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List of Shaurya Chakra award recipients

2026-05-20T02:12:37Z

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{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Shaurya Chakra
| image = [[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|150px]]
| caption = Shaurya Chakra and its ribbon, the third highest peacetime decoration of India
| presenter = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| country = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| type = [[Medal]]
| eligibility = *Officers, men and women of all ranks of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force, of any of the Reserve Forces, of the Territorial Army, Militia and of any other lawfully constituted forces.
*Members of the Nursing Services of the Armed Forces.
*Civilian Citizens of either sex in all walks of life and members of Police Forces including Central Para-Military Forces and Railway protection Force.<ref name=army>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=p30Od2nkeJnieKEkcAp+zw==&ParentID=vnWBcZSqV74+dK5qqrFJKQ== |title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army |publisher=Indianarmy.gov.in |access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>
| awarded_for = Awarded for gallantry otherwise than in the face of the enemy.<ref name=army/>
| campaign =
| status = Currently Awarded
| description =
| motto =
| clasps =
| post-nominals = SC
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1952}}
| firstawarded = 1952
| lastawarded = 2021
| total_awarded =
| total_awarded_posthumously =627
| total_recipients =2122 (As of 2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardees|title=Awardees | Gallantry Awards|website=gallantryawards.gov.in|access-date=Feb 20, 2021}}</ref>
| precedence_label =
| individual =
| higher = [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|x15px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<ref name=precedence>{{cite web|title=Precedence Of Medals|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|work=indianarmy.nic.in/|publisher=Indian Army|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref>
| same = [[File:Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|x15px]] [[Vir Chakra]]<ref name=precedence/>
| lower = [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|x15px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]<ref name=precedence/>
| related =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}

The '''[[Shaurya Chakra]]''' ({{lit|Wheel of Gallantry}}) is the third highest peacetime Indian [[military decoration]]. This list comprises List of Shaurya Chakra award recipients

== Recipients==
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Rank
!Name
!Regiment
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="18" |1952
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|P.S. Gahoon
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|
|-
|[[Second lieutenant|Second Lieutenant]]
|M Thulasiram
|[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|The Corps of Engineers]]
|
|-
|[[Subedar]]
|Kartar Singh, [[Military Cross|MC]]
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|
|-
|[[Jemadar]]
|Samandar Singh
|GRS
|
|-
|[[Lance naik|Lance Naik]]
|Milkha Singh
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|
|-
|[[Lance naik|Lance Naik]]
|Bishan Singh
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|
|-
|[[Sepoy]]
|Shankar Dass
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|
|-
|[[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]]
|R.A Shebbeare
|[[The Grenadiers]]
|
|-
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|S.L. Menezes
|[[The Grenadiers]]
|
|-
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|A.T. Stephenson
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|
|-
|[[Subedar-major|Subedar Major]]
|Dhan Singh
|[[Artillery]]
|
|-
|[[Havildar]]
|Naranjan Singh
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|
|-
|[[Lance daffadar|Lance Daffadar]]
|Sultan Singh
|[[Poona Horse]]
|
|-
|[[Rifleman]]
|Bakhtawar Singh Bhandari
|[[Garhwal Rifles]]
|
|-
|[[Sepoy]]
|Harchand Singh
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|
|-
|[[Sepoy]]
|Richhpal Singh
|[[The Grenadiers]]
|
|-
|[[Niak]]
|Jograj Singh
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
|
|-
|[[Sepoy]]
|Ram Singh
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Para]], [[Kumaon Regiment|Kumaon]]
|
|-
|
|[[Rifleman]]
|Til Bahadur Gurung
|[[Assam Rifles]]
|
|-
|1953
|[[Subedar]]
|Tek Bahadur Sahi
|[[9th Gorkha Rifles]]
|
|-
|1953
|Sepoy
|Thakur Singh
|Indian Army Service Corps
|
|-
|1953
|[[Shri]]
|Baboo Lal
|Indian Civilian
|
|-
|1954
|Srimati
|Lalita Mukand
|Indian Civilian
|
|-
|1955
|[[Jemadar]]
|Kulbir Thapa
|[[8th Gorkha Rifles|8 Gorkha Rifles]]
|
|-
|1955
|[[Rifleman]]
|Ganesh Bahadur Tamang
|[[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5 Gorkha Rifles]]
|
|-
|1956
|Shri
|Akshya Kumar Singh
|Civilian
|
|-
|1957
|Second Lieutenant
|JK Grover
|Corps of [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Signals]]
|
|-
|1957
|Naik
|Sugriv Singh
|Rajput Regiment
|
|-
|1963
|Second Lieutenant
|Dharam Datt Bhalla
|Rajput Regiment
|Shaurya Chakra was awarded in Investiture Ceremony that took place on 18 April 1963 for an action that took place on 26 October 1961 when as commander of a small patrol of 3 ORs was given a task to carry out reconnaissance of route from the patrol base at Jaura Dhok to Chinamarg Gali and beyond in high altitude snow covered mountains of Pir Panjal Range.
After the patrol covered approximately 4 miles it was fired upon by Pakistani infiltrators of much larger strength. In the encounter some infiltrators were killed others ran away leaving some of their arms and ammunition.

Thus the infiltrators failed in their mission of blowing up Kalai Bridge on Rajauri- Poonch road.

The Indian Government honored 2LT Dharam Datt Bhalla's bravery with the prestigious Shaurya Chakra award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF SHAURYA CHAKRA AWARDEES |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=Jft3SnEGiQwRdCx0Ps0Gfg==&ParentID=wJSoDSmMBk0eAtlur/k8fA==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==}}</ref>
|-
|1973
|Grenadier
|Ran Singh
|[[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
|
|-
|1975
|Assistant Engineer (Civil)
|Kehar Singh Chima
|Border Roads Organisation
|
|-
|1975
|Inspector
|Vihoi Sema
|[[Border Security Force]]
|
|-
|1975
|Major
|Badal Ghosh
|Rajput Regiment
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1976
|Second Lieutenant
|Akoijam Dinamani Singh*
|[[Sikh Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|Lance Naik
|Jagbeer Singh
|Corps of [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Signals]]
|
|-
|1977
|Company Havildar Major
|PJ Thimaiah
|Corps of [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Signals]]
|
|-
|1980
|Sepoy
|Manjit Singh*
|Punjab Regiment
|
|-
|1981
|Flight Lieutenant
|Sumit Mukherjee
|Indian Air Force
|
|-
|1982
|Flight Lieutenant
|S L Thantry
|[[Indian Air Force]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaurya Chakra Awardee List for the 503 SU , Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/awards/awards.php?qaward=SC&qunit=503+SU&qname=&qyear= |website=Bharat Rakshak}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
|Lieutenant Commander
|Kulwant Singh Samra
|Indian Navy
|
|-
|Signalman
|MK Sharma
|Corps of [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Signals]]
|Posthumous
|-
|1986
|Colonel
|R K Bansal
|[[Army Postal Service (India)|Army Postal Service Corps]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF SHAURYA CHAKRA AWARDEES |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=fG995Wjly4qGP99xgImNOKarddqoJjuzGmmKpNA4lKs=&ParentID=+VQVJ+TeHnkvjHLBSgezLg==}}</ref>
|-
|1987
|Captain
|Virinder Singh Grewal
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|
|-
|1990
|Squadron Leader
|Sanjeev Mishra
|Indian Air Force
|
|-
|1992
|Captain
|Kishore Geer Bava
|[[Border Roads Organisation]]
|
|-
|1997
|Subedar
|Santokh Singh
|Jammu & Kashmir Rifles
|On April 21, 1997, in a Counterinsurgency operation in village of Kodom, Senapati District, Manipur. During this operation, he led his company, eliminated eight militants, and demonstrated exceptional courage, comradeship, and dedication to duty with complete disregard for his own safety.
|-
|1999
|[[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]
|Urba Datt
|[[3 Kumaon Regiment]]
|On the day of February 23, 1998, a specific intelligence was received that some terrorists are hiding in the Saloor village of Srinagar with an intention to plot explosives on the way of the convoy of VIPs passing through that route. On the same night around 2100h, Sofi Mohalla of that village was cordoned by the army. The next day at 1100h in the morning while searching the last house of the locality Naik Urba Datt noticed some suspicious movement in the heap of hay on the rooftop. He immediately fired however the terrorists jumped off the rooftop into the Nala and ran towards the jungle of Nambal. To this, Naik Urba Dutt too jumped on the Nala and chased the terrorists with a daunting spirit. Despite being severely injured, he gunned down one militant and wounded another militant who succumbed to his injuries later on. This brave soldier also succumbed to his injuries and got martyred. Naik Urba Datt displayed indomitable courage and exemplary valor and laid down his supreme sacrifice on the line of duty for the nation.
|-
|
|Jemadar
|Kulbir Thapa
|8 Gorkha Rifles
|
|-
|
|Rifleman
|Ganesh Bahadur Jamang
|5 Gorkha Rifles
|
|-
|
|Havildar
|S.S. Bhardwaj
|Army Ordnance Corps
|
|-
|
|Scout
|Chatra Ram
|Border Scouts
|
|-
|
|Scout
|Tara Chand
|Border Scouts
|
|-
|
|Scout
|Saudagar Singh
|Border Scouts
|
|-
|
|Captain
|G.S. Grewal
|Bihar Regiment
|
|-
|
|Subedar
|Khem Chand
|The Grenadiers
|
|-
|
|Subedar
|Megh Singh
|Dogra Regiment
|
|-
|
|Jemadar
|Rabe Gurung
|4 Gorkha Rifles
|
|-
|
|Havildar
|Tek Bahadur Gurung
|4 Gorkha Rifles
|
|-
|
|Lance Havildar
|Balwant Singh
|Sikh Regiment
|
|-
|
|Naik
|Raghunath Dange
|Parachute Regiment
|
|-
|
|Sepoy
|Hans Raj
|Punjab Regiment
|
|-
|
|Second Lieutenant
|[[Ram Labhaya]]
|Jat Regiment
|
|-
|
|Sepoy
|[[Narbir Singh]]
|Rajput Regiment
|
|-
|
|Sepoy
|Shanker Hembrom
|Bihar Regiment
|
|-
|
|Havildar
|[[Murli Ram]]
|GRS
|
|-
|
|Sepoy
|[[Ganak Singh]]
|Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry
|
|-
|
|Subedar
|[[Mohar Singh (subedar)|Mohar Singh]]
|Sikh Regiment
|
|-
|
|Jemadar
|[[Mohinder Singh]]
|Sikh Regiment
|
|-
|
|Jemadar
|[[Tek Bahadur Gurung]]
|8 Gorkha Rifles
|
|-
|
|Naik
|[[Sugam Singh]]
|Rajput Regiment
|
|-
|
|Naik
|[[Padam Singh Gurung]]
|8 Gorkha Rifles
|
|-
|
|Sepoy
|[[Mewa Singh (sepoy)|Mewa Singh]]
|Sikh Regiment
|
|-
|
|Sepoy
|[[Ranjit Singh]]
|Sikh Regiment
|
|-
|
|Lance Naik
|[[Ganga Prasad Thapa]]
|Assam Rifles
|
|-
|
|Rifleman
|[[Puran Bahadur Rana]]
|Assam Rifles
|
|-
|
|Rifleman
|[[Gogeshwar Kumar]]
|Assam Rifles
|
|-
|
|Second Lieutenant
|[[V.R. Dani]]
|8 Gorkha Rifles
|
|-
|
|Jemadar
|Dalip Singh
|Sikh Regiment
|
|-
|
|Lance Havildar
|Birbal
|Corps of [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Signals]]
|Posthumous
|-
|2001
|Lance Naik
|[[Chhering Norbu Bodh]]
|Dogra Regiment
|<blockquote>CN Bodh's Shaurya Chakra citation:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/439 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref> "Lance Naik Chhering Norbu Bodh was selected as a member of the Indian Army Everest Expedition 2001. On 23 May 2001, he was part of the second summit team attempting to summit Everest, after having spent two nights at camp – III (26000 ft). However, blizzards forced them to turn back from 27,000ft. Though exhausted by the effort, he refused to accept defeat. On 23 May 2001, at 2200 hours, he commenced his attempt. Re-entering the Death Zone on Everest above 26,000ft at night required every ounce of physical and mental strength apart from conspicuous courage. He soon started losing strength due to cold, strong winds, poor snow conditions and lack of oxygen. But he continued doggedly and at the same time kept encouraging his team-mates. At Hillary Step he was thoroughly exhausted but in a superhuman effort, he marshalled his remaining energy and clawed his way up the dangerous precipice of rock covered with verglas. His mind fought against loss of energy, numbness in fingers and toes and lack of oxygen but he made it through the step. Then with very little left in him except his mental strength and determination, he willed his body to move. Through this great effort he kept helping and encouraging his team-mates. He finally reached the summit to bring glory to the team and the Army. Lance Naik Chhering Norbu Bodh displayed undaunted determination and conspicuous courage in the face of extreme elements."</blockquote>
|-
|2002
|Havildar
|Radhakrishan Kunju Panicker*
|Madras Regiment
|
|-
|2003
|Captain
|Umang Bharadwaj*
|Jat Regiment
|
|-
|2004
|Captain
|Krishan Yadav, SM
|Army Service Corps
|
|-
|2007
|Major
|Rajinder Kumar Sharma
|32 Assam Rifles
|
|-
|2007
|Superintendent of Police
|Pankaj Sharma
|[[Assam Police]]
|
|-
|2007
|[[Captain]]
|Kaushal Kashyap
|21 [[Para (Special Forces)]]
|
|-
|2008
|petty officer (Marcos)
|[[Praveen Kumar Teotia]]
|[[Indian Navy]]
|
|-
|2009
|Rifleman
|Mohammad Abdul Amieen Bhat*
|Jammu & Kashmir Light Infantry
|
|-
|2011
|Naik
|Vijay Pal
|Jat Regiment
|
|-
|2013
|Sepoy
|Lallawmzuala
|Regiment of Artillery / 18th Battalion The Rashtriya Rifles
|On 23 July 2013, Sepoy Lallawmzuala was part of the inner cordon deployed at night during search operation based on intelligence about presence of a terrorist in a house. On commencement of search at approximately 6:30 AM, Sepoy Lallawmzuala was amongst the first to enter the house. His deliberate and methodical search revealed the presence of an armed terrorist in a well concealed hideout behind planks and loose earth in the house. Upon being discovered the terrorist opened indiscriminate fire, however, the soldier’s alacrity and outstanding use of field craft enabled him to manoeuvre to an advantageous position within three metres of the terrorist. His courage under fire, calm collected actions and outstanding fire control led to elimination of a top commander of Jaish-e-Mohammad. His actions ensured that the balance of the search party received critical warning at the opportune time, resulting in effective covering fire and no casualty to own troops.
|-
|2014
|Sepoy
|Vikram Singh SC
|The Rajput Regiment, 44RR, Kashmir insurgency.
|
|-
|August 2016
|Lance Naik
|Om Prakash
|9 PARA SF
|Posthumous
|-
|2016
|Captain
|[[Capt.Pawan Kumar (Indian Army Officer)|Pawan Kumar]]
|10 PARA SF
|
|-
|2016
|Lieutenant
|Harjinder Singh
|3 Kumaon Rifles (General Service)
|
|-
|2016
|Captain
|[[Tushar Mahajan]]
|9 PARA SF
|-
|2017
|Havildar
|Mubarik Ali
|22 Rastriya Rifles
|
|-
|2017
|Sepoy
|Arif Khan
|55 Rastriya Rifles
|
|-
|2018
|Major
|[[Satish Dahiya]]
|Army Services Corps
|
|-
|2018
|Captain
|[[Pradeep Shaurya Arya]]
|Parachute Regiment(TA)
|
|-
|2018
|Major
|Aditya Kumar
|10 Garhwal Rifles
|
|-
|2018
|Major
|Abhinav Shukla
|PARA SF
|
|-
|19 March 2019
|Pawan Kumar
|34 RR
|Jat Regiment
|Major Pawan Kumar displayed astute tactical acumen, indomitable spirit and raw courage which led to elimination of a hardcore terrorist in September 2017. A top terrorist and the longest surviving terrorist of the valley whilst infiltrating back from [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] by taking cover of darkness, thick foliage, boulders and folds of the ground was effectively engaging own troops with deadly fire. The dreaded terrorist could have been engaged only with accurate indirect fire. Major Pawan realising the gravity of situation and danger to safety of own troops, undaunted by heavy volumes of fire, displaying raw courage, used folds of the ground to crawl towards the terrorist and closed in the distance. He lobbed a grenade at the terrorist forcing him to expose himself and in a fierce encounter shot him dead from a close quarter. His elimination not only saved lives of own troops but also prevented revival of terrorism in the valley. Major Pawan Kumar displayed perseverance, dedication to duty, unmatched bravery and raw courage in elimination of a hardcore terrorist.<ref>[https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=k5lhod0jTESAjpBHTcchHg==&ParentID=x1UHqJ2E5fTRe7COlnraPw==&flag=D3rRdeA74x88FLBhIxAcFw== Unknown]{{Dead link|date=January 2025|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2019 |title=President Ram Nath Kovind presents Shaurya Chakra to Major Pawan Kumar, Jat Regiment, 34th Battalion, Rashtriya Rifles |url=https://orissadiary.com/president-ram-nath-kovind-presents-shaurya-chakra-major-pawan-kumar-jat-regiment-34th-battalion-rashtriya-rifles/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2018 |title=आतंकियों से लोहा लेने वाले मेजर पवन कुमार को मिला सेना का बड़ा सम्मान | Major Pawan Kumar got the Shaurya Chakra Award |url=https://www.patrika.com/churu-news/major-pawan-kumar-got-the-shaurya-chakra-award-3302625//}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Shri
|Irfan Ramzan Sheikh
|Civilian
|
|-
|2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=President approves 409 Gallantry and other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1600543 |website=PIB}}</ref>
|Deputy Inspector General
|Amit Kumar
|Indian Police Service
|
|-
|2020
|Colonel
|Krishan Singh Rawat, SM
|1 PARA SF
|Also a recipient of the Sena Medal
|-
|2020
|Major
|Anil Urs
|4 Maratha Light Infantry
|
|-
|2020
|Havildar
|Alok Kumar Dubey
|Rajput Regiment/ 44 RR
|
|-
|2020
|Wing Commander
|Vishak Nair
|Indian Air Force
|
|-
|2020
|Sub Inspector
|Mahaveer Prasad Godara
|CISF
|Posthumous
|-
|2020
|Head Constable
|Eranna Nayak
|CISF
|Posthumous
|-
|2020
|Constable
|Mahendra Kumar Paswan
|CISF
|Posthumous
|-
|2020
|Constable
|Satish Kumar Kushwaha
|CISF
|Posthumous
|-
|2020
|Lieutenant Colonel
|Jyoti Lama
|11 Gorkha Rifles / 37 RR
|
|-
|2020
|Major
|Konjengbam Bijendra Singh
|AAD/ 23 Assam Rifles
|
|-
|2020
|Deputy Superintendent of Police
|Aman Kumar
|MHA
|Posthumous
|-
|2020
|Naib Subedar
|Narendar Singh
|9 PARA SF
|
|-
|2020
|Naib Subedar
|Sombir
|Jat/ 34 RR
|Posthumous
|-
|2020
|Naik
|Naresh Kumarthe
|Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry/ 42 RR
|
|-
|2020
|Sepoy
|Karmdeo Oraon
|8 Bihar Regiment
|
|-
|2020
|Shri
|Challapilla Narasimha Rao
|Indian Civilian
|Posthumous
|-
|2020
|Constable
|Kamal Kishore
|MHA
|Posthumous
|-
|2021<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Independence Day 2024: President approves 103 Gallantry awards, including nine posthumous, to Armed Forces & Central Armed Police Forces personnel |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2045373 |archive-date= |access-date= |website=PIB}}</ref>
|Group Captain
|Perminder Antil
|Indian Air Force
|
|-
|2021
|Captain
|Sachin Reuben Sequeira
|Indian Navy
|
|-
|2021
|[[Wing commander|Wing Commander]]
|[[Varun Singh]]
|[[Indian Air Force]]
|Later died on [[2021 Indian Air Force Mil Mi-17 crash]]
|-
|2021
|Major
|Arun Kumar Pandey
|44 RR
|
|-
|2021
|Major
|Ravi Kumar Chaudhary
|55 RR
|
|-
|2021
|Deputy Commandant
|Chitesh Kumar
|CRPF
|
|-
|2021
|Captain
|Ashutosh Kumar
|Madras Regiment
|Posthumous
|-
|2021
|Captain
|Vikas Khatri
|40 RR
|
|-
|2021
|Sub Inspector
|Manjinder Singh
|CRPF
|
|-
|2021
|SPO
|Shahbaz Ahmad
|Jammu Ahmad
|Posthumous
|-
|2021
|
|Li Kumar
|9 RR
|
|-
|2021
|Sepoy
|Neeraj Ahlawat
|45 RR
|
|-
|2021
|Constable
|Sunil Choudhary
|CRPF
|
|-
|2021
|[[Commando]]
|[[Debashish Sethy|Debasis Sethy]]
|[[Odisha Police]]
|Posthumous
|-
|2021
|Commando
|Sudhir Kumar Tudu
|Odisha Police
|Posthumous
|-
|2021
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|[[Anuj Sood]]
|[[Brigade of the Guards|The Brigade of the Guards]]/ [[Rashtriya Rifles|21 RR]]
|Posthumous
|-
|2021
|Inspector
|Arshad Khan
|Jammu and Kashmir Police
|Posthumous
|-
|2021
|[[Special police officer|SPO]]
|[[Bilal Ahmad Magray]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]
|Posthumous
|-
|2021
|Rifleman
|Pranab Jyoti Das
|6 Assam Rifles
|
|-
|2021
|Paratrooper
|Sonam Tshering Tamang
|4 Para SF
|
|-
|2021
|Constable
|GH Mustafa
|Jammu and Kashmir Police
|Posthumous
|-
|2021
|Constable
|Ahmad Kolie
|Jammu and Kashmir Police
|Posthumous
|-
|15 August 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independence Day 2024: President approves 103 Gallantry awards, including nine posthumous, to Armed Forces & Central Armed Police Forces personnel |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2045373 |archive-date= |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=PIB}}</ref>
|Colonel
|Pawan Singh
|Army Aviation Corps
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|Captain
|Sharad Sinsunwal
|Indian Navy
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|Wing Commander
|Vernon Desmond Keane
|Indian Air Force
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|Major
|CVS Nikhil
|21 Para SF
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|Major
|Aashish Dhonchak
|Sikh Light Infantry/ 19 RR
|Posthumous
Also a recipient of the Sena Medal
|-
|15 August 2024
|Major
|Tripatpreet Singh
|Army Service Corps/ 34 RR
|Also a recipient of Mentioned In Despatches
|-
|15 August 2024
|Major
|Sahil Randhawa
|The Regiment ofAritillery/ 34 RR
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|Squadron Leader
|Deepak Kumar
|Indian Air Force
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|Lieutenant Commander
|Kapil Yadav
|Indian Navy
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|Deputy Commandant
|Lakhveer
|CRPF
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|Assistant Commandant
|Rajesh Panchal
|CRPF
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|Subedar
|Sanjeev Singh Jasrotia
|5 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|Naib Subedar
|Pabin Singha
|The Regiment of Artillery/ 56 RR
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|SPO
|Abdul Latif
|Jammu and Kashmir Police/ 33 RR
|
|-
|15 August 2024
|Sepoy
|Pardeep Singh
|Sikh Light Infantry/
|Posthumous
|-
|15 August 2024
|Constable
|Pawan Kumar
|CRPF
|Posthumous
|-
|15 August 2024
|Constable
|Devan C
|CRPF
|Posthumous
|-
|15 August 2024
|Constable
|Malkit Singh
|CRPF
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|[[Wing commander|Wing Commander]]
|Shailesh Singh
|[[Indian Air Force]]
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|Maneo Francis
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|21 PARA SF]]
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|Amandeep Jakhar
|[[Sikh Regiment|4 Sikh Regiment]]
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|[[Captain]]
|MV Pranjal
|[[Signal corps|The Corps of Signals]]/ [[Rashtriya Rifles|63 RR]]
|Posthumous
|-
|26 January 2024
|[[Captain]]
|Akshat Upadhyay
|[[Jat Regiment|20 Jat Regiment]]
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|Flight Lieutenant
|Hrishikesh Jayan Karuthedath
|Indian Air Force
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|[[Lieutenant]]
|Bimal Ranjan Behera
|[[Indian Navy]]
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|Assistant Commandant
|Bibhor Kumar Singh
|205 COBRA, CRPF
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|Deputy Superintendent of Police
|Mohan Lal
|Jammu and Kashmir Police
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|Naib Subedar
|Baria Sanjay Kumar Bhamar Sinh
|21 Mahar Regiment
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|Sub Inspector
|Faroz Ahmad Dar
|Jammu and Kashmir Police
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|Havildar
|Baria Sanjay Kumar Bhamar Sinh
|9 Assam Rifles
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|Assistant Sub Inspector
|Amit Raina
|Jammu and Kashmir Police
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|Rifleman
|Alok Rao
|18 Assam Rifles
|Posthumous
|-
|26 January 2024
|Constable
|Varun Singh
|Jammu and Kashmir Police
|
|-
|26 January 2024
|Shri
|Parshotam Kumar
|Civilian of Jammu and Kashmir
|
|-
|15 August 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=President approves 127 Gallantry awards, 40 Distinguished Service awards & 290 Mention-in-Despatches on the eve of 79th Independence Day |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2156515 |website=PIB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President approves Gallantry awards to 93 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous & 305 defence decorations on the eve of Republic Day 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096200 |archive-date= |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=PIB}}</ref>
|Lieutenant Colonel
|Neetesh Bharti Shukla
|Sikh Regiment
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Wing Commander
|Abhimanyu Singh
|Indian Air Force
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Major
|Bhargav Kalita
|Kumaon Regiment/ 50 Rashtriya Rifles
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Major
|Ashish Kumar
|7 Para Special Forces
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Major
|Aditya Pratap Singh
|Rajputana Rifles/ 44 Rashtriya Rifles
|Also a recipient of the Sena Medal
|-
|15 August 2025
|Lieutenant Commander
|Suraj Prashar
|Indian Navy
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Assistant Commandant
|Mohd Shafiq
|Assam Rifles
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Subedar
|Shamsher Singh
|4 Para Special Forces
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Inspector
|Laxman Kewat
|MHA
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Inspector
|Rameshwar Prasad Deshmukh
|MHA
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Lance Naik
|Rahul Singh
|4 Para Special Forces
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Rifleman
|Bhoj Ram Sahu
|Assam Rifles
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Seaman II
|Ram Goyal
|Indian Navy
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Constable
|Saddam Hussain
|MHA
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Constable
|Feda Hussain Dar
|MHA
|
|-
|15 August 2025
|Constable
|Sanjay Tiwari
|MHA
|
|-
|26 January 2025
|Major
|Ashish Dahiya
|Corps of Engineers/ 50 Rashtriya Rifles
|
|-
|26 January 2025
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|Kunal
|Army Service Corps/ 1 Rashtriya Rifles
|
|-
|26 January 2025
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|Satender Dhankar
|Armoured Corps/ 4 Rashtriya Rifles
|
|-
|26 January 2025
|[[Captain]]
|Deepak Singh
|The Corps of Signals/ 48 Rashtriya Rifles
|Posthumous
|-
|26 January 2025
|Assistant Commandant
|Eshenthung K
|4 Assam Rifles
|
|-
|26 January 2025
|Subedar
|Vikas Tomar
|1 Para Special Forces
|
|-
|26 January 2025
|Subedar
|Mohan Ram
|Jat Regiment
|
|-
|26 January 2025
|Havildar
|Rohit Kumar Dogra
|High Altitude Warfare School
|Posthumous
|-
|26 January 2025
|Havildar
|Prakash Tamang
|Gorkha Rifles/ 32 Rashtriya Rifles
|
|-
|26 January 2025
|Flight Lieutenant
|Aman Singh Hans
|Indian Air Force
|
|-
|26 January 2025
|Corporal
|Dabhi Sanjay Hiffabai Essa
|Indian Air Force
|
|-
|26 January 2025
|OEM
|Vijayan Kutty G
|BRDB
|Posthumous
|-
|26 January 2025
|Deputy Commandant
|Vikrant Kumar
|CRPF
|
|-
|26 January 2025
|Inspector
|Jeffrey Hmingchullo
|CRPF
|
|-
|26 January 2026
|Assistant Commandant
|Vipin Wilson
|CRPF
|https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/shaurya-chakra-awardee-vipin-wilson-a-crpf-officer-honoured-in-thrissur/article70990812.ece
https://crpf.gov.in/Hero-Listing/7
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Kirti Chakra award recipients|List of Kriti Chakra award recipients]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Military awards and decorations of India|Shaurya_Chakra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1952|Shaurya_Chakra]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India|Shaurya_Chakra]]
[[Category:Courage awards|Shaurya_Chakra]]

Mayureswar Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T15:46:13Z

Startupoffices: creating the post initial version...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mayureswar
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Mayureswar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Mayureswar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Abhijit Roy (politician) | Abhijit Roy]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| constituency_no = 290
| established = 1962
| electors = 182,600
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Mayureswar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 290 Mayureswar Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Mayureswar I]] and [[Mayureswar II]] [[Community Development Block in India|CD Blocks]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-09-26 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-13 }}</ref>

Mayureswar Assembly constituency is part of No. 41 [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Gobardhan Das
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Kanai Saha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Panchanan Let
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Lalchand Fulmali
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Panchanan Let
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=9}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Dhiren Let]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|1998^
|rowspan="2"|Bishnu Let
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Sadhu Charan Bagdi
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Asok Roy
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Abhijit Roy (politician)|Abhijit Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayureswar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dudh Kumar Mondal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:107056}}
|percentage = 50.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Abhijit Roy (politician)|Abhijit Roy]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:86054}}
|percentage = 40.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jayanta Bhalla
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:9571}}
|percentage = 4.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kalimuddin Sk
|party = Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3014}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kasafoddoza Syed (Chandan)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:2271}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:2456}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:21002}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:213473}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = TMC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayureswar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Abhijit Roy (politician)|Abhijit Roy]]
|votes = 100,425
|percentage = 51.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shyamapada Mandal
|votes = 88,350
|percentage = 44.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Kashinath Pal
|votes = 5,562
|percentage = 3.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,803
|percentage = 1.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gopal Sarkar
|votes = 2,285
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,075
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Mayureswar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Abhijit Roy (politician)|Abhijit Roy]]
|votes = 89,210
|percentage = 49.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Locket Chatterjee | Locket Chatterjee]]
|votes = 35,329
|percentage = 19.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = Arup Bag
|votes = 50,440
|percentage = 27.9
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,770
|percentage = 21.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

In the 2011 elections, Ashok Kumar Ray of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Jatil Mondal of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Mayureswar<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25290.htm |title = Mayreswar |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516121330/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25290.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=290| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222700/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=290| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Muyreswar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-04-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_2nd_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Mayureswar |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030419/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_2nd_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Ray
|votes = 67,478
|percentage = 42.31
|change = -18.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Jatil Mondal
|votes = 60,958
|percentage = 38.23
|change = #
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dudh Kumar Mondal
|votes = 31,031
|percentage = 19.46
|change = -7.57
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 159,467
|percentage = 87.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = #
}}
{{Election box end}}
Trinamool Congress did not contest the seat in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the 2006 state assembly elections, Sadhu Charan Bagdi of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Mayureswar (SC) assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Subhas Chandra Mandal of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Bishnu Let of CPI(M) defeated Kestopada Bagdi of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001, Arjun Saha of BJP in 1996, Ajay Saha of BJP in 1991, Kamalakant Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]/ [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] 1987 and 1982. Panchanan Let of CPI(M) defeated Gunakar Mandal of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp290.htm | title = 290 – Mayureswar (SC) Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2010-10-01 }}</ref>

===1962–1972===
[[Lalchand Fulamali]] of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1972 and 1971. Panchanan Let of CPI(M) won in 1969. Kanai Lal Saha of Congress won in 1967. Gobardhan Das of CPI won in 1962. Prior to that the constituency was not there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections |access-date=2010-10-01 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]

Kanairghati

2026-05-07T20:38:14Z

Startupoffices: put up a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

{{Short description|Village in Solan district, Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanairghati
| other_name = Kanair
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Panaroma of Kanairghati (Kanair) village 01.jpg
| imagesize = 315px
| image_caption = Views of Kanairghati
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| mapframe-coordinates =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.096659|77.033890|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Solan district|Solan]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kandaghat]]
| elevation_m = 1,194.6
| elevation_ft = 3,917.3
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 173207
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]] ([[Baghati dialect|Baghati]])
}}

'''Kanairghati''' also known as '''Kanair''' is a village in [[Solan district]] in the [[North India|North Indian]] state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The village lies in [[Kandaghat]] tehsil in northern part of the Solan district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanair (185) village code map in Kandaghat taluka, Solan |url=https://himachalpradesh.villagecodes.in/solan/kandaghat-03100166/kanair-185-00166022237/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=himachalpradesh.villagecodes.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanair Village Population - Kandaghat - Solan, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/22237-kanair-himachal-pradesh.html |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Kanairghati lies in the Kandaghat tehsil of Solan district. It is almost located at the border of [[Shimla district]], it is around {{Convert|12|km|mi}} from [[Ghanahatti]]. [[Kunihar]] valley starts from the village itself as gradual shift in lower elevation can be seen, as moves towards Kunihar town which is nearly {{Convert|11|km|mi}} from the village. The flora in the village include major trees of [[Pine]], [[Oak]], [[Albizia chinensis|Shirish]]'','' [[Azadirachta indica|Neem]], [[Eucalyptus globulus|Safeda]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanair (185) village in Kandaghat taluka, Solan, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://vill.co.in/himachal-pradesh/solan/kandaghat-031001660/kanair-185-001660222370/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Villages in Solan district]]

Easterine Kire

2026-05-06T04:44:13Z

Startupoffices: made new pg needs work

{{Short description|Indian-Norwegian poet and author}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2026}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Kire (Surname)#Naga family name|Kire]]|lang=Angami}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Easterine Kire
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|03|29}}
| birth_place = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland|Nagaland (Union Territory)]] ''{{small|(Now Kohima, [[Nagaland]], India)}}''
| pseudonym =
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|poet}}
| alma_mater = [[North-Eastern Hill University]]
| period = 1982–present
| genre = {{hlist|[[Fiction]]|[[magic realism|magical realism]]}}
| subject =
| movement =
| spouse = Kaka D. Iralu (died 2020)
| children = 3
| relatives =
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Easterine Kire''' is an [[Naga people|Naga]] poet and author from [[India]] who currently lives in northern [[Norway]]. The majority of her writings are based in the lived realities of the people in [[Nagaland]] in [[Northeast India]]. Apart from writing, she also performs [[Jazz poetry]] with her band Jazzpoesi.

== Early life ==
Easterine Kire was born on 29 March 1959 in [[Kohima]] to an [[Angami Naga]] family from [[Kohima Village]]. She did her schooling in Baptist English School.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} She went to pursue her undergraduate study in [[Shillong]] from [[North-Eastern Hill University]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Karmakar |first=Goutam |date=2022-10-02 |title=Revisiting the Ideological Stance of Naga People: An Interview with Easterine Kire |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02759527.2021.1886408 |journal=South Asian Review |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3-4 |pages=366–372 |doi=10.1080/02759527.2021.1886408 |issn=0275-9527|url-access=subscription }}</ref> followed by a course in journalism in [[Delhi]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} She received a doctorate in English literature from [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Easterine Kire |url=https://barbicanpress.com/contributor/easterine-kire/ |access-date=18 May 2020 |website=[[Barbican Press]]}}</ref>

== Books ==

Kire's motivation to write is summed up in her statement, "I felt we needed to create written Naga Literature. We have so much oral narratives but with oral dying out, it's all going to be lost."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=Kim |date=9 January 2012 |title='Big Indian publishing houses don't think the northeast will sell' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/big-indian-publishing-houses-dont-think-the-northeast-will-sell/articleshow/11415634.cms |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Majority of her writings are based in the lived realities of the people in [[Nagaland]] in north-east India.<ref name="thehindulfl">{{cite web |title=Easterine Kire — Author {{pipe}} The Hindu - Lit For Life |url=http://www.thehindulfl.com/the-hindu-prize-2016-shortlist/easterine-kire-author |accessdate=16 October 2016 |publisher=thehindulfl.com}}</ref> Apart from bringing a focus on the vibrant Naga culture, Kire's work has also brought out the realities which have changed the lives of Naga women.<ref name=":0" />

In 2003, she wrote the first Naga novel in English, entitled, ''A Naga Village Remembered'' published then by [[Ura Academy]].''<ref name=":0" />'' It documents the cultural and social history of the [[Angami Naga]] community living in [[Khonoma]] through the British invasion of the territory, advent of [[Christianity in Nagaland|Christianity]], and subsequent modernity. Thereby, the novel spans from 1832 to 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mandal |first=Sanatan |last2=Singh |first2=Smriti |date=2022 |title=Asserting Naga cultural identity and challenging colonialism in Easterine Kire’s Sky is My Father: A Naga Village Remembered |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/11771801221088603 |journal=AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.1177/11771801221088603 |issn=1177-1801|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The novel was republished by [[Speaking Tiger Books]] in 2018 as ''Sky is my Father: A Naga Village Remembered<ref name=":0" />'' gaining it wider readership.

Her second novel was ''A Terrible Matriarchy'' published in 2007. It highlights the internal and social strife that grips Nagaland as a state in India.<ref>{{cite web |author=Subhra Roy |date=July 2015 |title=Gender Politics & Discrimination in Post-Colonial Nagaland with Special Reference to Easterine Kire's A Terrible Matriarchy |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/july2015/subhragenderpoliticsdiscrimination.pdf |access-date=31 March 2023 |website=languageinindia.com}}</ref> It was republished by [[Zubaan Books]] in 2013. This was followed by ''Mari'' (2010). It is a novel based on the Japanese invasion of India in 1944 via Nagaland.<ref>Arnapal, Maisnam. 2023. “Gender, Indigeneity, and History: The Battle of Kohima in Easterine Kire’s Mari” in ''Keeper of Stories: Critical Readings of Easterine Kire’s Novels'' edited by VeioPou. Tromsø: The Highlander Books. 147-157.</ref> Her subsequent novels include, ''Bitter Wormwood'' (2011) which was shortlisted for [[The Hindu Literary Prize]] in 2013, ''Don't Run, My Love'' (2017), and ''Walking the Roadless Road: Exploring the Tribes of Nagaland'' (2019).

Her latest book "''Spirit Nights''" was published in 2022.<ref name="Barbican Press">{{cite web|url=https://barbicanpress.com/book/spirit-nights/|publisher=barbicanpress.com|title=Barbican Press {{pipe}} Spirit Nights|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> She has also written children's books, articles and essays. Her first children's book in English was published in 2011. Kire has also translated 200 oral poems from her native language.<ref name="zubaanbooks">{{cite web|url=http://zubaanbooks.com/tag/easterine-kire/|publisher=zubaanbooks.com|title=Easterine Kire {{pipe}} Zubaan|date=12 January 2012 |accessdate=16 October 2016}}</ref>

== Poetry ==
Kire published her first book of poetry in 1982 titled ''Kelhoukevira,'' roughly translated as 'the place of a better life.' Many of the poems in the book portal the violence in Nagaland at the time. Naga academic [[Theyiesinuo Keditsu]] notes, "[The book] is an outcome of the poet's gendered positioning in the discursive Naga universe," where women are delegated to write poetry rather factual nonfiction account of people's situation. However, Kire's embracing of this form of literary work also allows her to escape state censorship. ''Kelhoukevira'' was the first book of Naga poetry published in [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keditsu |first=Theyiesinuo |date=2023 |title=Naga Writings in English – Coming into One’s Own |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02759527.2022.2152966 |journal=South Asian Review |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3-4 |pages=258–266 |doi=10.1080/02759527.2022.2152966 |issn=0275-9527|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In December 2024, Kire published a collection of poetry titled, ''Freerain.'' The collection comprised 60 poems, including previously published works of hers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freerain |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/freerain/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref>

Kire also performs [[Jazz poetry]] with her band Jazzpoesi in Norway.<ref name=":1" />

== Publishing ==
Kire is a founder member of [[Barkweaver Publications]] which publishes folk tales, original research, and life stories of the Naga people.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards and recognitions ==
In 2011 Easterine Kire was awarded the Governor's Medal for excellence in Naga literature.

In 2013 Kire was awarded the ‘Free Word' prize by Catalan PEN, Barcelona.<ref name=":0" />

In 2015 her novel ''When the River Sleeps'' was awarded [[The Hindu Literary Prize]].<ref name="Hindu Literary Prize">{{Cite news |date=16 January 2016 |title=Lit for Life: The Hindu Prize for 2015 goes to Easterine Kire |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/lit-for-life/Lit-for-Life-The-Hindu-Prize-for-2015-goes-to-Easterine-Kire/article14003138.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

In 2018 Easterine Kire poem "Son of the Thundercloud" has been awarded Bal Sahitya Puraskar by Sahitya Academy.

In 2024 her novel ''Spirit Nights'' won [[Sahitya Academy Award]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Sudipta |date=2024-12-24 |title=The Hindu On Books newsletter: Easterine Kire wins Sahitya Akademi award, Kiran Desai’s new novel and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-hindu-on-books-newsletter-easterine-kire-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-kiran-desais-new-novel-and-more/article69021486.ece |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-12-20 |title=Naga writer Easterine Kire’s “Spirit Nights” wins Sahitya Akademi Award 2024 in English language |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/naga-writer-easterine-kires-spirit-nights-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-2024-in-english-language/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

"A Terrible Matriarchy" was selected to be translated into UN languages. Furthermore, the books "A Terrible Matriarchy", "Mari", "Forest Song", "Naga Folktales Retold" and "A Naga Village Remembered" have been translated into [[German language|German]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |d=Q28007054 |wikt=no |commons=Easterine Kire |b=no |n=no |q=Easterine Kire |s=no |v=no |species=no |display=Easterine Kire}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kire, Easterine}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kohima]]
[[Category:Naga people]]

Hakkipikki

2026-05-05T06:28:04Z

Startupoffices: put up a article

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Hakkipikki
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| languages = [[Vaagri Booli language|Vaagri Booli]]
| religions = [[File:Aum Om black.svg|16px]] [[Hinduism]]
| related_groups =
| image =
| image_caption =
| population = 11,892
| popplace = {{flag|India}}
| total_ref = <ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix)|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref>
| region1 = [[Karnataka]]
| pop1 = 11,892
| region2 =
| pop2 =
}}

The '''Hakkipikki''' is a major tribal community currently found mostly in [[Karnataka]], India, in the [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]], [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]] and [[Mysore district|Mysore]] districts. They are also known as Haranashikari, Pashi Pardhi, Adavichencher and Shikari. In [[Kannada]], the word "Hakki" means "bird," and "Pikki" refers to the verb "to catch." Thus, the community is traditionally known as the "bird catchers," reflecting their traditional occupation. The community speaks an [[Indo-Aryan language]] called 'Vaagri'<ref name="SPPEL">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.sppel.org/hakkipikkidoc.aspx|title=HAKKIPIKKI DOCUMENTATION|publisher=Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages, Government of India}}</ref> or '[[Vaagri Booli language|Vaagribooli]]', which is similar to the [[Gujarati language]].<ref name="ICI"/>

==History==
Research studies have found that they are kshatriyas, or warrior communities who share an ancestral relationship with the legendary [[Rana Pratap]], King of Mewar. After the death of Rana Pratap, the community dispersed throughout India. The Hakkipikki community migrated from Northern India and are native to [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]], having migrated south through Andhra Pradesh before settling in Karnataka long ago.<ref name="ICI">{{cite journal |journal= Indian Journal of Research in Anthropolog|last1= Patil|first1= Ashok|last2= Prabhakar|first2= Jai|last3= Mali|first3= Siddappa|date= 3 April 2024| title= Gory and Ghoulish Practice among Hakki-Pikki Tribal Community of Karnataka: Offering Animals to the Gods and Spirits|url=https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/2023858|publisher=Index Copernicus International|page= 35}}</ref><ref name="CIIL">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://sanchika.ciil.org/communities/65d6d25c-3218-4398-affe-64c84acf6473|title=Hakkipikki/Pardhi|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, Government of India}}</ref>

==Social structure==
The Hakkipikki follow a matriachical social structure and practice [[endogamy]] and [[monogamy]].<ref name="ICI"/> During marriages, the cost of weddings is borne by the groom and his family, and they also have to pay [[dowry]] to the bride's people.<ref name="Firstpost">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=28 May 2018|title=Documentary Name-Place-Animal-Thing introduces Karnataka's Hakki Pikki tribe and its oddly named people|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/documentary-nameplaceanimalthing-introduces-karnatakas-hakki-pikki-tribe-and-its-oddly-named-people-4480917.html|newspaper=Firstpost|access-date= 4 September 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Society of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Adivasi people]]

Immigration to India

2026-05-04T17:13:23Z

Startupoffices: put up info.

{{Short description|none}}
There are 4.9 million foreign-born residents in the [[Republic of India]], accounting for 0.4% of its population.<ref>[https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/india-migration-country-profile Origins of World's Largest Migrant Population, India Seeks to Leverage Immigration] [[Migration Policy Institute]]</ref> 98% of '''immigrants to India''' came from a previous residence elsewhere in Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khadria |first1=Binod |last2=Kumar |first2=Perveen |date=2015 |title=Immigrants and Immigration in India: A Fresh Approach |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24481427 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=65–71 |jstor=24481427 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Ancient era ===
{{See also|Peopling of India|Journey to the West}}

The [[Indian subcontinent]] has a long history of [[Refugees in India#History|accepting refugees]]. Its [[History of the Jews in India|Jewish community]] dates back to the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|fall of Jerusalem]] in the first century AD, and its [[Zoroastrianism]]-adhering [[Parsis]] immigrated to escape the 7th-century [[Muslim conquest of Persia]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Amartya |date=2021-06-29 |title=Illusions of empire: Amartya Sen on what British rule really did for India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/29/british-empire-india-amartya-sen |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Medieval era ===
{{See also|Afro-Asians in South Asia}}
[[Persians]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], and [[Central Asians]] migrated to the subcontinent during the [[Indo-Muslim period]]. They participated in the imperial bureaucracy, brought Muslim influences such as [[Sufism]], and helped to form the [[Indo-Persian culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haneda |first=Masashi |date=1997-10-01 |title=Emigration of Iranian Elites to India during the 16-18th centuries |url=https://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/480 |journal=Cahiers d'Asie centrale |language=en |issue=3/4 |pages=129–143 |issn=1270-9247}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India in the World; the World in India 1450-1770 |url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/india-in-the-world-the-world-in-india-1450-1770/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Association for Asian Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Colonial era ===
{{See also|Britons in India}}
[[File:Calcuttarugby.jpg|thumb|214x214px|An 1875 painting of [[Rugby football|rugby]] being played by Europeans in [[Calcutta]] (today Kolkata).

[[Western sports]] were first adopted in the Indian subcontinent during British rule.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Love |first1=Adam |last2=Dzikus |first2=Lars |date=2020-02-26 |title=How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers |url=https://theconversation.com/how-india-came-to-love-cricket-favored-sport-of-its-colonial-british-rulers-132302 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
The [[British India|British colonial presence in India]] varied in characteristics over time; British people generally stayed in the colony on a temporary basis, and were sometimes aiming to avoid local cultural habits and contact.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=7 7 Avatars of Identity: The British Community in India |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/7206/chapter/151847257 |journal=}}</ref> Children would often grow up in India, be sent to Britain to receive a "proper" education,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keenan |first=Brigid |date=2021-03-25 |title=The lifelong effects of being a child in the British Raj |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-lifelong-effects-of-being-a-child-in-the-british-raj/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=The Spectator |language=en-GB}}</ref> and then return to India as adults.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buettner |first=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbNpmZjykv8C |title=Empire Families: Britons and Late Imperial India |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-928765-9 |language=en}}</ref> With the mortality rate for foreigners being high at the time due to disease, playing [[British sports]] was one way that the British could maintain their health and spirits; in the words of a contemporary writer, it was best for Englishmen to "defend themselves from the magic of the land by sports, games, clubs."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Ronojoy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5mACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |title=Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India |date=2015-10-27 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-53993-7 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Contemporary era ===
{{See also|Partition of India#Independence, migration, and displacement|East Bengali refugees}}

The modern dynamics of migration to the new Republic of India are often specific to its neighbourhood;<ref name=":0">[http://lib.jnu.ac.in/sites/default/files/pdf/imds_p/IMDS_Dec_2008_WP_1.pdf International Migration Policy: Issues and Perspectives for India] Binod Khadria, Perveen Kumar, Shantanu Sarkar and Rashmi Sharma</ref> for example, 97% of [[Bangladeshis in India|immigrants from Bangladesh]] live in the Bangladesh-bordering regions of the Indian Republic ([[East India]] and [[Northeast India]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nanda |first=Aswini Kumar |date=2005 |title=Immigration from Bangladesh to India Based on Census Data |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/011719680501400405 |journal=Asian and Pacific Migration Journal |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=487–499 |doi=10.1177/011719680501400405 |issn=0117-1968|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Medical tourism in India|Medical tourism]] has also been a factor in some migration decisions.<ref name=":0" />

[[Return migration]] of the [[Indian diaspora]] is another factor; for example, because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]'s economic disruption, some Indian labour migrants in the [[Arab gulf countries|Arab Gulf countries]] were forced to come to India, generally via the [[Vande Bharat Mission]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Asma |last2=Arokkiaraj |first2=H. |date=2021 |title=Challenges of reverse migration in India: a comparative study of internal and international migrant workers in the post-COVID economy |journal=Comparative Migration Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=49 |doi=10.1186/s40878-021-00260-2 |doi-access=free |issn=2214-594X |pmc=8563095 |pmid=34745905}}</ref> (See also: [[Deportation of Indian nationals under Donald Trump]])

== Illegal immigration ==
{{Excerpt|Illegal immigration to India}}

== See also ==

* [[Bureau of Immigration (India)]]
* [[Illegal immigration to India]]
* [[Refugees in India]]
* [[Protected and restricted areas of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Immigration to India}}{{India topics}}
[[Category:Immigration to India|*]]

Nilachal Flyover

2026-05-03T14:33:55Z

Startupoffices: put up a stub initial version!

{{Short description|Flyover in Guwahati, Assam, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
[[File:Guwahati, Longest Flyover, Inaugurated, Panoramic View, Maligaon Area.jpg|thumb|A panoramic view of the Maligaon Flyover]]
'''Nilachal Flyover''', also known as '''Maligaon Flyover''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2023 |title=Assam: Name of longest flyover in Maligaon changed to 'Nilachal Flyover' hours before inauguration |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-name-of-longest-flyover-in-maligaon-changed-to-nilachal-flyover-hours-before-inauguration-670052-2023-08-30 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> is a 2.6-kilometre long [[Overpass|flyover]] in the Maligaon locality of [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. It is currently the second longest flyover in the state of Assam, built above the AT Road and connects Maligaon Chariali with Kamakhya Gate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=5 August 2023 |title=Maligaon flyover to be inaugurated on August 28: Assam CM |url=https://assamtribune.com/guwahati/maligaon-flyover-to-be-inaugurated-on-august-28-assam-cm-1488179 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref> The flyover also has a 300-metre two-lane extended arm that connects the flyover with the Pandu Ghat Feeder Road, providing seamless connectivity with the Pandu Ghat. Designed by the [[Public Works Department (India)|Public Works Department]] (PWD) Assam, the flyover has been constructed by a joint venture of Shree Gautam Construction Pvt Ltd and Anupam Nirman Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Maligaon Flyover opening scheduled for 30th August; Flyover Specifics-deets here |url=https://pragnews.com/en/maligaon-flyover-opening-scheduled-for-30th-august-flyover-specifics-deets-here |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=pragnews.com |language=en}}</ref> The flyover was inaugurated on 30 August 2023 by the [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]].

== History ==
The foundation of the Maligaon Flyover was laid on 11 October 2020 by the then [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]. The construction of this flyover was announced as part of the rapid development in [[Guwahati]] with the vision of establishing the city as a gateway to the entire [[Southeast Asia|South East Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=11 October 2020 |title=Assam CM Sonowal lays foundation stone of 3 km-long flyover in Guwahati |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-cm-sonowal-lays-foundation-stone-of-3-km-long-flyover-in-guwahati.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref> The estimated cost for the construction of the flyover was 383.72 crores <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2020 |title=Assam CM lays foundation for new flyover at Maligaon |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assam-cm-lays-foundation-for-new-flyover-at-maligaon-506334 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>, although at the later stage it escalated to 420.75 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=30 August 2023 |title=Longest flyover in Assam completed in record time; Guwahati to transform into 'gateway to South-East Asia', says CM |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/longest-flyover-in-assam-completed-in-record-time-guwahati-to-transform-into-gateway-to-south-east-asia-says-cm/articleshow/103220274.cms?from=mdr |access-date=23 February 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 2023]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:2000s establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Guwahati]]

Bharti Pardhi

2026-04-24T23:15:45Z

Startupoffices: Adding Details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bharti Pardhi
| image = File:Bharti Pardhi, Member of 18th Lok Sabha along at Rashtrapati Bhavan (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pardhi in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|02|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = Balaghat
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| predecessor = [[Dhal Singh Bisen]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| spouse = Khirsagar Pardhi
| children = 1 Son
| parents = Dr. D. S. Bisen, Leela Devi Bisen
| footnotes =
| date =
| source =
}}

'''Bharti Pardhi''' (born 4 January 1974; {{IPA|hi|bʱaːɾt̪iː paːɾd̪ʱiː}}) is an Indian politician. She was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="m152">{{cite web | title=Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Bharti Pardhi Triumphs by 173714 Votes | publisher=India Today | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/balaghat-madhya-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547790-2024-06-04 | access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="f400">{{cite web | author=Arshdeep kaur | title=Madhya Pradesh Election results 2024: Full list of winners in Lok Sabha election | website=mint | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-election-results-2024-full-list-of-winners-in-lok-sabha-election-11717486187348.html | access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers">{{cite news|publisher=India Today|title=Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731162655/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|archivedate=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="p946">{{cite web | last=Tomar | first=Shruti | title=From shadow to spotlight, a leap to big league | website=Hindustan Times | date=15 July 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-shadow-to-spotlight-a-leap-to-big-league-101720983203438.html | access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Bharti Pardhi, Member of 18th Lok Sabha along with son Vinod Khirsagar Pardhi meeting with the President of India, Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg|thumb|Bharti Pardhi (left), along with son Vinod Pardhi (right) meeting with the [[Droupadi Murmu]] at Rashtrapati Bhavan (2024)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pardhi, Bharti}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Samineni Udayabhanu

2026-04-21T09:46:14Z

Startupoffices: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samineni Udayabhanu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|8|2}}
| birth_place = [[Jaggayyapeta]], [[Krishna district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education = B.Com, [[SGS College]], Jaggayyapeta
| party = [[Jana Sena Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]], [[YSR Congress Party]]
| constituency = [[Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency]]
| office = [[Member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1999
}}

'''Samineni Udayabhanu''' (born 2 August 1955) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was a three-time MLA from [[Jaggayyapeta Assembly constituency]] in [[Krishna district]]. He represented the [[Indian National Congress]] twice and the YSR Congress Party once. But he lost the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaggayyapeta Constituency Election Results 2019: Jaggayyapeta Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/jaggayyapeta |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-24 |title=Jaggayyapeta Constituency Winner List in AP Elections 2019 {{!}} Jaggayyapeta Constituency MLA Election Results 2019 |url=https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/jaggayyapeta.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724044357/https://www.sakshi.com/election-2019/results/andhra_pradesh/constituency/jaggayyapeta.html |archive-date=24 July 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Balineni, Udaya Bhanu, Rosaiah join JSP">{{cite news |date=26 September 2024 |title=Balineni, Udaya Bhanu, Rosaiah join JSP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/balineni-udaya-bhanu-rosaiah-join-jsp/article68687249.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928045851/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/balineni-udaya-bhanu-rosaiah-join-jsp/article68687249.ece |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Udayabhanu was born in [[Jaggayyapeta]], Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. His father was Samineni Viswanadham.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samineni Udaya Bhanu |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/samineni-udaya-bhanu |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref> He completed his schooling in Zilla Parishad High School in 1970 before completing his intermediate, the two-year pre-university course. Then, he did his B.Com., also from SGS College in 1975.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Career ==
Udayabhanu made his debut in electoral politics in 1999 representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. He won the [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] defeating Rajagopal Sreeram of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 4,778 votes. He won the Jaggayyapeta seat again in 2004 on a Congress ticket defeating Nettam Sriraghuram of TDP by a margin of 11,694 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2004 - Constituency wise Results |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/ap04detail.htm |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> But he lost the 2009 and 2014 elections to Rajagopal Sreeram of the Telugu Desam Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhrapradesh Andhra-pradesh Results, Andhrapradesh Candidate List, Andhrapradesh Andhra-pradesh Results & Live Updates, Andhrapradesh Polling Booths {{!}} Lokmat News |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/elections/assembly-election/andhra-pradesh/jaggayyapeta/previous-result/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref> However, he shifted to the YSR Congress Party and was reelected from the same constituency in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Sreeram by a margin of 4,778 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameen |first=Md |date=2023-12-29 |title=No berth for Jaggaiahpet in Cabinet for 2 decades |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/no-berth-for-jaggaiahpet-in-cabinet-for-2-decades-847539 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> But [[Rajagopal Sreeram]] once again defeated him in the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. Later in September 2024, he shifted to Jana Sena Party.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

In August 2023, he was appointed a member of the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|TTD]] trust board.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TTD: తితిదే పాలక మండలి సభ్యులుగా 24 మందికి అవకాశం |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/general/appointment-of--ttd-board-members/0600/123156009 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=టీటీడీ బోర్డు సభ్యునిగా ఉదయభాను {{!}} Udayabhanu as a member of TTD board |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/andhra-pradesh/krishna/udayabhanu-as-a-member-of-ttd-board-1127963.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826133958/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/andhra-pradesh/krishna/udayabhanu-as-a-member-of-ttd-board-1127963.html |archive-date=26 August 2023 }}</ref> But a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]] was filed in the court challenging his appointment as he was facing charges in [[Delhi liquor scam]] case.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Andhra Pradesh HC issues notices to three TTD members |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Sep/14/andhra-pradeshhc-issues-notices-to-three-ttd-members-2614728.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He also served as the [[government whip]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Whips - Legislative Assembly | website=aplegislature.org | date=2023-12-04 | url=http://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/whips | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226134551/http://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/whips | archive-date=2024-02-26 | url-status=dead | access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udayabhanu, Samineni}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

Mairang Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:53Z

Startupoffices: creating some data w/ sources...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mairang
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[Eastern West Khasi Hills district|Eastern West Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| map_image = Mairang Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 30
| mla = [[Metbah Lyngdoh]]
| party = {{Party index link|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:37189}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Mairang''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Eastern West Khasi Hills district|Eastern West Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=2 | Fuller Lyngdoh Mawnai || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Kitdor Syiem || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Fuller Lyngdon Mawnai || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=2 | Kitdor Syiem || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Boldness L. Nongrum
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=4 | [[Metbah Lyngdoh]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mairang<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Metbah Lyngdoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=19,066 |percentage=48.68% |change={{increase}}15.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Batskhem Ryntathiang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,911 |percentage=48.28% |change={{increase}}29.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanlang Warjri |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |votes=944 |percentage=2.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mark Rinaldy Sawkmie |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=245 |percentage=0.63% |change={{decrease}}6.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=116 |percentage=0.30% |change={{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=155 |percentage=0.40% |change= {{decrease}}8.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,166 |percentage=92.37% |change= {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,402 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}15.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mairang<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Metbah Lyngdoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=10,710 |percentage=33.02% |change={{decrease}}19.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Councellor Singh Wahlang |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=7,796 |percentage=24.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Eureka F.P. Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,170 |percentage=19.02% |change={{decrease}}27.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lawanpynshngain K. War |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,530 |percentage=13.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kestonbel Manik Syiemlieh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,390 |percentage=7.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=320 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,914 |percentage=8.98% |change= {{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,436 |percentage=92.78% |change= {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,960 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}19.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mairang<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Metbah Lyngdoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=13,726 |percentage=52.68% |change={{increase}}8.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Eureka F.P. Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,110 |percentage=46.48% |change={{increase}}9.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bokstar Nongrang |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=219 |percentage=0.84% |change={{decrease}}2.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,616 |percentage=6.20% |change= {{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,055 |percentage=90.97% |change= {{decrease}}1.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,641 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mairang<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Metbah Lyngdoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=10,642 |percentage=44.40% |change={{increase}}29.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Boldness L. Nongrum |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,768 |percentage=36.58% |change={{increase}}8.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Bibilynda Wahlang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,506 |percentage=14.63% |change={{increase}}7.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Grossper Ryntathiang |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=683 |percentage=2.85% |change={{decrease}}20.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budshell Marbaniang |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=226 |percentage=0.94% |change={{decrease}}23.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venantius Lyngdoh Peinlang |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=142 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,874 |percentage=7.82% |change= {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,967 |percentage=92.55% |change= {{increase}}16.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,896 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mairang<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Boldness L. Nongrum |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,594 |percentage=28.53% |change={{decrease}}9.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fuller Lyngdoh Mawnai |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,796 |percentage=24.46% |change={{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rasor Rani |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=4,549 |percentage=23.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srimshon Roy Ryntathiang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,847 |percentage=14.52% |change={{decrease}}7.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roslin Lyngdoh Mawlong |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,458 |percentage=7.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarcisious Mawlot |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=360 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=798 |percentage=4.07% |change= {{decrease}}3.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,604 |percentage=76.41% |change= {{increase}}1.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,659 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mairang<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitdor Syiem |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,261 |percentage=37.69% |change={{decrease}}16.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fuller Lyngdoh Mawnai |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,971 |percentage=29.92% |change={{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srimshon Roy Ryntathiang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=3,699 |percentage=22.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kharmuti |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=1,301 |percentage=7.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phores Mairang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=211 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarcisious Mawlot |party=Independent politician |votes=169 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,290 |percentage=7.77% |change= {{decrease}}12.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,612 |percentage=76.75% |change= {{decrease}}8.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,175 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.25 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mairang<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitdor Syiem |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,910 |percentage=53.94% |change={{increase}}52.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fuller Lyngdoh Mawnai |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=5,639 |percentage=34.14% |change={{decrease}}17.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Theophilus Lyngdoh |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=1,732 |percentage=10.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phores Mairang |party=Janata Party |votes=236 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,271 |percentage=19.80% |change= {{increase}}15.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,517 |percentage=85.11% |change= {{increase}}1.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,752 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mairang<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Fuller Lyngdon Mawnai |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=6,303 |percentage=51.37% |change={{increase}}27.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitdor Syiem |party=Independent politician |votes=5,744 |percentage=46.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hesstanley Syiemlieh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=224 |percentage=1.83% |change={{decrease}}10.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=559 |percentage=4.56% |change= {{decrease}}16.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,271 |percentage=85.00% |change= {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,945 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mairang<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kitdor Syiem |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=4,068 |percentage=44.72% |change={{increase}}17.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fuller Lyngdoh Mawnai |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=2,179 |percentage=23.95% |change={{decrease}}28.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sodrek Marwein |party=Independent politician |votes=1,273 |percentage=13.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swollyshon Wahlang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,146 |percentage=12.60% |change={{decrease}}3.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phrestar Syiemlieh |party=Independent politician |votes=431 |percentage=4.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,889 |percentage=20.77% |change= {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,097 |percentage=76.82% |change= {{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,552 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mairang<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Fuller Lyngdoh Mawnai |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=3,496 |percentage=52.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irad Manik Syiem |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,828 |percentage=27.58% |change={{decrease}}7.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaldran Ryntathiang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,080 |percentage=16.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lombard Manick Syiem |party=Independent politician |votes=224 |percentage=3.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,668 |percentage=25.17% |change= {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,628 |percentage=60.71% |change= {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,246 |ref = |change= {{increase}}79.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}5.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mairang<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Fuller Lyngdoh Mawnai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,009 |percentage=58.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irad Manik Syiem |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,207 |percentage=34.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ochondro Singh Syiemlieh |party=Independent politician |votes=235 |percentage=6.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=802 |percentage=23.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,451 |percentage=57.35% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,279 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.56|91.64|display=title}}

[[Category:Eastern West Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Melur North Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:48:48Z

Startupoffices: creating a pg more to come...

{{distinguish|Melur Assembly constituency|Melur North Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| district = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
| loksabha_cons =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| mla = [[P. Malaichamy]]
| name = Melur (North)
| electors= 99,053
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1971
}}
'''Melur North''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Madurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It existed from 1967 to 1971.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]||[[P. Malaichamy]]|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||P. Malaichamy|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.15}}
}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur (North)<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Malaichamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,337 |percentage=50.09% |change=-6.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Andi Ambalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,210 |percentage=49.91% |change=6.06% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=127 |percentage=0.17% |change=-12.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,547 |percentage=78.67% |change= -2.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,053 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.06% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Melur (North)<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Malaichamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,895 |percentage=56.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Andi Ambalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,376 |percentage=43.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,519 |percentage=12.30% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,271 |percentage=80.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,373 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|10.040|78.340|display=title}}

[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Madurai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 disestablishments in India]]

{{Madurai-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Kodinga Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:21Z

Startupoffices: put up info.

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kodinga
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nabarangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabarangpur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Kodinga''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Nabarangpur district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-orders-1967 |title=1963–1967 Delimitation Orders Statewise Notifications |date=1967}}</ref> It was established in 1967 and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Dabugam Assembly constituency]].<ref name="dpaco2008">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |page=321}}</ref> This constituency was reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribes]].

== Elected members ==
Between 1967 & 2008, 10 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Kodinga constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Jhitru Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Purna Chandra Mirgan
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" | Sambaru Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Dambaru Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Bhagabati Pujari
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Shyamaghan Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" | Sadan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nabarangpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Nabarangpur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}

Black (2005 film)

2026-04-11T09:19:00Z

Startupoffices: made first info needs work

{{short description|2005 film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Black
| image = Black Film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Sanjay Leela Bhansali
* Anshuman Swami
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Sanjay Leela Bhansali
* [[Bhavani Iyer]]
* Prakash Kapadia
}}
| story = '''Adapted Story:''' Sanjay Leela Bhansali '''Original Story:''' Helen Keller
| based_on = ''[[The Story of My Life (biography)|The Story of My Life]]'' by [[Helen Keller]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Rani Mukerji]]
}}
| narrator = Rani Mukerji
| music = [[Monty Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
| editing = Bela Segal
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Applause Entertainment]]
* [[SLB Films]]
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Zee Motion Pictures]] (India) [[Yash Raj Films]] (Overseas)
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|02|04}}
| runtime = 124 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/black-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdg0mzy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005842/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/black-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdg0mzy |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Hindi
* English
}}
| budget = {{INR}}20–22 crore{{efn|Sources inconsistently reported the total budget of ''Black''; Lata Khubchandani of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' wrote {{INRConvert|200|m|year=2005|mode=historical}},<ref name="Outlookinterview" /> Surajeet Das Gupta of ''[[Business Standard]]'' said {{INRConvert|210|m|year=2005|mode=historical}},<ref name="Gupta, Surajeet Das">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Surajeet Das |date=26 February 2005 |title=The colours of Black |work=[[Business Standard]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-colours-of-black-105022601058_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005909/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-colours-of-black-105022601058_1.html |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Kaveree Bamzai of ''[[India Today]]'' mentioned {{INRConvert|215|m|year=2005|mode=historical}}<ref name="Black magic">{{Cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=7 February 2005 |title=Black magic |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20050207-with-black-sanjay-leela-bhansali-attempts-a-monochromatic-leap-forward-for-indian-cinema-788458-2005-02-07 |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005806/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20050207-with-black-sanjay-leela-bhansali-attempts-a-monochromatic-leap-forward-for-indian-cinema-788458-2005-02-07 |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> and ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]'' stated that the number was {{INRConvert|220|m|year=2005|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 2005 |title=Bollywoods bountiful year |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bollywoods-bountiful-year/159449/ |url-status=live |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005813/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bollywoods-bountiful-year/159449/ |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>}}
| gross = {{INR|66.6 crore}}
}}

'''''Black''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film co-written, directed, and co-produced by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]. It stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Rani Mukerji]] in lead roles, with [[Ayesha Kapur]], [[Shernaz Patel]], and [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] in supporting parts. Inspired by the life and writings of American author and activist [[Helen Keller]], the film chronicles the journey of Michelle, a [[Deafblindness|deafblind]] woman, and her relationship with Debraj, an ageing teacher who later develops [[Alzheimer's disease]].

The project was officially announced in 2003, though its conception began in the 1990s when Bhansali encountered several disabled children during the making of ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'' (1996). The screenplay was influenced by Keller’s 1903 autobiography, [[The Story of My Life (biography)|''The Story of My Life'']]. [[Principal photography]] was conducted over 100 days between January and April 2004 in [[Shimla]] and [[Mumbai]]’s [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], with cinematography by [[Ravi K. Chandran]]. The film's production design was handled by [[Omung Kumar]], action choreography by Sham Kaushal, and editing by Bela Sehgal. The music and background score were composed by [[Monty Sharma]].

''Black'' was released theatrically on 4 February 2005. It received widespread critical acclaim, particularly for its direction, cinematography, production design, and performances—most notably those of Bachchan and Mukerji. The film proved commercially successful, grossing ₹666 million (US$15.1 million), and ranked as the [[List of Hindi films of 2005#Top-earning films|eighth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].

At the [[53rd National Film Awards]], ''Black'' won three awards, including [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]] (Bachchan). At the [[51st Filmfare Awards]], it won all eleven of its nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Bhansali), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]] (both for Bachchan), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]] (both for Mukerji), becoming the most-awarded film in the history of the ceremony at that time. It was also the fifth film to win the four major [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]] categories: Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Actress. A [[Turkish language|Turkish]] remake, ''[[Benim Dünyam]]'', was released in 2013.

==Plot==
Michelle McNally, a 42-year-old [[Deafblindness|deafblind]] [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] woman from [[Shimla]], lives in a world of silence and darkness. One day, Michelle, her mother Catherine, and her sister Sara find Debraj Sahai—Michelle’s former teacher—wandering near their home. He is diagnosed with late-stage [[Alzheimer's disease]] and admitted to a [[Psychiatric hospital|mental institution]]. Refusing to accept his decline, Michelle vows to help Debraj recover, just as he once helped her overcome her own limitations.

The story flashes back to Michelle’s early years. After an illness at the age of two, she lost her ability to see, hear, and speak, leading to violent outbursts and isolation. Her parents, Paul and Catherine, struggle to care for her, particularly after the birth of Sara. When Michelle turns eight, Debraj—a spirited and unconventional teacher from [[Dehradun]]—enters their lives, he believes in reaching Michelle through discipline and perseverance, even refusing a salary in exchange for time and trust. His unorthodox methods initially alarm Paul, but Catherine allows him to continue while Paul is away on business. Over 20 days, Debraj begins to teach Michelle basic communication and manners, though she struggles to grasp the meaning of words. In a breakthrough moment, he throws her into a fountain to help her associate the sensation of water with its name. This sparks her comprehension, and her parents decide to retain Debraj as her teacher.

As an adult, Michelle becomes articulate and expressive, able to sign and dance. With Debraj’s help, she gains admission to a university as its first deafblind student. Despite repeated failures over several years, she persists in her studies. A [[braille]] version of the syllabus and improved typing skills eventually aid her progress. Meanwhile, Debraj’s mental health deteriorates, and he begins to forget even Michelle.

Michelle also reconciles with Sara, who had long resented the attention given to her. After Sara’s wedding, Michelle reflects on love and, seeking to understand physical affection, asks Debraj to kiss her. Disturbed, he leaves without warning. Twelve years after enrolling, Michelle finally earns her [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree and delivers a speech at the graduation ceremony. She saves her graduation robe to wear for Debraj, whom she visits at the hospital. There, he briefly regains lucidity and recognizes her accomplishment.

In the final scene, Michelle writes a letter to Mrs. Nair, describing Debraj’s tentative steps toward relearning speech. As they vocalize the syllable “wa”—evoking their early lessons—Michelle declares it his first day of school. The film ends with her joining a candlelight procession, suggesting Debraj’s passing and the full circle of their journey.

== Cast ==
The cast is listed below:<ref name="Cast&Crew">{{Cite web |title=Black Cast & Crew |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/7207/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721194321/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/7207/index.html |archive-date=21 July 2010 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Cast |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005840/https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=399 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>
{{div col begin}}
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Debraj Sahai
* [[Rani Mukerji]] as Michelle McNally
** [[Ayesha Kapur]] as young Michelle
* [[Shernaz Patel]] as Catherine "Kathy" McNally
* [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] as Paul McNally
* [[Nandana Sen]] as Sarah McNally
* Sillo Mahava as Mrs. Gomes
* Mahabanoo Mody-Kotwal as Mrs. Nair
* Kenny Desai as Dr. Mehta
* Khursheed Khurody as a pianist at Sarah's wedding
* Shehnaz Anand as a teacher
* Zul Vellani and Kamal Adip as trustees
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===

The production of ''Black'' started when [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] came up with the idea for the film while the shooting of his directorial debut, the musical ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'', between 1993 and 1994 when he interacted with physically disabled children.<ref name="Outlookinterview">{{Cite news |last=Khubchandani |first=Lata |date=7 February 2005 |title=10 Questions: Sanjay Leela Bhansali |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/sanjay-leela-bhansali/226447 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101230604/http://www.outlookindia.com/10question.asp?fodname=20050207 |archive-date=1 November 2005}}</ref> After the successes of the romance ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' (1999) and the historical epic ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002)—one of the most expensive Hindi films ever made at the time—he had made a plan to make another film in the romantic genre.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Sudhanva |date=17 August 2002 |title=The unbearable opulence of Devdas |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1917/19171320.htm |url-status=live |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530132657/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1917/19171320.htm |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Lata |date=12 November 2004 |title='If a film has a heart it will reach out to everyone' |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/if-a-film-has-a-heart-it-will-reach-out-to-everyone/cid/967530 |url-status=live |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005809/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/if-a-film-has-a-heart-it-will-reach-out-to-everyone/cid/967530 |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Still, the actress [[Jaya Bachchan]] criticized his work from ''Devdas'' and encouraged him to "attempt something different"; in later years, he would say that it motivated him to make ''Black''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=29 December 2005 |title=Black selected among Time's top 10 movies |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/29black.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005810/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/29black.htm |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Bhansali chose to address a subject that no other director had done before: "I didn't want to stop making a film straight from my heart because of the fear of losing my audiences."<ref name="TheHinduinterview" /> He described it as "a step towards a more complex kind of film than what we get in mainstream cinema", adding, "It is an uplifting tale on the triumph of the human spirit."<ref name="TheHinduinterview" /><ref name="Rediff.cominterview" /> He announced the film in July 2003, along with his other project, ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'', which would be released in 2015.<ref name="Rediff.cominterview">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=18 July 2003 |title='I believe in Black as much as Bajirao Mastani' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/18sanjay.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030805074152/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/18sanjay.htm |archive-date=5 August 2003 |access-date=27 January 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The media declared it as his "most personal film".<ref name="postponement" />

Bhansali revealed that he was inspired by American activist [[Helen Keller]]'s life story. However, he stated that he only used it as a reference and the film was "a completely original piece of work".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Lata |date=20 May 2005 |title='No fellow-maker should comment on a film in print' |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/no-fellow-maker-should-comment-on-a-film-in-print/cid/968814 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006195115/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/no-fellow-maker-should-comment-on-a-film-in-print/cid/968814 |archive-date=6 October 2018}}</ref> Additionally, Bhansali also read Keller's autobiography ''[[The Story of My Life (biography)|The Story of My Life]]'' and other related books, including [[Geraldine Lawhorn]]'s ''On the Crossroads'' (about a [[Deafblindness|deafblind]] musician). In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', he said, "I was fascinated by the ways in which teachers and parents struggled to reach out to the [deaf] children. How do you start the communication? How do you keep it going? What takes other children a year to learn takes 10 years for them to absorb."<ref name="TheHinduinterview">{{Cite news |last=Ramnayaran |first=Gowri |date=4 February 2005 |title=A film from the heart |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/02/04/stories/2005020401920100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404001544/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/02/04/stories/2005020401920100.htm |archive-date=4 April 2005}}</ref> In addition, some sources claimed that it served as a remake of [[Arthur Penn]]'s ''[[The Miracle Worker (1962 film)|The Miracle Worker]]'' (1962), but Bhansali denied the reports.<ref name="TheTelegraphinterview">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=6 January 2006 |title='Black is about feeling, not speaking' |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/black-is-about-feeling-not-speaking/cid/971376 |url-status=live |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005853/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/black-is-about-feeling-not-speaking/cid/971376 |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Others claimed that the film was based on Prakash Kapadia's Gujarati play ''Aatam Vinjhe Paankh'', which was inspired by ''The Miracle Worker''.<ref name="Screenmagazine" />

Bhansali chose the word ''black'' for the film's title; according to him, black is his favorite color and he felt it has a "universal resonance".<ref name="Rediff.cominterview" /> He explained how the color's monotones and shades were "very attractive if used intelligently", and it was "the best element ... that ... doesn't overshadow the characters or narrative".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2005 |title='Black is the story of faith, fight and triumph!' – Sanjay Leela Bhansali |url=http://indiafm.com/features/2005/1/13/161/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022151553/http://indiafm.com/features/2005/1/13/161/index.html |archive-date=22 October 2007 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref> He added that it was "a powerful striking colour which describes the film's sensitivities", and defined his mood and temperament.<ref name="Rediff.cominterview" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=2005 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali: The maestro of pain |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13656313 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305074248/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13656313 |archive-date=5 March 2005 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> "I wear black clothes most of the time. The colour calms me. When I decided to make a film about the world of the [blind], ''Black'' was the title that came to mind immediately", he said when interviewed by [[Sify]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=25 January 2005 |title='Black' magic in Bollywood |url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13655820 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308142945/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13655820 |archive-date=8 March 2005 |access-date=31 January 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The same title had been registered by the actor [[Kumar Gaurav]] before, and Bhansali asked him to relinquish and gave the title for his next project. According to an article published by ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' in November 2005, Gaurav saw that the film was "bold and path-breaking"; consequently, he finally gave up the title. As gratitude, Bhansali credited Gaurav's name in the opening credits of ''Black''.<ref name="Screenmagazine" />

Bhansali told ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' that Keller's life was an "exemplary to all of us", believing that he had "personally learned so much from her"; he stated that he learned "the value of a teacher in any student's life".<ref name="TheTelegraphinterview" /> Journalists asserted that his involvement in both ''Black'' and ''Bajirao Mastani'' (a period film about the ''[[Peshwa]]'' [[Baji Rao I]] and his second wife [[Mastani]]) proved his ability in two opposite film genres; he expressed: "It is a conscious process of rejuvenation as a filmmaker. I have to reinvent myself as a creative person."<ref name="Rediff.cominterview" /> He then described the former film as "an uplifting tale on the triumph of the human spirit",<ref name="TOIinterview">{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=18 November 2004 |title=Bhansali digs AB, Blacks-out Ash |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/926584.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121070857/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/926584.cms |archive-date=21 November 2004}}</ref> and it was "about feeling, not speaking".<ref name="TheTelegraphinterview" /> Furthermore, he added, "''Black'' is about the love between a girl and her teacher. They teach each other the dignity of living. To call ''Black'' a love story is a true compliment. ''Black'' is a pure love story."<ref name="TheTelegraphinterview" />

=== Casting ===
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On the same day of the film's announcement, Amitabh Bachchan and Rani Mukerji were officially cast in the lead roles.<ref name="Rediff.cominterview" /> Bachchan featured as Debraj Sahai, a role which he described as a "brilliant teacher but an alcoholic", and he took it as an attempt to avoid [[typecasting]].<ref name="DeccanHeraldinterview" /> Bhansali, who is a "diehard fan" of him, said that he actually wanted to cast him (and his wife [[Jaya Bachchan|Jaya]]) in ''Khamoshi: The Musical''. However, that was the time when Bachchan took a hiatus from his acting career. Bhansali eventually cast Bachchan in ''Black'', after the actor watched his previous work, ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' (1999).<ref name="TOIinterview" /> Bachchan had big expectations with ''Black'', as he said in an interview with the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', "I feel the Indian audience should like this film."<ref name="DeccanHeraldinterview" /> He praised the "fascinating" and "unusual" screenplay of the film, stating, "To be very frank, I would have said 'Yes' even without listening to the script."<ref name="DeccanHeraldinterview" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=16 February 2005 |title=At the peak of perfection |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |location=Mumbai, India |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1244270,00110003.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301230948/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1244270,00110003.htm |archive-date=1 March 2005}}</ref>

To prepare for his part, Bachchan underwent special training before the shooting. He visited schools for physically disabled children and learned [[haptic communication]], which he found to be "very weird because we can not see, hear or talk", from them for six to seven months; he read some books related on it.<ref name="DeccanHeraldinterview" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=बजोरिया |first=जयश्री |date=3 February 2005 |title=भंसाली की 'ब्लैक' एक भिन्न फ़िल्म |language=hi |trans-title=Bhansali's 'Black' is a different film |work=[[BBC]] |location=Mumbai, India |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/story/2005/02/050203_black_release |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005812/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/entertainment/story/2005/02/050203_black_release |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Also, he did extensive research about Alzheimer's disease and what happens after a person being affected by it.<ref name="DeccanHeraldinterview">{{Cite news |last=Chakrabarti |first=Srabanti |date=30 January 2005 |title='Black' magic |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan302005/enter4.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215023854/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan302005/enter4.asp |archive-date=15 February 2005}}</ref> He thought that it "was the most-challenging role... It is a first-time experience because there is not even a single scene in this film that I felt I have done before."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2005 |title=Black: A blend of art and entertainment |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=41491 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050202233050/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=41491 |archive-date=2 February 2005}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Mukerji got the role of Michelle McNally and confirmed her involvement in the film in July 2003.<ref name="Kaur, Swarleen">{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Swarleen |date=6 January 2005 |title=Rani finds 'Black' a learning experience |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050106/cth1.htm |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005813/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050106/cth1.htm |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://web.mid-day.com:80/entertainment/movies/2003/july/59475.htm |title=I'm doing Bhansali's Black: Rani |last=Kusnur |first=Narendra |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=25 July 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223215048/http://web.mid-day.com/entertainment/movies/2003/july/59475.htm |archive-date=23 December 2004 |access-date=6 May 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She spoke positively of her rapport with Bachchan, and stated that she felt "humbled" with the actor, describing him as "a very modest person, very sweet, a father figure".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=12 June 2005 |title=Black is my Best |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050612/spectrum/main6.htm |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012062711/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050612/spectrum/main6.htm |archive-date=12 October 2008}}</ref> Same as Bachchan, she accepted it to avoid the typecasting in romantic roles.<ref name="The woman in Black">{{Cite news |last=Tandon |first=Aditi |date=16 January 2005 |title=The woman in Black |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050116/spectrum/main2.htm |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050121223140/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050116/spectrum/main2.htm |archive-date=21 January 2005}}</ref> Mukerji revealed that she was initially reluctant to play the part, when Bhansali read the story ''Black'' to her in June that year, because of the "challenging" subject and she had no reference to do it.<ref name="Kaur, Swarleen" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2005 |title=Playing Michelle was scary!: Rani Mukherjee |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13658339&cid=2398 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308134438/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/interview.php?id=13658339&cid=2398 |archive-date=8 March 2005 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref><ref name="Mid Day">{{Cite news |date=17 June 2011 |title=When Bollywood stars move closer to a silent world |work=[[Mid-Day]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2011/jun/170611-When-Bollywood-stars-move-closer-to-a-silent-world.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619194408/http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2011/jun/170611-When-Bollywood-stars-move-closer-to-a-silent-world.htm |archive-date=19 June 2011}}</ref> She confessed, "I was scared when I heard the script. I wondered how I will play this character."<ref name="Kaur, Swarleen" /> In preparation, she also met children with physical disabilities, this time, at the Helen Keller Institute in [[Mumbai]] and practiced a [[sign language]] there for six months.<ref name="Mid Day" /> According to Mukerji, her interaction with them helped her to "gain sensitivity towards their reactions, aspirations and hopes".<ref name="The woman in Black" /> Moreover, she had to learn [[braille]] and found the experience was "like speaking with my hands and my fingers."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2005 |title=Rani's given a magnificent performance in Black: Big B |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=41522 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003051455/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=41522 |archive-date=3 October 2012 |access-date=13 January 2010 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In spite of that, she said that the film "has made me realize that those who are physically or mentally [disabled] are actually much stronger than [abled] human beings."<ref name="Mid Day" />

The child artist Ayesha Kapur made her debut with ''Black'', playing the version of Michelle. She learned a sign language for prepared her brief role as well as Mukerji. Media reports stated that it was "the most difficult character ever written for a child", but Kapur refused that by saying, "I don't know how I played Michelle. I just did it. It wasn't that difficult, really."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=11 February 2005 |title='Amitabh, don't you think we should...' |work=The Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050211/asp/etc/story_4328262.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911161134/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050211/asp/etc/story_4328262.asp |archive-date=11 September 2006}}</ref> Shernaz Patel, who had only one film experience in [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s drama ''[[Janam (1985 film)|Janam]]'' (1985), portrayed Michelle's mother Catherine "Kathy"; she was cast by casting director Amita Sehgal on the basis of her work as a theatre actress. Nandana Sen played Michelle's younger sister Sarah, a role she described as "an emotional experience".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=25 February 2005 |title='I know I can't afford to be shy' |work=The Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050225/asp/etc/story_4408144.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302123635/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050225/asp/etc/story_4408144.asp |archive-date=2 March 2006}}</ref> She observed of her part, "... she's a typical 16 year old ... You see her evolving in the film, from this oversensitive, moody teenager who is constantly hungry for more affection to a nurturing, loving, caregiver who deals with her sister's circumstances with a lot of love and understanding."<ref name="NandanaSeninterview" /> She found ''Black'' to be "a pathbreaking film, both in terms of content and style", and called her role "a [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough]]" in her acting career. For it, she learned how to communicate with a sign language, four months before the shooting.<ref name="NandanaSeninterview">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=15 February 2005 |title='I was a geek most of my life!' |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/15sen2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005933/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/15sen2.htm |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
{{Quote box
| quote="Here the look was so intense and understated that I couldn't bring anything that I usually do. It was never the play of colours and that special juxtaposition and rhythm that colours bring. It was particularly fascinating for me because the look was so monochromatic, so minimalist. It was pure ... and I seriously feel that I evolved to a new plane while doing that look."
| source =Costume designer [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]] on his work in ''Black'' in 2005<ref name="SabyasachiMukherjeeinterview">{{Cite news |date=19 January 2005 |title='Rani is the new Kajol' |work=The Times of India |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-994826,curpg-2.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050319084255/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-994826,curpg-2.cms |archive-date=19 March 2005}}</ref>
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Bhansali—with his production company [[SLB Films]]—produced, financed, and distributed the film alongside Anshuman Swami of Applause Entertainment;<ref>''Black (2005)''. Event occurs at approximately 0:00 to 0:20</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayar |first=Mandira |date=17 February 2005 |title='Black' magic works |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/black-magic-works/article28680585.ece |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005812/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/black-magic-works/article28680585.ece |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> another company, [[Yash Raj Films]], also served as a distributor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2009 |title=Yash Raj Films releases Black in Korea across 180 screens |work=Business of Cinema |url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/yash-raj-films-releases-black-in-korea-across-180-screens/29393 |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307044221/https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/yash-raj-films-releases-black-in-korea-across-180-screens/29393 |archive-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> Bhansali wrote the screenplay in three months, and the story with [[Bhavani Iyer]] and Kapadia;<ref name="Gupta, Surajeet Das" /><ref name="Cast&Crew" /> the latter two also wrote the dialogues in [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]], respectively.<ref name="nominations">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2006 |title=Nominations for 12th Annual Screen Awards |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/01/03/925/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110120649/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/01/03/925/index.html |archive-date=10 January 2006 |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref> When asked by [[Rediff.com]]'s Subhash K. Jha, Bhansali found the English dialogues to be "too lucid to be left behind in translation".<ref name="Rediff.cominterview" /> [[Omung Kumar]] was the art director for ''Black''. In a party sequence featuring all of the lead cast from the film, he used 200 lamps on the ceiling. According to ''[[India Today]]'', Bhansali was not sure about it, but he allowed Kumar to do that as an "experiment".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=7 March 2005 |title=The codebreakers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuQvAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live |magazine=India Today |volume=3–4 |issue=4–17 |page=44 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005827/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=OuQvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=31 January 2021}} [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20050307-bollywood-takes-great-leap-forward-with-wave-of-technical-wizards-in-filmmaking-788218-2005-03-07 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032421/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20050307-bollywood-takes-great-leap-forward-with-wave-of-technical-wizards-in-filmmaking-788218-2005-03-07 |date=20 April 2021 }}</ref> He used black as the main color to be in tune with the film's themes.<ref name="Behind the camera" />

Clothes for all actors from ''Black'' were done by the costume designer [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]] for eight months.<ref name="Mitra, Indrani Roy">{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Indrani Roy |date=11 February 2005 |title='I achieved what every young man fantasises about' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/11indra.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005841/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/11indra.htm |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> He spoke of excitement involved in the project: "''Black'' was a brilliant experience, literally a once in a lifetime experience."<ref name="SabyasachiMukherjeeinterview" /> He added that "the film is about you and me and, therefore, it called for serious clothes."<ref name="Mitra, Indrani Roy" /> In preparation, Mukherjee saw many [[Black and white|black-and-white]] photographs. He used a lot of [[monochromatic color]]s—including [[beige]], black, brown, gray, [[khaki]], and [[indigo]]—for the film, as it is set between the 1950s and 1960s.<ref name="Mitra, Indrani Roy" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Avijit |date=28 May 2005 |title=Sabyasachi's haute affair |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050528/saturday/fashion.htm |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005837/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050528/saturday/fashion.htm |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> For her role, Mukerji (who has brown eyes) was required to use dark-tinted [[contact lens]]es.<ref name="Screenmagazine" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2005 |title='I felt like the hero on the sets of Black' – Rani Mukherjee |work=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2005/1/29/122/index.html |url-status=dead |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030132407/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2005/1/29/122/index.html |archive-date=30 October 2007}}</ref> After the release of ''Black'', Sabyasachi Mukherjee talked about his experiment with the film's two leads; he found working with Bachchan to be "amazing", as the latter "is so down-to-earth", and similarly to Mukerji, saying that she was the "[[Girl next door|girl-next-door]]".<ref name="Mitra, Indrani Roy" />

[[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Sonam Ahuja]] were chosen as assistant directors for Bhansali; the newcomers confessed that their motives were to get Bhansali to offer them acting jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |author-link=Rajeev Masand |date=1 October 2007 |title=As a kid, I used to be petrified of dad |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/as-a-kid-i-used-to-be-petrified-of-dad-ranbir/49658-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009233647/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/as-a-kid-i-used-to-be-petrified-of-dad-ranbir/49658-8.html |archive-date=9 October 2013 |access-date=1 February 2021 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |date=8 October 2007 |title=Saawariya Spl: Ranbir will be a huge star, says Sonam |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/saawariya-spl-ranbir-will-be-a-huge-star-says-sonam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126231006/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/saawariya-spl-ranbir-will-be-a-huge-star-says-sonam/ |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=RajeevMasand.com}}</ref> They later made their debut as actors in Bhansali's next directorial venture, ''[[Saawariya]]'' (2007), an adaptation of [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]'s 1848 short story "[[White Nights (short story)|White Nights]]",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |author-link=A. O. Scott |date=9 November 2007 |title=Dostoyevsky With Bollywood Style |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/09/movies/09saaw.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005836/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/09/movies/09saaw.html |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> which was commercially and critically failed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saawariya (2007) |url=https://rottentomatoes.com/m/10008748-saawariya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055015/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10008748-saawariya/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2007 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132441/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> Kapoor would go on to become one of the highest-paid actors in Bollywood while establishing himself as a leading actor of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2017 |title=Forbes releases list of Bollywood's 10 highest paid: Deepika Padukone ahead of Ranbir, Ranveer |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/forbes-releases-list-of-bollywood-s-10-highest-paid-deepika-padukone-ahead-of-ranbir-ranveer/story-2Ps42Z9jGfwFPhYWrCB4YP.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005849/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/forbes-releases-list-of-bollywood-s-10-highest-paid-deepika-padukone-ahead-of-ranbir-ranveer/story-2Ps42Z9jGfwFPhYWrCB4YP.html |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Ahuja has a good career in Bollywood as well.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2015 |title=I am happy for Salman Khan: Sonam Kapoor |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |publisher=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151212/entertainment-bollywood/article/i-am-happy-salman-khan-sonam-kapoor |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032434/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151212/entertainment-bollywood/article/i-am-happy-salman-khan-sonam-kapoor |archive-date=20 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dedhia |first=Sonia |date=3 July 2013 |title=Sonam Kapoor: I am not interested in men |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-sonam-kapoor-i-am-not-happy-with-my-performance-in-raanjhanna/20130703.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120085918/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-sonam-kapoor-i-am-not-happy-with-my-performance-in-raanjhanna/20130703.htm |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=18 March 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:The Ridge Shimla.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|The first schedule of ''Black'' took place in [[Shimla]]]]
''Black'' was filmed in 100 days by [[Ravi K. Chandran]].<ref name="Rediff.cominterview" /><ref name="Behind the camera" /> In an interview with Rediff.com, Chandran called it one of the most "important" films in his career and considered it as his favorite project; this also marked the first time he shot a film without songs. He revealed that he had previously rejected Bhansali's offers to shoots ''Devdas'' as he had busy schedules at that time. However, Chandran promised to collaborate with Bhansali in his next venture, which would be ''Black''. When Bhansali narrated the film's story to him, Chandran decided to use the cinematography style same with that of [[Guru Dutt]]'s 1959 drama ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]''.<ref name="Behind the camera">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=14 December 2004 |title=Black: Behind the camera |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/14sd3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041216053621/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/14sd3.htm |archive-date=16 December 2004 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Sham Kaushal was the action director.<ref name="Cast&Crew" /> Kapoor served as a [[Body double|body-double]] for Bachchan in several scenes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2016 |title=Amitabh-Ranbir share Black trivia: Ranbir trained young Michelle, Big B reveals acting mistake |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-ranbir-kapoor-black-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-pink-353150-2016-11-21 |url-status=live |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005839/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-ranbir-kapoor-black-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-pink-353150-2016-11-21 |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>

In mid-January 2004, the entire cast and crew of ''Black'' went to [[Shimla]] to begin the first schedule.<ref name="Screenmagazine" /> The first sequence filmed was the film's opening scene, featuring Mukerji stretching out her hand when snow begins to fall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=10 February 2005 |title='My fingers hurt while I learnt sign language' |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/10sld2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005840/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/10sld2.htm |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Shimla was very cold at the time, but it did not show any signs that snow would fall. Therefore, the crew bought kilos of salt and [[Snowmaking|snow-making]] machines from [[Mumbai]]'s local markets. The media reported that the shooting would end at 04:00.<ref name="Screenmagazine" />

Filming moved to the film studio complex [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] the next month and ''India Today'' said that seventy percent of ''Black'' was shot there.<ref name="Film City">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2005 |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali sued by Film City |url=http://indiafm.com/news/2005/6/22/2414/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231122104/http://indiafm.com/news/2005/6/22/2414/index.html |archive-date=31 December 2007 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref> The studio, which has a {{convert|15000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} area, was rented by Bhansali in January 2004 for 45 days, but on 18 February, a fire burned most of the set, resulting in a shooting delay.<ref name="Film City" /> Bhansali recalled, "It was a torturous exercise and I couldn't sleep, but we needed continuity. I would not shoot if the cottage looked different."<ref name="Gupta, Surajeet Das" /> In June 2005, the Maharashtra Film, Stage and Cultural Development Corporation fined Bhansali {{INRConvert|60|m|year=2005|mode=historical}}, with {{INRConvert|20|m|year=2005|mode=historical}} for its reconstruction and {{INRConvert|40|m|year=2005|mode=historical}} for its rental cost.<ref name="Film City" /> A month later, the art dealer Farida Hoosenwally also accused him for not return 390 artifacts she lent, and she sent a complaint letter to the [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] [[R. R. Patil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2005 |title=Sanjay Bhansali in soup again! |url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2005/7/26/5549/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821022735/http://www.indiafm.com/news/2005/7/26/5549/index.html |archive-date=21 August 2008 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau}}</ref> According to the media reports, the incidents made the initial budget of the film—estimated {{INRConvert|135|m|year=2005|mode=historical}}—increased to more than {{INRConvert|200|m|year=2005|mode=historical}}.<ref name="Black magic" /> The schedule was continued on 28 February 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2004 |title=Bhansali to restart shooting for Black |work=[[NDTV]] |location=Mumbai, India |url=http://www.ndtv.com/ent/newstory.asp?section=Movies&id=2543 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217122215/http://www.ndtv.com/ent/newstory.asp?section=Movies&id=2543 |archive-date=17 February 2005}}</ref> The filming was done two months later,<ref name="Rediff.cominterview" /> and Bhansali's sister Bela Sehgal edited it.<ref name="Cast&Crew" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=We all want Sanjay to get married: Bela Sehgal |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |location=Mumbai, India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/we-all-want-sanjay-to-get-married-bela-sehgal/story-WUkD0Vyd0ayKwfn1mkyl9J.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005847/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/we-all-want-sanjay-to-get-married-bela-sehgal/story-WUkD0Vyd0ayKwfn1mkyl9J.html |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Canadian composer [[Mychael Danna]] completed its background score.<ref name="postponement" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Black (soundtrack)}}
In October 2003, ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that [[A. R. Rahman]] was initially signed to compose the music for ''Black''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gautham |first=Savita |date=23 October 2003 |title=Chinese rhapsody |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/23/stories/2003102301100200.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040225084151/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/23/stories/2003102301100200.htm |archive-date=25 February 2004 |access-date=23 October 2003 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> However, he was later replaced by [[Monty Sharma]], who had previously collaborated with Bhansali on ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002). The reasons for the change were not publicly disclosed.<ref name="MontySharmainterview">{{Cite news |date=11 February 2005 |title='The music just flowed' |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050211/asp/etc/story_4320872.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916210553/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050211/asp/etc/story_4320872.asp |archive-date=16 September 2006 |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

Unlike Bhansali’s earlier films, ''Black'' features only one song with lyrics, titled "Haan Maine Chukar Dekha Hai", written by [[Prasoon Joshi]] and performed by [[Gayatri Iyer]].<ref name="PlanetBollywood">{{Cite web |last=Bhasin |first=Shruti |date=15 February 2005 |title=Black (Music Review) |url=https://planetbollywood.com/Music/Black/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310162639/https://planetbollywood.com/Music/Black/ |archive-date=10 March 2005 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=Planet Bollywoood}}</ref><ref name="Dasgupta, Priyanka">{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=4 May 2005 |title=On a Song |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/on-a-song/articleshow/1098670.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607183333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/on-a-song/articleshow/1098670.cms |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=15 January 2010 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The remainder of the soundtrack comprises instrumental tracks composed as background score.

The complete soundtrack, consisting of thirty-three tracks, was released digitally via [[iTunes]] on 10 February 2005 by YRF Music, a subsidiary of [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black (Original Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/black-original-soundtrack/673519229 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005917/https://music.apple.com/us/album/black-original-soundtrack/673519229 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2020 |title=50 Years of YRF: Yash Raj Films becomes the first music label in India to adopt Dolby Atmos |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/50-years-yrf-yash-raj-films-becomes-first-music-label-india-adopt-dolby-atmos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005914/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/50-years-yrf-yash-raj-films-becomes-first-music-label-india-adopt-dolby-atmos/ |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The album received positive reviews from critics, who praised Sharma’s compositions and their contribution to the film’s emotional tone.<ref name="Tuteja, Joginder">{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=15 February 2005 |title=Black: Music Reviews |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/7207/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723082400/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/7207/index.html |archive-date=23 July 2010 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref name="PlanetBollywood" />

Sharma received several accolades for his work, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score]].<ref name="51st Filmfare Awards" /> He also won the [[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|IIFA Award]],<ref name="IIFA" /> [[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Screen Award]],<ref name="Screen Awards" /> and [[Zee Cine Award for Best Background Score|Zee Cine Award]] in the same category.<ref name="Zee" />

== Release ==
''Black'' garnered attention before its release.<ref name="Gupta, Surajeet Das" /> In ''The Hindu'' Internet poll of "The Most Awaited Movie of 2005", the film peaked the first position with 66 percent.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=5 February 2005 |title=Black is red hot! |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/black-is-red-hot/article28149472.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005918/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/black-is-red-hot/article28149472.ece |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> The trade analyst [[Amod Mehra]] felt that the film had good [[Word-of-mouth marketing|word-of-mouth]] publicity, though he believed that it would attract a restricted audience: "It might be difficult for such a subject to click in the B and C centres. One thing which could go against the film is that 60 percent of the film is in English."<ref name="Lalwani, Vickey" /> A similar sentiment was shared by the exhibitor Manoj Desai, saying that the film's subject was "very sensitive" and its first show would "decide the final outcome".<ref name="Lalwani, Vickey">{{Cite web |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=3 February 2005 |title=Black: industry keeps fingers crossed |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/03black.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005919/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/03black.htm |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The critic and journalist [[Taran Adarsh]], however, stated: "It will be a great film. I am eagerly awaiting the premiere. Considering the technical brilliance of Bhansali, I pray that ''Black'' breaks the 2005 jinx. No film has succeeded this year so far."<ref name="Lalwani, Vickey" />

{{quote box
| quote="It was an experience I'll never forget... not only because it was my first retrospective at any festival, but also because of the interaction that I had to undergo with the audience after my film was screened. A lot of them were cinema students and their curiosity about our films and culture and their insightful questions made me very proud to represent our country and cinema."
| source =Mukerji, Casablanca Film Festival, 2005<ref name="Casablanca" />
| width = 25%
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On 24 January 2005, Bhansali organized a special screening of ''Black'' to Bachchan's and Mukerji's family, his mother and himself, and his close friends. Bachchan's wife Jaya was amazed with the film. She stated that it was "something we've never experience before. ''Black'' just ends all discussion", describing it as "the kind of movie experience that raises the scale of our cinema so high that you cannot classify its merits".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=2005 |title=Jaya bowled over by 'Black' |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13660194 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305075607/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13660194 |archive-date=5 March 2005 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's theatrical release was originally scheduled on 10 December 2004, but Bhansali decided to postpone it, as the date coincided with the [[new moon]] week, which he considered to be "inauspicious".<ref name="postponement">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2004 |title=Time for a Pitt stop |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041214/asp/calcutta/story_4123451.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223055700/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041214/asp/calcutta/story_4123451.asp |archive-date=23 December 2004 |access-date=13 January 2010 |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata, India}}</ref> It was opened in 170 different towns in India on 4 February 2005, the same day as the release of [[Leena Yadav]]'s ''[[Shabd (film)|Shabd]]'' and Irfan Khan's ''[[Bullet: Ek Dhamaka]]''.<ref name="Screenmagazine">{{Cite news |date=23 September 2005 |title=Black on Star Gold |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=11230 |url-status=dead |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423042108/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=11230 |archive-date=23 April 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=2005 |title='Black' dominates 'Shabd' |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13660452 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305091150/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13660452 |archive-date=5 March 2005 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was released in South Korea on 28 August 2009 on 180 screens, a big number for a non-Korean film, with its distribution handled by Yash Raj Films.<ref name="daum">{{Cite web |title=블랙(2005) |trans-title=Black (2005) |url=http://movie.daum.net/moviedb/main?movieId=48491 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083519/http://movie.daum.net/moviedb/main?movieId=48491 |archive-date=12 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Daum (web portal)|Daum]] |language=ko}}</ref><ref name="South Korea" /> It clashed with two other Korean films, including ''[[Take Off (2009 film)|Take Off]]'' and ''[[Tidal Wave (2009 film)|Tidal Wave]]''.<ref name="South Korea">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2019 |title="Black" – An eye opener for Hindi cinema in Korea |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/06/06/black-an-eye-opener-for-hindi-cinema-in-korea?ReturnUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yashrajfilms.com%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2F2016%2F06%2F06%2Fblack-an-eye-opener-for-hindi-cinema-in-korea%3FReturnUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fyashrajfilms.com%252Fnews%252Fdetail%252F2016%252F06%252F06%252Fblack-an-eye-opener-for-hindi-cinema-in-korea%253FfromNewsdog%253D1%2526utm_source%253DNewsDog |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005900/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/06/06/black-an-eye-opener-for-hindi-cinema-in-korea?ReturnUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yashrajfilms.com%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2F2016%2F06%2F06%2Fblack-an-eye-opener-for-hindi-cinema-in-korea%3FReturnUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fyashrajfilms.com%252Fnews%252Fdetail%252F2016%252F06%252F06%252Fblack-an-eye-opener-for-hindi-cinema-in-korea%253FfromNewsdog%253D1%2526utm_source%253DNewsDog |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[Yash Raj Films]]}}</ref>

''Black'' has been screened at a number of events. On 21 January 2005, the film and a retrospective of Mukerji's films—''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]'' (2002), ''[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'' (2003), [[Hum Tum (film)|''Hum Tum'']] (2004) and ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004)—were screened with [[Arabic]] subtitles at the Casablanca Film Festival.<ref name="Casablanca">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=4 August 2005 |title=Rani Mukherjee honoured at Casablanca Film Fest |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13909942 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223041420/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13909942 |archive-date=23 December 2005 |access-date=15 January 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was showcased at the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]] on 20 April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2005 |title=IFFLA announces 2005 movie line-up |work=Indian Television |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr228.htm?i=-1 |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005942/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr228.htm?i=-1 |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> The next month, the film was screened in the section of [[Marché du Film]] at the [[2005 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2005 |title=Indian films a 'nonentity' at Cannes |work=The Hindu |location=Cannes, France |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/indian-films-a-nonentity-at-cannes/article27369182.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005929/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/indian-films-a-nonentity-at-cannes/article27369182.ece |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2005 |title=Cannes premier for Naina |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052004130400.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204184554/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052004130400.htm |archive-date=4 February 2010 |df=dmy}}</ref> It was selected for the Indian Panorama section of the [[36th International Film Festival of India]] in November.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=26 November 2005 |title=IFFI: To B or not B |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |location=Panaji, India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/iffi-to-b-or-not-b/story-Ir5QfIzTNXmww6XmrRDMiJ.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210315175537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/iffi-to-b-or-not-b/story-Ir5QfIzTNXmww6XmrRDMiJ.html |archive-date=15 March 2021}}</ref> In 2012, the film was screened at the [[London Asian Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2012 |title=Sanjay Bhansali to be honoured at London Asian Film Fest |work=Indian Television |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k12/aac286.php |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125030427/https://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k12/aac286.php |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2012 |title=Michael to kick off London Asian Film Fest |work=Indian Television |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k12/aac331.php |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126130129/https://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k12/aac331.php |archive-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> The latest was at the Seoul International Film Festival in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=공지사항 |trans-title=Notice |url=https://www.kofic.or.kr/kofic/business/board/selectBoardDetail.do?boardNumber=4&boardSeqNumber=44703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209010002/https://www.kofic.or.kr/kofic/business/board/selectBoardDetail.do?boardNumber=4&boardSeqNumber=44703 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=6 February 2021 |website=[[Korean Film Council]] |language=ko}}</ref>

The world television premiere of the film took place on 25 September 2005 on [[Star Gold]].<ref name="Screenmagazine" /> Distributed by Dancing Dolphin, it was released on [[DVD]] on 20 November 2007 in all regions in a single-disc pack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2007 |title=Black |url=https://www.amazon.com/Black-Amitabh-Bachchan/dp/B0010SAG3C |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005909/https://www.amazon.com/Black-Amitabh-Bachchan/dp/B0010SAG3C |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=6 February 2021 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref> A [[VCD]] version was released at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black VCD |url=https://www.induna.com/1000012673-productdetails/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=3c0ec565229ebd119e2be6fd8adead9cce3c4e68-1612592050-0-AS0HUzpZ-ImC5LrkSj6x0UNk3jAEeqKDgjqhRI6rQrd91b7e7XbJUPUWUOgPeaIv6NvWOIbYjMfBA3nIaDg-RTM04TUpYzeHRwBVpxomLt5Xmw7vND2Nrv0rA9TrffkFmVik_uM_xyq0h2jeshQCNj83BKHZxho3eaju4et88xud_JBoJwYVywYU-VRPHIWW_tO7wgOMTqR5qljg9pDINfm9KevHRH_md5i8ZWTdVTRrkMdO5tMGRA7v6lHQrRS5ty55m0H8fbgjkjLIceI2vC41W96oMyZ0U6eVch-Eo-7umiXo1obZ6qgf6mUKM2feiDkMmkFGpu3KqmGAnSQi63o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210307045320/https://www.induna.com/1000012673-productdetails/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=71b01bb440e446ad4e0ccf3832b6e810e02c054d-1615092800-0-AaXeeVskDBvKz2TNbeOIOxIZyiZp3u0jmGMWsXhWqQ1vARqya018i0eaMWrq37h4SVWzYIzyhljL3IRxN6yd-ycgRYEboTU-Jy3XUbMjUu56_jzjiVhMpbMVuyP6Gge8rDJlO-2jQbgBdRYPLmKNzwunt3BMjWrVr-HltNXI3OC3vTU0NofqbmheU9mNT99TXALpldh37RUCMxeaepylhdKL9F3tBqqN5oQ7YXT_pdxSW6dcSkeYr_ivR0rT5qNpkzjXpWeXG6hEeqlyicqF0ookSdKBsZhG7v9Dm8k7AP5zRejh27p3eVPts0gPGFHoZK3oTWMa4tojwMYsHnkjkE7zcuF1fSo1a-25cpctn_RA |archive-date=7 March 2021 |access-date=6 February 2021 |website=[[Induna.com]]}}</ref> The film was available for streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in May 2017.<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Black |url=https://www.amazon.com/Black-Amitabh-Bachchan/dp/B0010B67TG |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005917/https://www.amazon.com/Black-Amitabh-Bachchan/dp/B0010B67TG |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=6 February 2021 |website=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
''Black'' received positive reviews, with most critics praising its story, Bhansali's direction, and the performances—mostly that from Bachchan and Mukerji.<ref name="Screenmagazine" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Shreedha |date=10 February 2005 |title="Black" magic |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/black-magic/article28150366.ece |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210307045419/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/black-magic/article28150366.ece |archive-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> It received a rating of 87 percent on the review aggregator website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on six reviews, with an average rating of 8.5 out of 10.<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes">{{Cite web |title=Black |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/black |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209005946/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/black |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>

The entertainment portal [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film two stars, finding it to be "relies heavily on performances".<ref name="BHreview">{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=4 February 2005 |title=Black: Movie Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7207/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530000739/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/7207/index.html |archive-date=30 May 2009 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The critic observed of Mukerji, "With no dialogues in her lap, the actress conveys through expressions solely and what a terrific impact she makes! Here's a performance that should act as a reference guide for all aspiring actors. And yes, she's bound to walk away with all major awards next year as well!"<ref name="BHreview" /> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''The New Sunday Express'' felt that the actress was "outstanding" in the part,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=13 February 2005 |title=Black is beautiful |work=The New Sunday Express}}</ref> which Rediff.com's [[Sita Menon]] described as "a pure, performance-driven role".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Sita |author-link=Sita Menon |date=4 February 2005 |title=Black: Bhansali's passion, pain and pleasure |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/04black.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205054618/https://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/04black.htm |archive-date=5 February 2005 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Ziya Us Salam]] hailed her for "[pleasing] the [audience] eyes" despite her "minimal make-up".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |author-link=Ziya Us Salam |date=5 February 2005 |title=Black magic |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/black-magic/article28680124.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203233559/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/black-magic/article28680124.ece |archive-date=3 February 2021}}</ref> [[Khalid Mohammed]] of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' added, "Rani Mukherjee is a revelation, belting out a multi-nuanced performance which compels you to reach out for that hyperbolic adjective, awesome. Lock up all the awards already, they're hers."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Khalid |author-link=Khalid Mohammed |date=6 February 2005 |title=A hard day's light |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://web.mid-day.com/columns/khalid_mohammed/2005/february/103058.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125101056/http://web.mid-day.com/columns/khalid_mohammed/2005/february/103058.htm |archive-date=25 November 2005}}</ref> Devesh Sharma from ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' said that Bachchan and Mukerji have given "the performance of a lifetime", noting that with the film, "Bhansali has proved that we don't lack raw materials or the talent—all it takes is guts and a determined belief in oneself to make a world class film."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=11 February 2005 |title=...is beautiful! |work=Screen |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9857 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305120409/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9857 |archive-date=5 March 2005}}</ref>

Jaspreet Pandohar of [[BBC]] opined that "Bhansali proves that neither he, nor the never better Bachchan, need a Hollywood film to produce an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-worthy film [with ''Black'']."<ref name="BBCreview" /> She also took note of its production aspects; she lauded that the screenplay and cinematography were "carefully crafted" and "beautiful", respectively.<ref name="BBCreview">{{Cite web |last=Pandohar |first=Jaspreet |date=7 February 2005 |title=Black (2005) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/02/07/black_2005_review.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216042318/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/02/07/black_2005_review.shtml |archive-date=16 February 2005 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> In ''The Hindu'', Gautaman Bhaskaran claimed that the film was the best among Bhansali's other directorial ventures.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=11 February 2005 |title=Black |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/02/11/stories/2005021102150201.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922101048/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/02/11/stories/2005021102150201.htm |archive-date=22 September 2008}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' wrote of how it "provides a redefining moment in commercial [[Hindi cinema]], pushing its frontiers of narration and style".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=21 February 2005 |title=Flames Of White In Mumbai Noir |work=Outlook |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/flames-of-white-in-mumbai-noir/226540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811073748/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/flames-of-white-in-mumbai-noir/226540 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=31 January 2021 }}</ref> Sunny Dua of ''The Telegraph'' said, "''Black'' is beautiful, for it is real. What is unreal is the way multicoloured, multilateral mainstream Hindi cinema has been suddenly rendered colourless. It will be hard to rate staple Bollywood fare from now, for the bar has been set way too bright by a stark, dark colour."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dua |first=Sunny |date=11 February 2005 |title=Message and medium |work=The Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050211/asp/etc/story_4348536.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060918135844/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050211/asp/etc/story_4348536.asp |archive-date=18 September 2006}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]''{{'s}} reviewer Vinayak Chakravorty rated ''Black'' three out of five stars, appreciating Kapur's portrayal of young Michelle and described her as "the anchor of the film's first half".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakravorty |first=Vinayak |author-link=Vinayak Chakravorty |date=16 April 2005 |title=Black |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/1153_1232062,001100030007.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050503015333/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/1153_1232062,001100030007.htm |archive-date=3 May 2005}}</ref> Similar thoughts was given by [[Nikhat Kazmi]], who felt that Kapur was "absolutely brilliant".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |author-link=Nikhat Kazmi |date=8 February 2005 |title=Black |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Black/articleshow/1014887.cms |url-status=live |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307043520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Black/articleshow/1014887.cms |archive-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

''India Today'' called the film "a world-class Hindi film" and "a landmark", and found both Bachchan and Mukerji to be "brutally unattractive but always heart wrenching"; Shruti Gupta of [[NDTV]] added that they "score yet again with their performance".<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2005 |title=Brave new shade |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20050221-film-review-of-sanjay-leela-bhansali-black-788216-2005-02-21 |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811063120/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20050221-film-review-of-sanjay-leela-bhansali-black-788216-2005-02-21 |archive-date=11 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shruti |date=2005 |title=Black |work=[[NDTV]] |url=http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&id=138&moviename=Black |url-status=dead |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305081801/http://www.ndtv.com/ent/reviews.asp?lang=hindi&id=138&moviename=Black |archive-date=5 March 2005}}</ref> Writing for another ''Telegraph'' review, Anil Grover complimented the "fantastic" chemistry between the two actors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grover |first=Anil |date=11 February 2005 |title=Feeling is believing |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/feeling-is-believing/cid/968923 |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209010024/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/feeling-is-believing/cid/968923 |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'', also positively reviewed the chemistry, hailing it was "mesmeric". Gupta, however, believed that Mukerji "who really lights up" the film, concluding, "The tilt of the head, the face, alternating between animation and vacuousness, the slightly open mouth, the bewildered lost look, the jerky gait—any or all of it could have turned Michelle into a caricature. But Rani overcomes the handicap of being 'normal', and nails all of it down with an unsparing, unsentimental starkness."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=5 February 2005 |title=Black |work=The Indian Express |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=41603 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208182440/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=41603 |archive-date=8 February 2005}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]''{{'s}} critic Jhoomur Bose Malik praised Mukerji's costume, elaborating that "she did cut a diminutive yet striking picture with the cap, the structured black outfits and of course the no make-up look."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Jhoomur Bose |date=4 February 2005 |title=It's bleak for Bhansali's 'Black' |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1011394,curpg-4.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210032207/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1011394,curpg-4.cms |archive-date=10 February 2005}}</ref> Reviewing Bachchan's role, Subhash K. Jha saw that it resembled "[[William Shakespeare|Shakespearean]] tragic-hero" character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=19 November 2004 |title=Black Review |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1854/bollywood.hindi/black/review.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123094303/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1854/bollywood.hindi/black/review.htm |archive-date=23 November 2009 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=NowRunning.com}}</ref>

Sushma Mohan of the ''Deccan Herald'' compared the film's story with ''Khamoshi: The Musical'', and argued that it was "more complex and sensitive" but "better and finer" than the latter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=Sushma |date=6 February 2005 |title=Black |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb062005/mr1.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050225201250/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb062005/mr1.asp |archive-date=25 February 2005}}</ref> The director and critic [[Raja Sen]] from Rediff.com also did a comparative review of ''Black'' with ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]'' (2005), also starring Bachchan (in a guest appearance) and Mukerji (in a lead role opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]]). He termed the former "a half-baked, often derivative and crucially flawed film", while called the latter "leads to a languorously unhurried fairytale, a unique love story told without fuss". In ''Black'', Sen felt that its script "keeps [Mukerji's performance] from being an immortal [one]". Conversely, in ''Paheli'', he believed that she had delivered "a powerful, sensuous, emotive performance".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=27 September 2005 |title=Why Paheli's better than Black |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/paheli/20050927.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032423/https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/paheli/20050927.htm |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called Mukerji "seems to be hitting her stride as a serious actress".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Elley |date=14 February 2005 |title=Black |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/black-2-1200527961/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209010002/https://variety.com/2005/film/reviews/black-2-1200527961/ |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' said that Bhansali "expertly draws engaging, convincing [p]erformances" from the leads of ''Black'' despite his "unsentimental" direction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005 |title=Empire's Black movie review |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/ReviewComplete.asp?FID=10984 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212023/http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/ReviewComplete.asp?FID=10984 |archive-date=12 March 2014}}</ref> Pakistani magazine ''[[Newsline (magazine)|Newsline]]'' concluded, "[It] is an inspirational film and a must-see, even if only for its beautiful direction and acting."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=K. |first=A. |date=2005 |title=Black (2005) |magazine=[[Newsline (magazine)|Newsline]] |volume=17 |issue=7–9 |page=121}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Black'' was successful at the box office in India and overseas; trade analysts believed that it was influenced by its positive critical reviews.<ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |title=Black |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709152108/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=399 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |access-date=10 February 2018 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> In India, the film had a theatrical run of nine weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black: Box Office India |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/boxoffice/7207/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723082100/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/boxoffice/7207/index.html |archive-date=23 July 2010 |access-date=6 February 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raheja |first=Dinesh |author-link=Dinesh Raheja |date=15 February 2005 |title=Sex wave on wane |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://web.mid-day.com/columns/dinesh_raheja/2005/february/103670.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420213528/http://web.mid-day.com/columns/dinesh_raheja/2005/february/103670.htm |archive-date=20 April 2005}}</ref> It earned {{INRConvert|10.3|m|year=2005|mode=historical}} on its opening day.<ref name="BOI" /> It collected {{INRConvert|34.3|m}} on its first weekend and {{INRConvert|64.7|m|year=2005|mode=historical}} at the end of its first week.<ref name="BOI" /> The film earned {{INRConvert|330|m|year=2005|mode=historical}} in India, making it the year's ninth highest-grossing film in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2005 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121025708/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ== |archive-date=21 January 2008 |access-date=15 January 2010 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> In North America, ''Black'' grossed $560,000 in four weeks.<ref name="overseas" /> In the United Kingdom, it grossed $600,000 in four weeks.<ref name="overseas">{{Cite web |last=Pais |first=Arthur J |date=4 March 2005 |title=Black shines overseas! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/04black.htm?print=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032423/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/04black.htm?print=true |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=6 February 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The film-trade website [[Box Office India]] estimated the [[Hindi]] language version's total collections to be {{INRConvert|409.4|m|year=2005|mode=historical}}, concluding its commercial performance to be "average".<ref name="BOI" />

In South Korea, the [[Korean language]] version was a major success upon release there in 2009. The newspaper ''[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]]'' reported that it sold 560,000 tickets and collected {{KRW|3.8 billion}} ({{US$|{{To USD|3800|KOR|year=2009}} million|long=no}}) within two weeks of its release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Won-soo |first=Jang |date=9 September 2009 |title=작지만 감동적인 인도영화 <블랙> 대박 이유는... |language=ko |trans-title=The reason of why Black, a small-but-impressive Indian film, emerged as a hit... |work=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |url=http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=200909091715541&code=960401 |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032428/https://apis.google.com/js/platform.js |archive-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> It went on to sell 877,408 tickets and gross {{KRW|6,241,612,000}},<ref>{{cite web |title=영화정보 |trans-title=Movie Information |url=https://www.kobis.or.kr/kobis/business/mast/mvie/searchMovieList.do |website=KOBIS |publisher=[[Korean Film Council]] |language=ko |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref> equivalent to {{US$|5.88 million}} ({{INR|256.6 million}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Black – Movie|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=399|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083243/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=399|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2018|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref> It became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|highest-grossing 2005 Indian film in overseas markets]] with {{US$|7.7 million|long=no}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Grossers All Formats Overseas Gross |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/all_format_overseas_gross.php |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref> ({{INR|335.8 million}}), and the second highest-grossing 2005 Indian film worldwide with {{INRConvert|666|m|year=2005|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2005 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/all_format_worldwide_gross.php?year=2005 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Black (2005 film)}}
''Black'' was the fifth film to win all 4 major awards ([[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]) at the [[Filmfare Awards]], after ''[[Guide (film)|Guide]]'' (1965), ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' (1995), ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998) and ''Devdas''.<ref name="51st Filmfare Awards">{{Cite news |last=Lall |first=Bhuvan |date=26 February 2006 |title=Black sweeps the board at Indian Filmfare awards |work=[[Screen International]] |url=http://www.screendaily.com/black-sweeps-the-board-at-indian-filmfare-awards/4026312.article |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209010052/https://www.screendaily.com/black-sweeps-the-board-at-indian-filmfare-awards/4026312.article |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhirad |first=Sandeep |date=2006 |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019034032/https://sites.google.com/site/deep750/FilmfareAwards.pdf?attredirects=0 |archive-date=19 October 2015 |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=[[Filmfare]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> The film won a total of 11 awards at the ceremony, setting a record at the time for the most trophies for a single film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rachit |date=20 January 2014 |title=Flashback Filmfare: Record breaking films |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/flashback-filmfare-record-breaking-films-5183-4.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032423/https://www.filmfare.com/features/flashback-filmfare-record-breaking-films-5183-4.html |archive-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> However, when the [[65th Filmfare Awards]] was held in 2019, ''[[Gully Boy]]'' broke the record with 13 awards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2020 |title=Filmfare Awards 2020 full list of winners: Gully Boy's 13 wins make history, Alia Bhatt and Ranveer Singh take top awards |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2020-full-list-of-winners-gully-boy-s-13-wins-make-history-alia-bhatt-and-ranveer-singh-take-top-awards/story-JRWvCT8f2A8KxDy94AZYSI.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216210752/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2020-full-list-of-winners-gully-boy-s-13-wins-make-history-alia-bhatt-and-ranveer-singh-take-top-awards/story-JRWvCT8f2A8KxDy94AZYSI.html |archive-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> ''Black'' won 3 awards at the [[53rd National Film Awards]], including those for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Bachchan).<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2007 |title=53rd National Film Awards announced |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/53rd-National-Film-Awards-announced/articleshow/2263261.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209010132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/53rd-National-Film-Awards-announced/articleshow/2263261.cms |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> It also received 2 [[Anandalok Puraskar]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2005 |title=Black shines bright on big night |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/black-shines-bright-on-big-night/cid/1653779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209010020/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/black-shines-bright-on-big-night/cid/1653779 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> 5 [[Bollywood Movie Awards]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of Bollywood Movie Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124901/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]}}</ref> 9 [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]],<ref name="IIFA">{{cite web |url=http://www.iifa.com/city_dubai.php |title=IIFA 2006: Dubai, UAE |website=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528050045/http://www.iifa.com/city_dubai.php |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/17iifa.htm |title=Black rules at IIFA Awards |date=17 June 2006 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822080009/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jun/17iifa.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> 11 [[Producers Guild Film Awards]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd Apsara Producers Guild Awards Winners |url=http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_winners.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109200917/http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]}}</ref> 10 [[Screen Awards]],<ref name="Screen Awards">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2006 |title=Black sweeps Screen Awards |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/12screen.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114063842/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/jan/12screen.htm |archive-date=14 January 2006 |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> 6 [[Stardust Awards]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2006 |title='Black' sweeps Stardust awards: Amitabh, Rani adjudged best |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/black-sweeps-stardust-awards-amitabh-rani-adjudged-best/348756 |access-date=24 August 2021 |work=Outlook |agency=Press Trust of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129144228/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/black-sweeps-stardust-awards-amitabh-rani-adjudged-best/348756 |archive-date=29 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> and 10 [[Zee Cine Awards]].<ref name="Zee">{{Cite news |date=3 March 2006 |title=Blockbuster award show in Mauritius today |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-blockbuster-award-show-in-mauritius-today-1016039 |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=25 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425121330/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-blockbuster-award-show-in-mauritius-today-1016039 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Black'' has featured in several listings. In 2005, [[Richard Corliss]] of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' included it in "Best Movies of 2005", peaking at #5. He wrote, "In so many Indian films the deepest searches are for romantic ecstasy and for reconciliation with the father figure. By addressing both these needs, ''Black'' is more than a noble weepie; it is the ultimate Bollywood love story."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Corliss |date=23 December 2005 |title=2005's Best Movies |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1143731,00.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104174909/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1143731,00.html |archive-date=4 November 2012}}</ref> The same year, it ranked #1 in Rachna Kanwar's ''The Times of India''{{'s}} "25 Must See Bollywood Movies", who stated that it was "made with astounding sensitivity and enthralling quest for perfection".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kanwar |first=Rachna |date=3 October 2005 |title=25 Must See Bollywood Movies |work=The Times of India |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special-Features/25-Must-See-Bollywood-Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-2.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301152157/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special-Features/25-Must-See-Bollywood-Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-2.cms |archive-date=1 March 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2017, cultural professor [[Rachel Dwyer]] featured it in "70 Iconic Movies of Independent India", and in 2018, Lata Jha of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' featured it in "10 Unusual Indian Film Takes on Disability".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Dwyer |date=12 August 2017 |title=70 Iconic Movies of Independent India |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/70-movies-independence-day/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307104858/https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/70-movies-independence-day/ |archive-date=7 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=19 March 2018 |title=Ten unusual Indian film takes on disability |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/kmX2dtH4gzy1hYJUc7Ro2L/Ten-unusual-Indian-film-takes-on-disability.html |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref> ''[[Time Out Group|Time Out]]'' placed the film at 80th position in its "The 100 best Bollywood movies" list.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Time Out Editors |date=5 March 2015 |title=The 100 best Bollywood movies |agency=Time Out |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-bollywood-movies-the-list-at-a-glance |access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref>

Mukerji's performance has been noted as one of her notable works, and it was referenced in several films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2011 |title=Bollywood wakes up to women-centric themes |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/210650/bollywood-wakes-up-women-centric.html |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2014 |title=Rani Mukerji's Top 10 Performances |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rani-mukerjis-top-10-performances/20140819.htm#4 |access-date=6 February 2021 |website=Rediff.com |archive-date=25 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425121309/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rani-mukerjis-top-10-performances/20140819.htm#4 |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'', a 2006 comedy by [[Rohit Shetty]], actor [[Arshad Warsi]] dressed up as Mukerji's character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=14 July 2017 |title=11 Years of Rohit Shetty's Golmaal: We bet you don't know these 5 things about the film |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/11-years-of-rohit-shetty-s-golmaal-we-bet-you-don-t-know-these-5-things-about-the-film/story-W0iUCRcK4sN62HPjbwRnlO.html |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref> In 2010, ''[[Filmfare]]'' included her work in their listing of Indian cinema's "80 Iconic Performances", and wrote, "... Mukerji sure filled the silences with her stupendous presence and how. Mukerji has left an indelible mark with this role that usually comes once in a lifetime for most."<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2010 |title=Filmfare – 80 Iconic Performances 9/10 |work=[[Filmfare]] |url=https://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=954 |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225101342/http://filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performance-910-990.html |archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref> In its March 2016 issue, ''[[New Woman (magazine)|New Woman]]'' magazine asserted: "It is hard to forget Mukerji ... essaying the role of a speech-impaired, deaf and blind girl with little or no make-up ... This was once when her action spoke louder than words."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=March 2016 |editor-last=Malini |editor-first=Hema |editor-link=Hema Malini |title=NW fave 5 |magazine=[[New Woman (magazine)|New Woman]] |volume=20 |issue=III |page=162}}</ref>

''Black'' was remade in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] as ''[[Benim Dünyam]]'' (2013), which generated controversy in the media. On 5 September, when TMC Films released its trailer, Bhansali sent e-mails to the production company as no remake rights had been purchased, but they did not provide any response.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Arthur |date=16 September 2013 |title=Bhansali's Black spins a Turkey |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhansalis-black-spins-a-turkey/articleshow/31245122.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032830/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bhansalis-black-spins-a-turkey/articleshow/31245122.cms |archive-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> The remake opened on 25 October 2013 to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2013 |title=Beren Saat ve Uğur Yücel'den Benim Dünyam |language=tr |trans-title=Beren Saat and Uğur Yücel's Benim Dünyam |work=[[Milliyet]] |url=https://www.milliyet.com.tr/kultur-sanat/beren-saat-ve-ugur-yucelden-benim-dunyam-1759712 |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vildrim |first=Emine |date=27 October 2013 |title='Benim Dünyam' — lost in translation |work=[[Today's Zaman]] |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/arts-culture_benim-dunyam-lost-in-translation_329881.html |url-status=dead |access-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305093606/http://www.todayszaman.com/arts-culture_benim-dunyam-lost-in-translation_329881.html |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>

In February 2024, ''Black'' was made available for streaming on [[Netflix]], to mark its 19th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black OTT release: When and where to watch Amitabh Bachchan and Rani Mukerji's film on its 19th anniversary |date=4 February 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/black-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-amitabh-bachchan-rani-mukerji-sanjay-leela-bhansali-film-netflix-101707032756773.html}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0375611|title=Black}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/black|Black}}
* {{Mojo title|id=0375611}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for ''Black''
| list =
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFilm}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}
{{IIFA Award for Best Movie}}
{{ApsaraAwardforBestFilm}}
{{ScreenAwardBestFilm}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestFilm}}
}}
{{Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}
{{Helen Keller}}
{{The Story of My Life}}

[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films about deaf people]]
[[Category:Deafblindness]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Yash Raj Films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Costume Design National Film Award]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about Alzheimer's disease]]
[[Category:Indian Sign Language films]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:The Miracle Worker]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Helen Keller]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]
[[Category:Films based on non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English-language biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Potential superpower

2026-03-25T13:13:49Z

Startupoffices: correct citations and updated info

{{Short description|Entity speculated to be or become a superpower}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Superpower.svg|thumb|300px|
'''Undisputed superpower'''
{{legend|#ffff00|[[United States]]}}
'''Potential superpowers'''—supported in varying degrees by academics
{{legend|#ff0000|[[China]]}}
{{legend|#000080|[[European Union]]}}
{{legend|#ff6600|[[Russia]]}}
{{legend|#00ff00|[[India]]}}
]]

A '''potential superpower''' is a [[sovereign state]] or other [[polity]] that is speculated to be or have the potential to become a [[superpower]] (a sovereign state or [[supranational union]] that holds a dominant position and can [[Sphere of influence|exert influence]] and [[Power projection|project power]] on a global scale through economic, military, technological, political, or cultural means).<ref name="Munro1">{{cite web |last1=Munro |first1=André |title=superpower |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/superpower |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="Mark1">{{cite news |last=Leonard |first=Mark |date=18 February 2005 |title=Europe: the new superpower |work=[[Irish Times]] |url=http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html |access-date=31 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327034443/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_irish_times_18feb05.html |archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McCormick |first=John |title=The European Superpower |date=2007 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |author-link=John McCormick (Jean Monnet Chair)}}</ref>

The [[United States]] is currently the only country whose status as a superpower finds broad consensus,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Yen Nee |date=2020-09-17 |title=The U.S. is still a dominant power — but it's not clear if it remains the global leader |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/17/us-is-still-a-dominant-power-but-it-may-not-be-the-global-leader.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref name="f876">{{cite web | title=World Superpowers 2026 | website=World Population Review | date=2026-02-10 | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/world-superpowers | access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref><ref name="k270">{{cite book | last=Beckley | first=Michael | title=Unrivaled: why America will remain the world's sole superpower | publisher=Cornell University Press | publication-place=Ithaca | date=2018 | isbn=978-1-5017-2479-4 | page=}}</ref> with some accounts explicitly calling it the only one.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bremmer |first=Ian |date=2015-05-28 |title=5 Reasons Why the US Remains the World's Only Superpower |url=https://time.com/3899972/us-superpower-status-military/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC&q=Canada%2520Among%2520Nations%252C%25202004%253A%2520Setting%2520Priorities+Straight |title=Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight |date=17 January 2005 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-2836-9 |page=85 |quote=The United States is the sole world's superpower. |access-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116145100/https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC&q=Canada%2520Among%2520Nations%252C%25202004%253A%2520Setting%2520Priorities+Straight |archive-date=16 January 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dannatt |first=Richard |date=2024-04-14 |title=America has just reminded us there is only one world superpower |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/04/14/america-has-just-reminded-us-who-is-the-worlds-superpower/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> [[China]], the [[European Union]], [[Russia]] and [[India]] have been discussed as potential superpowers of the 21st century; [[Japan]] was a candidate in the 1980s. The US remains a superpower primarily due to its alliances and economic influence, despite power decline and recent international reputation.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://apcz.umk.pl/HiP/article/view/66714|title=Illusion of Multipolarity: Why the U.S. Remains the Global Superpower|first=Andrzej|last=Demczuk|date=November 18, 2025|journal=Historia i Polityka|issue=54 (61)|pages=35–53|via=apcz.umk.pl|doi=10.12775/HiP.2025.029|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== China ==
{{Further|Chinese Century|China's peaceful rise|}}

China status as a potential or a ''de facto'' [[superpower]] has been subject of great academic and geopolitical debate,<ref name="x582">{{cite journal | last1=Baumann | first1=Max‐Otto | last2=Haug | first2=Sebastian | last3=Weinlich | first3=Silke | title=From developing country to superpower? China, power shifts and the United Nations development pillar | journal=Global Policy | volume=15 | issue=S2 | date=2024 | issn=1758-5880 | doi=10.1111/1758-5899.13260 | pages=51–61 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.13260 | access-date=2026-02-13| doi-access=free }}</ref> with China often seen as the only entity that rivals the United States in the 21st century.<ref name="x582"/> Since a 2012 Cornell University - Lund Critical Debate that concluded "China is not yet a superpower",<ref name="r983">{{cite web | last=Diec | first=Jacques | title=Scholars agree: China is not a superpower | website=Cornell Chronicle | date=2012-11-19 | url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2012/11/scholars-agree-china-not-superpower | access-date=2026-02-13}} ([https://www.cornell.edu/video/lund-critical-debate-is-china-the-new-superpower video])</ref> an increasing amount of proponents have highlighted China's modern military, regional influence, cultural export, rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, economic and manufacturing volume as signs of global dominance in the 2020s.<ref>
* {{cite web | last=Cordesman | first=Anthony H. | title=China's Emergence as a Superpower | website=CSIS | date=2023-08-15 | url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-emergence-superpower | access-date=2026-02-13}}
* {{cite web | last=Ross | first=Dennis | title=Here's Why the U.S. Is No Longer the World's Only Superpower | website=The Washington Institute | date=2025-03-04 | url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/heres-why-us-no-longer-worlds-only-superpower | access-date=2026-02-13}}
* {{cite web | last=Ross | first=Dennis | title=The U.S. is No Longer the World's Only Superpower | website=TIME | date=2025-03-04 | url=https://time.com/7263996/the-u-s-no-longer-the-worlds-only-superpower/ | access-date=2026-02-13}}
* {{cite web | last=Welsh | first=Jennifer | title=Opinion: The U.S. is no longer a superpower | website=The Globe and Mail | date=2025-04-15 | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-the-us-is-no-longer-a-superpower/ | access-date=2026-02-13}}
* {{cite web | title=The U.S. is no longer a superpower | website=Max Bell School of Public Policy | date=2025-04-16 | url=https://www.mcgill.ca/maxbellschool/max-policy/us-no-longer-superpower | ref={{sfnref|Max Bell School of Public Policy|2025}} | access-date=2026-02-13}}</ref> However, opponents suggest that domestic challenges still persist; such as an ageing and shrinking population, lack of skilled immigration, alongside international concerns of [[Soft power of China|its soft power status]] due to human rights issues, lack of [[hard power]] capabilities through a global military alliance system, and the dominance of the U.S. dollar in global trade.<ref>
* {{cite web |last=Herman |first=Arthur |date=2026-01-14 |title=America Is the Sole Superpower Again |url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/america-is-the-sole-superpower-again-0a89e41a |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}
* {{cite web |last=Bekkevold |first=Jo Inge |date=2023-03-02 |title=Why China Is Not a Superpower |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/02/china-superpower-us-new-cold-war-rivalry-geopolitics/ |website=Foreign Policy}}
* {{cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Empire Of Illusion: Frank Dikötter On Why China Isn't A Superpower |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/empire-illusion-frank-dikotter-why-china-isnt-superpower |website=Hoover Institution}}
* {{cite |author=Andrew Latham |title=China: A great power but not a superpower |date=2023-04-06 |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3936751-china-a-great-power-but-not-a-superpower/ |language=en-US}}
* {{cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Opinion: The 'rising superpower' myth about China |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/07/opinions/rising-superpower-myth-china-rayburn-bergen |website=CNN}}</ref>

There has been great focus on China's growing economic activity on the global stage, in particular where it has been in competition with the United States: for example, the establishment and large-scale expansion in countries joining the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] in contrast to traditional western institutions, along with the [[Belt and Road Initiative]] and China's role in the [[Boeing 737 MAX groundings|worldwide groundings of the Boeing 737 MAX]].<ref name="Foreign Policy-April-1-2015">{{cite magazine|author=Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany |title=Obama Is Sitting Alone at a Bar Drinking a Consolation Beer|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/04/01/obama-china-bank-aiib-policy/|magazine=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=April 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Boeing’s Crisis Strengthens Beijing’s Hand-March-20-2019">{{cite magazine|author=Aboulafia, Richard |title=Boeing's Crisis Strengthens Beijing's Hand|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/20/boeings-crisis-strengthens-beijings-hand-737max-faa-caac-aviation-regulators-trade-war-china-xi-trump/|magazine=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=March 20, 2019}}</ref> It has also been argued that there is likely to be growing competition in future between two highly dominant countries, the United States and China, while others begin to lag behind economically.<ref name="Columbia University Press-February-2018">{{Cite book|author=Tunsjø, Øystein |title=The Return of Bipolarity in World Politics: China, the United States, and Geostructural Realism|url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-return-of-bipolarity-in-world-politics/9780231176545|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|date=February 27, 2018|isbn=9780231546904}}</ref> It has also been predicted that China may overtake the United States as the world's largest economy in the 2020s.<ref>{{cite web|author=Thair Shaikh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311061413/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-06-10/world/china.military.superpower_1_superpower-military-spending-military-dominance/2?_s=PM%3AWORLD |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-06-10/world/china.military.superpower_1_superpower-military-spending-military-dominance/2?_s=PM:WORLD |title=When Will China Become a Global Superpower? |publisher=CNN |date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=11 March 2012 |access-date=28 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to [[Artificial intelligence industry in China|the country's rapidly developing AI industry]], China has also been referred to as an "[[AI superpower]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Kai-Fu |title=[[AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |date=September 25, 2018 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Westerheide |first=Fabian |title=China – The First Artificial Intelligence Superpower |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2020/01/14/china-artificial-intelligence-superpower/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Milmo |first1=Dan |work=Global technology |date=2021-12-08 |title=TechScape: how China became an AI superpower ready to take on the United States |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/dec/08/techscape-china-ai-united-states |access-date=2024-07-19 |publisher=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

But some have questioned how long this pace of economic growth could continue, with emphasis placed not only on China's very large but [[Aging of China |ageing and shrinking population]] of over 1.4 billion, but also long-term effects of pollution within the country that have accumulated during its fast pace of industrialisation.<ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |last=Beardson |first=Timothy |date=June 28, 2013 |title=I don't see China becoming a superpower in this century |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-28/news/40234296_1_challenges-facing-china-foreign-companies-china-20-years |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034514/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-06-28/news/40234296_1_challenges-facing-china-foreign-companies-china-20-years |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Timothy Beardson |date=24 May 2013 |title=Action Needed on the Environment |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/timothy-beardson/china-pollution_b_3331929.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226075322/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/china-pollution_b_3331929 |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |access-date=26 July 2014 |work=Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Susan Shirk |url=https://archive.org/details/chinafragilesupe00shir |title=China: Fragile Superpower |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-537319-6 |url-access=registration}}</ref> The damage to the country's environment has been extremely costly, mostly due to an inability of poor regions to afford environmental regulations,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Economy |first=Elizabeth C. |title=The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China's Future |date=2010 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7613-6 |edition= |series=A Council on Foreign Relations Book |location=Ithaca}}</ref> but also a broader freshwater crisis stemming from inefficient management, pollution, and climate change.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leung |first=Ka Ching |date=February 21, 2023 |title=Tackling China's Water Shortage Crisis |url=https://earth.org/tackling-chinas-water-shortage-crisis/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Earth.Org |language=en}}</ref> China also has yet to prove attractive to skilled immigration from outside the country in the same way other countries like the United States have.<ref name="Chua, A 2007">{{cite book|author=Amy Chua|year=2007|title=Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – and Why They Fall|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-385-51284-8|url=https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0}}</ref> A supposed lack of [[soft power]] is another aspect of contention to China's status as a potential superpower.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swain |first=Ashok |date=2021-01-21 |title=China's economy and military can overtake US, but it still won't become global superpower |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/chinas-can-overtake-us-but-it-still-wont-become-global-superpower/588718/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Today's China will never be a superpower |url=https://www.ft.com/content/233b101e-7d51-11e9-81d2-f785092ab560 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.ft.com|date=27 May 2019 }}</ref>

The [[United States military]] considers China as the US' most capable and formidable adversary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/285395/how_china_fights_in_large_scale_combat_operations |title=How China Fights in Large-Scale Combat Operations |website=U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) |date=8 May 2025 |first=Ian |last=Sullivan }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/europe_us-labels-china-greatest-potential-adversary/6184312.html |title=US Labels China 'Greatest Potential Adversary' |website=Voice of America |first=Henry |last=Ridgwell |date=15 February 2020 }}</ref> There has been argument that its ties with Russia and Central Asia could see the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] become the "[[NATO]] of the East".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/magazine/27world-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|last=Khanna|first=Parag|title=Waving Goodbye to Hegemony|date=27 January 2008 |access-date=July 19, 2014}}</ref> It has also been argued that American absence from the Indo-Pacific region during the [[war on terror]] has allowed the Chinese to actively challenge the United States as the pre-eminent power in the region.<ref>{{cite report|author=Ashley Townshend, Brendan Thomas-Noone, Matilda Steward|url=https://www.ussc.edu.au/analysis/averting-crisis-american-strategy-military-spending-and-collective-defence-in-the-indo-pacific|work=[[United States Studies Centre]]|title=Averting Crisis: American strategy, military spending and collective defence in the Indo-Pacific|date= 19 August 2019}}</ref> But others have argued that China is still surrounded by potentially hostile nations, and lacks the friends or allies necessary for it to truly compete with the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Minxin Pei|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/03/20/the-loneliest-superpower/|title=The Loneliest Superpower|magazine=Foreign Policy|date=20 March 2012|access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505071234/https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/03/20/the-loneliest-superpower/ |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== European Union ==
{{See also|Eurosphere|Paneuropean Union}}

The [[European Union]] (EU) has been called a potential superpower, mainly due to its economic power and global political influence. Factors highlighted have included its large population, the size and global reach of its combined economy, and the comparative unpopularity of US foreign policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cer.org.uk/in-the-press/europe-new-superpower|title=Europe: the new superpower|publisher=CER|date=18 February 2005|access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="The European Superpower">{{cite book|author=John McCormick|title=The European Superpower|isbn=978-1-4039-9846-0|date=14 November 2006|publisher=Macmillan Education UK }}</ref>

Despite lacking a cohesive military of its own, with military capabilities still in the hands of individual member states, it has been argued that this is irrelevant when considering the status of the EU as a potential superpower.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/europeinnewcentu00robe|url-access=registration|quote=Europe emerging superpower.|title=Europe in the New Century: Visions of an Emerging Superpower|publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]|year=2001|isbn=9781555878528|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Trevor Williams|url=http://www.globalatlanta.com/danish-envoy-economic-strength-makes-eu-a-rising-superpower/|title=Danish Envoy: Economic Strength Makes EU a 'Rising Superpower'|work=Globalatlanta|date=29 October 2008|access-date=19 July 2014}}</ref> Others disagree, saying that its lack of a unified military structure compared to the United States undermines its claim to be a potential superpower.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert Lane Greene|url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/173-sovereign/30500.html|title=EU Constitution: A 'Superpower Europe' It Won't Be|publisher=Globalpolicy.org|date=18 July 2003|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>Colin S. Gray, "Document No. 1: The Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), 2006, and the Perils of the Twenty-First Century," ''Comparative Strategy'', 25/2, (2006): p 143.</ref>

There have also been conflicting views about the EU's lack of political integration. Some have argued that its "lower profile" diplomacy and emphasis on the rule of law represent a new kind of geopolitical influence that fulfills the political requirements for consideration as a superpower, rather than simply failing to meet them.<ref name="The European Superpower" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Adrian Hyde-Price|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326212441/http://www.arena.uio.no/cidel/WorkshopOsloSecurity/Hyde-Price.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2009|date=23 October 2004|url=http://www.arena.uio.no/cidel/WorkshopOsloSecurity/Hyde-Price.pdf|title=The EU, Power and Coercion: From 'Civilian' to 'Civilising' Power|publisher=ARENA Centre for European Studies}}</ref> Others however argue that its lack of a centralised foreign or defence policy leaves its effectiveness uncertain when compared to that of a more politically integrated union of states such as the United States,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2005/02/10/europe-vs-america/|title=Europe vs. America by Tony Judt|magazine=The New York Review of Books|date=10 February 2005|access-date=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{cite book |last=Buzan |first=Barry |title=The United States and the Great Powers |publisher=Polity Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-7456-3375-7 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |page=70}}</ref> and it has even been argued that the EU is little more than an extension of a Europe reliant on or dominated by the United States.<ref>Zbigniew Brzezinski, ''Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power'', (New York: Basic Books, 2012), p 22, 126.</ref>

The European Union has been called a "regulatory superpower" due to the [[Brussels effect]], which suggests that [[Regulation (European Union)|regulations]] and [[EU standard|standards applicable in the EU]] will also be adopted by numerous countries outside the EU over time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=dmalloy |date=2023-06-15 |title=The world's regulatory superpower is taking on a regulatory nightmare: artificial intelligence |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-worlds-regulatory-superpower-is-taking-on-a-regulatory-nightmare-artificial-intelligence/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=kdaponte |date=2023-05-24 |title=Meta fine shows EU is 'regulatory superpower,' Northeastern expert says |url=https://cssh.northeastern.edu/meta-fine-shows-eu-is-regulatory-superpower-northeastern-expert-says/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=College of Social Sciences and Humanities |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bradford |first=Anu |date=2020-03-01 |title=The Brussels Effect: How the European Union Rules the World |url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/232 |journal=Faculty Books|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-008858-3 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Russia ==
{{Further|Russia as an energy superpower|History of the Russian Federation}}

[[Russia]], since [[Russian Empire|its imperial times]], has been considered both a [[great power]] and a [[regional power]]. Throughout most of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-era, the Soviet Union was one of the world's two [[superpower]]s. However, after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the Russian Federation as its successor state lost its superpower status.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Minkina |first=Mirosław |date=2019-09-30 |title=Russia's return to the superpower status |url=https://securityanddefence.pl/Russia-s-return-to-the-superpower-status,110335,0,2.html |journal=Security and Defence Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=34–50 |doi=10.35467/sdq/110335 |issn=2300-8741|hdl=11331/2402 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In his 2005 publication entitled ''Russia in the 21st Century: The Prodigal Superpower'', [[Steven Rosefielde]], a professor of economics at [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]], predicted that Russia would emerge as a superpower before 2010 and augur another arms race. However, Rosefielde noted that such an end would come with tremendous sacrifice to global security and the Russian people's freedom.<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven Rosefielde|author-link=Steven Rosefielde|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/economics/international-economics/russia-21st-century-prodigal-superpower|title=Russia in the 21st Century|publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|UNC]] Press|date=February 2005|isbn=978-0-521-54529-7}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2023}}

Others however have put forward more pessimistic views towards Russia's ability to regain its superpower status. A mixed opinion has been offered by Matthew Fleischer of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', contending that severe climate change would be necessary for much of Russia's inherent natural resources to become viable.<ref>{{cite news|author=Matthew Fleischer|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-climate-change-russia-super-power-20140311-story.html|title=How curbing climate change can prevent Russia from becoming a superpower|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=12 March 2014|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>

Several analysts commented on the fact that Russia showed signs of an aging and shrinking population. [[Fred Weir]] said that this severely constricts and limits Russia's potential to re-emerge as a central world power.<ref>{{cite news|author=Fred Weir|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/russia/111102/russia-population-superpower-health-soviet-union|title=Despite huge cash bonuses to mothers, Russia's population is shrinking|work=GlobalPost|date=3 November 2011|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> In 2011, British historian and professor [[Niall Ferguson]] also highlighted the negative effects of Russia's declining population, and suggested that Russia is on its way to "global irrelevance".<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Niall Ferguson|url=https://www.newsweek.com/decline-putins-russia-its-way-global-irrelevance-65847|title=In Decline, Putin's Russia Is On Its Way to Global Irrelevance|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|date=12 December 2011|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> Russia has, however, shown a slight population growth since the late 2000s, partly due to immigration, quickly rising birth rates, slowly declining death rates.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Mark Adomanis|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2013/05/11/russias-population-isnt-shrinking-its-growing-very-very-slowly/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609004205/http://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2013/05/11/russias-population-isnt-shrinking-its-growing-very-very-slowly/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 9, 2013|title=Russia's Population Isn't Shrinking (It's Growing Very, Very Slowly)|magazine=Forbes|date=11 May 2013|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

In the 21st century, many scholars view Russia's global influence as being in decline.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Brian D. |title=Russian Politics: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-19-751602-7 |pages=21–40 |chapter=Power, status, and greatness |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780197516027.003.0002 |quote=Although the lines sometimes can be blurry, there are only three countries in the world that international relations experts typically classify as having been a great power for the past 300 years: Britain, France, and Russia... Russia's geographic size, nuclear weapons, and permanent UN Security Council seat guarantee its continuing great power status... Yet the greater economic power of the United States, the European Union, and China, as well as rising countries... meant that Russia's future standing in the world remained in doubt even before the Russo-Ukraine War.}}</ref><ref name="f495">{{cite journal |last=Šćepanović |first=Janko |date=22 March 2023 |title=Still a great power? Russia's status dilemmas post-Ukraine war |journal=Journal of Contemporary European Studies |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=80–95 |doi=10.1080/14782804.2023.2193878 |issn=1478-2804 |quote=Drezner, as well as others like Dan Depetris, agrees that, on principle, Russia can still be counted among the great powers... At the same time, scholars rightly wonder what rank within the great power club Russia belongs to...}}</ref> Russia's ability to project hard power was also questioned following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022, with the Russian military's poor performance prompting economist [[Paul Krugman]] to suggest Russia was little more than a "[[Potemkin village|Potemkin]] Superpower".<ref>{{cite journal|author=[[Paul Krugman]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/opinion/putin-military-sanctions-weakness.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301041314/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/opinion/putin-military-sanctions-weakness.html|url-status=live|archive-date=1 March 2022|title=Russia Is a Potemkin Superpower|journal=[[New York Times]]|date=28 February 2022|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>

== India ==
{{Further|Indian Century | Indianisation | Greater India | Indosphere | Indomania }}

[[India]] has seen considerable coverage of its potential of becoming a superpower. Multiple opinions have pointed towards India's rapid economic development as a reason for it to be considered a potential superpower, in particular during the 2010s when it was predicted to outpace China's growth into the future.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref>{{cite news |date=2011-01-09|title=India 2025: What kind of superpower? |first=Michael |last=Dingman |work=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/india-2025-what-kind-of-superpower/articleshow/7238752.cms|access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2006/mar/29minter.htm |title=India will be the biggest superpower |work=Rediff |year=2006 |access-date=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="IBM India Century">{{cite journal |last=Subramanian |first=Samanth |title=The Outlier:The inscrutable politics of Subramanian Swamy |url=https://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/outlier |journal=The Caravan: A Journal of Politics & Culture |date=1 May 2012 |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="rising">{{cite magazine |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |date=March 5, 2006 |title=India Rising |url=https://www.newsweek.com/india-rising-106259 |magazine=Newsweek |access-date=August 2, 2014}}</ref>}}

Some commentators made the prediction of India becoming a superpower by 2020, most notably based on [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]'s book ''[[India 2020]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-10 |title=India and the World: Looking into 2021 |url=https://openaxis.in/2020/12/11/india-and-the-world-looking-into-2021/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=OpenAxis |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhagat |first=Chetan |title=Let this be India’s goal for this decade — $5,000 per capita income by 2030 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/The-underage-optimist/let-this-be-indias-goal-for-this-decade-5000-per-capita-income-by-2030/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2019, BJP politician [[Amit Shah]] claimed that India would emerge as a superpower in the next 5 years under the rule of [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Business Standard |title=India will become 'superpower' if Modi becomes PM again: Shah |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-will-become-superpower-if-modi-becomes-pm-again-shah-119050500673_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241011084804/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-will-become-superpower-if-modi-becomes-pm-again-shah-119050500673_1.html |archive-date=2024-10-11 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Economists and researchers at [[Harvard University]] have projected India's 7% projected annual growth rate through 2024 would continue to put it ahead of China, making India the fastest growing economy in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Growth Projections Predict the Rise of India, East Africa and Fall of Oil Economies |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/new-growth-projections |website=Harvard Kennedy School |access-date=12 April 2016 |date=7 May 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508145617/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/new-growth-projections |archivedate=2016-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India Will Be Fastest-Growing Economy for Coming Decade, Harvard Researchers Predict |work=The Wall Street Journal |first=Raymond |last=Zhong |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2016/01/01/india-will-be-fastest-growing-economy-for-coming-decade-harvard-researchers-predict/ |access-date=12 April 2016 |date=1 January 2016}}</ref> Over and above, India also has the advantage of having a very large and growing young population with a median age of 28, compared to China's median age of 39.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Silver |first1=Laura |last2=Huang |first2=Christine |last3=Clancy |first3=Laura |title=Key facts as India surpasses China as the world's most populous country |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/02/09/key-facts-as-india-surpasses-china-as-the-worlds-most-populous-country/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Pew Research Center |date=9 February 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2003 [[Goldman Sachs]] predicted that India would become an economic superpower by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050 |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/goldman-sachs-research/brics-dream |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214025506/https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/goldman-sachs-research/brics-dream |archive-date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.goldmansachs.com}}</ref> In a 2024 interview with [[The Independent]], former UK PM [[Tony Blair]] predicted that by 2050 India would be a 'global superpower' along with the United States and China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=Can India become the world’s third superpower? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-modi-economy-democracy-power-china-usa-b2665016.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 Former UK PM [[Rishi Sunak]] suggested India is an 'economic superpower'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-18 |title=‘India clearly an economic superpower’: Former UK PM Rishi Sunak on US tariffs, trade, and global power shifts |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/us-news/india-clearly-an-economic-superpower-former-uk-pm-rishi-sunak-on-us-tariffs-trade-and-global-power-shifts/4014564/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

While India’s economic growth has continued, some analysts note that inequality remains high and that its trade potential is more limited compared to regional competitors such as China. Although India briefly became the world’s fastest-growing major economy in 2015, its growth rate has fallen below China’s since 2018.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref>{{cite news |last=Khanna |first=Parag |authorlink=Parag Khanna |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/magazine/27world-t.html |title=Waving Goodbye to Hegemony |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=2008-01-27 |access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Khanna |first=Parag |authorlink=Parag Khanna |url=http://www.newamerica.net/node/8987 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629133515/http://www.newamerica.net/node/8987 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |title=The Rise of Non-Americanism |publisher=New America Foundation |date=2008-05-18 |access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref><ref name="doi10.1257/jel.47.3.771">{{Cite journal |last=Pritchett |first=Lant |authorlink=Lant Pritchett |title=A Review of Edward Luce's 'In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India' |doi=10.1257/jel.47.3.771 |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=771–081 |year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India to beat China again as fastest-growing economy in 2016: IMF |work=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-09/news/64243978_1_growth-projection-world-economic-outlook-update-fastest-growing-economy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717151633/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-09/news/64243978_1_growth-projection-world-economic-outlook-update-fastest-growing-economy |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 17, 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 |date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-05-31|title=India loses place as world's fastest-growing economy |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48478028 |access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref>}} From 2021, India has grow higher than China and<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/IND/CHN |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/IND/CHN |access-date=2025-11-01 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref> remain the fastest growing major economy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=India vs. China: a growth perspective |url=https://www.caixabankresearch.com/en/economics-markets/recent-developments/india-vs-china-growth-perspective |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=CaixaBank Research |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India {{!}} World Bank Group |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/india |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Client Challenge |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c99a7605-dc0a-49d0-ade3-e1f4a17e6cad |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India Remains The Fastest Growing Economy: Morgan Stanley |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business-news/india-remains-the-fastest-growing-economy-morgan-stanley-8806132 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801022356/https://www.ndtv.com/business-news/india-remains-the-fastest-growing-economy-morgan-stanley-8806132 |archive-date=2025-08-01 |access-date=2025-12-14 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernandez-Vila |first=Ivan |date=2025-11-13 |title=India Will be World’s Fastest Growing Economy in 2026: Analysts |url=https://www.devere-group.com/india-will-be-worlds-fastest-growing-economy-in-2026-analysts/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

It has also been argued that India's government and bureaucracy is geared against emerging as a superpower, with it being argued that it "does very little collective thinking about its long-term foreign policy goals, since most of the strategic planning that takes place within the government happens on an individual level".<ref name="FA Miller 14">{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Manjari Chatterjee |date=May–June 2013 |title=India's Feeble Foreign Policy |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2013-04-03/indias-feeble-foreign-policy |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=14–18 |access-date=27 June 2013 |authorlink=Manjari Miller}}</ref>
== Comparative statistics of current candidates ==
{{Table alignment}}
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable sortable col1left col10left" style="text-align: right"
!rowspan=2|Country/Union
!rowspan=2|Population<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html Population by country on July 2017 Est.] ''[[The World Factbook]] — [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'', Retrieved 10 May 2018</ref><ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 Population in EU (28) on 1 January 2017] ''[[Eurostat]]''</ref>
!rowspan=2|Area (km2)
!colspan=2|[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP (nominal)]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2021|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?a=1&c=998,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,PPPPC,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|access-date=23 July 2021|website=IMF|language=en}}</ref>
!colspan=2|[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP)]]<ref name=":0"/>
!rowspan=2|Military expenditures (Int$ billion)<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2023|title=Trends in world military expenditure-2022|url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf|website=SIPRI}}</ref>
!rowspan=2|[[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |last=Nations |first=United |date=2025-05-06 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>
!rowspan=2|[[United Nations Security Council veto power|UN Security Council veto power]]
|-
!(USD million)
![[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|Per capita]] ($)
!(Int$ million)
![[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|Per capita]] (Int$)
|----
| style="text-align: left" | {{flag|China}}
| 1,411,778,724
| 9,596,961
| 19,231,705
| 13,687
| 39,440,000
| 21,291
| 314
| 0.797 (high)
| Yes
|----
| style="text-align: left" | {{nowrap|{{flag|European Union}}}}
| 449,206,209
| 4,233,262
| 19,991,535
| 44,387
| 28,044,742
| 53,960
| 337.8<ref>{{Cite web|title=EU defence spending hits new records in 2023, 2024|url=https://eda.europa.eu/news-and-events/news/2024/12/04/eu-defence-spending-hits-new-records-in-2023-2024|access-date=2025-02-12|website=eda.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref>
| 0.915 (very high)
| ([[France and the United Nations#Veto power in the Security Council|France]])
|-
| style="text-align: left" | {{flag|Russia}}
| 144,458,123
| 17,125,191
| 2,076,396
| 14,258
| 7,130,000
| 49,383
| 149
| 0.832 (very high)
| Yes
|----
| style="text-align: left" | {{flag|India}}
| 1,456,604,163
| 3,287,263
| 4,187,017
| 2,878
| 17,360,000
| 10,475
| 86.1
| 0.685 (medium)
| No
|-
| style="text-align: left" | {{flag|United States}}
| 346,238,081
| 9,525,067
| 30,507,217
| 89,105
| 30,337,162
| 75,180
| 997
| 0.938 (very high)
| Yes
|}</div>

== Former candidates ==

=== Japan ===
In the 1980s, some political and economic analysts predicted that [[Japan]] would eventually accede to superpower status due to its large population, growing [[Economy of Japan|economic]], [[Japan Self-Defense Forces|military]], [[Industry of Japan|industrial]], [[Science and technology in Japan|technological]] and [[Culture of Japan|cultural]] influence, large [[gross domestic product]], and [[Japanese economic miracle|high economic growth at that time]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Smith |first=Dennis B. |title=The Emergence of the Economic Superpower: 1980 to the Present |date=1995 |work=Japan since 1945: The Rise of an Economic Superpower |pages=138–169 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Dennis B. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24126-2_6 |access-date=2024-07-10 |place=London |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-24126-2_6 |isbn=978-1-349-24126-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Japan From Superrich To Superpower" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kreisberg |first=Paul |date=1988-12-11 |title=Japan: A Superpower Minus Military Power |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-12-11-op-67-story.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Japan's economy was expected to eventually surpass [[economy of the United States|that of the United States]].<ref name="Zakaria, F 2008">{{cite book |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |author-link=Fareed Zakaria |url=https://archive.org/details/postamericanworl00zaka_199 |title=The Post-American World |date=2008 |publisher=W. W. Norton and Company |isbn=978-0-393-06235-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/postamericanworl00zaka_199/page/n225 210] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Land of the setting sun">{{Cite news |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Land of the setting sun |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2009/11/12/land-of-the-setting-sun |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><ref name="Japan From Superrich To Superpower">{{cite magazine |date=July 4, 1988 |title=Japan From Superrich To Superpower |url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967823,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> However, this prediction failed to materialise following [[Japanese asset price bubble|a stock market crash]] and the resulting "[[Lost Decades]]", where Japan has suffered a flat to negative economic outlook,<ref name="Leika Kihara">{{cite news |author=Leika Kihara |date=17 August 2012 |title=Japan eyes end to decades long deflation |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/japan-economy-estimate-idUSL4E8JH1TC20120817#ySOkSfW3bZs8lVWK.97 |access-date=7 September 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref> while [[Aging of Japan|its population has been aging since the late 1980s]] before suffering real decline in total population starting in 2011.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/01/china-military-presence-superpower-collision-japan |title = China's military presence is growing. Does a superpower collision loom? |website = The Guardian |date=1 January 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-20 |title=Japan was the future but it's stuck in the past |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63830490 |access-date=2024-07-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[American Century]]
* [[ASEAN]]
* [[Asian Century]]
* [[BRIC (economics term)]]
* [[BRICS]]
* [[Emerging power]]
* [[Energy superpower]]
* [[Eurasian Economic Union]]
* [[Great power]]
* [[List of countries in Europe by military expenditures]]
* [[Mercosur]]
* [[Post–Cold War era]]
* [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]]
* [[Second Cold War]]
* [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]]
* [[Superpower collapse]]
{{Colend}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.crp.polis.cam.ac.uk/ Centre for Rising Powers, University of Cambridge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504110212/http://www.crp.polis.cam.ac.uk/ |date=2019-05-04 }}
* [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552652 China on the World Stage] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
* [https://www.thetimes.com/tto/news/world/asia/article3913602.ece Blast off: India hopes Mars rocket will enhance its superpower status] by The Times
* [https://hbr.org/2007/12/china-india-the-power-of-two/ar/1 China and India: The Power of Two] by Harvard Business Review
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/the-end-of-pax-americana-how-western-decline-became-inevitable/256388/?single_page=true The End of Pax Americana: How Western Decline Became Inevitable] by The Atlantic
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2013/11/24/why-the-u-s-remains-the-worlds-unchallenged-superpower/ Why The U.S. Remains The World's Unchallenged Superpower]

{{International power}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Potential Superpowers}}
[[Category:Emerging power]]
[[Category:21st century]]
[[Category:Superpowers (politics)|Pot]]
[[Category:Military terminology]]

Ramadan

2026-03-24T19:55:51Z

Startupoffices: minor improved lead for consistency and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Ninth month of the Islamic calendar and month-long fasting event in Islam}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox month
| image = {{multiple image
| total_width = 263
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Breaking the Fast (2) (27351979537).jpg
| caption1 = Men breaking their fast during [[iftar]] in [[Grand Mosque of Dubai|Dubai's Grand Mosque]]
| image2 = Crescent moon - Hilal.jpg
| caption2 = A crescent moon over [[Sarıçam]], Turkey
| image3 = Ramadan Quran Reading, Bandar Torkaman (13950320163308600).jpg
| caption3 = Women reading the [[Quran]] in [[Bandar Torkaman]], Iran
| image4 = Tarawih Ramadan di Masjid Raya Sumbar 2019 (2).jpg
| caption4 = [[Tarawih]] prayers at a mosque in [[Padang]], Indonesia
| image5 = Iftar 2.jpg
| caption5 = ''[[Iftar]]'' meal
| image6 = فوازير رمضان في شوارع واسواق عدن.jpg
| caption6 = Ramadan decorations in the streets of [[Aden]], Yemen
| image7 = Zakat Donation Box in Taipei Mosque 20190519.jpg
| caption7 = ''[[Zakat]]'' donation boxes in [[Taipei]], Taiwan
}}
| holidays =
* [[Al-'Ashr al-Awakher]]
* [[Laylat al-Qadr]]
* [[Jumu'atul-Wida]]
* [[Laylat al-Jaiza]]
| prev_month = [[Sha'ban]]
| next_month = [[Shawwal]]
|num=9
|calendar=[[Islamic calendar]]
|days=29–30 (depends on actual observation of the moon's crescent)
}}
{{Islam}}

'''Ramadan'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|r|æ|m|ə|ˈ|d|ɑː|n}}, also {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|r|ɑː|m|-|,_|ˈ|r|æ|m|ə|d|ɑː|n|,_|ˈ|r|ɑː|m|-}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Ramadan|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ramadan|title=Ramadan|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Ramadan|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|r|æ|m|ə|d|æ|n}}<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Ramadan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303035204/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ramadan |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-03 |title=Ramadan |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>}}{{efn-num|{{langx|ar|رَمَضَان|Ramaḍān}} {{IPA|ar|ra.ma.dˤaːn|}};{{efn|According to Arabic phonology, it can be realized as {{IPA|ar|rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn, ramaˈdˤɑːn, ræmæˈdˤɑːn|}}, depending on the region.}} also spelled '''Ramazan''', '''Ramzan''', '''Ramadhan''', or '''Ramathan'''}} is the ninth month of the [[Islamic calendar]]. It is observed by [[Muslim]]s worldwide as a month of [[fasting]] (''[[Fasting in Islam|sawm]]''), communal [[prayer]] (''[[salah]]''), reflection, study of the Quran, charity, and strengthening community ties.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=Ramadan {{!}} Islam, Fasting, Timing, Traditions, Rules, Meanings, Iftar, & Eid al-Fitr {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260212110725/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |archive-date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> It is also the month in which the [[Quran]] is believed to have been revealed to the [[Prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], known as [[Night of Power|Laylat al-Qadr]]. The annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the [[five pillars of Islam]]<ref name="BBC 2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/islam/ramadan.shtml|title=Schools – Religions|work=BBC|access-date=25 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827092420/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/islam/ramadan.shtml|archive-date=27 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and lasts 29 to 30 days, from one sighting of the [[Hilal (crescent moon)|crescent moon]] to the next.<ref name="Bukhari">{{cite web |url= http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html |title= Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124. |first= AbdAllah-Muhammad |last= Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail |work= hadithcollection.com |date= 28 January 2009 |access-date= 25 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120613040509/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html |archive-date= 13 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Muslim">{{cite web |url= http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10970-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2378.html |title= Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378. |first= Abul-Hussain |last= Muslim-Ibn-Habaj |work= hadithcollection.com |date= 28 June 2009 |access-date= 25 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170910/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10970-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2378.html |archive-date= 15 January 2013 }}</ref>

Fasting from dawn to sunset is obligatory (''[[fard]]'') for all Muslims who have reached puberty,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-14 |title=Ramadan fast: Should children give up food and water? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44107950 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> and who are not [[acute illness|acutely]] or [[chronic illness|chronically ill]], [[travel]]ing, [[old age|elderly]], [[breastfeeding]], [[Pregnancy|pregnant]], or [[Menstruation in Islam|menstruating]].<ref>Fasting (Al Siyam) – {{lang|ar|الصيام}} – p. 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998</ref> The predawn meal is ''[[suhur]]'', and the nightly feast that breaks the fast is ''[[iftar]]''.<ref>Islam, Andrew Egan – 2002 – p. 24</ref><ref>Dubai – p. 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers – 2010</ref> Although rulings (''[[fatawa]]'') have been issued that Muslims who live in regions with a [[midnight sun]] or [[polar night]] should follow the timetable of [[Mecca]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201201/ramadan.in.the.farthest.north.htm|website=Saudi Aramco World|title=Ramadan in the Farthest North|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204183609/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201201/ramadan.in.the.farthest.north.htm|archive-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> it is common practice to follow the timetable of the closest country in which night can be distinguished from day.<ref name="Ramadan2014"/><ref name="ottawacitizen"/><ref name="ArcticRamadan"/>

The spiritual rewards (''[[thawab]]'') of fasting are believed to be multiplied during Ramadan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125.|last=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|work=hadithcollection.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170845/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html|archive-date=15 January 2013|access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> Accordingly, during the hours of fasting, Muslims refrain not only from food and drink, but also from all behavior deemed to be [[Islamic views on sin|sinful in Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Jane I. |title=Islam in America |date=2010 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-14710-1 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tom-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hotaling |first1=Edward |title=Islam Without Illusions: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Challenge for the Future |date=2003 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-0766-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutillu0000hota/page/57 57] |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutillu0000hota |url-access=registration |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''Ramadan'' derives from the Arabic root ''R-M-Ḍ'' ({{lang|ar|ر-م-ض|link=}}) {{gloss|scorching heat}},<ref>{{cite web |url= http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10952-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2391.html |title= Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2391. |first= Abul-Hussain |last= Muslim-Ibn-Habaj |work= hadithcollection.com |date= 28 June 2009 |access-date= 25 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143146/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10952-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2391.html |archive-date= 12 June 2018 }}</ref> which is the [[Classical Arabic]] verb ''ramiḍa'' ({{lang|ar|رَمِضَ|link=}}) meaning {{gloss|become intensely hot – become burning; become scorching; be blazing; be glowing}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=رمضان.. لماذا سمي الشهر التاسع في التقويم الهجري بهذا الاسم؟ |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2021/4/15/لماذا-سمي-شهر-رمضان-بهذا-الاسم؟ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=لماذا سمي شهر رمضان بهذا الاسم؟ {{!}} تعلم العربية |url=https://learning.aljazeera.net/en/Blogs/لماذا-سمي-شهر-رمضان-بهذا-الاسم |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=learning.aljazeera.net |language=en}}</ref>

Ramadan is thought of as one of the [[names of God in Islam]] by some. Many [[hadiths]] say it is prohibited to say only "Ramadan" in reference to the calendar month and that it is necessary to say "month of Ramadan", as reported in [[Sunni]],<ref name="Al-Bayhaqi">{{cite book |last=[[Al-Bayhaqi]] |first=Abu Bakr |title=[[Sunan al-Kubra lil Behaqi|Sunnan al-Kubra]] |volume=4 |page=Book 11, Ch. 6, No. 7904 |language=ar |quote=قال رسولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: 'لا تَقولوا «رَمَضَانُ»، فإِنَّ رَمَضانَ اسمٌ مِن أسماءِ اللَّهِ، ولَكِن قولوا «شَهرُ رَمَضانَ».' وهَكَذا رَواه الحارِثُ بنُ عبدِ اللَّهِ الخازِنُ عن أبي مَعشَرٍ. وأبو مَعشَرٍ هو نَجيحٌ السِّندِىُّ، ضَعَّفَه يَحيَى بنُ مَعين}}</ref><ref name="Al-Tabari">{{cite book |last=[[Al-Tabari]] |first=Muhammad ibn Jarir |title=[[Tafsir al-Tabari]] |language=ar |volume =3|page=187 |quote=أَنَّهُ كَرِهَ أَنْ يُقَالُ «رَمَضَانَ»، وَيَقُولُ: لَعَلَّهُ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ، لَٰكِنَّ نَقُولُ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ: «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» }}</ref><ref name="Al-Razi">{{cite book |last=[[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi|Al-Razi]] |first=Fakhr al-Din |title=[[Tafsir al-Kabir (al-Razi)|Tafsir al-Kabir]] |language=ar |volume=5|page= 251 |quote=عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «جَاءَ رَمَضَانُ» وَ«ذَهَبَ رَمَضَانُ» وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «جَاءَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» وَ«ذَهَبَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ تَعَالَىٰ. }}</ref><ref name="Ibn Abu Hatim">{{cite book |last=Ibn Abu Hatim |first=Abdul Rahman |title=Tafsir Ibn Abu Hatim |language=ar|volume =1 |page= 310, Nu. 1648 |quote=لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ»، فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» }}</ref><ref name="Al-Dimashqi">{{cite book |last=Al-Dimashqi |first=Tamam |title=Fawa'id al-Tamam |language=ar |volume=1|page= 104, Nu. 241 |quote=قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: لَا يَقُولَنَّ أَحَدُكُمْ «صُمْتُ رَمَضَانَ»، وَ«قُمْتُ رَمَضَانَ»، وَلَا «صَنَعْتُ فِي رَمَضَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا»، فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ الْعِظَامِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» كَمَا قَالَ رَبُّكُمْ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي كِتَابِهِ }}</ref><ref name="Ibn al-Saqri">{{cite book |last=Ibn al-Saqri |first=Abu Tahir |title=Mashyakhah |language=ar |volume =1|page= 126, Nu. 52 |quote=عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا قَالَتْ قُلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّٰهِ مَا مَعْنَىٰ رَمَضَانَ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: يَا حُمَيْرَاءُ لَا تَقُولِي «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّهُ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولِي «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» يَعْنِي رَمَضَانَ أَرْمَضَ فِيهِ ذُنُوبَ عِبَادِهِ فَغَفَرَهَا }}</ref> [[Shia]]<ref name="Al-Kafi">{{cite book |last=[[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni|Al-Kulayni]] |first=Muhammad ibn Ya'qub |title=[[Kitab al-Kafi|Al-Kafi]] |language=ar |page=Book 14 (the Book of Fasting), Ch. 4 |quote=قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ): لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «هَٰذَا رَمَضَانُ» وَلَا «ذَهَبَ رَمَضَانُ» وَلَا «جَاءَ رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لَا يَجِيءُ وَلَا يَذْهَبُ وَإِنَّمَا يَجِيءُ وَيَذْهَبُ الزَّائِلُ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّ الشَّهْرَ مُضَافٌ إِلَىٰ الْاسْمِ وَالاسْمُ اسْمُ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ }}</ref><ref name="Al-Faqih">{{cite book |last=[[Ibn Babawayh]] |first=al-Saduq |title=[[Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih]] |language=ar |volume=2|page= 182 |quote=قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ): لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا رَمَضَانُ }}</ref><ref name="Wasa'il al-Shia">{{cite book |last=[[Al-Hurr al-Amili|Al-Hurr Al-Amili]] |first=Muhammad |title=[[Wasa'il al-Shia]] |language=ar |volume =10|page= Ch. 19 |quote=عَلِيٍّ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ) قَالَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا رَمَضَانُ فَمَنْ قَالَهُ فَلْيَتَصَدَّقْ وَلْيَصُمْ كَفَّارَهً لِقَوْلِهِ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» }}</ref><ref name="Bihar Al-Anwar 1">{{cite book |last=[[Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi|Al-Majlisi]] |first=Muhammad-Baqir |title=[[Bihar al-Anwar]] |language=ar |volume =93|page= Ch. 48 }}</ref><ref name="Al-Iqbal">{{cite book |last=[[Sayyed Ibn Tawus|Ibn Tawus]] |first=Sayyid |title=Al-Iqbal Bil-Amal |language=ar |volume=2|page= 29 }}</ref><ref name="Mustadrak al-Wasa'il">{{cite book |last=Al-Nouri Al-Tabarsi |first=Husayn |title=Mustadrak al-Wasa'il |language=ar |volume =7|page=Ch. 12, Hadith 1, Nu. 8609 }}</ref> and [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydi]]<ref name="Al-Amali Al-Khamisiyah">{{cite book |last=Al-Shajari |first=Yahya bin Hussein |title=Al-Amali Al-Khamisiyah |language=ar |volume =1|page= 380, Nu. 1355 |quote=أَنَّ عَلِيًّا عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ كَانَ يَقُولُ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا رَمَضَانُ فَمَنْ قَالَهُ فَلْيَتَصَدَّقْ وَلْيَصُمْ كَفَّارَةً لِقَوْلِهِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» }}</ref> sources. Others consider this [[Mawḍūʻ]] (fabricated)<ref name="Ibn al-Jawzi">{{cite book |last=[[Ibn al-Jawzi]] |first=Abdul Rahman |title=[[A Great Collection of Fabricated Traditions|Al-Mawdu'at]] |volume=2 |page=187 |language=ar |quote=قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمُ اللَّٰهِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»}}</ref> and [[Da'if|inauthentic]].<ref name="Al-Bayhaqi" />

In the [[Persian language]], the Arabic letter {{lang|ar|[[ض]]|link=}} (''[[Ḍād]]'') is pronounced /z/. Muslim communities in some countries with historical Persian influence, such as [[Afghanistan]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Iran]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Turkey]], use the word ''Ramazan'' or ''Ramzan''. The word ''Romzan'' is used in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-26 |title=Was ist Ramadan? - Diegebetszeiten.de |url=https://diegebetszeiten.de/was-ist-ramadan/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426133550/https://diegebetszeiten.de/was-ist-ramadan/ |archive-date=26 April 2020 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:002185 Al-Baqarah UsmaniScript.png|thumb|[[Al-Baqara|Chapter 2]], Verse 185 in Arabic]]

{{Blockquote|Ramadan is the month on which the Quran was revealed as a guide for humanity with clear proofs of guidance and the standard ˹to distinguish between right and wrong˺. So whoever is present this month, let them fast. But whoever is ill or on a journey, then ˹let them fast˺ an equal number of days ˹after Ramaḍân˺. Allah intends ease for you, not hardship, so that you may complete the prescribed period and proclaim the greatness of Allah for guiding you, and perhaps you will be grateful.|{{qref|2|185|c=y}}}}

Muslims hold that all [[scripture]]s were [[Revelation|revealed]] during Ramadan, the [[scrolls of Abraham]], [[Torah in Islam|Torah]], [[Zabur|Psalms]], [[Gospel in Islam|Gospel]], and [[Quran]] having been handed down during that month.<ref name="Rafig">{{Cite book |last=Aliyev |first=Rafig Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6CvZJJt1PIC |title=Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4907-0521-7 |page=129}}</ref> Muhammad is said to have received his first quranic revelation on ''[[Laylat al-Qadr]]'', one of five odd-numbered nights during the last ten days of Ramadan.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Magnificence of Quran|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AKmmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |publisher = Darussalam Publishers|date = 2006|first = Mahmood Bin Ahmad Bin Saaleh|last = Ad-Dausaree}}</ref>

Although Muslims were first commanded to fast in the second year of ''[[Hijri year|Hijra]]'' (624 CE),<ref name="Rafig"/> they believe that the practice of fasting is not in fact an innovation of [[tawhid|monotheism]]<ref>Quran Chapter 2, Revelation 183</ref> but rather has always been necessary for believers to attain [[fear of God]] (''[[taqwa]]'').<ref>{{Cite book|title = Explanation of the Three Fundamental Principles of Islam (Salafi): Sharh Usool ath-Thalatha of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahaab|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EbamAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200105005313/https://books.google.com/books?id=EbamAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|archive-date = 5 January 2020|publisher = Salafi Books|first = Shaikh Saalih|last = al-Uthaymeen}}</ref>{{qref|2|183|s=y|b=y}} They point to the fact that [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic pagans]] in Mecca fasted on the tenth day of [[Muharram]] to [[propitiation|expiate sin]] and avoid [[drought]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t6CvZJJt1PIC|publisher = Trafford Publishing|year=2013|isbn = 978-1-4907-0521-7|first = Rafig Y.|last = Aliyev|page = 128}}{{self-published source|date=January 2018}}</ref> [[Philip Jenkins]] argues that the observance of Ramadan fasting grew out of "the strict [[Lenten]] discipline of the [[Syriac Christianity|Syrian Churches]]", a postulation corroborated by other scholars, including theologian [[Paul-Gordon Chandler]],<ref>Jenkins, Philip (2006). ''The New Faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South''. p. 182. Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition.</ref><ref name="Chandler2008">{{cite book|last=Chandler|first=Paul-Gordon|title=Pilgrims of Christ on the Muslim Road: Exploring a New Path Between Two Faiths|date=2008|publisher=Cowley Publications|language=en |isbn=978-0-7425-6603-3|page=88}}</ref> but disputed by some Muslim academics.<ref>Muhammad Mustafa al-Azami, "The History of The Quranic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments", 2nd Edition (2008), Azami Publishing House</ref> The Quran itself emphasizes that the fast it prescribes had already been prescribed to earlier biblical communities (2:183), though there is no explicit intertext for this pre-Islamic practice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lowry |first=Joseph |date=2024 |title=Quranic Law and Its 'Biblical' Intertexts |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/asia-2023-0017/html |journal=Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques |language=en |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=448 |doi=10.1515/asia-2023-0017 |issn=2235-5871|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Important dates ==
The [[Islamic calendar]] is [[lunar calendar|lunar]]; each month begins when the first [[crescent]] of a [[new moon]] is sighted.<ref name="auto"/> The Islamic year consists of 12 lunar cycles and is 10 to 11 days shorter than the [[Tropical year|solar year]]. As the Islamic calendar does not use [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalation]],{{efn|A tropical year is almost the same length as a year in the Western [[Gregorian Calendar]]. The difference is imperceptible in a human lifespan.}} Ramadan migrates throughout the seasons. The Islamic day starts after sunset. The estimated start and end dates for Ramadan, based on the [[Umm al-Qura calendar]] of Saudi Arabia, are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia |url=https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Webspace.science.uu.nl}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align: right"
|+Ramadan dates between 2024 and 2028
|-
!scope="col"|[[Anno Hegirae|AH]]
!scope="col"|First day ([[Common Era|CE]]/[[Anno Domini|AD]])
!scope="col"|Last day ([[Common Era|CE]]/[[Anno Domini|AD]])
|-
!scope="row"|1445
|11 March 2024
|{{0}}9 April 2024
|-
!scope="row"|1446
|{{0}}1 March 2025
|29 March 2025
|-
!scope="row"|1447
|18 February 2026
|19 March 2026
|-
!scope="row"|1448
|8 February 2027
|8 March 2027
|-
!scope="row"|1449
|28 January 2028
|25 February 2028
|}
[[File:An Iranian iftar meal (2).jpg|thumb|An iftar meal]]

Many Muslims insist on the local physical sighting of the moon to mark the beginning of Ramadan, but others use the calculated time of the new moon or the [[Saudi Arabia]]n declaration to determine the start of the month. Since the new moon is not in the same state at the same time globally, Ramadan's beginning and ending depend on what lunar sightings are received in each location. As a result, Ramadan dates vary in different countries, but usually by only a day. This is due to the [[Lunar month|cycles of the moon]]; the moon may not qualify as a waxing crescent, which delineates the change in months, at sundown in one location but later meet it in another location.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ramadan.com.au/faq
| title = What is the Islamic calendar?
| work = FAQ - For Muslims
| publisher = Ramadan Awareness Campaign
| access-date = 2008-09-01
| archive-date = 2012-09-09
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120909110833/http://www.ramadan.com.au/faq
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Astronomical projections that approximate the start of Ramadan are available.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://moonsighting.com/ramadan.html
| title = Ramadan and Eidian
| access-date = 7 August 2012
| publisher = Committee For Crescent Observation
| archive-date = 4 August 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120804124006/http://moonsighting.com/ramadan.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

In [[Shia Islam]], one of the special dates of this month is the day of the [[assassination of Ali]], the fourth [[Rashidun caliph]] and the first [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia Imam]]. [[Ali]] was struck during morning prayer on the 19th day of Ramadan, 40 [[Islamic calendar|AH]], and died on the 21st day of the month. Shi'ites engage in mourning and prayer on these nights, especially in [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.irna.ir/news/82566641/قم-در-سالروز-شهادت-امام-علی-ع-به-سوگ-نشست |title = قم در سالروز شهادت امام علی(ع) به سوگ نشست |trans-title = Qom mourns on anniversary of Imam Ali's (AS) martyrdom|language= fa|access-date = 27 February 2025}}
</ref>

=== Beginning ===
[[File:Ramadan100years1938-2037.png|thumb|Ramadan beginning dates between Gregorian years 1938 and 2038.]]

Because the ''[[hilal (crescent moon)|hilāl]]'', or [[Lunar phase|crescent moon]], typically appears one day after the [[new moon]], Muslims can usually estimate the beginning of Ramadan,<ref>[http://www.hilalsighting.org/papers/salman.pdf Hilal Sighting & Islamic Dates: Issues and Solution Insha'Allaah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206015307/http://www.hilalsighting.org/papers/salman.pdf |date=6 February 2009 }}. Hilal Sighting Committee of North America ([http://www.hilalsighting.org/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831043652/http://www.hilalsighting.org/ |date=31 August 2009 }}). Retrieved 19 August 2009.</ref> but many prefer to confirm it by direct visual observation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html |title= Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124 |first= AbdAllah-Muhammad |last= Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail |work= hadithcollection.com |date= 28 January 2009 |access-date= 25 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120613040509/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html |archive-date= 13 June 2012 }}</ref>

=== ''Laylat al-Qadr'' ===
{{Main|Night of Power}}

The ''Laylat al-Qadr'' ({{langx|ar|لیلة القدر}}) or "Night of Power" is the night that Muslims believe the Quran was first sent down to the world and Muhammad received his first quranic revelation. It is considered the holiest night of the year.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Robinson | first = Neal | title = Islam: A Concise Introduction | publisher = Georgetown University Press | year = 1999 | location = Washington | isbn = 978-0-87840-224-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/islam00neal }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html |title= Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125 |first= AbdAllah-Muhammad |last= Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari |work= hadithcollection.com |access-date= 28 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170845/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html |archive-date= 15 January 2013 }}</ref> It is generally believed to have occurred on an odd-numbered night during the last ten days of Ramadan; the [[Dawoodi Bohra]] believe that ''Laylat al-Qadr'' was the 23rd night of Ramadan.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/65-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2032.%20Praying%20at%20Night%20In%20Ramadhan%20(Taraweeh)/2479-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-032-hadith-number-238.html |title= Sahih Bukhari – Book 032 (Praying at Night during Ramadhan), Hadith 238 |first= AbdAllah-Muhammad |last= Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari |work= hadithcollection.com |access-date= 28 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170922/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/65-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2032.%20Praying%20at%20Night%20In%20Ramadhan%20(Taraweeh)/2479-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-032-hadith-number-238.html |archive-date= 15 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10668-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2632.html |title= Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2632 |first= Abul-Hussain |last= Muslim-Ibn-Habaj |work= hadithcollection.com |access-date= 28 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170848/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10668-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2632.html |archive-date= 15 January 2013 }}</ref>

=== ''Eid'' ===
{{Main|Eid al-Fitr|Eid prayers}}
The holiday of ''Eid al-Fitr'' (Arabic: عيد الفطر), which marks the end of Ramadan and the beginning of ''[[Shawwal]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eid al-Fitr in the United States|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/us/eid-al-fitr|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Timeanddate.com|language=en}}</ref> the next lunar month, is declared after a crescent [[new moon]] has been sighted or after 30 days of fasting if no sighting of the moon is possible. ''Eid'' celebrates the return to a more natural disposition (''fitra'') of eating, drinking, and [[intimacy|marital intimacy]].<ref name=EsinIslam>{{cite web |url= http://www.esinislam.com/Articles201009/WritersArticles_AdilSalahi_0911.htm |title= Ruling on Voluntary Fasting After The Month of Ramadan: Eid Day(s) And Ash-Shawaal |work= EsinIslam, Arab News & Information – By Adil Salahi |date= 11 September 2010 |access-date= 23 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160527052712/http://www.esinislam.com/Articles201009/WritersArticles_AdilSalahi_0911.htm |archive-date= 27 May 2016 }}</ref>

== Religious practices ==
[[File:Ramazan with the poor.jpg|thumb|[[Azim Azimzade]]. Ramadan of the poor people. 1938]]

The common practice is to fast from dawn to sunset. The predawn meal before the fast is the ''[[suhur]]'', while the meal at sunset that breaks the fast is ''[[iftar]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan|title=Ramadan|website=Britannica|date=7 June 2024 }}</ref>

Muslims devote more time to prayer and acts of charity, striving to improve their [[self-discipline]], motivated by hadith: "When Ramadan arrives, the gates of Paradise are opened and the gates of hell are locked up and devils are put in chains."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hadithcollection.com/.../10999-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number%20-2361.html|title=Sahih Muslim Book 006, Hadith Number 2361.|work=Hadith Collection|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604202311/http://www.hadithcollection.com/.../10999-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number%20-2361.html|archive-date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Book of Fasting – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=http://sunnah.com/bukhari/30/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610105330/http://sunnah.com/bukhari/30 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{Cite news |url= http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/features/weekend/169233-muslims-observe-ramadan-clerics-explain-significance |location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-url= |title= Muslims observe Ramadan, clerics explain significance |date= 4 July 2014 |access-date= 16 July 2014 |last=Garba|first=Kabir Alabi|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref>

=== Fasting ===
{{Main|Fasting during Ramadan}}

Ramadan is a time of spiritual reflection, self-improvement, and heightened devotion and worship. Muslims are expected to put more effort into following the teachings of [[Islam]]. The fast (''sawm'') begins at dawn and ends at sunset. In addition to abstaining from eating and drinking, Muslims abstain from sexual relations<ref name="AlJazeera">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/ramadan-fasting-start-date-170427062743037.html|title=Ramadan to start May 27 or May 28|website=aljazeera.com/|access-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427152830/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/ramadan-fasting-start-date-170427062743037.html|archive-date=27 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and sinful speech and behaviour during Ramadan. Fasting is said to redirect the heart away from worldly activities and to [[Ritual purification|cleanse the soul]] by freeing it from harmful impurities. Muslims believe that Ramadan teaches them to practice self-discipline, self-control,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/08/29/ramadhan_2008_feature.shtml Why Ramadan brings us together] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830190152/http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/08/29/ramadhan_2008_feature.shtml |date=30 August 2009 }}; ''[[BBC]]'', 1 September 2008</ref> sacrifice, and empathy for those who are less fortunate, thus encouraging actions of generosity and compulsory charity (''[[zakat]]'').<ref name=WP>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/27/AR2008092702592_2.html?nav=rss_world Help for the Heavy at Ramadan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020200236/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/27/AR2008092702592_2.html?nav=rss_world |date=20 October 2016 }}, ''[[Washington Post]]'', 27 September 2008</ref>

Exemptions from fasting include those traveling, menstruating, severely ill, pregnant, or breastfeeding.<ref name=":0" /> Those unable to fast are obligated to make up the missed days later.<ref>{{qref|2|184|b=y}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |date=2025-01-28 |title=What Are the Rules of Ramadan? |url=https://www.embracerelief.org/what-are-the-rules-of-ramadan/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Embrace Relief Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== ''Suhur'' ====
{{Main|Suhur}}

Each day before dawn, Muslims eat a pre-fast meal called ''[[suhur]]''. After finishing the meal and stopping a short time before dawn, they begin the first prayer of the day, [[fajr]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10921-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2415.html |title= Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2415 |first= Abul-Hussain |last= Muslim-Ibn-Habaj |work= hadithcollection.com |year= 2009 |access-date= 25 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170800/http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10921-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2415.html |archive-date= 15 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2446-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-144.html |title= Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 144 |first= AbdAllah-Muhammad |last= Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari |work= hadithcollection.com |year= 2009 |access-date= 25 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170927/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2446-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-144.html |archive-date= 15 January 2013 }}</ref>

==== ''Iftar'' ====
{{Main|Iftar}}
[[File:Iftar in Istanbul Turkey.jpg|thumb|upright|''Iftar'' at the [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque]] in [[Istanbul]], Turkey]]
[[File:Example of Ramadan iftar 2.jpg|alt=Picture of some of the dishes used in breaking Ramadan fast in Nigeria|thumb|Some dishes used in breaking Ramadan fast in Nigeria]]
[[File:Iftar Serving for fasting people in the holy shrine of Imam Reza 05 ().jpg|thumb|Iftar served for people fasting in the [[Imam Reza shrine]]]]

At sunset, families break the fast with the ''[[iftar]]'', traditionally opening the meal by eating [[Phoenix dactylifera#Fruits|dates]] to commemorate Muhammad's practice of breaking the fast with three dates.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford dictionary of Islam|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|last=Esposito|first=John L.|isbn=0-19-512558-4|location=New York|oclc=50280143|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Indrayani|first=Suharti|date=2018|title=How do Muslims consume dates?|url=http://www.pjmhsonline.com/2018/oct_dec/pdf/1732.pdf|journal=Pakistani Journal of Medical and Health Sciences|volume=12|pages=1732–1743|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728134336/http://www.pjmhsonline.com/2018/oct_dec/pdf/1732.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> They then adjourn for [[Maghrib (prayer)|Maghrib]], the fourth of the five required daily prayers, after which the main meal is served.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/Muslims_fast_and_feast_as_Ramadan_begins.html?showFullArticle=y |title=Muslims fast and feast as Ramadan begins |first=Melissa |last=Fletcher Stoeltje |date=22 August 2009 |access-date=22 July 2012 |work=[[San Antonio Express-News]]}}</ref>

Social gatherings, many times in [[buffet]] style, are frequent at ''iftar''. Traditional dishes are often highlighted, including traditional desserts, particularly those made only during Ramadan. Examples of dishes are [[Qatayef]], [[Chorba frik]], [[Knafeh]], [[Haleem]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aquitaine |first=Ellanor |date=2023-03-01 |title=25 Traditional Dishes Enjoyed For Ramadan Around The Globe |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1214151/traditional-dishes-enjoyed-for-ramadan-around-the-globe/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Tasting Table |language=en-US}}</ref> Water is usually the beverage of choice, but juice, milk, soft drinks, and caffeinated beverages are also often available.<ref name="dieticiannour">{{cite web |url=http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/072709p56.shtml |title=Understanding Muslim Fasting Practices |first1=Dr. Nour |last1=El-Zibdeh |work=todaysdietitian.com |date=August 2009 |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731172803/http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/072709p56.shtml |archive-date=31 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[Middle East]], ''iftar'' consists of water, juices, dates, salads and appetizers; one or more main dishes; and rich desserts, with dessert considered the most important aspect of the meal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldstein, Darra |date=April 2015 |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-931361-7 |oclc=905969818}}</ref> Typical main dishes include lamb stewed with wheat berries, lamb kebabs with grilled vegetables, and roasted chicken served with chickpea-studded rice pilaf. Desserts may include [[lokma]], [[baklava]], or [[knafeh]].<ref name="la">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/features/food/la-fo-ramadan-20120721,0,1433650.story |title=Ramadan's high note is often a dip |first1=Faye |last1=Levy |first2=Yakir |last2=Levy |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=21 July 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722134003/http://www.latimes.com/features/food/la-fo-ramadan-20120721,0,1433650.story |archive-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Over time, the practice of ''iftar'' has evolved into banquets that may accommodate hundreds or even thousands of diners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-08-08/news/fl-ramadan-food-20100808_1_iftar-fasting-muslims-hail |title=Ramadan: Muslims feast and fast during holy month |first=James D. |last=Davis |date=8 August 2010 |access-date=22 July 2012 |work=[[South Florida Sun-Sentinel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706233740/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-08-08/news/fl-ramadan-food-20100808_1_iftar-fasting-muslims-hail |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque]] in [[Abu Dhabi]], the largest mosque in the [[UAE]], feeds up to 30,000 people every night.<ref>{{cite news |title=Abu Dhabi's Grand Mosque feeds 30,000 during Ramadan |url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/05/10/abu-dhabi-s-grand-mosque-feeds-30-000-during-ramadan |access-date=11 May 2019 |agency=Euro News |publisher=euronews.com |date=10 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Charity ===
{{Main|Zakat|Sadaqah}}
[[File:Men praying in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Men praying during Ramadan at the [[Shrine of Ali]] or "Blue Mosque" in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], Afghanistan]]
[[File:Dan Hadani collection (990040387050205171).jpg|thumb|alt=A mass prayer during the 1996 Ramadan at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem|A mass prayer during the 1996 Ramadan at the [[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]]]]

''[[Zakat]]'', often translated as "the poor-rate", is the fixed percentage of income a believer is required to give to the poor; the practice is obligatory as one of the [[pillars of Islam]]. Muslims believe that good deeds are rewarded more handsomely during Ramadan than at any other time of the year; consequently, many Muslims donate more, or all, of their yearly ''zakat'' during this month.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Ramadan Generates Millions in Charitable Giving Every Year |work=The New York Times |date=29 April 2022 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/29/nyregion/ramadan-charitable-giving.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |last1=Stack |first1=Liam }}</ref>

=== Nightly prayers ===
{{Main|Tarawih|Tahajjud}}

''[[Tarawih]]'' ({{langx|ar|تراويح}}) are extra nightly prayers performed during the month of Ramadan. Contrary to popular belief, they are not compulsory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamhelpline.com/qa/tarawih-prayer-nafl-or-sunnah|title=Tarawih Prayer a Nafl or Sunnah|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118190826/http://www.islamhelpline.com/qa/tarawih-prayer-nafl-or-sunnah|archive-date=18 November 2015}}</ref>

=== Recitation of the Quran ===
Muslims are encouraged to read the entire Quran, which comprises thirty ''[[juz']]'' (sections), over the thirty days of Ramadan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isra |date=2023-03-03 |title=Your Ramadan Quran Reading is Important |url=https://iqranetwork.com/blog/your-ramadan-quran-reading-is-important/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Learn Quran online, Arabic & Islamic Studies Online {{!}} IQRA Network |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cultural practices ==
[[File:Sutakabab.JPG|thumb|A [[kebab]] seller from [[Chawkbazar Iftar Market]] in [[Old Dhaka]]. The [[Chowkbazar Thana|Chawkbazar neighborhood]] of Dhaka is famous for its [[Bengal Subah|Mughal-era]] Iftar market.]]

In some Islamic countries, lights (''[[fanous]]'') are strung up in public squares and across city streets,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://abcnews.go.com/International/slideshow/muslims-begin-fasting-start-ramadan-holy-month-16822614 |title= Muslims begin fasting for Ramadan|work= [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date= 18 July 2012 |access-date= 6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721093053/https://abcnews.go.com/International/slideshow/muslims-begin-fasting-start-ramadan-holy-month-16822614 |archive-date=2012-07-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/the-spirit-of-ramadan-is-here-but-why-is-it-still-so-dark |title= The spirit of Ramadan is here, but why is it still so dark? |author= Taryam Al Subaihi |date= 29 July 2012 |work= The National |access-date= 30 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120731232232/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/the-spirit-of-ramadan-is-here-but-why-is-it-still-so-dark |archive-date= 31 July 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://shine.yahoo.com/decorate-ramadan-175400368.html |title= How to decorate for Ramadan |first= Sylvia |last= Cochran |work= Yahoo-Shine|date= 8 August 2011 |access-date= 6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115184556/http://shine.yahoo.com/decorate-ramadan-175400368.html |archive-date=2013-01-15 }}</ref> a tradition believed to have originated during the [[Fatimid Caliphate]], where the rule of [[Caliph]] [[al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah]] was acclaimed by people holding lanterns.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/features/2015/06/19/Ramadan-is-here-light-up-your-lanterns.html |title=How did the Ramadan lantern become a symbol of the holy month? |last=Harrison |first=Peter |date=2016-06-09 |work=[[Al Arabiya]] |access-date=2019-05-06 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

An old tradition of [[Old Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] is during the time of [[Suhur|sehri]], groups of people would sing [[qasida]]s to wake up the [[Bengali Muslim|Muslim]]s in the neighbourhood.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite web|author=Sirajul Islam|author-link=Sirajul Islam|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Qasida|title=Qasida|publisher=[[Banglapedia]]: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, [[Asiatic Society]] of Bangladesh, [[Dhaka]]|access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/6/ramadan-south-asias-dying-traditions-on-waking-up-the-faithful|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|title=The fading Qasida tradition in Bangladesh|author1=Maqbool, Majid|author2=Mahmud, Faisal|author3=Pathak, Nilima|date=6 May 2021}}</ref> [[Chowk Bazaar]] is a place with great significance in [[Bengali culture]] during Ramadan. [[Shahi jilapi]] is unique delicacy from the iftar market, popular for its large size.

On the island of [[Java]], many believers bathe in holy springs to prepare for fasting, a ritual known as ''[[Padusan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://jakartaglobe.id/vision/this-is-how-indonesia-welcomes-ramadan |title=This Is How Indonesia Welcomes Ramadan |date=2019-05-04 |work=[[Jakarta Globe]] |access-date=2019-05-06 |archive-date=April 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411011740/http://jakartaglobe.id/vision/this-is-how-indonesia-welcomes-ramadan|url-status=live}}</ref> The city of [[Semarang]] marks the beginning of Ramadan with the Dugderan carnival, which involves parading the [[warak ngendog]], a horse-dragon hybrid creature allegedly inspired by the [[Buraq]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.matasejarah.com/2016/07/tradisi-dugderan-di-kota-semarang.html |title=Tradisi Dugderan di Kota Semarang|work=Mata Sejarah |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412143319/http://www.matasejarah.com/2016/07/tradisi-dugderan-di-kota-semarang.html |archive-date=12 April 2017 |language=id |last1=Sejarah |first1=Mata }}</ref> In the Chinese-influenced capital city of [[Jakarta]], firecrackers are widely used to celebrate Ramadan, although they are officially illegal.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/19/world/jakarta-journal-it-s-ramadan-school-is-out-quick-the-earplugs.html |title=Jakarta Journal; It's Ramadan. School Is Out. Quick, the Earplugs! |last=Sims |first=Calvin |date=2000-12-19 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2019-05-06 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506171434/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/19/world/jakarta-journal-it-s-ramadan-school-is-out-quick-the-earplugs.html |archive-date=6 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Towards the end of Ramadan, most employees receive a one-month bonus known as ''Tunjangan Hari Raya''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://emerhub.com/indonesia/thr/ |title=Understanding the Religious Holiday Allowance THR in Indonesia |date=2018-12-06 |website=Emerhub |access-date=2019-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506171442/https://emerhub.com/indonesia/thr/ |archive-date=6 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Certain kinds of food are especially popular during Ramadan, such as large beef or buffalo in [[Aceh]] and snails in [[Central Java]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/07/07/on-hunt-delectable-snacks.html |title=On the hunt for delectable snacks |last1=Maryono |first1=Agus |date=2014-07-07 |work=[[The Jakarta Post]] |access-date=2019-05-06 |last2=Endi |first2=Severianus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506171437/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/07/07/on-hunt-delectable-snacks.html |archive-date=6 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[iftar]] meal is announced every evening by striking the [[bedug]], a giant drum, in the mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/ramadan-2016/ramadan-news/diverse-traditions-that-welcome-the-holy-month-in-indonesia |title=Diverse traditions that welcome the holy month in Indonesia |last=Saifudeen |first=Yousuf |date=2016-06-12 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |access-date=2019-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506171433/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/ramadan-2016/ramadan-news/diverse-traditions-that-welcome-the-holy-month-in-indonesia |archive-date=6 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Common greetings during Ramadan include ''Ramadan mubarak'' and ''Ramadan kareem'', which mean (have a) "blessed Ramadan" and "generous Ramadan" respectively.<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/15/ramadan-2015-facts-dates_n_7554256.html Ramadan 2015: Facts, History, Dates, Greeting And Rules About The Muslim Fast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710084438/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/15/ramadan-2015-facts-dates_n_7554256.html |date=10 July 2015 }}, [[Huffington Post]], 15 June 2015</ref>

During Ramadan in the Middle East, a ''mesaharati'' beats a drum across a neighbourhood to wake people up to eat the suhoor meal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=El-Shamma |first=Mohammed |date=2019-05-06 |title=Mesaharati: An ancient career fights extinction in digital age |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1493021/middle-east |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> Similarly in Southeast Asia, the ''kentongan'' [[slit drum]] is used for the same purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-23 |title=Ramadan 2020: Unique and bizarre Ramzan practices |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/ramadan-2020-unique-and-bizarre-ramzan-practices-around-the-world/story-QHSy9bUPdvE5XBVjOBjgsM.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In Nigeria, Ramadan is widely observed among Muslim communities, particularly in the northern regions. Families gather for suhur before dawn and share iftar meals at sunset, often including local foods such as rice dishes, bean cakes, and traditional drinks. Mosques host nightly prayers and charity events, while communities organize food sharing for those in need. The end of Ramadan is marked with large celebrations during Eid al-Fitr, commonly called “Small Sallah” in Nigeria.

Across West Africa, Ramadan is marked by communal prayer, evening meals shared with neighbors, and acts of charity. Mosques often organize large iftar gatherings and religious lessons during the month. Cultural expressions vary between countries but generally emphasize hospitality, generosity, and family unity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=español |first=MARIAM FAM Leer en |date=2026-02-15 |title=A look at Ramadan and how Muslims observe the holy month |url=https://apnews.com/article/islam-muslims-ramadan-fasting-explainer-3057195e90cc1f46108bdb02da177350 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

Ramadan attracts significant increases in television viewership, as the usual [[prime time]] hours coincide with the ''iftar'', and are commonly extended into the [[Late-night television|late-night]] hours to coincide with the s''uhur''. Broadcasters in the Arab world traditionally premiere [[Serial (radio and television)|serial]] [[Drama (film and television)|dramas]] known as [[Arab television drama|''musalsal'']] during Ramadan; they are similar in style to Latin American [[telenovela]]s, and are typically around 30 episodes in length so that they run over the length of the month.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Ramadan is a TV executive's dream in the Middle East |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/tapestry/ramadan-tradition-tv-1.6811096 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=CBC Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-17 |title=Ramadan TV: Your ultimate guide to the best of the month's television programmes |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/tv/ramadan-tv-your-ultimate-guide-to-the-best-of-the-months-television-programmes-1.1050028 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nyt-iton2">{{cite web |date=November 23, 2003 |title=Ideas & Trends: Ramadan Nights; Traditions Old (Fasting) and New (Soap Operas) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/23/weekinreview/ideas-trends-ramadan-nights-traditions-old-fasting-and-new-soap-operas.html |work=New York Times}}</ref> Advertisers in the region have considered Ramadan to be comparable to the [[Super Bowl]] on U.S. television in terms of impact and importance; the cost of a 30-second commercial in peak time during Ramadan is usually more than double than normal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrington |first=Daisy |date=2013-07-29 |title=Ramadan acts as 'Super Bowl for adverts' in the Middle East |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/29/world/meast/ramadan-television-adverts/index.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gn-rtv2">{{cite web |date=July 17, 2012 |title=Ramadan TV: Your ultimate guide to the best of the month's television programmes |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/television/ramadan-tv-your-ultimate-guide-to-the-best-of-the-month-s-television-programmes-1.1050028 |publisher=Gulf News}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Oproep tot het gebed op vrijdag via de trom bij de moskee Tulehu TMnr 20018271.jpg|Striking the [[bedug]] in Indonesia
|File:هلال رمضان.jpg|A decorated and illuminated crescent statue in [[Jordan]]
|File:زينة رمضان في أسواق القدس.jpg|Ramadan in the Old City of [[Jerusalem]]
|File:Lanterns from below.JPG|[[Fanous Ramadan]] decorations in [[Cairo]], Egypt
|Ramadan Home Decorations.jpg|Ramadan home decorations in [[UAE]]
}}

== Observance ==
{{Hijri_to_gregorian_calendar.svg}}

According to a 2012 [[Pew Research Centre]] study, there was widespread Ramadan observance, with a median of 93% in the 39 countries and territories studied.<ref name="prc">{{cite web|title=Most Muslims say they fast during Ramadan|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/07/09/global-median-of-93-of-muslims-say-they-fast-during-ramadan/|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=14 November 2017|date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114145215/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/07/09/global-median-of-93-of-muslims-say-they-fast-during-ramadan/|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Regions with high proportions of fasting among Muslims include [[Southeast Asia]], [[South Asia]], [[Middle East and North Africa]], [[Horn of Africa]] and most of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name="prc" /> Proportions are lower in [[Central Asia]] and [[Southeast Europe]], with 44% in Albania, 43% in Azerbaijan, and 30% in Kazakhstan.<ref name="prc" />

According to TGM Global Ramadan Report 2023, 97% of Muslims were expected to fast during Ramadan in 2023, with regional variations showing 98.9% observance in Asia, 96.4% in the Middle East, and 95.4% in Africa. Country-specific included 99.8% in Indonesia, 99.5% in Malaysia, 99.2% in Saudi Arabia, 98.9% in Pakistan, 98.6% in Bangladesh, 97.8% in India, and 93.9% in Turkey. Muslims reported planning a range of activities for Ramadan, with 70% indicating intentions to increase worship and give to charity, rising to 74% among women. In terms of charitable behavior, 97% agreed Ramadan was a period for generosity, 60% volunteered in concrete help (with 67% in Asia), 73% had donated money to charity during Ramadan or Eid the previous year (with 84% in Asia), and 62% planned to donate more in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TGM Global Ramadan Insights 2023{{!}} Data and Statistics |url=https://tgmresearch.com/https%3A%2F%2Ftgmresearch.com%2Framadan-insights-2023-global-study.html |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=TGM Research |language=en-gb}}</ref>

=== Ramadan in polar regions ===
{{Main|Islamic views on fasting in the polar regions}}

The length of time from dawn to sunset varies by location and season. Most Muslims fast for 11 to 16 hours during Ramadan, but in polar regions, the period between dawn and sunset can exceed 22 hours. For example, in 2014, Muslims in Reykjavik, Iceland, and Trondheim, Norway, fasted almost 22 hours, while those in Sydney, Australia, fasted for about 11 hours. In areas characterized by continuous night or day, some Muslims follow the fasting schedule observed in the nearest city that experiences sunrise and sunset, while others follow Mecca time.<ref name="Ramadan2014">See article [https://www.huffpost.com/entry/ramadan-fasting-times_n_5537721 "How Long Muslims Fast For Ramadan Around The World"] -Huffpost.com /31 July 2014 and article "Fasting Hours of Ramadan 2014" -Onislam.net / 29 June 2014 and article "The true spirit of Ramadan" -Gulfnews.com /31 July 2014</ref><ref name="ottawacitizen">See article by Imam Mohamad Jebara [https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish "The fasting of Ramadan is not meant to punish"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507015923/https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish|date=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="ArcticRamadan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/03/ramadan-canada-arctic-fasting-hours-sunlight|title=Arctic Ramadan: fasting in land of midnight sun comes with a challenge|last=Kassam|first=Ashifa|date=3 July 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707050659/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/03/ramadan-canada-arctic-fasting-hours-sunlight|archive-date=7 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ramadan in Earth orbit===
Because sunrise and sunset occur 16 times each day in low-Earth orbit, [[List of Muslim astronauts|Muslim astronauts]] in space schedule their religious practices according to the time zone of their most recent physical contact with the Earth. For example, [[Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor]], an astronaut from Malaysia launching from the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] calculates their times for fasting and prayers according to the sunrise and sunset times in Cape Canaveral, which is in the [[Eastern Time Zone]].<ref>''A Guideline of Performing ''Ibadah'' at the International Space Station (ISS)''</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/magazine/09interstellar.html|title=Interstellar Ramadan|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=2007-12-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-05|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Laws ==
In some [[List of Muslim majority countries|Muslim countries]], eating in public during daylight hours in Ramadan is a [[crime]].<ref name="Ramadan 2019: 9 questions about the Muslim holy month you were too embarrassed to ask">{{cite web|title=Ramadan 2019: 9 questions about the Muslim holy month you were too embarrassed to ask|url= https://www.vox.com/2017/5/25/11851766/what-is-ramadan-2019-start-date-muslim-islam-about|publisher= Vox|date= 6 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Breaking Pakistan's Ramadan Fasting Laws Has Serious Consequences">{{cite news|title=Breaking Pakistan's Ramadan Fasting Laws Has Serious Consequences|newspaper= NPR.org|url= https://www.npr.org/2018/05/25/614315937/breaking-pakistan-s-ramadan-fasting-laws-have-serious-consequences|publisher= NPR}}</ref><ref name="Break down by region">{{cite web|title=Not so fast! Ramadan laws in Arab countries make you think twice before digging in|url= https://www.albawaba.com/slideshow/not-so-fast-ramadan-laws-these-arab-countries-will-make-you-think-twice-digging-709066|publisher= Albawaba News}}</ref> Sale of alcohol is prohibited during Ramadan in [[Egypt]].<ref>"[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/48444/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-tourism-minister-confirms-alcohol-prohibiti.aspx Egypt's tourism minister 'confirms' alcohol prohibition on Islamic holidays beyond Ramadan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811064259/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/48444/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-tourism-minister-confirms-alcohol-prohibiti.aspx |date=11 August 2013 }}," ''[[Al-Ahram]]'', 22 July 2012.</ref> The penalty for publicly eating, drinking or smoking during Ramadan can be fines or incarceration in [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.moi.gov.kw/portal/vEnglish/pressrel.asp?objectid=%7B220CBBC3-8EA9-4835-A491-C368B0689E55%7D&catid=%7B506BD210-2218-41DE-9648-30A1C3AAD0F6%7D&year=&relid=%7B57BF4B27-AAFB-4F61-9065-B013FA96A464%7D |title=Press release by Kuwait Ministry of Interior |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009151115/https://www.moi.gov.kw/portal/vEnglish/pressrel.asp?objectid=%7B220CBBC3-8EA9-4835-A491-C368B0689E55%7D&catid=%7B506BD210-2218-41DE-9648-30A1C3AAD0F6%7D&year=&relid=%7B57BF4B27-AAFB-4F61-9065-B013FA96A464%7D |archive-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title = KD 100 fine, one month prison for public eating, drinking | newspaper = Friday Times | publisher = Kuwait Times Newspaper | date = 21 August 2009 | url = http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTE3NDM5MzY5NA | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200107124956/http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTE3NDM5MzY5NA | archive-date = 7 January 2020 | access-date = 17 November 2009 }}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Ramadan in Saudi Arabia: Taking it to heart|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21700396-kingdom-treats-holy-month-more-seriously-anywhere-else-taking-it|access-date=11 June 2016|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610210452/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21700396-kingdom-treats-holy-month-more-seriously-anywhere-else-taking-it|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ramadan warning for expats in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/9422969/Ramadan-warning-for-expats-in-Saudi-Arabia.html |website=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=11 March 2019 |date=24 July 2012 |last1=Hyslop |first1=Leah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011822/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/9422969/Ramadan-warning-for-expats-in-Saudi-Arabia.html |archive-date=20 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jul/10/ramadan-numbers Ramadan in numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512000111/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jul/10/ramadan-numbers |date=12 May 2017 }}, 10 July 2013, ''[[The Guardian]]''</ref> [[Morocco]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-06 |title=Morocco's Penal Code and Public Eating in Ramadan |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2016/06/188332/moroccos-penal-code-and-public-eating-in-ramadan |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=moroccoworldnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Latrech |first=Oumaima |date=2022-04-27 |title=Ramadan: 80 Moroccans Arrested for Publicly Eating in Casablanca |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/04/348649/ramadan-80-moroccans-arrested-for-publicly-eating-in-casablanca |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=moroccoworldnews.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Algeria]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Algerians jailed for breaking Ramadan fast |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/10/07/57856.html |work=Al Arabiya News |date=7 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211144838/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/10/07/57856.html |archive-date=11 December 2008 }}</ref> and [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://poskod.my/features/ramadan-fasting-fines-malaysia/ |title=The Hard and Fast Rules of Ramadan |work=Poskod Malaysia |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414081040/https://poskod.my/features/ramadan-fasting-fines-malaysia/ |archive-date=14 April 2019 |url-status=live |date=14 July 2015 }}</ref> In the [[United Arab Emirates]], the punishment is community service.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Salama | first = Samir | title = New penalty for minor offences in UAE | newspaper = Gulf News | location = Dubai, UAE | publisher = Al Nisr Publishing LLC | date = 16 July 2009 | url = http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/new-penalty-for-minor-offences-in-uae-1.492892 | access-date = 17 November 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100301171003/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/new-penalty-for-minor-offences-in-uae-1.492892 | archive-date = 1 March 2010 }}</ref>

In some countries, on the contrary, the observance of Ramadan has been restricted by governments. In the [[USSR]], the practice of Ramadan was suppressed by officials.<ref>{{cite book|title=When Economies Change Paths: Models of Transition in China, the Central Asian Republics, Myanmar & the Nations of Former Indochine Française|page=162|author= Leo Paul Dana}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Former Soviet Union's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook|page=133|author=James Minahan}}</ref> In Albania, Ramadan festivities were banned during the communist period,<ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|page=165}}</ref> but many Albanians fasted secretly.<ref>{{cite news|title=In Albania, Ramadan under lockdown revives memories of communism|date=2020-04-25 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1664866/world|publisher=[[Arab News]]}}</ref>

China is reported to have banned Ramadan fasting for officials, students, and teachers in [[Xinjiang]] since 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cagnassola |first=Mary Ellen |date=2021-05-06 |title=170 mosques destroyed in China's Xinjiang crackdown, Australian think tank says |url=https://www.newsweek.com/170-mosques-destroyed-chinas-xinjiang-crackdown-australian-think-tank-says-1589240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317152006/https://www.newsweek.com/170-mosques-destroyed-chinas-xinjiang-crackdown-australian-think-tank-says-1589240 |archive-date= 2022-03-17|website=[[Newsweek]] |language=en |access-date=17 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2012-08-01 |title=China region bans Muslims from fasting during Ramadan |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]], [[Agence France Presse]] |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/china-region-bans-muslims-from-fasting-during-ramadan-1.405759}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=China bans Muslims from fasting Ramadan in Xinjiang |work=[[Al-Jazeera English]], [[Agence France Presse]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/china-bans-ramadan-fasting-muslim-region-150618070016245.html}}</ref> [[Radio Free Asia]] alleges that residents in [[Kashgar Prefecture]] are compelled to film proof of eating for officials and are encouraged to report those who fast to the authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/fasting-05142020144511.html|title=Residents of Uyghur-Majority County in Xinjiang Ordered to Report Others Fasting During Ramadan|date=14 May 2020|access-date=17 May 2020|website=[[Radio Free Asia]]|author=[[Shohret Hoshur]] |author2=Joshua Lipes |translator=Elise Anderson, Alim Seytoff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoshur |first=Shohret |author-link=Shohret Hoshur |date=2025-03-18 |title=China forces Uyghurs to show video proof they are not fasting during Ramadan |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/uyghur/2025/03/18/uyghur-ramadan-fasting-proof/ |work=[[Radio Free Asia]]}}</ref> The ban has been denied by Chinese diplomats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-07 |title=Come see China Muslim culture for yourselves, embassy says |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/475244 |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=[[Malaysiakini]]}}</ref> Muslim associations in Xinjiang.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. Irfan Ilmie, Atman Ahdiat |date=2021-03-18 |title=Uighur Muslim Community invites global media to witness Ramadan rituals |url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/2050526/komunitas-muslim-uighur-undang-media-global-saksikan-ritual-ramadhan |website=[[Antara (news agency)|Antara]] |language=id}}</ref> [[Antara (news agency)|Antara]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-14 |title=Muslims in Xinjiang begin Ramadan |url=https://www.jawapos.com/hijrah-ramadan/14/04/2021/umat-muslim-di-xinjiang-mulai-menjalankan-puasa-ramadan/ |website=[[Jawa Pos]], [[Antara (news agency)|Antara]] |language=id}}</ref> [[Daily Times (Pakistan)|''Daily Times'']],<ref>{{Cite web |last=S M Hali |date=2019-12-13 |title=Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2019 — a harsh step |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/519333/uyghur-human-rights-policy-act-of-2019-a-harsh-step/ |website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[Pakistan Today]]'' have also brought up accounts of residents in Xinjiang fasting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2016 |title=No restriction over Muslims to observe Ramzan in Xinjiang: JI spokesperson |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/07/02/no-restriction-over-muslims-to-observe-ramzan-in-xinjiang-ji-spokesperson/ |website=[[Pakistan Today]] |language=en-GB |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703091525/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/07/02/no-restriction-over-muslims-to-observe-ramzan-in-xinjiang-ji-spokesperson/ }}</ref> According to a 2024 visit to Xinjiang by a reporter from the British magazine The Economist, many Uyghurs do not fast during Ramadan because of pressure from Chinese authorities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2024/04/11/what-ramadan-is-like-in-xinjiang|title=What Ramadan is like in Xinjiang|newspaper=The Economist |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref>

== Employment during Ramadan ==
Muslims continue to work during Ramadan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/ramadan-2019-important-muslims-190505145156499.html|title=Ramadan 2019: Why is it so important for Muslims?|website=Aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuc.org.uk/blogs/supporting-muslim-colleagues-during-ramadan|title=Supporting Muslim colleagues during Ramadan|last=Gilfillan|first=Scott|date=2019-05-03|website=TUC|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> but in some countries, such as Oman and Lebanon, working hours are shortened.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofoman.com/article/36340/Oman/-Ramadan-working-hours-announced-in-Oman |title= Ramadan working hours announced in Oman |work= Times of Oman |date= 22 June 2014 |access-date= 17 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160624185407/http://timesofoman.com/article/36340/Oman/-Ramadan-working-hours-announced-in-Oman |archive-date= 24 June 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofoman.com/article/53294/Ramadan/Ramadan-working-hours-for-muslims-working-during-the-Holy-Month-announced-for-public-and-private-sec |title= Ramadan working hours announced for public and private sectors |work= Times of Oman |date= 10 June 2015 |access-date= 17 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160624222635/http://timesofoman.com/article/53294/Ramadan/Ramadan-working-hours-for-muslims-working-during-the-Holy-Month-announced-for-public-and-private-sec |archive-date= 24 June 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> It is often recommended that working Muslims inform their employers if they are fasting, given the potential for the observance to affect their performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.workingmuslim.com/RamadanEmployeeGuide.pdf|title=The Working Muslim in Ramadan|publisher=Working Muslim|year=2011|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007181131/http://www.workingmuslim.com/RamadanEmployeeGuide.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2016}}</ref> The extent to which Ramadan observers are protected by [[reasonable accommodation|religious accommodation]] varies by country. Policies putting them at a disadvantage compared to other employees have been met with discrimination claims in the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lewissilkinemployment.com/en-gb/insights-knowledge/insights-knowledge/a/knowledge/ramadan-employment-issues/|title=Lewis Silkin – Ramadan – employment issues|author=Lewis Silkin|date=26 April 2016|work=lewissilkinemployment.com|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803075543/http://www.lewissilkinemployment.com/en-gb/insights-knowledge/insights-knowledge/a/knowledge/ramadan-employment-issues/|archive-date=3 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.findlaw.com/free_enterprise/2014/06/reasonable-accommodations-for-ramadan-lessons-from-2-eeoc-cases.html|title=Reasonable Accommodations for Ramadan? Lessons From 2 EEOC Cases|work=Free Enterprise|date=27 June 2014|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707224349/http://blogs.findlaw.com/free_enterprise/2014/06/reasonable-accommodations-for-ramadan-lessons-from-2-eeoc-cases.html|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/8-6-10a.cfm|title=EEOC And Electrolux Reach Settlement in Religious Accommodation Charge Brought By Muslim Employees|work=eeoc.gov|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701194730/http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/8-6-10a.cfm|archive-date=1 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[Arab News]] article reported that [[Saudi Arabia]]n businesses were unhappy with shorter working hours during Ramadan, some reporting a decline in productivity of 35–50%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hasan |first1=Rumy |title=The costs of Ramadan need to be counted |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2015/jul/03/cost-ramadan-counted-muslim-fasting-month |work=The Guardian |date=3 July 2015 }}</ref> The Saudi businesses proposed awarding salary bonuses to incentivize longer hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/458892|title=Businesses want more working hours in Ramadan|date=23 July 2013|website=Arab News|access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref> Despite the reduction in productivity, merchants can enjoy higher profit margins in Ramadan due to increase in demand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cook |first1=Erin |title=The Ramadan Productivity Drop And How To Overcome It |url=https://indonesiaexpat.biz/business-property/ramadan-productivity-drop-overcome/ |work=Indonesia Expat |date=19 June 2017 }}</ref>

Some countries impose modified work schedules. In [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], and the UAE, employees may work no more than six hours per day and 36 hours per week.<ref>[http://www.dlapiper.com/files/Publication/2cde821c-0999-49a7-a472-7b198caeb169/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/588752a7-2159-4538-8938-7da1610c0faa/DLA_Piper_Middle_East_Be_Alert_Ramadan.pdf Employment Issues During Ramadan – The Gulf Region]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404152029/http://www.dlapiper.com/files/Publication/2cde821c-0999-49a7-a472-7b198caeb169/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/588752a7-2159-4538-8938-7da1610c0faa/DLA_Piper_Middle_East_Be_Alert_Ramadan.pdf |date=4 April 2020 }}, DLA Piper Middle East.</ref>

== Health effects ==
There are various health effects of fasting. Ramadan fasting is considered safe for healthy people; it may pose risks for those with certain preexisting conditions. Most Islamic scholars hold that fasting is not required for those who are ill. The elderly, pre-pubertal children, and pregnant or lactating women are exempt.<ref name=exemption>{{cite journal|title=Muslim patients in Ramadan: A review for primary care physicians|journal=Avicenna J Med|year=2017|volume=7|issue=3|pmc=5525471|last1=Abolaban|first1=H.|last2=Al-Moujahed|first2=A.|pages=81–87|doi=10.4103/ajm.AJM_76_17|pmid=28791239 |doi-access=free |issn = 2231-0770}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Al Siyam, "Fasting"| author=El-Bahay El-Kholi|publisher=The Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, [[Arab Republic of Egypt]]|page=36}}</ref> Pregnant women who fast face health risks, including the potential of [[induced labour]] and [[gestational diabetes]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Glazier |first1=JD |last2=Hayes |first2=DJL |last3=Hussain |first3=S |last4=D'Souza |first4=SW |last5=Whitcombe |first5=J |last6=Heazell |first6=AEP |last7=Ashton |first7=N |title=The effect of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |date=25 October 2018 |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=421 |doi=10.1186/s12884-018-2048-y |pmid=30359228|pmc=6202808 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=preg>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-416045-3.00022-4 |chapter=Obesity, Polycystic Ovaries and Impaired Reproductive Outcome |title=Obesity |year=2013 |last1=Balani |first1=Jyoti |last2=Hyer |first2=Stephen |last3=Wagner |first3=Marion |last4=Shehata |first4=Hassan |pages=289–298 |isbn=978-0-12-416045-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mirghani |first1=HM |last2=Hamud |first2=OA |title=The effect of maternal diet restriction on pregnancy outcome. |journal=American Journal of Perinatology |date=January 2006 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=21–24 |doi=10.1055/s-2005-923435 |pmid=16450268|s2cid=260001799 }}</ref>

There are some health benefits of fasting in Ramadan including increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing insulin resistance.<ref>Shariatpanahi, Z. Vahdat, et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18053308/ "Effect of Ramadan fasting on some indices of insulin resistance and components of the metabolic syndrome in healthy male adults"]. ''British Journal of Nutrition'' 100.1 (2008): 147–151.</ref> It has also been shown that there is a significant improvement in 10-year coronary heart disease risk score and other cardiovascular risk factors such as lipid profile, systolic blood pressure, weight, [[Body mass index|BMI]] and waist circumference in subjects with a previous history of cardiovascular disease.<ref>Nematy, Mohsen, et al. "Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective observational study." Nutrition journal 11.1 (2012): 69.</ref> The fasting period is usually associated with modest weight loss, but weight can return afterwards.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sadeghirad B, Motaghipisheh S, Kolahdooz F, Zahedi MJ, Haghdoost AA |title=Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Public Health Nutr |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=396–406 |year=2014 |pmid=23182306 |doi=10.1017/S1368980012005046 |pmc=10282472 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In many cultures, it is associated with heavy food and water intake during [[Suhur]] and [[Iftar]] times, which may do more harm than good.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Should your water intake change during Ramadan?|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/should-your-water-intake-change-during-ramadan-1.63675339|access-date=2021-05-09|website=gulfnews.com|date=5 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Ramadan fasting is safe for healthy people provided that overall food and water intake is adequate but those with medical conditions should seek medical advice if they encounter health problems before or during fasting.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Azizi F |title=Islamic fasting and health |journal=Ann. Nutr. Metab. |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=273–282 |year=2010 |pmid=20424438 |doi=10.1159/000295848 |s2cid=13428042 }}</ref>

The education departments of [[Berlin]] and the [[United Kingdom]] have tried to discourage students from fasting during Ramadan, as they state that not eating or drinking can lead to concentration problems and bad grades.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Espinoza |first1=Javier |title=Schools say Muslim students 'should break Ramadan fast' to avoid bad grades |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/06/03/schools-say-muslim-students-should-break-ramadan-fast-to-avoid-b/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/06/03/schools-say-muslim-students-should-break-ramadan-fast-to-avoid-b/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Telegraph |date=3 June 2016 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Islam und Schule: Handreichung für Lehrerinnen und Lehrer an Berliner Schulen |series=Bildung für Berlin : Politische Bildung |date=2010 |publisher=Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin ZLB. Senatsbibliothek |oclc=824393822 |language=de |url=https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:109-opus-95998 }}</ref>

A review of the literature by an Iranian group suggested fasting during Ramadan might produce [[renal injury]] in patients with moderate ([[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]] under 60{{nbs}}mL/min) or severe [[kidney disease]] but was not injurious to [[renal transplant]] patients with good function or most [[Kidney stone disease|stone-forming]] patients.<ref name="renal diseases mini review">{{cite journal | title=Ramadan fasting and patients with renal diseases: A mini review of the literature |vauthors=Emami-Naini A, Roomizadeh P, Baradaran A, Abedini A, Abtahi M | journal=J Res Med Sci |date=August 2013 | volume=18 | issue=8 | pages=711–716 | pmid=24379850 | issn=1735-1995 | publisher=Official Journal of [[Isfahan University of Medical Sciences]] | pmc=3872613}}</ref>

A study on 55 professional Algerian soccer players showed that performance during Ramadan declined significantly for speed, agility, dribbling speed and endurance, and most stayed low two weeks after the conclusion of Ramadan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zerguini |first1=Yacine |last2=Kirkendall |first2=Donald |last3=Junge |first3=Astrid |last4=Dvorak |first4=Jiri |title=Impact of Ramadan on physical performance in professional soccer players |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |date=1 June 2007 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=398–400 |doi=10.1136/bjsm.2006.032037 |pmid=17224435 |pmc=2465333 |url=https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/41/6/398.abstract |language=en |issn=0306-3674}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam}}
* [[Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church]]
* [[Laylatul Qadr]]
* [[Ramadan in the United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Shravana (month)|Shraavana]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}
{{Notelist-num}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|d=Q41662|c=category:Ramadan|voy=Travelling during Ramadan|wikt=Ramadan|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=Category:Ramadan|q=no|b=no|s=no|v=no}}
{{Prone to spam|date=April 2019}}

* [http://www.ramadhan.org.uk/ Complete Guide to Ramadhan including Rules, Duas, Itikaaf, Laylatul Qadr, Sadaqatul Fitr etc. ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150515011523/http://www.nestle-family.com/my%2Dramadan/ramadan%2Darticles/english/ Articles on Ramadan] (archived 15 May 2015)
* [https://www.islamicfinder.org/ramadan/ Ramadan news and articles]

{{Ramadan|state=expanded}}
{{IslamicMonths}}
{{Muslim holidays}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramadan}}
[[Category:Ramadan| ]]
[[Category:Fasting in Islam]]
[[Category:Islamic holidays]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Months of the Islamic calendar|9]]
[[Category:Shia days of remembrance]]

Dinkar Joshi

2026-03-23T10:01:50Z

Startupoffices:

{{Short description|Gujarati author from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dinkar Joshi
| image = Dinkar Joshi - 2.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1937|06|30}}
| birth_place = Nagdhaniba village, [[Bhavnagar district]], Gujarat
| death_date =
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| other_names =
| education = Bachelor of Arts (History and Politics)
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
| occupation = author (1954-), banking (1959-1995)
| years_active =
| employer =
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| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = Hansaben
| partner =
| children = Nikhil, Akhil
| parents = Lilavati and Maganlal Joshi
| awards =
| relatives =
| signature = Dinkar Joshi Signature.svg
| website = {{Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dinkar Joshi''' is a [[Gujarati language]] author from India. He has written more than 160 books including novels, short story collections, essay collections and columns.

==Life==
Dinkar Joshi was born on 30 June 1937 in Bhadi Bhandaria village of [[Bhavnagar district]]<ref name="Joshi2005">{{cite book|last1=Joshi|last2=Patel|title=Glimpses of Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fw-0iBvmMAC&pg=PA102|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Star Publications|isbn=978-81-7650-190-3|page=102}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2002">{{cite book|author=Neelam Kumar|title=Our Favourite Indian Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=atIPnEIiJ0IC&pg=PT16|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7224-978-6|page=16}}</ref> to Lilavati and Maganlal Joshi. His family belonged to Nagdhaniba village. He completed his Bachelor of Arts in 1963 with history and politics from [[Gujarat University]]. He started writing in 1950 and published his first short story in 1954. He worked in banking sector from 1959 till his voluntary retirement in 1995. He was principal of Staff Training College of the bank when retired.

His novels were serialized in weekly supplements of Gujarati and Hindi dailies like ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'' and ''Jagran''. His novel ''Prakash no Padchhayo'' was simultaneously serialized in the Sunday supplements of three Gujarati dailies; ''Samkaleen'', ''Jansatta'' and ''Loksatta''.<ref name="Joshi2007">{{cite book|author=Dinakar Joshi|title=Mahatma Vs Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Py65JgGBLQC&pg=PA282|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7992-700-7|pages=282–}}</ref>

He married Hansaben in 1963. He challenged the claim about number of [[Shloka]]s in [[Bhagvad Geeta]] by Dr. Vedavyas of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and proved it with an example.<ref name="ગીતા2015">{{cite web | title=ગીતાના વધુ શ્લોકોના દાવાને શ્રી દિનકર જોષીનો સફળ પડકાર | website=Mumbai Samachar | date=24 September 1988 | url=http://www.dinkarjoshi.com/gujarati/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=122&Itemid=22 | language=gu | accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>

== Works ==
Dinkar Joshi has written more than 156 books in his six decade long literary career. He has written 45 novels on social, historical, rural and ancient subjects. He has written many essays and topical sketches. He has edited and translated several books in Gujarati. He has done extensive study and research on [[Krishna]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="Sandesh2015">{{cite web| title=કૃષ્ણ વર્તમાન કે ભૂતકાળ નથી તે ભવિષ્ય છે : દિનકર જોષી| website=Sandesh| date=15 February 2015| url=http://www.sandesh.com/article.aspx?newsid=3042739| language=vi| access-date=25 September 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926182352/http://www.sandesh.com/article.aspx?newsid=3042739| archive-date=26 September 2015}}</ref> He has studied the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Veda]]s and [[Upanishads]] and has written extensively on these subjects.<ref name="Kumar2002"/><ref name="Parmar2002">{{cite book|author=Arjunsinh K. Parmar|title=Critical Perspectives on the Mahābhārata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKjO1f3mDv0C&pg=PA39|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-273-7|page=39}}</ref> He has written several [[biographical novel]]s including on poet [[Narmad]]; [[Harilal Gandhi]], the eldest son of Mahatma Gandhi; [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Gautam Buddha]], [[Sardar Patel]] and [[Lev Tolstoy]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Horizons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wptKAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Indian Council for Cultural Relations.|page=153}}</ref> Some of his novels have been adapted into [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film]]s.<ref name="Joshi2005"/>

His novel ''Prakash no Padchhayo'', written on the life of Harilal Gandhi, has been dramatized in English, Gujarati, Marathi, Hindi and several Indian languages.<ref name="Kumar2002"/><ref name="Gandhi2011">{{cite book|author=Gopal Gandhi|title=Of a Certain Age: Twenty Life Sketches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Inp4jPFUHUkC&pg=PA39|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08502-6|page=39}}</ref><ref name="Dharwadker2009">{{cite book|author=Aparna Bhargava Dharwadker|title=Theatres of Independence: Drama, Theory, and Urban Performance in India Since 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&pg=PA81|date=1 November 2009|publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=978-1-58729-642-0|page=81}}</ref><ref name="stat">{{cite book|title=New Statesman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4gxAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=26 September 2015|year=2007|publisher=New Statesman Limited|page=43}}</ref> This adapted play by [[Feroz Abbas Khan]], ''Mahatma versus Gandhi''<ref name="The Hindu 2007">{{cite web | title=The Mahatma and his son | website=The Hindu | date=22 July 2007 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-mahatma-and-his-son/article2275430.ece | accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref> was staged during the commemorative function held to celebrate Gandhi's anniversary at [[Columbia University]] in [[New York City|New York]], organised by the Indo-American Arts Council.

His novels include ''Door Door Aara'' (1963), ''Jane Ajane'' (1963), ''Tan Zankhe Man Roy'' (1965), ''Matsyavedh'' (1966), ''Adithan Roop'' (1967), ''Shesh - Ashesh'' (1969), ''Aganpathari'' (1972), ''Tarasyan Pagalan Tran'' (1974), ''Yakshaprashna'' (1974), ''Asahya'' (1976), ''Satyano Chahero'' (1977), ''Khelo Re Khel Khurshina'' (1978), ''Kankuna Suraj Aathamya'' (1979), ''Suraj Dhima Tapo'' (1981), ''Barafni Chadar'' (1981), ''Sachan Motino Charo'' (1982), ''Aa Pag Nicheno Rasto'' (1982), ''Agiyarmi Disha'' (1982), ''Aapane Kyank Malyan Chhie'' (1983), ''Triji Aankh'' (1983), ''35 Up 36 Down'' (1983), ''Garvun Roop Varvi Chhaya'' (2005), ''Ek Tukado Aakashno'' (1984) based on life of [[Narmad]],<ref name="Kendra2007">{{cite book|author=Smt. Hiralaxmi Navanitbhai Shah Dhanya Gurjari Kendra|title=Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust|page=415}}</ref> ''Radhani Vedana'' (1984), ''Saranama Vinanun Ghar'' (1986), ''Jamana Pagno Angutho'' (1987), ''Sarpsatra'' (1987), ''Shyam Ekvar Aavone Aangane'' (1988), ''Prakash no Padachhayo'' (1988) based on life of Harilal Gandhi, ''Kale Surajne Kahejo Ke'' (1989), ''Kurusabha'' (1990), ''Alpaviram'' (1991), ''Vastraharan'' (1992), ''Amrutyatra'' (1994), ''Kalpurush'' (1995), ''Ekada Vagarna Mindan'' (1997), ''Sami Sanjna Padachhaya'' (1999), ''Dariyathi Dariya Sudhi'' (2001), ''Pratinayak'' (2002), ''Amrutpanthano Yatri'' (2003), ''Ahin Koi Nathi'' (2005), ''Prashnapradeshni Pele Paar'' (2008), ''Ayodhyano Ravan Ane Lankana Ram'' (2010), ''Mahamanav Sardar'' (2014), ''Gaikal Vinani Avatikal'' (2016). He coauthored novel ''Parivartan'' (1991).<ref name="books2015">{{cite web | title=List of books | website=www.dinkarjoshi.com | date=25 September 2015 | url=http://dinkarjoshi.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=43&Itemid=27 | accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>

His short stories collections are ''Anradhar'' (1964), ''Vanpravesh'' (1965), ''Tarafadat'' (1969), ''Ek Lawaris Shab'' (1974), ''Ek Vaheli Sawarnun Sapanun'' (1980), ''Nam Badalvani Ramat'' (1986), ''Dinkar Joshini Shreshtha Vartao'' (1988), ''Bandhi Muththino Khalipo'' (1990), ''Nava Varasnun Panchang'' (1995), ''Ek Hato Manas'' (1997), ''Sarvalani Badbaki'' (2003), ''Vagadanu Phool'' (2012), ''Ekvar Evun Banyun'' (2016).<ref name="books2015"/>

He edited several works including ''Yaad (1954-64 ni Pratinidhi Varatao)'' (1987), ''Kavyarasaswad'' (1987), ''Venibhaino Varta Vaibhav'' (1991), ''Rangnagarno Rasiyo Nagar'' (a memorial book on [[Venibhai Purohit]], 1991), ''Saravaiyun'' (commemorative book on centenary of Chandulal Selarka, 1992), ''Aambavadiyun'' (articles of [[Swami Anand]], 1996), ''Amaratvel'' (articles of Swami Anand, 1996), ''Ugamani Dishano Ujas'' (Letter correspondences of Swami Anand, 1996), ''Dhodhamar'' (Letter correspondences of Swami Anand, 1996), Krushnacharitra (Bankimchandra, 2000), ''Ekakshari Shabdakosh'' (2003), ''Samay Chintan'' (articles of [[Kakasaheb Kalelkar]], 2008), ''Spandan'' (articles of [[Bhagwatikumar Sharma]], 2011) and twenty volumes of ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (2010) translated into Gujarati.<ref name="books2015"/>

He translated ''Punjabi Ekanki'' in 1978. His other works are, ''Tulasi Is Sansar Men'' (1986), ''Tachali Aangalie Govardhan'' (1989), ''Manas Taran Roop Anek'' (1991), ''Ek Najar Aa Taraf'' (1992), ''Krushnam Vande Jagadgurum'' (1990), ''Mahabharatma Manavdarshan'' (1991), ''Ardhya'' (1994), ''Abhishek'' (1994), ''Aachaman'' (1994), ''Anjali'' (1994), ''Archana'' (1994), ''Mara Vidhya Guruo'' (1994), ''Tulsidal'' (1995), ''Darbhasan'' (1997), ''Nadabrahma'' (1997), ''Kalpataru'' (1997), ''Halvu Ful Aakash'' (1997), ''Satya Taraf Do Jatun Asatya'' (1997), ''Dharatinum Sarnamun'' (1997), ''Bodhivruksha'' (1997), ''Mahabharatman Matruvandana'' (1997), ''Mahabharatman Pitruvandana'' (1997), ''Suranjo Chhadidar'' (1997), ''Mahabharat : Ek Darshan'' (1999), ''Pratah Vandana'' (1999), ''Paramno Panth'' (1999), ''Adrashyani Aaradhana'' (1999), ''Dishaoni Pele Paar'' (1999), ''Ramayanman Patravandana'' (2001), ''Mahalakshmina Mandirman'' (2001), ''Dinkar Joshini Vicharyatra'' (2004), ''Latamandap'' (2004), ''Parijat'' (2004), ''Bharatiya Sanskrutina Sarjako'' (2004) with Yogesh Patel, ''Shri Krushnanun Sarnamun'' (2005), ''Gandhino Yagna Dandiyatra'' (2005), ''Mumbaina Vikasman Gujrationun Yogadan'' (2005), ''Ramayan, Mahabharat, Bhagawat Chintan Ane Manan'' (2006), ''Chakrathi Charkha Sudhi'' (2006), ''Sukhanun Sarnamun'' (2006), ''Akshrani Aakashganga'' (2007), ''Dikari Etle Tulsikyaro'' (2007), ''Tyare Ane Atyare - 1947 to 2007'' (2008), ''Ame Ane Aapane'' (2009), ''Manasnun Kai Kahevay Nahin'' (2009), ''Manase Mangelun Vardan'' (2009), ''Mrutyu Aa Paar Ke Pele Paar'' (2009), ''Najaronajar'' (2009), ''Hun Mane Joun Chhun'' (2009), ''Kalni Kasotie Gandhijini Geeta "Hind Swaraj"'' (2009), ''Shadaripu'' (2011), ''Shunyama Shabda Tun'' (2012), ''Sohamano Suryasta'' (2012),<ref name="books2015"/> ''Gandhi Sardar ane Jinha Vyaktidarshan'' (2013), ''Matini Sugandh'' (2013) and ''X-ray Apana Sahuno'' (2015).

His several works are translated into other languages totaling fifty eight books including in English, German, Kannad, Marathi, Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil, Bangala, Oriya and Hindi languages.<ref name="Kumar2002"/><ref name="Team 2012">{{cite web | last=Team | first=Gujarati Midday | title=સાહિત્યકાર દિનકર જોષીનો આજે અમૃત મહોત્સવ સમારોહ | website=Gujarati Midday | date=20 January 2012 | url=http://www.gujaratimidday.com/mumbai-local/mumbai-local/dinakar-jodhi | language=gu | accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref> His books translated into English are ''Glimpses Of Indian Culture'', ''An Eternal Journey'', ''Quaid Azam Mohmmad Ali Jinnah'', ''Mahatma Vs Gandhi'', ''Sardar, The Sovereign Saint''.

==Recognition==
He is conferred with five Gujarat State Sahitya Akademi awards.<ref name="Kumar2002"/> He is awarded an honorary degree of D.Litt. by Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, [[Rajasthan]]. He received [[Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar]] in 2017.

==Selected bibliography==
* {{cite book|author=Dinkar Joshi|title=Mahatma Vs Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Py65JgGBLQC|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7992-700-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Joshi|first1=Dinkar|last2=Patel|first2=Yogesh|title=Glimpses of Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fw-0iBvmMAC&pg=PA102|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Star Publications|isbn=978-81-7650-190-3}}

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dinkarjoshi.com/gujarati/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Dinkar}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Department of Food, Public Distribution & Consumer Affairs (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T14:28:02Z

Startupoffices: made the info w/ sources

{{Short description|Department of Government of Jharkhand}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Food, Public Distribution and Consumer Affairs
| native_name = खाद्य, सार्वजनिक वितरण एवं उपभोक्ता मामले विभाग
| type = Department
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_size = 180
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| minister1_name = [[Irfan Ansari]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Department of Food, Public Distribution and Consumer Affairs
| chief1_name = Uma Shankar Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]] (Food, Public Distribution and Consumer Affairs)
| parent_department = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| website = {{Official website|https://aahar.jharkhand.gov.in/}}
| coordinates =
| mapframe =
}}

The '''Department of Food, Public Distribution and Consumer Affairs''' is a department under the [[Government of Jharkhand]], responsible for ensuring food security, regulating the [[Public Distribution System (India)|public distribution system]] (PDS), consumer protection, and related welfare measures in the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Official website of Food, Public Distribution and Consumer Affairs, Government of Jharkhand |url=https://aahar.jharkhand.gov.in/ |access-date=12 Sep 2025 |website=aahar.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Department of Food, Public Distribution & Consumer Affairs {{!}} Who's Who |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=f6cce92549c349a9953bd877f4860f32 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref> The department oversees the procurement, storage, and distribution of food grains, particularly rice and wheat, to eligible households under the [[National Food Security Act, 2013|National Food Security Act (NFSA)]] and other state-level schemes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NFSA - Jharkhand |url=https://nfsa.gov.in/State/JH |access-date=12 Sep 2025 |website=nfsa.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand State Food & Civil Supplies Corporation Limited{{!}} Home :: Government of Jharkhand |url=https://sfcjharkhand.in/Overview.aspx |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=sfcjharkhand.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Integrated Government Online Directory |url=https://goidirectory.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=goidirectory.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

The department also implements consumer welfare programmes, enforces the [[Consumer Protection Act, 2019]], monitors essential commodities, and prevents black-marketing and hoarding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand minister orders suspension of SFC official |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jharkhand-minister-orders-suspension-of-sfc-official-115060901161_1.html |access-date=12 Sep 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-10-15 |title=अनाज के कालाबाजारी के खिलाफ पुलिस और खाद्य आपूर्ति विभाग की संयुक्त छापेमारी, 1 को दबोचा |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/east-singhbhum/police-arrested-one-accused-of-black-marketer-in-jamshedpur/jh20201015185120004 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

==Structure and administration==
The department is headed by a Cabinet Minister of the [[Government of Jharkhand]]. Its administration is managed by the Secretary, an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS), assisted by Additional Secretaries, Joint Secretaries, and Directors handling various divisions such as Food & Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs and Enforcement.<ref name=":2" />

At present, the current minister of Food, Public Distribution and Consumer Affairs is [[Irfan Ansari]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Satyajeet |date=2024-12-07 |title=Hemant Soren allocates portfolios to ministers, keeps Home Ministry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jharkhand-hemant-soren-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers-keeps-home-ministry-2646285-2024-12-07 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-12-06 |title=Jharkhand CM Soren distributes portfolios: Radha Krishna gets finance, Irfan is health minister |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Dec/06/jharkhand-cm-soren-distributes-portfolios-radha-krishna-gets-finance-irfan-is-health-minister |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Functions==
* Implementation of the [[Public Distribution System]] (PDS) in Jharkhand.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand State Food Commission |url=https://jharkhandsfc.in/cardholder.php |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=jharkhandsfc.in}}</ref>
* Distribution of subsidised food grains to beneficiaries under [[National Food Security Act, 2013|NFSA]], [[Antyodaya Anna Yojana]] (AAY) and Green Card holders under. JSFSS.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=झारखंड ग्रीन कार्ड धारकों के लिए खुशखबरी! अब महीने में किसी भी दिन ले सकेंगे राशन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/good-news-for-jharkhand-green-card-holders-can-get-at-any-day-201754528700493.html |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>
* Procurement and storage of food grains through the [[Food Corporation of India]] (FCI) and state agencies.
* Enforcement of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 and prevention of black-marketing.
* Protection of consumer rights and redressal of grievances.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=DFCA, Government of Jharkhand |url=https://pgms.dfcajharkhand.in/index.php/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=pgms.dfcajharkhand.in |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Baba Gurditta

2026-03-18T02:05:53Z

Startupoffices: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Son of Guru Hargobind, father of Guru Har Rai (1613–1638)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{Cleanup|date=February 2026|reason=After the recent merge of unsourced data}}{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Gurditta
| honorific prefix = [[Baba (honorific)|Baba]]
| honorific suffix = [[-ji|Ji]]
| native_name_lang = pa
| native name lang = pa
| image = Painting of Baba Gurditta, the eldest son of the sixth Sikh guru, Guru Hargobind, and second leader of the Udasi sect succeeding Sri Chand, ca.1685.jpg
| native_name = ਬਾਬਾ ਗੁਰਦਿੱਤਾ
| birth_date = 5 November 1613
| death_date = 15 March 1638 (24-years-old)
| birth_place = Daroli Bhai, Firozpur, Punjab, India
| death_place = Outside Kiratpur, Punjab, India
| death_cause = Seclusion
| spouse = [[Mata Nihal Kaur|Ananti]] (alias: Natti), also known as Nihalo and Mata Bassi, later given the name of Nihal Kaur
| father = [[Guru Hargobind]]
| mother = Mata Damodari
| caption = Painting of Baba Gurditta held by the lineage of Ram Rai at [[Dehradun]], ca.1685.
| office1 = Head of [[Udasi]] Sect
| predecessor1 = [[Sri Chand]]
| children = [[Guru Har Rai]] Dhir Mall (eldest)
| birthname = Gurditta Sodhi
| sect = [[Udasi]]
| successor1 = [[Bhai Almast|Almast]], [[Bhai Balu Hasna|Balu Hasne]], Phul, and Goinde
}}
{{Udasi}}
'''Baba Gurditta''' (5 November 1613 – 15 March 1638, [[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰਦਿੱਤਾ) was the son of [[Guru Hargobind]] (sixth Sikh guru), and the father of [[Guru Har Rai]] (seventh Sikh guru) of [[Sikhism]].{{Efn|His name is alternatively spelt as 'Gurdita'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |others=Harbans Singh |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=2 |location=Patiala |pages=144–145 |oclc=29703420}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Routledge Companion to the Life and Legacy of Guru Hargobind: Sovereignty, Militancy, and Empowerment of the Sikh Panth |date=Aug 9, 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781040106327 |pages=100}}</ref> There is a gurudwara in Kiratpur Sahib, Punjab which is in remembrance of Baba Gurditta.

== Early life ==
Baba Gurditta was born on the full moon of the month of [[Kattak|Katak]] in 1613 to Mata Damodari and Guru Hargobind. According to [[Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)|Pashaura Singh]], Gurditta was born on the full-moon day (''[[Purnima|pūrnamā]]'') of the month of ''[[Assu|Assū]]'' in ''[[Hindu calendar|sambat]]'' 1665, which corresponds to 13 October 1608 C.E.<ref name=":22" /> Gurditta was born in the forests of Daroli located in the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa region]] of Punjab.<ref name=":22" />

Guru Hargobind was organizing Sikh youth in Amritsar when he received the news of the birth of Gurditta, with this event being recorded as follows:<ref name=":22" />

{{Blockquote|text=Good news (''badhāī'') came about Gurdita, son of Guru Hargobind Ji, the Sixth Master, grandson of Guru Arjan, ... who was born on the full moon day (''pūrnamā'') of ''Assū'' in ''sambat'' 1665 (13 October 1608 CE) from the womb of Mata Damodari. The birth took place at auspicious moment at Daroli in the forest country. Bhatt Bihārī was recognized at the event and the sacred food of the Guru (''gurū kī karāhī'') was distributed.|author=Pashaura Singh (translator)|title=The Routledge Companion to the Life and Legacy of Guru Hargobind: Sovereignty, Militancy, and Empowerment of the Sikh Panth (2024)|source=page 100}}

He is said to have resembled Guru Nanak in his youth.<ref name=":2">Gurbilas Patashahi 6 Chapter 9</ref> According to [[Bhai Mani Singh]] Baba Gurditta got name from the fact that he looked like Guru Nanank (Gur) and from the fact that it seemed like Guru Nanak has given himself a physical form (ditta).<ref name=":2" /> Gurditta got engaged in 1619 in the month of Katak to [[Mata Nihal Kaur|Ananti]] known as Netti. He and his wife were both six years old at the time. They got married on 17 April 1621. A big wedding celebration occurred.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Guru Hargobind gifts Gurditta a horse that is worth 100,000 rupees.<ref>Gurbilas Patashahi 6 Chapter 15</ref>

=== Birth year ===
Some sources record his birth year as being 1608 rather than 1613.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Punjab History Conference |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1989 |volume=22 |pages=86}}</ref><ref name=":22" />

== Religious and military career ==
During the years 1626–1627, he lived in [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur]] in the [[Jalandhar district]] as per directions by his father. He was the founder of [[Kiratpur Sahib|Kiratpur]] near the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]] foothills, also according to commands by his father. He took part in the [[Battle of Kartarpur|Battle of Kartarpur (1635)]] against Painde Khan.<ref name=":0" /> In the battle he killed a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general named Asman Khan. Asman Khan and Gurditta were previously childhood friends. Gurditta shot Asman Khan with an arrow. Gurditta rushed by him and cried as Asman Khan died. When asked by his father, Guru Hargobind, why he is crying Gurditta remarked that he was just yesterday playing with Asman and now he is dead.<ref>Gurbilas Patashahi 6 Chapter 20</ref>

When a Sikh, named Nakhora, offered his daughter to be wed to Baba Gurditta, [[Mata Nihal Kaur|Mata Ananti]] protested against this idea and complained to Guru Hargobind. Afterwards, the Guru disapproved of the match and the daughter of Nakhora returned home unwed to Gurditta.<ref name=":1" />

Baba Gurditta died around 1638, while his father was still alive. His brother [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] would later become the ninth Sikh guru when Baba Gurdita's line of succession dried up. After the Battle of Kartarpur, he took rest under a Banyan tree which is still there in Kartarpur near Sukka Talab he tied his horses under the tree. The sacred Banyan tree has great significance for the Sikhs of Kartarpur. The site is maintained by the Toor clan.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Then Baba Gurditta followed the path 5 km north of Kartarpur and conducted the funeral of martyred [[Nihang]]s and where now stands a gurdwara called Killi Sahib.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

=== Head of Udasi sect ===
{{See also|Udasi}}
[[File:Mural painting of Guru Hargobind from the 19th century.jpg|thumb|Mural painting of Guru Hargobind, his children (including Baba Gurditta at the top left in the group) and Sri Chand from the 19th century. It depicts the [[Sakhi|story]] of Sri Chand asking for Gurditta so he can become his apprentice]]
He was appointed by the aged [[Sri Chand]] to succeed him as the head of the [[Udasi|Udasi sect]] that he had established.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-09-02 |title=Baba Gurditta - Gateway To Sikhism |url=https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/biographies/gurus-family-members/baba-gurditta/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is remembered for giving new strength and energy towards the missionary activities of the sect, such as by establishing four Udasi preaching centres known as ''dhūāṅs.<ref name=":0" />''

== Death ==
According to legend, on the earlier part of the day of 15 March 1638 in Kiratpur, Baba Gurditta performed a miracle reluctantly under duress where he revived a cow which he, or another member of his hunting party, had accidentally shot and killed after mistaking it for a deer while he was out hunting. The owners of the cow complained and demanded that Baba Gurditta resurrect the animal, which he did. Guru Hargobind later admonished him for performing a miracle. Baba Gurditta was deeply affected by this reprimand by his father and silently retired himself to a secluded place outside of Kiratpur, near the shrine of [[Pir Budhan Shah|Budhan Shah]], where he died later the same day.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Johar |first1=Surinder Singh |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur: A Bibliography |date=1975 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170170303 |pages=58–60}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sri-anandpur-sahib/ |title=Guide to Sikh Shrines at Sri Anandpur Sahib & Kiratpur Sahib |publisher=Takht Kesgarh Sahib |location=Amritsar |pages=19–20 |chapter=Baba Gurditta's Gurdwara}}</ref> The Guru searched for him and discovered his dead body, which brought upon much sadness to Hargobind and the Sikh congregation. These events may have had a strong impression on the young Tyag Mal (later [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]]), teaching him a lesson on the transience and impermanence of life.<ref name=":1" /> On the spot of his death now stands a ''dehrā'' (mausoleum).''<ref name=":0" />'' Another account of his death states that he died while wearing bride-groom robes after his requested marriage to the daughter of Nakhora was rejected by his father.<ref name=":1" /> He was succeeded as head of the Udasi sect by four of his disciples, them namely being [[Bhai Almast|Almast]], [[Bhai Balu Hasna|Balu Hasne]], Phul, and Goinde.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |date=2021-02-18 |title=Samadhis of Pothohar |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2021/02/19/samadhis-of-pothohar/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=The Friday Times - Naya Daur |language=en-US |quote=After the death of Baba Sri Chand, the guruship of the Udasipanth was transferred to Baba Gurditta and later to his four disciples Almast, Balu Hasne, Phul and Goinde – who preached the thought and ideology of their mentor in the Punjab and Sindh.}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The Gurdwara Baba Gurditta monument located to the south of Kiratpur was erected in his memory, marking the location of his death and cremation. A [[Sacred trees in Sikhism|sacred neem tree]] associated with Baba Gurditta can be found at this gurdwara. The neem tree supposedly sprouted from a neem twig that Baba Gurditta was holding when he died at the location. The gurudwara is situated at the entrance of the village and about 1.5 km from [[Garhshankar]]-Anandpur Sahib link highway. It is around two furlongs sought of Kiratpur and can be reached by climbing 132 steps.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sri-anandpur-sahib/|title=Guide to Sikh Shrines at Sri Anandpur Sahib & Kiratpur Sahib|publisher=Takht Kesgarh Sahib|location=Amritsar|pages=19–20|chapter=Baba Gurditta's Gurdwara}}</ref> It was built in memory of [[Baba Gurditta]] and Baba Kesra Singh Ji.<ref name=":3" /> The site marks the death location of Baba Gurditta.<ref name=":3" />

The site marks the location where Baba Gurditta is said to have died after being rebuked by his father for resurrecting a cow he had accidentally killed while hunting.<ref name=":3" /> The sixth Sikh guru is said to have cremated Gurditta's remains at the location.<ref name=":3" /> A sacred neem tree is said to be present at the site which supposedly sprouted from a neem twig that Baba Gurditta was holding when he died.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:A_Sikh_Shrine_at_Keeruthpore,_Punjaub.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Baba Gurditta at [[Kiratpur Sahib|Kiratpur]] in the 19th century]]
Gurudwara Baba Gurditta Ji is a historical and holy place for [[Sikhism]]. Baba Gurditta Ji visited here with two associates, and their horse, staying one night. This Gurudwara has two [[Samadhi|Samadhis]] for two associates, held in main Gurudwara Sahib Ji. Herein Baba Ji traveled on horseback along with two associates, and took rest here. The chain with which they tied their horse is still visible in Gurudwara Sahib.
[[File:Gurdwara_Baba_Gurditta_Ji1.jpg|right|thumb|240x240px|Gurudwara Baba Gurditta Ji]]
It is a popular place for pilgrimage, being renowned for its [[Karah Parshad|''karah parshad'']].<ref name=":3" /> All events, functions and ceremonies that take place at the Gurudwara have always been started with remembrances to Baba Gurditta Ji. A phrase frequently used there is "Dhan-Dhan Baba Gurditta ji, Deen Dunia Da Tika Ji, Jo Var Mangya, So Var Dita Ji". Another Gurudwara where Baba Gurditta is celebrated is at [[Kiratpur Sahib]]. Two annual events are associated with this Gurudwara.

The [[Nishan Sahib]] ritual flag is celebrated on the occasion of [[Sankranti]] in August. During this event, a new Nishan Sahib is made, lasts for at least two to three days and is begun with [[Bhog]] observances centred on [[Akhand Path]] recital. Residents of this village engage in [[Selfless service|Sewa]] at this time. After Nishan Sahib, a holy ''[[kirtan]]'' is performed and all the worshippers (''[[Sangat (term)|sangat]]'') follow, singing the holy ''[[Shabda#Sikhism|shabds]]''.
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2024|section=yes}}
The second celebration is for the birthday of Baba Gurditta Ji. This function is celebrated on 24 November. During the celebration the [[Bhog]] ceremony is made, after which the holy dish '[[Karah Parshad]]' is served to all attendees inside Gurudwara Hall as well as among outside [[Sewadar|Sewadars]]. A ''kirtan'' is then performed, ''shabads'' are sung and donations are given.

After noon, special food, Guru's ''[[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]]'', is ready to serve. This ''langar'' is distributed among the people. An announcement is made to all villagers and visitors to take the holy food. The previous day, a large ''nagar kirtan'' procession visits nearby villages and finishes at Gurudwara Sahib Ji.

GURUDAWARA BABA GURDITTA JI AT VILL: CHANDPUR RURKI

‘Bhadon’ is an auspicious month of the year, & ‘Bhadon Sangrand’ is celebrated with a lot of fervour in the village of Chandpur Rurki in District Nawanshahar, Punjab. Not only the residents of the village but ‘sangat’ from all surrounding area throng the Gurudwara Sahib on ‘sangrand’ to pay obeisance at the sacred place. It is believed that during the life span of Baba Gurditta ji, he spent many years here & culminated his ‘tapasaya’ on the auspicious day of ‘bhadon sangrand’. The ‘sangat’ has built a huge gurudwara at the site & each ‘sangrand’ is celebrated with lot of reverence. It is believed that Baba Mangal Singh, who was a devout Sikh belonging to Chak 116, Sahiwal district (now Pakistan) took upon himself the ‘sewa’ to build the gurudwara at the current site in the year 1843-45. He belonged to a well to do agricultural family famously known as ‘Oonthwalas’. (Atwals used to husband camels and hence came to be known as oonthwalas). Baba Mangal Singh served in the Khalsa Durbar army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and after the [[first Anglo-Sikh war]], it seems that on the ‘hukaknama of the ‘Akal Purakh’ he headed to the village of Chandpur Rurki with the purpose to build Gurudwara Baba Gurditta ji. His grandson Sardar Sant Singh, who became a senior government officer, further upgraded the premises. Baba Mangal Singh and his decedents were the first Sikhs to settle in the village, which is located in the Kandi area of Shivalik foothills. Though his descendants have moved to cities in India and overseas, as and when possible they make it a point to visit their ancestral village and the Gurudwara. They have been big donors in the gurudwara sewa, donated land to the village school and also built a community centre in the village. The gurudwara is managed by Sehajdhari Sikhs & during the ‘sangrand’ festivity every household, all men, women & children of the village work with utmost faith in preparing ‘langar’ and manage thousands of devotees. Free medical check-up camps for the sangat are also arranged on the auspicious day.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:A Sikh Shrine at Keeruthpore, Punjaub.jpg|[[Gurdwara Baba Gurditta]] at [[Kiratpur Sahib|Kiratpur]] in the 19th century
File:Gurdwara Baba Gurditta Ji.JPG|Present-day Gurdwara Baba Gurditta
File:Fresco painting of Baba Gurditta, the eldest son of the sixth Sikh guru, Guru Hargobind, and second leader of the Udasi sect succeeding Sri Chand, circa early 18th century.jpg|Early 18th century fresco art depicting Baba Gurditta from Dehradun
File:Painting of Baba Gurditta Sodhi (eldest son of Guru Hargobind), circa late 19th century.jpg|Painting of Baba Gurditta Sodhi seated with an attendant, circa late 19th century
File:Dhan - Dhan Baba Gurditta Ji 1.jpg|20th century depiction of Gurditta
File:Hukamnama issued by Baba Gurditta, son of Guru Tegh Bahadur and father of Guru Har Rai.jpg|''[[Hukamnama]]'' issued by Baba Gurditta, circa 17th century
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Gurudwara Baba Gurditta]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.babagurdittaji.com www.babagurdittaji.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528120243/http://www.babagurdittaji.com/ |date=28 May 2019 }}

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurditta, Baba}}
[[Category:People from Firozpur district]]
[[Category:Family members of the Sikh gurus]]
[[Category:1613 births]]
[[Category:1638 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]

Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I

2026-03-13T07:52:49Z

Startupoffices: creating basic article nd citations

{{Short description|Pandyan emperor from 1216 to 1238}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan Emperor]]
| reign = 1216–1238
| predecessor = [[Jatavarman Kulasekaran I|Jatavarman Kulasekara Pandyan]]
| successor = [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II]]
}}
'''Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I''' was a [[Pandyan]] king, who ruled regions of [[South India]] between 1216–1238 CE.<ref>Sethuraman, p124</ref> He laid the foundation for the Pandya revival, after being dominated by the [[Chola Empire|Cholas]] for several centuries.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=45–46}}</ref>

==Accession==
Sundara Pandyan came to power in 1216 CE after the death of his elder brother [[Jatavarman Kulasekaran I|Jatavarman Kulasekara Pandyan]]. Kulasekara Pandyan was a vassal of the Chola King [[Kulothunga Chola III]]. He had opposed and been defeated by [[Kulothunga Chola III]] in 1205 CE, when the victorious Chola armies burned down the ancient Pandyan coronation hall in [[Madurai]]. This sowed the seed for revenge when Sundara Pandyan took power.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p178</ref>

==War against the Cholas==
To avenge his brother's humiliation in the hands of [[Kulothunga Chola III]], Sundara Pandyan invaded the Chola kingdom soon after his accession.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p193</ref> [[Kulothunga Chola III]] was nearing the end of his long 40-year reign and was hampered by old age and the swiftness of the Pandyan invasion. Sundara Pandyan sacked the Chola cities of [[Thanjavur]] and [[Uraiyur]] and drove both the Chola king and his crown prince [[Rajaraja Chola III]] into exile. To celebrate his victory he performed a ''virabisheka'' (lit. anointment of heroes) in the coronation hall of Cholas (''mudikondasolapuram'') at Ayirattali in [[Thanjavur]] district. Later he marched his armies up to [[Chidambaram]] and camped at [[Pudukkottai|Pon Amaravathi]]. He commemorated his victories over the Cholas by conducting a ''Thulabaram'' ({{langx|ta|துலாபாரம்}}) - a form of Hindu worship where the devotee offers tribute in equal measure to his weight - at the [[Chidambaram]] temple.<ref name="Narasayya, p42">Narasayya, p42</ref><ref name ="ai">Aiyangar, p.44-45</ref>

[[Kulothunga Chola III]] appealed for aid to his son-in-law, the [[Hoysala]] monarch [[Veera Ballala II]]. Ballala sent an army under his son, the crown prince [[Vira Narasimha II]]. Buckling under the Hoysala threat Sundara Pandyan agreed to restore the Chola kingdom to Kulothunga, but only after the Cholas acknowledged his suzerainty. Sundara Pandyan's victories over Cholas are described in the ''Thirukkolur'' (in present-day [[Tirunelveli]] district) inscriptions.<ref name ="ai"/>

==Second Pandyan Empire==
Kulothunga made his formal submission to Pandyan rule in 1217 CE at [[Pudukkottai|Pon Amaravathi]], ending nearly three centuries of [[Chola]] domination in the Tamil country and other major parts of South India. This was the beginning of the Pandyan revival and the second Pandyan empire was born and between 1215-1345 AD the [[Pandyas]] were the paramount power in South India.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p194</ref> During the following five decades from 1215 AD, following their defeat to the [[Pandyas]], the [[Cholas]] experienced a constant decline in terms of extent of territory, political importance, prestige and remained largely subordinate and subservient to the [[Pandyas]]. The [[Cholas]] also became dependent on the [[Hoysalas]] with whom they had marital relations. [[Kulothunga Chola III]] died in 1218 CE, shortly after his defeat by Maravarman Sundara Pandyan and his son successor [[Rajaraja Chola III]] proved to be an incapable and incompetent ruler under whose rule the Chola kingdom hurtled from one ignominy to the other, and the process of its decline hastened.

In 1225 CE Sundara Pandyan defeated and drove away a company of Odda ([[Odia people|Oriya]]) soldiers who had invaded the Chola heartland and occupied [[Srirangam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srirangaminfo.com/Srirangam-Temple-Sanctuary.php|title = Srirangam Temple Sanctuary}}</ref> He allied himself with the [[Kadava]] chieftain [[Kopperunchinga I]] against the Cholas and Hoysalas. After the defeat and capture of [[Rajaraja Chola III]] at Tellaru in 1231 CE by Kopperunchinga, [[Vira Narasimha II]] intervened decisively against the Kadava-Pandiyan alliance by sending an army under his generals Appanna and Goppayya. Kopperunchinga was defeated and Raja Raja Chola III was restored to Chola throne in 1231 CE. While his generals were moving against Kopperrunchinga, Narasimha himself defeated Sundara Pandiyan at Mahendramangalam on the banks of [[Kaveri]] in 1231 CE. Sundara Pandyan had to acquiesce in the restoration of Raja Raja.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p195</ref> After Mahendramangalam, peace was made between the warring Chola, Hoysala, Kadava and Pandyan kingdoms and sealed by dynastic marriages.

==Legacy and titles==
Under Sundara Pandyan, the Pandyan revival began and the second Pandyan empire rose. Before him, the Pandyas were the vassals of the Cholas and he laid the strong foundations for Pandyan dominance in the later parts of the 13th century. According to the Thiruvandipuram inscriptions he awarded himself the titles of ''Kaliyugaraman'' and ''Adisayapandiyadevan''. The coins issued by him also bear the title of ''Sonadugondan'' (Conqueror of Chola Country). He celebrated his victory over Cholas by adding the title {{langx|ta|சோணாடு கொண்டு முடி கொண்ட சோழபுரத்து வீராபிஷேகம் பண்ணியருளிய}} to his [[meikeerthi]]. His [[meikeerthi]] begins with the words {{langx|ta|பூமலர் வளர்திகழ்}} and ends with {{langx|ta|சோணாடுவழங்கியருளிய ஸ்ரீசுந்தரபாண்டிய தேவர்க்கு யாண்டு}}{{clarify|date=December 2018}}.<ref name="Narasayya, p42"/>

==In popular culture==
Sundara Pandiyan is the protagonist of [[Akilan]]'s historical novel ''Kayalvizhi'' (serialized:1964-65). In the novel's [[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan|1978 film adaptation]], Pandiyan was portrayed by [[M. G. Ramachandran]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation
| last = Aiyangar
| first = Sakkottai Krishnaswami
| authorlink=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar
| title = South India and her Muhammadan Invaders
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 1921
| place = Chennai
| url = https://archive.org/details/southindiahermuh00krisuoft
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Sastri
| first = KA Nilakanta| authorlink=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri
| title = A history of South India: from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 1955
| place = Chennai
| edition = Hardback
| isbn = 0-19-560686-8
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1p6AOwAACAAJ
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Narasayya
| authorlink=
| title = Aalavaai: Madurai Maanagarathin Kadhai
| publisher = Palaniappa Brothers
| language = Tamil
| year = 2009
| place = Chennai
| edition = Hardback
| isbn = 978-81-8379-517-3
| url =
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Sethuraman
| first = N
| authorlink=
| title =The imperial Pandyas: mathematics reconstructs the chronology
| publisher =
| year = 1978
| place =
| edition =
| id =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Du8CAAAAMAAJ
}}
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Pandya]]|before=[[Jatavarman Kulasekaran I]]|after=[[Jatavarman Kulasekaran II]] |years=1216 –1238}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Pandyan kings]]
[[Category:People from Madurai]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Hindus]]

Ministry of Marathi Language

2026-03-07T18:02:15Z

Startupoffices:

{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Marathi Language, [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name = '''मंत्रालय मराठी भाषा विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| seal = Seal_of_Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 140px
| seal_caption =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| picture = File:Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Uday Samant]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name =
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| child1_agency = Rajya Marathi Vikas Sanstha <ref>{{Cite web|title=राज्य मराठी विकास संस्था|url=https://marathi.gov.in/%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%be/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=मराठी भाषा विभाग|language=en-US}}</ref>
| child2_agency = Bhasha Sanchnalay
| website = {{URL|https://marathi.gov.in/}}
| logo =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = Tukaram Mundhe, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

==Office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = Ministry of Marathi Language (Maharashtra)
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{ubl|{{big|Minister of Marathi Language}}|मंत्री मराठी भाषा विभाग}}

|image=Uday Samant.jpg
| incumbent = [[Uday Samant]]
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to ={{ubl|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]|[[Maharashtra Legislature]]}}
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]] on the advice of the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural ={{ubl|Niramala Raje Bhosale|
(1960-1962)}}
| precursor = {{ubl|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]|
(2024-2024)}}
| deputy = Vacant since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
}}

The '''Ministry of Marathi Language''' is a ministry in [[government of Maharashtra]]. Ministry is responsible for the promotion of Marathi language in India as well as abroad. [[Deepak Kesarkar]] is current Minister for Marathi Language. Language department offers free Marathi classes to non-Marathi speakers living in [[Maharashtra]].

==Departments==
Ministry of Marathi Language has one key department - Marathi Bhasha Vibhag (Marathi language department). Separate administrative department was established in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=मराठी भाषा विभागाविषयी..|url=https://marathi.gov.in/about/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=मराठी भाषा विभाग|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Child agencies===
* Rajya Marathi Vikas Sanstha (State Institute for Marathi Development)<ref>{{Cite web|title=राज्य मराठी विकास संस्था|url=https://rmvs.marathi.gov.in/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=राज्य मराठी विकास संस्था|language=mr-IN}}</ref>
* Maharashtra Rajy Vishawakosh Nirmiti Mandal<ref>{{Cite web|title=मराठी विश्वकोश|url=https://marathivishwakosh.org/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=मराठी विश्वकोश|language=mr-IN}}</ref>
* Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya aani Sankriti Mandal<ref>{{Cite web|title=महाराष्ट्र राज्य साहित्य आणि संस्कृती मंडळ|url=https://sahitya.marathi.gov.in/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=महाराष्ट्र राज्य साहित्य आणि संस्कृती मंडळ|language=mr-IN}}</ref>
* Bhasha Sanchanalay (Language Directorate)<ref>{{Cite web|title=भाषा संचालनालय, महाराष्ट्र राज्य|url=https://directorate.marathi.gov.in/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=भाषा संचालनालय, महाराष्ट्र राज्य|language=mr-IN}}</ref>

==Marathi language==
{{main|Marathi language}}
[[File:Marathi Speaker Comparison Plain File.jpg|thumb|Marathi is one of the biggest language in the world. |260x260px]]
Marathi is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken predominantly by around 83 million [[Marathi people]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is the [[official language]] and co-official language in the Maharashtra and [[Goa]] states of [[Western India]], respectively and is one of the 22 scheduled [[languages of India]]. With 83 million speakers as 2011, Marathi ranks 10th in the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|list of languages with most native speakers in the world]]. Marathi has the [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|third largest number]] of native speakers in India, after [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf|title=Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2011 Census |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages, dating from around 600 AD.<ref>"arts, South Asian". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.</ref> The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the [[Varhadi dialect]].<ref name=kas>{{cite journal|title=Marathi|journal=London Oriental and African Language Library|volume=13 |first1=Rameśa|last1= Dhoṅgaḍe|first2=Kashi|last2=Wali|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2009|isbn=9789027238139|pages=101, 139}}</ref> The Koli languages ([[Kachi Koli language|Kachi Koli]], [[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]] and [[Wadiyara Koli language|Wadiyara Koli]]), [[Agri dialect|Agri]] and [[Malvani Konkani]] have been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties.

===Achieving classical language status===
In 2004, the [[Government of India]] declared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a "[[Classical language in India|Classical Language]]" of India.<ref name="bbcclassical">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3667032.stm |publisher=BBC |title=India sets up classical languages |access-date=1 May 2007 | date=17 September 2004}}</ref> The Marathi ministry has submitted an application to the [[Government of India]] to grant ''[[Classical language in India|classical language]]'' status to Marathi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marathi may become the sixth classical language|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/marathi-may-become-the-sixth-classical-language/1137485/0|access-date=25 June 2017|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Vyas|first=Sharad|date=2019-12-25|title=Uddhav Thackeray writes to PM, seeks classical language status for Marathi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cm-writes-to-pm-seeks-classical-language-status-for-marathi/article30391897.ece|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] is considering the request.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-07-02|title=Classical language status to Marathi under consideration: Culture Minister|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/classical-language-status-to-marathi-under-consideration-culture-minister-119070200802_1.html|access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Classical language status to Marathi under 'active consideration': Government|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/classical-language-status-to-marathi-under-active-consideration-government/articleshow/62327549.cms|access-date=2021-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=2015-01-31|title=Marathi to get Classical Language status soon|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/marathi-to-get-classical-language-status-soon-1638423.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Initiatives and activities==
===Awards===
Various awards are given to exceptional people in the field of Marathi language.
* Yashwantrao Chavan Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=स्व. यशवंतराव चव्हाण राज्य वाङ्मय पुरस्कार|url=https://marathi.gov.in/%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b5-%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a3/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=मराठी भाषा विभाग|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Vi. Da. Karandikar Lifetime Achievement Award : Trophy and cash prize of [[Indian rupee|₹]]5,00,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=विंदा करंदीकर जीवन गौरव पुरस्कार|url=https://marathi.gov.in/%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=मराठी भाषा विभाग|language=en-US}}</ref>
* P. Bhagawat Award : Trophy and cash prize of [[Indian rupee|₹]]3,00,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=श्री. पु. भागवत पुरस्कार|url=https://marathi.gov.in/%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%81-%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%a4/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=मराठी भाषा विभाग|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Bhasha Sanvardhan (Language Promotion) : Two cash prize awards of [[Indian rupee|₹]]1,00,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=भाषा संवर्धक पुरस्कार|url=https://marathi.gov.in/%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b7%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%95/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=मराठी भाषा विभाग|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Marathi language day===
Marathi Language Day (मराठी दिन/मराठी दिवस {{translation|Marathi Dina/Marathi Diwasa}}) is celebrated on 27 February every year across the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]]. This day is regulated by the Ministry of Marathi language. It is celebrated on the Birthday of eminent Marathi Poet [[Kusumagraj|Vi. Va. Shirwadkar]], popularly known as Kusumagraj.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marathimati.com/p/marathi-bhasha-diwas.html |title=मराठी भाषा दिवस - २७ फेब्रुवारी |work=MarathiMati.com |access-date=27 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-jagatik-marathi-bhasha-din-celebration-2914740.html |title=jagatik Marathi bhasha din celebration - divyamarathi.bhaskar.com |work=divyabhaskar |access-date=27 February 2016 |date=27 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301045736/http://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-jagatik-marathi-bhasha-din-celebration-2914740.html |archive-date=1 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Essay competitions and seminars are arranged in schools and colleges, and government officials are asked to conduct various events.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.com/viva-news/celebration-of-marathi-bhasha-din-on-27-february-and-use-of-marathi-language-66025/ |title=आम्ही मराठीचे शिलेदार! |date=22 February 2013 |work= Loksatta |access-date= 27 February 2016}}</ref>

===Use of Marathi in government offices===
Ministry made it compulsory to use Marathi language in all [[Government of Maharashtra]] offices.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Use of Marathi as official language in government work mandatory: Maharashtra Government|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/politics/marathi-language-is-compulsory-for-daily-government-work-in-maharashtra-otherwise-employees-will-lose-their-salary-hike-for-1-year-52090|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Mumbai Live|date=July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra govt issues notification on the use of Marathi as official language in govt businesses|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/all-government-departments-to-now-communicate-100-in-marathi|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>

===Marathi in schools===
''The Maharashtra Compulsory Teaching and Learning of Marathi Language in Schools Bill, 2020'' was proposed by the Marathi ministry and passed by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] unanimously. Marathi language classes are mandatory in all schools of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-10|title=Maha plans law to make Marathi a must in all schools|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maha-plans-law-to-make-marathi-a-must-in-all-schools/story-EJ6mw0JmdmxrhV1Kw3Q6AM.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Kamlesh Sutar |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Maharashtra Assembly passes law making Marathi language compulsory for all schools|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-assembly-passes-law-making-marathi-language-compulsory-for-all-schools-1650683-2020-02-27|access-date=2021-06-14|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Deshpande|first=Tanvi|date=2020-02-27|title=Council passes Bill making Marathi compulsory in schools|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/council-passes-bill-making-marathi-compulsory-in-schools/article30926847.ece|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===International collaboration===
Internationalization efforts started in 2021 to engage international Marathi diaspora. Department launched various initiatives to popularize Marathi language outside India. [[Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai|US Consul General]] was felicitated for promoting US based organizations working in Marathi language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai: US Consulate General representatives promoting Marathi felicitated|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/education/online-marathi-language-coaching-for-american-students-61958|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Mumbai Live|date=24 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Marathi Language
|-
|01
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Nirmala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sadashiv Govind Barve]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar Constituency No. 209]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Hari Govindrao Vartak]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bassein-Vasai Constituency No. 180]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara Constituency No. 61]]- [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}"|
|[[File:Prabha Rau.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prabha Rau]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon Constituency No. 41]]- [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|bgcolor="{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|
|
|'''[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola Constituency No. 235]]- [[Solapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|19 November}} 1979
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1979|11|19}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|80px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Prataprao Baburao Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai Constituency No. 256]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[N. M. Kamble|Narendra Marutrao Kamble]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Governor Nominated No. 10 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|24
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|25
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Babanrao Gholap]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali Constituency No. 126]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|26
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Pramod Navalkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Mumbai Graduates Constituency No. 06 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|27
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Sureshdada Jain]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|28
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|29
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Ramkrishna More]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Khed Constituency No. 219]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|30
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|31
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|32
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|33
|bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar Constituency No. 03]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|34
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner Constituency No. 217]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|35
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|36
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Vinod Tawde in 2015.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Vinod Tawde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali Constituency No. 152]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|37
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|38
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|39
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|40
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|41
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Deepak Vasant Kesarkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi Constituency No. 270]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Uday Samant.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Uday Samant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri Constituency No. 266]]- [[Ratnagiri District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Marathi Language
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:240916-vishwajeet-kadam.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Subhash Desai]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant '''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Deepak Vasant Kesarkar]] (2022 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"|[[Uday Samant]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==List of principal secretaries==
{{Empty section|date=July 2022}}

== See also ==
* [[Marathi language]]
* [[Local government in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://marathi.gov.in/}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry of Marathi Language}}
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra-related lists]]
[[Category:Marathi language]]
[[Category:Language advocacy organizations]]

Sanasam Premachandra Singh

2026-03-07T15:06:33Z

Startupoffices:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}{{Infobox Indian politician|office=Member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Sanasam Premachandra Singh''' (born 1976)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He is a member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kumbi Assembly constituency]] in [[Bishnupur district]]. He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kumbi, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Sanasam Premchandra Singh with 8513 defeats JD(U)'s Ahanthem Shanjoy Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kumbi-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923461-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from [[Moirang]] post, Kumbi police station, Bishnupur, Manipur. He is the son of late Sanasam Jaramaja Singh. He married Ibeyaima Devi, and they have three sons, Sanasam Priyojit Singh, Sanasam Priyokanta Singh and Sanasam Priyobarta Singh. He completed his Class 12 in 2019 at P. L. C. Academy, [[Yairipok]], and passed the examinations conducted by Uttar Purva Siksha Board, [[Assam]].<ref name="ceomanipur">{{cite web|url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/29/Sanasam%20Premchandra%20Singh.pdf|date=2022-02-07|title=Form 26 – Sanasam Premchandra Singh|access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sanasam Premchandra Singh (Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)):Constituency- Kumbi (Bishnupur) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=108 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won from Kumbi Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election. He polled 8,513 votes and defeated his nearest competitor, Ahanthem Shanjoy Singh of the [[Janata Dal (United)]], by 372 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumbi Manipur Election Result 2022 LIVE Update: Sanasam Premchandra Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kumbi-manipur-election-result-2022-live-updatewinnerloser-leadingtrailing-mla-4856522.html |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bjp Sanasam Premchandra Singh Candidate Kumbi Manipur Vidhan Sabha Election Result 2022 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/manipur/candidates/sanasam-premchandra-singh-bjp-2022-kumbi-1-manipur |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sanasam Premachandra}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Bishnupur district]]

Mohina

2026-03-06T18:42:07Z

Startupoffices: creating first stub w/ sources...

{{Short description|Village Baksa district}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohina
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.56250|91.45053|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTR]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3261
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 =
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| area_total_ha = 525.19<ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1991: B-15 (i) (F), B-15 (ii) (F), B-16 (F), B-17 (F), and B-18 (F) |date=1996 |publisher=Controller of Publications, Assam |page=76 |language=en}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
}}

'''Mohina''' is a census village<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=N. Koteswar |title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies: Andman & Nicobar, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Pondicherry (Puduchery), Tamil Nadu |date=2008 |publisher=Arise Publishers |isbn=978-81-89937-80-5 |page=20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1991: Assam |date=1996 |publisher=Controller of Publications |page=76 |language=en}}</ref> located in Baganpara Circle of [[Baksa district]], [[Assam]], India. Mohina village has a population of total 3,261 people, where 1,704 are males and 1,557 are females as per [[2011 Census of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Assam - District Nalbari - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41002/download/44633/PCA_CDB-1824-F-Census.xlsx |website=Census Digital Library |publisher=[[Census of India]] |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Baksa district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Kangkanam

2026-03-06T03:38:00Z

Startupoffices: put up new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kangkanam
| image = Kanganam1948.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = S. K. Vasagan
| producer = G. P. Narayanan
| writer = Chandrasekhar
| screenplay =
| story = [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]]
| starring = [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] Menaka P. G. Venkatesan P. R. Mangalam
| narrator =
| music = H. R. Padmanabha Sastry
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = G. P. Narayanan Company
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1948|6|10|ref1=<ref name="anandan">{{Cite web |title=1948-1947-கங்கணம் – ஜி.பி.நாராயணன் கம்பெனி. |trans-title=1948-1947-Kangkanam – G. P. Narayanan Company. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1948-cinedetails7.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180823045552/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1948-cinedetails7.asp |archive-date=23 August 2018 |access-date=23 August 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 176 mins
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kangkanam'''''{{efn|Transliteration of Tamil according to international standard ISO 15919:2001:kaṅkaṇam meaning a string tied around the wrist taking a vow}} is a [[List of Tamil films of 1948|1948]] Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by S. K. Vasagan. The film was censored in November 1947 but was released in 1948. [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], Menaka and P. G. Venkatesan featured in the lead roles.


== Cast ==
The following list is adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]]<ref name="anandan" />
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
*P. G. Venkatesan
*M. R. Swaminathan
*Narendranath
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*Menaka
*Leela
*P. R. Mangalam
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by G. P. Narayanan under his own banner G. P. Narayanan and Company and was directed by S. K. Vasagan. [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]] wrote the story while the dialogues were penned by Chandrasekar.<ref name="pp">{{Cite magazine |date=January 1948 |title=1947 Varushathiya Veliyeedugal |trans-title=1947 Films |magazine=Pesum Padam |language=Tamil |page=121}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by H. R. Padmanabha Sastry and the lyrics were penned by [[Kambadasan]].<ref name="anandan" />

This was the debut film for [[Playback singer]] [[P. Leela]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=4 November 2005 |title=This nightingale will be heard forever |url=https://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/11/04/stories/2005110401660100.htm |url-status=dead |website=[[The Hindu]] |author-link=Randor Guy |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101101608/https://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/11/04/stories/2005110401660100.htm |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1948 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1948 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Consulate General of Sweden, Mumbai

2026-03-05T10:39:23Z

Startupoffices:

{{Short description|Diplomatic mission of Sweden in Mumbai}}
{{Infobox diplomatic mission
| name = Consulate General of Sweden, Mumbai
| mainwidth =
| embed =
| image = Coat of arms of Sweden.svg
| image_size = 100px
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| address = 3 Floor, C – 53, TCG Financial Centre G – Block, BKC, Bandra (E) Mumbai – 400098, Maharashtra, India
| coord = {{coord|19.06888|N|72.86906|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates =
| opened =
| opened_date =
| opening = 2012{{efn|The current consulate general originated from the honorary consulate that was opened on 6 October 1857. It was upgraded to a career consulate general in 1942, which closed in 1948 and reopened in 2012.}}
| opening_date =
| inauguration =
| inauguration_date =
| relocation =
| relocation_date =
| renovation =
| renovation_date =
| closing =
| closing_date =
| jurisdiction = [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| consul = Sven Östberg
| consul_general =
| website = {{Official website|https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/india-mumbai/}}
}}
The '''Consulate General of Sweden, Mumbai''' is the [[List of diplomatic missions of Sweden|diplomatic mission]] of [[Sweden]] in [[Mumbai]], India. Its focusing on promoting trade and investment, enhancing Sweden's image, and providing consular services to Swedish citizens. Reestablished in 2012, the consulate collaborates with the [[Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi|Swedish embassy in New Delhi]], [[Business Sweden]], and the Swedish-Indian Chamber of Commerce to promote strategic industries such as energy, environmental technology, healthcare, and IT. The [[consular district]] covered by the consulate includes [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], and the union territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], with a population of approximately 180 million people. The chancery is located in the TCG Financial Centre in the [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], Mumbai's central business district.

The consulate general traces its origins to the Swedish honorary consulate in Bombay, established in 1857 to support trade and shipping within the Bombay Presidency. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the consulate was mainly managed by foreign merchants. Starting in 1930, Swedish businessmen in India were appointed as honorary consuls. This changed in 1942 when the career consulate general moved from Calcutta to Bombay, elevating the consulate's status. However, in 1948, the consulate general in Bombay was closed, and its responsibilities were transferred to the newly established legation in New Delhi.

==History==

===Background===
During the early years of the Age of Empire (1870s to mid-1880s), [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden–Norway]] sought to expand its influence by increasing its consular presence in territories where major [[Imperialism|imperial powers]] were establishing [[Colonial empire|colonial]] order. Unlike these powers, Sweden–Norway had few [[diplomatic mission]]s, relying instead on [[Consul (representative)|consuls]] to represent its interests. The primary goal was to gain political prestige and economic benefits by supporting Swedish and Norwegian merchants and shipowners. However, the consular service faced several challenges. Consuls were often appointed based on reputation and connections rather than qualifications, leading to a lack of necessary skills and knowledge about Sweden–Norway's economic interests. Many consuls were Western merchants who also represented multiple countries and were deeply integrated into colonial networks. Despite some successes in social and political integration, the consular service struggled with economic obstacles and ultimately failed to effectively support trade and shipping. Efforts to reform the consular service, including the appointment of a reform committee in 1875, were insufficient, and by the time of the [[Berlin Conference]] almost a decade later, significant issues remained unresolved. This lack of a well-thought-out plan led to an inefficient consular service that did not meet its intended economic goals.<ref name="Makko (2020), pp. 98-99">{{harvnb|Makko|2020|pp=98–99}}</ref>

===1857–1930===
A Swedish honorary consulate was established by [[letters patent]] on 6 October 1857. The [[consular district]] covered the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363">{{harvnb|Almquist|1914|p=363}}</ref> The first [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Swedish-Norwegian]] consul in Bombay was Johann Georg Volkart, a Swiss business pioneer who co-founded [[Volkart Brothers]] in [[Winterthur]] and Bombay in 1851 with his brother Salomon. Salomon initially traveled to India in 1844 to explore sales opportunities for Swiss textile producers, forming connections with European merchants and securing a job for Johann with Huscke, Wattenbach & Co. Johann became head of their Bombay branch but lost his job when the firm dissolved in 1849. This led to the founding of Volkart Brothers on 1 February 1851. With offices in Winterthur and Bombay, Salomon managed the Swiss operations while Johann handled the Indian side. The firm traded in cotton, textiles, European imports, and Indian exports such as [[fish oil]], [[coir]], [[black pepper]], and [[curry powder]]. By the late 1850s, it had grown into a medium-sized merchant house with nine European employees in Bombay, Cochin, and Colombo. While Johann's consulship lent prestige, he likely had little knowledge or interest in Swedish and Norwegian affairs.<ref>{{harvnb|Makko|2020|p=76}}</ref>

Volkart's successor, Julius Achenbach, served as the Swedish-Norwegian consul in Bombay from 1863 to 1865. He was also the Austrian consul and part of a network of German merchants who entered British East India as partners of British companies. Many of these German merchants had been naturalized and [[English exonyms|anglicized]] their names. Augustus Charles Gumpert, who served as Swedish-Norwegian consul to Bombay twice (from 1866 to 1871 and in 1876–77), and J.H. Riebe (1872–1875), were both German by birth. Gumpert, originally named August Carl, was naturalized in 1853 and served as consul not only for Sweden–Norway but also for [[Prussia]], [[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]], [[Hamburg]], [[Bremen]], and later the [[North German Confederation]]. Since both he and Riebe were British citizens, their appointments had to be formally approved by [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name="Makko (2020), pp. 76-77">{{harvnb|Makko|2020|pp=76–77}}</ref>

The consular activities in Bombay had a modest impact on the commercial success of the Swedish-Norwegian consulate, as shipping and trade remained marginal despite well-established consuls. However, the Consular Committee had some expectations for Bombay, noting an increase in shipping from zero in 1870–1871 to eleven Norwegian and three Swedish ships. In colonized regions, Sweden-Norway's representatives were part of European expansion and were often European rather than specifically Swedish or Norwegian. This is exemplified by a donation from the Swedish-Norwegian consular fund to the [[St George Hospital, Mumbai|European General Hospital]] in Bombay in 1875. Consul Riebe, a German-born British citizen representing Sweden-Norway, supported the donation because the hospital treated Europeans, including seamen. The Swedish [[National Board of Trade (Sweden)|National Board of Trade]] and the Norwegian Ministry of the Interior (''Departementet for det indre'') acknowledged the limited Swedish-Norwegian shipping presence but agreed to Riebe's proposal, resulting in a donation of 20 [[Guinea (coin)|guineas]], equivalent to about [[Pound sterling|£]]2,223 in 2020.<ref name="Makko (2020), p. 77"/>

Consul Gumpert of Bombay resigned from his position in March 1877 due to illness and passed the role to J. Brandenburg of Bell Brandenburg. Gumpert praised Brandenburg as a person of esteemed social status, having been appointed to consular positions by both the German and [[Government of Austria-Hungary|Austrian-Hungarian governments]]. However, when Gumpert passed away two months later, Brandenburg's application for the position was declined. The [[Consulate General of Sweden, London|consulate general in London]] communicated to [[Stockholm]] that Brandenburg's firm lacked sufficient establishment to warrant his appointment. Despite serving as the acting Swedish-Norwegian consul for eight months, Brandenburg never appeared in any official Swedish-Norwegian publication.<ref name="Makko (2020), p. 78">{{harvnb|Makko|2020|p=78}}</ref>

During the late nineteenth century, consular positions gained increasing prestige. Gumpert's second term ended abruptly with his death after only four months. Among the four candidates vying for his position was C.T. Meili, the local manager of Volkart Brothers, who was clearly favored by the Swedish. Despite Meili's good standing confirmed by the Norwegian Ministry of the Interior, Hamilton Maxwell of the Hamburg firm W. Nicol & Co. was appointed at the recommendation of [[Wilhelm Christopher Christophersen]], a prominent consul general in [[Buenos Aires]] and later [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Norway)|Norwegian foreign minister]]. Foreign Minister [[Oscar Björnstjerna]] concurred with the Norwegian choice, despite Volkart's excellent track record. Despite hopes expressed by the Consular Committee of 1875, Bombay's significance in trade and shipping did not increase in the following years. Maxwell's tenure was short-lived as the collapse of the [[City of Glasgow Bank]] in October 1878 led to his resignation after just nine months. Maxwell expressed his hope of recovering and returning to his post in a letter to Stockholm.<ref name="Makko (2020), p. 78"/>

In 1881, Maxwell was temporarily replaced by Giuseppe (Joseph) Janni, a representative of [[Österreichischer Lloyd]]. Initially, this was supposed to be a temporary arrangement, but Janni was eventually appointed permanently due to Maxwell's continued issues. Despite initial doubts, Janni's appointment brought stability to the consulate, although Bombay's significance did not increase during his tenure. Some authorities questioned Janni's reputation, but he received confirmation of his good standing, particularly from [[Ole Richter]], the Swedish-Norwegian consul general in London. Janni served for another decade, providing stability to the consulate despite Bombay's lack of growth.<ref>{{harvnb|Makko|2020|pp=78–79}}</ref> In 1892, Giuseppe Janni, also the Austrian-Hungarian consul, resigned after 14 years as Swedish-Norwegian consul in Bombay. Three candidates emerged: [[Gillis Bildt]], a member of [[Bildt family|a prominent Swedish family]] and agent of the Swedish General Export Association (''Sveriges Allmänna Exportförening''); Thomas Withey Cuffe, a British banker; and O. von Hoffer, Janni's partner at Österreichischer Lloyd. Von Hoffer initially led in the Norwegian Ministry of the Interior's ranking, but Bildt was favored by Swedish trade committees. Despite Bildt's connections, the Norwegians preferred Cuffe due to concerns over conflicts of interest. Foreign Minister [[Carl Lewenhaupt]] accepted Cuffe's appointment, ending the conflict. Cuffe served for four years before Wilhelm Friedrich Bickel, a Swiss citizen, succeeded him in 1898.<ref>{{harvnb|Makko|2020|p=167}}</ref>

During the initial two decades of the Bombay consulate, Sweden-Norway was represented by partners of Volkart Brothers, except for Bildt's application. Typically, only foreign applicants were considered. Despite growing criticism of foreign merchant consuls, there was no concerted effort by the Swedish-Norwegian government to replace them with their citizens. Even when qualified native candidates like Bildt emerged, consensus couldn't be reached. Thus, the consulate in Bombay remained under Volkart representatives.<ref>{{harvnb|Makko|2020|p=168}}</ref> In 1908, Hermann Uehlinger briefly served before being replaced by Lucas Volkart, continuing the longstanding partnership between Swedes and the Swiss merchants of Volkart Brothers.<ref name="Makko (2020), p. 214">{{harvnb|Makko|2020|p=214}}</ref>

In the 1918 investigation regarding Sweden's representation abroad, a reorganization of consular services in British India, including Bombay, was proposed. The General Export Association suggested that a salaried consulate be established in Bombay and that a roving commercial attaché be employed at the consulate general in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. However, the committee determined that it was not possible to immediately implement all the proposed measures due to budget constraints and the need to balance resources across different locations. Despite this, they acknowledged the importance of Bombay as a growing port city, especially for the export of cotton and opium, thanks to its strategic location near the Suez Canal. The General Export Association further emphasized that Swedish interests in Bombay were significant and that the city, along with other key ports like Calcutta, should have strong Swedish representation to promote trade relations.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/motion/omorganisation-av-utrikesdepartementet_dg202b2/html/ |title=Betänkande rörande omorganisation av Utrikesdepartementet samt Sveriges representation i utlandet 1 Förslag till ny organisation av Utrikesdepartementet, förändrade avlöningsbestämmelser för vissa befattningshavare inom Utrikesdepartementet samt för beskickningar och konsulat, förändrade bestämmelser för antagande och utbildning av attachéer i Utrikesdepartementets tjänst samt vissa åtgärder i syfte att omedelbart förstärka vår yttre representation |year=1919 |location=Stockholm |language=sv |access-date=20 May 2024 |id={{LIBRIS|1699135}}}}</ref>

===1930–2012===
From 1930 onwards, Swedish businessmen based in India were appointed as honorary consuls. The first was Alvar Möller, who represented Svenska Tändsticks AB (STAB), later known as [[Swedish Match]], in India.<ref name="Svensson & Ekstedt (1955), p. 662">{{harvnb|Svensson|Ekstedt|1955|p=662}}</ref> He was succeeded in 1932 by Sten Sundgren, who also worked for the same Swedish [[match]] company in India. He remained a Swedish honorary consul until 1946.<ref name="Burling (1962), p. 1023">{{harvnb|Burling|1962|p=1023}}</ref> In 1942, the honorary consulate in Bombay became a career consulate general following the transfer of the career consulate general in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to Bombay, where Consul General [[Constans Lundquist]] arrived on 8 June.<ref name="SvD (1942-06-18), p. 4A">{{cite news |url=https://www.svd.se/arkiv/1942-06-18/SVNY/4 |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=Generalkonsulatet i Kalkutta |trans-title=The Consulate General in Calcutta |page=4A |date=1942-06-18 |access-date=15 May 2024 |language=sv |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Two years later, he was succeeded by [[Magnus Hallenborg]]. During Hallenborg's tenure as Consul General in the [[Bombay Presidency]], he was also responsible for Romanian, Japanese, Finnish, and Hungarian interests.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48677/page/n387/mode/2up |title=Bombay Civil List |publisher=Superintendent Government India Press |location=Madras |page=309 |date=1945 |access-date=21 May 2024 |via=[[Digital Library of India]]}}</ref>

In the Swedish government bill of 1948, it was suggested that the position of consul general in Bombay be moved to [[Antwerp]], Netherlands. This change was to occur in conjunction with the establishment of a new [[legation]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/proposition/kungl.-maj.ts-proposition-nr-117_ea30117/html/ |publisher=[[Riksdagen]] |title=Kungl. Maj.ts proposition nr 117 |location=Stockholm |date=18 March 1949 |access-date=17 May 2024 |language=sv}}</ref> In July 1948, the [[King in Council (Sweden)|King in Council]] decided to close the career consulate general in Bombay.<ref name="SvD (1948-07-23), p. 4A">{{cite news |url=https://www.svd.se/arkiv/1948-07-23/SVNY/4 |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=Utnämningar inom diplomatin |page=4A |date=1948-07-23 |access-date=15 May 2024 |language=sv |url-access=subscription}}</ref> At the turn of 1948/49, Sweden's newly established [[Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi|legation in New Delhi]] commenced its operations. The responsibilities previously held by the closed consulate general in Bombay were thus taken over by the legation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.svd.se/arkiv/1949-01-20/SVNY/4 |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=Beskickningen i New Delhi |trans-title=The mission in New Delhi |page=4A |date=1949-01-20 |access-date=22 August 2023 |language=sv |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 1946, Bertil Thorstenson assumed the role of honorary consul after Sundgren. Sundgren was the head of STAB's enterprises in India, [[Pakistan]], [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], and [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] from 1932 and the Danish consul in Bombay from 1933 to 1947. He was appointed Swedish honorary consul general in 1949.<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1953), p. 1058">{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1953/1078.html |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1953 |year=1953 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=1058}}</ref> He was succeeded by Tomas Heribert Rydin from 1952 to 1956, who in turn was succeeded by another STAB employee, Sven Göthberg, who served as consul general from 1956 to 1966.<ref name="Jönsson (2000), p. 425">{{harvnb|Jönsson|2000|p=425}}</ref> In 1966, the head of STAB's Indian subsidiary, Jan-Olof Guthe, was appointed as the new consul general. He left the position three years later.<ref name="Almqvist (1997), p. 412">{{harvnb|Almqvist|1997|p=412}}</ref>

From 1970 onwards, Indian businessmen served as honorary consuls general of Sweden in Bombay. The first among them was Akbar Hydari, son of the civil servant and politician [[Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari]]. Hydari was the chairman of the Western India Match Company (WIMCO) Ltd., a subsidiary of Swedish Match.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.133563/page/n165/mode/2up |editor=Satyajit |title=India Who's Who 1984 |year=1984 |publisher=INFA Publications |location=New Delhi |page=142a |access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref> Hydari served until 1990.<ref name="Spiegelberg (1990), p. 359"/> Between 2001 and 2007, K. C. Mehra served as the honorary consul general.<ref name="Spiegelberg (2007), p. 176"/> He was the chairman of the Swedish company [[SKF]]'s subsidiary in India, SKF Bearings India Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://euindiachambers.com/mr-kcmehrapastpresidents/ |publisher=Council of EU Chambers of Commerce in India |title=Mr. K. C. Mehra |access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref>

===2012–present===
Through an agreement in 2011 between the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]] and the [[Reinfeldt cabinet]], it was decided that a consulate general would be opened in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.riksdagen.se/fil/4EAA8328-815B-43C9-96EB-1822C23B75AE |publisher=[[Committee on the Constitution]] |via=[[Riksdagen]] |title=Konstitutionsutskottets betänkande 2012/13:KU1 |location=Stockholm |page=97 |date=2012 |access-date=17 May 2024 |language=sv}}</ref> In 2012, a new consulate general was opened in Mumbai, focusing on trade promotion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.regeringen.se/sveriges-regering/utrikesdepartementet/sveriges-forbindelser-med-omvarlden/asien-och-oceanien/indien/ |publisher=Government Offices of Sweden |title=Indien |trans-title=India |access-date=17 May 2024 |language=sv}}</ref>

==Tasks==

===19th and early 20th centuries===
The Swedish–Norwegian consulate in Bombay primarily aimed to support trade and shipping, promoting the interests of Swedish and Norwegian merchants and shipowners. By establishing a consular presence, Sweden–Norway sought to gain political prestige and integrate into [[Colonial empire|colonial]] networks, emulating the practices of larger [[Imperialism|imperial powers]]. The consuls, often Western merchants with connections in the colonial system, represented Sweden–Norway in these broader networks.<ref name="Makko (2020), p. 98">{{harvnb|Makko|2020|p=98}}</ref> The consulate engaged in activities such as facilitating imports of European products to India and exports of Indian commodities like [[cotton]], [[fish oil]], and [[spice]]s to Europe. They also participated in social and political activities, exemplified by donations to local institutions like the [[St George Hospital, Mumbai|European General Hospital]] in Bombay. Despite these efforts, the consular service faced significant economic challenges, and its impact on Swedish-Norwegian shipping and trade remained limited.<ref name="Makko (2020), pp. 76-77"/>

Consular appointments were complex and involved recommendations from various authorities. Consuls were often chosen based on reputation and connections rather than their specific knowledge of Sweden–Norway's interests. The consulate aimed to maintain stability, ensuring a seamless transition when consuls resigned or passed away.<ref name="Makko (2020), p. 99">{{harvnb|Makko|2020|p=99}}</ref> The consular service struggled to effectively support trade and achieve its economic goals, reflecting the broader challenges faced by Sweden–Norway in establishing a significant presence in the global colonial order. Despite some successes in social and political integration, the overall impact on trade and shipping was modest.<ref name="Makko (2020), p. 77">{{harvnb|Makko|2020|p=77}}</ref> The consulate in Bombay remained largely in the hands of foreign merchants, particularly those from the Swiss firm Volkart Brothers, throughout this period.<ref name="Makko (2020), p. 214"/>

===2012–present===
The consulate general focuses on promoting trade and investment as well as enhancing the image of Sweden. This involves supporting trade and investments, contributing to an updated perception of Sweden, and fostering [[India–Sweden relations|exchanges between Sweden and India]]. Another important task is to provide consular services to Swedish citizens, including those on temporary visits.<ref name="About us">{{cite web |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/sv/utlandsmyndigheter/indien-mumbai/om-oss/ |publisher=Consulate General of Sweden, Mumbai |title=Om oss |trans-title=About us |date=11 October 2023 |access-date=17 May 2024 |language=sv}}</ref>

The consulate general collaborates with the [[Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi|Swedish embassy in New Delhi]], [[Business Sweden]], and the Swedish-Indian Chamber of Commerce under the framework of Team Sweden. Together, they work to create connections and promote collaborations within various strategic industries, with particular emphasis on energy and environmental technology, healthcare, and IT. The consulate general also disseminates information on how Swedish innovation, technology, and services can benefit India.<ref name="About us"/>

==District==
When the consulate was established in 1857, the [[consular district]] included the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/> In 1942, the career consulate general moved from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to Bombay. From at least 1944 to 1947, the district included the [[British Raj]], [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]], and [[British Ceylon]].<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1944), p. 270">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/63266/gupea_2077_63266_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för skottåret 1944 |year=1944 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=270}}</ref><ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1947), p. 288"/>

Since the consulate general was reestablished in 2012, the district has consisted of the [[States and union territories of India|states]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]] and the [[union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]. This area has a population of approximately 180 million people.<ref name="About us"/>

==Buildings==

===Chancery===
From 1945 to 1947, the [[Chancery (diplomacy)|chancery]] was located at the address »Shangri La», Flat No. 1 on 26 [[Carmichael Road]] (today called Mahadev Laxman Dahanukar Marg) in [[South Mumbai]].<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1945), p. 276">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/63364/gupea_2077_63364_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1945 |year=1945 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=276}}</ref><ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1947), p. 288">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/64326/gupea_2077_64326_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1947 |year=1947 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=288}}</ref> This address was later used as an embassy office in Bombay from at least 1964 to 1967, where a salaried vice-consul served.<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1964), p. 325">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/65480/gupea_2077_65480_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för skottåret 1964 |year=1964 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=325}}</ref><ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1967), p. 323">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/64607/gupea_2077_64607_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender 1967 |year=1967 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=323}}</ref>

From 1948 to at least 1959, the honorary consulate was located in the Indian Mercantile Chambers on Nicol Road in [[Ballard Estate]], which is situated in the financial district of [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]] in South Mumbai.<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1948), p. 277"/><ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1959), p. 315">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/64194/gupea_2077_64194_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1959 |year=1959 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=315}}</ref>

Today's chancery is located in the TCG Financial Centre in the [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], the central business district of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/india-mumbai/contact/ |publisher=Consulate General of Sweden, Mumbai |title=Contact |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>

==Heads of Mission==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name||Period||Title||Notes||Ref
|-
|-style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=6|Bombay (–1995)
|-
|J. G. Volkart||7 September 1858 – 29 May 1861||Honorary consul||Died in office.||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/>
|-
|Julius Achenbach||17 February 1863 – 12 December 1865||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/>
|-
|Augustus Charles Gumpert||20 November 1866 – 5 October 1871||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/>
|-
|J. H. Riebe||12 April 1872 – 29 August 1875||Honorary consul||Died in office.||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/>
|-
|Augustus Charles Gumpert||24 November 1876 – March 1877||Honorary consul||Died in office.||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/>
|-
|J. Brandenburg||1877–1878 ||Acting honorary consul||||<ref name="Makko (2020), p. 78"/>
|-
|Hamilton Maxwell||7 January 1878 – 1 November 1878||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/>
|-
|Giuseppe Janni||10 October 1878 – ?||Acting honorary consul||||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/>
|-
|Giuseppe Janni||6 August 1881 – 2 December 1892||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/>
|-
|Thomas Withey Cuffe||30 March 1894 – 29 April 1898||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/>
|-
|Wilhelm Friedrich Bickel||30 December 1898 – 20 July 1908||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/>
|-
|Hermann Uehlinger||6 November 1908 – 22 July 1910||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/>
|-
|Lucas Volkart||31 August 1910 – 1920||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Almquist (1914), p. 363"/><ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1920), p. 188">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/62800/gupea_2077_62800_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för skottåret 1920 |year=1920 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=188}}</ref>
|-
|Julius Mueller||1920–1925||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1925), p. 200">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/64209/gupea_2077_64209_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1925 |year=1925 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=200}}</ref>
|-
|Giacomo Zino Meli||1925–1929||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1929), p. 198">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/64159/gupea_2077_64159_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1929 |year=1929 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=198}}</ref>
|-
|–||1929–1930||Honorary consul||Vacant.||<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1930), p. 198">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/64192/gupea_2077_64192_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1930 |year=1930 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=198}}</ref>
|-
|Alvar Möller||1930–1932||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1932), p. 202">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/64197/gupea_2077_64197_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1932 |year=1932 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=202}}</ref>
|-
|Sten Sundgren||1932–1946||Honorary consul||||<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1944), p. 270"/>
|-
|[[Constans Lundquist]]||8 June 1942 – 1944||Consul general||The Consulate General moved from Calcutta to Bombay.||<ref name="SvD (1942-06-18), p. 4A"/>
|-
|[[Magnus Hallenborg]]||1944–1948||Consul general||With jurisdiction also in the Island of [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]].||<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36683 |date=1 September 1944 |pages=4080}}</ref><ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1948), p. 277">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/63629/gupea_2077_63629_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för skottåret 1948 |year=1948 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=277}}</ref>
|-
|Bertil Thorstenson||1949–1952||Honorary consul general||Honorary consul 1946–49.||<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1948), p. 277"/><ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1952), p. 313">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/64199/gupea_2077_64199_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för skottåret 1952 |year=1952 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=313}}</ref>
|-
|Tomas Heribert Rydin||1952–1956||Honorary consul general||||<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1956), p. 334">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/64334/gupea_2077_64334_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender för skottåret 1956 |year=1956 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=334}}</ref>
|-
|Sven Göthberg||1956–1966||Honorary consul general||||<ref name="Sveriges statskalender (1966), p. 308">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/65026/gupea_2077_65026_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender 1966 |year=1966 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=308}}</ref>
|-
|Jan-Olof Guthe||1966–1969||Honorary consul general||||<ref>{{harvnb|Sköldenberg|1969|p=356}}</ref>
|-
|Akbar Hydari||1970–1990||Honorary consul general||||<ref name="Spiegelberg (1990), p. 359">{{harvnb|Spiegelberg|1990|p=359}}</ref>
|-
|Fredie Mehta||1990–1995||Honorary consul general||||<ref name="Spiegelberg (2001), p. 179">{{harvnb|Spiegelberg|2001|p=179}}</ref>
|-
|-style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=6|Mumbai (1995–present)
|-
|Fredie Mehta||1995–2001||Honorary consul general||||<ref name="Spiegelberg (2001), p. 179">{{harvnb|Spiegelberg|2001|p=179}}</ref>
|-
|K. C. Mehra ||2001–2007||Honorary consul general||||<ref name="Spiegelberg (2007), p. 176">{{harvnb|Spiegelberg|2007|p=176}}</ref>
|-
|Rakesh Makhija||2008–????||Honorary consul general||||<ref name="Statskalendern (2010), p. 182">{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/59894/gupea_2077_59894_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Sveriges statskalender 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=Norstedts Juridik AB/Fritzes |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=978-91-38-32520-9 |id={{SELIBR|11846164}} |page=182}}</ref>
|-
|Fredrika Ornbrant||2012–2016||Consul general||||<ref>{{harvnb|Nihlén|2014|p=A8}}</ref>
|-
|Ulrika Sundberg||2016–2019||Consul general||||<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2016/04/ny-generalkonsul-i-mumbai/ |publisher=Government Offices of Sweden |title=Ny generalkonsul i Mumbai |trans-title=New Consul General in Mumbai |date=7 April 2016 |accessdate=23 April 2020 |language=sv}}</ref>
|-
|Anna Lekvall||2019–2023||Consul general||||<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2019/07/ny-generalkonsul-i-mumbai/ |publisher=Government Offices of Sweden |title=Ny generalkonsul i Mumbai |trans-title=New Consul General in Mumbai |date=18 July 2019 |accessdate=23 April 2020 |language=sv}}</ref>
|-
|Sven Östberg||2023–present||Consul general||||<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.regeringen.se/pressmeddelanden/2023/06/ny-generalkonsul-i-mumbai/ |publisher=Government Offices of Sweden |title=Ny generalkonsul i Mumbai |trans-title=New Consul General in Mumbai |date=29 June 2023 |accessdate=4 January 2024 |language=sv}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi]]

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Print===
*{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1997/0412.html |editor-last=Almqvist |editor-first=Gerd |title=Sveriges statskalender 1997 |year=1997 |publisher=Fritzes |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=9138309734 |id={{SELIBR|3682776}} |page=}}
*{{cite book |url=https://arkis2dok.riksarkivet.se/ra/231/Konsulathistorik.pdf |last=Almquist |first=Johan Axel |title=Kommerskollegium och Riksens Ständers Manufakturkontor samt konsulsstaten 1651-1910: administrativa och biografiska anteckningar |series=Meddelanden från svenska Riksarkivet, Ny följd. Ser. 2, 99-0506720-5 ; 4 |year=1914 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |language=sv |id={{LIBRIS|844316}}}}
*{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1963/1039.html |editor-last=Burling |editor-first=Ingeborg |year=1962 |title=Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1963 |trans-title=Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 1963 |location=Stockholm |publisher=Norstedt |language=sv |id={{SELIBR|9649168}} |page=}}
*{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/2001/0425.html |editor-last=Jönsson |editor-first=Lena |title=Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 2001 |trans-title=Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 2001 |year=2000 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=9172850426 |id={{SELIBR|8261515}} |page=}}
*{{cite book |url=https://dokumen.pub/european-small-states-and-the-role-of-consuls-in-the-age-of-empire-1nbsped-9789004414389-9789004414372.html |last=Makko |first=Aryo |title=European small states and the role of consuls in the Age of Empire |year=2020 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004414372 |id={{LIBRIS|mzm674zxk0tppmpg}}}}
*{{cite news |url=https://tidningar.kb.se/4112812/2014-08-02/edition/139431/part/1/page/8/ |newspaper=Ystads Allehanda |title=Från Mumbai till Ystad |first=Linda |last=Nihlén |page=A8 |date=2 August 2014 |accessdate=23 April 2020 |language=sv |url-access=limited}}
*{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/65665/gupea_2077_65665_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |editor-last=Sköldenberg |editor-first=Bengt |title=Sveriges statskalender 1969 |year=1969 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |id={{SELIBR|3682754}} |page=}}
*{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/59828/gupea_2077_59828_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |editor-last=Spiegelberg |editor-first=Christina |title=Sveriges statskalender 1990 |year=1990 |publisher=Allmänna |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=913812291X |id={{SELIBR|3682769}} |page=}}
*{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/59834/gupea_2077_59834_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |editor-last=Spiegelberg |editor-first=Christina |title=Sveriges statskalender 2001 |year=2001 |publisher=Fritzes |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=9138318385 |id={{SELIBR|8261601}} |page=}}
*{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/59890/gupea_2077_59890_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |editor-last=Spiegelberg |editor-first=Christina |title=Sveriges statskalender 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Norstedts Juridik AB/Fritzes |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=9138323583 |id={{SELIBR|10414913}} |page=}}
*{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1955/0686.html |editor-last1=Svensson |editor-first1=Stina |editor-last2=Ekstedt |editor-first2=Tage |title=Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1955 |trans-title=Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 1955 |year=1955 |publisher=Norstedt |location=Stockholm |language=sv |id={{SELIBR|3681511}} |page=}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/india-mumbai/}} {{lang in|en|sv}}

{{Diplomatic missions of Sweden}}
{{Diplomatic missions in India}}

[[Category:Diplomatic missions of Sweden|Mumbai]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in Mumbai|Sweden]]
[[Category:India–Sweden relations]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Khatarnak (2013 film)

2026-03-04T04:41:04Z

Startupoffices: put up a details.

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khatarnak
| image = Khatarnak (2013 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = Malavalli Saikrishna
| writer = Malavalli Saikrishna
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Adithya Ramesh
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ravi Kale]]
*Roopika
*Shobha Raghavendra
}}

| narrator =
| cinematography = M. R. Seenu
| editing = J. N. Harsha
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| studio = Adithya Ramesh Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Khatarnak''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language drama film directed by Malavalli Saikrishna and starring [[Ravi Kale]] in the titular role, Roopika and Shobha Raghavendra. The film was released to mixed-to-negative reviews.

== Cast ==
*[[Ravi Kale]] as [[Umesh Reddy]]
*Roopika as Roopa
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as a police officer
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Hanumantha
*[[Bullet Prakash]]
*Shobha Raghavendra as Umesh's mother

== Production ==
The film was initially titled ''Khatarank Umesh Reddy'' before being shortened to ''Khataranak'' after the release of a similarly film titled ''Umesh'' (2013).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kannada-film-on-Umesh-Reddy-gets-a-new-name/articleshow/23360516.cms |title=Kannada film on Umesh Reddy gets a new name |date=2013-10-01 |author=Kavya Christopher |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> The film was given an [[Central Board of Film Certification#Certificates and guidelines|A certificate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-18/news-interviews/44201067_1_film-certification-khatarnak-rapist-umesh-reddyKhatarnak|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131122071400/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-18/news-interviews/44201067_1_film-certification-khatarnak-rapist-umesh-reddyKhatarnak|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-22|website=[[The Times of India]]|title=Khatarnak gets A certificate
|first=Anjali|last=Muthanna|date=18 November 2013|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "''Khatarnaak'' is devoid of entertainment or any elements that entertain. It is violence, sex and gore. But, the movie is a wake up call for vigilance in our neighbourhood".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-khatarnaak-is-violent/20131122.htm|title=Review: Khatarnaak is violent|date=22 November 2013|first=Srikanth|last=Srinivasa|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Though director Malavalli Saikrishna has brilliantly presented each of his criminal acts with a firm grip over script and narration, the message he is sending to the youth through this movie is questionable. There is sex, violence and killings that were part of Umesh’s life".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/khatarnak/movie-review/26272659.cms|title=KHATARNAK MOVIE REVIEW|date=22 November 2013|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "The film is strictly for those who want to watch ‘soft porn’ on big screen. But it is the first 15 minutes or so that actually titillate. The rest of it is just plain documentary of a serial killer's life"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-Khatarnak/articleshow/26223657.cms |title=Movie review: Khatarnak |author=Shyam Prasad S |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=2013-11-22|access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14019198}}

[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about real serial killers]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about serial killers]]

Rayachoty

2026-02-26T14:43:10Z

Startupoffices: put up a stub w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rayachoty
| official_name = Rayachoty
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14|03|30|N|78|45|06|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Election#Electorate|Electorate]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayalaseema]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| subdivision_name4 = 2,31,637 – Rayachoty
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Chairman-council government
| governing_body = Rayachoty Municipality
| leader_title1 = [[Parliament of India|MP]]
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/RAYACHOTY/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 39.78
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,25,000
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=634348 |publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Raachaveeteenu (రాచవీటీను), Rachaveedoru (రాచవీడోరు), Rayachoteenu (రాయచోటీను), Rayachotoru (రాయచోటోరు), Rachaveeduvanru (రాచవీడువాన్ఱు), Rayachotivanru(రాయచోటివాన్ఱు)
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516269
| area_code = 08561
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = AP04 and AP39
| website = {{URL|http://Rayachoty.com}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Mandipalli Ramprasad Reddy]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}
'''Rayachoty''' is one of the oldest towns in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.
Up to the end of 2025, it served as district headquarters to [[Annamayya district]] which is formed after [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)]] of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].
Rayachoty remains the headquarters to its own [[Rayachoti revenue division|revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Revenue Divisions and Mandals|url=http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm |website=Official website of YSR Kadapa District|publisher=National Informatics Centre- Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{bar box
| width = 250px
| barwidth = 100px
| title = Religions in Rayachoty
| titlebar = #ddd
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|Orange|50.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|Green|49.09}}
{{bar percent|Others†|Black|0.59}}
| caption = †{{small|Includes [[Sikh]]s, [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Christians]]}}
}}
{{bar box
| width = 250px
| barwidth = 100px
| title = Languages in Rayachoty
| titlebar = #ddd
| left1 = Language
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|cyan|52.99}}
{{bar percent|[[Urdu]]|Yellow|46.18}}
{{bar percent|Others|Black|0.83}}
}}
As of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Indian census]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004 |title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2011 Census including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=1 November 2008 |publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Rayachoty is classified as a municipal city in the district of YSR, Andhra Pradesh. The city of Rayachoty is divided into 34 wards, and city elections are held every 5 years. The Rayachoty Municipality has a population of 91,234 of which 46,517 are males and 44,717 are females.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

The population of children aged 0–6 is 11,446, comprising 12.55% of the total population of Rayachoty. In Rayachoty Municipality, the female sex ratio is 961, lower than the state average of 993. The child sex ratio in Rayachoty is also lower, around 898 compared to an Andhra Pradesh state average of 939. The literacy rate of Rayachoty City is 73.58%, higher than the state average of 67.02%. In Rayachoty, Male literacy is around 82.07% while the female literacy rate is 64.84%.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

Rayachoty Municipality has total administration over 20,452 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Municipality limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction. It is a 3rd largest town by population, education, financial and economic after the Kadapa and Proddutur.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

===Rayachoty administrative change===
On 31 December 2025, Rayachoty ceased to be the administrative headquarters of the Annamayya district following a state cabinet decision to reorganise district boundaries. The headquarters was officially shifted to [[Madanapalle]]. While Rayachoty remains the headquarters of its own revenue division and a major urban centre, the district collectorate and SP offices were relocated as part of a broader administrative restructuring that increased the total number of districts in Andhra Pradesh to 28. The move was met with local protests and demonstrations by the Joint Action Committee (JAC) and various political groups.

== History ==

Rayachoty was historically governed by a wide array of kingdoms, sultanates and empires. It used to be known as 'Rachouty' or 'Rachoutee'.

List of nations governing Rayachoty:
* [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] (1557–1616)
* [[Bijapur Sultanate]] (1616–1693)
* [[Mughal Empire]] (1693–1710)
* [[Arcot State|Nawab of Carnatic (Arcot State)]] (1710–1770)
* [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Dominions]] (1770–1799)
* [[Ceded Districts]] (1799)
* [[Madras Presidency]] and [[Madras State]] until [[States Reorganisation Commission|State Reorganisation]] in 1955

==Villages in Rayachoty Mandal==
{| class="wikitable"
!S.No
!Village Name
!Area (in Sq. km)
|-
|1
|Abbavaram (Rural)
|10.59
|-
|2
|Indukurupalle
|3.40
|-
|3
|Sibyala
|40.61
|-
|4
|Chennamukkapalle
|3.05
|-
|5
|Peddakalvapalle
|0.88
|-
|6
|Pemmadapalle
|6.94
|-
|7
|Syamalavaripalle
|0.75
|-
|8
|Dullavaripalle
|2.48
|-
|9
|Madhavaram
|39.5
|-
|10
|THURPUPALLI
|7 KLM
|-
|
|Total
|68.70
|}

==Historical Members of the Legislative Assembly==
* 1955 – Y. Audinarayana Reddy – [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1962 – Rachamalla Narayana Reddy – [[Swatantra Party]]
* 1967 – M. K. Reddy – [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1972 – Habibullah Mahal – [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1978 – Sugavasi Palakondrayudu – [[Janata Party]]
* 1983 – Sugavasi Palakondrayudu – [[Independent politician]]
* 1985 – Mandipalle Nagi Reddy – [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1989 – Mandipalle Nagi Reddy – [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1994 – [[M. Narayana Reddy]] – [[Indian National Congress]]
* 1999 – Sugavasi Palakondrayudu – [[Telugu Desam Party]]
* 2004 – Sugavasi Palakondrayudu – Telugu Desam Party
* 2009 – [[Gadikota Srikanth Reddy]] – [[Indian National Congress]]
*2012-[[Gadikota Srikanth Reddy]] -[[YSR Congress Party]]-bypoll
* 2014 –[[Gadikota Srikanth Reddy]] - [[YSR Congress Party]]
* 2019 – [[Gadikota Srikanth Reddy]] – [[YSR Congress Party]]
* 2024 - [[Mandipalli Ramprasad Reddy]] - [[Telugu Desam Party]]

== Transport ==
Rayachoty is well connected by road, rail (in construction) and air (45 km to Kadapa Airport). There are 9 main roads within the town. Three National highways pass through the town.

* National Highway 40, Kurnool–Piler-Chittoor–Ranipet passes through the town. NH40 is also called the Rayalaseema Express highway.
* [[National Highway 340 (India)|National Highway 340]] connects the town with the Kurabalakunta road of (Bangalore–Madanapalli–Rayachoty–Kadapa) [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* Proposed NH 370 Nellore to [[Ananthapuram|Anathapuram]] (Nellore–Rapur–Rajampet–Rayachoty–Kadiri–Anathapuram) is currently under planning.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State|url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=11 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from the Rayachoty bus Depot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref>

There is a railway station under construction in Rayachoty under the [[Kadapa–Bangalore section|Kadapa-Bangalore]] railway project.

==Education==
Primary and secondary school education is provided by both government-aided and private schools under the state's School Education Department.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> The languages of instruction followed by different schools include English, [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]]. Rayachoty has a [[literacy rate]] of 61.6%; male literacy is 73% and female literacy is 51%. Most adolescents leave the region upon graduation due to lack of employment opportunities.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

The town has one of the oldest Teacher Training Institutes (DIET) in the region, dating back to the [[British Raj|British occupation]]. There is an engineering college and a government polytechnic college in Rayachoty town. The government allocated 55 acres of land for the establishment of Yogi Vemana University PG extension in the year 2023 to support local students. There were some rumours spreading over in this region some premier institutions like Central Agricultural University or Medical institute will buit over this region to compensate the loss of district headquarters.

== Notable locations ==
Rayachoty is known for its thousand-year old temple dedicated to Lord Sri Veerabhadra Swamy (also called Dakshina Kaasi). The temple is located on the bank of Mandavya river. This temple is unique in that Daksha Prajapati appears to be in the worshipping form of the Lord Veerabhadra Swamy.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Annamayya district}}
{{Portal bar|India|Geography|Society}}

[[Category:Geography of Annamayya district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Andhra Pradesh]]

Jama Mosque, Ramgarh

2026-02-24T21:40:44Z

Startupoffices: put up new stub.

{{Short description|Mosque in Chitarpur, Ramgarh, Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Jama Mosque
| image = Jama Masjid in 2009.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The mosque in 2009
| location = [[Chitarpur]], [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.571|85.652|type:landmark_region:IN-JH|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| map_type = India Jharkhand
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Jharkhand]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| rite =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Islamic architecture|Islamic]]|[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]}}
| facade_direction =
| year_completed = 1670
| construction_cost =
| capacity = 5,000 worshippers
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = 4
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = 4
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
}}

The '''Jame Mosque''', or '''Jama Masjid''', is a [[congregational mosque|Friday mosque]] located in [[Chitarpur]] town in the [[Ramgarh district]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. Built in 1670 by Mughal rulers in the [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] style, it is one of the oldest mosques of the state. The mosque holds daily prayer sessions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ramgarh.nic.in/jamamasjid.htm |title=Jama Masjid |publisher=Jharkhand Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815122300/http://ramgarh.nic.in/jamamasjid.htm |archive-date=2016-08-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>

Jama Masjid in 1980s.jpg|The mosque in the 1980s

</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Grand mosques|Ramgarh]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1670s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1670]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

David Chadwick (civil servant)

2026-02-24T05:48:02Z

Startupoffices: made first post initial version

Sir '''David Chadwick''', [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]], [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India|C.S.I.]], [[C.I.E.]] (1876–1954) was a prominent member of the [[Indian Civil Service]].<ref name="ISKB 1935-6">{{cite book |last1=Wollaston |first1=Gerald W. |author-link=Gerald Wollaston|title=Knights Bachelor 1935 1936 |date=1935 |publisher=The Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84757}}</ref>

He was secretary of the [[Imperial Agricultural Bureaux]]<ref name="IAB AR No. 2 1931">{{cite journal |title=Executive Council |journal=Imperial Agricultural Bureaux Annual Report |date=1931 |volume=2 |issue=Second Annual Report |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/187151}}</ref> which he represented on the Standing Advisory Committee of the [[ASLIB Microfilm Service]].<ref name="Moholy (1946) ASLIB Microfilm Service">{{cite journal |last1=Moholy |first1=Lucia |author-link=Lucia Moholy|title=The ASLIB Microfilm Service. The Story of its Wartime Activities |journal=Journal of Documentation |date=1946 |volume=2 |issue=3, April |pages=147–173 |doi=10.1108/eb026093 |url=https://vlex.co.uk/vid/the-aslib-microfilm-service-846704616|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{UK-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chadwick, David}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1954 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]

Divya Bharti

2026-02-19T10:52:12Z

Startupoffices: small edit

{{Short description|Indian actress (1974–1993)}}
{{Distinguish|Divyabharathi}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Divya Bharti
| image = File:Actress Divya Bharti.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Bharti in 1992
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1974|02|25}}<ref name="DOB">{{cite web | title=Divya Bharti: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday | website=eTimes | date=28 June 2017 | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/topics/Divya-Bharti | access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{death-date and age|5 April 1993|25 February 1974}}
| death_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actress
| height =
| years_active = 1990{{endash}}1993
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sajid Nadiadwala]]|1992}}
| website =
| signature = Divya Bharti's Signature.jpg
}}

'''Divya Bharti'''{{efn|There are numerous variant spellings of the name. These include Divya Bharati and Divya Bharathi.}} ({{IPA|hi|dɪʋjaː bʱaːrtiː}}; 25 February 1974 – 5 April 1993) was an Indian actress who predominantly worked in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema]]. Known for her acting, vivacity and beauty, she was among the highest-paid actresses of her time. She received a [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] and a [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] for her performances.<ref name="Awards">{{cite web | title=When Shah Rukh Khan recalled his reaction to the death of Deewana co-star Divya Bharti: ‘I was supposed to do another film with her’ | website=The Indian Express | date=6 April 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/when-shah-rukh-khan-recalled-his-reaction-to-the-death-of-deewana-co-star-divya-bharti-i-was-supposed-to-do-another-film-with-her-9928442/ | access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

Bharti began her career as a teenager while working as a [[pin-up model]]. She made her acting debut with the Telugu film ''[[Bobbili Raja]]'' (1990), which was a blockbuster at the box office. She subsequently starred in successful Telugu films such as ''[[Assembly Rowdy]]'' (1991) and ''[[Rowdy Alludu]]'' (1991), establishing herself as a leading actress in the industry. She received the [[Nandi Special Jury Award]] for her performance in ''[[Chittemma Mogudu]]'' (1992), before transitioning to Hindi cinema with the action thriller ''[[Vishwatma]]'' (1992) and the action comedy [[Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)|''Shola Aur Shabnam'']] (1992). She solidified her position with the romantic drama [[Deewana (1992 film)|''Deewana'']] (1992), which won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]].

On 5 April 1993, Bharti died at the age of 19 after falling from the balcony of her fifth-floor apartment in Bombay. The circumstances of her death led to various conspiracy theories, but it was officially ruled as an accidental fall.<ref name="Demise">{{cite web | title=How Divya Bharti spent hours before her untimely death at 19 | website=The Indian Express | date=6 April 2022 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/how-divya-bharti-spent-hours-before-her-untimely-death-at-19-mystery-7853484/ | access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bharti was born on 25 February 1974 in Mumbai to Om Prakash Bharti and Meeta Bharti.<ref name="Birthdate">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Aastha |title=उस रात, मौत के चंद घंटों पहले क्या हुआ था दिव्या भारती के साथ! |trans-title=That Night, What Happened With Divya Bharti A Few Hours Before Her Death |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/news-archives/entertainment-archives/divya-bharti-death-mystery |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=Amar Ujala |agency=Amar Ujala Limited |date=18 June 2018 |language=hi |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124045/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/news-archives/entertainment-archives/divya-bharti-death-mystery |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Caṭṭopādhyāẏa2009">{{cite book |last1=Saari |first1=Anil |last2=Caṭṭopādhyāẏa |first2=Pārtha |title=Hindi Cinema: An Insider's View |date=2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-569584-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqzQOgAACAAJ |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124005/https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/dqzQOgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> She had a younger brother named Kunal and a half-sister, Poonam, from her father's previous marriage. Actress [[Kainaat Arora]] is her second cousin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/divya-bhartis-cousin-kainaat-arora-to-make-bollywood-debut-with-grand-masti-634510 |title=Divya Bharti's cousin Kainaat Arora to make Bollywood debut with Grand Masti |publisher=NDTV Movies |access-date=3 May 2020 |date=9 August 2013 |author=Press Trust Of India |location=New Delhi |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124050/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/divya-bhartis-cousin-kainaat-arora-to-make-bollywood-debut-with-grand-masti-634510 |url-status=live}}</ref> She spoke [[Hindi]], English and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] fluently.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=DIVYA BHARTI |url=https://www.getatoz.com/content/divya-bharti/729 |publisher=Getagoz |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124021/https://www.getatoz.com/content/divya-bharti/729 }}</ref> In her early years, she was known for her bubbly personality and doll-like looks.<ref name="Bubbly">{{cite news |title=Divya Bharti's 46th birth anniversary: Popular Telugu films of the bubbly actress who died tragically young |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/divya-bhartis-46th-birth-anniversary-popular-telugu-films-of-the-bubbly-actress-who-died-tragically-young/photostory/74284623.cms |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=Entertainment Times |agency=The Times Group |publisher=The Times of India |date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209123953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/divya-bhartis-46th-birth-anniversary-popular-telugu-films-of-the-bubbly-actress-who-died-tragically-young/photostory/74284623.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Doll">{{cite news |title=Bollywood mysteries that remain unsolved even today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-mysteries-that-remain-unsolved-even-today/photostory/38140568.cms |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=Entertainment Times |agency=The Times Group |publisher=The Times of India |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-mysteries-that-remain-unsolved-even-today/photostory/38140568.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FPJ">{{cite news |author1=FPJ Web Desk |title=4 Bollywood beauties unsolved death mysteries |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/latest-news/four-bollywood-beauties-unsolved-death-mysteries |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=The Free Press Journal |agency=Indian National Press |date=18 February 2016 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209123951/https://www.freepressjournal.in/latest-news/four-bollywood-beauties-unsolved-death-mysteries |url-status=live}}</ref> She studied at Maneckji Cooper High School in [[Juhu]], Mumbai. Bharti was a restless student at school and completed the 9th standard{{efn|name=exchange|Ninth grade, freshman year, or grade 9 is the ninth post-kindergarten year of school education in India}} before pursuing an acting career.<ref name="School">{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |title=After 26 Years, Divya Bharti's Death Still Remains a Mystery |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/divya-bharti-mysterious-death-sajid-nadiadwala-shah-rukh-khan-deewana-rishi-kapoor |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=The Quint |agency=Quintillion Media Pvt Ltd |date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124050/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/divya-bharti-mysterious-death-sajid-nadiadwala-shah-rukh-khan-deewana-rishi-kapoor |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Film career==
=== Early roles and Telugu films===
In 1988, while still in the ninth grade, Bharti was signed by filmmaker Nandu Tolani for a film project. She was initially slated to make her debut in ''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (1990 film)|Gunahon Ka Devta]]'' (1990), but her role was later cancelled and she was replaced by [[Sangeeta Bijlani]].<ref name="Debut1988">{{cite news |last1=Kanojia |first1=Sonam |title=Divya Bharti's first film, but before her debut she was replaced by Salman Khan's ex-girlfriend |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/divya-bharti-replaced-by-salman-khan-ex-girlfriend-sangeeta-bijlani-in-her-bollywood-debut-movie-gunahon-ka-devta-in-1988/articleshow/89821296.cms#google_vignette |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=Navbharat Times |agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> Around the same time, Kirti Kumar, brother of actor [[Govinda]], noticed her at a video rental store and expressed interest in casting her opposite Govinda in ''[[Radha Ka Sangam]] (1992)''. Kumar negotiated with director Dilip Shankar to release her from her earlier contract. Despite undergoing months of training in dance and acting, Bharti was eventually replaced by [[Juhi Chawla]] in ''Radha Ka Sangam''. Media reports speculated that the decision stemmed from concerns over her youthful demeanor and Kumar's alleged possessiveness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merepix.com/2013/12/remembering-actress-divya-bharti-rare-photos-videos.html |title=Remembering Actress Divya Bharti – Rare Photos & Videos |work=Mere Pix |access-date=27 September 2015 |author=MERE PIX |date=31 December 2013 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124000/https://www.merepix.com/2013/12/remembering-actress-divya-bharti-rare-photos-videos.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Bharti's career was stalled until [[D. Ramanaidu]], a [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] film producer, offered her a leading role in the film ''[[Bobbili Raja]]'' opposite his son [[Daggubati Venkatesh]]. Filmed in [[Andhra Pradesh]], the movie marked her official screen debut and achieved significant commercial success. ''Bobbili Raja'' was released in the summer of 1990 and considered one of the notable Telugu films of the early 1990s.<ref name="Bobbili 90s">{{cite web | last=H | first=Murali Krishna C | title=Jungle reels | website=The New Indian Express | date=8 May 2021 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/May/08/jungle-reels-2299821.html | access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bobbili">{{cite news |title=Bobbili Raja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/bobbili-raja/movieshow/61344522.cms |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=Entertainment Times |agency=The Times Group |publisher=The Times of India |date=30 July 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/bobbili-raja/movieshow/61344522.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, Bharti acted in another Tamil film ''[[Nila Pennae]]'' alongside [[Anand (actor)|Anand]]. The film did not perform well critically or commercially. In 1991, Bharti had back-to-back hits with [[action comedy film]] ''[[Rowdy Alludu]]'' and drama ''[[Assembly Rowdy]]'' opposite actors [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Mohan Babu]], respectively.<ref name="Rowdy">{{cite web |title=Hits and flops of Chiranjeevi |url=http://www.tollymasala.com/news/hits-and-flops-of-chiranjeevi |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124030/http://www.tollymasala.com/news/hits-and-flops-of-chiranjeevi |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Assembly">{{cite news |title=Birthday Special! Mohan Babu: Blockbuster films the veteran actor produced and starred in |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-special-mohan-babu-blockbuster-films-the-veteran-actor-produced-and-starred-in/photostory/68479399.cms |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=Entertainment Times |agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |publisher=The Times of India |date=19 March 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/birthday-special-mohan-babu-blockbuster-films-the-veteran-actor-produced-and-starred-in/photostory/68479399.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, Bharti began filming [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]'s action-romance ''[[Dharma Kshetram]]'' under the banner of Sri Rajeev Productions. The project marked her first collaboration with Telugu actor [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]].<ref name="outlook">{{cite web |title=Outlook |date=4 August 2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-kvAQAAIAAJ&q=divya |access-date=4 May 2020 |publisher=Hathway Investments Pvt Ltd |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124017/https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/0-kvAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=divya |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Transition to Hindi films and stardom ===
Following her success in [[Telugu films]], Bharti attracted the attention of leading [[Hindi cinema]] directors. In 1992, Bharti made her Hindi film debut with [[Rajiv Rai]]’s ensemble action-drama''[[Vishwatma]]'', alongside [[Sunny Deol]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Chunky Pandey]], and [[Sonam (actress) |Sonam]].<ref name="Rai Debut">{{cite web | last=Bhandari | first=Kabir Singh | title=Even Gulshan Grover didn’t know that ‘Saat Samundar Paar’ is lifted from this English song | website=Hindustan Times | date=23 January 2018 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/did-you-know-vishwatma-s-saat-samundar-paar-is-inspired-from-this-english-song/story-TB1ObdERVhDtRFNklX7ukL.html | access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> She was cast as Kusum Verma—love interest of Sunny Deol.<ref name="Role">{{cite web | title=Vishwatma | website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vishwatma | access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> Released on 24 January 1992, the film was both a commercial and critical success, ranking as the sixth highest-grossing Indian film of the year.<ref name="Grosser">{{cite web | last=Bhopatkar | first=Tejashree | title=Exclusive! 29 years of 'Vishwatma': When Chunky Panday danced amidst lions and wild animals in a jungle | website=The Times of India | date=24 January 2021 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-29-years-of-vishwatma-when-chunky-panday-danced-amidst-lions-and-wild-animals-in-a-jungle/articleshow/80434696.cms | access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> The popularity of the song 'Saat Samundar' from the soundtrack received notable attention and became associated with Bharti's early success.<ref name="a415">{{cite web | title=‘Divya Bharti came crying to my office’: Rajiv Rai recalls launching late actor without a screen test, says he rejected her in first meeting | website=[[The Indian Express]] | date=10 August 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/divya-bharti-came-crying-to-my-office-rajiv-rai-launched-without-screen-test-rejected-her-first-10178953/ | access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Filmfare]]'', Bharti said that she liked her role as Kusum, in the film, describing it as a "very good role".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ebay.com/itm/Filmfare-Dec-1991-Juhi-Chawla-Rahul-Roy-Divya-Bharati-Meenakshi-Javed-Akhtar-/133664669871 |title=Divya Bharati: Superbharat |date=December 1991 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=18 February 2021 |page=1 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819173015/https://www.ebay.com/itm/Filmfare-Dec-1991-Juhi-Chawla-Rahul-Roy-Divya-Bharati-Meenakshi-Javed-Akhtar-/133664669871 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was an average box office performer but gained Bharti wider recognition from the public as well as film critics.<ref name="Fame">{{cite news |title=Remembering Divya Bharti on her 25th death anniversary: The Hindi film diva who died too soon |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-remembering-divya-bharti-on-her-25th-death-anniversary-bollywood-diva-who-died-too-soon-435939 |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=India TV |agency=Independent News Services Private Ltd. |date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124010/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-remembering-divya-bharti-on-her-25th-death-anniversary-bollywood-diva-who-died-too-soon-435939 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Critics">{{cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Kabir Singh |title=Even Gulshan Grover didn't know that 'Saat Samundar Paar' is lifted from this English song |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/did-you-know-vishwatma-s-saat-samundar-paar-is-inspired-from-this-english-song/story-TB1ObdERVhDtRFNklX7ukL.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media Ltd |date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209123957/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/did-you-know-vishwatma-s-saat-samundar-paar-is-inspired-from-this-english-song/story-TB1ObdERVhDtRFNklX7ukL.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Bharti was most notable for the song used in the film ''Saat Samundar''.<ref name="Sentinel">{{cite news |last1=Medhi |first1=Indrani |title=The Indelible Divya Bharti |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/melange/the-indelible-divya-bharti/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=The Sentinel (Guwahati) |agency=Omega Printers & Publishers Pvt. Ltd |date=5 April 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124002/https://www.sentinelassam.com/melange/the-indelible-divya-bharti/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A week later, Bharti's worked in [[Lawrence D'Souza]]'s romantic drama ''[[Dil Ka Kya Kasoor]]'' opposite Prithvi.<ref name="Kasoor">{{cite web |title=Dil Ka Kya Kasoor |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dil-ka-kya-kasoor/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=31 January 1992 |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124003/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dil-ka-kya-kasoor/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The film failed to do well at the box office but was recognised for its music.<ref name="India today">{{cite news |title=Shatranj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWpDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=28 July 2012 |work=India Today |volume=19 |issue=1–6 |publisher=Thomson Living Media India Limited |date=1994 |location=India}}</ref>

In March 1992, her next release was [[David Dhawan]]'s romantic [[action drama]] ''[[Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)|Shola Aur Shabnam]]''. It received positive reviews and was a box office hit, marking Bharti's first major hit in Hindi films.<ref name="Shola 1992">{{cite news |title=Shola Aur Shabnam - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/shola-aur-shabnam-official-trailer/videoshow/63843850.cms |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=Entertainment Times |agency=The Times Group |publisher=Times of India |date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/shola-aur-shabnam-official-trailer/videoshow/63843850.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="First Hit">{{cite news |title=Govinda on feud with David Dhawan: Not the same person I used to know, think he is under somebody's influence |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/govinda-on-feud-with-david-dhawan-not-the-same-person-i-used-to-know-think-he-is-under-somebodys-influence-7086161.html |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=Firstpost |agency=Network 18 |date=31 July 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124045/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/govinda-on-feud-with-david-dhawan-not-the-same-person-i-used-to-know-think-he-is-under-somebodys-influence-7086161.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She achieved further success in [[Raj Kanwar]]'s ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]],'' which starred veteran actor [[Rishi Kapoor]] and newcomer [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]. It was one of the biggest hits of 1992.<ref name="Sensation">{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |title=After 26 Years, Divya Bharti's Death Still Remains a Mystery |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/divya-bharti-mysterious-death-sajid-nadiadwala-shah-rukh-khan-deewana-rishi-kapoor |access-date=13 September 2020 |work=Quint |agency=Gaurav Mercantiles Ltd |date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124025/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/divya-bharti-mysterious-death-sajid-nadiadwala-shah-rukh-khan-deewana-rishi-kapoor |url-status=live}}</ref> Her performance in ''Deewana'' was highly appreciated.<ref name="A-list status">{{cite news |last1=Wagh |first1=Nikita |title=Divya Bharti: Remembering the Deewana actress through candid pictures |url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/divya-bharti-its-been-25-years-since-the-deewana-actress-tragic-death/16530 |access-date=13 September 2020 |work=Mid Day |agency=Jagran Prakashan Limited |publisher=Mid Day Infomedia Limited |date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124057/https://www.mid-day.com/photos-all/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Critics reported that Bharti belonged to a new breed of Hindi film actors who broke away from character stereotypes. Bharti won the [[Filmfare Award for Lux New Face of the Year]].<ref name="India today" /> By July 1992, Bharti's work in ''Deewana'' was said to have earned her more recognition.<ref name="FressPress">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Roshmila |title=Moments & Memories: Divya Bharti, the girl who went away too soon |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/moments-memories-divya-bharti-the-girl-who-went-away-too-soon |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=Free Press Journal |date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711062837/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/moments-memories-divya-bharti-the-girl-who-went-away-too-soon |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1992, Bharti appeared in several Hindi-language films. These included the action drama ''[[Jaan Se Pyaara]]'' opposite [[Govinda]];<ref name="Jaan Se">{{cite web |title=Jaan Se Pyara (1992) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jaan-se-pyara/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=January 1992 |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124013/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jaan-se-pyara/ |url-status=live}}</ref> romantic drama ''[[Geet (1992 film)|Geet]]'' opposite [[Avinash Wadhawan]]; action ''[[Dushman Zamana]]'' alongside [[Armaan Kohli]], and action drama ''[[Balwaan]]'' that marked the debut of [[Suniel Shetty]].<ref name="Filmfare Movies">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Rachit |title=Know your actor: Divya Bharti |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/know-your-actor-divya-bharti-7968-7.html |access-date=14 September 2020 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=15 December 2014 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124051/https://www.filmfare.com/features/know-your-actor-divya-bharti-7968-7.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Debut Sunil">{{cite news |title=Suniel Shetty: When I started my career people called me wooden |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/suneil-shetty-when-i-started-my-career-people-called-me-wooden/articleshow/58712965.cms |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=Entertainment Times |agency=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |date=17 March 2017 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819173017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/suneil-shetty-when-i-started-my-career-people-called-me-wooden/articleshow/58712965.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Balwaan'' achieved moderate commercial success. In October of the same year, Bharti featured in ''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]'', a romantic drama directed by [[Hema Malini]]. Although the film did not perform well at the box office, Bharti's portrayal of a bar dancer searching for her birth mother received critical appreciation.<ref name="25 years">{{cite news |last1=Paikat |first1=Anita |title=25 years of Dil Aashna Hai: Revisiting Hema Malini's film directorial debut |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/oct/23/8788 |access-date=13 September 2020 |work=Cinestan |date=23 October 2017 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124031/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/oct/23/8788 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bharti expressed a commitment to continue working in Telugu cinema, aiming to appear in at least one Telugu film annually to maintain her connection with the Telugu audience. ''[[Chittemma Mogudu]]'' co-starring Mohan Babu, was released in early 1993.<ref name="Last Telugu">{{cite web |title=CHITTEMMA MOGUDU |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chittemma-mogudu-26334 |publisher=Cinestaan |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124050/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/chittemma-mogudu-26334 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her final film released during her lifetime was ''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]'', an ensemble cast drama featuring Sunny Deol, [[Sanjay Dutt]], and [[Raveena Tandon]], which released on 26 March 1993.<ref name="Kshatriya">{{cite news |title=Kshatriya |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kshatriya/movieshow/61266022.cms |publisher=Entertainment Times |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/kshatriya/movieshow/61266022.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Following her death, two Hindi films—''[[Rang (1993 film)|Rang]]'' and ''[[Shatranj (1993 film)|Shatranj]]''—were released posthumously on 7 July and 17 December 1993, respectively. Both films saw moderate success.<ref name="Release 1993">{{cite web |title=Rang Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rang/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 September 1993 |access-date=14 September 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124022/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rang/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shatranj1993">{{cite web |title=Shatranj Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shatranj-2/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 December 1993 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124023/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shatranj-2/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Although Bharti had completed filming her scenes, a dubbing artist was used for her voice as she had not recorded her own dialogue. Her incomplete [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Tholi Muddhu]]'' was partly completed by [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], who slightly resembled Bharti and hence was used as her body double to complete her remaining scenes.<ref name="Telugu release">{{cite web | last=Sengupta | first=Bhaswati | title=Divya Bharti Death Anniversary 2025: Which Films Were Released After Her Death? Actress' Movie List | website=News18 | date=5 April 2025 | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/divya-bharti-death-anniversary-which-films-were-released-after-her-death-actress-movie-list-ws-l-9284965.html | access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> The film was released in October 1993.<ref name="Bharti 1993">{{cite news |last1=Medhi |first1=Indrani |title=The Indelible Divya Bharti |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/melange/the-indelible-divya-bharti/ |access-date=25 June 2021 |work=The Sentinel |date=9 April 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124002/https://www.sentinelassam.com/melange/the-indelible-divya-bharti/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following Bharti's death in April 1993, several film projects in which she had been cast were completed with other actors. She was replaced in ''[[Mohra]]'' by Raveena Tandon, in ''[[Kartavya (1995 film)|Kartavya]]'' by [[Juhi Chawla]], in ''[[Vijaypath]]'' by [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], in ''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]'' again by Tandon, in ''[[Andolan (1995 film)|Andolan]]'' by [[Mamta Kulkarni]], in ''[[Hulchul (1995 film)|Hulchal]]'' by [[Kajol]], and in ''[[Angrakshak]]'' by [[Pooja Bhatt]].<ref name="Koimoi">{{cite web | last=Madaan | first=Jishika | title=Divya Bharti Had 12 Unfinished Films Before Her Death: With Overall 66% Success Ratio & Raveena Tandon Adding 3 Hits To Her Kitty | website=Koimoi | date=27 August 2024 | url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/divya-bharti-had-12-unfinished-films-before-her-death-with-overall-66-success-ratio-raveena-tandon-adding-3-hits-to-her-kitty-check-out-their-ultimate-box-office-fate/ | access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Posthumous">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Nivedita |title=Actor Divya Bharti died at nineteen: 27 years later, her untimely death remains a mystery to many |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/actor-divya-bharti-died-at-nineteen-27-years-later-her-untimely-death-remains-a-mystery-to-many/story-yMeJl8oL29ACBPRQrczy5K.html |access-date=14 September 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media Ltd |date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124038/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/actor-divya-bharti-died-at-nineteen-27-years-later-her-untimely-death-remains-a-mystery-to-many/story-yMeJl8oL29ACBPRQrczy5K.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 June 2013 |first1=Rachit |last1=Gupta |title=Flashback Friday: Forever young - Divya Bharti |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/flashback-friday-forever-young-divya-bharti-3370.html |access-date=14 June 2016 |work=Filmfare.com |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124042/https://www.filmfare.com/features/flashback-friday-forever-young-divya-bharti-3370.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |author1=Anjali Muthanna |title=What happens to incomplete films when actors die? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/What-happens-to-incomplete-films-when-actors-die/articleshow/26794860.cms |access-date=14 June 2016 |work=The Times of India |date=4 December 2013 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/What-happens-to-incomplete-films-when-actors-die/articleshow/26794860.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Bharti had completed a significant portion of filming for ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]'', but the role was subsequently reshot with [[Sridevi]].<ref>{{cite news |language=hi |title=Divya Bharti: Death remains unsolved mystery |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-divya-bharti-death-remains-unsolved-mystery-10164837.html |access-date=14 June 2016 |work=Jagran |date=25 February 2013 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124043/https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-divya-bharti-death-remains-unsolved-mystery-10164837.html |url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports, Bharti was initially considered for the role of Simran in ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' and was reportedly director [[Aditya Chopra]]'s first choice for the part.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/divya-bharti-death-anniversary-mystery-unknown-facts-842046-2017-04-05/7 | title=Remembering Divya Bharti: 6 lesser known facts about the late actor | date=5 April 2017 }}</ref> She was also signed to portray Kiran Awasthi in ''[[Darr]]'', but was later replaced by Juhi Chawla, reportedly at the request of actor [[Aamir Khan]].<ref name="Darr role">{{cite web | title=When Aamir Khan replaced Divya Bharti with Juhi Chawla in Darr, she called out his 'starry attitude' | website=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=29 July 2022 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-aamir-khan-replaced-divya-bharti-with-juhi-chawla-in-darr-101659101132081.html | access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

Bharti had also signed on for several film projects that were ultimately shelved following her death. These included ''Do Kadam'' with [[Salman Khan]], ''Kanyadaan'' with [[Rishi Kapoor]], ''Parinaam'' with [[Akshay Kumar]], ''Bajrang'' with [[Sunny Deol]], and ''Chal Pe Chal'' with [[Jackie Shroff]].<ref name="Unreleased films">{{cite web | title=Divya Bharti Replaced By Salman Khan Ex Girlfriend Sangeeta Bijlani| website=Loksatta | date=25 February 2022 | url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/divya-bharti-replaced-by-salman-khan-ex-girlfriend-sangeeta-bijlani-in-her-bollywood-debut-movie-gunahon-ka-devta-nrp-97-2819406/ | language=mr | access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> Production on these films did not proceed, and they remained unreleased.

== Personal life ==
Bharti met director-producer [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] through actor [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] while working on the set of ''[[Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)|Shola Aur Shabnam]]'', and married Nadiadwala on 10 May 1992<ref>{{cite web |last1=virodai |first1=Yashodhara |date=13 September 2017 |title=दिव्या भारती के मौत की असली वजह |url=https://www.newstrend.news/68072/bollywood-actress-divya-bharti-death-mystery/ |trans-title=The Real Reason behind Divya Bharti's Death |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124039/https://www.newstrend.news/68072/bollywood-actress-divya-bharti-death-mystery/ |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=NewsTrend |language=hi}}</ref> in the presence of her hairdresser and friend Sandhya, Sandhya's husband.<ref name="ht">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Roshmila |date=24 April 2011 |title=Too young to die |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/too-young-to-die/story-YJq1kkah1FcCqZSn7aDCsK.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124029/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/too-young-to-die/story-YJq1kkah1FcCqZSn7aDCsK.html |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PHOTOS: Who killed Divya Bharti ? |work=Sahara Samay |url=http://www.saharasamay.com/gallery/photo-gallery/entertainment-photogallery/photos-who-killed-divya-bharti-/676478779/5/31178.html#photo |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124044/http://www.saharasamay.com/gallery/photo-gallery/entertainment-photogallery/photos-who-killed-divya-bharti-/676478779/5/31178.html#photo |archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> The marriage was kept secret so as to not affect her film career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood mysteries that remain unsolved even today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-mysteries-that-remain-unsolved-even-today/bollywood-mysteries-that-remain-unsolved-even-today/photostory/38140566.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-mysteries-that-remain-unsolved-even-today/photostory/38140566.cms |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Ashish |date=20 December 2019 |title=इन 6 एक्ट्रेसेस ने छिपाकर रखी थी अपनी शादी की खबर |trans-title=These 6 Actresses Had Kept Secret The News Of Their Marriage |url=https://www.newstrend.news/281778/bollywoods-secret-marriages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124055/https://www.newstrend.news/281778/bollywoods-secret-marriages/ |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=NewsTrend |language=hi}}</ref>

== Death ==
In the late evening hours of 5 April 1993, Bharti fell from the balcony window of her fifth-floor apartment in Tulsi Buildings, [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]], [[Andheri West]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web |title=Looking at stars who died young |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-death-anniversary-of-divya-bharti-and-kurt-cobain/20110405.htm |publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] |access-date=27 December 2011 |date=26 December 2011 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905140516/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-death-anniversary-of-divya-bharti-and-kurt-cobain/20110405.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Death">{{cite news |last1=Khushwaha |first1=Preeti |title=Happy Birthday Divya Bharti |url=https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/happy-birthday-divya-bharti-unknown-facts-before-divya-bharti-death-4187694/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=Rajasthan Patrika |agency=Rajasthan Patrika Pvt. Ltd. |date=25 February 2019 |language=hi |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124009/https://www.patrika.com/bollywood-news/happy-birthday-divya-bharti-unknown-facts-before-divya-bharti-death-4187694/ |url-status=live}}</ref> When her guests [[Neeta Lulla]], Neeta's husband Shyam Lulla, Bharti's maid Amrita Kumari, and neighbours realised what had happened, she was rushed in an ambulance to the emergency department at [[Cooper Hospital]], where she died. She died at the age of 19. Her death was subject to conspiracy theories but her father denied any wrongdoing.<ref name="Mystery">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Nivedita |title=Actor Divya Bharti died at nineteen: 27 years later, her untimely death remains a mystery to many |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/actor-divya-bharti-died-at-nineteen-27-years-later-her-untimely-death-remains-a-mystery-to-many/story-yMeJl8oL29ACBPRQrczy5K.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=HT Media Ltd |date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124034/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/actor-divya-bharti-died-at-nineteen-27-years-later-her-untimely-death-remains-a-mystery-to-many/story-yMeJl8oL29ACBPRQrczy5K.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The official causes of her death were deemed to be head injuries and internal bleeding. She was cremated on 7 April 1993 at the [[Vile Parle]] [[crematorium]] in Bombay.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Farhana |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/remembering-divya-bharti-12829.html |title=Remembering Divya Bharti |date=5 April 2016 |work=Filmfare.com |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124041/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/remembering-divya-bharti-12829.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reactions and legacy ==
Bharti acted in 21 films during her short career and was one of the highest-paid actresses at the time of her death. She had made a mark in the industry at the very young age with her remarkable acting skills.<ref name="timesofindia6facts">{{Cite web |date=25 February 2020 |title=Divya Bharti: 6 Lesser known facts about the 'Deewana' actress on her 46th birth anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/divya-bharti-6-lesser-known-facts-about-the-deewana-actress-on-her-46th-birth-anniversary/photostory/74292885.cms |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/divya-bharti-6-lesser-known-facts-about-the-deewana-actress-on-her-46th-birth-anniversary/photostory/74292885.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Her offscreen persona and unique acting ability have been highly appreciated and reminisced by many of her co-stars and critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Divya Bharti |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/remembering-divya-bharti-12829.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124041/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/remembering-divya-bharti-12829.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Bharti appeared in the "Top Actress" list of ''[[Box Office India]]'' in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2013 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |access-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115031434/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> In 2022, she was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actresses" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actresses Who Ruled The Silver Screen With Grace, Beauty And Talent |work=Outlook India |date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-bollywood-actresses-who-ruled-the-silver-screen-with-grace-beauty-and-talent-news-216694/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

Her sudden death left the industry stunned. Talking about her and her acting, [[Shah Rukh Khan]], who shared screen space with her in ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]'' and ''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]'' described her "stunning as an actor".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan about Late Divya Bharti. |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=zSkztbyOGsw |url-status=live |archive-date=19 August 2021 |website=YouTube | date=29 May 2011 |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819173009/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=zSkztbyOGsw}}</ref> [[Suniel Shetty]] stated, "I have not yet seen any other actress who is as talented as Divya Bharti. I don't think anyone had as much talent as she possessed. Her talent was unbelievable, she'd do ''masti'' and ''bachpana'' (fun and childish behavior) before the shoot commenced and when asked for, she'd give such a perfect shot that I used to forget my own dialogues!".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Suniel Shetty Opens up About His first co-star Divya Bharti! |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/COZVB5-hYdn/ |website=Instagram |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=19 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919120545/https://www.instagram.com/p/COZVB5-hYdn/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Actress [[Karisma Kapoor|Karishma Kapoor]] has paid her tribute by saying, "She was so wonderful in ''Deewana''.. couldn't take my eyes off! We really miss her a lot."<ref>{{Citation |title=An Exclusive Interview with Divya's Mother in STAR ANANDA, 5th April 2012 (Bengali) | date=2 July 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjKo_3wkaAc |language=en |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819173040/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjKo_3wkaAc |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chunky Panday]] has pronounced her to be ''Chulbuli'' (bubbly) and said that she was full of life, energy and loved to work with her in ''Vishwatma''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guddu Dhanoa and Chunky Pandey speak about Beloved Divya. |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=8urmvWLcucI |url-status=live |archive-date=19 August 2021 |website=YouTube |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819173010/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=8urmvWLcucI&list=LL&index=1}}</ref>

Actor [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] called Bharti "different than other actresses of her time". He also said, "Juhi, Kajol, and Karishma are in a different spot, Divya had a totally different kind of appeal from those three. What she had was natural and God-given, it cannot be created by anyone, however much they may try. She had a raw, tamed, wild look about her which magnetised the audience."<ref>{{Cite web |title=REMINISCENCES |url=https://www.divyabhartiportal.com/p/reminiscences_12.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204613/https://www.divyabhartiportal.com/p/reminiscences_12.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Producer [[Guddu Dhanoa]], upon working with her in ''Deewana'', has stated that Bollywood misses her a lot and the void which was created owing to her death could not be filled by anyone else. [[Archana Puran Singh]] in the caption of one of her social media posts has written, "Divya was a sweet soul, still remember sobbing the day she passed away".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=Archana Puran Singh shares throwback pic with Karisma Kapoor and Divya Bharti |url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/archana-puran-singh-shares-throwback-pic-with-karisma-kapoor-and-divya-bharti-sc90-nu904-ta272-1091691-1.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=News Track |language=English |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204811/https://english.newstracklive.com/news/archana-puran-singh-shares-throwback-pic-with-karisma-kapoor-and-divya-bharti-sc90-nu904-ta272-1091691-1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
In a heartfelt reflection, Actress [[Ayesha Jhulka]] opened up about her deep bond with Bharti, calling her a "powerhouse and brilliant actress" whose absence left an "irreplaceable void in the industry". Recalling their time together during the filming of ''Rang''. Jhulka also shared touching memories of Bharti; buying matching shoes, affectionate gestures like bringing her a bindi on set. Further, she stated that the most haunting experience during screening of ''Rang'' after Bharti's death, when the screen suddenly collapsed as Bharti appeared on it, a moment that made her feel Bharti's presence so strongly that she couldn't sleep for days. Expressing the depth of their friendship and her admiration and added with conviction that "no other actress would have got a chance".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8vrWu8DcV0|title=Ayesha Jhulka on Divya Bharti|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> In an interview, actress [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam Khan]] opened up about her deep friendship with the Bharti, reflecting on their time together during the filming of ''Vishwatma'', where their bond first blossomed. Sonam fondly recalled one of their final conversations just days before Bharti's untimely death in April 1993. At the time, Sonam was eight months pregnant, and Bharti had gently told her to "look at the moon", lovingly predicting she would have a beautiful baby—an exchange that revealed the tenderness and intimacy of their relationship. Still affected by the tragic loss. Sonam also expressed her sorrow, saying that she was a "very nice girl". Had she been alive today, she would have been at the top. It's heartbreaking, the accident that happened to her; it shouldn't have happened. Sonam's recollections offered a heartfelt glimpse into the personal and professional promise Divya Bharti held—a life and career tragically cut short.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oAQQO3t3Bd4|title=Sonam Khan on Divya Bharti|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>

New-generation artists like [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Anushka Sharma]] have also remembered Divya Bharti in some of their interviews. Dhawan has revealed that Bharti was "one of the actresses from the 90s, he would have loved to work with."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2019 |title=Varun Dhawan recalls childhood memory when Divya Bharti made omelette for him |url=https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/varun-dhawan-recalls-childhood-memory-divya-bharti-made-omelette-213001/ |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=The Indian Wire |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201631/https://www.theindianwire.com/entertainment/varun-dhawan-recalls-childhood-memory-divya-bharti-made-omelette-213001/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Anushka Sharma said, "I became a huge fan of Divya Bharti after watching her songs. I would dance to almost all her songs, especially 'Saat Samundar'. When she passed away, my mother didn't tell me for about a week because she knew I would break down."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2013 |title=Nobody wants to be this thin: Anushka |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nobody-wants-to-be-this-thin-anushka/story-4lY9URdqP9N2SXBAgWuODI.html |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nobody-wants-to-be-this-thin-anushka/story-4lY9URdqP9N2SXBAgWuODI.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, veteran actor [[Dev Anand]] made the movie ''[[Chargesheet (film)|Chargesheet]]'', which was loosely based on her death and the mystery surrounding it.<ref name="Chargesheet">{{cite news |date=12 September 2011 |title=Dev Anand to crack Divya Bharati case in 'Chargesheet' |work=India today |agency=Living Media India Limited |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/dev-anand-to-crack-divya-bharati-case-in-chargesheet/videoshow/9953597.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211191404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/dev-anand-to-crack-divya-bharati-case-in-chargesheet/videoshow/9953597.cms |archive-date=11 February 2022}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of the films acted by Divya Bharti
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col"|Title{{efn|name=release_date|Films are listed in order of release date.}}
! scope="col"|Role(s)
!Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s).|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1990
|''[[Nila Pennae]]''
| Suriya{{NoteTag|Bharti plays an unnamed girl in the film, who is later named Suriya.}}
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[wikt:debut|Debut]] film
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N |date=13 July 1990 |title=Nila Penne |page=7 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900713&printsec=frontpage |url-status=live |access-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808044756/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900713&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |archive-date=8 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bobbili Raja]]''
| Rani
| rowspan="4" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Bobbili"/><ref name="Bubbly" />
|-
! rowspan="4" | 1991
|''[[Assembly Rowdy]]''
| Pooja / Jyothi
|
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Alludu 91"/>
|-
|''[[Rowdy Alludu]]''
| Rekha
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Alludu 91">{{cite news |title=DIVYA BHARTI MOVIES |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Divya-Bharti/movies?from=mdr |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=Entertainment Times |agency=The Times Group |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616050253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Divya-Bharti/movies?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Naa Ille Naa Swargam''
| Lalitha
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Naa 1991">{{cite web |title=Naa Ille Naa Swargam (1991) |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/naa-ille-naa-swargam?type=0&id=1d0c9400a48511e9bc5929e958397a30 |publisher=JioCinema |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616042954/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/naa-ille-naa-swargam?type=0&id=1d0c9400a48511e9bc5929e958397a30 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ek aur Faulad''
| Priya
| rowspan="3" | [[Hindi]]
| Unreleased
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="Ek aur Faulad- 1991">{{cite web | title=Sonam Khan on Divya Bharti's shocking death: It's heartbreaking, the accident happened to her | website=Moneycontrol | date=2024-08-20 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/sonam-khan-on-divya-bhartis-shocking-death-its-heartbreaking-the-accident-happened-to-her-article-12801842.html | access-date=2025-08-22}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="12" | 1992
|''[[Vishwatma]]''
| Kusum Verma
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Vish92">{{cite web |title=Vishwatma (1992) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vishwatma/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 January 1992 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124055/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vishwatma/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dil Ka Kya Kasoor]]''
| Shalini/Seema
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="DKKS92">{{cite web |title=Dil Ka Kya Kasoor (1992) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dil-ka-kya-kasoor/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=31 January 1992 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124022/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dil-ka-kya-kasoor/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |date=22 June 2020 |title=Dying young in Bollywood |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/dying-young-in-bollywood/20200722.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728234825/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/special/dying-young-in-bollywood/20200722.htm |archive-date=28 July 2020 |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dharma Kshetram]]''
| Mythili
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Dharma 1992">{{cite web |title=Dharma Kshetram (1992) Movie |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/dharma-kshetram?type=0&id=8d1810a02b7611e89fa4dd5375c14604 |publisher=JioCinema |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043151/https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/dharma-kshetram?type=0&id=8d1810a02b7611e89fa4dd5375c14604 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)|Shola Aur Shabnam]]''
| {{Sort|Thapa|Divya Thapa}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Shola1992">{{cite web |title=Shola Aur Shabnam (1992) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shola-aur-shabnam-2/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 July 1992 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124055/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shola-aur-shabnam-2/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=31 May 2002 |title=David Dhawan's secret mantra |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/31david.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531050705/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/may/31david.htm |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=24 January 2022 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jaan Se Pyaara]]''
| Sharmila
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Jaan1992">{{cite web |title=Jaan Se Pyara (1992) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jaan-se-pyara/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=January 1992 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124120/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jaan-se-pyara/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chittemma Mogudu]]''
| Chittemma (Chitti)
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Alludu 91"/>
|-
|''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''
| Kajal / Sonu
| rowspan="8" | [[Hindi]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Deewana1992">{{cite web |title=Deewana (1992) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/deewana-3/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 June 1992 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124120/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/deewana-3/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rachit |date=15 December 2014 |title=Know your actor: Divya Bharti |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/know-your-actor-divya-bharti-7968.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195626/https://www.filmfare.com/features/know-your-actor-divya-bharti-7968.html |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=16 June 2021 |work=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Face of the Year Award (1989-1994) |url=http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_face.html |publisher=Official Listings, [[Indiatimes]] |access-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025534/http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_face.html |archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Balwaan]]''
| Deepa Sahni
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Balwan1992">{{cite web |title=Balwaan (1992) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/balwaan/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 September 1992 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124040/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/balwaan/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dil Hi To Hai (1993 film)|Dil Hi To Hai]]''
| Bharati
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="DHTH1992">{{cite web |title=Dil Hi To Hai (1993) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dil-hi-to-hai-2/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=January 1993 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124054/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dil-hi-to-hai-2/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dushman Zamana]]''
| Seema Narang
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Dushman1992">{{cite web |title=Dushman Zamana (1992) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dushman-zamana/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 October 1992 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124025/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dushman-zamana/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Geet (1992 film)|Geet]]''
| Neha
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Geet1992">{{cite web |title=Geet (1992) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/geet-3/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=January 1992 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124108/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/geet-3/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]''
| Laila / Sitara
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Aashna1992">{{cite web |title=Dil Aashna Hai (1992) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dil-aashna-hai/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 December 1992 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124123/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dil-aashna-hai/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" | 1993
|''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]''
| {{Sort|Singh|Tanvi Singh}}
| Last release before death
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Kshatriya1993">{{cite web |title=Kshatriya (1993) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kshatriya/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 March 1993 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124116/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kshatriya/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rang (1993 film)|Rang]]''
| Kajal Malhotra
| Posthumous release
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Rang1993">{{cite web |title=Rang (1993) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rang/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 September 1993 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124031/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rang/cast/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tholi Muddhu]]''
| Divya
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Posthumous release. Role completed by [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Telugu release"/>
|-
|''[[Shatranj (1993 film)|Shatranj]]''
| Renu
|[[Hindi]]
| Posthumous release. Last release
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Shatranj1993" />
|-
|}

=== Unfinished films ===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of 12 films Divya Bharti had signed/was acting at the time of her death
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col"|Film{{efn|name=release|Films are listed in order of supposed release year.}}
! scope="col"|Role(s)
! scope="col"|Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s).|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|1993
! scope="row"| ''Chinthamani''
| style="text-align:center;"|Chinthamani
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Shelved
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Telugu Shelved">{{cite web | title=Those 11 Films Of Divya Bharti, Which Were Left Unfinished By The Actress | date=24 July 2023 | url=https://en.khabarhardin.com/web-stories/those-11-films-of-divya-bharti-which-were-left-unfinished-by-the-actress/ | access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Dhanwan (1993 film)|Dhanwan]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|Anjali Chopra
| rowspan="11" | [[Hindi]]
| Replaced by [[Karisma Kapoor]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/photos/entertainment/divya-bhartis-25th-death-anniversary-8-incomplete-movies-of-the-diva-that-were-completed-by-these-actresses-post-her-death-132724/sridevi-replaced-divya-bharti-in-laadla--132726|title=Divya Bharti's 25th death anniversary: 8 incomplete movies of the diva that were completed by these actresses post her death|website=india.com|date=5 April 2018|access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|1994
! scope="row"| ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|Sheetal Jetley
| Replaced by [[Sridevi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title='Laadla', 'Mohra', 'Hulchul': Bollywood hits that would have starred Divya Bharti |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/[[Hindi]]/bollywood/news/laadla-mohra-hulchul-bollywood-hits-that-would-have-starred-divya-bharti/photostory/81126931.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225043908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/[[Hindi]]/bollywood/news/laadla-mohra-hulchul-bollywood-hits-that-would-have-starred-divya-bharti/photostory/81126931.cms |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=25 February 2018 |title=Sridevi: a picture of divine grace |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridevi-a-picture-of-divine-grace/article22849681.ece |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026135831/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sridevi-a-picture-of-divine-grace/article22849681.ece |archive-date=26 October 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Mohra]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|Roma Singh
| Replaced by [[Raveena Tandon]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|Swapna
|Also Replaced by [[Raveena Tandon]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Posthumous" />
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Vijaypath]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|Mohini / Vrushali
| Replaced by [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1995
! scope="row"| ''[[Andolan (1995 film)|Andolan]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|Guddi
| Replaced by [[Mamta Kulkarni]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":3" />
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Kartavya (1995 film)|Kartavya]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|Kajal
| Replaced by [[Juhi Chawla]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row"| ''Kanyadaan''
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| Replaced by [[Manisha Koirala]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Posthumous" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hulchul (1995 film)|Hulchul]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |Sharmili
| Replaced by [[Kajol]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Angrakshak]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |Priyanka
| Replaced by [[Pooja Bhatt]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/divya-bharti-birth-anniversary-death-incomplete-films-sridevi-raveena-tandon-laadla-mohra-kajol-7789571/|title=When Sridevi stepped into Divya Bharti's Laadla after her untimely demise, Raveena Tandon did her Mohra|date=26 February 2022|access-date=26 February 2022|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226091837/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/divya-bharti-birth-anniversary-death-incomplete-films-sridevi-raveena-tandon-laadla-mohra-kajol-7789571/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
! scope="row" | ''Do Kadam''
| style="text-align:center;" | —
| Shelved
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Posthumous" />
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Association
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Work
!Result
|-
! scope="row" | 1991
| rowspan="1" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|''[[Bobbili Raja]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 1993
| rowspan="1"| [[Nandi Awards]]
| [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Chittemma Mogudu]]''
| {{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|language=Telugu|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Lux New Face of the Year]]
|[[Deewana (1992 film)|''Deewana'']]
|{{won}}
|}

==See also==

* [[Brij Sadanah]]
* [[Gulshan Kumar]]
* [[Guru Dutt]]
* [[Raj Kiran (actor)]]
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously: post-1970]]

== Footnotes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| id=0080251 | name = Divya Bharti }}
* [http://www.divyabhartiportal.com/ Official website] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309145408/https://www.divyabhartiportal.com/ |date=9 March 2022 }})

{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharti, Divya}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths from falls]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in India]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Miss Teen International 2024

2026-02-08T12:22:32Z

Startupoffices:

{{Infobox beauty pageant
| image =
| caption =
| venue = [[Zee Studios]], [[Jaipur]], [[India]]
| date = July 7, 2024
| broadcaster =
| presenters = {{Hlist|Lance Raymundo|Ngô Ngọc Gia Hân}}
| acts =
| entrants = 28
| withdrawals = {{Hlist|Canada|Laos|Malaysia|Nigeria}}
| placements = 15
| debuts = {{Hlist|Bangladesh|England|Fiji|Germany|Japan|Lithuania|South Africa|Spain|Uganda}}
| returns = {{Hlist|Brazil|United States|Zimbabwe}}
| winner = Muyleang Ly
| represented = Cambodia
| before = [[Miss Teen International 2023|2023]]
| next = [[Miss Teen International 2025|2025]]
}}
'''Miss Teen International 2024''' was the 5th edition of the [[Miss Teen International (India)|Miss Teen International]] pageant. It was held on July 7, 2024, in [[Zee Studios]], [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. 28 contestants from around the world participated in the pageant. The show was hosted by [[Filipinos|Filipino]] actor and model Lance Raymundo and Ngô Ngọc Gia Hân, [[Miss Teen International 2022]] from [[Vietnam]]. It was broadcast live on Glamanand's official YouTube channel.

At the end of the event, Bárbara Párraga of [[Venezuela]] crowned Muyleang Ly of [[Cambodia]] as her successor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/beauties-from-30-countries-say-wah-taj-as-they-visit-taj-mahal/|title=Miss Teen International 2024: Beauties from 30 Countries Say 'Wah Taj' During Taj Mahal Visit|work=lokmattimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=NBCDigitalNews|number=1810041124414796020|title= CONGRATULATIONS Miss Teen Namibia 2023, Oriana Ribeiro, won 2nd runner-up in the Miss Teen International contest which took place in India earlier tonight.i}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SANAP |first=MAYUR |title=What Miss Teen International 2024 Wants To Do Now |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/what-miss-teen-international-wants-to-do-now/20240709.htm |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.information.gov.kh/articles/134556 | title=Miss Teen Cambodia Crowned Miss Teen International 2024 | publisher=[[Ministry of Information (Cambodia)]] | work=Phal Sophanith | date=8 July 2024 | accessdate=11 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/others/cambodians-ly-muyleang-crowned-miss-teen-international-2024-hosted-in-india/articleshow/111639069.cms | title=Cambodian's Ly Muyleang crowned Miss Teen International 2024 hosted in India! | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=10 July 2024 | accessdate=11 January 2025}}</ref>

==Final results==
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! width=210px style = "background: #CECECE; color: #333333; text-align:center " | Placement
! style = "background: #CECECE; color: #333333; text-align:center" | Candidate
|-
! style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; text-align:center"|{{nowrap|Miss Teen International 2024}}
|
* ''' {{flag|Cambodia}} — Muyleang Ly'''
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#CECECE" |
|-
! style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; text-align:center"|1st runner-up
|
* {{flag|Cuba}} - Anette Marrero
|-
! style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; text-align:center"|2nd runner-up
|
* {{flag|Namibia}} - Oriana Ribeiro<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unwrap |date=2024-07-08 |title=Ribeiro scoops second runner-up at Miss Teen International 2024 |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/ribeiro-scoops-second-runner-up-at-miss-teen-international-2024/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=The Namibian |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
! style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; text-align:center"|3rd Runner-up
| {{nowrap|
* {{flag|Botswana}} - Onkatlile Koolatotse
|-
! style= "background: #eaecf0; color:#3333333; text-align: center "|4th Runner-up
|
* {{flag|Mexico}} - Regina Gonzalez
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#CECECE" |
|-
! style="background: #eaecf0; color:#3333333; text-align: center"| Top 8
|
* {{flag|India}} - Sejal Gupta
* {{flag|Indonesia}} - Zahra Khairunnisa Setiawan
* {{flag|United States}} - Morgan Brooke Greco
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:#CECECE" |
|-
! style = "background: #eaecf0; color:#333333; text-align:center"|Top 15
|
* {{flag|Dominican Republic}} - Delylah Sophia Tineo
* {{flag|Germany}} - Aylin Kart
* {{flag|Mongolia}} - Solongo Jargalsaikhan
* {{flag|Netherlands}} - Mevy Lumamuly
* {{flag|Spain}} - Camila Gomes Garcia
* {{flag|Venezuela}} - Maria Rondon
* {{flag|Zimbabwe}} - Lothando Owami Ndlovu
|}

== Contestants ==

{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers" style="font-size: 95%"
! '''Country'''
! '''Candidate'''
|-
|'''{{flag|Bangladesh}}'''|| Easter Sonia Roy
|-
|'''{{flag|Brazil}}'''|| Isabelle Rodríguez
|-
|'''{{flag|Botswana}}'''|| Onkatlile Koolatotse
|-
|'''{{flag|Cambodia}}'''|| Muyleang Ly<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=Cvrvf33hMZK |user=missteenint |title=Muy Leang Ly @muy_leang_ly was crowned as the new Miss Teen International Cambodia 🇰🇭and she will be the one to represent her country at the next edition of Miss Teen International. |date=2023-08-08}}</ref>
|-
|'''{{flag|Cuba}}'''|| Anette Marrero
|-
|'''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}'''|| Delylah Sophia Tineo
|-
|'''{{flag|England}}'''|| Mia Risco
|-
|'''{{flag|Fiji}}'''|| Saachi Kumar
|-
|'''{{flag|Germany}}'''|| Aylin Kart
|-
|'''{{flag|India}}'''|| Sejal Gupta
|-
|'''{{flag|Indonesia}}'''|| Zahra Khairunnisa Setiawan
|-
|'''{{flag|Japan}}'''|| Mika Arai
|-
|'''{{flag|Lithuania}}'''|| Gabija Soinskaite
|-
|'''{{flag|Mexico}}'''|| Regina Gonzalez
|-
|'''{{flag|Mongolia}}'''|| Solongo Jargalsaikhan
|-
|'''{{flag|Namibia}}'''|| Oriana Ribeiro
|-
|'''{{flag|Nepal}}'''|| Aarohi Adhikari
|-
|'''{{flag|Netherlands}}'''|| Mevy Lumamuly
|-
|'''{{flag|Philippines}}'''|| Raveena Co Mansukhani
|-
|'''{{flag|South Africa}}'''|| Silindile Mabaso
|-
|'''{{flag|Spain}}'''|| Camila Gomes Garcia
|-
|'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}'''|| Surali Laneshika
|-
|'''{{flag|Thailand}}'''|| Warisara Riebpradit<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=C68_jmQBPBg |user=missteenint |title=Miss Teen International Thailand 2024 is @beambw 🇹🇭👸🏻✨ |date=2024-05-14}}</ref>
|-
|'''{{flag|Uganda}}'''|| Almorie Nagayi
|-
|'''{{flag|United States}}'''|| Morgan Brooke Greco
|-
|'''{{flag|Venezuela}}'''|| Maria Rondon
|-
|'''{{flag|Vietnam}}'''|| Bùi Le Uyen
|-
|'''{{flag|Zimbabwe}}'''|| Lothando Owami Ndlovu
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://missteen.international/}}

[[Category:2024 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:July 2024 in India]]

Narayawali

2026-02-06T13:47:19Z

Startupoffices: creating basic bio basic info

{{more citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
'''Narayawali''' is a town near [[Khurai City]] and [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] on main [[Bina–Katni rail route]]. It is located in [[Sagar district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

It is a town located between two hills and at center there is a lake.

The town has an old fort, locally known as "gadi(गढ़ी)".

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-28T21:45:25Z

Startupoffices:

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Aurangabad
| map_image =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Abhay Kushwaha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|incumbent_image = Abhay Kushwaha.jpg
| latest_election_year = 2024
|assembly_cons=[[Kutumba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kutumba]] [[Aurangabad, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurangabad]] [[Rafiganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rafiganj]] [[Gurua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gurua]] [[Imamganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Imamganj]] [[Tikari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tikari]]
}}
The '''Aurangabad Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern India. Between 1952 and 2019, the constituency elected candidates belonging to only [[Kushwaha]] caste to [[Lok Sabha]]. From 1989 to 2019, the constituency remained the space for political battle between the families of [[Satyendra Narayan Singh]] and [[Ram Naresh Singh]]. In 2024, [[Abhay Kushwaha]] defeated [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]], son of Ram Naresh Singh to become first Kushwaha parliamentarian from the constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-chittorgarh-aurangabad-lok-sabha-seat-first-time-non-rajput-candidate-wins-rjd-abhay-kushwaha-lit-lalten-10158075.html|title=First non Rajput candidate wins Bihar's Chittorgarh|website=Hindustan|accessdate=10 June 2024}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Aurangabad Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:

{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 lead
|-
|222
|[[Kutumba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kutumba]] (SC)
| rowspan="3" |[[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|Lalan Ram
|style="background-color: {{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}" |
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM(S)]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=6}}
|-
|223
|[[Aurangabad, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurangabad]]
|Trivikram Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|224
|[[Rafiganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rafiganj]]
|Pramod Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|225
|[[Gurua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gurua]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Gaya district|Gaya]]
|Upendra Prasad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|227
|[[Imamganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Imamganj]] (SC)
|[[Deepa Manjhi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}" |
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM(S)]]
|-
|231
|[[Tikari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tikari]]
|Ajay Kumar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Members of Parliament ==
The following is the list of the Members of Parliament elected from this constituency, the first Member of Parliament from the constituency was eminent freedom fighter Shri Satyendra Narain Singh.<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=31 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=16 June 2008 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Satyendra Narayan Singh|Satyendra Narayan Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|1961^
|Ramesh Prasad Singh
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Maharani Lalita Rajya Lakshmi
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|[[Mudrika Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-Dr faguni ram
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Satyendra Narayan Singh|Satyendra Narayan Sinha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (O)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (O)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Naresh Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Virendra Kumar Singh]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Shyama Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|[[Abhay Kushwaha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal }}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0437.htm|title=Result 2024|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=13 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Abhay Kushwaha]]|votes=4,65,567|percentage=49.22|change={{increase}}11.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]|votes= 3,86,456|percentage=40.86|change={{decrease}}4.97}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sunesh Kumar|votes=20,309|percentage=2.15|change={{decrease}}1.46}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=22,627|percentage=2.39|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=79,111|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,46,044|percentage=50.43|change={{decrease}}3.24}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0437.htm

(#): Joint candidate ([[HAM(S)]] in [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|MGB]] in 2019)

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Aurangabad, Bihar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 4,31,541
|percentage = 45.83
|change = +6.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = [[Upendra Prasad]]
|votes = 3,58,934
|percentage = 38.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Naresh Yadav
|votes = 34,033
|percentage = 3.61
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 22,632
|percentage = 2.4
|change = +0.18
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 72,607
|percentage = 7.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,35,469
|percentage = 53.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Aurangabad, Bihar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=80 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 3,07,941
|percentage = 39.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]
|votes = 2,41,594
|percentage = 30.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Bagi Kumar Verma]]
|votes = 1,36,137
|percentage = 17.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Santosh Kumar
|votes = 27,833
|percentage = 3.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 17,454
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 66,347
|percentage = 7.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,86,274
|percentage = 51.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Aurangabad, Bihar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
|votes = 2,60,153
|percentage = 43.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Shakil Ahmad Khan
|votes = 1,88,095
|percentage = 31.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]
|votes = 54,581
|percentage = 9.12
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Archna Chandra
|votes = 45,173
|percentage = 7.55
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 72,058
|percentage = 12.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,98,309
|percentage = 43.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/aurangabad/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Aurangabad lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Magadh Division topics}}

{{coord|24.8|84.4|display=title}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Aurangabad district, Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Gaya district]]

Ranni, Kerala

2026-01-25T22:04:09Z

Startupoffices: put up some article nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranni
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| image_skyline = File:Collapsed old bridge and the new bridge ranni view from new bridge.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The dilapidated old bridge and new bridge at Ranni
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|22|0|N|76|46|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Taluk
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1,004
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 331
| population_total = 198,194
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>https://censusindia.gov.in › 3...PDF
Pathanamthitta - DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 689672

| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04735
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-62
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Thiruvalla]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 47:50 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 95%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ranni''' (or '''Ranny)''' is a town in the [[Pathanamthitta district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]], and the 16th largest [[Taluk|''taluk'']] in the state. The town is situated on both sides of the [[Pamba River|Pamba]] River. It falls under the Thiruvalla Revenue Division and is located 27 km from [[Tiruvalla railway station|Thiruvalla railway station]] and NH 183 in [[Thiruvalla]].

== Etymology ==

The name ''Ranni'' is derived from a word in [[Malayalam]] which means "Queen", or ''Rani''. The town is known as "The Queen of the Eastern Hill Lands" (മലനാടിന്റെ റാണി).{{cn|date=February 2022}}

== History ==
{{See also|Pathanamthitta_district#History|l1=History of Pathanamthitta}}
The history of Ranni can be traced back 5000 years to the early settlement of [[Adi Dravida]]ns around [[Sabarimala]] and [[Nilakkal]]. An ancient trade route used to pass through Nilackal between Kerala and the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandian kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sabarimala|url=http://www.sabarimala.org.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026202001/http://www.sabarimala.org.in/|archive-date=2011-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantemplesportal.com/kerala/st.thomas-ecumenical-church-nilackal.html |title=St.Thomas Ecumenical Church Nilackal- Pilgrimage India |publisher=Indiantemplesportal.com |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>

The former rulers of Ranni were known as the Ranni Karthas or the Karthkal of Ranni, the "Samanthas" and blood-related family of Thekkamamkoor Raja. In the 18th century, Anizham Thirunal Marthandavarma of Vennad annexed the Thekkamkoor kingdom and confiscated all the lands that belonged to the former rulers.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

Ranni Karthas Koyikal (the Ranni Karth palace) was located in Areekkal. The Ranni Karthas also built Ranni Manjor Ramapuram temple. The temple is the same architecturally as the [[Aranmula Sreeparthasaradhy]] temple but the darshan of the former faces south.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

Ranni was a part of the [[Central Travancore]] region before the unification of India. Until the formation of [[Pathanamthitta district]] in 1982, Ranni was a part of the [[Kollam district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm |title=History |publisher=[[Pathanamthitta District]] |access-date=2012-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729035512/http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm |archive-date=2009-07-29 }}</ref>

== Geography ==

Ranni is located in southwestern India at {{Coord|9.38|N|76.81|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 131 m (433 ft) above sea level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Rani.html |title=Maps, Weather, Videos, and Airports for Rani, India |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> However, towards the east, the elevation is much higher. The river [[Pamba River|Pamba]] flows through Ranni township. According to the [[2001 Census of India]], Ranni spans a total of {{convert|1004.61|km2|sqmi|2|}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/pta_27.PDF |title=Basic Details of Panchayats/Municipalities/Corporations as on 01.07.2000 |work=Panchayat Level Statistics, Pathanamthitta 2001 |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107143621/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/pta_27.PDF |archive-date=2009-01-07}}</ref> Out of the total area, {{convert|708|km2|sqmi|2|}} or 70% are forest.<ref name="indiacensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>

== Climate ==
{{See also|Kerala#Climate|l1=Climate of Kerala}}
{{Weather box/concise_C
| location=Ranni, Kerala
| source=Climate-Data.org<ref name="Climate-Data.org">
"CLIMATE: RANNI",
Climate-Data.org. Web: [http://en.climate-data.org/location/47628/].</ref>
| 31.2|32.0|33.1|33.2|32.7|30.6|29.8|30.0|30.4|30.4|30.1|30.6
| 22.4|23.2|24.6|25.5|25.5|24.3|23.7|23.9|23.9|23.9|23.4|22.5
| 21|38|66|158|266|482|468|325|247|321|213|58
}}
Like the rest of Kerala, Ranni has a wet and maritime tropical climate. The region receives most of the rain from the [[southwest monsoon]] from June to August and the [[northeast monsoon]] during October and November. With river Pamba overflowing, Ranni is always under a threat of floods during Monsoons. Although the summer is from March to May, the area receives locally developed thundershowers in May. Due to the higher elevation, the climate is cooler in the east.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011|post=,}} Ranni taluk had a [[2011 Census of India|census]] population of 198,194, of which 94,773 were males and 103,421 were females. The female-to-male ratio is 1091:1000, higher than the state average and significantly higher than the national average. There were 53,172 households within the taluk's limits. A very low housing density is owed to a large [[Reserved Forest|reserved forest]] area. Ranni's literacy rate is 95%.<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in › 3...PDF
Pathanamthitta - DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK</ref>

Although most of the residents are [[Malayali]]s there are some [[Tamil people|Tamil]], [[Sikh]], [[Bengalis|Bihari]], and [[Bengalis|Bengali]] settlers. Much of the population are temporary workers who are employed in the construction sector. The population of migrant workers from the northern parts of India has increased over the last few years because of the shortage of local unskilled manpower. A few settlements of aborigines known as 'adivasis' are deep in the forest area.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

Ranni's major religions are [[Hinduism]] and [[Christianity]].

== Administration ==

Ranni taluk is administered under Pathanamthitta district. The taluk headquarters is at Block pady. Ranni taluk is divided into 11 villages:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pathanamthitta.nic.in/Administration1.htm |title=Administration |publisher=[[Pathanamthitta District]] |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>

{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* [[Angadi (Kerala)|Ranni-Angadi]]
* [[Chittar, Kerala|Chittar]]
* [[Pazhavangadi|Ranni-Pazhavangadi]]
* [[Perunad|Ranni-Perunad]]
|
* [[Ayroor]]
* [[Kollamula]]
* [[Vadasserikkara]]
* [[Athikkayam|Athikayam]]
|
* [[Thottamon|Ranni]]
* [[Chethakkal]]
* [[Cherukole]]
|}

== Economy ==
[[File:Rannimarket.jpg|thumb|Ranni market on a rainy evening]]
Commerce in Ranni is centered around a market in the main township, Ittiyappara, which is situated on the northern side of the river. The economy of Ranni is primarily based on agriculture. The hilly terrain, high humidity and good rain makes it suitable for rubber cultivation, and Ranni is one of the largest [[rubber]]-producing taluks in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/11/stories/2007071152770500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006053132/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/11/stories/2007071152770500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2008-10-06 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Kinfra to develop second rubber park in Ranni | date=2007-07-11}}</ref> Other major crops are [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coconut]], [[tapioca]] and [[black pepper]]. Ranni taluk has the largest [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-resident Indian]] (NRI) population in the state of Kerala, which is another major source of income.{{explain|date=January 2022}}

==Transport==
[[File:Vatasserikara new bridge another vieww2.jpg|thumb|Bridge near Vadasserikara]]
Ranni is largely dependent on private buses and most long-route [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) buses use State Highway 08. There is a KSRTC bus depot in Ranni adjacent to the private bus stand. [[Auto Rickshaw|Auto rickshaws]] are also available and are generally hired for short distances (1–3 km) where bus services are lacking. [[Jeep|Jeeps]] are another preferred mode of transport where the terrain is hilly or rugged.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

A train service connecting Ranni to industrial centers is a long-standing demand of citizens. Although the Union Government cleared a railway proposal in 1995, the project awaits implementation.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/24/stories/2009022452840300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302141110/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/24/stories/2009022452840300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2009-03-02 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=State urged to implement Sabari rail project | date=2009-02-24}}</ref> The nearest railway station is at [[Thiruvalla]] which is nearly {{convert|27 |km|abbr=on}} away.

The proposed Sabari International Airport, Cheruvally would be the closest airport upon completion, at {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} from Ranni township.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} The nearest extant airports are [[Cochin International Airport]] (110 km) and [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], at {{convert|110|and|125|km|abbr=on}}, respectively.

== Education ==
{{see also|Education_in_Kerala|l1=Education in Kerala}}

Primary, middle, and secondary schools are available in all the villages of Ranni taluk. However, there are only seven senior secondary schools covering six of the eleven villages. This is primarily because prior to 1997–98, secondary education was offered as pre-degree courses in colleges.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/education/school.htm |title=School Education |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226235726/http://www.kerala.gov.in/education/school.htm |archive-date=2010-12-26}}</ref> As of 2001, there are 138 primary, 59 middle and 35 secondary schools.<ref name="indiacensus"/>

There are three colleges in Ranni taluk. [[St. Thomas college, Ranni]], an arts and science college established in 1964, is affiliated with [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] (MG University).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rannycollegealumni.com/history.htm |title=History of St. Thomas College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728214252/http://rannycollegealumni.com/history.htm |archive-date=2013-07-28}}</ref> For almost four decades this was the only college in the taluk. In 2005, Caarmel Engineering College, a self-financing engineering college, was established in the Ranni-Perunad division, but closed due to financial crisis. The Vishwa Bhramana Arts College and Government Polytechnic College are situated in Vechuchira. The Mar Thoma Teachers’ Training College Ranni is a self-financing institution affiliated with MG University and approved by [[National Council for Teacher Education|NCTE]].

Ranni also has three adult literacy centers. Ranni is a hub of central board schools with [[St.Marys school, Ranni|St. Mary's School, Ranni]], an institution active for over 40 years. Cornerstone International School (including Cornerstone Kidscenter) and Citadel are other secondary options among CBSE schools. These literacy centers or "Saksharatha Kendram" came as a state effort to attain 100% adult literacy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/education/liter.htm |title=Kerala State Literacy Mission |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031074259/http://www.kerala.gov.in/education/liter.htm |archive-date=2010-10-31}}</ref>

== Politics ==
{{see also | Kerala_Legislative_Assembly|l1=Kerala Legislative Assembly}}

The Ranni assembly constituency is part of [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url =
http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies — Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-20
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-03-04
}}</ref> The main political parties are the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM), [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), and Kerala Congress. The BJP (Bharatiya Janatha Party), now AAP ([[Aam Aadmi Party]]), has significant influence in the election. [[Pramod Narayan]] is the elected representative of Ranni assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/government/mla.htm |title=Members of Legislative Assembly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123055910/http://www.kerala.gov.in/government/mla.htm |archive-date=2011-01-23}}</ref> He successfully contested assembly election in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/rajuabraham.pdf |title=Raju Abraham |publisher=[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124093428/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/rajuabraham.pdf |archive-date=2011-11-24}}</ref>


== Media ==

There are three local television channels in Ranni. Citi TV The channel, established in 2002, telecasts news, documentaries, advertisements, albums and other programs. Malanad TV operates from Pazhavangadi. Vismaya TV, established 2014, is the largest local channel in Pathanamthitta district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citinews.in |title=Citi News, Ranni, Kerala |publisher=Citinews.in |date=2002-12-15 |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>

==Culture==
The Hindu temple of [[Sabarimala]] is located in this taluk, situated approximately {{convert|66|km|abbr=on}} from the town of Ittiyappara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webindia123.com/city/kerala/pathanamthitta/destnations/touristattractions/ranni.htm |title=Tourist attractions, Ranni |publisher=Webindia123.com |date=2007-02-20 |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagestay.com/ranny.htm |title=Homestay in Ranny - Ranny :: Heritage Homestay India |publisher=Heritagestay.com |access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref>

The Devi Temple Thottamon Kavu is another landmark of Ranni. It is a resting place for pilgrims to [[Sabarimala]] and belongs to a few [[nair]] families in Ranni. The family that administrate the temple is known as naaluveedanmaar (നാലുവീടന്മാർ), or "the four nobles". The four Panikar families who hold the title are the Meempallil (മീമ്പള്ളിൽ), Kerukattu (Padiyarakkalayil, കേറുകാട്ട്), Pangattu (പങ്ങാട്ട്) and Cheruthalayathu (ചെറുതാലയത്ത്).

In the 18th century, [[Knanaya|Knanaya Christians]] migrated to Ranni from [[Kallissery]] and established the St. Thomas Church of Ranni. A significant number of Malankara Orthodox Christians and [[Mar Thoma Church|Mar Thomites]] also migrated from surrounding areas. In the early 19th century, [[Claudius Buchanan|Dr. Claudius Buchanan]] visited Ranni and was presented with an [[Claudius Buchanan#About the Bible|old handwritten Syriac Bible]] from Ranni St. Thomas Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drsusanjacob.jesusanswers.com/photo2.html |title=The History of the Christian Jews in Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119094405/http://www.drsusanjacob.jesusanswers.com/photo2.html |archive-date=2012-01-19}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Angadi]]
* [[Angamoozhy]]
* [[Kalampala]]
* [[Keekozhur]]
* [[Pathanamthitta district]]
* [[Perunad]]
* [[Sabarimala]]
* [[Thottamon]]
* [[Kozhencherry]]
* [[Aranmula]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Ranni}}
* [http://www.citinewsranni.com The Complete Ranni News]
* [http://rannikerala.blogspot.com/2019/08/a-detailed-history-of-ranni.html A Detailed history of Ranni]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051931/http://www.thottamon.com/ Thottamon-Ranni]
* [http://www.ausmmatrimony.com/ BIS Matrimony Marriage Bureau Ranni]

{{Central Travancore}}
{{Pathanamthitta district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pathanamthitta district]]

Shiboprosad Mukherjee

2026-01-05T18:15:45Z

Startupoffices: Done!

{{short description|Indian film director, writer, actor (b. 1974)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{tone|date=July 2015}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2015}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiboprosad Mukherjee
| image = Shiboprosad Mukherjee.jpg
| caption = Mukherjee in 2014
| birth_name = Shiboprosad Mukherjee
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|5|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Baranagar]], [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film director | writer | actor}}
| education = [[Jadavpur University]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Zinia Sen|2016}}
| notable_works = {{Hlist | ''[[Icche]]'' | ''[[Bela Seshe]]'' | ''[[Praktan]]'' | ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]'' | ''[[Haami]]'' | ''[[Konttho]]'' | ''[[Gotro]]''}}
| years_active = 1997–present
}}

'''Shiboprosad Mukherjee''' ({{IPA|bn|ʃiboprosad̪ mukʰärdʒi|pron}}, [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: {{audio|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-শিবপ্রসাদ মুখোপাধ্যায়.wav|pronunciation}}; born 20 May 1974) is an Indian film director, writer and actor. With [[Nandita Roy]] as his co-director, he made his directorial debut with the film ''[[Icche]]'', which garnered critical acclaim and commercial success. The director duo is known for making socially relevant films. They have also directed new age Bengali films like ''[[Praktan]]'', ''[[Bela Seshe]]'', ''[[Muktodhara]]'', ''[[Accident (2012 film)|Accident]]'', ''[[Alik Sukh]]'' and ''[[Ramdhanu]]'', ''[[Haami]]'', ''[[Konttho|Konntho]]'', ''[[Gotro]]'' which were critically acclaimed and enjoyed commercial success. He also serves as a partner at Windows Production. His film [[Praktan]], bagged multiple National Awards and ''[[Alik Sukh]]'' was premiered at the Marche du Film section in [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 2013. His film ''[[Konttho]]'' was selected as the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Indian entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[92nd Academy Awards]] but did not final Submission from India.

==Early life and education ==
Shiboprosad Mukherjee was born on 20 May 1974 at [[Baranagar]] in the northern fringes [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India. He was a student of [[Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/shiboprosad_mukherjee-profile-9237-14.htm |title=Shiboprosad Mukherjee Biography |accessdate=3 April 2016 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811220559/http://www.veethi.com/india-people/shiboprosad_mukherjee-profile-9237-14.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and later completed his high school from [[Hindu School, Kolkata|Hindu School]]. He pursued his graduation and master's in Political Science from [[Jadavpur University]].

==Personal life==
He married journalist Zinia Sen in 2016.<ref name=marriage>{{cite web |url=http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2016/03/09/bengali-superhit-film-belaseshe-director-shiboprasad-mukherjee-ties-the-knot-in-a-private-ceremony/ |title=Bengali Superhit Film Belaseshe Director Shiboprasad Mukherjee Ties the Knot in a Private Ceremony |accessdate=9 March 2016|archive-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014092456/http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2016/03/09/bengali-superhit-film-belaseshe-director-shiboprasad-mukherjee-ties-the-knot-in-a-private-ceremony/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Film and television career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=December 2023}}

===Acting===
Mukherjee joined the theatre school as a trainer after completing his schooling. He participated in the T.I. E Project (Theatre in Education), under the guidance of [[Rudraprasad Sengupta]]. He was also guided by [[Rituporno Ghosh]] when he was working as a freelance journalist in ''[[Anandalok]]'' (a film magazine of [[ABP Group]]) during his acting days. He debuted in 1995 in [[Zee Bangla]], with "Ekushe Pa", directed by Raja Dasgupta. Later he went on to work in other daily television serials like ''Janmabhoomi'' and ''Ghoom Nei''.

===Television===
As a director and producer he has worked with leading channels in [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]] and has designed television programmes of duration not less than 10,000 hours; he has been associated with [[ETV Bangla]] from its inception. From 1999 to 2002, he was a senior programming associate at [[ETV Bangla]] and he was behind conceptualizing, designing and producing 6 hours of original programming daily.

With the credit of more than 50 non-fiction shows for Bengali television completely, designed by him, Mukherjee has also conceptualized the first Bengali women's magazine programmes on television – ''Sreemoti''. He is often considered to be the first to launch reality shows in Bengali television – ''Ritur Mela Jhoom Tara Ra Ra''. In reality, Black Magic Motion Pictures led by Arjun Gourisaria created the first reality show in Bengali television, ''Rojgere Ginni''.

He started his own production company named Windows Production, along with his partner [[Nandita Roy]], and together they have produced non-fiction and fiction programmes.

==Influence==
He is highly inspired by Indian Bengali original Filmmaking pattern and Culture by [[Tarun Majumdar]], [[Prabhat Roy]], and [[Tapan Sinha]]

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ List of Shiboprosad Mukherjee film credits
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;" scope="col" | Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:200px;" scope="col" | Title
! colspan="4" scope="col" | Functioned as
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Producer
|-
! style="width:65px;" scope="col" | Director
! style="width:65px;" scope="col" | Screenwriter
! style="width:65px;" scope="col" | Actor
! style="width:65px;" scope="col" | Role
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{dts|1997}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Char Adhyay]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{blist | [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] | [[Doordarshan]]}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Dahan (1997 film)|Dahan]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| {{dts|1998}}
! scope="row" | ''Jamai No 1''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| {{dts|2000}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Bariwali]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Debasish (assistant director)
| [[Anupam Kher]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy|2003}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Ekti Nadir Naam]]'' ( Docu Feature)
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
| Steve Brookes
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{dts|format=dmy|2011}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Icche]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Vignesh Films
|-
! scope="row" | ''Hello Memsaheb''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Arijit Biswas
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{dts|format=dmy|2012}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Muktodhara]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Happy Singh
| Bachchu Biswas
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Accident (2012 film)|Accident]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Arko
| Kaustav Ray
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy|2013}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Alik Sukh]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| rowspan="2"|Windows
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy|2014}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Ramdhanu]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Laltu Dutta
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy|2015}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Bela Seshe]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| Windows
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy|2016}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Praktan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| rowspan="7"|Windows
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy|2017}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy|2018}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Haami]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Laltu Biswas
|-
| rowspan="2"|{{dts|format=dmy|2019}}
! scope="row" | ''[[Konttho]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Arjun Mallik
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gotro]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022
! scope="row" | ''[[Bela Shuru]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Haami 2]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Laltu Mondal
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
! scope="row" | ''[[Raktabeej]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{N/A}}
| rowspan="8" |Windows
|-
|''[[Shastry Viruddh Shastry]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{N/A}}
|
|-
|2024
! scope="row" | '' [[Bohurupi]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Vikram Pramanik
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
! scope="row" | ''[[Aamar Boss]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Raktabeej 2]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| sequel to [[Raktabeej]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2026
| ''Phool Pishi O Edward''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{No}}
|
|-
| '' Bohurupi: The Golden Daku''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|spin-off of [[Bohurupi]]
|}

==Awards==
* [[Anandalok Awards|Anandalok Award 2012]] – Best Film for film ''[[Muktodhara]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. |title=Anandalok Award Winners 2012 – Who wins Anandalok Puraskar of Bengali TV & Films |url=http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2012/11/anandalok-award-winners-2012-who-wins.html |access-date=2020-10-09 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109085418/http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2012/11/anandalok-award-winners-2012-who-wins.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare Award (East) 2014]] – Best Direction for the film ''[[Alik Sukh]]''<ref>[[Filmfare Awards East]]</ref>
* [[Zee Cine Award]] 2016 – Best film ''[[Bela Seshe]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |date=2016-03-05 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2016 Complete Winners List: Who won what? |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-complete-winners-list-who-won-what-2185941 |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016092336/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-2016-complete-winners-list-who-won-what-2185941 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sera Bangali]] – ABP Ananda 2016 – Direction
* Mahanayak Samman Awards-2016 – for contribution to films from the West Bengal Government<ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2016-07-25 |title=CM presents Mahanayak Samman awards |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/cm-presents-mahanayak-samman-awards-155327 |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323143406/http://www.millenniumpost.in/cm-presents-mahanayak-samman-awards-155327 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* International Bengali film awards 2016 NABC – Best film ''[[Bela Seshe]]''
* EbelaAjeyoSamman −2016
* West Bengal Film Journalist Awards 2017 – Most Popular film ''[[Praktan]]''
* International Business Film Award 2016 – Highest Grossing Bengali Film ''Praktan''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Praktan gets Highest Grossing Movie award – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Praktan-gets-Highest-Grossing-Movie-award/articleshow/54602987.cms |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125090440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Praktan-gets-Highest-Grossing-Movie-award/articleshow/54602987.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[8th Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025]] – Best Film for ''[[Bohurupi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-bangla-and-glamour-style-awards-2025/bangla-winners|title=Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025 Winners: Complete List Out|work=Filmfare|access-date=18 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318195555/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-bangla-and-glamour-style-awards-2025/bangla-winners|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[8th Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025]] – Best Director for ''[[Bohurupi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-bangla-and-glamour-style-awards-2025/bangla-winners|title=Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025 Winners: Complete List Out|work=Filmfare|access-date=18 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318195555/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-bangla-and-glamour-style-awards-2025/bangla-winners|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[8th Filmfare Awards Bangla|Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025]] – Best Actor in a Leading Role (Male) for ''[[Bohurupi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-bangla-and-glamour-style-awards-2025/bangla-winners|title=Filmfare Awards Bangla 2025 Winners: Complete List Out|work=Filmfare|access-date=18 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318195555/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-bangla-and-glamour-style-awards-2025/bangla-winners|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Achievements==
* ''[[Icche]]'' did a theatrical run for 125 days. The National Film Archive of India accepted ''[[Icche]]'' as part of their collection for cultural and educational purposes. ''[[Icche]]'' was screened followed by an interactive session with the participants of the 8th batch of the 21-Day Certificate Course on Legal and Psychological Counseling for Women in Distress, University of Calcutta on 29 January 2013. [[PVR Cinemas]] selected the film to be screened at Kolkata, Delhi & Mumbai as part of the Indian Panorama Film Festival.
* ''[[Accident (2012 film)|Accident]]'' was selected for the Indian Cinema Now Section of the 18th [[International Film Festival of Kerala|International Kerala Film Festival 2013]]. It ran in theatres for 50 days.
* ''[[Muktodhara]]'' was the first Bengali film in a decade to be screened at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] for the [[President of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]]. It ran in theatres successfully for 75 days.
* ''[[Alik Sukh]]'' premiered at the Marche du Film section in [[Cannes Film Festival]] in 2013. It had a pan India release in 2013. It was not only critically acclaimed, but also did well commercially. It ran in theatres successfully for 50 days. The director duo received the [[Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare Award (East) 2014]] for Best Direction for the film ''[[Alik Sukh]]''.
* ''[[Ramdhanu]]'' achieved both commercial success and critical acclaim.
* [[Eros International]] released ''[[Bela Seshe]]'' in [[Mumbai]], Delhi, [[Noida]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Pune]] and [[Bangalore]]. It became the longest running Bengali film of the last decade with 217 days of Multiplex run and 250 days theatrical run. The film was liked by veteran actors like [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Asha Parekh]].
* ''[[Praktan]]'' went on to become the highest grossing Bengali film of 2016 and received an award at the Indian Business Film Awards 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Praktan-gets-Highest-Grossing-Movie-award/articleshow/54602987.cms |title=Praktan gets Highest Grossing Movie award |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=19 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119052355/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Praktan-gets-Highest-Grossing-Movie-award/articleshow/54602987.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Praktan received 8 awards at the West [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|Bengal Film Journalist Awards 2016]] including the Most Popular Film, Best Actor (Female), Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Female), Best Production Design, Best Music Album among others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2017/01/wbfja-2016-award-winner-names-best-bengali-film-actor.html|title=WBFJA 2016 Award Winner Names {{!}} List of All WBFJA 2016 Award Winners of Bengali Film Industry|last=Kumar|first=S|website=www.kolkatabengalinfo.com|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304200033/http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2017/01/wbfja-2016-award-winner-names-best-bengali-film-actor.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film had 11 nominations at the 2nd Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 (East) and won 5 awards including Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Female) and Best Music Album among others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2017/winners|title=Filmfare Award East 2017 Winners – List of Bengali Filmfare Award Winners {{!}} Filmfare.com|website=filmfare.com|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034813/http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2017/winners|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Konttho]]'' was selected as the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Indian entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[92nd Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/andhadhun-article-15-badhaai-ho-badla-super-deluxe-among-28-films-competing-for-indias-oscar-entry/492668 |title=AndhaDhun, Article 15, Badhaai Ho, Badla, Super Deluxe among 28 films competing for India's Oscar entry |author=Ayush Dixit |date=21 September 2019 |accessdate=21 September 2019 |publisher=timesnownews.com |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921142207/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/andhadhun-article-15-badhaai-ho-badla-super-deluxe-among-28-films-competing-for-indias-oscar-entry/492668 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/28-films-compete-for-indias-oscar-entry/articleshow/71218286.cms |title=28 films compete for India's Oscar entry |author=Priyanka Dasgupta |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=[[Times of India|TOI]] |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020110036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/28-films-compete-for-indias-oscar-entry/articleshow/71218286.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shiboprosad Mukherjee}}
* {{IMDb name|id=nm1425585}}
* {{Facebook|shiboprosad.mukherjee}}
* {{Twitter|shibumukherjee}}
* {{Instagram|shibumukherjeeofficial}}
* [https://www.windowsproductions.com/ Windows Production House]

{{Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Film|India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Shiboprosad}}
[[Category:Shiboprosad Mukherjee| ]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
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[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]
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[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards East winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]
[[Category:Actors from North 24 Parganas district]]

Jaibhagwan Goyal

2025-12-31T07:37:54Z

Startupoffices: put up a stub.

{{Short description|Indian professor of literature}}
{{distinguish|text = Indian politician [[Jai Bhagwan Goyal]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
'''Jaibhagwan Goyal''' also known as '''Prof. J. B. Goyal''' is an Indian littérateur, academic, professor who is credited for discovering 17th to 19th century Hindi literary works in [[Gurmukhi|Gurumukhi]] manuscripts. He is notable for his contribution to [[Sikh literature]] He was former Professor in the Hindi Department and served as the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Languages, [[Kurukshetra University]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Jaibhagwan Goyal |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/CitationsForTickets/2021/202146.pdf}}</ref>

He has written over 30 books and published 200 research papers in national and international journals. A former chairman of the Hindi Department of [[Kurukshetra University]] and has been a [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC Emeritus Fellow]]. Most of his books were published from published from reputed research institutes like [[Kurukshetra University]], Punjab Language Department, [[Sahitya Akademi|Haryana Sahitya Akademi]], Granth Academy, [[Urdu Academy|Haryana Urdu Academy]], Guru Gobind Singh Foundation, Chandigarh and [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]].<ref>{{cite news |title=JB Goyal conferred with Padma Shri for work in Sikh literature |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/jb-goyal-conferred-with-padma-shri-for-work-in-sikh-literature-336083 |publisher=[[Tribune India]] |date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109161531/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/jb-goyal-conferred-with-padma-shri-for-work-in-sikh-literature-336083 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was conferred Padma Shri in 2021 for his contribution to literature and education.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prof Jaibhagwan Goyal awarded Padma Shri for contribution in field of literature, education |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/prof-jaibhagwan-goyal-awarded-padma-shri-for-contribution-in-field-of-literature-education20211109121401/ |publisher=[[ANI News]] |date=9 November 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

== External links ==
* [http://professorgoyal.com/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goyal, Jaibhagwan}}
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[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
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{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Suetonius Grant Heatly

2025-12-26T19:29:16Z

Startupoffices:

{{Short description|British East India Company judge (1751–1793)}}
[[File:SuetoniusGrant.jpg|thumb|Suetonius Grant Heatly and his sister, Temperance. ([[Arthur William Devis]], c. 1786)]]
'''Suetonius Grant Heatly''' (sometimes spelled as ''Heatley''; 1751–1793) was a judge employed by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] and, with John Sumner, established what is considered to be the first coal mine in India.<ref name=Manners1920pp180-181>Manners & Williamson (1920), pp. 180–181.</ref>

Heatly was born in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], in what is now the United States, to a family that had a Scottish heritage.and was loyal to the [[British Crown]]. That loyalty caused them to move to England around the time of the [[American Revolution]]. His connections and ability were useful in his career with the East India Company, which he joined in 1766 and for which he held various offices.

Grant and his colleague, Sumner, saw potential in the extraction of coal in India and attempted to capitalise on that and their relationship with the East India Company, which they envisaged as being a significant purchaser. Their project involved several mine workings, the precise location of which has been debated. It was beset by problems, including those related to extraction, logistics and disease, and eventually petered out. Sumner had left before its demise, and others had become involved.

Heatly, who never married but may have formed a relationship with a native Indian woman, died in 1793.

==Early life==
Heatly was born in Newport, Rhode Island in 1751. He was the oldest son of a merchant, Andrew Heatly, and his wife, Mary (née Grant), both of whom were of Scots descent. His younger siblings included a brother, Patrick, and a sister, Temperance.{{efn|Patrick Heatly (1753, Rhode Island – 1834, London) was also an employee of the East India Company, working first in India and then as a member of its "secret Council" in England. Temperance married a captain of the [[Royal Navy]], William Green, possibly while also in India, and eventually settled in [[Utica, New York]], USA.<ref name=Manners1920pp180-181/>}} Another sister, Mary, was the mother of the historian, [[cartography|cartographer]] and administrator of [[Rajasthan]], [[James Tod]].<ref name=Manners1920pp180-181/>

The Heatly family was loyal to the British crown, and those of the family living in America at the time of the American Revolution against British control chose to leave. Temperance subsequently returned after being married.<ref name=Manners1920pp180-181/>

==East India Company==
[[File:Johan Joseph Zoffany - Patrick Heatly - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Patrick Heatly, brother of Suetonius Grant Heatly and administrator for the [[East India Company]], by [[Johann Zoffany]].]]
Heatly joined the East India Company as a "writer" in 1766, and later worked as a merchant.<ref name=Christies2006>Christie's (2006)</ref> His easy manner, his family's loyalty to Britain, and his connections to other American royalists stood him in good stead within the Company at the time of the American Revolution and beyond. When [[Cornwallis]] was appointed [[Governor-General of India]], still smarting from his military defeats in America, Heatly became a favourite.<ref name="Heatly 1842, p. 823">Heatly (1842), p. 823.</ref> He was [[District collector|Collector]] of [[Chota Nagpur Division|Chotanagpur]] and [[Palamu district|Palamu]] by 1774<ref name=Thacker1940p479>Thacker & Bahadur (1940), p. 479.</ref><ref name=Hunter1876pp122-123>Hunter (1876), pp. 122-123.</ref> and by 1783 he held a similar position for [[Purnia Division|Purnia]].<ref name=Christies2006/> He held that position still in 1788.<ref>East India Company (1789), p. 15.</ref>

He became a [[magistrate]] for the province of Dana<ref name=Manners1920pp180-181/> and at the time of his death was the chief judge of appeals for [[Dhaka|Decca]].<ref>Holmes (1837), p. 59.</ref>

Although Heatly worked for the Company, one of his contemporaries – William Green – suggested that he could be used as a conduit for letters which might subvert the aims of the Company. A 1784 letter sent by Green to [[Christopher Champlin]] in the USA, discussed plans for a trading voyage to Bengal and elsewhere. Green says {{quote|My letters will doubtless pass by way of London, unless I have an opportunity of addressing you directly from India. The jealousy of the English East India Company has been excited .... If you chuse to hazard writing me in India, you must write covertly to me. Direct your letters under cover to Suetonius Heatly, Esqr. Calcutta, Bengal and send them to be forwarded to me, to the care of Mr. Wilkinson, London; never failing to address me as your Supercargo, because if the letters are intercepted no mischief can ensue. The late Revolution has embittered the minds and spirits of many, and made them attentive to all our motions.<ref>Ford (1915), p. 237.</ref>}}

==Coal mining==
Kautilya recorded mining activities in India around 400 [[BCE]], in his ''[[Arthashastra]]'' but these operations related to precious stones and metals rather than coal.<ref name="Dutt et al 2004">Dutt ''et al'' (2004)</ref> The first documented discovery of coal was in 1774, when Heatly and Sumner (another colonial administrator) saw it being used to create fires while they were travelling on the [[Damodar River]].<ref name="Dutt et al 2004"/> J. Homfray, the manager of a colliery at Narayankuri and the first person to write a detailed account of the [[Raniganj Coalfield]],<ref name=Hunter1876p109>Hunter (1876), p. 109.</ref> says that the area was at that time under the rule of the Rajah of Ramghur and that {{quote| ... it is an historical fact, that Mr Heatly, at that time being politically employed by Government, captured the Rajah, and probably obtained a knowledge of the existence of coal through some attendant circumstances ...<ref name=Homfray1842p734>Homfray (1842), p. 734.</ref>}} On 11 August 1774 they put forward a proposal for commercial extraction in a part of what now forms the Raniganj Coalfield.<ref name=Thacker1940p479/><ref name=Minervis2005p61>Minenvis (2005), p. 61.</ref>

[[File:Rennel's Map.jpg|thumb|[[James Rennell|James Rennell's]] map of ca. 1765, showing many of the placenames referred to.]]

Heatly and Sumner proposed to establish six mines in an area which they defined as {{quote|within the space included by the river Adji to the north, the border of Burdwan to the east, the river Damooda to the south, and a circular line to the west, described from the town of Aytura in Pachete, at the distance of ten miles from Aytura, between the one river and the other.<ref name=Heatly1842p814>Heatly (1842), p. 814.</ref>{{efn|These are old transliterations. The Damooda is the Damodar River, the Adji is probably the [[Ajay River]], and Aytura is probably the place today known as [[Ethora]]. The men referred also to ''Bheerbhoom'', which may be today's [[Birbhum district]].}}}}

They wrote to [[Warren Hastings]], the Governor-General, requesting {{quote|That an exclusive right be granted to us for eighteen years of working coal mines and selling coal in Bengal and its dependencies, so long as we can engage to furnish as much pit-coal as ever the Government may bespeak of us for their consumption at the market price of the time, when wanted.<ref name=Heatly1842p814/>}}

The proposal discussed the possibility of exports<ref name=Heatly1842p815>Heatly (1842), p. 815.</ref> and included the stipulation that they would retain the rights to any other minerals and metals discovered in the area on payment of a 20% royalty to the Company, a figure which also applied to the coal. They made an exception for any iron that might be found, suggesting that the Company should determine the nature of any rights if and when it occurred.<ref name=Hunter1876pp122-123/><ref name=Heatly1842p814/> It was also suggested that European workers would be employed.<ref name=Heatly1842p815/> An agreement was reached by October 1774, by which time a third person, called Redfearne (sometimes, ''Redferne''), had joined in business with Heatly and Sumner.<ref>Heatly (1842), p. 818.</ref>

Homfray believes that the first of the mines to be worked was at the village of Hattoreah Aytoorah, being a place where the coal seam came to the surface.<ref name=Homfray1842p734/>{{efn|Other mines among the six opened were at "Chinacoory" (Chinakuri) and Damoully.<ref>Homfray (1842), p. 739.</ref> Hunter speculates that the other three workings were further westwards.<ref name=Hunter1876pp122-123/>}} By September 1775 around 2500 [[maunds]] (91.5 [[Long ton|imperial tons]]) of coal had been sent by river to [[Calcutta]] for testing.<ref name=Thacker1940p479/><ref>Heatly (1842), p. 819.</ref> These tests were delayed, at least in part because the partners in the business were also engaged in their duties on behalf of the East India Company.<ref>Heatly (1842), pp. 819–820.</ref> Some prompting in 1777 caused the tests finally to be undertaken in January 1778.<ref>Heatly (1842), p. 821.</ref> The results showed that the coal was of too poor a quality for use by the Company, producing 50% less heat than British coal.<ref name=Thacker1940p479/><ref name=Minervis2005p61/>{{efn|Coal was sent to India from Britain as [[Sailing ballast|ballast]] in ships.<ref>Heatly (1842), p. 824.</ref>}}{{efn|[[William Wilson Hunter]], in summarising the accounts of others writing before him, states that "Coal was known to exist in the District as early as 1774, and was actually worked in 1777."<ref name=Hunter1876p109/> However, in his table listing various workings in the coalfield he shows an entry for a source worked at "Damulia" (Damoully), using the quarry method, with the opening date stated as "1774?"}}

Sumner had returned to England after the tests, and European miners brought in by Heatly were ravaged by disease.<ref name=Heatlyp822>Heatly (1842), p. 822.</ref> Furthermore, Heatly was posted far away to Purnia, making personal supervision impossible, and from 1781 the East India Company began to make it more difficult for its employees to conduct private ventures of this nature.<ref name="Heatly 1842, p. 823"/> These were all additional issues, on top of the loss of the East India Company as a potentially large purchaser, and the venture petered out. It was not until around 1814–1815 that the first [[coal pit]] was sunk for the purpose of extraction in India.<ref name="Minervis2005p61"/><ref name=Gee1940p313>Gee (1940), p. 313.</ref>

==Death==
Heatly died in Bengal in 1793.<ref name=Manners1920pp180-181/> Although unmarried, a nephew has suggested that Heatly "formed a connection with a native of the Country, a thing of frequent occurrence at that time in India, by whom he had several children, whom he educated well and provided for – a daughter of his Mary was sent to England for her education." [[Christie's]], the auctioneers, note that a 1786 portrait of an Indian woman possibly called "Ann" and painted by [[Charles Smith (1749-1824)|Charles Smith]] in [[Lucknow]], might be that ''bibi'' (mistress), although ''bibis'' did not usually take English names. They add that an Ann Heatly married Joseph Welsh in Calcutta in 1792.<ref name=Christies2006/> Heatly himself was painted, together with his sister Temperance, in Calcutta by [[Arthur William Devis]].<ref>Christie's ''Visions of India''.</ref>{{efn|The painting by Devis was attributed to [[Johann Zoffany]] until around 1979.<ref name=Manners1920pp180-181/><ref>Artfact</ref>}}

A subsequent obituary of his brother, Patrick, recorded that Heatly had been "well known ... for talent and amiability".<ref>Gentleman's Magazine (1834), p. 543.</ref>

In 1884 and 1885, long after his death, notices appeared in ''[[The London Gazette]]'' advising that he was among a group of people who had not claimed shares in the [[British Fisheries Society]] and giving his position as Collector of Purnia.<ref>London Gazette (1884), pp. 251–252</ref><ref>London Gazette (1885), pp. 3431–3432</ref>

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.artfact.com/auction-lot/arthur-william-devis-1762-1822-1-c-hs7qhkth54 |title=Christie's: Arts of India: Lot 16
|publisher=Artfact |access-date=2011-10-25}}
*{{cite book |last=Barraclough |first=L. J. |chapter=Early Development of Coal Mining |title=Progress of the Mineral Industry of India, 1906–1955 |editor=((Mining, Geological, and Metallurgical Institute of India)) |pages=141–146 |year=1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caJOAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.christies.com/images/email/june08_kingstreet_voa_landing2.html?CID=5417012441d |title=Visions of India |publisher=Christie's |location=London |access-date=2011-10-25}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=4750640 |title=Sale 7304 Lot 14 |date=13 July 2006 |publisher=Christie's |location=London |access-date=2011-10-25}}
*{{cite journal |first1=Mihir |last1=Deb |first2=Garima |last2=Tiwari |first3=Kuntala |last3=Lahiri-Dutt |title=Artisanal and small-scale mining in India: Selected studies and an overview of the issues |journal=International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment |volume=10 |issue=10 |year=2004}}
*{{cite book |title=Copies of the several testimonials transmitted from Bengal by the governor general and council, relative to Warren Hastings, esq., late governor general of Bengal |year=1789 |author=East India Company |location=London |publisher=Printed for John Stockdale |url=https://archive.org/details/copiesofseveralt00eastiala |access-date=2011-10-25}}
*{{cite journal |editor-first=Worthington Chauncey |editor-last=Ford |journal=Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society |title=Commerce of Rhode Island 1726–1800: Vol. II, 1775–1800 |series=7th |volume=10 |page=237 |year=1915 |location=Boston |publisher=Massachusetts Historical Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4pIAAAAYAAJ|access-date=2011-10-25}}
*{{cite journal |first=E. R. |last=Gee |title=History of Coal-Mining in India |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=10 August 1940 |journal=Indian National Science Academy |url=http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b80_313.pdf |access-date=2011-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425052026/http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b80_313.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}
*{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=11, Part 2 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1842 |title=Contributions towards a History of the development of the Mineral Resources of India |first=S. G. Tollemache |last=Heatly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wr9JAAAAcAAJ |access-date=2011-10-25}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=11, Part 2 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1842 |title=A Description of the Coal Field of the Damoodah Valley |first=J. |last=Homfray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wr9JAAAAcAAJ |access-date=2011-10-25}}
*{{cite book |title=The Life of Ezra Stiles |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofezrastiles00ho |first=Abiel |last=Holmes |publisher=Thomas & Andrews |year=1798 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofezrastiles00ho/page/336 336] |access-date=2011-10-25}}
*{{cite book |last=Humphreys |first=H. D. G. |chapter=The Early History of Coal Mining in Bengal |title=Progress of the Mineral Industry of India, 1906–1955 |editor=((Mining, Geological, and Metallurgical Institute of India)) |pages=147–159 |year=1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caJOAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |title=A Statistical Account of Bengal |volume=4 |first=William Wilson |last=Hunter |author-link=William Wilson Hunter |publisher=Trubner & Co. |location=London |year=1876 |url=https://archive.org/details/astatisticalacc07kiscgoog |access-date=2011-10-26}}
*{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/johnzoffanyrahis00zoffuoft |title=John Zoffany, R.A. his life and works : 1735–1810 |first1=Victoria |last1=Manners |first2=G. C. |last2=Williamson |publisher=John Lane, The Bodley Head |location=London |year=1920 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/johnzoffanyrahis00zoffuoft/page/180 180]–181 |access-date=2011-10-25}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Present Status of the Coal Industry |first1=D. D. |last1=Thacker |first2=Rao |last2=Bahadur |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=22 August 1940 |journal=Indian National Science Academy |url=http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b80_479.pdf |access-date=2011-10-25}}
*{{London Gazette |issue=25308 |date=15 January 1884 |pages=250–252 }}
*{{London Gazette |issue=25493 |date=24 July 1885 |pages=3431–3432 }}
*{{cite journal |title=Some Important Facts about the History of Coal Mining in India |journal=Minenvis |issn=0972-4648 |issue=46 |date=September 2005 |publisher=Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines |location=Dhanbad |url=http://ismenvis.nic.in/Newsletter46.pdf |access-date=2011-10-25}}
*{{cite journal |journal=The Gentleman's Magazine |volume=157 |publisher=F. Jefferies |date=November 1834 |title=Patrick Heatly, Esq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2OYNXvykVcC |access-date=2011-10-25}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Humphreys |first=H. D. G. |chapter=The Early History of Coal Mining in Bengal |title=Progress of the Mineral Industry of India, 1906–1955 |editor=((Mining, Geological, and Metallurgical Institute of India)) |pages=141–159 |year=1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caJOAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2011-10-25}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heatly, Suetonius Grant}}
[[Category:1751 births]]
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:People from colonial Rhode Island]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Newport, Rhode Island]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the coal industry]]
[[Category:People from Newport County, Rhode Island]]

Asok Kumar Barua

2025-11-25T15:25:43Z

Startupoffices: Adding A Biography...

{{Short description|Indian condensed matter physicist (1936–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Asok Kumar Barua (A.K.Barua)
| image = Prof.A.K.Barua.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1936|07|01}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2021|05|30|1936|07|01}}
| death_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] (B.Sc.) | [[Rajabazar Science College]] (M.Sc.) | [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|IACS]] (Ph.D.) }}
| occupation = [[Condensed matter physicist]]
| yearsactive = Since 1964
| known for = [[Solar Photovoltaics]], [[Optics]] and [[Optoelectronics]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Distinguished Materials Scientist of the Year Award Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference Award ICSC-Materials Science prize
}}

'''Asok Kumar Barua''' (1 July 1936 – 30 May 2021) was an Indian [[condensed matter physicist]] and the honorary Emeritus Professor of [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology]], [[Shibpur]],<ref name="KIIT University">{{cite web | url=http://www.kiit.ac.in/icosep/speakers.html | title=KIIT University | publisher=KIIT University | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209175845/http://www.kiit.ac.in/icosep/speakers.html | archive-date=9 February 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IIEST">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiests.ac.in/academics/distinguished-prof | title=IIEST | publisher=Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203000710/http://www.iiests.ac.in/academics/distinguished-prof | archive-date=3 February 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> who focused on research in [[optics]] and [[optoelectronics]].<ref name="Microsoft Academic Search">{{cite web | url=http://65.54.113.26/Author/52561122/asok-kumar-barua | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150210052509/http://65.54.113.26/Author/52561122/asok-kumar-barua | url-status=dead | archive-date=2015-02-10 | title=Microsoft Academic Search | publisher=Microsoft Academic Search | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015 }}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 2003 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2015 |access-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Asok Kumar Barua was born on 1 July 1936<ref name="NSC">{{cite web | url=http://www.niic.nsc.ru/apam/members/india/india_m.html | title=NSC | publisher=NSC | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015 | archive-date=9 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209172418/http://www.niic.nsc.ru/apam/members/india/india_m.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> in Kolkata in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="KIIT University" /> He did his schooling at [[Hare School]] and graduated in Physics with honours from the [[Presidency College, Kolkata]].<ref name="KIIT University" /><ref name="IACS">{{cite web | url=http://www.iacs.res.in/eru/erakb/ | title=IACS | publisher=IACS | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209180051/http://www.iacs.res.in/eru/erakb/ | archive-date=9 February 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> His masters studies were at the [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[Kolkata University]] (1956) after which he secured his PhD<ref name="NSC" /> in 1960<ref name="IACS" /> from the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS) under the guidance of Professor B. N. Srivastava.<ref name="KIIT University" /> After completing his post doctoral research in USA, he started his career in 1964 by joining IACS<ref name="NSC" /> as a Reader where he became a professor in 1971,<ref name="RCAIS">{{cite web | url=https://www.rcais.res.in/akb.htm | title=RCAIS | publisher=RCAIS | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> a director in 1982 and worked there till 1989.<ref name="KIIT University" /><ref name="IACS" /><ref name="RCAIS Council">{{cite web | url=https://www.rcais.res.in/peopleofrcais.htm | title=RCAIS Council | publisher=RCAIS | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref>

Barua had done research in optics and [[optoelectronics]] and had been credited with the indigenous development of [[amorphous silicon]] (a-Si) solar cells and solar modules<ref name="IACS" /><ref name="Techno india University">{{cite web | url=http://www.technoindiauniversity.ac.in/research1/tiusolar/index.php?id=8 | title=Techno india University | publisher=Techno india University | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209171209/http://www.technoindiauniversity.ac.in/research1/tiusolar/index.php?id=8 | archive-date=9 February 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> including production technology and equipment.<ref name="KIIT University" /> He was also known to have developed a process for Radar opaque coating of aircraft canopies and windshields.<ref name="KIIT University" /> His researches have been documented by way of over 300 scientific papers published in peer reviewed journals of international stature.<ref name="KIIT University" /><ref name="Microsoft Academic Search" /><ref name="IACS" /> He had also mentored several students in their doctoral research.<ref name="KIIT University" /><ref name="IACS" /><ref name="RCAIS" />

An honorary professor of the [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology]], Shibpur<ref name="IIEST" /> from 2010-2018,<ref name="KIIT University" /> Barua was an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Bangalore<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_all.php3?alpha=B | title=Indian Academy of Sciences | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> and the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology.<ref name="NSC" /><ref name="IACS" /><ref name="RCAIS" /><ref name="Techno india University" /><ref name="WAST Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.iicb.res.in/wast/fellow_wast.pdf | title=WAST Fellow | publisher=IICB | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> He had held the chair of the Research and Development committee of the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission]] on solar [[photovoltaics]].<ref name="KIIT University" /> He had been a member of the Task Force on Solar Research Initiatives set up by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]].<ref name="KIIT University" /><ref name="NSC" /><ref name="IACS" /><ref name="RCAIS" /> He had served the Asia Pacific Academy of Materials as its member,<ref name="KIIT University" /> the Sixth International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference as its chairman,<ref name="RCAIS" /> the [[Indian Physical Society]] as its president<ref name="RCAIS" /> and [[Birla Industrial & Technological Museum|Birla Industrial and Technological Museum]] as the chairman of its governing council.<ref name="NSC" /><ref name="IACS" /> He was also associated with ''Hhv Center For Advanced Photovoltaic Technologies'' as an additional director.<ref name="Look n Find">{{cite web | url=http://www.looknfind.info/director/asok-kumar-barua/6540951 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150210052548/http://www.looknfind.info/director/asok-kumar-barua/6540951 | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 February 2015 | title=Look n Find | publisher=Look n Find | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015 }}</ref>

Barua received the Distinguished Materials Scientist of the Year Award in 2002 from the Materials Research Society of India.<ref name="KIIT University" /><ref name="IACS" /> The [[Government of India]] honoured him in 2003 with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]]. He was also a recipient of the Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference Award from the Solar Energy Society of India<ref name="IACS" /> and ICSC-Materials Science prize of the Materials Research Society of India.<ref name="NSC" />

Barua died from [[COVID-19]] in Kolkata on 30 May 2021, at the age of 84.<ref>{{cite web |title=Condolence Message |url=https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0Vpf4fNv3dYky6yekG5pqeyD9DtVHWCjccuGgGMufPdpWMZA9dnDtzyvnvsgEj15Hl&id=106475831551059 |website=Asutosh Mookerjee Memorial Institute on Facebook |access-date=14 February 2024 |date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Optics]]
* [[Optoelectronics]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Science}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://65.54.113.26/Author/52561122/asok-kumar-barua | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150210052509/http://65.54.113.26/Author/52561122/asok-kumar-barua | url-status=dead | archive-date=2015-02-10 | title=Profile on Microsoft Academic Search | publisher=[[Microsoft Academic Search]] | date=2015 | access-date=9 February 2015 }}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barua, Asok Kumar}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]

Durg–Hazrat Nizamuddin Humsafar Express

2025-11-21T13:40:09Z

Startupoffices:

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=October 2017}}
{{one source|date=May 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 20B2AA
| name = Durg - Hazrat Nizamuddin Humsafar Express
| logo =
| image = Durg humsafar exp.jpg
| image_width = 350
| caption = DURG-NZM Humsafar Express At [[Mathura Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Humsafar Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|04|28}}
| last =
| operator = [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Durg Junction}} ('''DURG''')
| stops = 14
| end = {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} ('''NZM''')
| distance = {{convert|1280|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 21h 20min
| frequency = Bi - Weekly
| class = AC 3 tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Humsafar]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22867 / 22868
| speed = {{cvt|59|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:Chhattisgarh Samparkkranti Express (NZM - DURG) Route map.jpg|300px]] {{Durg–Hazrat Nizamuddin Humsafar Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 22867 / 22868 '''Durg - Hazrat Nizamuddin Humsafar Express''' is a superfast express train of the Indian Railways connecting {{rws|Durg Junction}} in [[Chhattisgarh]] and {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} in [[Delhi]]. It is currently being operated with 22867/22868 train numbers on bi-weekly basis.

==Coach composition ==

The train is completely 3-tier AC sleeper designed by [[Indian Railways]] with features of LED screen display to show information about stations, train speed etc. and will have announcement system as well, Vending machines for tea, coffee and milk, Bio toilets in compartments as well as CCTV cameras.

== Service==

It averages 60&nbsp;km/h as 22867 Humsafar Express starts on Tuesday and Friday from {{rws|Durg Junction}} covering 1280&nbsp;km in 21 hrs 20 mins & 58&nbsp;km/h as 22868 Humsafar Express starts on Wednesday and Saturday from {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} covering 1280 kilometer in 22 hours.

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[WAP 7]] locomotive of [[Electric Loco Shed, Bhilai|Bhilai]] Electric Locomotive Shed on its entire journey.

== Route and halts ==

{{columns-list|# '''{{stnlnk|Durg}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Raipur}}
# [[Bhatapara]]
# {{stnlnk|Bilaspur Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Pendra Road}}
# [[Anuppur]]
# [[Shahdol railway station|Shahdol]]
# [[Umaria]]
# {{stnlnk|Katni Murwara}}
# {{stnlnk|Damoh}}
# {{stnlnk|Saugor}}
# {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}}
# {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}'''|colwidth=15em}}

==See also==
[[Humsafar Express]]

==References==
*http://indiarailinfo.com/train/durg-hazrat-nizamuddin-humsafar-express-22867/51998/187/748
*http://indiarailinfo.com/train/hazrat-nizamuddin-durg-humsafar-express-22868/51997/748/187

{{Humsafar Express}}
{{Railways in Central India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durg - Hazrat Nizamuddin Humsafar Express}}
[[Category:Humsafar Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Durg]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Malihabadi Dusseheri Mango

2025-10-26T00:03:28Z

Startupoffices: creating new bio w/ sources...

{{Short description|Mango cultivar from Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = ''Mangifera'' 'Malihabadi Dusseheri'
| image = Close-up of unplucked Malihabadi Dusseheri Mangoes.jpg
| image_caption = Close-up of unplucked Malihabadi Dusseheri Mangoes
| genus = ''[[Mangifera]]''
| species = ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| cultivar = 'Malihabadi Dusseheri'
| origin = [[India]]
}}
The ''''Malihabadi Dusseheri' mango''', is a [[mango]] [[cultivar]] primarily grown in the town of [[Malihabad]], [[Lucknow district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunshine Is A Fruit |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/society/sunshine-is-a-fruit-news-265333 |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=Outlook India |date=5 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The Malihabadi Dusseheri mangoes are unique from the Dussehri variety grown elsewhere in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Malihabad Express - Mango Run in a Renault Duster |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/the-malihabad-express--mango-run-in-a-renault-duster-413277 |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=Autocar India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malihabad: in the land of famous Dussehri mangoes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/malihabad-in-the-land-of-famous-dussehri-mangoes/story-eK976k3RHWo4HSeLjTLrAL.html |access-date=27 October 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Name==
The Malihabadi Dusseheri mango's legacy began in Lucknow [[Nawab of Lucknow|Nawab's]] royal gardens during the 1700s. The original mother plant, estimated to be 200 years old, still blossoms in [[Dashaari]] village located under [[Kakori]] town, between [[Malihabad]] and [[Lucknow]], the epicenter of this mango variety.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saxena |first1=Sandeep |title=Watch: Malihabad and its affair with Dasheri mango |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/video-malihabad-and-its-affair-with-dasheri-mango/article68406692.ece |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=15 July 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wine made from UP's Dussehri mangoes to tickle taste buds |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/wine-made-from-up-s-dussehri-mangoes-to-tickle-taste-buds-101722017579511.html |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

==History==

According to local historical accounts, the first Dasheri mango tree was discovered by a servant of '''Abdul Hameed Khan of Malihabad''', who later became known as '''Baba-e-Amba''' (''Father of Mango'').<ref name="MalihabadMangoHistory">{{cite web |title=Malihabad – The Mango Belt of India |url=https://example.com |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>

It is said that while traveling to the nearby '''Dasheri village''', the servant found a distinct mango fruit and brought it back to Abdul Hameed Khan. Impressed by its exceptional flavour and aroma, Abdul Hameed cultivated the seed and later performed one of the earliest known cases of '''mango grafting''' by crossbreeding it with other local varieties.

Through careful experimentation and cultivation, Abdul Hameed Khan and his son developed the Dasheri mango into its present-day form. The Khan family is credited with pioneering grafting techniques and introducing several famous Indian mango varieties, including '''[[Dasheri]]''', [[Chaunsa]] and other cultivars that later spread across India and beyond.

Their contributions established Malihabad as the renowned '''Mango Belt of India''', and the Dasheri mango remains one of the country’s most prized varieties.

This mango has the ability to get the attention. Its flavor and aroma are unmatched.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Rohit |date=2023-02-08 |title=Dasheri Mango- Health Benefits, Uses and Important Facts |url=https://www.potsandpans.in/blogs/articles/dasheri-mango-health-benefits-uses-and-important-facts |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=PotsandPans India}}</ref>

==Description==
This mango variety boasts a small to medium-sized elongated fruit, sporting a vibrant yellow colour, with fibreless pulp, distinctive rich flavor, and excellent storage durability.<ref>{{cite journal |title='Malihabadi Dashehari' Mango Geographical Indication – a Case Study |page=220 |url=https://pusakrishi.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Malihabadi-dashehari_mango-geographical-indication-a-case-study.pdf |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

===Uniqueness===
Malihabad's traditional mango growers claim that 'Dusseheri' mangoes grown elsewhere lack the region's signature characteristics. For over 300 years, Malihabad's distinct soil, climate, and geology have infused 'Malihabadi Dusseheri' mangoes with pleasant flavor, rich sweetness, fibreless pulp, and excellent keeping quality.<ref>{{cite journal |title='Malihabadi Dashehari' Mango Geographical Indication – a Case Study |page=221 |url=https://pusakrishi.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Malihabadi-dashehari_mango-geographical-indication-a-case-study.pdf |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
Photos provided from the farms of [[Padma Shri]] winner [[Kaleem Ullah Khan (horticulturist)|Kaleemullah Khan]], horticulturist and fruit breeder, from Malihabad.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Mango Man’ Is the Fruit’s Foremost Poet, Philosopher, Fan and Scientist (Published 2022) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/01/world/asia/india-mango-kaleem-ullah-khan.html |access-date=7 June 2025 |agency=New York Times |date=1 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dutta |first1=Raajwrita |title=Meet The Man Who Grew 300 Mango Varieties on a Single Tree |url=https://thebetterindia.com/418154/kalimullah-khan-malihabad-mango-tree-350-varieties-alphonso-langra-grafting-hybrid-mangoes/ |website=The Better India |access-date=7 June 2025 |date=5 April 2025}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Unplucked Malihabadi Dusseheri Mangoes.jpg|Unplucked Malihabadi Dusseheri Mangoes
File:Another photo of Unplucked Malihabadi Dusseheri Mangoes.jpg|Another photo of Unplucked Malihabadi Dusseheri Mangoes
File:Padmashri winner and an expert mango grower Kaleemullah Khan at his farm at Malihabad.jpg|Padmashri winner and an expert mango grower Kaleemullah Khan at his farm at Malihabad
File:Semi-ripe Malihabadi Dusseheri Mangoes.jpg|Semi-ripe Malihabadi Dusseheri Mangoes
</gallery>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 4 September 2009 (valid until 14 May 2028).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Piyali |title=10 Indian Mangoes With GI Tags |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/food-and-drink/10-indian-mangoes-with-gi-tags |website=Outlook Traveller |access-date=6 October 2024 |language=en |date=2 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title='MALIHABADI DASHEHARI' MANGO GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION - A CASE STUDY {{!}} International Society for Horticultural Science |journal=www.actahort.org |page=219-226 |url=https://www.ishs.org/ishs-article/1066_26 |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nagori |first1=Rohit |title=Discrimination of mango orchards in Malihabad, India using textural features |journal=Geocarto International |date=28 May 2021 |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=1060–1074 |doi=10.1080/10106049.2019.1637467 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10106049.2019.1637467 |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=en |issn=1010-6049|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nagori |first1=Rohit |title=Discrimination of mango orchards in Malihabad, India using textural features |journal=Geocarto International |date=28 May 2021 |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=1060–1074 |doi=10.1080/10106049.2019.1637467 |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Discrimination-of-mango-orchards-in-Malihabad%2C-Nagori/25b89c8688cdf3279f690fe080d7dc8ac7c1d115 |access-date=27 October 2024 |language=en |issn=1010-6049}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dussehri Mango |url=https://nhb.gov.in/pdf/LucknowBrochure.pdf |website=National Horticulture Board |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Improvising GIs significance in fruit crops for doubling farmers income |url=https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue2/PartAA/7-2-188-817.pdf |website=Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indication and Registration for it in Uttar Pradesh, India: Present and Future Potential |url=https://ijras.org/administrator/components/com_jresearch/files/publications/IJRAS_647_FINAL.pdf |website=International Journal of Research in Agricultural Sciences |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

National Horticulture Board from [[Gurgaon]] proposed the GI registration of the Malihabadi Dusseheri mango. After filing the application in 2008, the fruit was granted the GI tag in 2009 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Malihabadi Dusseheri" exclusive to the mangoes grown in the region. It thus became the first mango variety from Uttar Pradesh and fourth mango variety from India to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/125 |website=Official website of Intellectual Property India |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of mango cultivars]]
* [[List of Geographical Indications in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mangoes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malihabadi Dusseheri (Mango)}}
[[Category:Mango cultivars]]
[[Category:Mango cultivars of India]]
[[Category:GI-Tagged Mangoes of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Uttar Pradesh]]

Do You Wanna Partner

2025-10-15T18:09:08Z

Startupoffices: made first details added tags

{{Short description|2025 series by Archit Kumar and Collin D'Cunha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Do You Wanna Partner.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name =
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]
| based_on =
| director = {{plain list|
* Archit Kumar
* Collin D'Cunha
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
* [[Diana Penty]]
}}
| writer = {{plain list|
* Nandini Gupta
* Aarsh Vora
* Mithun Gongopadhyay
}}
| creator = {{plain list|
* Mithun Gongopadhyay
* Nishant Nayak
}}
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| cinematography =
| editor =
| producer = {{plain list|
* [[Karan Johar]]
* [[Adar Poonawalla]]
* Apoorva Mehta
}}
| executive_producer = {{plain list|
* Somen Mishra
* Archit Kumar
}}
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|09|12|df=y}}
| last_aired =
| company = [[Dharma Productions#Dharmatic Entertainment|Dharmatic Entertainment]]
| runtime = 35–46 minutes
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
}}

'''''Do You Wanna Partner''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[comedy drama]] series that premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 12 September 2025. Produced by [[Dharma Productions#Dharmatic Entertainment|Dharmatic Entertainment]], it is directed by Archit Kumar and Collin D'Cunha and stars [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] and [[Diana Penty]] as two friends launching a craft beer startup in a male-dominated industry. The series explores female entrepreneurship, friendship, and resourcefulness, with an ensemble cast including [[Nakuul Mehta]], [[Jaaved Jaaferi]], [[Neeraj Kabi]], [[Shweta Tiwari]], [[Rannvijay Singha]], [[Ayesha Raza Mishra]] and Sufi Motiwala.<ref>{{cite web | last=Das | first=Santanu | title=Do You Wanna Partner trailer: Tamannaah Bhatia, Diana Penty are in need of jugaad to open their own beer brand. Watch | website=Hindustan Times | date=29 August 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/do-you-wanna-partner-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia-diana-penty-open-beer-brand-nakuul-mehta-neeraj-kabi-shweta-tiwari-101756459695521.html | access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Hungama | first=Bollywood | title=Do You Wanna Partner: Tamannaah Bhatia and Diana Penty starrer comedy-drama series to premiere in September | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=25 August 2025 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/wanna-partner-tamannaah-bhatia-diana-penty-starrer-comedy-drama-series-premiere-september/ | access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Shikha and Anahita, two friends, launch a craft beer business in urban India, navigating challenges in a male-dominated industry, including skeptical families, investors, and bureaucratic hurdles. The series blends humor and social commentary, highlighting their friendship and ingenuity as they pursue personal and professional growth.

== Cast ==
''Adapted from the source media'':<ref name=apv />
{{cast listing|
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Shikha Roy Chowdhury
** Jazlyn Tanwani as Young Shikha
* [[Diana Penty]] as Anahita Makujina
* [[Nakuul Mehta]] as Bobby Bagga, a [[Brewery#Head brewer / brewmaster|brewmaster]]
* [[Jaaved Jaaferi]] as Dylan Thomas, an actor hired to play David Jones
** Archak as Young Dylan
* [[Neeraj Kabi]] as Vikram Walia, chairman of Silver Tusk Spirits
* [[Shweta Tiwari]] as Laila Singh, a money lender
* [[Rannvijay Singha]] as Kabir, Shikha's live-in partner
* [[Ayesha Raza Mishra]] as Radha Roy Chowdhury, Shikha's mother
* Sufi Motiwala as Firdaus Makujina, Anahita's brother
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Sunjoy Roy Chowdhury, Shikha's father
* [[Lokesh Mittal]] as Juggy
* Sarabjeet Singh as Sartaj
* [[Neeraj Sood]] as Darshan Vora
* [[Koel Purie]] as Malini Mathur
* [[Shaji Choudhary]] as Premnath Kakinath Tokas aka Tokas Pehalwan
* [[Vidya Malvade]] (cameo)
* [[Anupam Mittal]] (cameo)

}}

== Production ==
Produced by [[Karan Johar]], Adar Poonawalla, and Apoorva Mehta under Dharmatic Entertainment, the series was created by Mithun Gongopadhyay and Nishant Nayak, with scripts by Nandini Gupta, Aarsh Vora, and Gongopadhyay. Archit Kumar and Collin D'Cunha directed, with Kumar and Somen Mishra as executive producers. Filming took place in Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web | last=Entertainment Web Desk | title='Do You Wanna Partner': Tamannaah Bhatia, Diana Penty headline new comedy drama on Prime Video | website=Telegraph India | date=25 August 2025 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/prime-video-announces-new-comedy-show-starring-tamannaah-bhatia-and-diana-penty/cid/2119646 | access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Ramachandran | first=Naman | title=Tamannaah Bhatia, Diana Penty and Karan Johar's 'Do You Wanna Partner' Sets September Prime Video Bow (EXCLUSIVE) | website=Variety | date=25 August 2025 | url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/karan-johar-do-you-wanna-partner-september-prime-video-1236495851/ | access-date=25 August 2025 | archive-date=25 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825225215/https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/karan-johar-do-you-wanna-partner-september-prime-video-1236495851/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| link1 = #Season 1 (2025)
| episodes1 = 8
| released1 = {{Start date|2025|09|12}}
}}

===Season 1 (2025)===
{{Episode table
|background = #FAECC8
|overall = 3
|title = 30
|director = 15
|writer = 15
|airdate = 10
|overallT = Episode
|titleT = Title
|directorT = Directed By
|writerT = Written By
|airdateT = Date of Broadcast
|episodes=

{{Episode list
|background = #FAECC8
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Bootstrap
| DirectedBy = Archit Kumar, Collin D'Cunha
| WrittenBy = Nandini Gupta, Aarsh Vora, Mithun Gongopadhyay
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}<ref name=apv>{{Cite AV media|title=Do You Wanna Partner|type=television production|url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Do-You-Wanna-Partner/0LB9T0DVF6RAL7XFN9BHF632TL|language=hi|publisher=[[Dharma Productions#Dharmatic Entertainment|Dharmatic Entertainment]] |year=2025 |via=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>
| ShortSummary = When Shikha's employer is taken over by Vikram Walia, the beer tycoon who ruined her father's business, she drowns her frustrations over drinks with her friend Anahita. After Anahita faces her own corporate betrayal, the duo decides to launch a rival beer brand to challenge Walia's empire.
| LineColor = #FAD67D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = USP
| DirectedBy = Archit Kumar, Collin D'Cunha
| WrittenBy = Nandini Gupta, Aarsh Vora, Mithun Gongopadhyay
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}<ref name=apv />
| ShortSummary = Shikha and Anahita dive into their entrepreneurial journey, recruiting a quirky brewmaster to their team. Facing dismissive investors and bureaucratic hurdles, they uncover an unexpected key to overcoming their challenges.
| LineColor = #FAD67D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Marketing
| DirectedBy = Archit Kumar, Collin D'Cunha
| WrittenBy = Nandini Gupta, Aarsh Vora, Mithun Gongopadhyay
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}<ref name=apv />
| ShortSummary = The arrival of their enigmatic mentor, David Jones, transforms Shikha and Anahita's prospects, securing key deals. However, maintaining the myth of David's existence becomes increasingly difficult as his reputation grows uncontrollably.
| LineColor = #FAD67D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Brand Ambassador
| DirectedBy = Archit Kumar, Collin D'Cunha
| WrittenBy = Nandini Gupta, Aarsh Vora, Mithun Gongopadhyay
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}<ref name=apv />
| ShortSummary = A financial crisis pushes Shikha and Anahita into a risky alliance with the dubious Laila. When Laila insists on meeting the elusive David Jones, the duo scrambles to find someone to embody their fictional mentor.
| LineColor = #FAD67D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = The Launch
| DirectedBy = Archit Kumar, Collin D'Cunha
| WrittenBy = Nandini Gupta, Aarsh Vora, Mithun Gongopadhyay
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}<ref name=apv />
| ShortSummary = The Jugaaro beer launch electrifies Delhi, with Dylan stepping up as David Jones. But when Walia disrupts the event and Dylan reveals a shocking secret, Shikha and Anahita must navigate a cascade of crises.
| LineColor = #FAD67D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Silent Partner
| DirectedBy = Archit Kumar, Collin D'Cunha
| WrittenBy = Nandini Gupta, Aarsh Vora, Mithun Gongopadhyay
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}<ref name=apv />
| ShortSummary = Jugaaro's rise to fame secures a major music festival deal, but Walia's latest attack threatens everything. As Shikha contemplates a perilous deal with Laila, romantic sparks at the festival add new complications.
| LineColor = #FAD67D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Friction
| DirectedBy = Archit Kumar, Collin D'Cunha
| WrittenBy = Nandini Gupta, Aarsh Vora, Mithun Gongopadhyay
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}<ref name=apv />
| ShortSummary = Jugaaro's success unravels as secrets spill out. Anahita's hidden romance and Shikha's risky dealings come to light, fracturing their partnership, while Dylan is caught in the crossfire of their crumbling trust.
| LineColor = #FAD67D
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Pivot
| DirectedBy = Archit Kumar, Collin D'Cunha
| WrittenBy = Nandini Gupta, Aarsh Vora, Mithun Gongopadhyay
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|09|12}}<ref name=apv />
| ShortSummary = With time running out to settle debts with Laila, Shikha faces a heart-wrenching choice. She and Anahita set aside their conflicts for a final, high-stakes effort to save Jugaaro, but their dream hangs in the balance.
| LineColor = #FAD67D
}}

}}

== Release ==
''Do You Wanna Partner'' premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web | last=Vasudevan | first=Aishwarya | title=Do You Wanna Partner? OTT release date: Here's when and where you can stream Tamannaah Bhatia and Diana Penty's comedy-drama | website=OTTPlay | date=25 August 2025 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/do-you-wanna-partner-ott-release-date-when-where-stream-tamannaah-bhatia-diana-penty-comedy-drama/6b796c69ca464 | access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=FP Entertainment Desk | title=Prime Video Unveils the Trailer for Tamannaah Bhatia and Diana Penty Starrer Comedy Drama 'Do You Wanna Partner' | website=Firstpost | date=29 August 2025 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/prime-video-unveils-the-trailer-for-tamannaah-bhatia-and-diana-penty-starrer-comedy-drama-do-you-wanna-partner-13929059.html | access-date=29 August 2025 | archive-date=11 September 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911105149/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/prime-video-unveils-the-trailer-for-tamannaah-bhatia-and-diana-penty-starrer-comedy-drama-do-you-wanna-partner-13929059.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt31925787}}
*{{TheTVDB|467308}}

{{Amazon Prime Video original series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:You Wanna Partner, Do}}
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Indians in Saint Kitts and Nevis

2025-10-02T14:09:34Z

Startupoffices: put up post.

The Indian community in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] is made up of '''Indo-Kittitians''', '''Indo-Nevisians''', [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indians and persons of Indian origin]]. Indo-Kittitians and Indo-Nevisians are nationals of Saint Kitts and Nevis whose ancestry lies within the country of India. The community originated from the [[Indian indenture system|Indian indentured workers]] brought to [[Saint Kitts]] and [[Nevis]] by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1861 and 1874 respectively. By 1884, most of the community had emigrated to Caribbean nations with larger Indian populations such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]] and [[Suriname]].

In recent years, the Indian population of Saint Kitts and Nevis has witnessed a gradual increase, as a result of immigration by [[Indo-Caribbeans]] particularly [[Indo-Guyanese]]. Some [[Sindhis|Indian Sindhi]] businessmen have also moved to the country recently. According to the 2001 Census of Saint Kitts and Nevis, the population of [[Indian people]] in the country rose from 0.7% in 1991 to 1.5% in 2001. They were the third largest ethnic group in country, after Africans (92.4%) and people of mixed race (3%). The 2001 Census recorded 443 East Indian males and 266 East Indian females in the country.

==Indenture==
Following the abolition of slavery in the [[British West Indies]] on 1 August 1838, [[plantation]] owners in the region sought to find an alternative to [[Atlantic slave trade|African slave labour]]. The British began transporting indentured workers from India to work on plantation estates in Saint Kitts and Nevis, which had become British colony in 1713. Saint Kitts and Nevis were the last among British and [[French colonial empire|French]] colonies to introduce Indian indentured labour. Nevis received 315 Indian indentured workers, the smallest among all the colonies that employed indentured labour. Saint Kitts received the third smallest number (337 workers), after the Dutch colony of St. Croix which received 321 Indian workers. Limited information exists on indentured workers in Saint Kitts. A register that kept records of indentured workers was lost in a fire at the Court House in Saint Kitts in 1982. Some documents related to indentured workers are held at the National Archives in Saint Kitts.<ref name="Mahabir">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/5506761|title=Legacy of Slavery and Indentured Labour: Conference on Bonded Labour, Migration, Diaspora and Identity Formation in Historical and Contemporary Context|date=June 2013|website=academia.edu|language=en|last1=Mahabir|first1=Kumar|access-date=24 April 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Saint Kitts ===
The only ship that carried indentured workers from India to Saint Kitts, the ''Dartmouth'', departed from [[Calcutta]] on 26 February 1861 and arrived in Saint Kitts on 3 June 1861. The details of the passengers on the ship at the time of departure were recorded in an entry made in the report by Captain Eales, the Protector of Emigrants in the Protector's Office at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in [[Calcutta]], India. The entry, dated 28 May 1861, records that the ship had departed with 361 Indians on board - 192 men, 113 women, 17 boys, 24 girls and 13 infants under the age of two. The report also notes that four Indians died of [[cholera]] around the time of departure. However, it does not account for two passengers. The ''St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer'' reported that the ''Dartmouth'' docked at St. Kitts on 3 June 1861 with 337 Indians on board - 186 men, 103 women, 13 boys, 10 girls and 10 male and 15 female infants. The difference between the figures indicates that 20 Indians died during the voyage.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Hassankhan|first1=Maurits S.|last2=Roopnarine|first2=Lomarsh|last3=Ramsoedh|first3=Hans|title=The Legacy of Indian Indenture: Historical and Contemporary Aspects of Migration and Diaspora|date=10 November 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351986830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERR6DQAAQBAJ|access-date=24 April 2017|language=en|chapter=Searching for the Lost Indentured of St. Kitts}}</ref><ref name="Roopnarine"/>

Eales' report provides information about the origin and age of the passengers. According to the report, the passengers came from the areas of [[Sahebganj|Sahebgunge]] or Gya [[Jharkhand]] (85 immigrants), [[Ranchi]] Jharkhand (84), [[Purulia district|Pooroolea]] Bengal (40), [[Hazaribagh|Hazareebaugh]] Jharkhand (33), [[Arrah]] or [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]] [[Bihar]] (25), and [[Patna]], [[Azimabad]], [[Jellasore]] or [[Monghyr]] Bihar (22). The report records that 139 passenger were aged between 20–30 years, 71 were aged between 30–40 years, and the remaining 151 immigrants were either below the age of 20 or above the age of 40.<ref name="Routledge"/>

Upon arriving in Saint Kitts, the indentured workers were assigned to estates except for six who were directly admitted at the Colonial Hospital. Five of the admitted workers died at the hospital. The largest group of workers, around 29, were sent to Dewar Estate, and the smallest group of four workers was assigned to Mansion Estate. The West Farm, Dupuys, and Golden Rock estates received more female Indian workers than males. West Farm received 10 females and 8 males, Dupuys got 6 females and 5 males, and Golden Rock received 4 females and 3 males. On average, the 25 estates received an average of 13 indentured Indian labourers each.<ref name="Routledge"/><ref name="Roopnarine">{{cite book|last1=Roopnarine|first1=Lomarsh|title=Indian Indenture in the Danish West Indies, 1863-1873|date=24 August 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319307107|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLrmDAAAQBAJ|access-date=24 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> Shortly after the assignments, around 7 Indian workers died - 2 adults from Con Phipps estate, 1 person from Stone Castle estate, 1 child from Needsmust estate, and 1 child and 1 infant from Dewar. An infant that had been born during the voyage, and assigned to Helden estate, also died. During the same period, four Indian children were born on the island.<ref name="Routledge" />

There were some reported instances of Indian indentured labourers refusing to work. The Masters and Servants Act of 1849 mandated that indentured labourers were required work from the moment they agreed to work for a plantation owner, but did not require the agreement to be in writing. An article in the ''St. Christopher Advertiser and Weekly Intelligencer'' published on 5 November 1861 states, "Bramandat (a [[coolie]]) was charged by Mr Solomon Shelford with breach of his contract as a labourer. It appeared from the evidence that the defendant refused to do the work ordered, had not worked for a week. Defendant said that he would not do the work ordered (weed canes) but would do other work. He was committed to goal there to be kept to hard labour for 30 days." On 12 November 1861, the same newspaper reported that two workers named Dheajan and Shampod were charged with breach of contract by S.H. Richardson for refusing to work and were ordered to pay a fine of 5 [[Shilling (British coin)|shillings]] each ({{Inflation|UK|.60|1861|fmt=eq|cursign=[[Pound sterling|£]]}}).

Within four years of arriving in Saint Kitts, most of the workers [[Conversion to Christianity|converted]] from [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]] to [[Christianity]]. They also began adopting [[Christian name]]s. The ''Colonial Report, St. Kitts, 1868, FCOL'' states that only a "handful" of Indians were indentured in St. Kitts in 1868. The estimated 10 Indians who were still indentured are presumed to have re-indentured, as the original indenture period was five years. The report also emphasizes the "great exodus" of Indians from Saint Kitts to [[Guyana]] and [[Trinidad]].<ref name="Mahabir" /> Twenty-two Indians died during their indenture period in Saint Kitts. Sixty-three Indians emigrated to Trinidad and Guyana after completing their indenture periods.<ref name="Routledge" />

In the 1860s, the decade that Indians arrived in Saint Kitts, they accounted for about 5% of the island's total population. By 1887, the Indian population in Saint Kitts had declined by 82% and there were only 61 Indians still residing in Saint Kitts, or 0.2% of the island's total population. According to the 1921 Census of Saint Kitts, there were 21 India-born people in the country indicating that most of the Indian immigrants had left Saint Kitts. The Census did not provide figures for ethnic makeup of the population, but only noted the birth place of respondents. Therefore, it provides no information on the total Indian population of Saint Kitts in 1921, which would include Indians born on the island.<ref name="Mahabir" />

=== Nevis ===
The only ship that carried indentured workers from India to Nevis, the ''[[Syria (ship)|Syria]]'', departed from Calcutta and arrived in Nevis on 30 March 1874 with 315 Indians on board. The Government of Nevis enacted Acts on 24 March and 9 April 1874 to raise funds to import the workers. In 1874, [[Pound sterling|£]]4,993 ({{Inflation|UK|4993|1874|fmt=eq|cursign=[[Pound sterling|£]]}}) of the government's total annual expenditure of £11,149 ({{Inflation|UK|11149|1874|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}) was allocated for facilitating the immigration of Indian labour. Upon arriving, Indian indentured labourers were assigned to estates across Nevis. According to a written reply to an enquiry from the Guiana Emigration Agency at 8 Garden Reach, Calcutta, which was responsible for emigration of Indians to Nevis, acting President [[John Kemys Spencer-Churchill]] declared that all Indian immigrants were freed from indentureship in April 1879. Some Indian labourers broke their contracts before the five-year indenture period ended so that they could migrate to Trinidad. Others emigrated after completing their contracts. No Indian workers in Nevis chose to re-indenture after completing their initial five-year contract, however, many chose to remain in Nevis as free workers.<ref name="UWC">{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.uwc.ac.za/users/DMS/Delete/M4ry-J4n3%27S%20d0cS/my%20e-books/history/indo%20caribbean%20genealogy.pdf|server=University of Western Cape|url-status=dead|title=Indo-Caribbean Genealogy|access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref>

Indians faced many legal issues in Nevis in the years following their arrival. Court records from 1874 and 1875 show that over 120 Indians were convicted of various offences, most often for breaching their contract. However, convictions of Indians reduced to 27 in 1880 suggesting that they had begun to assimilate and integrate with Nevisian society.<ref name="UWC" />

Around 20% of Indian immigrants to Nevis returned to India by 1890.<ref name="Mahabir" />

== Present day ==
Historians regard the Indians of Saint Kitts and Nevis as a "lost" population, as little is known about the descendants of the Indian indentured workers who arrived in the country. This can be attributed to the small number of Indians brought to Saint Kitts and Nevis as compared to other colonies in the Caribbean. Historian Kumar Mahabir states, "The small number of Indians in St. Kitts was a major contributor to their disappearance, physiologically and culturally." This is a common phenomenon among Indo-Caribbeans in nations with small Indian populations. Indo-Caribbeans in countries with larger populations such as Trinidad, Guyana and Suriname maintain Indian cultural and religious practices even today.<ref name="Mahabir" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Desk|first1=NewsGram|title=Indo-Caribbean history: An analysis of the lost Indians in St. Kitts|url=https://www.newsgram.com/indo-caribbean-history-an-analysis-of-the-lost-indians-in-st-kitts/|website=NewsGram|access-date=24 April 2017|date=31 March 2016}}</ref>

The small number of immigrants, inter-marriages, mass exodus of Indians from Saint Kitts and Nevis to other Caribbean nations, and subsequent integration with the Indian community in those nations resulted in the "disappearance" of the Indo-Kittitian and Indo-Nevisian communities. Although Nevis received slightly less Indian immigrants than Saint Kitts, the former bears comparatively more traces of Indian heritage. Historian Bonham C. Richardson wrote in 1983, "Today in the late 20th century, the only noticeable vestige of this immigration on the two islands [Saint Kitts and Nevis] is a few Indian families in the Cotton Ground village area of Nevis north of [[Charlestown, Nevis|Charlestown]]."<ref name="Richardson">{{cite book|last1=Richardson|first1=Bonham C.|title=Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis|date=1983|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press|isbn=9780870493614|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxWKVa66Vt0C|access-date=24 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="UWC" />

In recent years, the Indian population of Saint Kitts and Nevis has witnessed a gradual increase, as a result of immigration by Indo-Caribbeans to the country particularly Indo-Guyanese. Some Indian Sindhi businessmen have also moved to the country recently.<ref name="Mahabir" /> According to the 2001 Census of Saint Kitts and Nevis, the population of East Indian people in the country rose from 0.7% in 1991 to 1.5% in 2001. They were the third largest ethnic group in country, after Africans (92.4%) and people of mixed race (3%). The 2001 Census recorded 443 East Indian males and 266 East Indian females in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Kitts.pdf|title=2000 ROUND OF POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS SUB-PROJECT NATIONAL CENSUS REPORT ST. KITTS AND NEVIS|website=CARICOM|page=23|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205005511/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Kitts.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Indian cuisine has had a significant influence on Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Indian food such roti, goat curry, pork curry, mutton curry and vegetable curries are a common part of Kittitian and Nevisian cuisines.<ref name="Mahabir" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[India–Saint Kitts and Nevis relations]]

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Ancestry and ethnicity in Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the Caribbean| ]]
[[Category:Saint Kitts and Nevis people of Asian descent]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Saint Kitts and Nevis]]

Cricket Association of Pondicherry

2025-09-25T05:00:32Z

Startupoffices:

{{Short description|Cricket organization in Pondicherry, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Cricket Association of Pondicherry
|abbrev = CAP
|logo = CricketAssociationofPuducherryLogo.png
|logosize =
|sport = Cricket
|category =
|image =
|caption =
|jurisdiction =
|membership = Puducherry State Sports Council<ref name=":0"/>
|founded = {{Start date|2003}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://cap-cricket.com/about/ |title=About – Cricket Association of Pondicherry |website=Cricket Association of Pondicherry |location=Puducherry, India |access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>
|aff = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]<ref name=":0"/>
|affdate =
|region =
|regionyear =
|headquarters = Puducherry
|location = Puducherry
|president = G. Ramachandran
|Chief Operating Officer =
|chairman =
|chairperson =
|chiefexec = Mayank A. Mehta<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cap-cricket.com/ceo/ |title=CEO – Cricket Association of Pondicherry |website=Cricket Association of Pondicherry |location=Pondicherry, India |access-date=2021-03-21}}</ref>
|vicepresident = C. Aianarappane<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cap-cricket.com/vice-president/ |title=Vice-President – Cricket Association of Pondicherry |website=Cricket Association of Pondicherry |location=Pondicherry, India |access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>
|director =
|secretary =
|coach =
|womenscoach =
|key staff =
|operating income =
|sponsor =
|replaced =
|prevfounded =
|url = https://cap-cricket.com/
|countryflag = India
|countryflag2 =
|countryflag3 =
|more =
}}
'''Cricket Association of Pondicherry (CAP)''' is the governing body for [[cricket]] in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], formerly known as Pondicherry. Puducherry is a Union Territory in [[India]] and for the [[Puducherry cricket team]]. On 27 October 2017, Supreme Court-appointed Committee of Administrators (CoA) granted Associate Membership of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) to the Cricket Association of Puducherry (CAP).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/puducherry-becomes-associate-member-of-bcci/articleshow/61227682.cms|title=Puducherry becomes associate member of BCCI|work=ToI|date=25 October 2017 |access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/puducherry-get-go-ahead-for-ranji-2018-19/275710|title=Puducherry get go-ahead for Ranji 2018-19|work=Wisden India|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224113603/https://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/puducherry-get-go-ahead-for-ranji-2018-19/275710|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior to this, it was affiliated to [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] (TNCA) as a District Association. In 2019, CAP was granted full membership of the BCCI.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cricket Association of Pondicherry is a Full Member of BCCI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/cricket-association-of-pondicherry-is-a-full-member-of-bcci/article28563744.ece |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=18 July 2019}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Board of Cricket Control in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21176613/coa-grants-associate-membership-cricket-association-pondicherry CoA grants Associate membership to Cricket Association of Pondicherry]
*[http://www.dnaindia.com/topic/cricket-association-of-pondicherry Cricket Association of Pondicherry News]
*{{Cricket-org-stub}}
{{BCCI Members}}

[[Category:Cricket governing bodies in India|Pondicherry]]
[[Category:Cricket in Puducherry]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Pondicherry]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 2003]]
[[Category:Cricket governing bodies|Puducherry]]

Buddha Polytechnic Institute

2025-09-10T06:38:46Z

Startupoffices: typo fix

{{short description|Engineering college in Gaya, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Buddha Polytechnic Institute
|image =
|caption =
|type = Private engineering institution, graduate & undergraduate
|administrative_staff = 200
|faculty = 60
|chairman = Awadhesh Kumar <ref>{{cite web|title=About us |url=http://bitgaya.org/en/about-us/}} Buddha Group of Institutions</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://www.bodhgayabit.com/en/about-us/}} Buddha Polytechnic Institute</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ई० अवधेश बने एनपीपी के प्रदेश अध्यक्ष, गया एयरपोर्ट स्वागत |date=6 December 2021 |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/gaya/story-e-awadhesh-becomes-state-president-of-npp-welcome-to-gaya-airport-5261508.html}} हिन्दुस्तान</ref>
|principal =
|head_label =
|head =
|undergrad =
|address = LIG-35, A P Colony
|city = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
|state = [[Bihar]] 823001
|country = India
|coordinates = {{coord|24.7891888|N|84.982477|E|region:IN-BR_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
|pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
|campus = Urban, approx {{cvt|20|acre}}
|colours = {{color box|white}}{{color box|black}} White & black
|mascot = Lord Buddha
|other_name = BPI College Gaya
|former_name =
|academic_affiliations = [[State Board of Technical Education, Bihar|SBTE Patna]]
|established = {{start date and age|2010}}
|website = {{url|bodhgayabit.com}}
}}

'''Buddha Polytechnic Institute''', established in 2010, is a private polytechnic degree engineering college, a unit of Buddha Group of Institutions, situated in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]. It offers undergraduate degree engineering in electrical engineering, electronics, mechanical engineering and civil engineering. The college is affiliated with the State Board of Technical Education.<ref>{{cite web|title= Affiliated Institutes - Provisional Affiliation (Pvt. Institution) | publisher=State Board of Technical Education| url=http://www.sbtebihar.gov.in/institutes.htm|accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= DCECE-2019 (Polytechnic Engineering) List of Reporting Centre | page = 49 | publisher= Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board (BCECEB)| url=https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/pdf_Web/PE19_REPC.pdf|accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref>

==Admission process==
The [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board]] conducts the entrance test. Based on the Merit List of the Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination, successful candidates have to go through counseling. For lateral entry in the second year, one must have passed Diploma in Engineering/B.Sc. and should be in the merit list of Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board.<ref>{{cite web|title= Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board | url=https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Diploma Entrance Competitive Examination | publisher=[[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board]] |url=https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/pdf_Pros/PROS_DLE20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517063235/https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/pdf_Pros/PROS_DLE20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020}}page no.=15, si no.=04</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Diploma Entrance Competitive Examination | publisher=[[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board]] |url=https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/pdf_Pros/PROS_DC20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517070523/https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/pdf_Pros/PROS_DC20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2020 |access-date=13 March 2020}}page no.=21, si no.=06</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Bihar]]
* [[Education in Bihar]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Buddha Institute of Technology, Gaya|Buddha Institute of Technology]]

== References ==
{{Portal|Education|Engineering|India}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://bceceboard.bihar.gov.in/ BCECE Board website]
* [http://akubihar.ac.in/ Aryabhatta Knowledge University website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130408044519/http://dst.bih.nic.in/ DST, Bihar website]

{{Engineering Colleges in Bihar}}
{{State Board of Technical Education (Bihar)}}
{{Buddha Group of Institutions}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Education in Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Bihar]]

{{Bihar-university-stub}}

Kapadi

2025-09-02T23:33:00Z

Startupoffices: put up new article.

{{Short description|Community in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2015}}
'''Kapadi''', also known as '''Kapdi''' is a small community found in [[Gujarat]] in [[India]]. They are chiefly found in [[Kutch]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] areas of Gujarat<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schaflechner|first=Jürgen|title=Hinglaj Devi|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|pages=67}}</ref><ref name=a>{{cite book |title=People of India - Volume 30, Issue 2 by Kumar Suresh Singh |date=1998 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, 2004 |pages=957 |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZuAAAAMAAJ&q=KAPDI+COMMUNITY |access-date=22 August 2025|quote= KAPADI / KAPADIA A lesser - known community reported from Gujarat and Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Kapadi of Gujarat . Agriculture and trade in grocery are the primary as well as the traditional occupations of Gotrej. Hinglaj Devi as their community deity, and Ganpati as their village deity. Hinglaj Devi temple in Gandevi in Gujarat and. Mahalakshmi temple in Maharashtra are their major centres of pilgrimage}}</ref>

==History==
{{anchor | Kapadi | Kapadi sampradaya | Kapadi Sampradaya }}

The '''Kapdi [[Sampradaya]]''' claim to be descendants of Raja Raghu who is an ancestor of Lord Rama, the guide of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity [[Rama]], Rama's army as they marched through the desert to [[Hinglaj]].{{Sfn|Schaflechner|2018|p=67-68}}

This dress was given by Rama to one Laljusraj, who accompanied him on the trip. Laljusraj is said to be the founder of the Kapdi sect in Hinglaj. It is believed that it is the same dress, that is preserved at [[Mekan Dada]] Temple at [[Dhrang]].<ref name="b">[https://books.google.com/books?id=oPUFiGRH07IC&dq=kapadi&pg=PA73] Kutch in festival and custom By K. S. Dilipsinh</ref>

They worship [[Ashapura Mata]] and make visit the [[Hinglaj Mata mandir]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]].{{Sfn|Schaflechner|2018|p=67}} Although Hinglaj Temple in Pakistan remains their chief [[kuldevi]] temple, however, since partition of India, as it is not possible to visit Pakistan by everyone now they visit Hinglaj Mata Mandir at [[Gandevi]] and [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur]] to pay their obsience and for yearly rituals.<ref name=a/>

[[File:Temple of Raja Kapadi Dada at Dabada Kutch.jpg|thumb|Temple of Shree Jai Raja Kapadi Dada, a saint of Kapadi community, housing his [[Samadhi]] at Village Dabada in [[Kutch]]. Note mention of [[Om|Aum]] and ''Jee Naam'', religious symbol of [[Kapadi Sampradaya]] embedded on the main gate written in [[Gujarati script]] and [[Saffron (color)|deep saffron]] color.]]

The Kapdis consider [[Mekan Dada]] to be an incarnation of [[Lakshmana]], the younger brother of Rama, and he visited the site of Hinglaj at the end of the 17th century. The Kapadis consider anyone who performs the pilgrimage to Hinglaj to be Kapdi as well.{{Sfn|Schaflechner|2018|p=67-68}}

Historically their traditional occupation was of [[Gotrej]], however, they are in present days earn mainly their livelihood from farming, grocery stores and small time traders.<ref name=a/>

==See also ==

* [[Guru-shishya tradition]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Vaishnava sects]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tribes of Kutch]]

Moth ki Mosque

2025-08-14T19:10:03Z

Startupoffices: creating the pg added tags...

{{Short description|Mosque in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Moth ki Mosque
| native_name = {{langx|ur|موتھ کی مسجد}}
| image = The North side view of the Moth Ki Masjid.JPG
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The north side of the mosque, in 2009
| location = [[South Extension]] Part II, South Delhi, Delhi NCT
| country = India
| map_type = India Delhi central
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[South Delhi]]
| geo = {{coord|28|33|45|N|77|13|4|E|source:wikimapia_region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Does it function as a prayer hall, or as a heritage site?)}}
| consecration_year=
| leadership=
| founded_by = Miya Bhoiya, [[Lodi dynasty]]
|website=
| architect = Miyan Bhuiya
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
|facade_direction=
| year_completed = 1505
|construction_cost=
|capacity=
|length= {{convert|38.6|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}
|width=
|width_nave=
|height_max=
|dome_quantity= Three {{small|(semi circular)}}
|dome_height_outer=
|dome_height_inner=
|dome_dia_outer=
|dome_dia_inner=
|minaret_quantity=
|minaret_height=
|spire_quantity=
|spire_height=
|materials= [[Red sandstone]]; white marble; tiles
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Moti-ki-Masjid | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-DL-101 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}

'''Moth ki Mosque''' ({{langx|ur|موتھ کی مسجد|Moth-ki Masjid|Lentil Mosque}}; {{IPA|ur|moʈʰ kiː masdʒɪd|}}) is a 16th-century [[mosque]] located in the [[South Delhi]] district of India. The mosque was built in 1505 by [[Vizier|Wazir]] Miya Bhoiya, [[Prime Minister]] during the reign of [[Sikander Lodi]] of the [[Lodi dynasty]]. It was a new type of mosque developed by the Lodis in the fourth city of the medieval [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="ram">{{Cite book |author=Bakshi, Shiri Ram |title=Delhi Through Ages |chapter=The Moth-ki-Masjid |pages=70–71 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrdm_XMAiIYC&dq=Masjid+Moth&pg=PA71 |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=1995 |isbn=9788174881380}}</ref><ref name="khamba">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&dq=Chausath+Khamba&pg=PA141 |title=The new Cambridge history of India |access-date=2009-04-10 |page=10 |author=Forbes, Geraldine |author2=Johnson, Gordon |author3=Tomlinson, B. R. |author4=Gordon, Stewart |author5=Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard |year=1992 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521267281}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Khan, Ahmad Nabi |title=Islamic architecture in South Asia: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh |page=94 |access-date=2009-04-26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2tQAAAAMAAJ&q=Moth-ki-Masjid |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=9780195790658 |quote=Among them the most notable is the Moth Ki Masjid which was built by the Prime Minister of Sikanader Lodi in 1505.}}</ref> This mosque was considered a beautiful domed (''gumbad'') structure of the period.<ref name="ram" />

The mosque is in the modern locality of [[South Extension]] Part II, Uday Park, and Masjid Moth, comprising residential and commercial establishments in the urban setting of South Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantemplesportal.com/delhi/moth-ki-masjid-delhi.html|title=Indian temples|access-date=2009-04-26}}</ref> It is surrounded by various other smaller [[dargah]]s and monuments that may be found peppered within the urban village. The mosque is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]],<ref name="ASI MNI">{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-delhi/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Delhi |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref> administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

==Legend==
It is narrated that when [[Sultan]] [[Sikandar Lodi]] was on a visit to a mosque in the vicinity of the present location of the Moth Ki Masjid for prayer, he knelt over a grain of moth (a kind of [[lentil]]), which had been dropped by a bird. Wazir Miya Bhoiya, who had accompanied the King, saw the lentil seed and observed that:{{blockquote|A seed so honoured by His majesty must not be thrown away. It must be used in the service of God.}}

So he took the moth seed and planted it in his garden for further growth. Over the years, the process of repeated planting and replanting of the moth seeds was carried out. In this process, the seeds multiplied several times. The Wazir finally sold the rich harvest and earned good money. With the proceeds of the sale he built the mosque after seeking permission from the Sultan to construct the Mosque.<ref name="ram" /> Impressed by the ingenuity of his minister, Sikandar Lodi laid the foundation for building the mosque.<ref name="shaan">{{Cite web |url=https://outstandingindia.blogspot.com/2009/02/dilli-ki-shaan.html |title=Dilli Ki Shaan: Moth Ki Masjid |work=Outstanding India |date=February 2009 |access-date=2009-04-26}}</ref>

Another version of the legend is that Sikandar Lodhi on one of his visits to the area played a prank on his Prime Minister by giving him a gift of a grain of moth (lentil). The Wazir accepted the gift in good grace and instead of throwing it away planted it in his garden. Over the years repeated plantation resulted in a rich harvest that provided a surplus income to the Wazir. Thereafter, the wazir, with the revenue earned from the lentil grains, decided to build a mosque. On completion, he invited the Sultan to visit the mosque and narrated the sequence of events which led to the building of the mosque. Impressed by this unique achievement, the Lodi named the mosque as "Moth Ki Masjid" or the Mosque from the Moth Lentil.<ref name="delhi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.delhilive.com/page/moth-ki-masjid-or-masjid-moth-200801212117 |title=Moth ki Masjid or Masjid Moth |work=Delhi Live.com |date=2008-01-21 |access-date=2009-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522112630/http://www.delhilive.com/page/moth-ki-masjid-or-masjid-moth-200801212117 |archive-date=2009-05-22 }}</ref>

==Structure==
[[File:Outer wall of Moth Ki Masjid with tower.JPG|thumb|left|225px|Outer wall of the mosque]]
Raised on a high plinth, the mosque has a square layout. It is approached from the eastern side street of village Moti Masjid, through an exquisitely designed gate made of red, blue, black and white coloured sandstone arranged in a neat design. In particular, the arch of the gateway has a [[Hindu]] arch within a Muslim arch.<ref name="ram" /><ref name="indify">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indfy.com/places-to-see-in-delhi/south-delhi/moth-ki-masjid.html |title=Moth-ki-Masjid |work=Indify.com |date= |access-date=2009-04-26}}</ref>

Up the gateway steps, the entry is into a large courtyard, {{convert|38.6|m|ft}} wide, surrounded by walls. Within the courtyard, on the western side is the main shrine or the mosque with the rectangular prayer hall porch, which has a façade of five arched openings. The corners of the rectangular prayer hall are adorned with double storied towers. The towers have arched openings at the rear end of the roof with domed octagonal [[chhatris]] ([[cenotaph]]s) on the related walls. The west side wall is provided with tapering [[Turret (architecture)|turrets]] that depict a sophisticated outline.

The cenotaphs were the first of its kind to be built in India{{cn|date=January 2025}} and since then these have been replicated in several other monuments, even in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. There are three impressive domes inside the prayer hall with the [[mihrab]] located on the west ''[[qibla]]'' wall of the central dome, which is the largest of the three domes. The mihrab depicts [[Quranic]] inscriptions in flora Nakashi in [[Iran]]ian design. Turrets project out of the qibla. The central dome is supported on [[squinches]]. The domes on both flanks are borne on [[muqarnas]] [[pendentives]]. Carved panels of red sandstone and white marble and plaster, as well as glazed tiles embellish the walls of the mosque. The overall effect of the Mosque has been best described as:<ref name="indify" /><ref name="history">{{Cite book |author=Syed, M. H. |title=History of Delhi Sultanate |access-date=2009-04-26 |page=413 |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3yUCbgjKawC&dq=Dimensions+of+Moth+Ki+Masjid&pg=PA413 |isbn=9788126118304}}</ref><ref name="arch">{{Cite web |url=http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2201 |title=Moth-ki Mosque |date= |access-date=2009-04-26 |work=ArchNet Digital library |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503084714/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2201 |archive-date=2012-05-03}}</ref>
{{blockquote|''… epitomizes in itself all that is best in Architecture of the Lodis and displays a freedom of imagination, a bold diversity of design, an appreciation of contrasting light and shade and a sense of harmony in line and colour, which combine to make it one of the most spirited and picturesque buildings of its kind in the whole range of Islamic art.''}}
It is also said that it was the private mosque of the builder.<ref name="shaan" /><ref name="hotel">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hotels-new-delhi.com/tourist-attractions/masjid-moth.html |title=Masjid Moth |work=Hotels New Delhi |date= |access-date=2009-04-25}}</ref>

[[File:Moth Ki Masjid interior view (3548328526).jpg|thumb|right|150px|Five towered passage inside the mosque]]
An unusual feature of this [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo–Islamic]] mosque is that it has an austere{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Above text uses words such as "embellish", "sophisticated", "impressive", "beautiful", "picturesque", etc. "Austere" is contradictory to these terms.}} design with no [[minaret]]s,{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Imagery would indicate that the minarets may have been destroyed.}} calligraphic decorations,{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=See Urdu image in gallery with inscriptions}} and embellishments,{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=See text from Boloji.com below that specifically mentions "embellishments … using elegant niches".}} which are otherwise traditional features of mosques. The dome is semicircular and windows have latticework screens.<ref name="lentil">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bharatonline.com/delhi/religious-places/mosques/moth-ki-masjid.html |title=Moth ki Masjid |work=Bharat Online.com |date= |access-date=2009-04-25 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221045913/http://www.bharatonline.com/delhi/religious-places/mosques/moth-ki-masjid.html |archive-date=2009-02-21 }}</ref> An architectural appreciation of the structure vis-à-vis the five arched façade of domes of the period aptly infers:<ref name="boloji">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boloji.com/architecture/00021a.htm |title=The End of the Delhi Sultanate – 2 |work=Boloji.com |date= |access-date=2009-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516220330/http://www.boloji.com/architecture/00021a.htm |archive-date=16 May 2008 }}</ref>
{{blockquote|''… the rapid crystallization of the earlier concept. Firstly, it is considerably larger than its predecessor. Secondly, the articulation of the recessed arches is far more adept. Thirdly, embellishment has been done using elegant niches on the columns abutting the arches. Another important feature is the use of better material and color, as if the masons were trying for something more permanent and forceful.''}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Double storyed corner tower of Moth Ki Masjid.JPG|Double storeyed corner tower of the mosque
The Mihrab below the big dome of Moth Ki Masjid.JPG|[[Mihrab]] below the main dome
Urdu written on entrance gate of Inside Moth ki Masjid.jpg|[[Urdu language|Urdu]] inscription on the entrance gate
Tomb at the corner of Moth Ki Masjid.jpg|One of four tombs located in the mosque grounds
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Delhi}}
{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Lodi dynasty]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1500s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1505]]
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]

Odia grammar

2025-07-18T10:11:58Z

Startupoffices: small improved layout to improve readability and added references for clarity

{{short description|none}} 
'''Odia grammar''' is the study of the [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] and [[Syntax|syntactic]] structures, [[word order]], [[Case (linguistics)|case inflections]], [[verb conjugation]] and other grammatical structures of [[Odia language|Odia]], an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language spoken in [[South Asia]].

==Morphology==
Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of morphemes and other units of meaning in the [[Odia language]]. [[Morpheme]]s (called ରୁପିମ) are the smallest units of the Odia language that carry and convey a unique meaning and is grammatically appropriate. A morpheme in [[Odia language|Odia]] is the most minuscule meaningful constituent which combines and synthesizes the phonemes into a meaningful expression through its (morpheme's) form & structure. Thus, in essence, the morpheme is a structural combination of phonemes in Odia. In other words, in the [[Odia language]], the morpheme is a combination of sounds that possess and convey a meaning. A morpheme is not necessarily a meaningful word in [[Odia language|Odia]]. In Odia, every morpheme is either a ''base'' or an ''affix'' (prefix or a suffix).<ref name="Linguistic Survey of India">{{cite book |last= Mahapatra |first= B.P. |title= Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa |year=2002 |publisher= Language Division, Office of the Registrar General |location= Kolkata, India |page=36 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_orissa/3_orissa_vol_page_no_31_46.pdf |access-date= 5 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Linguistic survey of India">{{cite book |last= Grierson |first= G.A. |title= Linguistic Survey of India |year=1903–28 |publisher= Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |location= India |page=367 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466 |access-date= 31 October 2020}}</ref>

Examples:
Base Morpheme:
* ଘର ({{IPA|or|ɡʰɔɾɔ|pron}}); {{Lit|House}}

Phonetic Components:
ଘରକୁ = ଘ୍ + ଅ + ର୍ + ଅ + କ୍ + ଉ

Morphological Components:
ଘରକୁ = ଘର + କୁ 

* ହାତ ({{IPA|or|hatɔ|pron}}); {{Lit|Hand}}

Morphological Components/Derivatives:

:ହାତୀ = ହାତ + ଈ (ଈ = ଅଛି)
:ହାତିଆ = ହାତ + ଇଆ (ଇଆ = ପରିମାଣ)
:ହାତୁଡ଼ି = ହାତ + ଉଡ଼ି (ଉଡି = ଆକୃତି)

===General analysis===
The existence and span of rules of morphemes in a language depend on the "[[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]" in that particular language. In a language having greater morphology, a word would have an internal compositional structure in terms of word-pieces (i.e. free morphemes – Bases) and those would also possess bound morphemes like affixes. Such a morpheme-rich language is termed as [[synthetic language]]. To the contrary, an [[isolating language]] uses independent words and in turn, the words lack internal structure. A synthetic language tends to employ affixes and internal modification of roots (i.e. free morphemes – Bases) for the same purpose of expressing additional meanings.

Odia is a moderately synthetic language. It contains definite synthetic features, such as the bound morphemes mark tense, number (plurality), gender etc. However, though the Odia language has a larger number of [[derivation (linguistics)|derivation]]al affixes, it has virtually no inflectional morphology.

====Derivational synthesis in Odia morphology====
Odia morphemes of different types (nouns, verbs, affixes etc.) combine to create new words.

====Relational synthesis in Odia morphology====
In relationally synthesized Odia words, base morphemes (root words) join with bound morphemes to express grammatical function.

The Odia language has a tendency for commonly used words to have a 2:1 morpheme-word ratio i.e. on average; there are two morphemes in a single word. Because of this tendency, Odia is said to "possess morphology" since almost each used word has an internal compositional structure in terms of morphemes. In the Odia language, generally, separate words are used to express syntactic relationships which imparts an [[isolating language|isolating]] tendency, while using inflectional morphology could have made the language more synthetic.

===Components of a morpheme===
There are several components of a morpheme in the Odia language:

'''Base:''' A morpheme that imparts meaning to a word.

'''Derivational morpheme:''' These morphemes alter and/or modify the meaning of the word and may create a whole new word.

'''Allomorphs:''' These are different phonetic forms or variations of a morpheme. The final morphemes in several words are pronounced differently, but they all signify plurality.

'''Homonyms:''' are morphemes that are spelled similarly but have different meanings. Such examples abound in Odia grammar and are termed as similarly pronounced words (ସମୋଚ୍ଚାରିତ ଶବ୍ଦ). ''Examples: ''

ଜୀବନ (life) and ଜୀବନ (water), ହରି (Lord Vishnu) and ହରି (Monkey).

'''Homophones:''' These are morphemes that sound alike but have different meanings and spellings. ''Examples:''
ସିତ (Black colour), ସୀତ (Plough head).

===Classification===
Morphemes in [[Odia language|Odia]] may be classified, on the basis of word formation, characteristics into the following types:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Type !! Structure !! Bound !! Free !! Sub-types
|-
|'''Root'''|| 1. Simple 2. Made up of a single morpheme 3. Basis for compounding and affixation||Yes/No||Yes/No||None
|-
|'''Stem'''|| 1. Simple/Complex 2. Composed of one/multiple morphemes 3. Basis for affixation||Yes/No||Yes/No||None
|-
|'''Affix'''|| Simple||Yes||No||Prefix, Infix, Suffix, Suprafix, Simulfix, and Circumfix
|-
|'''Clitic'''||Simple||Yes (Phonologically)|| Yes (Syntactically)||Proclitic and Enclitic
|-
|}

===Types of morphemes===

====Free morpheme====
Independent meaningful units are free morphemes. These are elemental words. Free morpheme can stand alone as a word without help of another morpheme. It does not need anything attached to it to make a word.

:ରାମ ଭାତ ଖାଉଛି = ରାମ ଭାତ(କୁ) ଖାଉଛି: କର୍ମ
:ରାତି ବିତାଇଲା = ରାତି(ରେ) ବିତାଇଲା: ଅଧିକରଣ
:ରାମ କଥା ଶୁଣିଲି = ରାମ(ର) କଥା ଶୁଣିଲି: ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ପଦ

====Bound morpheme====
Units which are not independent words but convey meaning on account of their usage on combination are bound morphemes. A bound morpheme is a sound or a combination of sounds that cannot stand on its own as a meaningful word. Most of the bound morphemes in Odia are ‘affixes’. An affix is a morpheme that may come at the beginning (Termed as Prefix) or the end (Termed as Suffix) of a base morpheme.

In Odia, prefixes are bound morphemes are affixes that come before a base morpheme. For example:

:ଉପକୂଳ = ଉପ + କୂଳ
:ଉପନଦୀ = ଉପ + ନଦୀ
:ଅପବାଦ = ଅପ + ବାଦ
:ଅପରୂପ = ଅପ + ରୂପ

A suffix is an affix that comes after a base morpheme. Example of suffix Bound Morphemes are:

:ସାଧୁତା = ସାଧୁ + ତା
:ବୀରତ୍ୱ = ବୀର + ତ୍ୱ
:କାମିକା = କାମ + ଇକା
:ନିସୃୃତ = ନିଃ + କୃତ
:ତା, ତ୍ୱ, ଇକା are bound morphemes used suffixes.
:/ସାଧୁ/, /ବୀର/, /କାମ/ etc. are ‘complete bound morphemes’ /ତା/, /ତ୍ୱ/, /ଇକା/ etc. are ‘dissected or partial bound morphemes’.

The free morphemes carry a fixed meaning while the bound morphemes exhibit large scale variations in meanings. The variable and changing meanings of the bound morphemes impart diversity to word meanings and enrich the language.

====Complex or combined morpheme====
In a complex morpheme, multiple free morphemes are combined to form a word and impart meaning. More than one Stem Morphemes create a complex morpheme.

:Noun + Noun:
:ଘରଭଡ଼ା = ଘର + ଭଡ଼ା
:ରଙ୍ଗମଞ୍ଚ = ରଙ୍ଗ + ମଞ୍ଚ

Adjective + Noun:
କଳା + ପଟା = କଳାପଟା

Noun + Adjective:
ସର୍ବ + ସାଧାରଣ = ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣ

Adjective + Adjective:
ଭୀମ + କାନ୍ତ = ଭୀମକାନ୍ତ

====Mixed morpheme====
Where both free and bound morphemes combine to form another morpheme, the result is called a mixed morpheme. The mixed morpheme may result from the following combinations:

ମଣିଷ + ପଣ + ଇଆ = ମଣିଷପଣ + ଇଆ = ମଣିଷପଣିଆ

ମଣିଷପଣ is a complex morpheme while ଇଆ is a bound morpheme.

Inflectional morphemes can only be suffixes. An inflectional morpheme creates a change in the function of the word. Example, ଇଲା with ସୁଗନ୍ଧ, giving rise to ସୁଗନ୍ଧିଲା, indicates past tense. Odia has innumerable inflectional morphemes, unlike only seven in [[English Language]]. Among others, these include the following:

* ମାନେ, ଗୁଡ଼ା, ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ (plural, -s in English language)
* ର, ଙ୍କର, ମାନଙ୍କ, ମାନଙ୍କର; -'s (possessive) are noun inflections;
* ଇଲା, ନିର୍ମିତିଲା past tense (-ed),
*
* ଉଛି; -ing (present participle) are verb inflections;

In Odia morphology, there are no adjective and adverb inflections like the comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) of English language. Instead, bound morphemes like ଠାରୁ and ରୁ, and free morphemes like ତୁଳନାରେ etc. are used.

====Marker morpheme====
In linguistics, a [[Marker (linguistics)|marker]] is a morpheme, mostly bound, that indicates the grammatical function of the target (marked) word or sentence. In a language like Odia with [[isolating language]] tendencies, it is possible to express syntactic information via separate grammatical words instead of morphology (with bound morphemes). Therefore, the marker morphemes are easily distinguished.

=====Verb morpheme=====
Verb roots can take transformation and function as morphemes.

:ଖା + ଇଆ = ଖିଆ = ମଣିଷଖିଆ ବାଘ
:ପ୍ରଭାବ + ଇଆ = ପ୍ରଭାବିଆ = ପ୍ରଭାବିଆ ମଣିଷ
Verb Morpheme can be either continuous morphemes or perfect morphemes on the basis of tense.

Verb continuous morphemes:
:ଖା + ଇ = ଖାଇ
:ଅନୁବାଦ + ଇ = ଅନୁବାଦି

Verb perfect morphemes:
:ଖା + ଇଲା = ଖାଇଲା
:ଅନୁଭାବ + ଇଲା = ଅନୁଭାବିଲା

=====Sub-morpheme=====
Sub-morphemes are metamorphosis of actual morphemes. Sub-morphemes are also called complementary morphemes or meta-morphemes. Sub-morphemes may arise on account of changes in number of noun morphemes or tense of verb morphemes or gender of noun morphemes, as under:

* Number:
:/ଗୋଟିଏ/ + /ଘର/ = /ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର/ One + House = A House

:/ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ/ + /ଘର/ = / ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ଘର/ Many + House = Many Houses

:/ଗୋଟିଏ/ + /ଲୋକ/ = /ଲୋକଟିଏ /
:/ଅନେକ/ + /ଲୋକ/ = /ଲୋକ/ Sub Morpheme: /ଏ /

* Tense:
The sub-morphemes are different appearances of a morpheme at different tense. For instance, the present perfect morpheme in Odia is: /ଇଲା/
However, the present perfect sub-morpheme of /ଇଲା/ is /ଲା/. For instance:
:/ଖା/ + /ଇଲା/ = /ଖାଇଲା/
:/ପା/ + /ଇଲା/ = /ପାଇଲା/
are normal usage of /ଇଲା/.
However, the sub-morpheme is:
:/ଗ/ + /ଲା/ = /ଗଲା/
:/ଦେ/ + /ଲା/ = /ଦେଲା/
:/ନେ/ + /ଲା/ = /ନେଲା/

===Difference between morphemes, words and syllables in Odia===

Even though morphemes combine to create a word in Odia, the morphemes are not always independent words. Some single morphemes are words while other words are composed of two or more morphemes.

In Odia, morphemes are also different from syllables. Many words have two or more syllables but only one morpheme. For example: ମୋ'ର. On the other hand, many words have two morphemes and only one syllable; examples include ଧନୀ, ମୋଟା.

==Nouns==
Nouns are those which are inflected by number, gender or case markers.

===Number===
There are two types of numbers in Odia:
* singular- ଏକବଚନ ''ekabacana''
* plural- ବହୁବଚନ ''bahubacana''
Singular denotes one and only one person or thing and the noun may be followed or preceded by singular specifiers or singular number markers. Plural which denotes number more than one person or thing, is formed by the addition of plural suffixes to the nouns which usually occur as singular.

The singular number markers occur as suffix:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Singular suffix
|-
! Suffix !! Eg. !! Meaning
|-
| ଟି ''ṭi'' || କଲମଟି ''kalamaṭi'' || pen
|-
| ଟା ''ṭā'' || ଝିଅଟା ''jhiaṭā'' || daughter
|-
| ଟିଏ ''ṭie'' || ପିଲାଟିଏ ''pilāṭie'' || child
|}

The plural number occur with nominal forms as:

{| class="wikitable"
|+No suffix- uncountable nouns
|-
! Eg !! Meaning
|-
| ଚିନି ''cini'' || sugar
|-
| ବାଲି ''bāli'' || sand
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Plural suffix
|-
! Suffix !! Eg. !! Meaning
|-
| ମାନେ ''māne'' || ଲୋକମାନେ ''lokamāne'' || people
|-
| ମାନ ''māna'' || ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥମାନ ''granthamāna'' || holy books
|-
| ଗୁଡ଼ା ''guṛā'' (''guḍā'') || ଭାତଗୁଡ଼ା ''bhātaguḍā'' || boiled rice
|-
| ଗୁଡ଼ାଏ ''guṛāe'' (''guḍāe'') || ଫଳଗୁଡ଼ାଏ ''phaḷaguḍāe'' || fruits
|-
| ଗୁଡ଼ାକ ''guṛāka'' (''guḍāka'') || ଚାଉଳଗୁଡ଼ାକ ''cāuḷaguḍāka'' || rice
|-
| ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ''guṛie'' (''guḍie'') || ଫୁଲଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ''phulaguḍie'' || flowers
|-
| ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ''guṛika'' (''guḍika'') || ନଦୀଗୁଡ଼ିକ ''nadīguḍika'' || rivers
|-
| ଏ ''e'' || ପିଲେ ''pile'' || children
|-
| ସବୁ ''sabu'' || ଗାଁସବୁ ''gā̃sabu'' || villages
|-
| ଶ୍ରେଣୀ ''śreṇī'' || ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀ ''parbataśreṇī'' || mountains
|-
| ଯାକ ''ẏāka'' (''jāka'') || ଘରଯାକ ''gharajāka'' || houses
|}

===Gender===
There is no grammatical gender in Odia, instead gender is lexical. Though gender plays no major role in grammatical agreement between subject and predicate but it is accounted for in nominal inflections. There are three types of gender:
* masculine- ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗ ''puliṅga''
* feminine- ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗ ''striliṅga''
* common- ଉଭୟଲିଙ୍ଗ ''ubhayaliṅga''
* neuter- କ୍ଲୀବଲିଙ୍ଗ ''klibaliṅga''

{| class="wikitable"
|+Different words for gender
|-
! Male !! Meaning !! Female !! Meaning
|-
| ବାପା ''bāpā'' || father || ମା ''mā'' || mother
|-
| ପୁଅ ''pua'' || son || ଝିଅ ''jhia'' || daughter
|-
| ଭାଇ ''bhāi'' || brother || ଭଉଣୀ ''bhauṇī'' || sister
|-
| ସ୍ୱାମୀ ''swāmī'' || husband || ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ''strī'' || wife
|-
| ରାଜା ''rājā'' || king || ରାଣୀ ''rāṇī'' || queen
|-
| ଷଣ୍ଢ ''ṣaṇḍha'' || bull || ଗାଈ ''gāī'' || cow
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Prefix
|-
! Male !! Meaning !! Female !! Meaning
|-
| ପୁରୁଷ ଲୋକ ''purusha loka'' || male person || ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକ ''stri loka'' || female person
|-
| ପୁଅ ପିଲା ''pua pilā'' || male child || ଝିଅ ପିଲା ''jhia pilā'' || female child
|-
| ପୁରୁଷ ଯାତ୍ରୀ ''purusha jātri'' || male passenger || ମହିଳା ଯାତ୍ରୀ ''mahiḷā jātri'' || female passenger
|-
| ଅଣ୍ଡିରା କୁକୁର ''aṇḍirā kukura'' || male dog || ମାଈ କୁକୁର ''māi kukura'' || female dog
|-
| ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଛେଳି ''aṇḍirā cheḷi'' || male goat || ମାଈ ଛେଳି ''māi cheḷi'' || female goat
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Suffix
|-
! Suffix !!Male !! Meaning !! Female !! Meaning
|-
| rowspan="3"| ଆ ''ā'' || ସଭ୍ୟ ''sabhya'' || male member || ସଭ୍ୟା ''sabhyā'' || female member
|-
| | ଶିଷ୍ୟ ''śishya'' || male student || ଶିଷ୍ୟା ''śishyā'' || female student
|-
| | ଦୁଷ୍ଟ ''dushṭa'' || naughty(m) || ଦୁଷ୍ଟା ''dushṭā'' || naughty(f)
|-
| rowspan="4"| ଆ ''ā'' (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ ''a'' to ଇ ''i'')|| ବାଳକ ''bāḷaka'' || boy || ବାଳିକା ''bāḷikā'' || girl
|-
| | ଗାୟକ ''gāyaka'' || male singer || ଗାୟିକା ''gāyikā'' || female singer
|-
| | ନାୟକ ''nāyaka'' || actor || ନାୟିକା ''nāyikā'' || actress
|-
| | ଶିକ୍ଷକ ''śikshaka'' || male teacher || ଶିକ୍ଷିକା ''śikshikā'' || female teacher
|-
| rowspan="5"| ଈ ''i'' || ପୁତ୍ର ''putra'' || son || ପୁତ୍ରୀ ''putri'' || daughter
|-
| | ବୁଢ଼ା ''buṛhā'' || old man || ବୁଢ଼ୀ ''buṛhi'' || old woman
|-
| | କୁମାର ''kumāra'' || young boy || କୁମାରୀ ''kumāri'' || young girl
|-
| | ସୁନ୍ଦର ''sundara'' || handsome(m) || ସୁନ୍ଦରୀ ''sundari'' || beautiful(f)
|-
| | ଦେବ ''deba'' || god || ଦେବୀ ''debi'' || goddess
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଈ ''i'' (morpho-phonemic change- ଆ ''ā'' to ଈ ''i'')|| ଟୋକା ''ṭokā'' || boy || ଟୋକୀ ''ṭoki'' || girl
|-
| | ଛୋଟା ''choṭā'' || lame(m) || ଛୋଟୀ ''choṭi'' || lame(f)
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଈ ''i'' (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ ''a'' to ଆ ''ā'')|| କଣା ''kaṇā'' || blind(m) || କାଣୀ ''kāṇi'' || blind(f)
|-
| | ସଳା ''saḷā'' || brother-in-law || ସାଳୀ ''sāḷi'' || sister-in-law
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଈ ''i'' (morpho-phonemic change- ଆ ''ā'' to ରୀ ''ri'')|| ନେତା ''netā'' || male leader || ନେତ୍ରୀ ''netri'' || female leader
|-
| | ରଚୈତା ''racaitā'' || author || ରଚୈତ୍ରୀ ''racaitri'' || female author
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଣୀ ''ṇi'' || ଚୋର ''cora'' || male thief || ଚୋରଣୀ ''coraṇi'' || female thief
|-
| | ମୂଲିଆ ''muliā'' || male labourer || ମୂଲିଆଣୀ ''muliāṇi'' || female labourer
|-
| rowspan="4"| ଣୀ ''ṇi'' (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ ''a'' to ଆ ''ā'') || ଠାକୁର ''ṭhākura'' || god || ଠାକୁରାଣୀ ''ṭhākurāṇi'' || goddess
|-
| | ମାଷ୍ଟର ''māshṭara'' || male teacher || ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରାଣୀ ''māshṭrāṇi'' || female teacher
|-
| | ତନ୍ତୀ ''tanti'' || male weaver || ତନ୍ତୀଆଣୀ ''tantiāṇi'' || female weaver
|-
| | ଡାକ୍ତର ''ḍāktara'' || male doctor || ଡାକ୍ତରାଣୀ ''ḍāktarāṇi'' || female doctor
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଣୀ ''ṇi'' (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ ''a'' to ଉ ''u'')|| ବାଘ ''bāgha'' || tiger || ବାଘୁଣୀ ''bāghuṇi'' || tigress
|-
| | ଗଧ ''gadha'' || male donkey || ଗଧୁଣୀ ''gadhuṇi'' || female donkey
|-
| rowspan="1"| ଣୀ ''ṇi'' (morpho-phonemic change- ଆ ''ā'' to ଉ ''u'')|| ଚଷା ''cashā'' || male farmer || ଚାଷୁଣୀ ''cāshuṇi'' || female farmer
|-
| rowspan="2"| ଣୀ ''ṇi'' (morpho-phonemic change- ଇ ''i'' to ଉ ''u'')|| ମାଳି ''māḷi'' || male gardener || ମାଲୁଣୀ ''māluṇi'' || female gardener
|-
| | ଭିକାରି ''bhikāri'' || male beggar || ଭିକାରୁଣୀ ''bhikāruṇi'' || female beggar
|-
| rowspan="2"| ନୀ ''ni'' || ବନ୍ଦୀ ''bandi'' || male prisoner || ବନ୍ଦିନୀ ''bandini'' || female prisoner
|-
| | ଧନା ''dhanā'' || rich(m) || ଧନିନୀ ''dhanini'' || rich(f)
|}

===Case===
Case inflection is a common characteristic of inflectional languages and are also known as case markers or "ବିଭକ୍ତି" (''bibhakti'') in Odia. It is both syntactical and morphological in nature. The function of the case is to indicate the grammatical or semantic relationships between nouns and also between nouns and verbs in a larger syntactic structure.
There are 8 types of cases in Odia:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Cases (ବିଭକ୍ତି)
|-
! Case
!Names of cases in Odia!! Singular !! Plural
|-
| [[Nominative]]
|କର୍ତ୍ତାକାରକ ''karttākāraka''|| ∅ || -ମାନେ, -ଏ ''-māne, -e''
|-
| [[Accusative]]
|କର୍ମକାରକ ''karmakāraka''|| rowspan="2" | -କୁ ''-ku'' || rowspan="2" | -ମାନଙ୍କୁ ''-mānanku''
|-
| [[Dative]]
|ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାନ କାରକ ''sampradāna kāraka''
|-
| [[Genitive]]
|ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ କାରକ ''sambandha kāraka''|| -ର ''-ra'' || -ମାନଙ୍କର ''-mānankara''
|-
| [[Locative]]
|ଅଧିକରଣ କାରକ ''adhikaraṇa kāraka''|| -ରେ, -ଠାରେ ''-re, -ṭhāre'' || -ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ''-mānankare, -mānankaṭhāre''
|-
| [[instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|କରଣକାରକ ''karaṇakāraka''|| -ରେ, -ଦ୍ୱାରା, -ଦେଇ ''-re, -dwārā, -dera''|| -ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ''-mānankare, -mānankadwārā''
|-
| [[Ablative]]
|ଅପାଦାନ କାରକ ''apādāna kāraka''|| -ରୁ, -ଠାରୁ ''-ru, -ṭhāru''|| -ମାନଙ୍କରୁ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ ''-mānankaru, -mānankaṭhāru''
|-
| [[Vocative]]
|ସମ୍ବୋଧକ କାରକ ''sambodhaka kāraka''|| colspan="2" | ହେ, ରେ, ହୋ ''he, re, ho''
|}

For Vocative case: Due to lack of synthetic inflectional morphemes, a vocative [[grammatical particle|particle]] is used.

==Pronouns==
Pronouns are classified both notionally and morphologically.

Personal pronouns are of two types:
*[[Direct case]]- used for Nominative case
*[[Oblique case]]- used with case inflections (Accusative, Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, Genitive, Locative)

{| class="wikitable"
|+Personal Pronouns
|-
! Person !! Case !! Pronoun !! Singular !! Pronoun !! Plural
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1st || Direct || I || ମୁଁ || We || ଆମେ ଆମେମାନେ
|-
| | Oblique || Me, My, Mine || ମୋ- || Us, Our, Ours || ଆମ- ଆମମାନଙ୍କ-
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2nd || Direct || You || ତୁ (informal) ତୁମେ (formal) ଆପଣ (honorific) || You || ତୁମେମାନେ ଆପଣମାନେ (honorific)
|-
| | Oblique || You, Your, Yours || ତୋ- (informal) ତୁମ- (formal) ଆପଣଙ୍କ- (honorific) || You, Your, Yours || ତୁମମାନଙ୍କ- ଆପଣମାନଙ୍କ- (honorific)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 3rd (distal) || Direct || He/She || ସେ || They || ସେମାନେ
|-
| | Oblique || Him/Her, His/Hers || ତା- (informal) ତାଙ୍କ- (formal) || Them/Their/Theirs || ସେମାନଙ୍କ-
|}

==Adjectives==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Adjectives
|-
! Adjective type !! Eg. !! Meaning
|-
| rowspan="2"| adjective || ଭଲ ପୁଅ || good boy
|-
| | ନାଲି ଫୁଲ || red flower
|-
| rowspan="4"| adjective(numeral)-specifier || ଦଶଟି ଫୁଲ || ten flowers
|-
| | ପାଞ୍ଚଟା ଗାଁ || five villages
|-
| | ଜଣେ ଛାତ୍ର || a student
|-
| | ଦଶ ଜଣ ଶିକ୍ଷକ || ten teachers
|-
| rowspan="2"| adjective(numeral)-quantity/measure || ପାଞ୍ଚ କିଲୋ ପରିବା || 5 kg vegetables
|-
| | ଦଶ ଲିଟର ତେଲ || 10 ltr oil
|-
| rowspan="2"| adjective adjective || ଅତି ବଡ଼ ଘର || very big house
|-
| | ଭାରି ସୁନ୍ଦର ପିଲା || very beautiful child
|-
| adverb adjective || ଧୀର ମିଠା କଥା || soft sweet talk
|-
| rowspan="2"| compound adverb || କାନ୍ଦ କାନ୍ଦ ମୁଁହ || crying face
|-
| | ହସ ହସ ଭାବ || smiling appearance
|-
| rowspan="2"| adverb verbal noun || ଧୀର ଚାଲି || slow walking
|-
| | ଚଞ୍ଚଳ ଖିଆ || quick eating
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Derived Adjectives
|-
! Type !! Adjective type !! Noun/Verb !! Eg. !! Meaning
|-
| rowspan="8"| Suffix || rowspan="2"| noun-ā || ରୋଗ || ରୋଗା ଲୋକ || ill person
|-
| | ଦକ୍ଷିଣ || ଦକ୍ଷିଣା ପବନ || southern wind
|-
| rowspan="2"| verb-ā || ଶୁଣ || ଶୁଣା କଥା || heard matter
|-
| | ଜାଣ || ଜଣା ଖବର || known news
|-
| rowspan="2"| noun verb-ā || ଚାଉଳ, ଧୋ || ଚାଉଳ ଧୁଆ ପାଣି || rice-washed water
|-
| | ଲୁଗା, କାଚ୍ || ଲୁଗା କଚା ସାବୁନ୍ || cloth washing soap
|-
| rowspan="2"| verb-i || ଗୁଣ || ଗୁଣି ଲେକ || good person
|-
| | ଦାମ୍ || ଦାମି ଜିନିଷ || costly thing
|}

==Postpositions==
'''Postpositions used with Inflections''': The postpositions which occur with nominal forms and function as both morphological and syntactic markers. They are added to the nominal stems formed by noun-genitive case markers.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Postpositions used with Inflections
|-
! Postpositions !! Meaning !! Postpositions !! Meaning
|-
| ଉପରେ || up || ପରି || like
|-
| ମଧ୍ୟରେ || between || ଭଳି || like
|-
| ଭିତରେ || in || ପ୍ରତି || per head
|-
| ତଳେ || under || ଜଗୁଁ || because of
|-
| ପାଖରେ || near || ହେତୁ || because of
|-
| ବଦଳରେ || instead of || ନେଇ || by
|-
| ନିକଟରେ || near || ଦ୍ଵାରା || by
|-
| ଠାରୁ || from || ଦ୍ୱାରା || by
|-
| ସକାସେ || for || ପାଇଁ || by
|-
| ନିମନ୍ତେ || for || ଠାରେ || at
|-
| ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ || instead of || ରୁପେ || like
|-
|}

'''Indeclinable Postpositions''': Those which do not have inflected suffixes, function as indeclinables.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Postpositions as Indeclinables
|-
! Postpositions !! Meaning !! Postpositions !! Meaning
|-
| ଭଳି || like || ପରି || like
|-
| ହେଲେ || then || ସବୁ || all
|-
| ସହିତ || with || ସଙ୍ଗେ || with
|-
| ନିମନ୍ତେ || for || ସାଥେ || with
|-
| ମଧ୍ୟ || also || ଅନ୍ତେ || then
|-
| ସହ || with || ଜାକ || all
|-
|}

==Classifiers==
When a noun is enumerated, it takes a group of morphemes called classifiers.

When the number denotes 'one', then the structure of the phrase:
* '''classifier-numeral noun'''
Eg- ଜଣେ ପିଲା – one child

When the numeral is more than 'one', then the structure is:
* '''numeral classifier noun'''
Eg- ଦୁଇ ଜଣ ପିଲା – two children

Classifiers have two types-
* '''qualifiers'''- used for count nouns.

Nouns which occur with ଗୋଟା,ଗୋଟି or its variant -ଟା,-ଟି

Eg- ଗୋଟିଏ ପିଲା – one child, ଦୁଇଟି ପିଲା -two children 
ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର – one house, ଦୁଇଟି ଘର – two houses

Other types of count nouns of human and non human forms include-
: ଜଣେ ପିଲା – one child
: ଖଣ୍ଡେ ଲୁଗା – one piece of cloth
: ଗୋଛାଏ କାଠ – one bundle of wood
: ଫାଳେ କାଠ – a half piece of wood
: ଗଦାଏ କାଠ – one heap of wood
: କିଲେ କାଠ – one kilo of wood
: ଫୁଟେ କାଠ – one foot of wood
: ବସ୍ତାଏ କାଠ – one sack of wood

* '''quantifiers'''- used for mass nouns

Nouns which occur with ମେଞ୍ଚା

Eg- ମେଞ୍ଚାଏ କାଦୁଅ – a lump of mud

==See also==
*[[Odia language]]
*[[Odia script]]
*[[Odia literature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last1=Neukom | first1=Lukas | first2= Manideepa | last2= Patnaik | title=A grammar of Oriya | url=https://www.comparativelinguistics.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:00000000-17e0-420f-ffff-ffffd3785a01/ASAS_17_Neukom_Patnaik_2003_A_grammar_of_Oriya.pdf | publisher=Universität Zürich | publication-place=Zürich | year=2003 | isbn=3-9521010-9-5 | oclc=53903369 | page=}}
*{{Citation
|year=2003
|editor1-last= Cardona
|editor1-first= George
|editor-link= George Cardona
|editor2-last= Jain
|editor2-first= Dhanesh
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Masica
|first=Colin
|author-link=Colin Masica
|year=1991
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|place= Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=indo-aryan+languages
}}
*[[John Beames]], ''A comparative grammar of the modern Aryan languages of India: to wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali''. Londinii: Trübner, 1872–1879. 3 vols.
*{{Citation
|last=Hallam
|first=Ebenezer
|year=1874
|title=Oriya Grammar for English Students
|publisher=Baptist Mission Press
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYduNoKpLW4C
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Sutton
|first=Amos
|author-link=Amos Sutton
|year=1831
|title=An Introductory Grammar of the Oriya Language
|publisher=Baptist Mission Press
|isbn=9785878188555
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuEQAwAAQBAJ
}}
*{{Citation
|last=Mahapatra
|first=B.P.
|year=2007
|title=A synchronic grammar of Oriya : standard spoken and written
|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore
|oclc=269283851
}}

==Further reading==
* Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman, ''An Introduction to Language'', 5th ed., Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Joanovich College Publishers, 1993
* Bauer, Mary Beth, et al., ''Grammar and Composition'', New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1982
* Dhal, Golok Behari, ''Introduction to Oriya Phonetics'', 1961
* Ghosh, A, ''An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa'', Burdwan: Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan, 2003
* Masica, Colin (1991). ''The Indo-Aryan Languages'', Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-29944-2}}
* Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). ''The History of Oriya Literature'' (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).

{{Odia language}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Grammars of South Asian languages}}
{{language grammars}}

[[Category:Odia language]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan grammars]]

Ichagarh block

2024-08-31T19:25:12Z

Startupoffices: put up new entry.

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ichagarh
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0681|N|85.9356|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 271.82
| population_total = 83099
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832404
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06591
| registration_plate = JH 22
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 61.02%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichagarh]]
| website = {{URL|seraikela.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ichagarh block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Chandil subdivision]] of [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
{{see also|Patkum estate}}
The British conquered [[Kolhan division|Kolhan]] in 1837 and consequently formed a new district [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]] with headquarters at [[Chaibasa]]. In 1854, Singhbhum “became a non-regulation district under the jurisdiction of the Lt. Governor of Bengal”. The Rajas of Porhat/ Singhbhum, Seraikela and Kharswan held sway over their kingdoms under British protection. The native states of [[Seraikela State|Seraikela]] and [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]] acceded to the Indian Union in 1948. Subsequently, Singhbhum district was divided into three subdivisions – Sadar, Dhalbhum and Seraikela. In 1956, along with the [[States Reorganisation Commission|reorganisation of the states]], three police stations of [[Manbhum|Manbhum district]], namely [[Patamda#Civic administration|Patamda]], [[Ichagarh#Civic administration|Ichagarh]] and [[Chandil#Civic administration|Chandil]] were transferred to Singhbhum district. While Patamda was added to [[Dhalbhum subdivision]], Ichagarh and Chandil to [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision]]. Seraikela Kharsawan district was carved out of [[West Singhbhum district]] in 2001. The district has two subdivisions – [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision|Seraikela Sadar]] and [[Chandil subdivision|Chandil]]. The headquarters of the district is at [[Seraikela]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 5-7: History – British Period |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750/2015.128750.Bihar-District-Gazetteers-Singhbhum_text.pdf | title = Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum |first= P.C. |last=Roy Chaudhury |work= Pages 386-391: General Administration| publisher = Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958| access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan| title= District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan| work= Brief Summary of the District| publisher= Jharkhand Police| access-date= 23 November 2021| archive-date= 26 November 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan| url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Maoist activities==
According to a [[Press Information Bureau|PIB]] release in 2018, Seraikela Kharswan was not included in the list of the thirty districts most affected by [[Left wing extremism]] in the country. The list includes thirteen districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181336 | title = Maoist and Naxal activities in the country| work = 1 August 2018| publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India| access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref>

Jharkhand Police has mentioned “Nimdih, Chandil, Chowka, Ichagarh, Tiruldih, Kharsawan and Kuchai” police station areas of Seraikela Kharsawan district as [[Naxalite]] affected.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile Seraikela Kharsawan | work = Security Scenario | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 23 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Hemant Soren]], Chief Minister of Jharkhand, has claimed, in September 2021, that as a result of the effective action against [[Far-left politics|left wing extremism]], the “presence of hardcore Maoists has been limited to mainly four regions, namely Parasnath Pahar, Budha Pahar, Tri-junction of Seraikela-Khunti-Chaibasa district in Kolhan division and some of the areas along the Bihar border”.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/sep/26/presence-of-maoists-limited-to-only-four-regions-in-jharkhand-claims-cm-hemant-soren-2364060.html | title= Presence of Maoists limited to only four regions in Jharkhand, claims CM Hemant Soren | publisher = The New Indian Express, 26 September 2021 | access-date = 23 November 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
Ichagarah is located at {{coord|23.0681|N|85.9356|E|display=inline}}.

The old and undivided Singhbhum district, of which the present Seraikela Kharsawan district was a part, has been described as “part of the southern fringe of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract. There are hills alternating with valleys, steep mountains, deep forests on the mountain slopes, and, in the river basins, some stretches of comparatively level or undulating country.”<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750/2015.128750.Bihar-District-Gazetteers-Singhbhum_text.pdf | title = Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum |work= P.C. Roy Chaudhury | publisher = Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

It has an elevation range of {{convert|178-209|m}}. [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]] are important rivers in the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://seraikela.nic.in/district-at-a-glance/ | title = Seraikela Kharsawan | work = District at a Glance - Geography| publisher = District administration | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>[[Chandil Dam]] has been built across the Subarnarekha, after Karkari River joins it.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://seraikela.nic.in/tourist-place/chandil-dam/ | title = Seraikela Kharsawan | work = Tourist Places| publisher = District administration | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

Ichagarh CD block is bounded by [[Kukru block|Kukru]] CD block on the north, [[Nimdih block|Nimdih]] CD block on the east, [[Chandil block|Chandil]] CD block on the south and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] and [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] CD blocks in Ranchi district on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/saraikela.html | title = CD block/ Tehsil map of Saraikela Kharsawan | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/ranchi.html| title = CD block/ Tehsil map of Ranchi | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

Ichagarh CD block has an area of 271.82 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location Code: 0255, Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2021}}</ref>[[Ichagarh#Civic administration|Ichagarh]] police station serves Ichagarh CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 21 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of Ichagarh CD block is located at [[Ichagarh]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Seraikela Kharsawan district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ichagarh CD block had a total population of 83,099, all of which were rural. There were 42,391 (51%) males and 40,708 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 12,766. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 6,357 (7.65%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 26,804 (32.26%).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
{{see also|List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate}}
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Ichagarh CD block was 42,916 (61.02% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 26,887 (74.98% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 16,029 (46.50% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 28.48%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Seraikela Kharsawan district was 68.85%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Seraikela Kharsawan district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages in Ichagarh CD block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 73.71|color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]]|value2= 12.26 |color2= darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Kurmali]] |value3 = 9.31 |color3 = indianred
|label4 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value4 = 3.47 |color4 = teal
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.25 |color5 = grey
}}

According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue 2011'' data, in the Ichagarh subdistrict, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was the mother-tongue of 61,255 persons forming 73.71% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Santali language|Santali]] (16,780/ 20.19%), [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (2,722/ 3.28%), [[Hindi]] (1,873/ 2.25%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (469/ 0.56%). Persons with Hindi as their mother-tongue included 925 persons having Purani/Puran bhasa, 220 persons having [[Panchpargania]] as mother-tongue.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{efn|Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 500 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 500 persons as their mother-tongue are included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details.}}

[[Hindi]] is the [[official language]] in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=19 November 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Ichagarh CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|78.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|18.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|2.68}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.61}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.55}}
}}

According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Ichagarh subdistrict, [[Hindus]] numbered 64,832 and formed 78.02% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Muslims]] (2,228/ 2.68%), Other religious communities (15,100/18.17), [[Christians]] (506/ 0.61%), and persons who did not state their religion (433/ 0.52%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

In Seraikela Kharsawan district, [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 255,626 and formed 24.00% of the total population. The larger groups within the scheduled tribes, with percentage of the ST population, were [[Santal people|Santals]] 50.80%, [[Ho people|Ho]] 34.87%, [[Munda people|Mundas, Patars]] 17.60% and [[Kurukh people|Oraons, Bhangar Oraons]] 4.12%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Seraikella-Kharswan, Series 21, Part XII A, 2011 Census | work = Page 30: Note on Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 November 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Overview===
70-80% of the population of Seraikela Kharsawan district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 1 October 2021}}</ref> In 2011-12, the proportion of BPL population in Seraikela Kharsawan district came down to 33.6%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.livemint.com/Specials/bqVly6xj4usB3DiTibS3DK/Spatial-poverty-in-Jharkhand.html| title = Spatial poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Mint | accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref> According to a study in 2013 (modified in 2019), "the incidence of poverty in Jharkhand is estimated at 46%, but 60% of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are still below poverty line.”<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/#:~:text=The%20incidence%20of%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20is%20estimated,are%20main%20causes%20for%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20state. | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India: An Empirical Study based on Panel Data| publisher = MPRA| accessdate = 1 October 2021}}</ref>

===Livelihood===

{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Ichagarh CD block'''
|value1 = 38.69
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 49.06
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.10
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 9.15
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Ichagarh CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 16,482 and formed 38.69%, agricultural labourers numbered 20,897 and formed 49.06%, household industry workers numbered 1,321 and formed 3.10% and other workers numbered 3,896 and formed 9.15%. Total workers numbered 42,596 and formed 51.26% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 40,503 and formed 48.74% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Tables 30 and 33, pages 50-51, 54 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 107 inhabited villages in Ichagarh CD block. In 2011, 18 villages had power supply. 3 villages had tap water, 107 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 106 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 13 villages had post offices, 5 villages had sub post offices, 10 villages had telephone (land line), 26 villages had mobile phone coverage. 104 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 6 villages had bus service (public/ private), 1 village had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 7 villages had taxi/ vans, 49 villages had tractors. 3 villages had bank branches, 2 villages had agricultural credit societies, 1 village had public library and reading room, 13 villages had availability of newspapers, 41 villages had [[public distribution system|ration shops]], 11 villages had weekly [[Haat bazaar|haat]], 63 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 558-561, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Seraikela Kharsawan district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is ”designed to redress regional imbalances in development”. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 25 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 25 September 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Ichagarh CD block had 14 villages with pre-primary schools, 91 villages with primary schools, 37 villages with middle schools, 4 villages with secondary schools, 3 villages with senior secondary schools, 15 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 558-559, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Ichagarh CD block had 1 village with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]], 11 villages with primary health subcentres, 2 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 1 village with family welfare centre, 2 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Seraikela Kharswan district}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Seraikela Kharsawan district]]

Gandhinagar, Palghar

2024-07-08T19:03:34Z

Startupoffices: made basic data from scratch

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gandhinagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.1018539|N|72.9755829|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 135
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2590
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551573
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gandhinagar''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Gandhinagar has 494 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 56.3%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2590 || 1277 || 1313
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 430 || 204 || 226
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 2558 || 1258 || 1300
|-
| Literates || 1216 || 751 || 465
|-
| Workers (all) || 1284 || 688 || 596
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1061 || 579 || 482
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 619 || 338 || 281
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 255 || 122 || 133
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 6 || 1 || 5
|-
| Main workers: Other || 181 || 118 || 63
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 223 || 109 || 114
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 17 || 13 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 130 || 50 || 80
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 76 || 46 || 30
|-
| Non-workers || 1306 || 589 || 717
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Talasari taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]

List of people from Allahabad

2023-05-22T02:15:03Z

Startupoffices: refine lead further per standard format

#REDIRECT [[List of people from Prayagraj]]

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Richa Chadda

2023-03-04T13:11:17Z

Startupoffices: general cleanup information per sources and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Richa Chadha]]

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