ski Federation]] |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Dj2DaqNh?url=http://www.fis-ski.com/data/document/fis-sochi2014-180912.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Indian skier Nadeem Iqbal achieved the basic qualification mark to participate in the [[Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre classical|Men's 15 km classical]] distance event at the Nordic qualifying ski event held at France and Italy in November–December.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/on-the-slopes-of-kashmir-a-soldier-trains-for-olympic-medal-in-sochi/|title=On the slopes of Kashmir, a soldier trains for Olympic medal in Sochi|date=5 January 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721163123/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/on-the-slopes-of-kashmir-a-soldier-trains-for-olympic-medal-in-sochi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/four-indians-qualify-for-sochi-winter-games-113121800614_1.html|title=Four Indians qualify for Sochi Winter Games|date=8 December 2013|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721163125/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/four-indians-qualify-for-sochi-winter-games-113121800614_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the final quota allocation released on 20 January 2014, India was allocated one place for the distance event under the basic quota.<ref name="Quota"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/assigned-quota-for-olympic-games-2014-sochi.html?sectorcode=cc |title=Alpine skiing quotas list for Olympic Winter Games 2022 |date=20 January 2014|publisher=[[International Ski Federation]] |access-date=20 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410013053/http://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/assigned-quota-for-olympic-games-2014-sochi.html?sectorcode=cc|archive-date=10 April 2014}}</ref> Iqbal hailed from [[Gulmarg]] in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Independent"/> He is the first athlete representing the [[Indian Army]] from the state to qualify for the Winter Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/sochi-2014-nadeem-iqbal-becomes-first-soldier-from-jk-to-qualify-for-winter-olympics-1523419?|title=Sochi 2014: Nadeem Iqbal becomes first soldier from J&K to qualify for Winter Olympics|date=13 February 2014|access-date=1 June 2014|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721163157/https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/sochi-2014-nadeem-iqbal-becomes-first-soldier-from-jk-to-qualify-for-winter-olympics-1523419?|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 February 2014 |title=Nadeem first soldier from J&K to qualify for Winter Olympics |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/2014-sochi-winter-olympics/Nadeem-first-soldier-from-JK-to-qualify-for-Winter-Olympics/articleshow/30352825.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=13 February 2014 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218000110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/2014-sochi-winter-olympics/Nadeem-first-soldier-from-JK-to-qualify-for-Winter-Olympics/articleshow/30352825.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Main event ===
[[File:Надеем_Икбал.JPG|thumb|[[Nadeem Iqbal]] during the [[Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre classical|cross-country event]]]]
{{further|Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics}}

Iqbal was initially slated to compete as an Independent athlete at the games.<ref name="DNA"/> But after the reinstatement of the Indian Olympic Committee on 11 February 2014, he received clearance to compete under the Indian flag the day before the main event.<ref name="IT"/> The main event was held on 14 February 2014 at the [[Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex]] and marked Iqbal's first and only participation in the Winter Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/nadeem-iqbal|title=Nadeem Iqbal|work=[[Olympics.com]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721163157/https://olympics.com/en/athletes/nadeem-iqbal|url-status=live}}</ref> Iqbal completed the {{cvt|15|km}} course in 55:12.5.<ref name="CC">{{cite web|url=http://data.fis-ski.com/pdf/2014/CC/3060/2014CC3060RL.pdf |title=Final Results - Men's 15km classical|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220020311/http://data.fis-ski.com/pdf/2014/CC/3060/2014CC3060RL.pdf |work=[[International Ski Federation]]|archive-date=20 February 2014|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/results/350006|title=Cross-country 15km classical, Men|work=[[Olympedia]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=9 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709155227/https://www.olympedia.org/results/350006|url-status=live}}</ref> He finished the race in 85th position (out of 87 competitors who completed the race), nearly 17 minutes behind the winner [[Dario Cologna]] of [[Switzerland at the 2014 Winter Olympics|Switzerland]].<ref name="IT"/><ref name="CC"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Sochi 2014: Cross-country skier Nadeem Iqbal finishes 85th in men's 15km classic run event at Winter Olympics |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/220893-sochi-2014-cross-country-skier-nadeem-iqbal-finishes-85th-in-mens-15km-classic-run-event-at-winter-olympics |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=[[NDTV]] |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304213055/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/220893-sochi-2014-cross-country-skier-nadeem-iqbal-finishes-85th-in-mens-15km-classic-run-event-at-winter-olympics |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="3"|Final
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Deficit
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Nadeem Iqbal]]
|align=left|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre classical|Men's 15 km classical]]
|55:12.5
| +16:42.8
|85
|}

== Luge ==
[[File:2017-12-01 Shiva Keshavan by Sandro Halank–02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Shiva Keshavan]] qualified for the [[Luge at the 2014 Winter Olympics|luge]] event, but competed as an [[Independent Olympic Participant|independent participant]] due to the suspension of the [[Indian Olympic Committee|Indian NOC]].]]

=== Qualification ===
{{main article|Luge at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Qualification}}

As per the qualification criteria, a maximum of 38 men were eligible for qualification. The qualification was based on the cumulative world ranking points from 1 November to 31 December 2013. The top ranked 30 athletes qualified directly and eight athletes were later added with first preference given to qualified relay teams who did not qualify individuals in all three disciplines followed by athletes from NOCs that met the minimum standards and who had not already qualified any athlete.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fil-luge.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/Reglement/Sochi_2014_Qualification_System.pdf |title=Qualification Systems for Luge, Sochi 2014 |work=[[International Luge Federation]] |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219001237/http://www.fil-luge.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/Reglement/Sochi_2014_Qualification_System.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> India got one of the additional quota spots, as no nations were able to use them to complete a relay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fil-luge.org/index.php?id=439&cup_id_fk=81&L= |title=Men's Cup Results |work=[[International Luge Federation]] |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051114/http://www.fil-luge.org/index.php?id=439&cup_id_fk=81&L= |url-status=live }}</ref> Shiva Keshavan was the only Indian to qualify for the event.<ref name="SK">{{cite news |title=Shiva Kesavan hopes India's suspension lifted before Sochi Olympics |url=http://olympics.cbc.ca/news/article/shiva-kesavan-hopes-india-suspension-lifted-before-sochi-olympics-30984.html |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |agency=Associated Press |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=31 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129111156/http://olympics.cbc.ca/news/article/shiva-kesavan-hopes-india-suspension-lifted-before-sochi-olympics-30984.html |archive-date=29 January 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Keshavan had represented India since 1997 and was the youngest ever men's luge competitor at the [[1998 Nagano Olympics]], where he finished 28th. He was also the sole Indian athlete to compete at the [[2002 Winter Olympics]] and further represented India in the [[2006 Winter Olympics|2006]] and [[2010 Winter Olympics|2010]] Games.<ref name="Independent"/>

=== Main event ===
{{Main|Luge at the 2014 Winter Olympics}}
In the main event, Keshavan competed as an [[Independent Olympic Participants at the 2014 Winter Olympics|Independent Olympic Participant]] due to the suspension of the Indian NOC.<ref name="SK" /> This was Kesavan's fifth consecutive appearance at the Winter Olympic Games since he made his debut at the 1998 Nagano Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/shiva-keshavan|title=Shiva Keshavan, profile|work=[[Olympics.com]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721163226/https://olympics.com/en/athletes/shiva-keshavan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV"/>

The event was held on 11 February 2014 at the [[Sliding Center Sanki]].<ref name="Luge">{{cite report|url=https://www.fil-luge.org/filext/results/2013-2014/2013LGM_SOCOG.pdf|title=Luge at the 2014 Winter Olympics - Men's Singles|work=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=1 June 2024|date=11 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227025854/https://www.fil-luge.org/filext/results/2013-2014/2013LGM_SOCOG.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2014}}</ref>
In his first run, Keshavan clocked a time of 53.905, finishing 1.735 behind the leader [[Albert Demchenko]]. In the second run, he clocked 55.203 to be ranked next to last amongst the 39 participants. In the penultimate run, he completed the circuit with a slightly better time of 54.706 to be ranked 37th. He had his best run in the final attempt, finishing 34th with a time of 53.335.<ref name="Luge"/> Keshavan clocked a total time of 3:37.149 and was classified in the 37th position out of the 39 athletes, marking his worst ever performance at the Winter Olympic Games.<ref name="NDTV"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/results/350405|title=Luge Singles, Men|work=[[Olympedia]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502102153/http://www.olympedia.org/results/350405|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Athlete
! rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=2|Run 1
!colspan=2|Run 2
!colspan=2|Run 3
!colspan=2|Run 4
!colspan=2|Total
|- style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|- align=center
|align=left|[[Shiva Keshavan]]
|align=left|[[Luge at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|53.905
|35
|55.203
|38
|54.706
|37
|53.335
|34
|3:37.149
|37
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225063029/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/team-india |date=25 February 2014 |title=India at the 2014 Winter Olympics (Sochi2014.com)}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225063024/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/team-independent-olympic-participant |date=25 February 2014 |title=Independent Olympic Participants at the 2014 Winter Olympics (Sochi2014.com)}}

{{Nations at the 2014 Winter Olympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}

[[Category:Nations at the 2014 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:India at the Winter Olympics by year|2014]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian sport]]

H. S. Prakash

2025-05-30T12:48:23Z

StellaWindsor21: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = H.S.Prakash
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]] for [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| term_start = 8 May 2013
| term_end = 16 May 2018
| term_start1 = May 2008
| term_end1 = May 2013
| term_start2 = May 2004
| term_end2 = October 2007
| term_start3 = December 1994
| term_end3 = August 1999
|birth_date = {{birth date|1951|09|13|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], [[Mysore State]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|11|27|1951|09|13}}
| death_place = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], [[India]]
|nationality = Indian
|party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|spouse = Lalitha Prakash
|children = 2 sons, 1 daughter
|residence = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
|occupation = Agriculture
}}

'''Hassan Sanniah Prakash''' (13 September 1951 – 27 November 2018) was an Indian politician and a four-term [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], representing the [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]] constituency. He was a member of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]. Prakash served as a member of Hassan city municipal council from 1983 to 1989, and was president of the municipal council from 1985 to 1987. He was elected for the fourth time as a member of the legislative assembly in the 2013 Karnataka state assembly election.

He was first elected as [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for the Hassan constituency in the [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994 election]].<ref>[http://www.mpmla.in/mla.php?stcode=S10&pcno=19&acno=135 Welcome H. S. Prakash ! Congratulations on your victory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075452/http://www.mpmla.in/mla.php?stcode=S10&pcno=19&acno=135 |date=28 November 2018 }}. mpmla.in</ref> He unsuccessfully contested the next elections in [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]], but was elected again in the [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]], [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] and [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] Karnataka state assembly elections.<ref>[http://karnatakaelections.in/ Karnataka Elections 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709013435/http://www.karnatakaelections.in/ |date=9 July 2017 }}. Karnatakaelections.in. Retrieved on 2011-11-11.</ref> His son [[Swaroop Prakash]] is the present sitting MLA from Hassan assembly constituency.

He was also the chairman of Sanjeevini co-operative hospital from 2001, co-founded by Dr. A. C. Munivenkate Gowda and Dr. Gururaj Hebbar, which also runs an institution [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] college of nursing and paramedical science.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, H. S.}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:People from Hassan]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]

M. Govindan

2025-05-27T01:16:24Z

StellaWindsor21: update article additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian writer of Malayalam literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = M. Govindan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1919|9|18}}
| birth_place = Kuradadesham, Thrikkanapuram, [[Ponnani]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1989|1|23|1919|9|18}}
| death_place = [[Guruvayur]], [[Thrissur]], Kerala, India
| nationality =
| genre = [[Poetry]]
| occupation = Writer, cultural activist
| spouse = Dr K C Padmavathy
| children = 2
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
}}
'''Mancherath Thazhathethil Govindan''' (1919–1989) was an Indian writer of [[Malayalam literature]] and a cultural activist from [[Kerala]], India. He was known for his writings as well as for his efforts in assisting [[Anand (writer)|Anand]] to publish his [[debut novel]], ''Aalkkottam'', and in the production of [[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]], the debut movie of [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award|Dadasaheb Phalke laureate]], [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]. His body of work comprises short stories, poems, articles and plays. He also wrote the screenplay for [[Nokkukuthi]], a 1983 film by [[Mankada Ravi Varma]].

== Biography ==
Govindan was born on 18 September 1919, at Kuradadesham, in Thrikkanapuram, [[Ponnani]], [[Malappuram district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Kothayath Manakkal Chithran Nampoothiri and Mancherath Thazhathethil Devaki Amma.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/MGovindan/Html/MGovindangraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-03-05 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> His schooling was at Higher Elementary School, [[Kuttippuram]], and A.V. High School, Ponnani but had formal education only up to 9th standard. He became a socialist, reading ''Why Socialism'' by Jayaprakash Narayan, given to him by the poet Idassery Govindan Nair, but never a Marxist. When his mother remarried Karunakaran Nair, a police official based in [[Chennai]] and moved there, Govindan also settled in that city. According to the biography of Govindan, written by his close associate M. K. Sanoo, Govindan never took part in freedom movement and shifted to Madras only because his mother got married again. In 1944 he joined Madras Information service, shifted to Kerala Information Department along with his friend A. N. Nambiar, after states re organization; worked in the information service for 14 years. It was the British rule that recruited him, and the information service was propagating British views on Second World War. He was given a job at the recommendation of P. Balasubramanya Mudaliar, Editor of ''Sunday Observer'', mouth piece of the Justice Party. Govindan had embraced the Radical Humanism of erstwhile Marxist M. N. Roy in 1939; both were against Gandhi and the Quit India movement. His friendship with Roy began when Roy, as Editor of ''Independent India'', published Govindan's article, ''Caste and Class in South India''. Subsequent exchange of letters made Govindan, a disciple of Roy. He had been in active politics prior to that and according to Sanoo, had written a couple of articles in leftist magazines such as ''Thozhilali'' and ''Rajyabhamani''. C. J. Thomas met him in 1949, when he went to Madras and made an unsuccessful attempt to study MLitt, and joined the USIS. Their friendship ultimately bloomed in their joint effort against the first elected Communist Government in India, in the infamous liberation struggle, funded by the CIA. Govindan worked against the first Communist government of Kerala during 1957–1959, and exposed the Andhra rice scandal of that government, which was toppled by the CIA, according to the book, ''A Dangerous Place'' by Daniel Patrick Moynihan. Govindan organized several pamphlets against the government, one of which was written by Sanoo. In 1959, he resigned from service and concentrated on his intellectual career. He edited three magazines ''Navasahiti'', ''Gopuram'' and ''Sameeksha'' and organised many academic forums for cultural debate.<ref name="‘Anaadham Ee Agniveena’ is an absorbing work on the life and times of writer and thinker M Govindan">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/anaadham-ee-agniveena-is-an-absorbing-work-on-the-life-and-times-of-writer-and-thinker-m-govindan/article25992801.ece |title='Anaadham Ee Agniveena' is an absorbing work on the life and times of writer and thinker M Govindan |last=Binoy |first=Rasmi |date=2019-01-17 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> He spotted and groomed many young writers and artists through his magazines.<ref>M.Govindan;Jeevithavum Ashayavum by A.Radhakrishnan</ref> He also wrote profusely both in Malayalam and English,<ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA255|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|pages=255–}}</ref> but his creative works were largely in Malayalam.<ref>Akhilavijnanakosam; D.C.Books; Kottayam</ref><ref>Sahithyakara Directory; Kerala Sahithya Academy, Thrissur</ref>

Govindan was married to Dr. K. C. Padmavathy, who was a physician, and niece of artist K. C. S. Paniker. It was a love marriage, both she and Paniker were Royists. She had participated in Guruvayoor temple struggle. She translated William Saroyan's ''The Human Comedy'' and six stories of Isaac Bashevis Singer. Govimdan died on 23 January 1989, at the age of 69, in [[Guruvayur]], Kerala.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

== Legacy ==
Govindan's works include poems, short stories, plays, and essays.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/MGovindan/Html/MGovindanBooks.htm |title=List of Works |date=2019-03-05 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> Besides, he wrote the screenplay for [[Nokkukuthi]], a 1983 film by [[Mankada Ravi Varma]], based on one of his own stories.<ref name="Profile of Malayalam Story Writer M. Govindan">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=story&artist=M%2520Govindan |title=Profile of Malayalam Story Writer M. Govindan |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref><ref name="Nokkukuthi [1983]">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4858 |title=Nokkukuthi [1983] |website=malayalasangeetham.info |access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> While he was the editor of ''Sameeksha'' magazine, [[Anand (writer)|Anand]] wrote to him requesting for assistance for publishing his debut novel, ''Aalkkottamm'' and later Anand admitted that Govindan's intervention helped in the publication of the novel.<ref name="Anand - Sahapedia profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/anand-0 |title=Anand - Sahapedia profile |date=2019-03-05 |website=Sahapedia |access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> His efforts have also been reported in the production and distribution of [[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]], the debut movie of [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]].<ref name="‘M. Govindan was not anti-Marxist’">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/m-govindan-was-not-anti-marxist/article26226222.ece |title=M. Govindan was not anti-Marxist |date=2019-02-09 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Short stories ===
* {{Cite book |title=Maṇiyōrḍar̲uṃ Mat̲t̲u Kathakaḷuṃ |last=Govindan |first=M |date=1969 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ : [Sales Dept.], Nāṣanal Bukkst̲āḷ |location=Kōṭṭayaṃ|oclc = 31221520}}
* {{Cite book |title=M. Gōvindant̲e Kathakaḷ |last=Govindan |first=M |date=2003 |publisher=Ḍi. Si. Buks |isbn=9788126406272 |location=Kottayam|oclc = 54529141}}

=== Poetry ===
* {{Cite book |title=Oru Ponnānikkāran̲te Manōrājyaṃ |last=Govindan |first=M |date=1978 |publisher=Samīkṣa |location=Parappanaṅṅāṭi |language=ml|oclc = 8805195}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kavita |last=Govindan |first=M |last2=Nārāyaṇapiḷḷa |first2=Ke. Es |publisher=Kēraḷa Kavitāgrandhavari |location=Koccin?|oclc = 36778815}}
* {{Cite book |title=Nāṭṭuveḷichaṃ |last=Govindan |first=M |date=1978 |publisher=Samīkṣa |location=Parappanaṅṅāṭi |language=ml|oclc = 8805260}}

=== Edited works ===
* {{Cite book|title=Poetry and renaissance: Kumaran Asan birth centenary volume|last=Govindan|first=M|date=1974|publisher=Sameeksha |location=Madras|language=en|oclc=2834828}}
* {{Cite book|title=Poetry and renaissance: Kumaran Asan birth centenary volume|last=Govindan|date=2014|location=Chennai|language=en| publisher = Blaze Media, [[P K Sreenivasan]] Chennai |oclc=2834828}}

=== Essays ===
* {{Cite book |title=M. Gōvindant̲e Upanyāsaṅṅaḷ |last=Govindan |first=M |date=1986 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ : Nāṣanal Bukkst̲āḷ |location=Kōṭṭayaṃ |oclc=18226024}}
* {{Cite book |title=Samasyakaḷ Sameepanaṅgaḷ. |last=Govindan |first=M |date=1967 |publisher=Sales Dept. |location=Place of publication not identified |language=ml|oclc = 25147844}}
* {{Cite book |title=Araṅgēt̲t̲aṃ |last=Govindan |first=M |date=1978 |publisher=Samīkṣa |location=Parappanaṅṅāṭi |language=ml|oclc = 8476430}}

=== Works on M. Govindan ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=149749&query_desc=pb%253AMaluben |title=Anaadham Ee Agniveena: M Govindhante Jeevithanaalvazhikkanakk |last=Unnikkannan |first=M. T. |date=2017 |publisher=MaluBen Publications |isbn=9789384795184 |edition=1 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |title=M. Gōvindan, Jeevithavuṃ Aaśayavuṃ |last=Rādhākr̥iṣhṇan |first=E |date=2008 |publisher=Ḍ. C. Buks |isbn=9788126422159 |location=Kottayam|oclc = 317778495}}
* {{Cite book |title=M. Gōvindan Smaraṇika |last=Śr̲eedharan |first=I. V |date=1993 |publisher=Malayāḷa Kalāgrāmaṁ |location=New Mahe, Kerala|oclc = 45759159}}
*Sanoo M K ( 2002)/M Govindan, D C Books

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/MGovindan/Html/MGovindan.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-03-05 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-03-05}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/eighteen-artists-exhibit-their-works-at-nanappa-art-gallery-kochi/articleshow/66024529.cms |title=Eighteen artists exhibit their works at Nanappa Art Gallery, Kochi |website=The Times of India |access-date=2019-03-05}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindan, M.}}
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Hunter Fraud Score

2025-05-20T15:28:20Z

StellaWindsor21: new first article needs work

'''Hunter Fraud Score''' is a rating score in [[India]] prepared by the credit information company [[Experian]] to help detect fraud in credit applications through analytical approach. The score was launched in 2016 and is used by Indian banks and insurance companies to help them lower their losses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.experian.co.uk/identity-and-fraud/fraud-prevention/hunter.html|title=Prevent Application Fraud {{!}} Identity & Fraud {{!}} Experian UK|website=www.experian.co.uk|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref>

== Key features ==
* Screening data at first level and to identify inconsistencies
* More the data is found, more are the chances of fraud level
* Data sources are used which include intelligence for smart detection
* Prioritising investigations depending upon fraud level.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/experian-india-launches-new-fraud-solution-for-banking-and-insurance/articleshow/51992468.cms|title=Experian India launches new fraud solution for banking and insurance - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref>

== Methodology ==
There are various criteria based on which information is matched in the loan application from different data sources and inconsistencies after that are identified. The company has analytical solutions which allows it to create an analytical approach to predict and calculate a score that can help banks lower their losses. A data repository was created to collect the data of all the past customers in addition to their [[Know your customer|KYC]] data, on which data mining is performed to filter out details and extrapolate the user's data. The solution has some customised rules to analyse different data sources to highlight inconsistencies and discrepancies so that it can match with the known fraud data. The results calculate the level of fraud risk and any application if found suspicious is moved into a special investigation tool to take further action.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mortgagestrategy.co.uk/issues/18-february-2013/the-war-on-fraud/|title=The war on fraud - Mortgage Strategy|date=2013-02-18|newspaper=Mortgage Strategy|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-11-02|archive-date=2016-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104000511/https://www.mortgagestrategy.co.uk/issues/18-february-2013/the-war-on-fraud/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In India under Section 45 of the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Act, if three years duration is crossed for any reason to reject an insurance claim then it can not be rejected after that period. So, this repository would help them catch criminals before they breach the obstacles to commit fraud. {{As of |2016}}, data from life insurers reveals that there is about 20 per cent rise year by year in fraudulent claims.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/experian-s-data-repository-to-do-micro-segment-scrutiny-to-prevent-life-insurance-frauds-115090400777_1.html|title=Experian's Hunter to detect life insurance fraud|last=Saraswathy|first=M.|date=2015-09-05|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref>

A nexus was identified of fraudulent people who get their claims passed through their relatives in the authorities which pass the claims. Depending on the screening, businesses will be able to identify applications using the hunter fraud score that have high probability of potential fraud.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Experian-launches-credit-monitor-Hunter-Fraud-Score/articleshow/51993403.cms|title=Experian launches credit monitor Hunter Fraud Score - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Financial services in India}}

[[Category:Market research]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]