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Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh

2026-05-08T05:58:12Z

StarCkf91771: Created info.

{{Short description|Leader of the executive branch of Government of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Chief Minister
| body = Andhra Pradesh
| native_name = {{lang|te-Latn|Āndhra Pradēś Mukhya Mantrī}}
| insignia = Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| department = [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat|Chief Minister's Office]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| style = [[The Honourable]] {{small|(formal)}} Mr./Mrs. Chief Minister {{small|(informal)}}
| seat = [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat]], [[Amaravati]]
| image = The portrait of CM Shri Nara Chandrababu Naidu.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbentsince = {{start date|df=yes|2024|06|12}}
| status = [[Head of government]]
| type = Leader of the Executive
| abbreviation = CMoAP
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature|State Legislature]] [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|State Cabinet]]
| reportsto = [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| appointer = The [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = by [[Political convention|convention]] based on appointees ability to command [[confidence]] in the Legislative Assembly
| termlength = Five years and subject to no [[term limit]]
| termlength_qualified = at the confidence of the Legislative Assembly
| inaugural = [[Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]]
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1956|11|01}}
| residence = [[Amaravati]]
| deputy = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.ap.gov.in//|Official website}}
| incumbent = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
}}

The '''chief minister of Andhra Pradesh''' is the [[head of government]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh|state's governor]] is the state's ''[[de jure]]'' head, and the ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]]. Following elections to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Durga Das Basu|author-link=Durga Das Basu|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|year=1960|edition=20|pages=241-245|publisher=[[LexisNexis|LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa]]|isbn=978-81-8038-559-9|quote=Although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Kerala as well.}}</ref> Usually, the chief minister also serves as leader of the house in the legislative assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apuat21.cgg.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/leader-of-the-house|title=Leader of the House|work=[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

Since 1953, there have been 19 chief ministers, with the majority belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). In 1953, [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] from the INC became the first chief minister of the [[Andhra State]]. In 1956, [[Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]] from the INC became the first chief minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]] following the reorganisation of Indian states. The longest-serving chief minister was [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] from the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP), who held the office for over thirteen years across multiple terms, while [[N. Bhaskara Rao]] from the TDP had the shortest tenure of 31 days. N. Chandrababu Naidu was also the first chief minister of the residuary Andhra Pradesh following the formation of [[Telangana]] in 2014.

Notably, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy later became the [[President of India]], while [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], also from the INC and the fourth chief minister of Andhra Pradesh went on to serve as the [[Prime Minister of India]]. [[N. T. Rama Rao]] from the TDP was the first non-INC chief minister of the state. There have been three instances of [[President's rule]] in Andhra Pradesh, most recently in 2014.

The [[List of current Indian chief ministers|incumbent]] chief minister of the state is N. Chandrababu Naidu from the TDP, since 12 June 2024.

== History ==
The [[Andhra State]], a precursor to the modern state of Andhra Pradesh, was established on 1 October 1953, following the [[Andhra movement]]. The formation of Andhra State was made possible by the [[Andhra State Act, 1953|Andhra State Act]], which was passed in the [[Parliament of India]] in September 1953. This significant development was ignited by a determined fast led by [[Potti Sreeramulu]], whose sacrifice ultimately catalysed the demand for a new linguistic state.

The newly created Andhra State included 11 districts in the [[Telugu language|Telugu-speaking]] region of the Madras State, with [[Kurnool]] as its capital and a [[unicameral]] parliamentary system with a [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] chamber.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Pranay Dutta |date=16 March 2022 |title=Nehru couldn't ignore Potti Sriramulu who gave India Andhra Pradesh by fasting till death |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/nehru-couldnt-ignore-potti-sriramulu-who-gave-india-andhra-pradesh-by-fasting-till-death/875442/ |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Express October 2, 1953|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19531002&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2023 |title=HT This Day: March 26, 1953 -- Andhra state from Oct 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-march-26-1953-andhra-state-from-oct-1-101679763592631.html |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A">{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council History|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Andhra%20pradesh/andhracouncil-w.htm|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=3 September 2010}}</ref>

A total of two people have served as the chief minister during the period, of which both of them belonged to the Indian National Congress. [[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]] was the longest-serving chief minister of the region during this period. [[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]] was the only governor in office during this period.

[[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] was officially created on 1 November 1956, through the enactment of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act]] in August 1956. This led to the dissolution of [[Hyderabad State]], with its divisions becoming part of [[Mysore State]] and [[Bombay State]]. Concurrently, the integration of Telugu-speaking regions into Andhra State laid the foundation of a [[bicameral]] parliamentary system consisting of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] and Legislative Assembly chambers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventh-amendment-act-1956|title=Seventh Amendment, 1956|publisher=Government of India|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2023 |title=Andhra Pradesh Formation Day 2023: AP History, Wishes, Quotes, and Must-try Foods |url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/andhra-pradesh-formation-day-2023-8640643.html |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Originally situated in [[Hyderabad]], the capital later moved to [[Amaravati]] in 2017 following the implementation of the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act]], which led to the formation of Telangana on 2 June 2014 and a reduction in the [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|assembly constituencies]] from 294 to 175. Despite these significant boundary changes, the state continued to be recognised as Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf |title=Gazette Notification of commencement |publisher=Government of India |access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2023 |title=Telangana Assembly Elections 2023: Why Telangana Split From Andhra Pradesh {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/telangana-assembly-elections-2023-why-telangana-split-from-andhra-pradesh-explained-article-105668714 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

Currently, there are a total of 175 [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|assembly constituencies]] in the state.<ref name="constitutiencies">{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of parliamentary and assembly constituencies order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=11 October 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |pages=16–28}}</ref> The [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|legislative council]] is the upper house with 58 members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519055636/http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/overview |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 |website=AP Legislature |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> The INC are the longest-ruling political parties in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

==Chief Ministers of Andhra State (1953–1956)==
;Key
* No.: Incumbent number
* {{note label|§|§|§}} Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term
* {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
* {{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
* {{note label|DIS|DIS|DIS}} Dismissed
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! rowspan="2"| Election
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" | Ministry
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Tanguturi Prakasam 1972.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Tanguturi Prakasam]]''' {{small|(1872{{ndash}}1957) {{ndash}}}}
| {{ndash}} {{small|(1st)}}
| 1 October 1953
| 15 November 1954
| {{ayd|1 October 1953|15 November 1954}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Prakasam
|-
| colspan="11" |'''Position vacant''' (15 November 1954{{snd}}28 March 1955) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|name=PR|''[[President's rule]]'' may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When the President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". [[Rediff.com]]. 15 March 2005.</ref>}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Bezawada Gopal Reddy (cropped).png|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]''' {{small|(1907{{ndash}}1997) MLA for [[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur]]}}
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]] {{small|(2nd)}}
| 28 March 1955
| 31 October 1956
| {{ayd|28 March 1955|31 October 1956}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Gopala
|-
|}

== Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh (1956{{ndash}}present) ==
;Key
* No.: Incumbent number
* {{note label|§|§|§}} Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term
* {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
* {{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
* {{note label|DIS|DIS|DIS}} Dismissed

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! rowspan="2"| Election
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" | Ministry
|-
! style="width:9em"| From
! style="width:9em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| {{CSS image crop|Image=Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1996) MLA for [[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]]}}
| rowspan="3"| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]] {{small|(1st)}}, [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]] {{small|(2nd)}}
| rowspan="2"| 1 November 1956
| rowspan="2"| 11 January 1960{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1 November 1956|11 January 1960}}
| rowspan="6" style="width:8em"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Neelam I
|-
| Neelam II
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Damodaram Sanjivayya 2008 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Damodaram Sanjivayya]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1972) MLA for [[Kurnool Assembly constituency|Kurnool]]}}
| 11 January 1960
| 12 March 1962
| {{ayd|11 January 1960|12 March 1962}}
| Sanjivayya
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1996) MLA for [[Dhone Assembly constituency|Dhone]]}}
| rowspan="2"| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] {{small|(3rd)}}
| 12 March 1962{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 20 February 1964{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{ayd|12 March 1962|20 February 1964}}
| Neelam III
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| {{CSS image crop|Image=Kasu Brahmananda Reddy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]''' {{small|(1909{{ndash}}1994) MLA for [[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Narasaraopet]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 21 February 1964
| rowspan="2"| 30 September 1971
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|21 February 1964|30 September 1971}}
| Kasu I
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] {{small|(4th)}}
| Kasu II
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}2004) MLA for [[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]}}
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] {{small|(5th)}}
| 30 September 1971
| 10 January 1973
| {{ayd|30 September 1971|10 January 1973}}
| [[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)]]
| Narasimha
|-
| colspan="10" |'''Position vacant''' (11 January 1973{{snd}}10 December 1973) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during the period (18 January 1973<ref>{{cite web | title=Territorial powers of the Indian President: Article 356 | website=India Today | date=15 April 2015 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/an-insight-to-the-territorial-powers-of-the-indian-president-248722-2015-04-15 | accessdate=9 November 2025}}</ref>{{snd}}10 December 1973)''{{efn|name=PR}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Jalagam Vengala Rao.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Jalagam Vengala Rao]]''' {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1999) MLA for [[Vemsoor]]}}
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] {{small|(5th)}}
| 10 December 1973
| 6 March 1978
| {{ayd|10 December 1973|6 March 1978}}
| [[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)]]
| Jalagam
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=DrMChannaReddy (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MLA for [[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]]}}
| rowspan="4"| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] {{small|(6th)}}
| 6 March 1978
| 10 October 1980{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{ayd|6 March 1978|10 October 1980}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| Chenna I
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Tanguturi Anjaiah.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Tanguturi Anjaiah]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1986) [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]}}
| 11 October 1980
| 24 February 1982{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{ayd|11 October 1980|24 February 1982}}
| Anjaiah
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Bhavanam Venkatrami Reddy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2002) [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]}}
| 24 February 1982
| 20 September 1982{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{ayd|24 February 1982|20 September 1982}}
| Bhavanam
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}2001) MLA for [[Kurnool Assembly constituency|Kurnool]]}}
| 20 September 1982
| 9 January 1983
| {{ayd|20 September 1982|9 January 1983}}
| Kotla I
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| {{CSS image crop|Image=NT Rama Rao.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[N. T. Rama Rao|Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1996) MLA for [[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati]]}}
| rowspan="3"| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] {{small|(7th)}}
| 9 January 1983
| 16 August 1984{{ref label|DIS|DIS|DIS}}
| {{ayd|9 January 1983|16 August 1984}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| [[First N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Taraka I]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Nadendla Bhaskara Rao - 2023 (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[N. Bhaskara Rao|Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]]''' {{small|(1935{{ndash}}2026) MLA for [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]]}}
| 16 August 1984
| 16 September 1984{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{ayd|16 August 1984|16 September 1984}}
| Bhaskara
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| rowspan="2"| {{CSS image crop|Image=NT Rama Rao.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| rowspan="2"| '''[[N. T. Rama Rao|Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1996) MLA for [[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati]], until 1985 MLA for [[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]], from 1985}}
| rowspan="2"| 16 September 1984{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| rowspan="2"| 2 December 1989
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|16 September 1984|2 Dec 1989}}
| [[Second N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Taraka II]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] {{small|(8th)}}
| [[Third N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Taraka III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=DrMChannaReddy (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1996) MLA for [[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]]}}
| rowspan="3"| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] {{small|(9th)}}
| 3 December 1989{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 17 December 1990{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{ayd|3 December 1989|17 December 1990}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| [[Second Marri Chenna Reddy ministry|Chenna II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=N. Janardhana Reddy (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[N. Janardhana Reddy|Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]''' {{small|(1935{{ndash}}2014) MLA for [[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency|Venkatagiri]]}}
| 17 December 1990
| 9 October 1992{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{ayd|17 December 1990|9 October 1992}}
| Janardhana
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}2001) MLA for [[Panyam Assembly constituency|Panyam]]}}
| 9 October 1992{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 12 December 1994
| {{ayd|9 October 1992|12 December 1994}}
| Kotla II
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=NT Rama Rao.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[N. T. Rama Rao|Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1996) MLA for [[Hindupur Assembly constituency|Hindupur]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]] {{small|(10th)}}
| 12 December 1994{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 1 September 1995{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{ayd|12 December 1994|1 September 1995}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| [[Fourth N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Taraka IV]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| {{CSS image crop|Image=N. Chandrababu Naidu (cropped)1.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| rowspan="2"| '''[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MLA for [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 1 September 1995
| rowspan="2"| 13 May 2004
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|1 September 1995|13 May 2004}}
| [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu I]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] {{small|(11th)}}
| [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu II]]
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"| {{CSS image crop|Image=Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy in Delhi on 10 December 2008 (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]''' {{small|(1949{{ndash}}2009) MLA for [[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendla]]}}
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] {{small|[[12th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(12th)]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 14 May 2004
| rowspan="2"| 2 September 2009{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|14 May 2004|2 Sep 2009}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Rajasekhara I]]
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] {{small|[[13th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(13th)]]}}
| [[Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Rajasekhara II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Konijeti Rosaiah BNC.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]''' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}2021) [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]}}
| 3 September 2009
| 24 November 2010{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{ayd|3 September 2009|24 November 2010}}
| [[Rosaiah ministry|Rosaiah]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy (YT thumbnail).png|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Kiran Kumar Reddy|N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MLA for [[Pileru Assembly constituency|Pileru]]}}
| 25 November 2010
| 1 March 2014
| {{ayd|25 November 2010|1 March 2014}}
| [[Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|Kiran]]
|-
| colspan="10" |'''Position vacant''' (1 March{{snd}}7 June 2014) ''[[President's rule]] was imposed during this period''{{efn|name=PR}}{{efn|name=PR2|After 58 years, the state was bifurcated into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states on 2 June 2014 by Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. After state reorganisation, Andhra Pradesh Sasana sabha seats come down from 294 to 175 seats.}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Chandrababu Naidu 2017.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MLA for [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]}}
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
| 8 June 2014{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| 29 May 2019
| {{ayd|8 June 2014|29 May 2019}}
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=Jagan Mohan Reddy.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1972) MLA for [[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendla]]}}
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| 30 May 2019
| 11 June 2024
| {{ayd|30 May 2019|11 June 2024}}
| [[YSR Congress Party]]
| [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
| {{CSS image crop|Image=The portrait of CM Shri Nara Chandrababu Naidu.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| '''[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MLA for [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]}}
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
| 12 June 2024{{ref label|§|§|§}}
| Incumbent
| {{ayd|12 June 2024}}
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]
|-
|}

== Statistics ==
===List by chief minister===
{{
Pie chart |

| caption = Proportion of Chief Ministers Office held by each party (1953 to present)

| label1 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}} | value1 = 39.15

| label2 = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| color2 = {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}} | value2 = 31.82

| label3 = [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| color3 = {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}} | value3 = 14.10

| label4 = [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| color4 = {{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}} | value4 = 7.88

| label5 = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| color5 = {{party color|YSR Congress Party}} | value5 = 7.09
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! colspan="2" |Term of office
|-
! Longest continuous term
! Total duration of chief ministership
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 1
| '''[[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]'''
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| '''8 years, 255 days'''
| '''{{age in years and days|2010|10|11}}'''
|-
! data-sort-value="2" | 2
| [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 7 years, 221 days
| 7 years, 221 days
|-
! data-sort-value="3" | 3
| [[N. T. Rama Rao|Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| 5 years, 76 days
| 7 years, 194 days
|-
! data-sort-value="4" | 4
| [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5 years, 111 days
| 5 years, 111 days
|-
! data-sort-value="8" | 5
| [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| 5 years, 12 days
| 5 years, 12 days
|-
! data-sort-value="5" | 6
| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3 years, 71 days
| 5 years, 51 days
|-
! data-sort-value="6" | 7
| [[Jalagam Vengala Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| 4 years, 86 days
| 4 years, 86 days
|-
! data-sort-value="7" | 8
| [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| 2 years, 218 days
| 3 years, 232 days
|-
! data-sort-value="9" | 9
| [[Kiran Kumar Reddy|Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3 years, 96 days
| 3 years, 96 days
|-
! data-sort-value="10" | 10
| [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| 2 years, 64 days
| 2 years, 175 days
|-
! data-sort-value="11" | 11
| [[Damodaram Sanjeevaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2 years, 60 days
| 2 years, 60 days
|-
! data-sort-value="12" | 12
| [[N. Janardhana Reddy|Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| 1 year, 297 days
| 1 year, 297 days
|-
! data-sort-value="13" | 13
| [[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1 year, 214 days
| 1 year, 214 days
|-
! data-sort-value="14" | 14
| [[T. Anjaiah|Tanguturi Anjaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| 1 year, 136 days
| 1 year, 136 days
|-
! data-sort-value="15" | 15
| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| 1 year, 102 days
| 1 year, 102 days
|-
! data-sort-value="16" | 16
| [[Konijeti Rosaiah]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1 year, 82 days
| 1 year, 82 days
|-
! data-sort-value="17" | 17
| [[Tanguturi Prakasam]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1 year, 45 days
| 1 year, 45 days
|-
! data-sort-value="18" | 18
| [[Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| 208 days
| 208 days
|-
! data-sort-value="19" | 19
| [[N. Bhaskara Rao|Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| 31 days
| 31 days
|}

=== List by party ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number |#
! colspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! data-sort-type="number" | Number of chief ministers
! Total days of holding the office
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 1
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| data-sort-type="5" | 15
| {{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1956|11|01|1973|01|10}}+{{age in days|1973|12|10|1983|01|09}}+{{age in days|1989|12|03|1994|12|12}}+{{age in days|2004|05|14|2014|03|01}}}}}}|R}} days{{efn|The total tenure includes days held by chief ministers belonging to the Indian National Congress and its splinter parties, the Indian National Congress (Requisitionists) and the Indian National Congress (Indira).}}
|-
! data-sort-value="2" | '''2'''
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| data-sort-type="2" | '''3'''
| '''{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1983|01|09|1989|12|02}}+{{age in days|1994|12|12|2004|05|13}}+{{age in days|2014|06|08|2019|05|29}}+{{age in days|2024|06|09}}}}}}|R}} days'''
|-
! data-sort-value="3" | 3
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
| data-sort-type="3" | 1
| {{age in days|2019|05|30|2024|06|11}} days
|}

=== Timeline ===
{{Collapse top}}
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:15
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:200 left:20
AlignBars = late

Colors =

id:inc value:rgb(0,0.74902,1) legend: INC
id:tdp value:rgb(0.98824,0.93334,0.13725) legend: TDP
id:ysrcp value:rgb(0.08235,0.41176,0.78040) legend: YSRCP
id:vacant value:black legend: Vacant
id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/10/1953 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1954
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1954

Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:150

TextData =
pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text: Political Party

BarData =
barset:CM

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
barset:CM

from: 01/10/1953 till: 15/11/1954 color:inc text:"[[Tanguturi Prakasam]]" fontsize:10
from: 15/11/1954 till: 29/03/1955 color:vacant text:"[[Vacant]] (President's rule)" fontsize:10
from: 30/03/1955 till: 30/10/1956 color:inc text:"[[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 01/11/1956 till: 11/01/1960 color:inc text:"[[Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 11/01/1960 till: 12/03/1962 color:inc text:"[[Damodaram Sanjeevaiah]]" fontsize:10
from: 12/03/1962 till: 20/02/1964 color:inc text:"[[Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 21/02/1964 till: 30/09/1971 color:inc text:"[[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 30/09/1971 till: 10/01/1973 color:inc text:"[[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao]]" fontsize:10
from: 10/01/1973 till: 09/12/1973 color:vacant text:"[[Vacant]] (President's rule)" fontsize:10
from: 10/12/1973 till: 06/03/1978 color:inc text:"[[Jalagam Vengala Rao]]" fontsize:10
from: 06/03/1978 till: 10/10/1980 color:inc text:"[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 11/10/1980 till: 24/02/1982 color:inc text:"[[T. Anjaiah|Tanguturi Anjaiah]]" fontsize:10
from: 24/02/1982 till: 20/09/1982 color:inc text:"[[Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 20/09/1982 till: 09/01/1983 color:inc text:"[[K. Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy|Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 09/01/1983 till: 16/08/1984 color:tdp text:"[[N. T. Rama Rao|Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]]" fontsize:10
from: 16/08/1984 till: 16/09/1984 color:tdp text:"[[N. Bhaskara Rao|Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]]" fontsize:10
from: 16/09/1984 till: 02/12/1989 color:tdp text:"[[N. T. Rama Rao|Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]]" fontsize:10
from: 03/12/1989 till: 17/12/1990 color:inc text:"[[Marri Chenna Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 17/12/1990 till: 09/10/1992 color:inc text:"[[N. Janardhana Reddy|Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 09/10/1992 till: 11/12/1994 color:inc text:"[[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 12/12/1994 till: 01/09/1995 color:tdp text:"[[N. T. Rama Rao|Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]]" fontsize:10
from: 01/09/1995 till: 13/05/2004 color:tdp text:"[[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]" fontsize:10
from: 14/05/2004 till: 02/09/2009 color:inc text:"[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 03/09/2009 till: 24/11/2010 color:inc text:"[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]" fontsize:10
from: 25/11/2010 till: 01/03/2014 color:inc text:"[[Kiran Kumar Reddy|Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 01/03/2014 till: 07/06/2014 color:vacant text:"[[Vacant]] (President's rule)" fontsize:10
from: 08/06/2014 till: 29/05/2019 color:tdp text:"[[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]" fontsize:10
from: 30/05/2019 till: 11/06/2024 color:ysrcp text:"[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy]]" fontsize:10
from: 12/06/2024 till: end color:tdp text:"[[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]" fontsize:10
}}
{{Collapse bottom}}
== Oath as the state chief minister ==
The chief minister serves five years in the office. The following is the oath of the chief minister of state:
{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Chief Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of () and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=}}
==See also==
* [[History of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Elections in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Telangana]]
* [[List of current Indian chief ministers]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh}}
* [https://www.ap.gov.in// Official Website of the Office of the Chief Minister]
{{Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Current Indian chief ministers}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Andhra Pradesh|Chief ministers]]

Electoral history of Mamata Banerjee

2026-05-05T14:04:00Z

StarCkf91771: Created new data.

[[File:Official portrait of Mamata Banerjee.jpg|thumb|Official portrait, 2015]]{{Short description|Elections featuring Chief Minister of West Bengal}}
This is a summary of the '''electoral history of [[Mamata Banerjee]]''', who is currently serving as the 8th [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], since May 2011.

== Summary ==
=== Lok Sabha elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan=2|[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
| {{party name with colour| Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|331,618
|50.87
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|410,288
|46.67
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan=6|[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| 367,896
| 52.46
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|438,252
| 52.50
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| {{party name with colour| All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=6}}
|503,551
|59.37
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|469,103
|58.26
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|393,561
|51.10
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|576,045
|57.19
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

=== West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|2011^
| rowspan=2|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| {{party name with colour| Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|73,635
|77.46
|{{Won}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|65,520
|47.67
|{{Won}}
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
|108,808
|47.64
|{{Lost}}
|-
|2021^
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|85,263
|71.90
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|58,812
|42.19
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}
^By poll

== Detailed results ==
=== Lok Sabha elections ===
====Lok Sabha Election 1984====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election ]]: Jadavpur<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mamata Banerjee]]|votes=331,618|percentage=50.87%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Somnath Chatterjee]]|votes=311,958|percentage=47.85%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Congress (Socialist)|candidate=Sakti Sarkar|votes=5993|percentage=0.92%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Rajanath Prasad|votes=2336|percentage=0.36%|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=19,660|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=651905|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=CPIM}}

{{Election box end}}

====Lok Sabha Election 1989====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election ]]: Jadavpur<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Malini Bhattacharya]]|votes=441,188|percentage=50.19%|change=+4.00%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Mamata Banerjee]]|votes=410,288|percentage=46.67%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Uttam Basu|votes=9874|percentage=1.12%|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=Laskar Jabed Ali|votes=7994|percentage=0.91%|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=30,900|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=879040|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|colour=Red|winner=CPIM|loser=Indian National Congress |color=Green}}

{{Election box end}}

====General election 1991====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha1991">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 3,67,896
|percentage = 52.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Biplab Dasgupta
|votes = 2,74,233
|percentage = 39.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Somraj Dutta
|votes = 50,541
|percentage = 7.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Ashok kumar Roy Chowdhury
|votes = 1,958
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Sushil Chandra Majumdar
|votes = 1,779
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Parimal Kanti Ray
|votes = 1,121
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Priti Mazumder
|votes = 877
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bandana Biswas
|votes = 837
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Doordarshi Party
|candidate = Hari Shankar Shah
|votes = 792
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Hajranchhor Chand Bhandari
|votes = 548
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bhagwan Das Nathany
|votes = 413
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Arun Ghosh
|votes = 295
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Murari Mohan Ghosh
|votes = 798
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 93,663
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,01,290
|percentage = 68.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
====General election 1996====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha1996">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 4,38,252
|percentage = 52.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Bharati Mukherjee
|votes = 3,34,991
|percentage = 40.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Santi Roy
|votes = 45,066
|percentage = 5.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Bulu Chatterjee
|votes = 3,439
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Sushil Chandra Majumdar
|votes = 1,869
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = D. Guha
|votes = 1,755
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Tripti Das
|votes = 1,589
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bandana Biswas
|votes = 1,572
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Yasmeen Sen Gupta
|votes = 1,527
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Lalita Seth
|votes = 1,482
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Ramagardi Yadav
|votes = 1,285
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bablu Dutta
|votes = 958
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Murari Mohan Ghosh
|votes = 798
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,03,261
|percentage = 12.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,52,458
|percentage = 73.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 1998====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha1998">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 503,551
|percentage = 59.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Prasanta Sur|Prasanta Kumar Sur]]
|votes = 279,470
|percentage = 32.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sougata Roy]]
|votes = 56,725
|percentage = 6.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Partha Sarathi Ghosh
|votes = 1,937
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Salik Ram Shaw
|votes = 1,498
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = G.Joseph
|votes = 1.497
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Rina Sutradhar
|votes = 1,447
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Adrish Bhattacharya
|votes = 1,236
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Addy Samir Kumar
|votes = 493
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Paresh Nath Bandyopadhyay
|votes = 340
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,24,081
|percentage = 27.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,05,121
|percentage = 66.96%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 1999====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha1999">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 4,69,103
|percentage = 58.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Subhankar Chakraborty
|votes = 2,55,095
|percentage = 31.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Partha Roy Chowdhury
|votes = 51,735
|percentage = 6.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
|candidate = Dr. Partha Sarathi Ghosh
|votes = 6,186
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammed Sahabuddun
|votes = 6,091
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Ranjan Kumar Das
|votes = 5.841
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Murari Mohan Ghosh
|votes = 4,512
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Priya Nath Banerjee
|votes = 2,740
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Kabita Mukherjee
|votes = 2,160
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bandana Biswas
|votes = 1,658
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,14,008
|percentage = 26.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,05,121
|percentage = 66.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 2004====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Kolkata|Calcutta South]]<ref name="loksabha2004">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 393,561
|percentage = 51.10
|change = −7.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Rabin Deb]]
|votes = 295,132
|percentage = 38.30
|change = +6.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nafisa Ali]]
|votes = 60,377
|percentage = 7.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Sujit Kumar Roy
|votes = 4,782
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kusha Ram
|votes = 4,431
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|IND
|candidate = Bandana Das
|votes = 4,130
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Mukul Paul
|votes = 2,524
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Ranjit Banerjee
|votes = 2,306
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Barnali Mukherjee
|votes = 2,258
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Santu Mukherjee
|votes = 1,708
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bhushan Mondal
|votes = 1,533
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 98,429
|percentage = 12.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,70,828
|percentage = 70.3%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====General election 2009====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kolkata|Kolkata Dakshin]]<ref name="loksabha2009">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|votes = 5,76,045
|percentage = 57.19
|change = +6.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Rabin Deb]]
|votes = 3,56,474
|percentage = 35.39
|change = −2.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jyotsna Banerjee
|votes = 39,744
|percentage = 3.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Paresh Chandra Roy
|votes = 6,745
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Yusuf Jamal Siddique
|votes = 6,042
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Asif Md
|votes = 5,896
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,19,571
|percentage = 21.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 10,07,225
|percentage = 66.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections ===
====Bye-election, 2011====
The bypoll to the Bhowanipore seat was necessitated after sitting MLA of [[Trinamool Congress]] [[Subrata Bakshi]] resigned to make way for the Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] to contest. She had not contested the state assembly elections earlier. She had to become a member of the state assembly within six months of her assuming office as Chief Minister as per the rules of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name=vidhansabha2011by>{{cite web| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/mamata-banerjee-wins-assembly-bypoll_591641.html | title = Mamata Banerjee wins assembly bypoll | access-date = 28 September 2011 | publisher = PTI, 28 September 2011 }}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2011: Bhabanipur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate='''[[Mamata Banerjee]] ([[Chief Minister of West Bengal|CM Candidate]])'''|votes='''73,635'''|percentage='''77.46'''|change='''+12.69'''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Nandini Mukherjee]]|votes=19,422|percentage=20.43|change=-7.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Sujay Krishna Bhadra|votes=809|percentage=0.85|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=54,213|percentage=57.03|change=+20.24}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=95,064|percentage=44.73|change=-19.04}}
{{Election box hold with party link |
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +12.69
}}
{{Election box end}}
====2016====
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Bhowanipore|Bhabanipur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Mamata Banerjee]]|votes=65,520|percentage=47.67|change={{decrease}}29.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Deepa Dasmunshi]]|votes=40,219|percentage=29.26|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Chandra Kumar Bose|votes=26,299|percentage=19.13|change=''New''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the Above|votes=2,461|percentage=1.79|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Nirmal Kanti Samaddar<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite web|title=Life’s all about running alone: BSP candidate|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/lifes-all-about-running-alone-bsp-candidate/articleshow/69016100.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=24 April 2019}}</ref>|votes=669|percentage=0.27|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=25,301|percentage=18.41|change={{decrease}}38.62}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,37,475|percentage=66.83|change={{increase}}22.11}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}29.79
}}
{{Election box end}}
====2021====
In the 2021 elections, [[Suvendu Adhikari]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] defeated his nearest rival and incumbent chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] of [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]].
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nandigram]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=Nandigram: After Hours of Confusion, BJP's Suvendu Adhikari Emerges Winner|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-election-bengal-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari|work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|access-date=2021-05-02|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202328/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Election Result 2021 LIVE: Nandigram MLA Election Result & Vote Share|url=https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/|work=Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Assembly Election Results 2021 LIVE - Nandigram Vidhan Sabha Election Results|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/nandigram-west-bengal-election-result-2021|work=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=210|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/UploadFiles/AE2021/Form20/210_Form20.pdf|work=Chief Electoral Officer, West Bengal|access-date=2021-11-17}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|votes = 1,10,764
|percentage = 48.49
|change = {{increase}}43.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Mamata Banerjee]]|votes=1,08,808|percentage=47.64|change={{decrease}}19.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Minakshi Mukherjee]]|votes=6,267|percentage=2.74|change={{decrease}}23.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1,090|percentage=0.48|change={{decrease}}0.15}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,956|percentage=0.85|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,28,467|percentage=88.55|change={{increase}}1.58}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
====2021 by-election====
{{Election box begin|title=Bye-election, 2021: Bhabanipur<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-30|title=আজ ভোট মমতার {{!}} নির্বাচন জঙ্গিপুর ও সামশেরগঞ্জেও|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=321893&P=1&nPID=20210930|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=2021-10-03|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006213925/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=321893&P=1&nPID=20210930|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/ConstituencywiseS25159.htm?ac=159|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003142939/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/ConstituencywiseS25159.htm?ac=159|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/RoundwiseS25159.htm?ac=159|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003174241/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/RoundwiseS25159.htm?ac=159|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm?st=S25|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003174612/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm?st=S25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Form 20 - 159 Bhabanipur AC|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/UploadFiles/Byeelec_sep_2021/form20/Form20_AC159.pdf|work=Chief Electoral Officer, West Bengal|access-date=2021-11-13|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112215438/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/UploadFiles/Byeelec_sep_2021/form20/Form20_AC159.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Mamata Banerjee]]|votes=85,263|percentage=71.90|change={{increase}}14.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Priyanka Tibrewal|votes=26,428|percentage=22.29|change={{decrease}}12.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Shrijeeb Biswas|votes=4,226|percentage=3.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1,453|percentage=1.23|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=58,835|percentage=49.61|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{increase}}14.19
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhabanipur}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Suvendu Adhikari]]|votes=73,917|percentage=53.02|change={{increase}}30.73}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Mamata Banerjee]]|votes=58,812|percentage=42.19|change={{decrease}} 29.71}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Shrijeeb Biswas|votes=3,556|percentage=2.55|change={{decrease}} 1.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pradip Prasad|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,257|percentage=0.9|change={{new}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the above|votes=829|percentage=0.59|change={{decrease}} 0.64}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,105|percentage=10.83|change={{increase}}}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,39,413|percentage=|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Electoral history of Indian politicians|Banerjee, Mamata]]
[[Category:Mamata Banerjee]]
[[Category:Electoral history of women politicians|Banerjee, Mamata]]

Arakkambakkam

2026-05-01T15:39:49Z

StarCkf91771: Starting initial info w/ sources!

{{short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{distinguish|text = [[Arambakkam]]}}{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arakkambakkam
| pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu#India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|10|51|N|80|04|11|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Block/Taluka
| subdivision_name3 = Ambattur
| area_total_km2 = 1.82
| population_total = 1402
| population_density_km2 = 770
| settlement_type = Village
}}

'''Arakkambakkam''' is a village located in the Ambattur block of [[Tiruvallur district|Thiruvallur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Arakkambakkam Population - Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/629162-arakkambakkam-tamil-nadu.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Arakkambakkam is situated in the Ambattur region of Tamil Nadu, approximately 11 kilometers northwest of [[Chennai]]. The village covers an area of 1.82 square kilometers with a population of 1402, resulting in a population density of 770 people per square kilometer. The male and female populations are 700 and 702, respectively. The village is part of the Ambattur block in the Thiruvallur district.

=== Nearby villages ===
* Kilakondaiyur
* Alathur
* Pandeswaram
* Morai
* [[Melpakkam]]
* Kadavur
* Vellacheri
* [[Palamedu|Palavedu]]
* Vellanur

== Demographics ==
According to the Census of India 2011, Arakkambakkam has a population of 1402. The male and female populations are 700 and 702, respectively. The village covers an area of 1.82 square kilometers, resulting in a population density of 770 people per square kilometer. The literacy rate of Arakkambakkam is 72.18%, with 77.86% of males and 66.52% of females being literate. There are about 374 houses in Arakkambakkam.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

=== Population statistics ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Population of Arakkambakkam
! Particulars !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Total Population || 1,402 || 700 || 702
|-
| Literate Population || 1,012 || 545 || 467
|-
| Illiterate Population || 390 || 155 || 235
|}

== Connectivity ==
Arakkambakkam has good connectivity with the following services:

=== Public Transportation ===
* Public Bus Service: Available within the village
* Private Bus Service: Available within 4 km distance
* Railway Station: Available within 11 km distance

== Administration ==
* Gram Panchayat: Arakkambakkam
* Block/Taluka: Ambattur
* District: Thiruvallur
* State: Tamil Nadu
* Pincode: 600055
* Census Code: 629162

== Nearest town ==
The nearest town to Arakkambakkam is [[Avadi]], located 11 km away.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://geoiq.io/places/Arakkambakkam/i1UDv0jBIV GeoIQ Arakkambakkam]

{{Chennai topics|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Villages in Tiruvallur district]]

{{Tiruvallur-geo-stub}}

Ela Lodh

2026-04-25T17:54:32Z

StarCkf91771: Created a details.

{{Short description|Indian obstetrician and gynaecologist (died 2021)}}
'''Ela Lodh''' (born 29th Nov 1942 - died 19 July 2021 at 79<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-07-20 |title=Dr. Ila Lodh Expired : রাজ্যের বিশিষ্ট স্ত্রীরোগ বিশেষজ্ঞ ডাঃ ইলা লোধ প্রয়াত, বয়স হয়েছিল ৭৯ বছর |url=http://www.natun.in/2021/07/20/dr-ila-lodh-expired-dr-ila-lodh-eminent-gynecologist-of-the-state-passed-away-at-the-age-of-69-years/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>) was an eminent Indian [[obstetrician]] and [[gynaecologist]]. She received the 2020 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] posthumously on 8 March 2022.<ref name="NET" /><ref name="SA" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Eminent Tripura doctor Ila Lodh to be honoured with posthumous 'Nari Shakti Puraskar' |url=https://theprint.in/india/eminent-tripura-doctor-ila-lodh-to-be-honoured-with-posthumous-nari-shakti-puraskar/861379/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ela Lodh was born in [[Khowai]] in the Indian state of [[Tripura]].<ref name="TP-Selected">{{cite news |title=Dr Ela Lodh Selected For The Presidential Award |url=https://thetripurapost.com/dr-ela-lodh-selected-for-the-presidential-award/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=Tripura Post |date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309234817/https://thetripurapost.com/dr-ela-lodh-selected-for-the-presidential-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Qualified as an [[obstetrician]] and [[gynaecologist]], she worked for the Tripura Health Service, eventually becoming the Director of Tripura Health Services.<ref name="NET">{{cite news |title=International Women's Day: 2 Northeastern Ladies Among 29 To Be Adjudged With Coveted 'Nari Shakti Puraskar Awards' |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/03/08/international-womens-day-2-northeastern-ladies-among-29-to-be-adjudged-with-coveted-nari-shakti-puraskar-awards/#more-39548 |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=Northeast Today |date=8 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308064431/https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/03/08/international-womens-day-2-northeastern-ladies-among-29-to-be-adjudged-with-coveted-nari-shakti-puraskar-awards/#more-39548 |url-status=live }}</ref> She held the post from 1990 until 2000 and was also the founder of the Hepatitis Foundation of Tripura.<ref name="List">{{cite web |title=List of Awardees Nari Shakti Puraskar 2020 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/mar/doc20223823101.pdf |website=Government of India |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308080936/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/mar/doc20223823101.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SA">{{cite news |title=2 Northeastern Women Among 29 Others Wins Nari Shakti Puraskar Awards 2020–21 |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/2-northeastern-women-among-29-others-wins-nari-shakti-puraskar-awards-2020-21-581797 |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=Sentinel Assam |date=8 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308132208/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/2-northeastern-women-among-29-others-wins-nari-shakti-puraskar-awards-2020-21-581797 |url-status=live }}</ref> She died of cardiac arrest in a private hospital in [[Kolkata]] on 19 July 2021.<ref name="TP-Death">{{cite news |title=Tripura: Noted Gynocologist Ela Lodh Dies Of Cardiac Arrest |url=https://thetripurapost.com/tripura-noted-gynocologist-ela-lodh-dies-of-cardiac-arrest/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=Tripura Post |date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309234807/https://thetripurapost.com/tripura-noted-gynocologist-ela-lodh-dies-of-cardiac-arrest/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Ela Lodh received the 2020 [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] posthumously on 8 March 2022. Her son Debanjan Lodh received the award on her behalf from President [[Ramnath Kovind]].<ref name="FD">{{cite news |title=Dr. Ela Lodh to get Nari Shakti Puraskar-2020 posthumously |url=https://www.firstdespatch.com/read.aspx?news=5390 |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=First Despatch |date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309234812/https://www.firstdespatch.com/read.aspx?news=5390 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodh, Ela}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tripura]]
[[Category:Indian obstetricians]]
[[Category:Women from Tripura]]
[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Indian women gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]

Brahman Geet

2026-04-23T14:28:00Z

StarCkf91771: Created a stub.

{{See also-text|[[Gosaunik Geet]]}}{{Short description|Maithili folk songs for Brahman Babu}}{{Infobox song
| name = Brahman Geet
| cover = Maithil Upanayan Mandap.jpg
| caption = Maithil Brahmin women singing Brahman Geet at a [[Maithil Upanayan]] Mandap in the Mithila region.
| type = song
| artist = Maithil Brahmin women
| language = Maithili
| venue = [[Brahma Sthan]] and courtyard of Maithil Brahmins,
| genre = Maithili folk songs
}}
'''Brahman Geet''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: ब्राह्मण गीत) also known as '''''Brahman Babu Geet'''''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Maithil%C4%AB_lokag%C4%ABta.html?id=wM5jAAAAMAAJ#brahman%20geet%20in%20maithili |title=Maithilī lokagīta |date=1993 |publisher=Sāhitya Akādemī |isbn=978-81-7201-356-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-09 |title=ब्राह्मण बाबू यौ हमरो पर होइयौ न सहाय... |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-there-is-no-help-on-brahmin-babu-yau-hamro-2840864.html |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> are Maithili folk songs sung during the sacred ceremonies of [[Maithil Upanayan|Maithil upanayana]] and [[Maithil Vivah]], etc. in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/An_Amazing_Admixture.html?id=sNktAAAAMAAJ#brahman%20geet |title=An Amazing Admixture: A Commemoration to Sri Vijayakanta Mishra |date=1982 |publisher=Vijaya Smriti Mala |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ब्राह्मणक गीत : मैथिली लोकगीत : हिन्दी कविता |url=https://hindi-kavita.com/Brahmanak-Geet-Maithili-Lokgeet.php |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=hindi-kavita.com}}</ref> These are sanskar ceremonial songs among the [[Maithils|Maithil]] community in the region. The songs of the Brahman Geet are dedicated to the ''Gram Devta [[Brahma Sthan|Brahma Baba]]'' also known as ''Dihavar Baba''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Maithil%C4%AB_sa%E1%B9%83sk%C4%81ra_g%C4%ABta.html?id=CXwhAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95 |title=Maithilī-saṃskāra-gīta: abhinava-saṅgraha |date=1987 |publisher=Urvasī Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Vyavah%C4%81rika_sa%E1%B9%83sk%C4%81ra_g%C4%ABta.html?id=d9tjAAAAMAAJ#brahman%20geet%20in%20maithili |title=Vyavahārika saṃskāra gīta |date=1998 |publisher=Indra Mohana Lāla Dāsa |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Brahma Baba Peetha at Brahma Sthan in Basuki Bihari.jpg|thumb|Iconic seat of ''Brahma Baba'' or ''Baraham Baba'' at Brahma Sthan in [[Basuki Bihari]] village of the Mithila region ]]

== Etymology ==
According to the Indian philosophy, [[Brahman]] refers to the ultimate reality. In the tradition of [[Mithila culture|Maithil culture]], the folk deity [[Gramadevata|Gram Devta]] ( God of village) is also called as Brahman. The term Brahman refers to the [[personification]] of the Gram Devta. The other Indic term Geet means song. Thus, the literal meaning of Brahman Geet is songs dedicated to the Brahman or the Gram Devta.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Mithil%C4%81_sa%E1%B9%83sk%C4%81ra_g%C4%ABta.html?id=GoQ6AAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3 |title=Mithilā-saṃskāra-gīta |date=1980 |publisher=Maithilī Akādamī |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
"Brahman Babu yao hamro par hoiyao na sahay" is a popular Brahman Geet sung at different ceremonies in the region, which deeply mesmerize (''Mantramugdh'') the Maithil audiences at the ceremonies. There are several Maithili folk songs in the collection of Brahman Geet. These are often sung by the women of the [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithil Brahmins]] community in the region.<ref name=":0" /> Apart from the community of Maithil Brahmins, the communities of [[Mallaah]], [[Musahar]], and [[Doma (caste)|Domin]], etc have their own versions of the Brahman Geet.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Folk_and_Ritual_Songs_of_Mithila.html?id=5QV7PJK_8H0C#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Folk and Ritual Songs of Mithila |publisher=Umesh Mandal |isbn=978-93-80538-34-1 |language=hi}}</ref> In the popular folk dance [[Jhijhiya]] performed by ladies of Musahar community, a Brahman Geet dedicated to [[Brahma Sthan|Baraham Baba]] is also sung by them.<ref>{{Cite web |title='तोहरे भरोसे बरहम बाबा झिझिया बनेलियै हो' |url=https://enewsbureau.com/news-details/14361/2022-09-27 |access-date=2026-04-16 |website=enewsbureau |language=}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=तोहरे भरोसे बरहम बाबा झिझिया बनेलियै हो, बरहम बाबा झिझिया पर होइयौ ने सवार|title=Brahman Geet|source=[[Jhijhiya]] folk dance}}

The folk songs of the Brahman Geet are an important part of the folklore in the [[Maithili literature]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Folk songs]]
[[Category:Maithil Brahmin]]
[[Category:Maithili literature]]

{{Folk-song-stub}}

Phani Mukut Rai

2026-04-22T04:09:13Z

StarCkf91771: new some data needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Phani Mukut Rai
|title = [[Raja]]
|image =
|caption =
|succession = 1st [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi king]]
|reign = c. 94 - 162 CE (according to legend) 4th or 10th century (according to scholars)
|predecessor = Madra Munda
|successor = Mukut Rai
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|Coronation =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse =
|issue = Mukut Rai
|dynasty = [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]]
|father = Pundarika Naga
|mother = Parvati
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|regent =
|reg-type =
}}

'''Phani Mukut Rai''' was the king of the [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] Gond dynasty in Nagvanshi origin myth and is considered its founder in the first century CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119550/2015.119550.The-Nagbanshis-And-The-Cheros_djvu.txt|title=The Nagbanshis And The Cheros|website=archive.org|year=1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ancient-capital-to-open-for-visitors-caves-temples-at-sutiambe-to-offer-peek-into-history/cid/543971|title=Ancient capital to open for visitors - Caves & temples at Sutiambe to offer peek into history|website=telegraphindia|date=4 September 2019|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/eye-on-nagvanshi-remains-culture-department-dreams-of-another-hampi-at-gumla-heritage-site/cid/626956|title=Eye on Nagvanshi remains - Culture department dreams of another Hampi at Gumla heritage site|website=telegraphindia|date=7 July 2009|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> However, the story of Phani Mukut Rai is regarded as a myth by historians, who date the establishment of the Nagvanshi dynasty to around the fourth or tenth century CE.<ref name="Vir Bharat Talwar 2008 82">{{cite book|author=Vir Bharat Talwar|title=झारखंड के अदिवासियों के बीच: एक एक्टीविस्ट के नोट्स|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4S3-EecZbMC&pg=PA82|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith|date=2008|isbn=978-8126315673|pages=82}}</ref>

==Early life==
According to the ''Nagvanshavali'' (1876), Phani Mukut Rai was the son of Pundarika Naga and his wife parvati, a [[Brahmin]] girl from [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.divyarashmi.com/2020/08/blog-post_522.html?m=1|title=सनातन संस्कृति में नागपूजा|publisher=divyarashmi|author=Satyendra Kumar Pathak|date=17 August 2020|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> Due to his forked tongue, he always slept with his back to his wife, as his poisonous breath regularly emanated from his mouth. His wife became curious about this secret, but Pundarika Naga never revealed it. They traveled to the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]] for a pilgrimage. On their return, his wife went into labor and was near death. She wished to know his secret, so Pundarika Naga transformed into a cobra, revealed his secret, and then plunged into a pond.

His wife, Parvati, committed sati out of grief after giving birth to a child. Pundarika Naga shielded the child with his hood. A woodcutter saw this and informed a Sakaldwipiya Brahmin named Janardan, who was holding a sun idol. The Brahmin witnessed the incident. Pundarika Naga told the Brahmin his story, stating that the boy would become the king of Nagpur and that the Brahmin would become his priest. The Brahmin named the child Phani Mukut Rai, as he had been protected by the cobra's hood, and raised him. The Brahmin, who held the sun idol, made it the tutelary deity of the Nagvanshi dynasty as suggested by Pundarika Naga.<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/42298290|title=Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton|author=Sanjay Nath|website=academia.edu|page=8|year=2015|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>

According to a report by Webster, Phani Mukut Rai was raised by the Kanyabuja Brahmin. However, according to a story collected by [[Sarat Chandra Roy]], the child was adopted by Madura Munda, the Parha chief of Sutiambe village.<ref name="JHARKHAND SAMAGRA" />

==Chieftaincy==
According to Nagvanshi tradition, Phani Mukut Rai was elected as Raja by the [[Parha chief]] and other Rajas of [[Surguja State|Suguja]] and the king of [[Patkum estate|Patkum]] around 94 AD and ruled for 68 years. His capital was at Sutiambe, now located in the [[Ranchi district]], where he resided in a mud fort. According to Nagvanshi tradition, this occurred in 104 CE.<ref name="JHARKHAND SAMAGRA" /><ref name="Google book">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYXy1XXNCKoC&q=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80&pg=PA33|title=Jharkhand Encyclopedia Hulgulanon Ki Partidhwaniyan-1|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> During his reign, he defeated [[Raksel dynasty|Rakshel]] of Korambe and invaders from [[Kendujhar]] with the help of the king of [[Panchet]]. His rule extended to Badin in [[Kharsawan]], [[Ramgarh (community development block)|Ramgarh]], [[Gola (community development block)|Gola]], Tori, and Gharwe. He built a sun temple in Sutiambe, invited Pandas from Puri to establish idols in the Thakurbadi, and settled Brahmins by giving them the villages of Sornda and Mahugaon. His Diwan was Srivastav Kayasth, with Pandey Bhav Rai, a resident of Belkupi village, serving as his advisor.<ref name="Google book"/> According to Lal Praduman Singh, the author of "Nagvansh," during Phani Mukut Rai's reign, the Nagvanshi kingdom was divided into 66 parganas: 22 in Ghatwa, 18 in [[Khukhragarh]], 18 in [[Doisagarh]], and 8 in Jarichgarh.<ref name="JHARKHAND SAMAGRA"/>

However, the remains of the idol from the Sun temple near [[Pithoria]] have been dated to the 12th century CE. No archaeological evidence has been discovered to validate the story of Phani Mukut Rai.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/800-years-come-alive-in-pithoria-s-relics-archaeological-explorations-in-two-hamlets-yield-artefacts-from-12th-century-to-colonial-times/cid/482858|title=800 years come alive in Pithoria's relics - Archaeological explorations in two hamlets yield artefacts from 12th Century to colonial times|date=8 September 2010|website=telegraphindia}}</ref> Many scholars place the establishment of the Nagvanshi dynasty in the 4th century CE, based on an average ruling period of 25 years for each king.<ref name="JHARKHAND SAMAGRA"/>

According to the genealogy provided by [[Dripnath Shah]] to the Governor General of India in 1787, Phani Mukut Rai was the first Nagvanshi king, the son of Pundarik Naga and [[Sakaldwipiya Brahmin]] girl Parvati.<ref name="JHARKHAND SAMAGRA">{{cite book|author=Birendra, Bimal Kishore Mishr|title=JHARKHAND SAMAGRA (Prabhat Prakashan)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2020|isbn=9789390101160|pages=12}}</ref> However, the story is mostly considered a origin myth and is viewed as a Brahminical origin of the dynasty invented at a later period.<ref name="Vir Bharat Talwar 2008 82"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Sanjay Singh |title=PSC JHARKHAND LOK SEVA AYOG SAMANYA ADHYAYAN|date=19 January 2021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZHBDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA5-PA9|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-9353228651|pages=5–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Asoka Kumar Sen |title=Indigeneity, Landscape and History: Adivasi Self-fashioning in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpwuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113 |year=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-61186-2 |page=113 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/amazing-india/navratangarh-lost-kingdom-of-the-nagvanshis/|title=Navratangarh: Lost Kingdom of the Nagvanshis|website=livehistoryindia|date=27 August 2019|access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu"/>

According to the Nagvanshavali, Phani Mukut Rai married the daughter of the Govanshi Raja of [[Panchet]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-know-more-on-shardiya-navratri-2019-celebrations-in-ranchi-jharkhand-19621205.html|title=Shardiya Navratri 2019: बेहद खास होता है रांची में नवरात्र, जानें कहां-कैसी हो रही तैयारी |website=jagran|date=28 Sep 2019|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Google book"/>

==Historicity==
The story of Phani Mukut Rai is considered a myth by scholars. According to Nagvanshi dynasty annals, the establishment of the Nagvanshi dynasty occurred in 1st the century CE, but historians don't agree with this as there is no mention of the Nagvanshi dynasty in Kushan and Gupta period sources. Arun Kumar, the writer of Ranchi district gazetteer, mentioned the establishment of the Nagvanshi dynasty in the 4th century by taking 25 years for each king. Chinese travelers, [[Faxian]] and [[Xuanzang]] who traveled during the 4th and 7th centuries respectively near the border of Chhotangpur also do not mention any kings of Nagvanshi dynasty. According to J. Reed, the writer of ''survey and settlement operations in the Ranchi district'', the Nagvanshi dynasty was probably established in the 10th century.<ref name="JHARKHAND SAMAGRA"/> There is no archeological evidence of Phani Mukut Rai, but only a story is found among Nagvanshi and Mundas that Phani Mukut Rai was the son of Pundrika Nag and Brahmin girl Parvati. Pundrika Nag was adopted by Parha chief Madra Munda and elected as parha chief by the neighbouring chiefs. Before this period, there was no concept of a king among Mundas. The concept of a king was established by the Nag tribe, who were more developed in economics and politics. Later, after the establishment of the Nagvanshi dynasty, they formed the origin myth.<ref name="Vir Bharat Talwar 2008 82"/>

“According to several historical inscriptions and records—such as the Bhoramdev Temple inscription, Mandwa Mahal inscription, and the text Gadheshnripavarnanam—the Gond rulers are described as belonging to the Naagvanshi Rajput dynasty.” <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4DWm_W47k8 |title=गोंड नागवंशी राज के संस्थापक राजा फणी मुकुट राय का इतिहास:History of The Nag king Fani mukut rai. |date=2023-08-25 |last=SPG Blogger |access-date=2026-03-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

“According to traditional Vanshavali records, some Naagvanshi Gond Kshatriyas of Kashyap Gotra are found in the territory of Kaimur district in Bihar, while some communities are also present in the Chandauli district of Uttar Pradesh.”<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4DWm_W47k8 |title=गोंड नागवंशी राज के संस्थापक राजा फणी मुकुट राय का इतिहास:History of The Nag king Fani mukut rai. |date=2023-08-25 |last=SPG Blogger |access-date=2026-03-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Phani Mukut}}
[[Category:Kings in Asia]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]

Scudder family of missionaries in India

2026-04-20T14:42:08Z

StarCkf91771: started new data - done

{{Short description|Family of missionaries in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{unreliable sources|date=May 2021}}
{{Original research|date=May 2021}}
{{Primary sources|date=May 2021}}
{{Self-published|date=May 2021}}
{{Third-party|date=May 2021}}
}}
[[Image:John Scudder.jpg|thumb|alt=Drawing of a bespectacled, serious-looking John Scudder Sr.|upright=1.2|John Scudder Sr.]]
Members of the '''Scudder family''' have worked as [[Medical missions|medical missionaries]] in [[South India]] and the Middle East for five generations.<ref>"A Thousand Years in Thy Sight: The Story of the Scudder Missionaries in India", Scudder Association, retrieved 7/19/2007, not seen [http://www.scudder.org/resources.html Scudder Missionaries in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702171037/http://www.scudder.org/resources.html |date=2006-07-02 }}</ref><ref name=STR5>{{cite web |url= https://www.str.org/w/generations-of-medical-missionaries |title= Generations of Medical Missionaries |author= |date= |website= Stand to Reason |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

==First generation==
'''[[John Scudder Sr.]]''', born in [[Freehold Township, New Jersey]], on September 3, 1793, was India's first medical missionary. He graduated from [[Princeton University]] in 1811 and the [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons#Merger with the College of Physicians and Surgeons|New York College of Physicians and Surgeons]], and practiced medicine in [[New York City]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Heideman |first=Eugene P. |title=From Mission to Church: The Reformed Church in American Mission to India |date=2001 |publisher=Eerdmans |series=Historical Series of the Reformed Church in America |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan}}</ref>{{Rp|12}}

Scudder became committed to serving as a medical missionary of the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|American Board]], and later of the [[Dutch Reformed Church|Dutch Reformed Board]].<ref>Heideman Eugene P. (2001) ''From Mission to Church: The Reformed Church in American Mission to India'' (Historical Series of the Reformed Church in America), Wm. B. Eerdmans publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan, retrieved 7/11/2007 [https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0802849008# excerpts]</ref> He went to [[Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) in 1819, and founded Asia's first Western medical mission in [[Panditeripo]], [[Jaffna District]]. Scudder served there for nineteen years as a clergyman and physician, establishing a hospital at which he was the chief physician; he was especially successful in treating [[cholera]] and [[yellow fever]], and founded several native schools and churches.

In 1836, Scudder and another clergyman began a mission in [[Madras]] to establish a printing press to publish the [[New Testament#Books|New Testament]] and [[Tract (literature)|tracts]] in the [[Tamil language]]. Settling in [[History of Chennai#Arrival of the British|Chintadrepettah]], he returned to the United States from 1842 to 1846. Scudder returned to India in 1847, spending two years providing medical aid in [[Madurai]]. He returned to his Madras mission in 1849, where he worked until his death on January 13, 1855.<ref>''Memoir of the Rev. John Scudder, M.D., 36 years Missionary in India'', ed. J.B. Waterbury, u.o [http://digilib.bu.edu/dspace/bitstream/2144/720/3/75yearsmadurami00chanuoft.txt Rev. John Scudder, M.D.]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/r-s/scudder-john-1793-1855/ |title= John Scudder, 1793-1855 |author= |date= |website= Boston University School of Theology |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

He was [[India]]'s first American medical missionary, beginning more than 1,100 combined years of missionary service there by 42 members of five generations of the family.<ref>[[Jared Bell Waterbury|Waterbury, Jared Bell]] (1870) ''Memoir of the Rev. John Scudder, M.D.: Thirty-six Years Missionary in India'', Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, New York, retrieved 7/19/2007
[https://books.google.com/books?id=q4wv-1fJZpoC&q=scudder+missionaries+in+india full text]</ref> Scudder and his wife, Harriet Waterbury, had six surviving sons and two daughters; all became medical missionaries and worked in South India.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=idQQAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22dr+john+scudder%22+ceylon&pg=PA724 Edward Tanjore Corwin, ''A Manual of the Reformed Church in America (formerly Ref. Prot. Dutch Church), 1628-1902'' (full text)]</ref>

==Second generation==
'''[[Henry Martyn Scudder]]''' (1822–1895) was born in [[Panditeripo]], Ceylon, and was John Scudder's oldest child. He graduated from the [[New York University|University of the City of New York]] in 1840, and [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]] in 1843. The following year, Henry went to [[Madurai]] as a missionary. He went to Madras in 1846, organizing schools and churches in Madras, [[Arcot, Ranipet district|Arcot]], [[Vellore]], [[Coonoor]] and [[Ooty|Ootacamund]] (Udhagamandalam). In 1850, Henry founded a [[Arcot Mission|mission at Arcot]] for the board of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]]; the following year, he opened the Wallajapet [[dispensary]]. Henry practiced medicine, and moved the dispensary to [[Ranipet]] in 1853 because of its better location. The dispensary closed the following year due to his illness, and he went to the hills to recuperate.<ref name="Ranipet"/>{{Better source needed|date=May 2021}}

In 1856, Madurai joined the other American Tamil missions in appointing Henry their representative to a Madras convention to plan a new Tamil version of the [[Bible]]. He prepared religious books and tracts in [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Henry's publications include ''Liturgy of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church'' (Madras, 1862), ''Sweet Savors of Divine Truth'' (an 1868 [[catechism]]), and ''Spiritual Teaching'' (1870). He also wrote ''The Bazaar Book'' in Tamil<ref>{{cite web |url= https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102613225 |title= Bazaar Book |last= |first= |date= |website= HathiTrust |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> and ''The Catholics and the Public Schools''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/author/martyn-scudder-henry |title= The Catholics and the Public Schools |last= |first= |date= |website= ABE Books |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

In 1864, his health failing in India, he returned to the United States and performed pastoral work for nearly 20 years. Henry was pastor of the Howard Presbyterian Church in [[San Francisco]] from 1865 to 1871, the Central Congregational Church in [[Brooklyn]] from 1872 to 1882, and the Plymouth Congregational Church in [[Chicago]] from 1882 to 1887; he resigned to resume missionary work in [[Japan]] until 1889.<ref name=STR5 />

'''William Scudder''' (born {{circa|1826}}) served in India for twenty-two years and was then a [[pastor]] for eleven years in the United States. When he was sixty years old he went back to India for nine years, and died in 1895.<ref>Johnston Julia H. (1913) Fleming H. Revell Company, London and Edinburgh, retrieved 9/8/2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060508185626/http://www.pathlightsjr.com/Mission-Stories/Fifty%20Missionary%20Heros.pdf Fifty Missionary Heroes]</ref>

'''Jared Waterbury Scudder''', born in Panditeripo in 1830, graduated from [[Case Western Reserve University|Western Reserve College]] in 1850 and the [[New Brunswick Theological Seminary]] in 1855. He was ordained a missionary to India for the [[Dutch Reformed Church]], and joined the [[Arcot Mission]] in 1855. He published Tamil translations of Henry M. Scudder's ''Spiritual Teaching'' (Madras, 1870), ''Bazaar Book'' (1870), and '' History of the Arcot Mission''. (1872). Jared was a member of the committee to revise the Tamil translation of the Bible.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

'''Silas Downer Scudder''' (born in Ceylon on November 6, 1833) graduated from [[Rutgers University]] in 1856, studied medicine, and was licensed to practice in New York City. Asked by the Arcot Mission and his brothers to begin medical work in Ranipet, in 1860 he went to India as a medical missionary and settled in Arcot. Silas founded a dispensary and hospital which were supported by English and native residents. With a large native outdoor practice, some of his patients were high-[[Caste system in India|caste]] Hindu women who had been reluctant to see an American doctor.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Ranipet Hospital opened on March 17, 1866. Due to its high medical standard, the Madras government closed its own dispensary and turned over its resources to Silas.<ref name=STR5 /> All treatment and medicines were free of charge. In 1872, John Scudder II took over the Ranipet Hospital and its evangelistic work from his elder brother, Silas.<ref name="Ranipet"/>{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} After thirteen years he returned to New York because of illness, and died in Brooklyn on December 10, 1877.

John and Harriet’s sons '''John Junior''', '''Ezekiel''' and '''Joseph''' were all Christian preachers.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/160379356/john-scudder |title= John Scudder |author= |date= |website= Find a Grave |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6624815/joseph-scudder |title= Joseph Scudder |author= |date= |website= Find a Grave |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/31595098/ezekiel_carman-scudder |title= Ezekiel Scudder |author= |date= |website= Find a Grave |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> Their son Samuel died just after graduating college.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/57554099/samuel_downer-scudder |title= Samuel Scudder |author= |date= |website= Find a Grave |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

==Third generation==
[[Image:Ida S. Scudder 1899.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Formal photo of a smiling Ida S. Scudder|A young Ida S. Scudder]]

'''[[Ida S. Scudder]]''' (December 9, 1870 – May 24, 1960) dedicated her life to Indian women and the fight against [[Plague (disease)|plague]], [[cholera]] and [[leprosy]].<ref>''Legacy and Challenge: The Story of Dr. Ida B. Scudder'', published by the Scudder Association [http://www.scudder.org/resources.html Legacy and Challenge] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702171037/http://www.scudder.org/resources.html |date=2006-07-02 }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} In 1918, she founded the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore]].<ref name=STR5 /><ref>[[Image:Sound-icon1.png|20px]] [http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder Hear Dr. Ida Scudder tell her own story] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623044258/http://cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder |date=2007-06-23 }}</ref>

After seeing famine, poverty and disease in India as a girl, Ida intended to marry and live in the U.S. following her education at a Massachusetts [[Female seminary|seminary]]. In her early 20s, however, she returned to India to help her ailing mother at her mission [[Bungalow#India|bungalow]] in [[Tindivanam]]. Ida received an M.D. degree from [[Cornell University]] in 1899, returning to India with a $10,000 gift from a Manhattan banker. She founded a small clinic for women in [[Vellore]], {{convert|75|mi}} from [[Madras]], and treated 5,000 patients in two years.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}
[[Image:Ida S Scudder.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt=A seated Ida Scudder and Mahatma Gandhi, with other men|Ida with [[Mahatma Gandhi]], 1928]]

Ida opened a medical school for women in Vellore 1918. Although skeptics said that she would be lucky to get three applicants, she had 151 the first year. Although the [[Reformed Church in America]] was originally the school's main funder, when Ida agreed to make it coeducational it obtained the support of 40 missions. Of its 242 students in 2005, 95 were men.<ref>Christian Medical College (2005)[http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder Ida S. Scudder] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623044258/http://cmch-vellore.edu/pages/?id=scudder |date=2007-06-23 }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

In 1953, at age 82, Ida received [[Hobart and William Smith Colleges#Elizabeth Blackwell Award|Hobart and William Smith Colleges]]' ''Elizabeth Blackwell Award'' as one of 1952's five outstanding women doctors.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121018003729/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817967,00.html?promoid=googlep Time Magazine (Feb. 16, 1953) A Family Tradition] </ref> She died in 1960, at age 90, in Kodaikanal.<ref>biographical information on ISS and the Scudder family, see the inventory for Ida Sophia Scudder, MC 205, Scudder, Ida Sophia, 1870-1960. Papers, 1843-1976 (inclusive), 1888-1960 (bulk) (84-M159) Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe College, February 1985 [https://archive.today/20120214084532/http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~sch00898 Ida Scudder papers]</ref><ref>Notable American Women, The Modern Period (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984).</ref>

A commemorative stamp was issued on August 12, 2000, as part of the Christian Medical College Vellore centennial. Its [[First day of issue|first-day cover]] depicts Ida caring for pregnant women.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://istampgallery.com/Christian-medical-college-and-hospital-vellore-1900-2000/ |title= Christian Medical College and Hospital Vellore, 1900-2000 |author= |date= |website= Istamp Gallery |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

Ida’s brother '''John Scudder''' and sister '''Ethel Scudder''' were also involved in medical work. <ref name=STR5 />

'''Lewis R. Scudder''' was a grandson of John Scudder Snr and served in India with the [[Reformed Church in America|Dutch Reformed Church in America]].<ref name=NYT1931>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1931/10/13/archives/dr-scudder-here-from-mission-field-his-grandfather-was-pioneer.html|title= Dr Scudder here from Mission Field; His Grandfather was pioneer Dutch Reformed Medical Envoy to India |author= |date= 13 October 1931 |website= New York Times |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.zwemercenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Zwemer-Golden-Milestone.pdf |title= The Golden Milestone Reminiscences of Pioneer Days Fifty Years Ago in Arabia |last1= Zwemer |first1= Samuel M.|last2= Cantine |first2= James |date= 1938 |website= Zwemer Center |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

'''Henry Martyn Scudder Junior''' began a maternity clinic in Ranipet in 1877. Three years later, he resigned from the Arcot Mission and left for the United States.<ref name="Ranipet"/>{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} He was later found guilty of murdering his mother-in-law Elizabeth Dunton.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/117967280/henry_martyn-scudder##view-photo=243509625 |title= Dr H M Scudder Indicted Again |author= |date= 24 March 1892 |website= Find a Grave |publisher= Chicago Tribune|access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

==Fourth generation==
[[File:IdaBelleScudder1925.png|alt=A young white woman with short hair, wearing a rounded collar shirt and a sweater with a deep-v neckline|thumb|169x169px|Ida B. Scudder, from the 1925 yearbook of Mount Holyoke College]]
'''Ida Belle Scudder''' was born in 1900, and graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1925. She trained in [[radiology]] before moving to Vellore for more than 30 years of service at the Christian Medical Colleges (CMC) and Hospital, founded by her aunt Ida S. Scudder. Ida B. founded the hospital's diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy departments, and was influential in CMC's transition to coeducation and its affiliation with the University of Madras for the first two years of its M.B. and B.Ss. courses for female students. She campaigned in the U.S. from 1941 to 1945 for funding for the coeducational program.<ref>Brouwer, Ruth Compton ''Modern Women Modernizing Men: The Changing Missions of Three Professional Women in Asia and Africa, 1902 - 1969'', retrieved 7/19/2007 [https://books.google.com/books?id=R3mQmd0RRqgC&dq=%22ida+b+scudder%22&pg=PA62 abstracts]</ref> The Dr. Ida B. Scudder Radiation Therapy Block at CMC was dedicated in 1991, and she died in 1995. An Ida B. Scudder essay competition was begun to perpetuate her ideals.<ref>CMC Newsline, Vol. No.43.No. 11, September 04, 2006 [http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pdf/weeklynews/2006/09.04.06.pdf Dr. Ida B. Scudder Essay Competition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021457/http://www.cmch-vellore.edu/pdf/weeklynews/2006/09.04.06.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref><ref>Georgia Jennifer (1994) - ''Legacy and Challenge - The Story of Dr. Ida B. Scudder''
[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/changingthefaceofmedicine/connection.shtml biography of Ida B. Scudder] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901204109/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/lits/library/changingthefaceofmedicine/connection.shtml |date=2006-09-01 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2021}}

'''Marilyn Scudder''' (born in 1939) graduated from [[Kodaikanal International School]] in 1956 and [[Hope College]] in 1960. She received an M.D. degree from the [[University of Michigan]] in 1965, and was a medical missionary in [[Tanzania]] for 35 years. Marilyn's work in Tanzania began in 1970, when she was head of the eye department at a hospital in [[Mvuni]]. She returned to Minnesota in 1971 for further study before joining the eye department of a medical center in [[Moshi, Tanzania]] in 1973, where she became the department head in 1979.
Marilyn was sponsored by [[CBM (charity)|Christian Blind Mission]]. The eye team went on medical safaris by vehicle and small plane to 30 mission and government hospitals throughout Tanzania. Scudder retired from surgery in 2001, and went to live and work with the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin Sisters of Maua]] on the western slopes of [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] near the village of Sanya Juu. She continued training nurses and conducting eye clinics there.<ref name="MS">
{{citation
|url=https://atbl1.blogspot.com/2005/06/missionary-doctor-marilyn-scudder-dies.html
|title=Missionary doctor Marilyn Scudder dies
|date=2005-06-03
|publisher=
|accessdate=2011-02-15
}}</ref> She received an Outstanding Humanitarian Service Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology on October 22, 2004, and the George Tani Humanitarian Service Award from the Minnesota Academy of Ophthalmology on December 10, 2004. Hope College presented Marilyn with a Distinguished Alumni Award on May 7, 1988, and profiled her in a story in the August 1985 issue of ''News from Hope College'' which had previously appeared in the Kodaikanal International School's alumni publication. Scudder was diagnosed with primary [[amyloidosis]] in 2002, and died on May 16, 2005, in [[Dar es Salaam]].<ref name="MS" /><ref>Hope College Alumnae Magazine (August 2005)[http://www.hope.edu/pr/nfhc/current/nfhc0805-21-23.pdf , p. 22 Dr. Marilyn Scudder]</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2021}}

The ''Marilyn Scudder Scholarship'' was set up in her memory.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://myemail.constantcontact.com/Update-from-Marilyn-Scudder-Scholar.html?soid=1122576371743&aid=Xp5UYWM6ZtA |title= Marilyn Scudder Scholar Reflections |author= |date= 2018|website= Kodai Friends |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.kfi-us.org/marilyn-scudder-scholarship-recipient-dev-selarka-reflections/ |title= Marilyn Scudder Scholar 2017-18: Sponsored by the Classes of 1956 and 1955|author= |date= 2018|website= Kodai Friends International|publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

[[File:Dr. Galen F. Scudder, KMU-Tennis 1925.jpg|thumb|alt=Grainy photo of Galen Scudder|Galen Fisher Scudder in Kodaikanal, 1925]]
'''Galen Fisher Scudder''' was the son of Lewis R. Scudder.<ref name=NYT1931 /> He graduated from [[Princeton University]] and [[Cornell Medical School]]) and arrived in India in 1920. He was appointed medical superintendent of the [[Ranipet]] hospital, with the responsibility of building the Scudder Memorial Hospital on $25,000. Galen went on a [[furlough]] from 1933 to 1934 and was replaced by John Scudder, the great-grandson of John Scudder Sr. From 1940 to 1945, Galen performed war service. He went to [[Rangoon]] and, after its fall, was the district medical officer in [[Coimbatore]]. Galen donated part of his government salary to the Ranipet hospital, where he returned in 1947 with surgical equipment and a large [[Autoclave|sterilizer]]. He added an X-ray machine, which was a gift of his Princeton University classmates and the [[Doris Duke]] Foundation, by 1953. A [[Wing (building)|wing]] was added to the hospital for the X-ray machine, laboratory and blood bank, and four private male wards were built.<ref name="Ranipet">{{citation
|url = http://scuddermemorialhospital.org/Ranipet%20Reflections.html
|title = Ranipet Reflections
|year = 2010
|publisher = Scudder Memorial Hospital
|accessdate = 2011-02-14
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728005812/http://scuddermemorialhospital.org/Ranipet%20Reflections.html
|archive-date = 2011-07-28
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> Galen retired on June 1, 1954, after 35 years of service. With his departure, a century of his family's association with the Arcot Mission ended.<ref>''The Hindu'', June 4, 1954, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040708195012/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/04/stories/2004060401070903.htm Dr. Scudder retires]</ref>

==Fifth generation==
John Scudder Senior’s great-great-grandson, '''Lewis R. Scudder III''' was a missionary in [[Lebanon]], [[Kuwait]], [[Turkey]], and [[Cyprus]].<ref name=RCA5>{{cite web |url= https://www.rca.org/rca-grieves-death-of-fifth-generation-missionary-lew-scudder/ |title= RCA Grieves Death of Fifth-Generation Missionary Lew Scudder |author= |date= 2 November 2017 |website= Reformed Church of America |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> He also worked in Bahrain.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.amh.org.bh/Blog/Tragic%20End.aspx |title= History Pages |author= |date= |website= American Mission Hospital |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

He retired in 2008 and died in 2017; the Reformed Church of America recognises him as the last missionary from his family.<ref name=RCA5 /><ref>{{cite web |url= https://lrsmemorial.weebly.com |title= Remembering LRS |author= |date= |website= Lewis R Scudder Memorial |publisher= |access-date= October 22, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

His retirement completed almost 200 years of service by the Scudder family.

==Honorary mention ==
[[File:Kodaikanal-American Missionary Cemetery-WUS04881.jpg|thumb|Backside of the Gravestone of [[Scudder family of missionaries in India|David Coit Scudder]] in the American Missionary Cemetery [[Kodaikanal]]]]
'''David Coit Scudder''', born on October 27, 1835, in [[Boston]], was the son of Charles and Sarah Lathrop (Coit) Scudder. He was not descended from John Scudder, but from a Scudder of the early [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. On February 25, 1861, David was ordained as a missionary; two days later, he married Harriet Dutton. Their only child, [[Vida Dutton Scudder]], was born in India.<ref>John Scudder Family, Vol. I [http://www.scudder.org/soper_manuscript_indices/soper_manuscript_J-index01.pdf John Scudder Family] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719041631/http://www.scudder.org/soper_manuscript_indices/soper_manuscript_J-index01.pdf |date=July 19, 2006 }}</ref><ref name=DCS>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yQD3ExORJzAC&q=david+coit+scudder&pg=PA1 David Coit Scudder, ed. Horace Elisha Scudder, ''Life and Letters of David Coit Scudder: Missionary in Southern India'' (full text)]</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2021}}

David, influenced in boyhood to go to India by the work of John Scudder Sr., arrived in Madras on June 26, 1861. He was in charge of the large mission in [[Periyakulam]], but drowned in the [[Vaigai River]] between [[Andipatti]] and Periyakulam on November 19, 1862 (20 months after arriving in [[Tamil Nadu]]) and is buried in the American Missionary Cemetery in [[Kodaikanal]]. A small book entitled ''Letters to Sabbath School Children'' by J. Scudder, with "Master David Scudder, from his affectionate friend, J. Scudder, New York, August 8, 1843" written across the [[Book design#Front cover, spine, and back cover|flyleaf]], was found in his library.,<ref name=DCS/><ref>''Dr. Scudder's Tales for Little Readers, About the Heathen'' by Dr. John Scudder (1849) [http://www.gutenberg.lib.md.us/1/3/5/3/13539/13539-h/13539-h.htm full text]</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2021}}

The Clancy and Scudder Scholarship, founded with a legacy of $300, was transferred by Mrs. Washburn to the Pasumalai institution. In January 1885, the mission accepted it as the Clancy Scholarship. Four hundred dollars in memory of David Coit Scudder from David's brother, [[Horace Scudder|Horace]], was added in June of that year. The {{INR}}1,500 scholarship continued until 1906.<ref>Kennedy Dane (1996) ''The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj'', University of California Press, Berkeley retrieved 7/19/2007 [http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft396nb1sf&chunk.id=d0e4164&doc.view=print Scudder, p. 128]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:DIV.LIB:div00596 Correspondence and sermons] of Reverend William W. Scudder, as well as letters and personal writings of the Scudder family, are in the Andover-Harvard Theological Library at [[Harvard Divinity School]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].

{{Protestant missions to India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scudder}}
[[Category:American Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Reformed Church in America members]]
[[Category:Hope College alumni]]
[[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]
[[Category:American medical missionaries]]

Kuruthipunal (film)

2026-04-20T11:52:56Z

StarCkf91771: started new details

{{Short description|1995 film directed by P. C. Sreeram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kuruthipunal film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster of the Tamil version
| director = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| screenplay = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Drohkaal]]''|[[Govind Nihalani]]}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Chandrahasan]]
* Kamal Haasan
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Kamal Haasan
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
* [[Gautami]]
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
}}
| cinematography = P. C. Sreeram
| editing = N. P. Sathish
| music = [[Mahesh Mahadevan|Mahesh]]
| studio = [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1995|10|23|Tamil|1996|7|7|Telugu}}
| runtime = 141–156 minutes{{efn|While historian [[G. Dhananjayan]]'s book ''The Best of Tamil Cinema'' gives the film's runtime as 141 minutes,{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=180}} ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'' gives it as 156 minutes.{{Sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=529}}}}
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Tamil|Telugu}}
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Kuruthipunal''''' ({{translation|River of Blood}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed and filmed by [[P. C. Sreeram]], and co-produced and written by [[Kamal Haasan]]. The film, which stars Haasan, [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Gautami]], and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Drohkaal]]'' (1994) and revolves around two police officers seeking to curb a terrorist group headed by a [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite]].

Alongside the Tamil version, a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language version titled '''''Drohi''''' ({{translation|Traitor}}) was filmed at the same time. ''Kuruthipunal'' was co-produced by Haasan's brother [[Chandrahasan]]. [[Mahesh Mahadevan|Mahesh]] composed the score and the film was edited by N. P. Sathish. ''Kuruthipunal'' was the first Indian film to use [[Dolby Pro Logic|Dolby Stereo Surround SR]] technology.

''Kuruthipunal'' was released on 23 October 1995, [[Diwali]] day, and ''Drohi'' on 7 July 1996. The former was a critical and commercial success and won the [[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil]], while Kamal Haasan won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]. It was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official entry]] for the [[68th Academy Awards]] under the category of [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] but was [[List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best International Feature Film|not nominated]]. The film attained [[Cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema and has been recognised by many as having set standards for other action films of the period.

== Plot ==
Police officers Adhi Narayanan and Abbas devise a plan to take down a terrorist group, and they send [[Covert operation|undercover officers]] Anand and Shiva on "Operation Dhanush." The objective is to infiltrate a terrorist group headed by the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite]] Badri and relay information back to Abbas. After a year of the operation, Anand is caught and commits suicide before he can be interrogated. With the information relayed by Anand, Abbas and Adhi know that the terrorists are picking up someone important and are going to [[Tiruchirappalli]]. Abbas tightens security at the railway station while Adhi calls his wife from a public telephone booth. Adhi sees some suspicious activity and tries to investigate, but a sound from his radio alerts the terrorist, and a shootout follows.

Adhi wounds a terrorist and stops another from fleeing by shooting at the car's tyre. The wounded terrorist enters the railway station but is shot dead by Abbas, and the car driver is taken into custody. Adhi asks the driver for information on Badri. The driver maintains his innocence, but Adhi is convinced that the driver holds a mid-level position in the terrorist group. The terrorists plan to assassinate a [[Union Minister]] who is visiting the city. An [[rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]] shooter is brought in to kill the minister, whose route the terrorists seem to know. The terrorists kill the minister, and Adhi catches the shooter, who identifies the driver as Badri. Adhi tells Badri that the shooter has identified him and is willing to give more information about the terrorist group. Badri, using his influence, kills the imprisoned shooter.

Adhi beats Badri and decides to kill him, but instead interrogates him. Badri reveals that the terrorists have planted a spy in the police department, Srinivasan, who is Abbas and Adhi's mentor. Adhi tells the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] that Srinivasan is a spy, but Srinivasan commits suicide before he can be arrested. Badri's assistant Narasimhan sends terrorists who kill Adhi's pet dog and non-fatally shoot Adhi's son to show he can easily kill Adhi's family, whom Narasimhan threatens to kill if Badri is not allowed to escape. Adhi cooperates, lets Badri escape and becomes the terrorists' new spy. Abbas becomes suspicious and follows Adhi when he goes to meet Badri, who catches, tortures and kills Abbas. Grief-stricken, Abbas's wife Zeenath and their teenage daughter go to live with Adhi, his wife Sumitra and their son.

Badri again threatens Adhi to allow two terrorists named Surendar and Mala to live and monitor Adhi. Overcome with guilt and grief over Abbas's death and his betrayal of his duty, Adhi realises that he is becoming like Srinivasan and decides to end the arrangement. Adhi sets up a meeting with Badri. Shiva, who is still in contact with Adhi, tells him that Narasimhan is meeting his wife and if Narasimhan dies, Shiva will become Badri's assistant. Adhi kills Narasimhan and tries to attack Badri in a safe house but is overpowered. Surendar tries to assault Abbas' daughter and kills Mala when she intervenes. Sumitra intervenes and seduces Surendar, steals his gun and kills him. Adhi is tortured for information about Dhanush.

With Adhi, Badri and Badri's second-in-command, Shiva, left in the room, Badri tells Adhi that the group has found the radio used by the spy and that Dhanush – the spy's codename – can no longer contact the police. This surprises Adhi as he looks at Shiva, who is the spy for confirmation. Badri notices this and realises that Shiva is Dhanush. When Badri tries to kill Shiva, Adhi breaks free, wrestles with Badri and kills him. Deciding the mission to destroy the terrorist group is more important than his life, Adhi orders Shiva to shoot him so that Shiva can continue spying. Shiva shoots Adhi as the other terrorists enter the room. Shiva tells the terrorists that Badri was killed by Adhi and he killed Adhi. Shiva says Badri's death leaves him as second-in-command, to take over the group. Adhi and Abbas are felicitated posthumously.

== Cast ==
The following cast list uses the character names from the Tamil version.
{{cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Adhi Narayanan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Abbas IPS
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Badri
* [[Gautami|Gouthami]] as Sumitra
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Zeenath{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=181}}
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as a criminal killed by Abbas<ref name="HuffPost">{{Cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=23 October 2020 |title=25 Years On, Kamal Haasan's 'Kuruthipunal' Has Aged Better Than Many Of Its Contemporaries |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/kamal-haasan-kuruthipunal-tamil-film-1995-thriller_in_5f918f8ac5b61c185f47dac5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026033907/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/kamal-haasan-kuruthipunal-tamil-film-1995-thriller_in_5f918f8ac5b61c185f47dac5 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=27 October 2020 |work=[[HuffPost]] |location=India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[K. Viswanath]] as Srinivasan<ref name="moviefone">{{Cite web |title=Kuruthipunal – Cast and Crew |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/kuruthipunal/iIcaCtAV42W6SPtBNauXh5/credits/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216041702/https://www.moviefone.com/movie/kuruthipunal/iIcaCtAV42W6SPtBNauXh5/credits/ |archive-date=16 Dec 2024 |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=[[Moviefone]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as the [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]] shooter<ref name="HuffPost" />
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Soori<ref name="HuffPost" />
* [[Sab John]] as Narasimham
* [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]] as Shiva / Dhanush<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raaja |first=Abishek |date=23 October 2015 |title=The Chiyaan connection in Kuruthipunal |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/20-years-of-kamals-masterpiece-kuruthipunal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913235839/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/20-years-of-kamals-masterpiece-kuruthipunal.html |archive-date=13 September 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
* [[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]] as Mala<ref name="moviefone" />
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In 1994, [[Govind Nihalani]] invited [[P. C. Sreeram]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] to a [[Mumbai|Bombay]] screening of his [[Hindi]] film ''[[Drohkaal]]''. Both men liked the film; Haasan wanted to remake it in Tamil and Sreeram agreed. Haasan and Sreeram had discussions with [[Sab John]] about filming; it was decided Haasan would write the remake's screenplay. After completing the script, Haasan suggested three titles, two of which were ''Kuruthipunal'' ({{translation|River of Blood}}) and ''Drohi'' ({{translation|Traitor}}). The former title was met with objections because it was believed "the audience may not have a stomach for a morbid title". Sreeram, however, preferred ''Kuruthipunal'', as it is also the title of [[Kuruthipunal (novel)|a novel]] by [[Indira Parthasarathy]], and he felt it had a connection to [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s ''[[Throne of Blood]]'' (1957).<ref name="PC Sreeram">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=22 October 2020 |title=A remake that is original: PC Sreeram retrospect on 25 years of 'Kuruthipunal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pc-sreeram-on-25-years-of-kuruthipunal/article32917391.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024012543/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pc-sreeram-on-25-years-of-kuruthipunal/article32917391.ece |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=24 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> It was decided to film simultaneously in Telugu with ''Drohi'' as the title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2016 |title=கமல் நடிப்பில் உருவான துரோகி, டாப் டக்கர் படங்கள் என்ன ஆனது என தெரியுமா? |trans-title=Do you know what happened to the films 'Top Tucker' and 'Drohi' starring Kamal |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/68572-tamil-movies-that-changed-their-titles-when-they-were-released.art |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122154725/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/68572-tamil-movies-that-changed-their-titles-when-they-were-released.art |archive-date=22 November 2016 |access-date=20 September 2016 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1186933744424275968 |user=pcsreeram |title=Two decades #Drohi in Telugu / #Kuruthipunal in Tamil, shot simultaneously. @ikamalhaasan , @akarjunofficial , K.Viswanath, @gautamitads & Nasser @nasser_kameela with his outstanding performance! |author=pcsreeramISC |author-link=P. C. Sreeram |date=23 October 2019 |access-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023111829/https://twitter.com/pcsreeram/status/1186933744424275968 |archive-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> This was Sreeram's second film as director after ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]'' (1992).<ref name="kp" /> The film was produced by Haasan and his brother [[Chandrahasan]] under the banner [[Raaj Kamal Films International]], photographed by Sreeram and edited by N. P. Sathish,{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=180}} while Haasan's then-wife [[Sarika]] was the sound recordist.<ref name="gatech">{{Cite web |last=Dinesh |title=Notes on Kamal's Droghi(alias) Kurudhi Punal |url=http://www.cad.gatech.edu/~gt0494c/kamal_films/droghi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990504203400/http://www.cad.gatech.edu/~gt0494c/kamal_films/droghi.html |archive-date=4 May 1999 |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=[[Georgia Tech]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Nirav Shah]] worked as an assistant cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=15 September 2011 |title=Zen and the art of light |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/zen-and-the-art-of-light/article2455812.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602054813/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/zen-and-the-art-of-light/article2455812.ece |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film has no songs and the score was composed by [[Mahesh Mahadevan|Mahesh]] who previously worked with Haasan on ''[[Nammavar]]'' (1994).<ref name="kp" /><ref name="PC Sreeram" />

=== Casting ===
Besides producing the film and writing the screenplay, Haasan also portrayed the lead character Adhi Narayanan.<ref name="PC Sreeram" /> He approached [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] to portray Abbas; Arjun agreed to do the film even without hearing the narration until filming began.<ref name="gatech" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2014 |title=Sixty and still going strong |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Sixty-and-Still-Going-Strong/2014/11/06/article2509273.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828034550/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Sixty-and-Still-Going-Strong/2014/11/06/article2509273.ece |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=12 October 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], who portrayed the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite]] leader Badri, said he had the freedom to interpret the character in his own way and that he "didn't really 'act' in the film. The context of every scene was so well established, that I did nothing more than maintain a stoic expression in most scenes. The fact that my character was torturing someone and yet my face was so calm contributed to the impact."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=1 December 2014 |title=The rocky road to fame |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-nasser-talks-about-how-he-found-his-redemption-in-cinema-at-a-time-of-personal-crisis-and-his-long-innings-in-the-industry/article6652055.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313154630/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-nasser-talks-about-how-he-found-his-redemption-in-cinema-at-a-time-of-personal-crisis-and-his-long-innings-in-the-industry/article6652055.ece |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=13 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] dubbed the voice of Sab John, who portrayed the Naxalite Narasimham,<ref name="HuffPost" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=Chiyaan Vikram – The voice behind Kollywood's unforgettable characters! |url=http://www.suryanfm.in/suryan-stories/chiyaan-vikram-the-voice-behind-kollywood-characters/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304111516/http://www.suryanfm.in/suryan-stories/chiyaan-vikram-the-voice-behind-kollywood-characters/ |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=[[Suryan FM]]}}</ref> and [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] dubbed the voice of [[Gautami]], who portrayed Adhi's wife Sumitra.<ref name="HuffPost" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=25 Years of Kuruthipunal: 25 lesser-known facts about Kamal Haasan's trendsetting spy-thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/oct/23/25-years-of-kuruthipunal-25-lesser-known-facts-about-kamal-haasans-trendsetting-spy-thriller-729--14.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313143617/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/oct/23/25-years-of-kuruthipunal-25-lesser-known-facts-about-kamal-haasans-trendsetting-spy-thriller-729--14.html |archive-date=13 March 2021 |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |at=slide 14}}</ref> ''Kuruthipunal'' is the fourth collaboration between Haasan and Gautami, and the last one until the release of ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2016 |title=13 வருடங்களாக சேர்ந்து வாழ்ந்த கமல்ஹாசன்–கவுதமி பிரிந்தனர் ''வேதனைப்பட்டு எடுத்த முடிவு'' என்று கவுதமி பேட்டி |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/11/01225802/From-Gautami-to-Sarika-The-women-in-Kamal-Haasans.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123071142/http://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/11/01225802/From-Gautami-to-Sarika-The-women-in-Kamal-Haasans.vpf |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=Ta}}</ref> It is the Tamil debut of [[K. Viswanath]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=கண்ணன் |first=சுரேஷ் |date=29 February 2024 |title=நேர்மை பிடிக்கும்.. ஆனால் சூழ்நிலை கைதி... உளவியல் சதுரங்க ஆட்டத்தில் 'குருதிப்புனல்' கே விஸ்வநாத்! |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/analysis-of-kuruthipunal-movie-k-viswanath-character |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704151455/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/analysis-of-kuruthipunal-movie-k-viswanath-character |archive-date=4 July 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Arvind Krishna (cinematographer)|Arvind Krishna]], an assistant cinematographer, also joined the cast at Sreeram's insistence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amalan |date=10 November 2004 |title=Specials! |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/aravinth.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207050854/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/aravinth.shtml |archive-date=7 February 2005 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
''Kuruthipunal'' was the first Indian film to use [[Dolby Pro Logic|Dolby Stereo surround SR]] technology.<ref name="HuffPost" /><ref name="kp">{{Cite magazine |date=15 October 1995 |title=ஓவர் டு கோடம்பாக்கம்... |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1995-10-15/kalki1995-10-15.pdf |access-date=3 January 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=40–42 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> While composing the score for Badri, Mahesh decided to make the film sound ominous, and he "wanted the omen of death to reflect" on the character's face. According to Sreeram; "I am not a cinematographer but someone who is part of the expedition group ... There were lots that were planned ahead of the shoot, which made it easier for us."<ref name="PC Sreeram" /> To collect details about RPG rocket launching, Haasan met many army personnel. The police uniforms and haircuts seen in the film were made in accordance with [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|National Police Academy]] specifications.<ref name="gatech" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kummar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=20 October 1995 |title=Big screen bonanza |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951021/03/2041a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222033105/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951021/03/2041a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=41}}</ref> While filming the scene in which Adhi interrogates Badri, Sreeram took liberties with the way real interrogations take place; he did not want the scene to look mundane, but was "opting for that visual style for the first time ... it also came from a point of commercial interest".<ref name="PC Sreeram" /> Despite the tight schedule and budget for the film, filming was completed within 30 days. According to Sreeram; "The shooting was akin to a war footing. You cannot shoot three or four scenes a day, if not for a great star cast."<ref name="PC Sreeram" />

== Release ==
''Kuruthipunal'' was released on 23 October 1995, [[Diwali]] day,<ref name="HuffPost" /><ref name="gatech" /> and ''Drohi'' on 7 July 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=పాత్ బ్రేకింగ్ మూవీ ‘ద్రోహి’కి పాతికేళ్ళు! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/top-story/25-years-for-drohi-movie-28689.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210005914/https://ntvtelugu.com/top-story/25-years-for-drohi-movie-28689.html |archive-date=2025-12-10 |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te}}</ref> For the premiere of ''Kuruthipunal'' in [[Chennai|Madras]], Haasan invited numerous [[Bollywood]] personalities, including Nihalani and [[Manmohan Shetty]], who produced ''Drohkaal''. Despite facing competition from ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'', which was released on the same day, ''Kuruthipunal'' became a commercial success.<ref name="gatech" /> ''Kuruthipunal'' was included as part of a retrospective to Kamal Haasan under the category "Director in Focus" at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=30 July 2004 |title=Award, accolade and much more ... |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073001610100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125134302/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073001610100.htm |archive-date=25 November 2010 |access-date=13 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''Kuruthipunal'' received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=3 April 1997 |title=The silence that speaks |url=http://www.rediff.com/style/apr/03sriram.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726155637/http://www.rediff.com/style/apr/03sriram.htm |archive-date=26 July 2008 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> On 11 November 1995, K. Vijiyan from ''[[New Straits Times]]'' praised the film's special effects for their realism but added; "The fear Kamal feels for his family was not properly brought to the screen by Sreeram. The intensity Arjun usually puts into his movies was also missing here"; and concluded ''Kuruthipunal'' is "like an American action movie made in Tamil".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=11 November 1995 |title=Like an American flick made in Tamil |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4ghPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6892%2C239995 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607104013/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4ghPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6892%2C239995 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=44 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> On 19 November, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' said the film was attempting to turn [[Tamil cinema]], which was quickly moving in the direction of [[Masala film|masala]] entertainers, by bringing in a different screenplay. The reviewer noted though it would not fulfill the needs of ordinary people, it is a wonderful film,{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=182}} and rated it 45 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=K. C. Vijaya |date=24 October 2025 |title=‘Kuruthipunal,’ a Tamil film that seemed like an English movie, turns 30 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kuruthipunal-a-tamil-film-that-seemed-like-an-english-movie-turns-30/article70194124.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251024142342/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kuruthipunal-a-tamil-film-that-seemed-like-an-english-movie-turns-30/article70194124.ece |archive-date=24 October 2025 |access-date=2025-10-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the makers for not making compromises for commercial success, the performances of Arjun and Haasan, and the film's realism.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=5 November 1995 |title=குருதிப்புனல் |url=https://ibb.co/rk1rzRq |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504150717/https://ibb.co/rk1rzRq |archive-date=4 May 2023 |access-date=4 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=49 |language=ta}}</ref> [[Bhawana Somaaya]], the then editor of the ''G'' magazine, said ''Kuruthipunal'' "proved a chilling experience. Violent, but realistic in the context of what is happening today."<ref name="gatech" /> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that the film "carrying the sheen of a foreign movie with violence getting the same treatment has the phychological conflict."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=27 October 1995 |title=Cinema: Makkal Aatchi/Rakasia Police/Kuruthi Punal/Neela Kuyil |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951028/03/2727a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222023659/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951028/03/2727a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996 |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref> Nihalani called the film better than ''Drohkaal''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panicker |first=Prem |author-link=Prem Panicker |date=7 November 2003 |title=The Curse of talent – Prem Panicker |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/07kamal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622041930/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/07kamal.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011 |access-date=22 January 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
''Kuruthipunal'' won the [[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil]] and Kamal Haasan won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]].{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=182}} The film was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|India's official entry]] for the [[68th Academy Awards]] in the category [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] but was [[List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best International Feature Film|not nominated]].<ref name="PC Sreeram" /><ref name="gatech" />

== Legacy ==


''Kuruthipunal'' attained [[Cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2021 |title=Kamal Haasan remembers his 'amma' on Mother's Day |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kamal-haasan-remembers-his-amma-on-mothers-day-984120.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509105506if_/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/kamal-haasan-remembers-his-amma-on-mothers-day-984120.html |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=9 June 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> and has been recognised by many to have set standards for other action films of the period.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=182}} Many filmmakers, including [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and [[A. R. Murugadoss]], have cited ''Kuruthipunal'' as an influence on their works. Certain dialogues from the film such as "''Veeramna enna theriyuma, payam illatha mathiri nadikkarathuthan''" (Do you know what bravery is? It is to act as if you know no fear); "Delay, disable and disintegrate";<ref name="HuffPost" /> and "Shoot me ... shoot me, my man. It's a bloody order!"; attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=28 September 2016 |title=How is a Tamil film to impress Oscar? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article9158413.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315153821/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article9158413.ece |archive-date=15 March 2021 |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Actor [[Dhanush]] (real name: Venkatesh Prabhu), the youngest son of director [[Kasthuri Raja]], adopted his stage name after being inspired by the covert operation in ''Kuruthipunal''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Sanskriti |date=13 December 2021 |title=Told Sara Ali Khan not to call me Thalaiva, but she does not listen: Dhanush |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/131221/told-sara-ali-khan-not-to-call-me-thalaiva-but-she-does-not-listen-d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222111907/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/131221/told-sara-ali-khan-not-to-call-me-thalaiva-but-she-does-not-listen-d.html |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of submissions to the 68th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Kamal Haasan}}
{{RaajKamalFilmsInternational}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:1990s police films]]
[[Category:1990s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:1995 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about Naxalism]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. C. Sreeram]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mahesh Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Seraikella Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:25Z

StarCkf91771: started a page - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| name = Seraikella
| map_image = Seraikella constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]]
| district = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| established = 2000
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| preceded_by = Anant Ram Tudu
| incumbent_image=Champai Soren 2024.jpg
| mla = [[Champai Soren]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| electors = {{formatnum:337174}}
| constituency_no = 51
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Seraikella Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==Overview==
According to the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India, Seraikela Assembly constituency covers Seraikella municipality and Govindpur, Pandra, Manik Bazar, Tangrani, Pathanmara, Jordiha, Gurgudia and Badakakda gram panchayats in Seraikella police station, Rajnagar police station (excluding village 98-Dighi) and Adityapur police station. It is a reserved constituency for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]]. Kharsawan (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is part of [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf | title = Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 | work = West Singhbhum District Page 170, Extent of Parliamentary constitutencies Page 174 | publisher =Election Commission of India | access-date = 25 November 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||Mihir Kavi || {{Full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Aditya Pratap Singh Deo || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Nrupendra Narayan Singh Deo || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||R.P. Sarangi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||Banbihari Manto || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Shatbhanu Singh Deo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2|Kade Majhi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2|Krishna Mardi || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| 1991^ || rowspan=2|[[Champai Soren]]
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Anant Ram Tudu || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || rowspan=5 | [[Champai Soren]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|}

^by-election
== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Seraikella<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Champai Soren]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,19,379 |percentage=44.27 |change={{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Mahali |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=98,932 |percentage=36.69 |change={{decrease}}11.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Mardi |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=40,056 |percentage=14.85 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,482 |percentage=1.29 |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,447 |percentage=7.58 |change= {{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,69,654 |percentage=72.97 |change= {{increase}}4.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,69,562 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}4.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Seraikella<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Champai Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,11,554 |percentage=48.58 |change={{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Mahali |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=95,887 |percentage=41.76 |change={{decrease}}3.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anant Ram Tudu |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=9,956 |percentage=4.34 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravindra Oraon |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,503 |percentage=1.09 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishwa Vijay Mardi |party=Ambedkarite Party of India |votes=2,074 |percentage=0.90 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Soren |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,985 |percentage=0.86 |change={{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satyanarayan Gond |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,723 |percentage=0.75 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,940 |percentage=1.72 |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,667 |percentage=6.82 |change= {{increase}}6.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,29,622 |percentage=68.10 |change= {{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,37,174 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}3.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Seraikella<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Champai Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=94,746 |percentage=45.40 |change={{increase}}7.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Mahali |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=93,631 |percentage=44.86 |change={{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basko Besra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,890 |percentage=3.30 |change={{decrease}}7.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Oraon |party=Independent politician |votes=2,368 |percentage=1.13 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishu Hembram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,252 |percentage=0.60 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sokhen Hembram |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,209 |percentage=0.58 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,893 |percentage=1.87 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,115 |percentage=0.53 |change= {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,08,700 |percentage=72.00 |change= {{increase}}6.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,89,858 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}7.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Seraikella<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Champai Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=57,156 |percentage=38.34 |change={{decrease}}2.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxhman Tudu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=53,910 |percentage=36.16 |change={{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalipad Soren |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,668 |percentage=11.18 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anant Ram Tudu |party=Jai Bharat Samanta Party |votes=7,793 |percentage=5.23 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Orawn |party=Independent politician |votes=2,092 |percentage=1.40 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangal Manjhi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,031 |percentage=1.36 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarita Hembrom |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,654 |percentage=1.11 |change={{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,246 |percentage=2.18 |change= {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,49,082 |percentage=65.74 |change= {{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,26,773 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}2.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Seraikella<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Champai Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=61,112 |percentage=40.81 |change={{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakxhman Tudu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=60,230 |percentage=40.22 |change={{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basko Besra |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=15,096 |percentage=10.08 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banshi Dhar Majhi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=3,265 |percentage=2.18 |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Singu Majhi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,389 |percentage=1.60 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Sardar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,311 |percentage=1.54 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chami Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,000 |percentage=1.34 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=882 |percentage=0.59 |change= {{decrease}}7.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,49,745 |percentage=64.51 |change= {{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,32,129 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Seraikella<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Anant Ram Tudu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=49,333 |percentage=45.20 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Champai Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=40,550 |percentage=37.16 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Nath Murmu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,160 |percentage=9.31 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Tiu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,204 |percentage=2.94 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subarmanium Baskey |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,929 |percentage=2.68 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishu Hembrom |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,451 |percentage=2.25 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,783 |percentage=8.05 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,09,136 |percentage=56.73 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,95,509 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
*Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|22.700|85.929|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Seraikela Kharsawan district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Aurangabad, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:39:39Z

StarCkf91771: Starting initial details v1!

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aurangabad Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 223-Aurangabad, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Trivikram Narayan Singh]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|223]]
| established = 1973
| electors = 312,764
| abolished = 
}}
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{for|the constituency in other states|Aurangabad Central Assembly constituency|Aurangabad, West Bengal Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
'''Aurangabad Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar]]. It comes under [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/election/|title=ELECTION {{!}} Welcome to Aurangabad Bihar {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="election2020-1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.brandbharat.com/english/bihar/districts/aurangabad/mla_aurangabad.html|title=M. L. A. of Aurangabad, Bihar|website=www.brandbharat.com|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> On 26 January 1973, Aurangabad district, Bihar was created (government notification number 07/11-2071-72 dated 19 January 1973).

Before Anand Shankar Singh, Ramdhar Singh from BJP was MLA from this constituency.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020-2">{{Cite web|title=Aurangabad Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/aurangabad.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |Priyabrat Narain Singh
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Brij Mohan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Saryoo Singh
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Brij Mohan Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Naresh Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Brij Mohan Singh
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Ramadhar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Suresh Mehta Kushwaha|Suresh Mehta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramadhar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anand Shankar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Trivikram Narayan Singh|Trivikram Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Aurangabad<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Aurangabad">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Aurangabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04223.htm |access-date=28 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128172550/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04223.htm |archive-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Trivikram Narayan Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:87200}}
|percentage = 43.38
|change = +3.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Anand Shankar Singh]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:80406}}|percentage=40.0|change=-1.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shakti Kumar Mishra|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:19776}}|percentage=9.84|change=-1.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Surendra Prasad|votes={{formatnum:2854}}|percentage=1.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jan Suraaj Party|candidate=Nand Kishor Yadav|votes={{formatnum:2755}}|percentage=1.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:3352}}|percentage=1.67|change=+0.21}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:6794}}|percentage=3.38|change=+2.06}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:200994}}|percentage=64.26|change=+10.9}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Aurangabad<ref name="election2020"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anand Shankar Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:70018}}
|percentage = 41.27
|change = {{decrease}}0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramadhar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:67775}}
|percentage = 39.95
|change = {{increase}}10.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:18444}}
|percentage = 10.87
|change = {{increase}}0.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjiv Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2610}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Suresh Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:2366}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change = {{increase}}0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Chandesh Pd Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:2254}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change = {{decrease}}1.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Pragatisheel Magahi Samaj
|candidate = Archana Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:1614}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2484}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change = {{increase}}0.86
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2243}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change = {{decrease}}10.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169654}}
|percentage = 53.36
|change = {{increase}}0.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Aurangabad<ref name="Aurangabad Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Aurangabad Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/aurangabad |access-date=28 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128172612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/aurangabad |archive-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anand Shankar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:63637}}
|percentage = 41.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramadhar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:45239}}
|percentage = 29.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kaushal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:15260}}
|percentage = 10.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kumar Gaurav
|votes = {{formatnum:5978}}
|percentage = 3.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Sanjit Kumar Chourasia
|votes = {{formatnum:3623}}
|percentage = 2.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Chandar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3013}}
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Sinesh Rahi
|votes = {{formatnum:2714}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vikram Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1811}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satyendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1702}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:910}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18398}}
|percentage = 12.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:152603}}
|percentage = 52.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|24.75|84.37|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Aurangabad district, Bihar]]
[[Category:Aurangabad, Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Bihar]]

Mangalore City Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:14Z

StarCkf91771: Adding a place w/ sources.

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangalore City
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency|Mangalore]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-21 |title=General Election, 2004 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| map_image =
| mla =
| party =
}}
'''Mangalore City''' or '''Mangalore I Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]]. It was part of [[Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Mangalore Assembly Constituency News, Photos, Latest News Headlines about Mangalore Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/election/karnataka-mangalore-assembly-constituency/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[Bantwal Vaikunta Baliga]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || M. Shrinivasa Nayak
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. S. Nayak
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Addy Saldanha
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore I <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Addy Saldanha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,994 |percentage = 49.74% |change = {{increase}}12.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. G. Kamath |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,476 |percentage = 19.17% |change = {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ramachandra Rao |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 6,652 |percentage = 15.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Amin |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 6,418 |percentage = 14.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Joseph Aranha |party = Independent politician |votes = 674 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,518 |percentage = 30.57% |change = {{increase}}15.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,758 |percentage = 70.10% |change = {{decrease}}5.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,214}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,845 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore I <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Nayak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,105 |percentage = 36.82% |change = {{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. R. Ahmed |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,099 |percentage = 22.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. G. Kamath |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,214 |percentage = 17.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. M. Roi |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,089 |percentage = 12.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Pai |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,568 |percentage = 8.70% |change = {{decrease}}18.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Brito |party = Independent politician |votes = 650 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,006 |percentage = 14.64% |change = {{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,861 |percentage = 75.19% |change = {{decrease}}5.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,028}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,002 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore I <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shrinivasa Nayak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,785 |percentage = 41.37% |change = {{decrease}}7.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Shantharam Pai |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 11,059 |percentage = 27.26% |change = {{decrease}}3.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laura Pais |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 9,588 |percentage = 23.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. G. Kamath |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,142 |percentage = 7.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,726 |percentage = 14.11% |change = {{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,282 |percentage = 80.20% |change = {{increase}}25.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,574}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,476 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}15.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore I <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bantwal Vaikunta Baliga]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,365 |percentage = 48.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Shantharam Pai |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 10,364 |percentage = 30.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laura Pais |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,766 |percentage = 14.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,945 |percentage = 5.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,001 |percentage = 17.95% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,440 |percentage = 54.96% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,440}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,842 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Mangalore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.885437|74.838864|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Government of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Jashpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:44Z

StarCkf91771: started a details

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jashpur
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Vinay Kumar Bhagat
| constituency_no = 12
| district = [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Raymuni Bhagat]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:237786}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image = Jashpur Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Jashpur''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]] district and is reserved for candidates of the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2024, its representative is [[Raymuni Bhagat]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=election2023/>

== {{update after|2029|1}}Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Johan
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Vijay Bhushan Singh Deo
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Shakuntala Devi
|style="background-color: {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}" |
|[[Ram Rajya Parishad]]
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Johan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Luis Bega
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sukh Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Luis Bega
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |Ganesh Ram Bhagat
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Vikram Bhagat
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Raj Sharan Bhagat
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Jageswar Ram Bhagat
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Raj Sharan Bhagat
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Vinay Kumar Bhagat
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Raymuni Bhagat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Jashpur<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Raymuni Bhagat]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 89,103
|percentage = 49.21
|change = +11.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vinay Kumar Bhagat|party=Indian National Congress|votes=71,458|percentage=39.47|change=-2.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pradeep Xess|party=Independent|votes=7,571|percentage=4.18|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Prakash Toppo|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2,755|percentage=1.57|change=+0.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,324|percentage=1.84|change=-2.53}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,645|percentage=9.74|change=+5.03}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=181,056|percentage=76.14|change=-0.57}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jashpur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vinay Kumar Bhagat]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 71,963
|percentage = 42.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Govind Ram Bhagat
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 63,937
|percentage = 37.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradeep Singh
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 10,646
|percentage = 6.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nand Ram Bharadwaj
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 4,784
|percentage = 2.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kripa Shankar Bhagat
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,551
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vishnu Ram
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,394
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rohit Lakra
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 2,281
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gaganmati Bhagat
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,081
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Emmanuel Kerketta
|party = Republican Party of India (Athawale)
|votes = 1,886
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4,317
|percentage = 2.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,026
|percentage = 4.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,70,378
|percentage = 76.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Jashpur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}
{{coord|22.56|83.49|display=title}}

[[Category:Jashpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]

Central Mine Planning and Design Institute

2026-04-06T11:57:51Z

StarCkf91771: Created new page.

{{Short description|Indian public sector undertaking}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Coord|23|23|56|N|85|19|03|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Central Mine Planning and Design Institute
| logo = Logo of Central Mine Planning and Design Institute.jpg
| logo_size = 240px
| trade_name = CMPDI
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| romanized_name =
| former_name = National Coal Development Corporation
| former type =
| type = [[Public company|Public]] [[Subsidiary]]<ref name=autogenerated3>[http://www.securities.com/Public/company-profile/IN/Central_Mine_Planning___Design_Institute_Ltd_en_1621841.html Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd. | India | Company Profile]</ref>
| traded_as = {{NSE|CMPDI}} {{BSE|544739}}
| industry = Coal exploration<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408050548/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/central-mine-planning-and-design-institute-records-all-time-high-coal-drilling/462273-3-242.html]</ref>
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|1975|11|01}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| location_country = India
| locations = [[Ranchi]], [[Asansol]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Nagpur]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Singrauli]], [[Bhubaneshwar]]
| area_served = Global
| key_people =
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| services = Consultancy services on environmental engineering
| revenue = ₹ 6015 million<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmpdi.co.in/annualrpt.php |title=Welcome to CMPDI |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806042155/http://www.cmpdi.co.in/annualrpt.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| operating_income = ₹ 297.7 million<ref name=autogenerated1 />
| net_income = ₹ 250.5 million<ref name=autogenerated1 />
| aum = 
| assets = ₹ 5458.7 million<ref name=autogenerated1 />
| equity = ₹ 737.8 million<ref name=autogenerated1 />
| owner = [[Coal India Limited]]
| num_employees = 3,230<ref name=autogenerated3 />
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|cmpdi.co.in}}
| footnotes = <ref name=autogenerated3 />
| bodystyle =
}}
'''The Central Mine Planning and Design Institute''' ('''CMPDI''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMPDI - Central Mine Planning and Design Institute (Ranchi, India) {{!}} AcronymFinder |url=https://www.acronymfinder.com/Central-Mine-Planning-and-Design-Institute-(Ranchi,-India)-(CMPDI).html |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.acronymfinder.com}}</ref> is an Indian [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|public sector company]] which provides coal exploration consulting and [[mining engineering]] services. It is a [[subsidiary]] of [[Coal India Limited]], a public sector undertaking administered by the [[Ministry of Coal]], [[Government of India]].

== Profile ==
[[File:Coal bituminous.jpg|thumb|Bituminous coal|100px|left]]
[[File:Lignite-coal.jpg|thumb|Lignite|100px|left]]
The Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited was established in 1974, under Coal Mines Authority Limited (CMAL) (former name of Coal India Limited), out of the planning division of the now defunct National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC) as a single window set up to consolidate all aspects of Indian [[mining industry]] under one roof. After the nationalisation of [[coal mining]] in India, CMPDI was reconstituted as a public sector undertaking in 1975.<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/mini-ratna-status-for-cmpdi/articleshow/4598684.cms Mini Ratna status for CMPDI – The Times of India]</ref>

The company has its headquarters in Ranchi, Jharkhand, and is involved in [[mineral exploration]], resource evaluation, resource management, mining geology, hydro-geological and [[geophysical]] studies, and [[engineering geology]] investigations. It is an [[ISO 9001]] accredited company and was rated as a Mini Ratna (Category II) company in 2009.<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref>[http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/story_print.php?storyId=468792 CMPDI gets mini ratna status – Express India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009032344/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/story_print.php?storyId=468792 |date=9 October 2014 }}</ref>

CMPDI offers consultancy services in the fields of [[environmental engineering]], such as [[Open-pit mining|open pit]] and underground mine planning and design in coal, [[lignite]], and other minerals. The institute is active in geological exploration, geological, [[geotechnical]] and allied support, mine planning and design, environmental management, and training services.<ref>[http://www.infomine.com/index/suppliers/central_mine_planning_&_design_institute.html Central Mine Planning & Design Institute | SupplyMine]</ref>

CMPDI has regional institutes (RIs) at [[Asansol]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Ranchi]], [[Nagpur]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Singrauli]] and [[Bhubaneswar]] to extend its coverage nationwide<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmpdi.co.in/ri.php |title=Welcome to CMPDI |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-date=26 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926035147/http://www.cmpdi.co.in/ri.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has various field units and exploration camps.

==Mandate==
CMPDI has two distinct responsibilities, business and corporate, as per its mandate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmpdi.co.in/function.php |title=Welcome to CMPDI |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816060630/http://www.cmpdi.co.in/function.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Business functions''': Mineral exploration consultancy and support, infrastructure engineering, and environmental management.

'''Corporate functions''': Preparation and upkeep of data on coal inventories, operations and potential, advising the [[Ministry of Coal (India)|Ministry of Coal]] and [[NITI Aayog (India)|NITI Aayog]] on coal-related matters, nodal agency functions on behalf of the Government of India in the matters related to mineral exploration, co-ordination activities between related companies in India and research and development in the field of mineral mining.

==Accreditations and collaborations==
CMPDI has been accredited with [[ISO-9001]] certification by Certification International (UK). It has also entered into [[Memorandum of understanding|memoranda of understanding]] with many international agencies such as IMCL, UK, Metchem, Canada, Giproshakht, Russia, Mountain Consulting GmbH, Germany, Rheinbraun Engineering, Germany, and DMT, Germany for co-operation in the field of earth resources.

CMPDI acts as a registered consultant to:
* [[World Bank]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]
* [[Asian Development Bank]], [[Manila]]
* [[United Nations Development Programme|United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)]]
* National Development Corporation, Tanzania
* Ministry of Mines and Petroleum, [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Sultanate of Oman]]
* Ministry of Coal Industry, [[People's Republic of China]]
* [[African Development Bank]], [[Abidjan]]

==Projects==
Apart from various projects for national agencies in the public and private sectors, CMPDI has also undertaken many international projects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmpdi.co.in/clients.php |title=Welcome to CMPDI |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-date=9 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809222950/http://www.cmpdi.co.in/clients.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''National Development Corporation, Tanzania''': Total consultancy services for exploration, preparation of pre-feasibility and feasibility study for an [[open pit mining]] project and associated thermal power project at [[Mchuchuma]], Tanzania.
* '''Asian Development Bank, Manila''': Feasibility study on ''Clean Coal Technology'' jointly accomplished with Mountain – Consulting MbH, Germany.
* '''United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)''': Technical and managerial training for North Korea, Oman, Nigeria and Tanzania.
* '''AMOCO India Petroleum Co, Houston, USA''': data generation project on Coal-bed Methane.
* '''Centre for Coal Utilisation (CCUJ), Japan''': consultancy services for ''Clean Coal Technology''.

==Awards and recognitions==
* Mini Ratna (Category-II) company status in May 2009.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* Highest MoU rating with a Composite MoU Score of 1.0 (maximum) for the year 2009–10.<ref>{{usurped|[https://archive.today/20140702105024/http://psu.engineeringwatch.in/tag/jharkhand/ PSU WATCH {{!}} Jharkhand]}}</ref>
* Best performing Subsidiary Company of CIL award for the year 2008–09.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161531/http://psu.engineeringwatch.in/tag/http/page/11/ PSU WATCH {{!}} http]}}</ref>
* Commendation Certificate of SCOPE Meritorious Award for R&D, Technology Development and Innovation for the year 2009–10.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718123330/http://psu.engineeringwatch.in/central-mine-planning-design-institute-ltd-cmpdi/ PSU WATCH {{!}} Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd.[CMPDI]]}}</ref>
* ''Geospatial World Excellence Award 2012'', Amsterdam, the Netherlands, for excellent usage of Geospatial technology for land reclamation monitoring of Coal Mines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fortune.co.in/Fundamental/Reports.aspx?reptype=DIR&companycode=15110007.00|title = Fortune.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights of achievement of CMPDI (2012-13) |url=http://cmpdi.co.in/docfiles/achv1213.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805122804/http://cmpdi.co.in/docfiles/achv1213.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-05 |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=cmpdi.co.in}}</ref><ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/coal-india-ltd/directorsreport/companyid-11822.cms Coal India Directors Report | Coal India Ltd Directors Report]</ref>

==Publications==
CMPDI publishes a quarterly journal, Minetech – The Indian Mining and Engineering Journal ({{ISSN|0970-7204}}),<ref>{{cite book | title = Minetech – The Indian Mining and Engineering Journal| author = | date = | publisher = Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited| oclc = 9360140}}</ref> about mining and related subjects, and the Hindi quarterly magazine "Deshkal Sampada".

The institute has also published many other titles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmpdi.co.in/listOfBooks.php |title=Welcome to CMPDI |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811031217/http://cmpdi.co.in/listOfBooks.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Title !! Title
|-
| Coal Combustion || Mine Winders and Winding Systems || Coal Washing – A New Business Opportunity
|-
| Coal Atlas of India || Information on Indian Coal || Guidelines for Support Plans
|-
| Mine Pumps for Underground Drainage || Do's & Don't's for Belt Conveyors || Do's & Don't's for Crushers
|-
| Mine Fans & their use in Mine Ventilation || Electricity in Underground Coal Mines || Environment in Underground Coal Mines
|-
| Underground Mines Fire & Explosion || Coal Mine Roof Support || Underground Coal Mining in India
|-
| Artificial Recharge and Rainwater Harvesting Techniques || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite book
| title = Minetech – The Indian Mining and Engineering Journal
| author =
| date =
| publisher = Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited
| oclc = 9360140}}
* [http://www.istm.gov.in/home/rti_disclosure/76 ISTM, Government of India circular]

{{Portal|India}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Coalfields}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Companies based in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1975]]
[[Category:Coal India subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Mining in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Mining and the environment]]
[[Category:Mining engineering companies]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1975]]
[[Category:Consulting firms of India]]
[[Category:International engineering consulting firms]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:2026 initial public offerings]]

M. L. Kumawat

2026-03-29T04:17:50Z

StarCkf91771: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox police officer
|name = Mahendra Lal Kumawat
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Rajasthan]]
|allegiance =
|nickname =
|department =
|service = {{flagicon|India}} [[Indian Police Service]]
|cadre = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|batch = 1972
|rank = Former Director General of [[Border Security Force]]
|awards = [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]] (1997)
|relatives =
|other_work =
}}
'''Mahendra Lal Kumawat''' (also known as M.L. Kumawat) is a former [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of the 1972 batch of [[Andhra Pradesh]] cadre with a range of experience in the national and sub-national governments with a focus on border security, counter-[[terrorism]] and counter-[[Naxalism]].<ref name="OSSIM">{{cite web|url=http://www.ossim.in/advisory.html|title=Advisory and visiting faculty|publisher=Orian School of Security and Intelligence Management|accessdate=2 February 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327102600/http://ossim.in/advisory.html|archivedate=27 March 2012}}</ref> Notably, he was the former Director General of the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF), the [[border guard|border patrol]] [[Government agency|agency]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bsf.gov.in/HomeFIG?LangId=dHJ1ZQ==|title=Former Directors General|publisher=[[Border Security Force]]|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref> He also served as the Special Secretary (Internal Security) at the [[Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7634100.stm|title=Church 'at risk' in Indian state|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=24 September 2008|access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref>

As Special Secretary (Internal Security) at the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, he was also appointed the Chairman of the Ceasefire Monitoring Group for Nagaland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2008jun06/fratricidal_killings_put_strain_naga_truce.html|title=Fratricidal killings put strain on Naga truce|publisher=Two Circles|date=6 June 2008|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref> In October 2012, he was appointed the [[Vice Chancellor]] of the newly created [[Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-hindus-sunny-sebastian-appointed-as-first-vc-of-newly-formed-university/article3997124.ece|title=The Hindu's Sunny Sebastian appointed as first VC of newly formed university|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 October 2012|accessdate=14 October 2012}}</ref> Previously, he was the chief of [[Greyhounds (police)]], the Anti-[[Naxalite|Naxal]] Commando Force of Andhra Pradesh from 1992 to 1994.<ref name="OSSIM"/> He also proposed the National Police University, later approved by the [[Union Cabinet]].<ref name="OSSIM"/> He was awarded the [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] in 1989 and the [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]] on 26 January 1997.<ref name="OSSIM"/>

As a Distinguished Visitor and later Advisor to the [[Observer Research Foundation]], he has authored various studies on security issues, most notably 'Building the resilience of India's internal security apparatus' <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/building-the-resilience-of-indias-internal-security-apparatus-45753/|title=Building the resilience of India's internal security apparatus|publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|date=26 November 2018|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref> and 'Fifty years after Naxalbari: It's time for a new narrative'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/fifty-years-after-naxalbari-its-time-for-a-new-narrative/|title=Fifty years after Naxalbari: It's time for a new narrative|publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|date=26 May 2017|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumawat, M. L}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Law-enforcement-bio-stub}}

Riya Kodali

2026-03-25T11:40:16Z

StarCkf91771: new first biography with sources

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer and blogger}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Riya Kodali
| image =
| caption = Riya Kodali in 2023
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Michigan]]
| occupation = [[Fashion design]]er, Fashion blogger
| parents = Srinivas Rao Kodali,
Padma Kodali
| website = {{URL|https://www.riyakodali.com}}
}}
'''Riya Kodali<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riya Kodali: A Rising Star in the Fashion Industry |url=https://www.firstshowz.com/2024/08/riya-kodali-a-rising-star-in-the-fashion-industry.html |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Latest Movie Updates, Movie Promotions, Branding Online and Offline Digital Marketing Services}}</ref>''' is an Indian [[fashion design]]er and blogger. She has gained recognition for her contributions to the [[Fashion|fashion industry]], with her collections showcased in notable fashion shows, including ''[[Femina Miss Diva - 2013|Femina Miss Diva]]'', ''[[Bangalore Fashion Week]]'', and events hosted by ''[[The Times of India]]''. Prominent figures such as [[Lisa Ray]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-07-25 |title=Lisa Ray steals the show in Bangalore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/lisa-ray-steals-the-show-in-bangalore/articleshow/48214485.cms |access-date=2024-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=gupta |first=namita |date=2016-02-02 |title=A summer of hauteness |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/020216/a-summer-of-hauteness.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa Ray showcases the creation of designer Riya Kodali |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/yearendershow/48216071.cms |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref> and [[Urvashi Rautela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=RAJU |first=SIRIGADHI |date=2024-08-05 |title=Riya Kodali: A Rising Star in the Fashion Industry |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/women/riya-kodali-a-rising-star-in-the-fashion-industry-896820 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> have walked the ramp wearing her designs.

== Career ==
Riya Kodali began her career in [[Detroit, Michigan]], where she hosted exhibitions featuring her artwork, paintings, and designer collections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Work and Play: Hrithik, Lisa, Riteish |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/work-and-play-hrithik-lisa-riteish-20201 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prarthana |first=Ruth |date=2018-09-30 |title=Coat'ed with sophistication! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/300918/coated-with-sophistication.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipal girl Ashna Gurav wins the santoor femina style diva south 2017 |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Manipal-girl-Ashna-Gurav-wins-the-santoor-femina-style-diva-south-2017.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref> In 2015, she established her design studio in [[Kormangala, Bangalore|Koramangala, Bangalore]]. In addition to her fashion ventures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riya Kodali Design Of Opulence |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/Lifestyle/Salon-International/Riya-Kodali-Design-Of-Opulence |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.magzter.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=cinewisp.com |date=2024-06-01 |title=Who is Riya Kodali: The story of a famous fashion designer 2024 |url=https://cinewisp.com/who-is-riya-kodali-biography-lifestyle-net-worth-age/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616154434/https://cinewisp.com/who-is-riya-kodali-biography-lifestyle-net-worth-age/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Riya Kodali was born and raised in [[Mysore, Karnataka]], where she completed her early education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarmmah, DHNS |first=Surupasree |title='I was always an artist' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/i-always-artist-2052433 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She later moved to Detroit, Michigan, for higher studies.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Awards and recognition ==

* Asia's woman of Substance 2018 by Ministry of Indian Affairs<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prarthana |first=Ruth |date=2018-05-29 |title=Saree gets a modern twist |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/fashion/290518/saree-gets-a-modern-twist.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kodali, Riya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Best Costume Design National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian fashion stylists]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]

Supercomputing in India

2026-03-25T03:25:03Z

StarCkf91771: adding new stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}

'''Supercomputing in India''' has a history going back to the 1980s.<ref name="2004-sinha" /> The [[Government of India]] created an indigenous development programme as they had difficulty purchasing foreign [[supercomputer]]s.<ref name="2004-sinha" /> {{as of|November 2025}}, the AIRAWAT supercomputer is the fastest supercomputer in India, having been ranked 188th fastest in the world in the [[TOP500]] supercomputer list.<ref name="Nov2025">{{Cite web
| title = TOP 500 List - November 2025 (Page 2)
| url = https://www.top500.org/lists/top500/list/2025/11/?page=2
| website = TOP500
| access-date = 2025-12-08
| quote = This page includes the ranks and details of the systems listed in positions 101-200}}</ref> AIRAWAT has been installed at the [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC) in [[Pune]].<ref name="2023-05-24-indiacom" />

==History==

===Early years===
India had faced difficulties in the 1980s when trying to purchase [[supercomputer]]s for academic and [[weather forecasting]] purposes.<ref name="2004-sinha" /> In 1986 the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL) started the Flosolver project to develop a computer for [[computational fluid dynamics]] and [[aerospace engineering]].<ref name="1998-sinha" /><ref name="1997-ECMWF-flosolver" /> The Flosolver MK1, described as a [[Parallel computing|parallel processing]] system, started operations in December 1986.<ref name="1998-sinha" /><ref name="2003-prasad" /><ref name="1997-ECMWF-flosolver" />

===Indigenous development programme===
In 1987, the [[Government of India|Indian government]] had requested to purchase a [[Cray X-MP]] supercomputer; this request was denied by the [[Federal government of the United States|United States government]] as the machine could have a [[Dual-use technology|dual use]] in weapons development.<ref name="2003-bbc" /> After this problem, in the same year, the Government of India decided to promote an indigenous supercomputer development programme.<ref name="1989-delapierre" /><ref name="1996-kahaner" /><ref name="UNIDO" /> Multiple projects were commissioned from different groups including the [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC), the [[Centre for Development of Telematics]] (C-DOT), the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC), and the [[Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis Group]] (ANURAG).<ref name="1996-kahaner" /><ref name="UNIDO" /> C-DOT created "CHIPPS": the C-DOT High-Performance Parallel Processing System. NAL had started to develop the [[Flosolver]] in 1986.<ref name="1998-sinha" /><ref name="1990-bhatkar" /> BARC created the [[Anupam (supercomputer)|Anupam series of supercomputers]]. ANURAG created the PACE series of supercomputers.<ref name="UNIDO" />

===C-DAC First Mission===
{{further|PARAM}}
The C-DAC was created at some point between November 1987 and August 1988.<ref name="1989-delapierre" /><ref name="UNIDO" /><ref name="1996-kahaner" /> C-DAC was given an initial 3 year budget of Rs 375 million to create a 1000MFLOPS (1GFLOPS) supercomputer by 1991.<ref name="UNIDO" /> C-DAC unveiled the [[PARAM]] 8000 supercomputer in 1991.<ref name="2004-sinha"/> This was followed by the PARAM 8600 in 1992/1993.<ref name="UNIDO" /><ref name="1996-kahaner" /> These machines demonstrated Indian technological prowess to the world and led to export success.<ref name="UNIDO" /><ref name="1996-kahaner" /> Param 8000 was replicated and installed at ICAD Moscow in 1991 with Russian collaboration.

===C-DAC Second Mission===
The PARAM 8000 was considered a success for C-DAC in delivering a gigaFLOPS range parallel computer.<ref name="UNIDO" /> From 1992 C-DAC undertook its "Second Mission" to deliver a 100 GFLOPS range computer by 1997/1998.<ref name="2004-sinha" /> The plan was to allow the computer to scale to 1 teraFLOPS.<ref name="UNIDO" /><ref name="1994-bhatkar" /> In 1993 the PARAM 9000 series of supercomputers was released, which had a peak computing power of 5 GFLOPS.<ref name="2004-sinha" /> In 1998 the PARAM 10000 was released; this had a sustained performance of 38 GFLOPS on the LINPACK benchmark.<ref name="2004-sinha" />

===C-DAC Third Mission===
The C-DAC's third mission was to develop a teraFLOPS range computer.<ref name="2004-sinha" /> The [[PARAM#PARAM Padma|PARAM Padma]] was delivered in December 2002.<ref name="2004-sinha" /> This was the first Indian supercomputer to feature on a list of the world's fastest supercomputers, in June 2003.<ref name="2004-sinha" />

===Development by other groups in the early 2000s===
By the early 2000s it was noted that only ANURAG, BARC, C-DAC and NAL were continuing development of their supercomputers.<ref name="2003-prasad" /> NAL's Flosolver had 4 subsequent machines built in its series.<ref name="2003-prasad" /> At the same time ANURAG continued to develop PACE, primarily based on SPARC processors.<ref name="2003-prasad" />

===12th Five Year Plan===
The Indian Government has proposed to commit US$2.5 billion to supercomputing research during the [[Five-Year Plans of India#Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)|12th Five-Year Plan]] period (2012–2017). The project will be handled by [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[Bangalore]].<ref name=hpcwire>{{cite news|url=http://www.hpcwire.com/hpcwire/2012-01-04/india_aims_to_double_r_d_spending_for_science.html|newspaper=HPC Wire|title=India Aims to Double R&D Spending for Science|date=4 January 2012|accessdate=29 January 2012}}</ref> Additionally, it was later revealed that India plans to develop a supercomputer with processing power in the [[Exascale computing|exaflops]] range.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130809030209/http://indiadaily.indiavoice.info/technology/supercomputers-in-india-20130717444/ C-DAC and Supercomputers in India]}} {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816052829/http://indiadaily.indiavoice.info/technology/supercomputers-in-india-20130717444/|date=2013-08-16}}</ref> It will be developed by [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|C-DAC]] within the subsequent five years of approval.<ref name=exaflop>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/news/hardware/India-plans-61-times-faster-supercomputer-by-2017/articleshow/16432125.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128153146/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-17/hardware/33901529_1_first-supercomputers-petaflop-fastest-supercomputer|url-status=live|archive-date=28 January 2013|title=India plans 61 times faster supercomputer by 2017|date=27 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 October 2012}}</ref>

===National Supercomputing Mission===
{{Infobox government agency
| name = National Supercomputing Mission
| type = Supercomputing
| logo = National Supercomputing Mission logo.jpg
| formed = 2015
| parent_department = C-DAC
| website = https://nsmindia.in/
}}
In 2015 the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] announced a "National Supercomputing Mission" (NSM) to install 73 indigenous supercomputers throughout the country by 2022.<ref name="2015-deccan-herald" /><ref name="2015-CDAC-NSM" /><ref name="2015-NSM" /><ref name="2019-theprint" /> This is a seven-year program worth $730 million (Rs. 4,500 crore).<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Current Connect - November 2020
| url = https://www.ksgindia.in/current-connect/2020/November%202020.pdf
| website = KSG India
| access-date = 2024-11-29}}</ref> Whilst previously computer were assembled in India, the NSM aims to produce the components within the country.<ref name="2020-10-23-BI" /> The NSM is being implemented by C-DAC and the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="2019-theprint" />

The aim is to create a cluster of geographically distributed high-performance computing centers linked over a high-speed network, connecting various academic and research institutions across India.<ref name="2015-CDAC-NSM" /> This has been dubbed the "National Knowledge Network" (NKN).<ref name="2020-10-23-BI">{{cite news |last1=Gill |first1=Prabhjote |title=Made in India supercomputers likely by the end of the year, says National Supercomputing Mission |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/made-in-india-supercomputers-likely-by-the-end-of-the-year-says-national-supercomputing-mission/articleshow/78824508.cms |accessdate=25 October 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=23 October 2020}}</ref> The mission involves both capacity and capability machines and includes standing up three petascale supercomputers.<ref>{{cite news | title= India Greenlights $730 Million Supercomputing Grid|url=http://www.hpcwire.com/2015/03/26/india-greenlights-730-million-supercomputing-grid/| agency= HPC Wire| date=26 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title= Govt to install 73 supercomputers across the country|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/net-news/govt-to-install-73-supercomputers-across-the-country-ravi-shankar-prasad_1567702.html| publisher= Zee News| date=25 March 2015 }}</ref>

The first phase involved deployment of supercomputers which have 60% Indian components.<ref name="2019-theprint" /> The second phase machines are intended to have an Indian designed processor,<ref name="2019-theprint" /> with a completion date of April 2021.<ref name="2020-10-23-BI" /> The third and final phase intends to deploy fully indigenous supercomputers,<ref name="2019-theprint" /> with an aimed speed of 45 petaFLOPS within the NKN.<ref name="2020-10-23-BI" />

By October 2020, the first assembled in India supercomputer had been installed.<ref name="2020-10-23-BI" /> The NSM hopes to have the manufacturing capability for indigenous production by December 2020.<ref name="2020-10-23-BI" />

A total of 24.83 petaFLOPS of High Performance Computing (HPC) machines were put into service between 2019 and 2023. In addition to 5,930 specialists from more than 100 institutes using the newly constructed facilities, 1.75 [[lakh]] (175,000) people received training in HPCs. A total of 73.25 lakh (7.325 million) computational high performance queries were run. Seven systems with processing power greater than one petaFLOPS, eight systems with computational capacities between 500 teraFLOPS and 1 petaFLOPS, and thirteen systems with capacities between 50 teraFLOPS and 500 teraFLOPS were installed during this time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marar |first=Anjali |date=2024-10-02 |title=Explained: the significance of India's mission to develop supercomputers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/india-mission-supercomputers-9600292/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Rankings==

===Current TOP500===
{{As of |2025 |Nov}}, there are 5 systems in India in the [[TOP500]] supercomputer list.<ref name="Nov2025"/><ref>{{Cite web
| title = TOP500 Regional/Country Wise List
| url = https://www.top500.org/statistics/list/
| website = TOP500
| access-date = 2025-12-08
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank !! Site !! Name !! Rmax ([[FLOPS|PFlop/s]]) !! Rpeak ([[FLOPS|PFlop/s]])
|-
| 188 || [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC) || AIRAWAT – PSAI<ref name="Nov2025"/>
|| 8.50 || 13.17
|-
| 196 || [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] || Arka || 5.94 || 7.40
|-
| 251 || [[National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting]] || Arunika || 5.94 || 7.40
|-
| 338 || [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] || [[Pratyush and Mihir|Pratyush]] ([[Cray XC40]]) || 3.76 || 4.01
|-
| 469 || [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] || Arka AI/ML || 2.70 || 3.75
|-
| 500+ || [[National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting]] || [[Pratyush and Mihir|Mihir]] (Cray XC40) || 2.57 || 2.81
|}

=== India's historical rank in TOP500 ===
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+ Rank of Indian supercomputers in TOP500 list<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.top500.org/statistics/details/country/IN | title=TOP500 List, Country – India | accessdate=23 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
!List
!Number of systems in [[TOP500]]
!System Share (%)
!Total Rmax ([[FLOPS|Gflops]])
!Total Rpeak ([[FLOPS|Gflops]])
!Cores
|-
| 2020 June
| 2
| 0.4
| 6,334,340
| 6,814,886
| 202,824
|-
| 2019 November
| 2
| 0.4
| 6,334,340
| 6,814,886
| 202,824
|-
| 2019 June
| 3
| 0.6
| 7,457,490
| 8,228,006
| 241,224
|-
| 2018 November
| 4
| 0.8
| 8,358,996
| 9,472,166
| 272,328
|-
| 2018 June
| 5
| 1
| 9,078,216
| 10,262,899
| 310,344
|-
| 2017 November
| 4
| 0.8
| 2,794,753
| 3,759,153
| 107,544
|-
| 2017 June
| 4
| 0.8
| 2,703,926
| 3,935,693
| 103,116
|-
| 2016 November
| 5
| 1
| 3,092,368
| 4,456,051
| 133,172
|-
| 2016 June
| 9
| 1.8
| 4,406,352
| 5,901,043
| 204,052
|-
| 2015 November
| 11
| 2.2
| 4,933,698
| 6,662,387
| 236,692
|-
| 2015 June
| 11
| 2.2
| 4,597,998
| 5,887,007
| 226,652
|-
| 2014 November
| 9
| 1.8
| 3,137,692
| 3,912,187
| 184,124
|-
| 2014 June
| 9
| 1.8
| 2,898,745
| 3,521,915
| 169,324
|-
| 2013 November
| 12
| 2.4
| 3,040,297
| 3,812,719
| 188,252
|-
| 2013 June
| 11
| 2.2
| 2,690,461
| 3,517,536
| 173,580
|-
| 2012 November
| 9
| 1.8
| 1,291,739
| 1,890,914
| 90,548
|-
| 2012 June
| 5
| 1
| 787,652
| 1,242,746
| 56,460
|-
| 2011 November
| 2
| 0.4
| 187,910
| 242,995
| 18,128
|-
| 2011 June
| 2
| 0.4
| 187,910
| 242,995
| 18,128
|-
| 2010 November
| 4
| 0.8
| 257,243
| 333,005
| 25,808
|-
| 2010 June
| 5
| 1
| 283,380
| 384,593
| 30,104
|-
| 2009 November
| 3
| 0.6
| 199,257
| 279,702
| 23,416
|-
| 2009 June
| 6
| 1.2
| 247,285
| 333,519
| 33,456
|-
| 2008 November
| 8
| 1.6
| 259,394
| 368,501
| 37,488
|-
| 2008 June
| 6
| 1.2
| 189,854
| 275,617
| 32,432
|-
| 2007 November
| 9
| 1.8
| 194,524
| 303,651
| 34,932
|-
| 2007 June
| 8
| 1.6
| 45,697
| 86,642
| 10,336
|-
| 2006 November
| 10
| 2
| 34,162
| 61,520
| 10,908
|-
| 2006 June
| 11
| 2.2
| 36,839
| 66,776
| 11,638
|-
| 2005 November
| 4
| 0.8
| 11,379
| 21,691
| 3,354
|-
| 2005 June
| 8
| 1.6
| 13,995
| 24,726
| 4,212
|-
| 2004 November
| 7
| 1.4
| 6,945
| 11,873
| 2,126
|-
| 2004 June
| 6
| 1.2
| 5,652
| 9,557
| 1,750
|-
| 2003 November
| 3
| 0.6
| 2,099
| 5,098
| 1,106
|-
| 2003 June
| 2
| 0.4
| 1,158
| 3,747
| 822
|}

==See also==
===Computers===
* [[EKA (supercomputer)]]
* [[PARAM]]
* [[Wipro Supernova]]

===General===
* [[History of supercomputing]]
* [[Supercomputing in China]]
* [[Supercomputing in Europe]]
* [[Supercomputing in Japan]]
* [[Supercomputing in Taiwan]]
* [[TOP500]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="2004-sinha">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=P. K. |last2=Dixit |first2=S. P. |last3=Mohanram |first3=N. |last4=Purohit |first4=S. C. |last5=Arora |first5=R. K. |last6=Ramakrishnan |first6=S. |title=Proceedings. 10th IEEE International Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems, 2004. FTDCS 2004 |chapter=Current state and future trends in high performance computing and communications (HPCC) research in India |date=2004 |pages=217–220 |doi=10.1109/FTDCS.2004.1316619 |isbn=0-7695-2118-5 |s2cid=47348115 |accessdate=19 July 2020 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1109/FTDCS.2004.1316619}}</ref>
<ref name="1989-delapierre">{{cite journal |last1=Delapierre |first1=Michel |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Jean-Benoît |title=La nouvelle politique industrielle : le cas de l'informatique |journal=Tiers-Monde |date=1989 |volume=30 |issue=119 |pages=559–576 |doi=10.3406/tiers.1989.3862 |accessdate=19 July 2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/tiers.1989.3862|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
<ref name="2003-bbc">{{cite news | first= Habib| last= Beary | title= India unveils huge supercomputer| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2906865.stm| quote=India began developing supercomputers in the late 1980s after being refused one by the US. | publisher=BBC News| date=1 April 2003 }}</ref>
<ref name="1996-kahaner">{{cite journal |last1=Kahaner |first1=D.K. |title=Parallel computing in India |journal=IEEE Parallel & Distributed Technology: Systems & Applications |date=1996 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=7–11 |doi=10.1109/88.532134 |accessdate=20 July 2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.1109/88.532134 |quote="L.M. Patnaik developed a significant amount of the factual material for this report."|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
<ref name="UNIDO">{{cite web |last1=Patnaik |first1=LM |title=High Performance Computing in India and Far-East |url=https://open.unido.org/api/documents/4807303/download/HIGH%20PERFORMANCE%20COMPUTING%20IN%20INDIA%20AND%20FAR-EAST%20%2821339.en%29 |publisher=United Nations Industrial Development Organisation |accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="2019-theprint">{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Mohana |title=India to build 11 new supercomputers, with indigenous processors developed by C-DAC |url=https://theprint.in/science/india-to-build-11-new-supercomputers-with-indigenous-processors-developed-by-c-dac/339196/ |accessdate=20 July 2020 |work=ThePrint |date=22 December 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="2015-NSM">{{cite news |title=National Supercomputing Mission |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=120022 |accessdate=20 July 2020 |work=pib.gov.in |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Science & Technology |date=29 April 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="2015-CDAC-NSM">{{cite news |title=Govt to launch Rs 4,500 cr National Supercomputing Mission |url=https://cdac.in/index.aspx?id=pk_itn_spot947 |accessdate=20 July 2020 |work=cdac.in |publisher=Centre for Development of Advanced Computing |date=25 March 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="2015-deccan-herald">{{cite news |last1=Prashanth |first1=GN |title=IISC all set to launch supercomputing mission |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/493018/iisc-all-set-launch-supercomputing.html |accessdate=20 July 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=3 August 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="1994-bhatkar">{{cite book |last1=Bhatkar |first1=V.P. |title=Proceedings of 8th International Parallel Processing Symposium |chapter=PARAM parallel supercomputer: Architecture, programming environment, and applications |date=April 1994 |pages=388–389 |doi=10.1109/IPPS.1994.288273 |isbn=0-8186-5602-6 |s2cid=9917838 |chapter-url=http://doi.org/10.1109/IPPS.1994.288273 |accessdate=23 July 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="1998-sinha">{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=U. N. |title=On parallel computing – Indian trends |journal=Resonance |date=November 1998 |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=2–5 |doi=10.1007/BF02838704 |s2cid=119381130 |accessdate=30 October 2020 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02838704 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
<ref name="1990-bhatkar">{{cite book |last1=Bhatkar |first1=Vijay P. |title=Conpar 90 – Vapp IV |chapter=Parallel computing : An Indian perspective |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=1990 |volume=457 |pages=10–25 |doi=10.1007/3-540-53065-7_84 |isbn=978-3-540-53065-7 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-53065-7_84 |access-date=14 September 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="2003-prasad">{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Ss |last2=Nayak |first2=Kd |title=R & D in High Performance Computing Systems in India |journal=IETE Technical Review |date=March 2003 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=151–155 |doi=10.1080/02564602.2003.11417079 |s2cid=62175182 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02564602.2003.11417079 |accessdate=30 October 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
<ref name="1997-ECMWF-flosolver">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=UN |editor1-last=Hoffmann |editor1-first=Geerd-R |title=Making its mark : proceedings of the Seventh ECMWF Workshop on the Use of Parallel Processors in Meteorology, Reading, UK, November 2-6, 1996 |date=1997 |publisher=World Scientific |pages=449–460 |chapter=A Decade of Parallel Meteorological Computing on the Flosolver|oclc=246121972 }}</ref>

<ref name="2023-05-24-indiacom">{{cite news |last1=Qureshi |first1=Tahir |title=AI Supercomputer AIRAWAT Puts India Among Top Supercomputing League |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/ai-supercomputer-airawat-puts-india-among-top-supercomputing-league-6069193/ |access-date=12 July 2023 |publisher=India.com |date=24 May 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Science in India}}

{{portalbar|India|Technology|Software|Electronics|Internet|Computer programming}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Supercomputing in India}}
[[Category:Supercomputing in India| ]]
[[Category:Supercomputer sites]]
[[Category:Supercomputing]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Information technology in India]]

History of the Royal Navy (after 1707)

2026-03-25T03:07:24Z

StarCkf91771: started new data

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|the earlier history of the Royal Navy|History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Royal Navy}}
The '''history of the Royal Navy''' reached an important juncture in 1707, when the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] merged the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] into the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], following a century of [[personal union]] between the two countries. This had the effect of merging the [[Royal Scots Navy]] into the [[Royal Navy]]. The Navy grew considerably during the global struggle with France that had started in 1690 and culminated in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], a time when the practice of fighting under sail was developed to its highest point. The ensuing century of general peace saw Britain virtually uncontested on the seas, and considerable technological development. Sail yielded to steam and cannon supplanted by large shell-firing guns, and ending with the race to construct bigger and better [[battleship]]s. That race, however, was ultimately a dead end, as [[aircraft carrier]]s and [[submarine]]s came to the fore and, after the successes of World War II, the Royal Navy yielded its formerly preeminent place to the [[United States Navy]]. The Royal Navy has remained one of the world's most capable navies and currently operates a fleet of modern ships, though the size of the fleet has declined significantly since the 1980s.

==A united navy and resurgent France 1707–1815==
=== Wars with France and Spain, 1707–1748 ===
From 1603 until their [[political union|union]] in 1707, Scotland and England possessed separate navies that operated as one force – albeit for a period of [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Anglo-Scottish hostilities]] during the [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|interregnum]] (1649–1660). [[Thomas Gordon (Royal Scots Navy officer)|Thomas Gordon]] became the last commander of the [[Royal Scots Navy]], taking charge of HMS ''Royal Mary'' on the North Sea patrol, moving to ''Royal William'' when she entered service in 1705, and being promoted to commodore in 1706. With the [[Act of Union 1707|Act of Union]] in 1707, the Royal Scottish Navy was merged with the English [[Royal Navy]], but there were already much larger English ships called ''Royal William'' and ''Mary'', so the Scottish frigates were renamed {{HMS|Edinburgh}} and {{HMS|Glasgow|1707|6}}, while only {{HMS|Dumbarton Castle||6}} retained its name.<ref>{{cite book|last=Colledge|first=J.J.|title=Ships of the Royal Navy |volume=I |publisher=David and Charles|year=1969|isbn= 978-1861762818 }}</ref>

The Act of Union took effect mid-way through the [[War of Spanish Succession]], which saw the Navy operate in conjunction with the Dutch against the [[French Royal Navy|navies of France]] and [[Spanish Navy|Spain]], in support of the efforts of Britain's Austrian [[Habsburg]] allies to seize control of Spain and its Mediterranean dependencies from the [[Bourbons]]. Amphibious operations by the Anglo-Dutch fleet brought about the capture of [[Sardinia]], the [[Balearic Islands]] and a number of Spanish mainland ports, most importantly [[Barcelona]]. While most of these gains were turned over to the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]], Britain held on to [[Gibraltar]] and [[Menorca]], which were retained in the peace settlement, providing the Navy with Mediterranean bases. Early in the war French naval squadrons had done considerable damage to English and Dutch commercial convoys. However, a major victory over France and Spain at [[Battle of Vigo Bay|Vigo Bay]] (1702), further successes in battle, and the scuttling of the entire [[French Mediterranean Fleet|French Mediterranean fleet]] at [[Toulon]] in 1707 virtually cleared the Navy's opponents from the seas for the latter part of the war. Naval operations also enabled the conquest of the French colonies in [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].{{sfn|Rodger|2004|pp=164–180}} Further conflict with Spain followed in the [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]] (1718–1720), in which the Navy helped thwart a Spanish attempt to regain [[Sicily]] and Sardinia from Austria and [[Savoy]], defeating a Spanish fleet at [[Battle of Cape Passaro|Cape Passaro]] (1718), and in an undeclared war in the 1720s, in which Spain tried to retake Gibraltar and Menorca.<ref>Simms pp. 210–211.</ref>

The subsequent quarter-century of peace saw a few naval actions. The navy was used against [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]] in the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] from 1715 to 1727 to protect supplies of naval stores. It was used at Cape Passaro during the War of the Quadruple Alliance in 1718, during the [[Great Northern War]], and in the [[West Indies]] in 1726. Another war with Spain [[Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)|broke out in 1727]], which saw the Royal Navy dispatch a fleet to resupply the British garrison in Gibraltar, which proved crucial in repelling a [[Thirteenth siege of Gibraltar|Spanish siege]]. In 1745, the Royal Navy contributed to collapse of the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|Jacobite rising]].<ref>Reid 2002, pp. 88–90</ref>
[[File:John Cleveley the younger (1747-1786) - The Capture of the 'Nuestra Señora de Covadonga', 20 April 1743 - 1271077 - National Trust.jpg|thumb|[[George Anson, 1st Baron Anson|George Anson]]'s capture of the [[Manila galleon]] ''Nuestra Señora de Covadonga'' on 20 April 1743]]
After a period of relative peace, the Navy became engaged in the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] (1739–1748) against Spain, which was dominated by a series of costly and mostly unsuccessful attacks on Spanish ports in the [[Caribbean]], primarily a [[Battle of Cartagena de Indias|huge expedition against Cartagena de Indias]] in 1741. These led to heavy loss of life from tropical diseases.<ref>Beatson, ''Memoirs'', pp. 25–27.</ref><ref>Browning, ''Austrian Succession'', p. 60</ref><ref>Coxe, William. ''Memoirs of the kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon'', Volume 3, London 1815. Coxe gives the overall loss of the expedition during the campaign as 20,000 lives lost; Reed Browning considers this "not implausible", p. 382.</ref> In 1742 the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] was driven to withdraw from the war in the space of half an hour by the threat of a bombardment of its capital [[Naples]] by a small British squadron. The war became subsumed in the wider [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1744–1748), once again pitting Britain against France. Naval fighting in this war, which for the first time included major operations in the Indian Ocean, was largely inconclusive, the most significant event being the failure of [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)|an attempted French invasion of England]] in 1744.{{sfn|Rodger|2004|pp=234–256}}

Total naval losses in the War of the Austrian Succession, including ships lost in storms and in shipwrecks were: France—20 ships-of-the-line, 16 frigates, 20 smaller ships, 2,185 merchantmen, 1,738 guns; Spain—17 ships-of-the-line, 7 frigates, 1,249 merchantmen, 1,276 guns; Britain—14 ships-of-the-line, 7 frigates, 28 smaller ships, 3,238 merchantmen, 1,012 guns. Personnel losses at sea were about 12,000 killed, wounded, or taken prisoner for France, 11,000 for Spain, and 7,000 for Britain.<ref>Clodfelter, p. 78.</ref>

===Seven Years' War, 1756–1763===
[[File:Quibcardinaux2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Battle of Quiberon Bay]] which ended the [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)|French invasion plans]] in 1759]]
The subsequent [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763) saw the Navy conduct amphibious campaigns leading to the conquest of [[New France]], of [[List of French possessions and colonies|French colonies]] in the Caribbean and [[West Africa]], and of small islands off the French coast, while operations in the [[Indian Ocean]] contributed to the destruction of [[French India|French power in India]].{{sfn|Rodger|2004|pp=263–279, 284}} Admiral [[John Byng]] failed to relieve [[Minorca]]; he was executed on his own quarterdeck. [[Voltaire]] famously wrote, in reference to Byng's execution, that "in this country it is wise to kill an admiral from time to time to encourage the others" (admirals). (Today the French phrase ''"pour encourager les autres"'' used in English euphemistically connotes a threat by example.)<ref>Hamley, p. 177</ref> Minorca was lost but subsequent operations went more successfully (due more to government support and better strategic thinking, rather than admirals "encouraged" by Byng's example), and the British fleet won several victories, starting with the [[Battle of Cartagena (1758)|Battle of Cartagena]] in 1758.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://militarymaps.rct.uk/the-seven-years-war-1756-63/battle-of-cartagena-1758-to-the-memory-of-captain|title=Battle of Cartagena, 1758|publisher=Royal Collection Trust|access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref>

The French tried to invade Britain in 1759 but their force was defeated at the [[Battle of Quiberon Bay]] off the coast of [[Brittany]], fought in a gale on a dangerous [[lee shore]]. Once again the British fleet effectively eliminated the [[French Navy]] from the war, leading France to abandon major operations.{{sfn|Rodger|2004|pp=277–283}} Spain entered the war against Britain in 1762 but lost [[Havana]] and [[Manila]], though the latter was given back in exchange for [[Florida]]. Britain was also able to seize the Spanish fleet that had been sheltering at Havana. The [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] ended the war.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris |title=Treaty of Paris| publisher=Office of the Historian|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

Naval losses of the Seven Years' War testify to the extent of the British victory. France lost 20 of her [[Ship of the line|ships-of-the-line]] captured and 25 sunk, burned, destroyed, or lost in storms. The French navy also lost 25 [[frigate]]s captured and 17 destroyed, and suffered casualties of 20,000 killed, drowned, or missing, as well as another 20,000 wounded or captured. Spain lost 12 ships-of-the-line captured or destroyed, 4 frigates, and 10,000 seamen killed, wounded, or captured. The Royal Navy lost 2 ships-of-the-line captured, 17 sunk or destroyed by either battle or storm, 3 frigates captured and 14 sunk, but added 40 ships-of-the-line during the course of the war. British crews suffered 20,000 casualties, including POWs. Actual naval combat deaths for Britain were only 1,500, but the figure of 133,708 is given for those who died of sickness or deserted.<ref>Clodfelter, p. 84.</ref>

===American Revolutionary War, 1775–1783===
[[File:The Moonlight Battle off Cape St Vincent, 16 January 1780 RMG BHC0429.tiff|thumb|The moonlight [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)|Battle of Cape St Vincent]], 16 January 1780]]

{{Main|Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War}}
[[British America]] was a strategically significant location for the Royal Navy because it provided much of its timber supply.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot|title=The Oxford history of the American people.|date=1965|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-500030-7|location=London|oclc=221276825}}</ref> The Royal Navy also began to have a larger presence there during the [[American Revolution]] in order to suppress illegal smuggling to evade the [[Townshend Acts]] and the [[Navigation Acts]]. The [[Gaspee Affair|''Gaspee'' Affair]] in which a revenue cutter ran aground in [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|Rhode Island]] and was attacked led colonial legislatures starting with the [[House of Burgesses|Virginia House of Burgesses]] to form [[committees of correspondence]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Middlekauff |first=Robert |title=The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789 |date=1982 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-502921-6 |series=Oxford History of the United States |volume=2 |location=New York |pages=219–222 |language=en}}</ref>

At the beginning of the [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–83), the Royal Navy dealt with the fledgling [[Continental Navy]] handily, destroying or capturing many of its vessels. However, France soon took the American side, and in 1778 a French fleet sailed for America, where it attempted to land at Rhode Island and nearly engaged with the British fleet before a storm intervened, while back home another fought the British in the [[First Battle of Ushant]]. Spain and the [[Dutch Republic]] entered the war in 1780. Also the same year a large British convoy of 63 ships [[Action of 9 August 1780|was captured by a Franco-Spanish fleet]], which dealt a severe blow to the commerce of Great Britain.<ref>Guthrie p.354</ref><ref>Ramsay p.184</ref><ref>Bisset p.46</ref> Action shifted to the Caribbean, where there were a number of battles with varying results. A Spanish fleet was defeated at the battle of [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)|Cape Saint Vincent]] in 1780 while a Franco-Spanish fleet was defeated at the [[Battle of the Saintes]] in 1782. The most important operation came in 1781 when, in the [[Battle of the Chesapeake]], the British failed to lift the French blockade of [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], resulting in a British surrender in the [[Battle of Yorktown (1781)|Battle of Yorktown]]. Although combat was over in North America, it continued in the Caribbean and India, where the British experienced both successes and failures. Though Minorca had been recaptured, it was returned to the Spanish.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_amiens.html |title=Treaty of Amiens|publisher=Napoleon Series|access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> The [[Battle of Cape Spartel|relief of Gibraltar]] later the same year symbolised the restoration of British naval ascendancy, but this came too late to prevent the independence of the [[Thirteen Colonies]].{{sfn|Rodger|2004|pp=353–357}}

The eradication of [[scurvy]] from the Royal Navy in the 1790s came about due to the efforts of [[Gilbert Blane]], chairman of the Navy's [[Sick and Hurt Board]], which ordered fresh lemon juice to be given to sailors on ships. Other navies soon adopted this successful solution.<ref>Bown, Stephen R. ''Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail'', Viking 2003.</ref>

===French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815)===
[[File:Lord Nelson before Trafalgar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Admiral Horatio Nelson]], 1758–1805]]
{{Main|Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars}}
{{Main|Naval campaigns, operations and battles of the French Revolutionary Wars|Naval campaigns, operations and battles of the Napoleonic Wars}}

The [[French Revolutionary Wars]] of 1793–1802 and the [[Napoleonic Wars]] of 1803–15 saw the Royal Navy reach a peak of efficiency, dominating the navies of all Britain's adversaries. Initially Britain did not involve itself in the [[French Revolution]], but in 1793 France declared war, leading to the [[Glorious First of June]] battle in the following year off [[Brest, France|Brest]], followed by the capture of [[French West Indies|French colonies in the Caribbean]]. The Dutch Republic declared war in 1795 and Spain in 1796, on the side of France. Further action came in 1797 and 1798, with the [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797)|Battle of Cape St Vincent]] and the [[Battle of the Nile]] (also known as the Battle of Aboukir Bay), which brought Admiral [[Horatio Nelson]] to the public's attention. The latter engagement cut off [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Napoleon's expedition to Egypt]], though French forces remained in control of that country for three more years. In 1800, Russia, [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark–Norway]] formed the [[Second League of Armed Neutrality]] to resist British attempts to search their merchant shipping for French goods, and in 1801 the Danes closed their ports to British shipping. As the league did nothing about French searches, the British viewed its existence as a pro-French alliance and in 1801 sent a fleet to the Baltic. The fleet defeated the Danish navy at the [[Battle of Copenhagen (1801)|Battle of Copenhagen]], and the league soon dissolved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nelson/gallery6/popup/despatch.htm |title=Nelson's dispatch to Sir Hyde Parker|date= 3 April 1801|publisher=National Archives|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

The [[Peace of Amiens]] in 1802 proved to be but a brief interruption in the years of warfare, and the Navy was soon blockading [[First French Empire|Napoleon's France]]. In 1805 [[Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom|French invasion forces]] were massed on the French coast with 2,300 vessels. The French fleet at Toulon went to the West Indies where it was intended to meet the Spanish one but it was chased by the British fleet and returned without meeting up. After fighting an action off [[Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)|Finisterre]] the French fleet withdrew to [[Cádiz|Cadiz]] where it met up with the Spanish one. The height of the Navy's achievements came on 21 October 1805 at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]] where a numerically smaller but more experienced British fleet under the command of Admiral [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Lord Nelson]] decisively defeated the combined French and Spanish fleet. The victory at Trafalgar consolidated the United Kingdom's advantage over other European maritime powers, but Nelson was killed during the battle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutnelson.co.uk/death.htm|title=Death / burial|publisher=About Nelson|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

By concentrating its military resources in the navy, Britain could both defend itself and project its power across the oceans as well as threaten rivals' ocean trading routes. Britain therefore needed to maintain only a relatively small, highly mobile, professional army that sailed to where it was needed, and was supported by the navy with bombardment, movement, supplies and reinforcement. The Navy could cut off enemies' sea-borne supplies, as with Napoleon's army in Egypt.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/battle-nile|title=Battle of the Nile|magazine=History Today|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

[[File:HMS Victory 1884.jpg|thumb|upright|left|HMS ''Victory'' in 1884]]

Theoretically, the highest commands of the Royal Navy were open to all within its ranks showing talent. In practice, family connections, political or professional patronage were very important for promotion to ranks higher than [[Commander (Royal Navy)|commander]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Baugh|first = Daniel A.|title=British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole|url=https://archive.org/details/britishnavaladmi0000baug|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/britishnavaladmi0000baug/page/168 168]|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=1965|oclc=729683642}}</ref> British captains were responsible for recruiting their ship's crew from a combination of volunteers, [[impressment]] and the requisitioning of existing crew members from ships [[in ordinary]]. From 1795 a [[Quota System (Royal Navy)|Quota System]] was also applied, where each British county was required to supply a certain number of volunteers.{{sfn|Pappalardo|2019|pp=27-29}} Many nationalities served on British ships, with foreigners comprising fifteen per cent of crews by the end of the Napoleonic Wars. [[Americans]] were the most common foreign nationality in naval service, followed by [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Scandinavia]]n and [[Italians|Italian]].<ref name=Lavery126>Lavery 2012, pp. 126-128</ref> While most foreigners in the Navy were obtained through impressment or from [[prison ship]]s, around 200 captured French sailors were also persuaded to join after their fleet was defeated at the Battle of the Nile.<ref name=Lavery126/>

The conditions of service for ordinary seamen, while poor by modern standards, were better than many other kinds of work at the time. However, [[inflation]] during the late 18th century eroded the real value of seamen's pay while, at the same time, the war caused an increase in pay for merchant ships.{{sfn|Pappalardo|2019|p=26}} Naval pay also often ran years in arrears, and shore leave decreased as ships needed to spend less time in port with better provisioning and health care, and copper bottoms (which delayed fouling). Discontent over these issues eventually resulted in [[Spithead and Nore mutinies (1797)|serious mutinies]] in 1797 when the crews of the Spithead and Nore fleets refused to obey their officers and some captains were sent ashore. This resulted in the short-lived "''Floating Republic''" which at [[Spithead]] was quelled by promising improvements in conditions, but at the [[Nore]] resulted in the [[capital punishment|hanging]] of 29 mutineers. It is worth noting that neither of the mutinies included flogging or impressment in their list of grievances and, in fact, the mutineers themselves continued the practice of flogging to preserve discipline.{{sfn|Rodger|2004|pp=441–447}}
[[File:The Battle of Trafalgar by William Clarkson Stanfield.jpg|thumb|''[[The Battle of Trafalgar (Stanfield)|The Battle of Trafalgar]]'', 21 October 1805, by [[Clarkson Stanfield]]]]
[[Napoleon]] acted to counter Britain's maritime supremacy and economic power, closing European ports to British trade through the [[Continental System]]. He also authorised many [[privateer]]s, operating from French territories in the West Indies, placing great pressure on British mercantile shipping in the [[Western Hemisphere]]. The Royal Navy was too hard-pressed in European waters to release significant forces to combat the privateers, and its large ships of the line were not very effective at seeking out and running down fast and manoeuvrable privateers which operated as widely spread single ships or small groups. The Royal Navy reacted by commissioning small warships of traditional [[Bermuda sloop|Bermuda]] design. The first three ordered from Bermudian builders—HMS ''Dasher'', HMS ''Driver'' and HMS ''Hunter''—were sloops of 200 tons, armed with twelve 24-pounder guns. A great many more ships of this type were ordered, or bought from trade, primarily for use as couriers. The most notable was {{HMS|Pickle|1800|6}}, the former Bermudian merchantman that carried news of victory back from Trafalgar.<ref>Marshall (1828), Supplement, Part 3, pp.384-88</ref> At the end of the war the manning levels of the Royal Navy decreased sharply from 145,000 to 19,000.{{sfn|Pappalardo|2019|p=136}}

Although brief in retrospect, the years of the Napoleonic wars came to be remembered as the apotheosis of "fighting sail", and stories of the Royal Navy at this period have been told and retold regularly since then, most famously in the [[Horatio Hornblower]] series of [[C. S. Forrester]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/horatio-hornblower |title=Horatio Hornblower|work=Royal Museums Greenwich |date=6 August 2015 |publisher=National Maritime Museum|access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref>

===War of 1812===
In the years following the battle of Trafalgar there was increasing tension at sea between Britain and the United States. American traders took advantage of their country's neutrality to trade with both the French-controlled parts of Europe, and Britain. Both France and Britain tried to prevent each other's trade, but only the Royal Navy was in a position to enforce a blockade. Another irritant was the suspected presence of British deserters aboard US merchant and naval vessels. Royal Navy ships often attempted to recover these deserters. In one notorious instance in 1807, otherwise known as the [[Chesapeake–Leopard affair|''Chesapeake–Leopard'' affair]], {{HMS|Leopard|1790|6}} fired on {{USS|Chesapeake|1799|6}} causing significant casualties before boarding and seizing suspected British deserters.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dickon |first=Chris |ref=Thomson |title=The enduring journey of the USS Chesapeake: ... |publisher=The Hickory Press, Charleston, South Carolina |year=2008 |page=54 |isbn=978-1-59629-298-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCGjg46NS_kC&q=decatur }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 1812, while the Napoleonic wars continued, the United States [[United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom|declared war]] on Great Britain and [[Invasion of Canada (1812)|tried to invade Canada]]. Occupied by its struggle with France, British policy was to commit only sufficient forces to the American [[War of 1812]] to prevent American victory. On land, this meant a great reliance on militia and Native American allies. On the water, the Royal Navy kept its large men-of-war in Europe, relying on smaller vessels to counter the weak [[United States Navy]]. Some of the action consisted of small-scale engagements on the [[Great Lakes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/Warof1812/2009/Issue12/c_Dobbs.html|title=Dobbs and the Royal Navy at Niagara|first=Robert |last=Malcolmson|date=June 2000|publisher=The War of 1812 Magazine|access-date=2 December 2009}}</ref>

[[File:John Christian Schetky, H.M.S. Shannon Leading Her Prize the American Frigate Chesapeake into Halifax Harbour (c. 1830) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|300px|An 1830 representation of HMS ''Shannon'' leading the captured American frigate ''Chesapeake'' into [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], in June 1813]]
At sea, the War of 1812 was characterised by [[single-ship action]]s between small ships, and disruption of merchant shipping. The Royal Navy struggled to build as many ships as it could, generally sacrificing on the size and armament of vessels, and struggled harder to find adequate personnel, trained or barely trained, to crew them. Many of the men crewing Royal Naval vessels were rated only as ''landsmen'', and many of those rated as ''seamen'' were impressed (conscripted), with resultingly poor morale. The US Navy could not begin to equal the Royal Navy in number of vessels, and had concentrated in building a handful of better-designed frigates. These were larger, heavier and better-armed (both in terms of number of guns, and in the range to which the guns could fire) than their British counterparts, and were handled by larger volunteer crews (where the Royal Navy was hindered by a relative shortage of trained seamen, the US Navy was not large enough to make full use of the large number of American merchant seamen put out of work, even before the war, by the [[Embargo Act of 1807|Embargo Act]]). As a result of the American frigates being larger some British ships were defeated and, midway through the war, the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] issued the order not to engage American frigates individually.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ronald D.|last= Utt|title=Ships of Oak, Guns of Iron: The War of 1812 and the Forging of the American Navy|publisher=Washington, D.C.: Regnery History|year=2012|isbn=978-1621570028}}</ref>

The most important aspect of the Royal Navy's involvement of The war of 1812 was the blockade it enforced on America and American shipping. Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=55}} In March 1813, the Royal Navy punished the [[Southern United States|Southern states]], who were most vocal about annexing British North America, by blockading [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], [[Port Royal, South Carolina|Port Royal]], [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] and [[New York City]] was well.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=55}} However, as additional ships were sent to North America in 1813, the Royal Navy was able to tighten the blockade and extend it, first to the coast south of [[Narragansett, Rhode Island|Narragansett]] by November 1813 and to the entire [[East Coast of the United States|American coast]] on 31 May 1814.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=55}} In May 1814, following the abdication of Napoleon, and the end of the supply problems with Wellington's army, New England was blockaded.{{sfn|Hickey|1989|p=214}} The blockade was so significant to British victory at sea that it confined most merchant and naval vessels to port. The American frigates {{USS|United States}} and {{USS|Macedonian}} ended the war blockaded and [[hulk (ship type)|hulked]] in [[New London, Connecticut]].{{sfn|Benn|2002|pp=55–56}} [[USS United States (1797)|USS ''United States'']] and [[USS Macedonian (1810)|USS ''Macedonian'']] attempted to set sail to raid British shipping in the Caribbean, but were forced to turn back when confronted with a British squadron, and by the end of the war, the United States had six frigates and four ships-of-the-line sitting in port.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=56}}

The blockade resulted in American exports decreasing from $130 million in 1807 to $7 million in 1814. Most of these were food exports that ironically went to supply their enemies in Britain or British colonies.{{sfn|Leckie|1998|p=255}} The blockade had a devastating effect on the American economy with the value of American exports and imports falling from $114 million in 1811 down to $20 million by 1814 while the [[United States Customs Service|US Customs]] took in $13 million in 1811 and $6 million in 1814, despite the fact that [[United States Congress|Congress]] had voted to double the rates.{{sfn|Benn|2002|pp=56–57}} The British blockade further damaged the American economy by forcing merchants to abandon the cheap and fast coastal trade to the slow and more expensive inland roads.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=57}} In 1814, only 1 out of 14 American merchantmen risked leaving port as a high probability that any ship leaving port would be seized.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=57}}

Despite successful American claims for damage having been pressed in British courts against British privateers several years before, the War was probably the last occasion on which the Royal Navy made considerable reliance on privateers to boost Britain's maritime power. In Bermuda, privateering had thrived until the build-up of the regular Royal Naval establishment, which began in 1795, reduced the Admiralty's reliance on privateers in the Western Atlantic. During the American War of 1812, however, Bermudian privateers alone captured 298 enemy ships (the total captures by all British naval and privateering vessels between the Great Lakes and the West Indies was 1,593 vessels.)<ref>''The Andrew And The Onions: The Story Of The Royal Navy In Bermuda, 1795–1975'', Lt. Commander Ian Strannack, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The [[Bermuda Maritime Museum]], P.O. Box MA 133, Mangrove Bay, Bermuda MA BX. {{ISBN|0-921560-03-6}}.</ref>

[[File:Ireland Island Woodcut.jpg|thumb|center|700px|1848 Woodcut of the [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda]] (HMD Bermuda), Ireland Island]]

By this time, the Royal Navy was building a naval base and [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|dockyard in Bermuda]]. It had begun buying land, mostly at the West End of [[Bermuda]], notably [[Ireland Island, Bermuda|Ireland Island]], following American independence, permanently establishing itself in the colony in 1795. The development of the intended site was delayed by a dozen years as a suitable passage through the surrounding reefline needed to be located. Until then, the Royal Navy operated from the old capital in the East End, [[St. George's, Bermuda|St. George's]]. Bermuda replaced Newfoundland initially as the winter base of the [[North America and West Indies Squadron]], and then as its year-round headquarters, naval station, and dockyard, with its [[Admiralty House, Bermuda|Admiralty House]] at Mount Wyndham, in [[Bailey's Bay, Bermuda|Bailey's Bay]], and then at Spanish Point, opposite Ireland Island on the mouth of [[Great Sound, Bermuda|Great Sound]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/14140389|title=Bermuda Naval Base: management, artisans and enslaved workers in the 1790s|publisher=Mariner's Mirror|date=May 2009|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

[[File:HMS Endymion yaws to rake USS President.jpg|thumb|USS ''President'' (right foreground) engages HMS ''Endymion'' (left foreground) with her stern chaser<ref name=":5">James Stanier Clarke and John McArthur (2010) ''The Naval Chronicle: Volume 33, January–July 1815: Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects'', reprinted by Cambridge University Press, p. 371</ref>]]

Located {{convert|1030|km}} off [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], {{convert|1239|km}} South of [[Cape Sable Island]], Nova Scotia, and {{convert|1770|km}} North-East of [[Miami]], Bermuda replaced the continental bases between [[History of Canada (1763–1867)|Canada]] and the [[British West Indies|West Indies]] that the Royal Navy had been deprived of by American independence. During the War of 1812 the Royal Navy's blockade of the US Atlantic ports was coordinated from Bermuda and [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], Nova Scotia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/british-navy-played-a-central-role-in-the-war-of-1812|title=British Navy played a central role in the War of 1812|newspaper=National Post|date=10 November 2012|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>

The blockade kept most of the American navy trapped in port. The Royal Navy also occupied coastal islands, encouraging American slaves to defect. Military-aged males were enlisted into a [[Corps of Colonial Marines]] while their families were sent to the dockyard in Bermuda for the duration of the war, employed by the Royal Navy. These marines fought for the Crown on the Atlantic Seaboard, and in the [[Burning of Washington|attack on Washington, D.C.]] and the [[Chesapeake campaign|Chesapeake]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=George|last= Gleig|url=https://archive.org/stream/unitedservicema07barngoog#page/n37/mode/1up|title=Recollections of the Expedition to the Chesapeake, and against New Orleans, by an Old Sub|journal=United Service Journal|year=1840|issue=2|quote=many of these poor fellows, after voluntarily serving for a few months in a sort of provisional battalion, called the "Colonial Marines", obtained grants of land}}</ref>

After British victory in the [[Peninsular War]], part of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington's]] [[Light Division (United Kingdom)|Light Division]] was released for service in North America. This 2,500-man force, composed of detachments from the 4, 21, 44, and 85 Regiments with some elements of artillery and sappers and commanded by Major-General [[Robert Ross (British Army officer)|Robert Ross]], arrived in Bermuda in 1814 aboard a fleet composed of the 74-gun {{HMS|Royal Oak|1809|6}}, three frigates, three sloops and ten other vessels. The combined force was to launch raids on the coastlines of [[Maryland]] and [[Virginia]], with the aim of drawing US forces away from the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]]. In response to American actions at [[Lake Erie]] (the [[Battle of York#Burning of York|Burning of York]]), however, [[George Prevost|Sir George Prevost]] requested a [[punitive expedition]] which would "deter the enemy from a repetition of such outrages". The British force arrived at the [[Patuxent River|Patuxent]] on 17 August and landed the soldiers within 36 miles of [[Washington, D.C.]] Led by [[George Cockburn|Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn]], the British force drove the [[Federal government of the United States|US government]] out of Washington, D.C.. Ross shied from the idea of burning the public buildings in the city, but Cockburn and others set it alight. Buildings burned included the [[United States Capitol|US Capitol]] and the [[White House|US President's Mansion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-troops-set-fire-to-the-white-house|title=British troops set fire to the White House|date=16 November 2009 |publisher=History|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>

== Pax Britannica, 1815–1914 ==
{{Main|Royal Navy during the Victorian Era}}
{{See also|Pax Britannica}}
After 1827 there were no major battles until 1914. The navy was used against shore installations, such as those in the Baltic and [[Black Sea]] during the [[Crimean War]] in 1854 and 1855. They were also used to fight pirates; to [[West Africa Squadron|hunt down slave ships]]; and to assist the army when sailors and marines were landed as naval brigades, as on many occasions between the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)|siege of Sevastopol]] and the 1900 [[Boxer Rebellion]]. With a fleet larger than any two rivals combined, the British nation could take security for granted, but at all times the national leaders and public opinion supported a powerful navy, and service was of high prestige.<ref>Roger Parkinson, ''The Late Victorian Navy: The Pre-Dreadnought Era and the Origins of the First World War'', (2008)</ref>

=== Operations ===
[[File:Bombardment of Algiers 1816 by Chambers.jpg|thumb|The bombardment of Algiers, 1816]]
The first action of the period was the [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|1816 bombardment of Algiers]] by a joint Anglo-Dutch fleet under [[Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth|Lord Exmouth]], to force the [[Barbary states|Barbary state]] of [[Regency of Algiers|Algiers]] to free Christian slaves and to halt the practice of [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|enslaving]] [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Robert |last=Davies|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml |title=British Slaves on the Barbary Coast|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=1 July 2003|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref> During the [[Greek War of Independence]], at the [[Battle of Navarino]] in 1827, the [[Ottoman Navy|Turkish fleet]] was destroyed by the combined fleets of Britain, France and Russia. This was the last major action between fleets of sailing ships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Naval_History/Vol_VI/P_471.html|title=Battle of Navarino|first=W.|last=James|publisher=Naval History of Great Britain|year=1837|volume=6|pages=471–490|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406050400/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Naval_History/Vol_VI/P_471.html|archive-date=6 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ottoman involvement continued, with the [[Battle of Acre (1840)|bombardment of Acre]] in 1840, and additional Mediterranean crises during the rest of the decade.<ref>Harbottle and Bruce, p. 10</ref>

To try to prevent Russia gaining access to a warm water port, the Crimean War was fought in the 1850s. Britain (in concert with the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Second French Empire]]) sent 150 transports and 13 warships and the [[Imperial Russian Navy]]'s [[Black Sea Fleet]] was destroyed. The Crimean War was a testing ground for the new technologies of steam and shell. It was shown that explosive shells ripped wooden hulls to pieces, which led to the development of the [[Ironclad warship|"iron clad" ship]]. It also showed the need for a permanent pool of trained seamen. There were two Anglo-French campaigns against Russia. In the Black Sea, success at Sevastopol was paralleled by successful operations in the Baltic including the bombardments of [[Bomarsund, Åland|Bomarsund]] and [[Sveaborg]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Tyrrell|first=Henry |year=1858|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwarwith03tyrruoft|title= The History of the War with Russia|volume=3|page=334}}</ref>
[[File:HMS Wellesley and Squadron in Hong Kong.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Wellesley'' and the British squadron sailing from [[Hong Kong]] for the attack on Xiamen during the [[First Opium War]], 1841]]
The Chinese government placed unilateral restraints on British trade with China. Acting under the [[Daoguang Emperor]], 1839 the Chinese official [[Lin Zexu]] impounded [[opium]] from [[British Raj|India]], but the British insisted on the [[British Empire]] being allowed to export to China and instituted a blockade of [[Guangzhou]], beginning the [[First Opium War]]. There was a [[Second Opium War]] from 1856 to 1860. In 1857, the [[Battle of Canton (1857)|British captured Canton]] and threatened [[Beijing]]. They were thrown back by the Chinese in 1859 but succeeded the following year. As a result of these actions Britain gained a [[HMS Tamar (shore station)|base]] at [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] in 1839 and a base in Canton in 1857.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carter|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Carter (writer)|title=Medals of the British Army, and how they were won |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/medalsbritishar02cartgoog#page/n222/mode/2up |volume=3 |year=1861 |publisher=Groombridge and sons |page=186 |chapter=Capture of Canton}}</ref>

In 1864, the [[bombardment of Kagoshima]] forced [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] to accept foreign traders.<ref>"The Progress of the Japanese War", 4 October 1863, ''The New York Times''</ref> During the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]] the British sent a fleet of battleships under Admiral [[Geoffrey Hornby]] to intimidate Russia from entering [[Constantinople]].<ref>Heathcote, p. 120</ref> Over the next thirty years, only a [[Bombardment of Alexandria (1882)|bombardment of Alexandria]] in 1882 brought the fleet into action, carried out to ensure control of the [[Suez Canal]].<ref>Royle, p. 606</ref>

=== Technology ===
During this period, naval warfare underwent a comprehensive transformation, brought about by steam propulsion, metal ship construction, and explosive munitions. These changes marked the end of the [[age of sail]] and construction techniques that had dominated the preceding century. Despite having to completely replace its war fleet, the Navy managed to maintain its overwhelming advantage over all potential rivals. Due to British leadership in the [[Industrial Revolution]], the country enjoyed unparalleled shipbuilding capacity and financial resources, which ensured that no rival could take advantage of these revolutionary changes to negate the British advantage in ship numbers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/how-did-britain-come-to-rule-the-waves/|title=How did Britain come to rule the waves?|publisher=History Extra|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054023/https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/how-did-britain-come-to-rule-the-waves/|archive-date=7 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Steam power]] was of interest to the Royal Navy from the beginning of the 19th century, since it neatly solved the difficult and dangerous sailing problems encountered in estuaries and other inshore areas. It was first adopted in {{HMS|Comet|1822|6}}, launched in 1822, and in 1824 {{HMS|Lightning|1823|6}} accompanied the expedition to Algiers. Steam vessels appeared in greater numbers through the 1830s and 1840s, all using side-mounted [[paddlewheel]]s; screw [[propeller]]s were introduced in the 1830s and, after some reluctance, were adopted in the mid-1840s (the famous tug-of-war between the screw-propelled [[HMS Rattler (1843)|HMS ''Rattler'']] and the paddlewheeled {{HMS|Alecto|1839|3}} was entertaining, but records show the Admiralty had already decided on and ordered screw ships). The first major steam warship was {{HMS|Agamemnon|1852|6}}. In the 1850s Naval Arms Race screw battleships and frigates, both conversions and new constructions, were built in large numbers. These ships retained a full capacity for sail as steam engines were not yet efficient enough to permit long ocean voyages under power. Steam power was intended only for use during battle and to allow ships to go to sea at will instead of being held in port by adverse winds. A triple expansion steam engine was introduced in 1881 which was more efficient than earlier ones.<ref>Day and McNeil, p. 694</ref> These changes were followed by the [[steam turbine]], invented by [[Charles Algernon Parsons|Charles Parsons]], demonstrated by the [[Turbinia]] in 1899.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.universityscience.ie/pages/scientists/sci_charles_parsons.php |title=Charles Parsons |access-date=6 February 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110063209/http://www.universityscience.ie/pages/scientists/sci_charles_parsons.php |archive-date=10 January 2008 }}</ref>

[[Iron]] in ship construction was first used for diagonal-cross-bracing in major warships. The adoption of iron hulls for ocean-going ships had to wait until after Admiralty experiments had solved the problem of an iron-hull's effect on compass deviation. Because iron hulls were much thinner than wooden hulls, they appeared to be more vulnerable to damage when ships ran aground. Although Brunel had adopted iron in the {{SS|Great Britain||2}}, the Admiralty was also concerned about the vulnerability of iron in combat, and experiments with iron in the 1840s seemed to indicate that iron would shatter under impact.<ref>Grantham, p. 73</ref>

In 1858 France built the first seagoing [[ironclad]], ''[[French ironclad Gloire|Gloire]]'', and Britain responded with {{HMS|Warrior|1860|2}} of 1860, the first of the 1860s [[Naval arms race|Naval Arms Race]]—an intensive programme of construction that eclipsed French efforts by 1870. She was called a "Black Snake" by [[Napoleon III]], but was soon superseded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtj.com/articles/warrior/|title=HMS Warrior – Black snake among rabbits|publisher=War Times Journal|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>

When armoured ships were first introduced, in-service guns had very little ability to penetrate their armour. However, starting in 1867, guns started to be introduced into service capable of penetrating the armour of the first generation iron-clads, albeit at favourable angles and at short range. This had already been anticipated, and armour thicknesses grew, resulting in turn in a gun ''calibre-race'' as larger guns gave better penetration. The explosive shell was introduced in 1820.<ref>Gardner 2004, p. 154</ref>

In parallel with this, there was a debate over how guns should be mounted on ship. [[Cowper Phipps Coles|Captain Cowper Coles]] had developed a [[gun turret]] design in the late 1850s as a result of experience in the Crimean War. Initial designs, published in ''[[Blackwood's Magazine]]'' in 1859, were for a ship with far more than 10 turrets. Consequently, a range of coastal-service turret-ships were built in parallel with the seagoing iron-clads. Because of agitation from Coles and his supporters, the issue of turret-ships became deeply political, and resulted in the ordering of {{HMS|Captain|1869|2}}, an unsatisfactory private design by [[John Laird Sons and Company|Lairds]] and Coles. The rival Admiralty design, {{HMS|Monarch|1868|2}}, had a long and successful career. However the need to combine high-free-board at the bow with sails meant that both these ships had very poor end-on fire. The Admiralty's next seagoing mastless turret-ship design {{HMS|Devastation|1871|2}} solved these problems by having very large coal bunkers, and put the 35-ton guns in turrets on a breastwork.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/hms_devastation.htm |title=HMS Devastation |work=battleships-cruisers.co.uk |year=2013 |access-date=29 August 2013}}</ref>

Tank testing of hull models was introduced and mechanical calculators as range finders. The torpedo came in during the 1870s and the first ship to fire one in battle was {{HMS|Shah}}.<ref>{{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}</ref> This led to the development of torpedo boats and torpedo boat destroyers (later called just destroyers).<ref>Lyon p. 8, 9</ref>

===Palmerston Forts, 1860–1869===
{{Main|Palmerston Forts}}
During the 1860s, [[Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom|fear of a French invasion]] of Britain prompted a major programme of coastal fortifications. Over 70 forts were constructed by the end of the decade, many of which were in the vicinity of the [[HMNB Portsmouth|naval base in Portsmouth]] and the surrounding waters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.victorianforts.co.uk/royalcommission.htm|title=Royal Commission|publisher=Victorian Forts|access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref> The mid 19th century saw such rapid technological development that some, such as [[Fort Brockhurst]], were obsolete before construction had even finished. France was crippled by defeat in the 1870 [[Franco-Prussian War]] and Britain would not face a serious military threat until the World Wars, by which point they were long out of date. They received much ridicule in later years, and are sometimes referred to as "Palmerston's Follies".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidermedia.com/news/south-east/palmerstons-follies-hit-the-market|title=Palmerston's Follies hit the market|date=18 September 2019 |publisher=Inside Media|access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref>

===Two-power standard===
{{British imperialism}}
The age of naval dominance at low cost was ended by increased naval competition from old rivals, such as France and Russia. These challenges were reflected by the [[Naval Defence Act 1889]], which received royal assent on 31 May 1889, to increase British naval strength and formally adopt the country's "two-power standard". The standard called for the Royal Navy to be as strong as the world's next two largest navies combined (at that point, France and Russia) by maintaining a number of battleships at least equal to their combined strength.<ref>Sondhaus, p. 161.</ref>

That led to a new ship building programme, which authorised ten new battleships, 38 cruisers, and additional vessels. The books by American [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]] and his visit to Europe in the 1890s heightened interest even more.<ref>Jon Tetsuro Sumida, "Geography, Technology, and British Naval Strategy in the Dreadnought Era." ''Naval War College Review'' 2006 59(3), p. 89–102.</ref> When Prime Minister [[William Ewart Gladstone]] held out against another large programme of naval construction in 1894, he found himself alone, and so resigned.<ref>Brooks, p. 239.</ref>

{{cquote|Being unchallenged and unchallengable, Britain was able to exercise her maritime imperium of the ''Pax Britanica'' at remarkably modest expense. The British defence burden fell progressively to a minimum of 2 per cent (of GDP) in 1870. Britain's dominance flowed not so much from the size of her active fleets as from the vast potential strength implicit in the reserve fleet and, behind that, the unrivalled capacity of her industry.<ref name=pugh>Pugh, Philip ''The Cost of Seapower, the Influence of Money on Naval Affairs from 1815 to the Present Day'', pub Conway, 1986, {{ISBN|0-85177-419-9}} page 34.</ref>}}
At this time, 80% of merchant steamships were built in British shipyards.<ref name=pugh/> The rate of French construction was low, and construction times were stretched out. For instance, the last of the three French ''1872-programme'' battleships was not completed until October 1886.<ref>Saibene, Marc ''Les Cuirasses Redoutable, Devastation, Courbet, Programme de 1872'', pub Marines edition, {{ISBN|2-909675-16-5}} pages 72 and 77.</ref> Many of these long-delayed ships were completed in the second half of the 1880s, and this was misrepresented as the French having more new battleships than the Royal Navy in various publications including the famous 1884 articles in the Liberal magazine ''[[Pall Mall Gazette]]'', which alarmed the public just before the General Election, and helped create an increased market for books on naval matters such as the ''Naval Annual'', which was first published in 1887.<ref>Ranft, Bryan (ed.), ''Ironclad to Trident, 100 Years of Defence Commentary, BRASSEYS's 1886–1986'', Brassey's Defence Publishing (part of the Pergamon Group), 1986. {{ISBN|0-08-031191-1}}.</ref> Reforms were also gradually introduced in the conditions for enlisted men with the abolition of military [[flogging]] in 1879, amongst others.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bloy|first=Marjie|title=Cardwell's Army Reforms 1870—1881|year=2002|access-date=10 September 2016|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/armyrefs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804035338/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/armyrefs.html|archive-date=4 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The two-power standard was abandoned before the First World War, and after the war it was replaced by a "one-power standard", with the navy kept equal in size to the United States Navy.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|title=The Politics of Seapower: the 'One-Power Standard' and British Maritime Security|first=Christopher M.|last=Bell|editor-first=Christopher M.|editor-last=Bell|date=18 August 2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|pages=1–48|doi=10.1057/9780230599239_1|isbn=978-1-349-42246-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1931/mar/18/navy-excess-1929|title=NAVY (EXCESS) 1929. (Hansard, 18 March 1931)|website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref>

===Reforms and increasing tension, 1901–1914===
{{See also|Anglo-German naval arms race}}[[File:HMS Dreadnought 1906 H61017.jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|2}}, 1906 photograph]]
Both naval construction and naval strategising became intense, prompted by the development of [[torpedo]]es and [[submarine]]s (from 1901), which challenged traditional ideas about the power of battleships. At the same time the {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|2}} committed to the "big gun only" concept and caused a shift in thinking around the world. This ship had ten 12-inch guns with a top speed of 21.5 knots, a speed and firepower that rendered all existing battleships obsolete. The industrial and economic development of Germany had by this time overtaken Britain, enabling the [[Imperial German Navy]] to attempt to outpace British construction of [[dreadnoughts]]. In the ensuing [[anglo-German naval arms race|arms race]], Britain succeeded in maintaining a substantial numerical advantage over Germany, but for the first time since 1805 another navy now existed with the capacity to challenge the Royal Navy in battle.<ref>Margaret Macmillan, ''The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914'' (2013) cover the 1890s to 1914; ch 5</ref>

The British were aided in this development by having naval observers aboard the Japanese fleet at the [[battle of Tsushima]] straits in 1905 where the Japanese decisively defeated the Russian fleet.<ref>[[Robert K. Massie]], 1991 p. 471</ref> Another innovative concept was the [[battlecruiser]], as well armed as a battleship but faster. However, to achieve this the ship's armour was less compared to a battleship. The result was a potentially fatal weakness when fighting other capital ships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/battlecr.htm |title=British and German Battlecruisers of the First World War|publisher=World War I|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref>

The Royal Navy began developing submarines beginning on 4 February 1901. These submarines were ordered in late 1900 and were built by Vickers under a licensing agreement with the American [[Electric Boat Company]].<ref>Gardiner, Gray, and Budzbon, p. 86</ref> The first British [[Holland No. 1]] (Type 7) submarine (assembled by [[Vickers]]) was 63 feet 4 inches long.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-13277022 |title=Holland One submarine given engineering award |date=4 May 2011 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=4 May 2011}}</ref>

Major reforms of the British fleet were undertaken, particularly by Admiral [[John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher|Jackie Fisher]] as [[First Sea Lord]] from 1904 to 1909. During this period, 154 obsolete ships, including 17 battleships, were scrapped to make way for newer vessels. Reforms in training and gunnery were introduced to make good perceived deficiencies, which in part Tirpitz had counted upon to provide his ships with a margin of superiority. Changes in British foreign policy, such as [[the Great Rapprochement]] with the United States, the [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]], and the [[Entente Cordiale]] with France allowed the fleet to be concentrated in home waters. By 1906 the Royal Navy's only likely opponent was the Imperial German Navy.<ref>Herwig p. 48–50</ref>

In 1910, the [[Naval Intelligence Department (United Kingdom)|Naval Intelligence Department]] (NID) was shorn of its responsibility for war planning and strategy when the outgoing Fisher created the Navy War Council as a stop-gap remedy to criticisms emanating from the Beresford Inquiry that the Navy needed a naval staff—a role the NID had been in fact fulfilling since at least 1900, if not earlier. After this reorganisation, war planning and strategic matters were transferred to the newly created Naval Mobilisation Department and the NID reverted to the position it held prior to 1887—an intelligence collection and collation organisation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChpqA02Sa10C&q=%22Naval+Intelligence+Department%22+%22Navy+War+Council%22&pg=PT441|title=The First World War: Volume I: To Arms|first= Hew |last=Strachan|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199261918}}</ref>

Some countries from within the British Empire started developing their own navies. In 1910 the [[Royal Australian Navy]] and the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] came into being; local defence forces that would however operate within an overall imperial strategy led by the RN. All these reforms and innovations of course required a large increase in funding. Between 1900 and 1913 the Naval Estimates nearly doubled to total £44,000,000.<ref>The British Battle-Fleet, Fred T. Jane [1912], p354</ref>

==First World War, 1914–1918==
{{Main|Royal Navy during the First World War}}
{{See also|Naval warfare of World War I|History of the United Kingdom during the First World War}}

The accumulated tensions in international relations finally broke out into the hostilities of World War I. From the naval point of view, it was time for the massed fleets to prove themselves, but caution and manoeuvring resulted in few major engagements at sea. Although there was no decisive battle, the Royal Navy and the [[Kaiserliche Marine]] fought many small engagements: the [[Battle of Heligoland (1914)|Battle of Heligoland Bight]], the [[Battle of Coronel]], the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]], and the [[Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)|Battle of Dogger Bank]]. The one great confrontation came in 1916 with the [[Battle of Jutland]].<ref>Geoffrey Bennett, "The Battle of Jutland" ''History Today'' (June 1960) 10#6 pp 395-405.</ref> The British blockade and cut-off from international trade led to increasing public discontent and finally the [[German Revolution of 1918–1919|German Revolution of 1918–19]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weitz|first=Eric D.|title=Weimar Germany : promise and tragedy|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14096-4|edition=1st|location=Princeton, N.J.|oclc=276340728}}</ref> The British fighting advantage proved insurmountable, leading the [[High Seas Fleet]] to abandon any attempt to challenge British dominance.<ref>{{cite news|title= ''Distant Victory: The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War'', page XCIV |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VlTmHeEYgxsC&q=battle+of+jutland+germany+wanted+access+to+the+atlantic&pg=PA94|date= July 2006|publisher= Praeger Security International|isbn = 9780275990732|access-date= 30 May 2016}}</ref>

===Blockade of Germany===
{{Main|Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)
}}
The majority of the Royal Navy's strength was deployed at home in the [[Grand Fleet]], in an effort to [[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)|blockade Germany]] and to draw the [[Hochseeflotte]] (the German "High Seas Fleet") into an engagement where a decisive victory could be gained. The Navy's [[Northern Patrol]] and a mining program closed off access to the [[North Sea]], while the [[Dover Patrol]] closed off access to the English Channel. As well as closing off the Imperial German Navy's access to the Atlantic, the blockade largely blocked neutral merchant shipping heading to or from Germany. The blockade was maintained during the eight months after the armistice was agreed to force Germany to end the war and sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref>Osbourne, Eric W. (2004). ''Britain's Economic Blockade of Germany, 1914–1919''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-5474-4}}.</ref>

===Defending merchant shipping===
[[File:Stöwer U-Boot Truppentransporter.jpg|thumb|U-boat warfare, 1917]]
The most serious menace faced by the Navy came from the attacks on merchant shipping mounted by German [[U-boats]]. For much of the war this submarine campaign was restricted by [[prize rules]] requiring merchant ships to be warned and evacuated before sinking. In 1915 the Germans renounced these restrictions and began to sink merchant ships on sight but later returned to the previous [[rules of engagement]] to placate neutral opinion. A resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 raised the prospect of Britain and its allies being starved into submission. The Navy's response to this new form of warfare had proved inadequate due to its refusal to adopt a [[convoy]] system for merchant shipping, despite the demonstrated effectiveness of the technique in protecting troopships. The belated introduction of convoys sharply reduced losses and brought the U-boat threat under control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-naval-convoy-system-introduced|title=British naval convoy system introduced|date=28 October 2009 |publisher=History|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051642/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-naval-convoy-system-introduced|archive-date=31 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Energy was a critical factor for the British war effort. Most of the energy supplies came from [[Coal mining in the United Kingdom|coal mines in Britain]]. Critical however was the flow of oil for ships, lorries and industrial use. There were no oil wells in Britain so everything was imported. In 1917 total British consumption was 827 million barrels, of which 85% was supplied by the United States, and 6% by [[Mexico]].<ref>[[Harold F. Williamson]], ''The American Petroleum Industry: the Age of Energy 1899–1959 '' (1963) 2:267</ref> Fuel oil for the Royal Navy was the highest priority. In 1917 the Royal Navy consumed 12,500 tons a month, but had a supply of 30,000 tons a month from the [[Anglo-Persian Oil Company]], using their oil wells in [[Qajar Iran]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ronald W. Ferrier|author2=J. H. Bamberg|title=The History of the British Petroleum Company: Volume 1, The Developing Years, 1901–1932|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNBQnow_wbYC&pg=SL1-PA13|year=1982|publisher=Cambridge UP|pages=A–13|isbn=9780521246477}}</ref> The need for oil would also lead to the British colonisation of [[Mandatory Iraq|Iraq]] under a [[League of Nations mandate]] during the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]] at the end of the war.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Steiner|first=Zara|title=The lights that failed : European international history, 1919-1933|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-151881-2|location=Oxford|oclc=86068902}}</ref>

===Other campaigns===
At the start of the war the German Empire had armed cruisers scattered across the globe. The Royal Navy, along with the Royal Australian Navy, captured German colonies in the Pacific shortly after the outbreak of the war. This forced the German [[East Asia Squadron]] to abandon their base. With the wayward squadron now intending to attack shipping in the region, a small number of Royal Navy ships attempted to engage them at the Battle of Coronel, which resulted in significant British losses. The German East Asia Squadron was eventually defeated at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Battle of the Falkland Islands|date=5 November 2009 |publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History.com]] This Day in History|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-battle-of-the-falkland-islands}}</ref>

The Royal Navy was also heavily committed in the [[Dardanelles Campaign]] against the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/news/winston-churchills-world-war-disaster/ |title=Winston Churchill's World War Disaster|date=21 May 2014 |publisher=History|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref> It suffered heavy losses during a failed attempt to break through the system of minefields and shore batteries defending the straits.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jose |first=Arthur |year=1941 |orig-year=1928 |title=The Royal Australian Navy, 1914–1918 |edition=9th |series=Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 |volume=IX |chapter=Chapter 9, Service Overseas, East Africa, Dardanelles, North Atlantic |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |chapter-url=https://www.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1069730--1-.pdf |access-date=22 February 2017 |oclc=271462423}}</ref>

The Navy contributed the [[British 63rd (Royal Naval) Division|Royal Naval Division]] to the land forces of the [[Kitchener's Army|New Army]]. The Royal Marines took part in many operations including the raid on [[Zeebrugge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/war_sea_gallery_06.shtml|title=The Zeebrugge Raid|publisher=BBC|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>

The [[Royal Naval Air Service]] was formed in 1914 but was mainly limited to reconnaissance. Converted ships were initially used to launch aircraft with landings in the sea. The first purpose-built aircraft carrier was HMS ''Argus'', launched in 1918.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/great_britain/pages/aircraft_carriers/hms_argus_d49.htm|title=HMS Argus|publisher=Marimequest|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>

==Inter-war period, 1918–1939==
In 1921 the [[New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy]] were established as New Zealand force within the RN.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/royal-new-zealand-navy/second-world-war|title=The Royal New Zealand Navy|publisher=New Zealand History|access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>

===Disarmament and pay cuts, 1922–1935===
{{main|Washington Naval Conference}}
[[File:Washington Naval Treaty.jpg|thumb|The signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, 1922]]
In the wake of the First World War, there was an international movement to begin disarmament. The [[Washington Naval Treaty]] of 1922 imposed limits on individual ship tonnage and gun calibre, as well as total tonnage of the navy. The treaty, together with the deplorable financial conditions during the immediate post-war period and the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]], forced the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] to scrap all capital ships with a gun calibre under 13.5 inches and to cancel plans for new construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/naval-conference|title=The Washington Naval Conference, 1921–1922|publisher=Office of the historian|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref> Three of the {{sclass|Admiral|battlecruiser|1}}s had already been cancelled by the time the treaty was signed. The {{sclass|G3|battlecruiser|0}} of 16-inch battlecruisers and the {{sclass|N3|battleship|1}} of 18-inch battleships were cancelled. Also under the treaty, three "large light cruisers"—{{HMS|Glorious||2}}, {{HMS|Courageous|50|2}} and {{HMS|Furious|47|2}}—were converted to aircraft carriers. New additions to the fleet were therefore minimal during the 1920s, the only major new vessels being two {{sclass|Nelson|battleship|1}}s and fifteen {{sclass2|County|cruiser|1}}s and {{sclass|York|cruiser|0}} heavy cruisers.<ref>Marriott, p. 35</ref> This was followed by the 1930 [[London Naval Treaty]] which deferred new capital ship construction until 1937 and reiterated construction limits on cruisers, destroyers and submarines.<ref>John Maurer, and Christopher Bell, eds. ''At the crossroads between peace and war: the London Naval Conference in 1930'' (Naval Institute Press, 2014).</ref>

There were significant pay cuts in the 1920s, amounting to 25% for some. This culminated in the [[Invergordon Mutiny]] of 1931, with crews of various warships refused to sail on exercises, which caused great shock. This led to changes with the pay cuts reduced to 10%, though around 200 sailors were jailed in the aftermath.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-38340159|title=Respectful rebels: The Invergordon Mutiny and Granny's MI5 file|publisher=BBC|date=20 December 2016|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>

===One-power standard===
Faced with the expansion of the United States Navy, by 1922 the British navy adopted the "one-power standard",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1922/dec/06/naval-disarmament|title=NAVAL DISARMAMENT. (Hansard, 6 December 1922)|website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref> which saw the Royal Navy required to match the United States Navy in size.<ref name="auto"/> This change has sometimes been connected with the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922, however this is incorrect as the treaty limited maximum fleet scale, not minimum fleet scale.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Politics of Seapower: the 'One-Power Standard' and British Maritime Security|first=Christopher M.|last=Bell|editor-first=Christopher M.|editor-last=Bell|date=23 August 2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|pages=1–48|doi=10.1057/9780230599239_1|isbn=978-1-349-42246-3}}</ref> British naval supremacy was lost in 1943, when the United States Navy overtook the Royal Navy in size amid the Second World War.<ref name="Tread">{{cite book |last=Crocker III |first=H. W. |title=Don't Tread on Me |publisher=Crown Forum |year=2006 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/302 302] |isbn=978-1-4000-5363-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/302 }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title = (339) – Navy lists > 1913–1921, 1944–1945 – Quarterly > 1945 > July > Volume 3|url =https://digital.nls.uk/93495250|website = National Library of Scotland|access-date = 21 February 2016}}</ref>

===Tensions and arms race, 1937–1939===
{{Main|British re-armament}}
As international tensions increased in the mid-1930s the [[Second London Naval Treaty]] of 1935 failed to halt the development of a naval [[arms race]] and by 1938 treaty limits were effectively ignored. The re-armament of the Royal Navy was well under way by this point, with construction underway on the still treaty-affected new battleships and its first full-sized purpose-built [[aircraft carrier]]s. In addition to new construction, several existing old battleships, battlecruisers and heavy cruisers were reconstructed, and anti-aircraft weaponry reinforced, while new technologies, such as [[ASDIC]], [[Huff-Duff]] and [[hydrophones]], were developed. The Navy had lost control of naval aviation when the Royal Naval Air Service was merged with the [[Royal Flying Corps]] to form the [[Royal Air Force]] in 1918, but regained control of ship-board aircraft with the return of the [[Fleet Air Arm]] to Naval control in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fleetairarmoa.org/pages/fleet_air_arm_history/history.shtml |title=The History of the Fleet Air Arm Officers Association, FAAOA |work=fleetairarmoa.org |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418115613/http://www.fleetairarmoa.org/pages/fleet_air_arm_history/history.shtml |archive-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Navy made a show of force against [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|war in Abyssinia]], and operated in [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] to evacuate British citizens from cities under Japanese attack during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/7924/|first=Howe|last=Robert George |year=1939|title= Evacuation of British nationals from China in event of war with Japan|publisher=University of London|access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref>

==Second World War, 1939–1945==
{{Main|Royal Navy during the Second World War}}
{{See also|Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II|British World War II destroyers|Naval history of World War II}}

[[File:HM King George VI greeting the Flag Officers of the Home Fleet on board the flagship HMS DUKE OF YORK at Scapa Flow, 16 August 1943. A18577.jpg|thumb|King [[George VI]] and Admiral [[Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape|Bruce Fraser]] aboard {{HMS|Duke of York|17|6}} at [[Scapa Flow]], August 1943]]

At the start of the war in 1939, the Royal Navy was the largest in the world, with over 1,400 vessels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignRoyalNavy.htm |title=Royal Navy in 1939 and 1945 |publisher=Naval-history.net |date=8 September 1943 |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.nls.uk/97149228|title=1939 – Navy lists|website=National Library of Scotland|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref>
* 7 aircraft carriers – with 5 more under construction
* 15 battleships and battlecruisers – with 5 more under construction
* 66 cruisers – with 23 more under construction
* 184 destroyers – with 52 under construction
* 45 escort and patrol vessels – with 9 under construction and one on order
* 60 submarines – with 9 under construction

The Royal Navy suffered heavy [[List of Royal Navy losses in World War II|losses]] in the first two years of the war, including the carriers HMS ''Courageous'', ''Glorious'' and {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|2}}, the battleships {{HMS|Royal Oak|08|2}} and {{HMS|Barham|04|2}} and the battlecruiser {{HMS|Hood|51|2}} in the [[European Theatre of World War II|European Theatre]], and the carrier {{HMS|Hermes|95|2}}, the battleship {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|2}}, the battlecruiser {{HMS|Repulse|1916|2}} and the [[heavy cruisers]] {{HMS|Exeter|68|2}}, {{HMS|Dorsetshire|40|2}} and {{HMS|Cornwall|56|2}} in the [[Pacific War|Asian Theatre]]. Of the 1,418 men on the ''Hood'', only three survived its sinking.<ref>"[http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/history/ships/hms-hood-1920/index.htm HMS ''Hood'' 1920]". Royal Navy</ref> Over 3,000 people were lost when the converted [[troopship]] {{RMS|Lancastria}} was sunk in June 1940, the greatest maritime disaster in Britain's history.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Baron | first1 = Scott | last2 = Wise | first2 = James E. | title = Soldiers lost at sea: a chronicle of troopship disasters | url = https://archive.org/details/soldierslostatse0000wise | url-access = registration | publisher=Naval Institute Press | year = 2004 | page = [https://archive.org/details/soldierslostatse0000wise/page/100 100] | isbn = 1-59114-966-5}}</ref> There were however also successes against enemy surface ships, as in the battles of [[Battle of the River Plate|the River Plate]] in 1939, [[Battles of Narvik|Narvik]] in 1940 and [[Battle of Cape Matapan|Cape Matapan]] in 1941, and the sinking of the German capital ships {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck||2}} in 1941 and {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} in 1943.<ref>{{cite web| last = Fenton| first = Norman| date = 17 February 2011| title = The Sinking of the 'Scharnhorst', Wreck discovery| publisher = BBC| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/scharnhorst_01.shtml#four| access-date = 2 July 2012}}</ref>

The defence of the ports and harbours and keeping sea-lanes around the coast open was the responsibility of [[British Coastal Forces of World War II|Coastal Forces]] and the [[Royal Naval Patrol Service]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisisgrimsby.co.uk/TV-set-highlight-poignant-tales-wartime-minesweeper-heroes/story-11544113-detail/story.html|title=BBC2 tv show Coast records memories of Grimsby's wartime minesweepers. – Grimsby Telegraph|work=Grimsby Telegraph|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603125835/http://www.thisisgrimsby.co.uk/TV-set-highlight-poignant-tales-wartime-minesweeper-heroes/story-11544113-detail/story.html|archive-date=3 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1945===
{{Main|Battle of the Atlantic}}
The Navy's most critical struggle was the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] defending Britain's vital commercial supply lines against U-boat attack. A traditional convoy system was instituted from the start of the war, but German submarine tactics, based on group attacks by "[[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|wolf-packs]]", were much more effective than in the previous war, and the threat remained serious for well over three years. Defences were strengthened by deployment of purpose-built escorts, of [[escort carrier]]s, of long-range [[Maritime patrol aircraft|patrol aircraft]], improved [[anti-submarine weapon]]s and sensors, and by the deciphering of German [[Enigma machine|Enigma]] signals by the code-breakers of [[Bletchley Park]]. The threat was at last effectively broken by devastating losses inflicted on the U-boats in the spring of 1943. Intense convoy battles of a different sort, against combined air, surface and submarine threats, were fought off enemy-controlled coasts in [[Arctic convoys of World War II|the Arctic]], where Britain ran supply convoys through to Russia, and in the Mediterranean, where the struggle focused on [[Malta convoys|Convoys to Malta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbournestar.co.uk/Operation_Pedestal.html|title=Operation Pedestal|publisher=Melbourne Star|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223001713/http://www.melbournestar.co.uk/Operation_Pedestal.html|archive-date=23 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Operation Dynamo, 1940===
{{Main|Operation Dynamo}}
During one of the earliest phases of the War the Royal Navy provided critical cover during [[Operation Dynamo]], the British evacuations from [[Dunkirk]], and as the ultimate deterrent to a German invasion of Britain during the following four months. At [[Battle of Taranto|Taranto]], [[Andrew Browne Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope|Admiral Cunningham]] commanded a fleet that launched the first all-aircraft naval attack in history. Cunningham was determined that the Navy be perceived as the United Kingdom's most daring military force: when warned of risks to his vessels during the Allied evacuation after the [[Battle of Crete]] he said, "It takes the Navy three years to build a new ship. It will take three hundred years to build a new tradition. The evacuation will continue."<ref name= Churchill265>Churchill, Winston.''The Second World War. Vol. 2, Their Finest Hour.''1949 Houghton Mifflin Company:p. 229</ref>

===Amphibious operations===
[[File:Lci-convoy.jpg|thumb|Landing craft convoy crossing the [[English Channel]] in 1944]]
Naval supremacy was vital to the [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious operations]] carried out, such as the invasions of [[Operation Torch|Northwest Africa]], [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Sicily]], [[Allied invasion of Italy|Italy]], and [[operation Overlord|Normandy]]. The use of the [[Mulberry harbour]]s allowed the invasion forces to be kept resupplied.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historicaldocuments.weebly.com/hughes-war-plans.html|title=Hughes War Plans – Mulberry Harbours|work=Kaller Historical Documents|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> The successful invasion of Europe reduced the European role of the navy to escorting convoys and providing fire support for troops near the coast as at [[Walcheren]], during the [[battle of the Scheldt]].<ref name=VetAff>{{citation |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/second-world-war/scheldt#scheldt03 |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada. |title=The Battle of the Scheldt |access-date=10 August 2014 |date=14 April 2014}}</ref>

===Operations against Japan===
The [[East Indies Station|British Eastern Fleet]] had been withdrawn to [[East Africa]] because of Japanese incursions into the [[Indian Ocean in World War II|Indian Ocean]]. Despite opposition from the [[United States Fleet|U.S. Fleet]] Commander-in-Chief Admiral [[Ernest King]], the Royal Navy sent a large task force to the Pacific ([[British Pacific Fleet]]). This required the use of wholly different techniques, requiring a substantial fleet support train, resupply at sea and an emphasis on naval air power and defence. Their largest attack was as part of [[Operation Meridian]], striking oil refineries in [[Sumatra]] to deny Japanese access to supplies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/naval-obituaries/7897263/Lieutenant-Commander-David-Foster.html|title=Obituary:Lieutenant-Commander David Foster|date=18 July 2010|newspaper=Sunday Telegraph|access-date=18 July 2010}}</ref> The fleet supported allied forces during the [[Battle of Okinawa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-battle-of-okinawa|title=What You Need to Know About the Battle of Okinawa|website=Imperial War Museums}}</ref>

Had Japan not surrendered, the Royal Navy would have been part of [[Operation Downfall]] in 1946. The planned invasion and occupation of [[Kyushu]] would have been the largest amphibious landing ever conducted. The Royal Navy would have committed 18 aircraft carriers and 4 battleships to the action.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/11/06/the-campaign-to-conquer-japan-would-have-dwarfed-the-d-day-landings/|title=Operation Downfall — The Campaign to Conquer Japan Would Have Dwarfed the D-Day Landings – MilitaryHistoryNow.com|date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

===End of the war, and loss of naval supremacy===
By the end of the war the Royal Navy comprised over 4,800 ships. However, it had lost its position as the largest or equal largest navy in the world to the United States Navy in 1943.<ref name="Tread"/> The Royal Navy had become the second-largest fleet in the world, losing a supremacy that had been maintained for over a century.<ref name="auto1"/>

== Cold War era, 1945–1991 ==

[[File:HMS Charity (R29).jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Charity|R29}} off Korea in 1952]]
After the Second World War, the decline of the British Empire and the economic hardships in Britain forced the reduction in the size and capability of the Royal Navy. All of the pre-war ships (except for the [[Town class cruiser (1936)|Town-class]] light cruisers) were quickly retired and most sold for scrapping over the years 1945–48, and only the best condition ships (the four surviving [[King George V-class battleship (1939)|''King George V''-class battleships]], carriers, cruisers, and some destroyers) were retained and refitted for service. The increasingly powerful United States Navy took on the former role of the Royal Navy as global naval power and police force of the sea. The combination of the threat of the Soviet Union, and Britain's commitments throughout the world, created a new role for the Navy. Governments since the Second World War have had to balance commitments with increasing budgetary pressures, partly due to the increasing cost of weapons systems, what historian [[Paul Kennedy]] called the [[Upward Spiral]].<ref>Kennedy, 1989, pp. 570-1</ref>

Battleships were quickly disposed of, as they were very expensive to operate and maintain, but their only conceivable role after 1945 was [[shore bombardment]]. {{HMS|Vanguard|23|6}} (1946) was the last battleship constructed by any nation, and nicknamed "Britain’s Mightiest Mothball", as she saw only limited use, often for non-military purposes. A badminton court was constructed on the deck in 1947, for use by the royal family during her time as a royal yacht. It was the last British battleship when it was decommissioned in 1960. Rear-Admiral [[John Grant (Royal Navy officer)|John Grant]] commented at the time that "The battleship is out of date and has now been replaced as a capital ship of the fleet by the aircraft carrier".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.asp?ship_id=HMS-Vanguard-23|title=HMS Vanguard (23) Fast Battleship|website=www.militaryfactory.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navyhistory.org.au/hms-vanguard-the-battleship-that-never-arrived/|title=HMS Vanguard– The Battleship That Never Arrived|date=22 June 2016|website=Naval Historical Society of Australia}}</ref>

[[File:HMS Invincible (R05) Norfolk.jpg|thumb|right|{{HMS|Invincible|R05|6}}, an {{sclass|Invincible|aircraft carrier|2}}]]
A modest new construction programme was initiated with some new carriers ([[1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier|''Majestic''-]] and [[Centaur-class aircraft carrier|''Centaur''-class]] light carriers, and [[Audacious-class aircraft carrier|''Audacious''-class]] large carriers being completed between 1948 through 1958), along with three [[Tiger-class cruiser|''Tiger''-class]] cruisers (completed 1959–61), the [[Daring-class destroyer (1949)|''Daring''-class destroyers]] in the 1950s, and finally the [[County-class destroyer|County-class]] guided missile destroyers completed in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Purvis|first=M. K.|title=Post War RN Frigate and Guided Missile Destroyer Design 1944-1969|publisher=Royal Institution of Naval Architects (RINA)|year=1974}}</ref>

The Navy began plans to replace its fleet of aircraft carriers in the mid-1960s. A plan was drawn up for three large aircraft carriers, each displacing about 60,000 tons; the plan was designated [[CVA-01]]. These carriers would be able to operate the latest aircraft coming into service and keep the Royal Navy's place as a major naval power. [[Harold Wilson]]'s new [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] government that came to power in the [[1964 United Kingdom general election|1964 general election]] was determined to cut defence expenditure as a means to reduce public spending, and in the [[1966 Defence White Paper]] the project was cancelled.<ref>Eric J. Grove, ''Vanguard to Trident'', [[Naval Institute Press]]/The Bodley Head, London, 1987</ref> The existing carriers (all built during, or just after World War II) were refitted, two ({{HMS|Bulwark|R08|2}} and {{HMS|Albion|R07|2}}) becoming ''commando'' carriers, and four ({{HMS|Victorious|R38|2}}, {{HMS|Eagle|R05|2}}, and {{HMS|Ark Royal|R09|2}}) being completed or rebuilt. Starting in 1965 with {{HMS|Centaur|R06|2}}, one by one these carriers were decommissioned without replacement, culminating with the 1979 retirement of ''Ark Royal''. By the early 1980s, only {{HMS|Hermes|R12|2}} survived and received a refit (just in time for the [[Falklands War]]), to operate [[Sea Harriers]]. She operated along with three much smaller {{sclass|Invincible|aircraft carrier|2}}<nowiki/>s, and the fleet was now centred around anti-submarine warfare in the [[north Atlantic]] as opposed to its former position with worldwide strike capability. Along with the war era carriers, all of the war built cruisers and destroyers, along with the post-war built ''Tiger''-class cruisers and large County-class guided-missile destroyers were either retired or sold by 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldnavalships.com/directory/shipinfo.php?ShipID=894|title=HMS Antrim|publisher=World Naval Ships|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808231503/http://www.worldnavalships.com/directory/shipinfo.php?ShipID=894|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Korean War, 1950–1953===
{{Main|Korean War}}
The Royal Navy served in the [[Korean War]] as part of the [[British Commonwealth Forces Korea]] (BCFK), which also included forces from other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] nations such as Australia. Britain, like its allies, supported [[South Korea]] against invasion from the [[North Korea|North]]. The most significant naval engagement, the [[Battle of Chumonchin Chan]], took place on 2 July 1950, when four [[Korean People's Navy]] torpedo boats engaged a fleet of [[United Nations Command|UN Command]] ships, including {{HMS|Jamaica|44|6}} and ''[[HMS Black Swan]]''. All four North Korean vessels were sunk in ten minutes, and were never able to launch any torpedoes. The engagement would deter North Korea from further conflict with UN warships, though they continued to make use of coastal bombardment, with ''Jamaica'' struck by a shell on 8 July. While the ship survived, four artillerymen were killed and became the first British casualties in the war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://britains-smallwars.com/campaigns/korea/page.php?art_url=hms-jamacia-korea|title=H.M.S. Jamaica - Korea - Britain's Small Wars|website=britains-smallwars.com}}</ref>

The war did not see any further large engagements between ships, though there were engagements between minesweepers and other smaller ships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-british-and-american-cruisers-shut-down-north-korean-navy-10-minute-battle-1950-78866|title=How British and American Cruisers Shut Down the North Korean Navy in a 10-Minute Battle in 1950|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=7 September 2019|website=The National Interest}}</ref> Navy carriers would continue to provide support for [[Supermarine Seafire]]s, [[Fairey Firefly|Fairey Fireflies]] and [[Hawker Sea Fury|Hawker Sea Furies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/command-of-the-sea-the-naval-side-of-the-korean-war/|title=Command of the Sea: The Naval Side of the Korean War}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fleetairarm.com/exhibition/korean-war-1950-1953/2-7.aspx|title=Korean War|website=www.fleetairarm.com}}</ref>

===Suez Crisis, 1956===
{{Main|Operation Musketeer (1956)}}
[[Egypt–United Kingdom relations|British-Egyptian relations]] had soured considerably since the [[Egyptian revolution of 1952]]. The Egyptian government had signed arms treaties with [[Warsaw Pact]] states and increasingly moved against British goals in the region- and prime minister [[Anthony Eden]] privately wished to depose President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]].<ref>{{harvnb|Neff|1981|p=180}}</ref> When the Egyptian government [[nationalise]]d the Suez Canal, threatening Western access to a [[Choke point|strategically important waterway]], Egypt was invaded by Israel on 29 October.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.co.uk/this-day-in-history/29-october/israel-invades-egypt-suez-crisis-begins|title=Israel invades Egypt: Suez crisis begins|date=29 October 1956 |publisher=Sky History|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>

Anglo-French forces had begun gathering in the Mediterranean that August. In terms of Royal Navy assets, this included an aircraft carrier task group, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, minesweepers and an amphibious warfare squadron. The action began with a week long air assault, and when it became clear that paratroopers landing in [[Operation Telescope]] would be unable to occupy [[Port Said]] on their own, this was followed by a naval attack on 6 November. Following in behind their minesweepers, the fleet advanced on the Egyptian coast- this allowed them to avoid Russian mines which had been set in their path. The navy supported a successful amphibious landing, but the force failed to cripple the [[Egyptian Army|Egyptian army]], which had simply re-positioned back into the dense streets.<ref>''The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army'' (1994) p. 349</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-history.net/WXLG-Suez.htm|title=London Gazette Despatches - SUEZ CAMPAIGN - OPERATIONS IN EGYPT, November to December 1956|website=www.naval-history.net}}</ref>

While the operation had broadly met its military objectives, Britain and France faced an extreme negative response internationally, even from allies including the United States and Canada. The fact that the United States had refused to support the endeavour – not wishing to compromise wider Arab relations – exposed the weakness of Britain and France after their retreat. Britain in particular had lost its status as [[superpower]], and it accelerated the process of [[decolonisation]]. Most of the [[Decline of the British Empire|British Empire was broken up]] within a decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/03/25/british-empire-suez-coronavirus-america/|title=Perspective | The Suez crisis toppled the British Empire. The pandemic will bring down ours.|first=Stephen|last=Marche|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref>Adam Klug and Gregor W. Smith, 'Suez and Sterling', ''Explorations in Economic History'', Vol. 36, No. 3 (July 1999), pp. 181–203.</ref>

===Cod Wars, 1958–1976===
[[File:Scylla-Odinn.jpg|thumb|The collision of HMS Scylla and Odinn]]
The Royal Navy was involved in three confrontations with the [[Icelandic Coast Guard]] from 1958 to 1976. These largely bloodless incidents became known as the [[Cod Wars]], and were part of a dispute relating to fishing waters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/cod-wars.htm |title=Cod Wars |publisher=National Archives |access-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116074621/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/cod-wars.htm |archive-date=16 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Royal Navy ships were involved in attempts to cut the nets of Icelandic trawlers, and later equipped with ramming equipment to intentionally strike Icelandic ships. After Iceland [[Iceland–United Kingdom relations|ended diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom]] and threatened to withdraw from NATO, a peace settlement was reached. The conflict resulted in British recognition of an Icelandic economic zone over a large area of water. As the area in question was a prime fishing ground, the exclusive Icelandic access resulted in thousands of British job losses.<ref name="Guðmundsson2006">{{Cite journal|title = The Cod and the Cold War|last = Guðmundsson|first = Guðmundur J.|date = 2006|journal = Scandinavian Journal of History|volume = 31|issue = 2|pages = 97–118|doi = 10.1080/03468750600604184|s2cid = 143956818}}</ref>

===Polaris programme, 1962–1996===
[[File:British Polaris Missile - Imperial War Museum 1.jpg|thumb|Royal Navy Polaris missile, at the [[Imperial War Museum]]]]
{{Main|Polaris (UK nuclear programme)}}
In 1962 a new {{HMS|Dreadnought|S101|2}} became Britain's first nuclear-powered submarine. The following year, the [[Polaris Sales Agreement]] allowed Britain to purchase the [[Polaris missile]] from the United States, for the purpose of submarine based nuclear deterrent. The highly favourable terms came at a surprise to the British, and it represented a warming of [[United Kingdom–United States relations|relations]] which had been troubled in the immediate aftermath of the Suez crisis.<ref name="jstor2009841">{{cite journal|last1=Dawson |first1=R.|last2=Rosecrance|first2=R. |year=1966|title=Theory and Reality in the Anglo-American Alliance|journal=World Politics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=21–51|doi=10.2307/2009841|jstor=2009841|s2cid=155057300 }}</ref> In 1968 the first ballistic missile submarine {{HMS|Resolution|S22|2}} was commissioned, armed with the new missiles. The Royal Navy later became wholly responsible for the maintenance of the [[Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom|UK's nuclear deterrent]]. Even so, the Labour government had announced in 1966 that Britain would not mount major operations without the help of allies, and that the existing carrier force would be maintained into the 1970s. [[Christopher Mayhew]] and Sir [[David Luce]] resigned in protest, but to no avail. Britain withdrew from the [[east of Suez]], cancelling its planned CVA-01 large carrier, and other than Polaris focused on its NATO responsibilities of anti-submarine warfare, defending US Navy carrier groups in the [[GIUK gap]].<ref name="james19991">{{cite journal | url=http://www.naval-review.co.uk/issues/1999-1.pdf | title=Carrier 2000: A Consideration of Naval Aviation in the Millennium – I | author=James, D. R. | journal=The Naval Review | date=January 1999 | volume=87 | issue=1 | pages=3–8 | access-date=16 January 2012 | archive-date=26 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045355/http://www.naval-review.co.uk/issues/1999-1.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Polaris-armed submarines patrolled the North Atlantic from 1968 to 1996. The Polaris program was eventually abolished in favour of the newer [[Trident (missile)|Trident system]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Ministry of Defence |title=Fact sheet 4: Current system |series=The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent |url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/uk/doctrine/sdr06/FactSheet4.pdf |access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref>

===Beira Patrol, 1966–1975===
{{Main|Beira Patrol}}
With [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 217|UN support]], Britain applied sanctions on [[Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]) after it [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilaterally declared independence]] without meeting [[No independence before majority rule|preconditions]] including adopting [[racial equality]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=CHRON&coi=ZWE&rid=&docid=469f38f8c&skip=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416055626/http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=CHRON&coi=ZWE&rid=&docid=469f38f8c&skip=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2013|title=Refworld | Chronology for Europeans in Zimbabwe|date=16 April 2013|website=archive.vn}}</ref> After Rhodesia sought to circumvent an [[oil embargo]] by importing oil through the port of [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]] in [[Portuguese Mozambique]], the Royal Navy began a nine year blockade of the port- though they could not approach closer than the 6 nautical mile [[Territorial waters|territorial limit]]. Navy personnel boarded and questioned oil tankers arriving in the port, and after [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 221]], were authorised to use force against non compliant tankers. Approximately 80 Royal Navy ships were involved in the blockade at various points, including the aircraft carrier ''Ark Royal'', though the operation was scaled back after the [[independence of Madagascar]] in 1971 to only two ships, and the operation ended after Mozambique gained independence in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.helis.com/database/ops/33-Beira-Patrol|title=Beira Patrol|website=Helis.com}}</ref>

The patrol was a costly endeavour that was difficult to organise from a legal and political perspective, and failed to achieve its goals. It has been described as a "cautionary tale".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235155552|title=The Beira Patrol: Britain's Broken Blockade against Rhodesia|website=ResearchGate}}</ref>

===Falklands War, 1982===
[[File:HMS Invincible (R05).jpg|thumb|HMS ''Invincible'', one of the Royal Navy's ships during the Falklands War]]
The most important operation conducted predominantly by the Royal Navy after the Second World War was the defeat in 1982 of [[Argentina]] in the Falkland War. Only four days after the invasion on 2 April, a Task Force sailed for the South Atlantic, with other warships and support ships following. On 25 April the navy retook [[South Georgia]], crippling an [[Argentine Navy]] submarine called the [[ARA Santa Fe (S-21)|''Santa Fė'']].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/25/newsid_2503000/2503977.stm|title=1982: Marines land in South Georgia|date=25 April 1982 |publisher=BBC|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref> Despite losing four naval ships and other civilian and [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary|RFA]] ships the Royal Navy proved it was still able to fight a battle 8,345 miles (12,800 km) from Great Britain. {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|6}} is the only nuclear-powered submarine to have engaged an enemy ship with torpedoes, sinking the Argentine cruiser [[ARA General Belgrano|ARA ''General Belgrano'']].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/2/newsid_2480000/2480241.stm |work=BBC News | title=1982: British sub sinks Argentine cruiser | date=2 May 1982}}</ref>

===Operations after 1982===
{{See also|Structure of the Royal Navy in 1989}}
Between 1954 and 1971 the Royal Navy's geographical commands were merged into fewer but larger commands.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Gordon|title=Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947-2013: Summary of Fleet Organisation 1972-1981|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1947-2013.htm#4|website=www.naval-history.net|publisher=Gordon Smith |date=12 July 2015|accessdate=31 December 2017}}</ref>

In the Home and Mediterranean Fleets after 1951, flotillas became headquarters supervising multiple squadrons, to conform with American practice. The squadrons of the [[Home Fleet]] were grouped under a [[Flag Officer, Flotillas, Home Fleet]] becoming the main seagoing flag officer. A similar arrangement applied to the [[Flag Officer, Flotillas, Mediterranean Fleet]].<ref>Smith.2015.</ref> The Flag Officer [[5th Cruiser Squadron]] became [[Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet]] with similar seagoing duties.<ref>Smith.2015.</ref> Increasingly the term 'Submarine Flotilla' was used to describe the squadrons under command of the [[Rear Admiral Submarines|Flag Officer, Submarines]].<ref>Smith.2015.</ref> In 1967 the Home and Mediterranean Fleets were merged to form the [[Western Fleet (United Kingdom)|Western Fleet]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=John|title=Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy|date=2009|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, England|isbn=9781848320437|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNbZAwAAQBAJ&dq=Home+and+Mediterranean+Fleets+became+the+Western+Fleet&pg=PT61|language=en}}</ref>

By the end of 1969 the posts of Commanders-in-Chief at Portsmouth and Plymouth were unified into a single office of the [[Commander-in-Chief, Naval Home Command (Royal Navy)|Commander-in-Chief, Naval Home Command]] (CINCNAVHOME). The office was originally held by a [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|four star admiral]] responsible for ashore support in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-cO1BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |title=The Toothwrights' Tale A History of Dentistry in the Royal Navy 1964-1995|first= E. J.|last= Grant|year=2013|publisher=Chaplin Books|isbn=978-1909183315}}</ref>

In November 1971, further reductions resulted in the Western Fleet being amalgamated with the [[Far East Fleet]], resulting in a single operational Commander-in-Chief, [[Commander-in-Chief Fleet]] (CINCFLEET).<ref>Commander R. W. Moland RN (1972) ''One Fleet: A Structural Outline,'' The [[RUSI Journal]], 117:666, 17-20, DOI: 10.1080/03071847209429770</ref> He was a member of both the [[Admiralty Board|Admiralty]] and [[Navy Board (1964-present)|Navy]] Boards. This command was held by a [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|four star admiral]] were based at [[Northwood Headquarters]], in [[Middlesex, England|Middlesex]], on the outskirts of [[London]]. Between 1971 and the 1990s the Admiral supervised five flag officers: Flag Officer, Carriers and Amphibious Ships; Flag Officer, First Flotilla; Flag Officer, Second Flotilla, the submarines, and Flag Officer, Third Flotilla.<ref>Smith.2015.</ref> In 1992 Fleet Headquarters moved to [[Portsmouth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1992/march/world-navies-1992|title=World Navies in 1992|first= Norman |last=Friedman|date=1 March 1992|publisher=US Naval Institute|access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>

Between 1990 and 1992 the system was changed. The Third Flotilla was abolished and the remaining two flotillas were re-designated. The Surface Flotilla under the Flag Officer, Surface Flotilla (FOSF) became responsible for operational readiness and training.<ref>Smith.2015.</ref> The other officer, [[Commander United Kingdom Task Group]] (COMUKTG), would command any larger specially deployed naval force.<ref>Smith.2015.</ref>

From 2004 CINCFLEET was based at {{HMS|Excellent}} at Portsmouth. In April 2012 CINCFLEET and CINCNAVHOME were downgraded from full Admirals to Vice-Admirals and their roles redesignated. The new titles were [[Fleet Commander]] and [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (United Kingdom)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-fleet-commander-appointed-to-royal-navy|title=New Fleet Commander appointed to Royal Navy|publisher=Ministry of Defence|date=5 December 2012| access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>

In the latter stages of the [[Cold War]], the Royal Navy was reconfigured with three [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) aircraft carriers and a force of frigates and [[destroyer]]s. Its purpose was to search for and destroy [[Soviet Navy|Soviet]] submarines in the North Atlantic. There were also mine countermeasures and submarine forces as well as support ships. As the Cold War ended, the Royal Navy fought in the [[Gulf War]] against [[Iraq]], with [[Sea Skua]] anti-ship missiles sinking a large proportion of the [[Iraqi Navy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pokrant|first=Marvin |title=Desert Storm at sea: what the Navy really did |url=https://archive.org/details/desertstormatsea00pokr |url-access=registration|quote=HMS Cardiff.|publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/desertstormatsea00pokr/page/58 58] |isbn=0-313-31024-6 |access-date=12 March 2008}}</ref>

==Since 1991==
[[File:3rd Minecountermeasures squadron in Persian Gulf.jpeg|thumb|Royal Navy ships in the Persian Gulf during 1998]]
With the [[Cold War (1985–1991)|end of the Cold War]], and the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|end of the Soviet submarine threat]], the objectives and purpose of the Royal navy changed significantly. Major cutbacks were made over the following decades, with around half of the submarine fleet disposed of by 1995. The [[Women's Royal Naval Service|WRNS]] was amalgamated with the RN in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrens.org.uk/history.php|title=History of the Women's Royal Naval Service and its integration into the Royal Navy|publisher=Women's Royal Naval Service Association|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222052753/http://www.wrens.org.uk/history.php|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Strategic Defence Review (1998)|Strategic Defence Review]] of 1998 further reduced the size of the surface fleet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/65F3D7AC-4340-4119-93A2-20825848E50E/0/sdr1998_complete.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121026065214/www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/65F3D7AC-4340-4119-93A2-20825848E50E/0/sdr1998_complete.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2012 |title=1998 Strategic Defence Review:Full report|publisher=National Archives|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>

The [[British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War]] highlighted several oversights in naval policy at the time, including a need for Britain to [[Power projection|project power]] outside the [[Middle East]]. This led to the 2003 [[Delivering Security in a Changing World]]<ref name="auto2">Dorman, p. 48.</ref> white paper, which promised a somewhat brighter long-term future for the Navy, putting in place the largest naval procurement programme since the end of the Second World War in order to enhance and rebuild the fleet, with a view to bringing the Navy's capabilities into the 21st century, and restructuring the fleet from a North Atlantic-based, large anti-submarine force into a true [[blue water navy]] once more. Whilst several smaller vessels were to be withdrawn from service, it was confirmed that two new large aircraft carriers would be constructed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo040721/debtext/40721-08.htm|title=Delivering Security in a Changing World: Future Capabilities|publisher=UK Parliament|date=21 July 2004|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref> New and more capable ships were built; notably the [[Type 42 destroyer|''Sheffield''-class destroyers]], the [[Type 21 frigate|Type 21]], [[Type 22 frigate|Type 22]], and [[Type 23 frigate|Type 23]] frigates, new LPDs of the {{sclass|Albion|landing platform dock|4}}, and {{HMS|Ocean|L12|6}}, but never in the numbers of the ships that they replaced. As a result, the Royal Navy surface fleet continues to reduce in size.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/the-decline-of-the-royal-navy|title=The Decline of the Royal Navy|date=8 October 2016|publisher=Maritime Executive|access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref>

[[File:HMS Cardiff Marines 2002 2.JPEG|thumb|Royal Navy personnel guard the crew of an Iraqi oil tanker during Maritime Interdiction Operations supporting United Nations sanctions, in 2002.]]

From 2001, Britain became engaged in several long running conflicts in Afghanistan, the [[Middle East and North Africa]], including hostilities in Syria, Iraq, and Libya. These wars largely stem from the [[September 11 attacks]], and the [[Arab Spring]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14159824|title=Arab Spring standby role for HMS Albion|publisher=BBC|date=15 July 2011}}</ref> Some of these conflicts are also considered part of the [[War on terror|global war on terrorism]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/26/politics/26strategy.html?_r=0 |title=U.S. Officials Retool Slogan for Terror War|newspaper=New York Times|date=26 July 2005|author=Eric Schmitt|author2=Thom Shanker}}</ref>

===Trident programme, 1994- present===
{{Main|Trident (UK nuclear programme)}}
With the retirement of the Polaris missile planned for the mid 1990s, Trident was designed in the later stages of the Cold War as a continuing submarine-launched British [[Nuclear deterrent]]. The project was intended to defend against an attack from the Warsaw Pact nations—a foe which had disbanded by the time the first Trident missiles ultimately entered service in 1994, aboard {{HMS|Vanguard|S28|6}}. Following the retirement of the [[WE.177]] bomb in 1998, Trident became the only British nuclear programme in operation. The submarines are based at [[HMNB Clyde]], on the west coast of Scotland. Particularly since the end of the Cold War, the programme has seen public opposition, notably from the [[Scottish National Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snp.org/policies/pb-do-the-snp-support-trident-renewal/|title=Do the SNP support Trident renewal?|date=24 November 2015|website=Scottish National Party}}</ref> The UK parliament voted to renew Trident in 2016, an action which extended the programme into the 2030s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36830923|title=MPs vote to renew Trident weapons system|work=BBC News |date=19 July 2016}}</ref>

===Sierra Leone, 2000===
{{main|Operation Palliser}}

The [[Sierra Leone Civil War]] (1991–2002) saw a brief British military intervention in 2000. {{HMS|Norfolk|F230|6}} was stationed in nearby international waters from 1999 over humanitarian concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/256461.stm|title=UK frigate arrives at Sierra Leone|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> A larger Royal Navy flotilla supported UN troops in late 2000, but only remained in the area for a few weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/royal-navy-task-force-dispatched-to-sierra-leone-634670.html|title=Royal Navy task force dispatched to Sierra Leone|date=31 October 2000|website=The Independent}}</ref> The intervention took place late in the Civil War, and while successful it demonstrated issues with post- cold war naval policy that had not been addressed in the 1998 Strategic Defence Review (SDR). The document had not foreseen a need for British involvement in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] on that scale. This was one of the reasons for the change of direction in naval policy offered by the 2003 paper "Delivering Security in a Changing World".<ref name="auto2"/>

===Afghanistan, 2001–2014===
{{main|Operation Herrick}}
An international coalition [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|invaded Afghanistan]] in the wake of the 11 September attacks. With Afghanistan being a [[landlocked]] country, the navy was involved less than other branches of the British armed forces. However, 1,000 navy personnel were deployed in [[Helmand Province]] in 2008, due to a shortage of troops with specialist skills. The navy personnel worked in support roles such as radio operators, drivers, and medics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2474884/Troop-shortages-force-Navy-to-plug-gaps-in-Afghanistan.html|title=Troop shortages force Navy to plug gaps in Afghanistan|first=Thomas |last=Harding |date=30 July 2008|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> From 2006 to 2014, the navy personnel were also responsible for repair work for aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/january/22/150122-vital-support-in-afghanistan|title=Vital support in Afghanistan | Royal Navy|website=www.royalnavy.mod.uk}}</ref> The navy was not part of [[Operation Toral]], the continued British presence in Afghanistan, with all [[Helmand province campaign|Helmand]] troops withdrawn in 2014. The withdrawal took place amidst significant debate about the rationale, impact, and [[British Forces casualties in Afghanistan since 2001|casualties of the war in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-29784195|title=Last British troops leave Helmand|work=BBC News |date=27 October 2014}}</ref>

===Iraq war, 2003–2011===
{{main|Operation Telic}}
[[File:HMS EDINBURGH D97 on patrol in the Northern Arabian Gulf. 08-03-2003 MOD 45142511.jpg|thumb|[[HMS Edinburgh (D97)| HMS ''Edinburgh'']] on patrol in the gulf, March 2003]]
The Navy took part in the [[Iraq War|2003 Iraq War]] as part of [[Operation Telic]] under Commander [[David Snelson]]. The Navy was both involved in the 2003 invasion as well as the subsequent insurgency period. This conflict saw RN warships [[Naval artillery|bombard]] positions in support of the [[Al Faw Peninsula]] landings by Royal Marines.<ref>Ballantyne, p. 204</ref> {{HMS|Splendid|S106|6}} and {{HMS|Turbulent|S87|3}} launched a number of [[BGM-109 Tomahawk|Tomahawk]] [[cruise missile]]s at targets in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3075011.stm |title=Hero's welcome for sub crew|work=[[BBC News]]|date=17 July 2003|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> By the later stages of the operation the navy was present in a training capacity, working with Iraqi sailors. The war also saw two major international incidents caused by Iranian capture of Royal Navy personnel in the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/gulf-challenge-irans-seizure-of-british-naval-personnel|title=Gulf Challenge: Iran's Seizure of British Naval Personnel|date=26 March 2007|publisher=Washington Institute|access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>

In 2004, Iranian armed forces [[2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel|took Royal Navy personnel prisoner]], including Royal Marines, on the [[Shatt al-Arab]] (Arvand Rud in Persian) river, between Iran and Iraq. They were released three days later following diplomatic discussions between the UK and Iran.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3835313.stm |title=Iran releases British servicemen |work=BBC News|date=24 June 2004 |access-date=4 April 2007}}</ref> In August 2005 the Royal Navy rescued seven Russians stranded in a submarine off the [[Kamchatka peninsula]]. Using its [[Scorpio 45]], a remote-controlled mini-sub, the submarine was freed from the fishing nets and cables that had held the Russian submarine for three days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4128716.stm|title=UK sub saves sailors from death|publisher=BBC|date=7 August 2005|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>

In 2007, Iranian armed forces also [[2007 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel|took prisoner]] Royal Navy personnel, including Royal Marines, when a boarding party from {{HMS|Cornwall|F99|6}} was seized in the waters between Iran and Iraq, in the Persian Gulf. They were released thirteen days later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.leedstoday.net/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2231928&SectionID=39|title=Sailors reunited – inquiry starts|work=[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]|date=6 April 2007|access-date=6 April 2007}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Royal Navy was also involved in an [[November 11, 2008 incident off Somalia|incident involving Somali pirates]] in November 2008, after the pirates tried to capture a civilian vessel.<ref>{{cite web| last = Crilly| first = Rob|author2= Evans, Michael| title = Royal Navy in firefight with Somali pirates| work=[[The Times]]| date = 12 November 2008| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5141745.ece| access-date = 14 November 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081123234848/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5141745.ece| archive-date= 23 November 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

While most British forces were recalled in 2009, 81 Royal Navy personnel were present in [[Umm Qasr]] for training purposes until their final withdrawal in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-13488078|title=UK's Iraq military campaign ends|work=BBC News |date=22 May 2011}}</ref>

===Strategic Review Cuts, 2010–2020===
The navy faced significant cuts following the [[Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010]], amid wider [[United Kingdom government austerity programme|austerity in the United Kingdom]] during the 2010s. The review reduced the number of personnel by 5,000 to a total of 30,000. A 2013 report found that the navy was already too small, and that Britain would have to depend on her allies if her territories were attacked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/385142/Royal-Navy-is-now-too-small-to-protect-Britain|title=Royal Navy is now 'too small' to protect Britain.|author=John Ingham|work=Express|date=18 March 2013 |access-date=23 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023222150/http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/385142/Royal-Navy-is-now-too-small-to-protect-Britain|archive-date=23 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> These losses were partially mitigated in the [[Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015|2015 review]] which added 400 personnel, due to "concern about the ability of the armed forces to fulfil all the tasks expected of them".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7235/|title=The 2015 SDSR: a primer|first=Louisa|last=Brooke-Holland|date=19 November 2015|via=commonslibrary.parliament.uk}}</ref> The surface fleet was reduced by 9 ships to 19 over the period. The decommission of the ''[[HMS Ark Royal (R07)|Ark Royal]]'' was brought forward to 2011, leaving the navy [[Timeline of aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy|without a commissioned aircraft carrier for the first time]] since they were introduced to the fleet in 1918. Capability was restored with the commission of ''[[HMS Queen Elizabeth]]'' in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9531606/Flagship-aircraft-carrier-Ark-Royal-to-be-sold-for-scrap.html|title=Flagship aircraft carrier Ark Royal to be sold for scrap|first=Thomas|last=Harding|date=9 September 2012|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/62482/strategic-defence-security-review.pdf|title=Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> The reviews also resulted in a significant reduction in defence estate, with approximately 30% of MoD estate to be disposed in the period. This included a small amount of the naval estate, including ''[[HMS Sultan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mod-estate-rationalisation-plan/mod-estate-rationalisation-plan|title=MOD estate optimisation strategy|website=GOV.UK}}</ref>

===First Libyan civil war, 2011===
{{main|Operation Ellamy}}
The Royal Navy was among the British forces that took part in the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military intervention in Libya]]. The operation began on 19 March, two days after [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973]], which granted the international mandate for the action. The Navy was involved on several levels - this included submarine-launched missile strikes,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/libya-update--2|title=Libya update|website=GOV.UK}}</ref> particularly in the early stages of the fighting, and evacuation of civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-cumberland-deploys-to-libyan-coast|title=HMS Cumberland deploys to Libyan coast|website=GOV.UK}}</ref> {{HMS|Liverpool|D92|6}} was attacked by a shore battery during the fighting, the first time a Royal Navy ship had been fired at since the Falklands War in 1982. ''Liverpool'' destroyed the battery with her main gun, along with a munitions convoy later that day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navaltoday.com/2011/08/17/uk-warships-gun-halts-resupply-convoy/|title=UK: Warship's Gun Halts Resupply Convoy|date=17 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navynews.co.uk/archive/news/item/2451|title=Navy News - Reporting from the Fleet|date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606220723/https://navynews.co.uk/archive/news/item/2451|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> The operation concluded on 31 October, shortly after the [[Death of Muammar Gaddafi|death of Gaddafi]] which concluded the civil war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/end-of-libya-operations-announced-by-nato|title=End of Libya operations announced by NATO|publisher=Ministry of Defence|date=28 October 2011|access-date=27 August 2020}}</ref>

===War on ISIL, 2014–present===
{{main|Operation Shader}}
The 2014 rise of the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] resulted in British military intervention under [[Operation Shader]]. This drew the Royal Navy back into Libyan and Iraqi waters, which it had withdrawn from only three years previously. In Libya this was in order to evacuate civilians<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2014/august/04/140804-enterprise-libya|title=Royal Navy evacuates Britons from Libya|website=www.royalnavy.mod.uk}}</ref> while in Iraq and Syria this was to support air strikes. During the initial hostilities, HMS ''Defender'' took on the role of escort in the gulf for the ''[[USS George H W Bush]]'', while other ships acted from the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite news|title=HMS Diamond sails for maritime security mission in the Mediterranean|url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2018/september/29/180929-hms-diamond-sails|agency=Royal Navy|date=29 September 2018}}</ref>

==Trends in ship strength==
In numeric terms the Royal Navy has significantly reduced in size since the 1960s, reflecting the reducing requirement of the state. This raw figure does not take into account the increase in technological capability of the Navy's ships, but it does show the general reduction of capacity.<ref name="UKNDABlackham">{{cite journal |author=Vice-Admiral Sir [[Jeremy Blackham]] |title=The Royal Navy at the Brink |version=1 |publisher=[[Royal United Services Institute]] |date=13 March 2007 |url=http://www.uknda.org/docs/uknda_royal_navy_at_the_brink.pdf |access-date=10 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710014719/http://www.uknda.org/docs/uknda_royal_navy_at_the_brink.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2007 }}</ref> The following table is a breakdown of the fleet numbers since 1960. The separate types of ship and how their numbers have changed are shown.<ref name="DASA and Conways">created from data found at {{cite web |url=http://www.dasa.mod.uk/natstats/natstatsindex.html |title=UK defence statistics |publisher=MOD |access-date=3 August 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609204819/http://www.dasa.mod.uk/natstats/natstatsindex.html  |archive-date = 9 June 2007}} and ''Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995''</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
! style="width:50px; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Year<ref name="DASA and Conways"/>
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"| Submarines
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Carriers
! style="width:50px; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Assault ships
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"| Surface combatants
! style="width:50px; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Mine countermeasure vessels
! style="width:50px; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Patrol ships and craft
! style="width:50px; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Total
|- valign="top"
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| Total
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| SSBN
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| SSN
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| SS & SSK
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| Total
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| CV
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| CV(L)
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| Total
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| Cruisers
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| Destroyers
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| Frigates
|- valign="top"
| align=left |1960
| align=right|48
| align=right|0
| align=right|0
| align=right|48
| align=right|9
| align=right|6
| align=right|3
| align=right|0
| align=right|145
| align=right|6
| align=right|55
| align=right|84
| style="text-align:right; background:#e8e8ff;"|?
| style="text-align:right; background:#e8e8ff;"|?
| align=right|202
|- valign="top"
| align=left |1965
| align=right|47
| align=right|0
| align=right|1
| align=right|46
| align=right|6
| align=right|4
| align=right|2
| align=right|0
| align=right|117
| align=right|5
| align=right|36
| align=right|76
| style="text-align:right; background:#e8e8ff;"|?
| style="text-align:right; background:#e8e8ff;"|?
| align=right|170
|- valign="top"
| align=left |1970
| align=right|42
| align=right|4
| align=right|3
| align=right|35
| align=right|5
| align=right|3
| align=right|2
| align=right|2
| align=right|97
| align=right|4
| align=right|19
| align=right|74
| style="text-align:right; background:#e8e8ff;"|?
| style="text-align:right; background:#e8e8ff;"|?
| align=right|146
|- valign="top"
| align=left |1975
| align=right|32
| align=right|4
| align=right|8
| align=right|20
| align=right|3
| align=right|1
| align=right|2
| align=right|2
| align=right|72
| align=right|2
| align=right|10
| align=right|60
| align=right|43
| align=right|14
| align=right|166
|- valign="top"
| align=left |1980
| align=right|32
| align=right|4
| align=right|11
| align=right|17
| align=right|3
| align=right|0
| align=right|3
| align=right|2
| align=right|67
| align=right|1
| align=right|13
| align=right|53
| align=right|36
| align=right|22
| align=right|162
|- valign="top"
| align=left |1985
| align=right|33
| align=right|4
| align=right|14
| align=right|15
| align=right|4
| align=right|0
| align=right|4
| align=right|2
| align=right|56
| align=right|0
| align=right|15
| align=right|41
| align=right|45
| align=right|32
| align=right|172
|- valign="top"
| align=left |1990
| align=right|31
| align=right|4
| align=right|17
| align=right|10
| align=right|3
| align=right|0
| align=right|3
| align=right|2
| align=right|49
| align=right|0
| align=right|14
| align=right|35
| align=right|41
| align=right|34
| align=right|160
|- valign="top"
| align=left |1995
| align=right|16
| align=right|4
| align=right|12
| align=right|0
| align=right|3
| align=right|0
| align=right|3
| align=right|2
| align=right|35
| align=right|0
| align=right|12
| align=right|23
| align=right|18
| align=right|32
| align=right|106
|- valign="top"
| align=left |2000
| align=right|16
| align=right|4
| align=right|12
| align=right|0
| align=right|3
| align=right|0
| align=right|3
| align=right|3
| align=right|32
| align=right|0
| align=right|11
| align=right|21
| align=right|21
| align=right|23
| align=right|98
|- valign="top"
| align=left |2005
| align=right|15
| align=right|4
| align=right|11
| align=right|0
| align=right|3
| align=right|0
| align=right|3
| align=right|2
| align=right|28
| align=right|0
| align=right|9
| align=right|19
| align=right|16
| align=right|26
| align=right|90
|- valign="top"
| align=left |2010
| align=right|12
| align=right|4
| align=right|8
| align=right|0
| align=right|3
| align=right|0
| align=right|3
| align=right|3
| align=right|24
| align=right|0
| align=right|7
| align=right|17
| align=right|16
| align=right|23
| align=right|78
|- valign="top"
| align=left |2015
| align=right|10
| align=right|4
| align=right|6
| align=right|0
| align=right|0
| align=right|0
| align=right|0
| align=right|3
| align=right|19
| align=right|0
| align=right|6
| align=right|13
| align=right|15
| align=right|23
| align=right|70
|- valign="top"
| align=left |2020
| align=right|11
| align=right|4
| align=right|7
| align=right|0
| align=right|2
| align=right|2
| align=right|0
| align=right|2
| align=right|19
| align=right|0
| align=right|6
| align=right|13
| align=right|13
| align=right|30
| align=right|77
|-
|2025
| align=right|9
| align=right|4
| align=right|5
| align=right|0
| align=right|2
| align=right|2
| align=right|0
| align=right|0
| align=right|14
| align=right|0
| align=right|6
| align=right|8
| align=right|7
| align=right|29
| align=right|61
|}
* 'Patrol ships and craft' as of 2025 include: 8 Offshore Patrol Vessels, 1 Survey Ship, 1 Survey Motor Launch, 1 Icebreaker and 18 Patrol Boats.
* Current figures exclude the main 13 auxiliary support vessels currently used by the [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]] that provide at sea replenishment, as sea maintenance if required, some patrol tasks acting as "mothership" and also form as a main logistics transport fleet, utilising vessels such as the [[Bay-class landing ship]] and others.

==Royal Navy timeline and battles==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* 1701–1713 [[War of the Spanish Succession]]
* 1718–1720 [[War of the Quadruple Alliance]]
* 1740–1748 [[War of the Austrian Succession]]
* 1754–1763 [[Great Britain in the Seven Years' War|Seven Years' War]]
* 1775–1783 [[Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] (against France 1778-1783.)
* 1793–1802 [[French Revolutionary Wars]]
* 1803–1815 [[United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars|Napoleonic Wars]]
* 1808–1856 The [[West Africa Squadron]] suppresses the Atlantic slave trade.
* 1812–1814 [[War of 1812]]
* 1821 First [[paddle steamer]] for auxiliary use
* 1827 [[Battle of Navarino]] is the last fleet action between wooden sailing ships.
* 1839–1842 [[Opium War]]
* 1840 First [[Propeller|screw]]-driven warship, {{HMS|Rattler|1843|2}}
* 1853–1856 [[Crimean War]]
* 1856–1860 [[Second Opium War]]
* 1860 First iron-hulled armoured battleship, {{HMS|Warrior|1860|2}}
* 1902 First British [[submarine]], {{HMS|Holland 1||6}}
* 1905 First [[steam turbine]]-powered "all big-gun" [[battleship]], {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|2}}
* 1914–1918 [[Naval warfare of World War I|First World War]]
* 1918 First true [[aircraft carrier]], {{HMS|Argus|I49|6}}
* 1918–1920 [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Russian Civil War]]
* 1931 [[Invergordon Mutiny]]
* 1939–1945 [[Battle of the Atlantic]]
* 1940 [[Norwegian Campaign]]
* 1940 [[Dunkirk evacuation]]
* 1940–1944 [[Battle of the Mediterranean]]
* 1941–1945 [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Arctic Convoys]]
* 1941–1945 [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asian Theatre]]
* 1944 [[Normandy landings]]
* 1944–1945 [[British Pacific Fleet]]
* 1946 [[Corfu Channel Incident]]
* 1949 {{HMS|Amethyst|F116|2}} incident on the [[Yangtze River]]
* 1950–1953 [[Korean War]]
* 1956 [[Suez Crisis]]
* 1958–1976 [[Cod Wars]]
* 1959 The last battleship, {{HMS|Vanguard|23|2}}, is decommissioned.
* 1962–1966 [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]]
* 1963 First British [[nuclear submarine]], {{HMS|Dreadnought|S101|2}}
* 1966–1975 [[Beira Patrol]] against [[Rhodesia]]
* 1977 [[Operation Journeyman]] to guard the [[Falkland Islands]]
* 1980–2002 [[Armilla patrol]] in the [[Persian Gulf]]
* 1982 [[Falklands War]]
* 1991 [[Gulf War|First Gulf War]]
* 1999 [[Operation Allied Force|Operation Allied Force – Kosovo conflict]]
* 2000 [[Operation Palliser]] – [[Sierra Leone]]
* 2001–2014 [[Operation Herrick|Operation Herrick – Afghanistan Campaign]]
* 2002–present [[Combined Maritime Forces]] in the [[Indian Ocean]]
* 2003–2009 [[Operation Telic|Operation Telic – Invasion of Iraq]]
* 2011 [[Operation Ellamy]] – [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]]
* 2014–present [[Operation Shader]] – [[Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Articles of War (Royal Navy)]] superseded by the [[Armed Forces Act 2006]]
* [[History of the Royal Marines]]
* [[History of the Royal Naval Reserve]]
* [[List of ships and sailors of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of all naval vessels current and former of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Maritime history of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Naval history]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
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* {{cite book|last=Barrow|first=Geoffrey Wallis Steuart |title=Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland|publisher=Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-7486-2022-2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Benn |first=Carl |date=2002 |title=The War of 1812 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-466-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Brooks|first=David|title=Gladstone Centenary Essays: Gladstone's Fourth Administration, 1892–1894, David Bebbington and Roger Swift (eds.)|publisher=Liverpool University Press|year= 2000|isbn=978-0853239352 |ref=none}}
* Brown, David (1987). ''The Royal Navy and Falklands War''. Barnsley, England: Pen and Sword. {{ISBN|9781473817791}}.
* {{cite book|last1=Day|first1= Lance|last2=McNeil|first2= Ian|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8TsygLyfSMC&q=the+aberdeen+1881+napiers&pg=PA694 |title=Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-02829-2 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Dorman|first=Andrew M.|title=Blair's Successful War: British Military Intervention in Sierra Leone|year=2009|location=Farnham|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-7299-9 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last1=Durston|first1=Gregory|title=The Admiralty Sessions, 1536-1834: Maritime Crime and the Silver Oar|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443873611|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVwpDwAAQBAJ&q=Admiral+of+the+North+and+Admiral+of+the+West+were+unified+with+Lord+High+Admiral&pg=PA4|language=en |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Fissel |first= Mark Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHu7AAAAIAAJ |title=War and government in Britain, 1598-1650|publisher=Manchester University Press |year= 1991 |isbn=0-7190-2887-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Gardiner|first=Robert|author2=Gray, Randal |author3=Budzbon, Przemyslaw |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921|year=1985|location=[[Annapolis, Maryland|Annapolis]]|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-907-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Gardiner|first=Robert|title=The Line of Battle: The Sailing Warship 1650-1840|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0851779546}}
* {{cite book|last=Grantham|first=John|title=Iron, as a material for ship-building; being a communication to the Polytechnic society of Liverpool |publisher=Rare Books|year=2012|isbn=978-1130800548}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hamley |first=Sir Edward Bruce |title=Voltaire |year=1877 |publisher=Wm. Blackwood & Sons |location=Edinburgh; London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110265 |access-date=1 October 2011 }}
* {{Cite book|last1=Harbottle|first1=Thomas Benfield |last2=Bruce|first2=George |title=Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles|edition= second|year=1979|publisher=Granada|isbn=0-246-11103-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Heathcote|first=Tony|title=The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995|publisher=Pen & Sword Ltd |year=2002 |isbn=0-85052-835-6}}
* {{cite book|last= Herwig |first=Holger H.|title=Luxury Fleet, The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918 |publisher=The Ashfield Press |location=London |year=1980 |isbn= 0-948660-03-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Hickey |first=Donald R. |author-link=Donald R. Hickey |title=The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict |year=1989 |location=Urbana; Chicago |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=0-252-01613-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/warof1812forgo00hick |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Paul|title=The Rise and Fall of Great Powers |url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00paul|url-access=registration|publisher=London: Fontana|year=1989|isbn=978-0049090194}}
* {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert |date=1998 |title=The Wars of America |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=0-06-012571-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Lyon|first=David|title=The First Destroyers|publisher=Chatham Publishing|year=1996|isbn=1-55750-271-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Marley|first=David|title=Wars of the Americas, a Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=1998|isbn=9780874368376}}
* {{cite book|last=Marriott|first=Leo|title=Treaty Cruisers: The first international warship building competition|publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime, Barnsley|year=2005|isbn=1-84415-188-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Massie |first=Robert | author-link=Robert K. Massie |title=[[Dreadnought (book)|Dreadnought]] |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=1992|isbn=0-345-37556-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Neff |first=Donald |date=1981 |title=Warriors at Suez : Eisenhower takes America into the Middle-East |location= New York |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-41010-0}}
* {{cite book |last= Ollard |first= Richard Lawrence |title= Pepys: A biography|publisher=Atheneum|year=1984|isbn= 978-0689706790}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pappalardo |first=Bruno |date=2019 |title=How to Survive in the Georgian Navy: A Sailor's Guide |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-47-283086-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Pemsel|first=Helmut|title=Atlas of Naval Warfare|year=1977|publisher=Arms and Armour Press|isbn= 978-0853683513 }}
* {{cite book|last=Reid|first=Stuart|title=Culloden Moor 1746: The Death of the Jacobite Cause|series=Campaign series |volume=106|year=2002|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-412-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Rodger |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas A. M. Rodger |title=The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815 |pages=1000 |publisher=Allen Lane|year= 2004 |isbn=978-0141026909}}
* {{cite book|last =Royle|first =Charles|title =The Egyptian Campaigns (1882–1885)| publisher =Hurst and Blackett| year =1900| location =London| url =https://archive.org/details/egyptiancampaig00roylgoog|quote =1882 alexandria bombardment.}}
* {{cite book|last=Sondhaus|first=Lawrence|title=Naval Warfare, 1815-1914|publisher=New York: Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-0415214780}}
* {{cite book|last=Wills|first=Rebecca|title=The Jacobites and Russia, 1715-1750|publisher=Dundurn|year= 2002|isbn=1862321426}}
* {{cite book|last=Winfield|first=Rif|title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603-1714: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates|publisher=Seaforth|year=2009|isbn= 978-1848320406}}

==Further reading==
* Ashworth, William J. "Expertise and authority in the Royal Navy, 1800–1945" ''Journal for Maritime Research'' (2014) pp 103–116.
* Beeler, John Francis. ''British Naval Policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli Era, 1866–1880'' (Stanford University Press, 1997).
* {{cite book |last=Bell|first=Christopher M.|title=Churchill and Sea Power|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn= 978-0199693573}}
* Black, Jeremy. "The Victorian Maritime Empire in Its Global Context." in ''The Victorian Empire and Britain’s Maritime World, 1837–1901'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) pp. 167–187.
* Clowes, W. Laird. ''The Royal Navy : a history from the earliest times to the present'' (1897) [https://archive.org/details/royalnavyhistory0000clow_i4s9 1996 reprint online]
* {{cite book |last=Colomb|first=John|author-link=John Colomb|title=The Empire and the century |date=1905 |publisher=John Murray |pages=213–26 |chapter=[[s:The Empire and the century/The Navy and the Colonies|The Navy and the Colonies]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Davey|first=James|title=In Nelson's Wake: The Navy and the Napoleonic Wars |year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0300200652}}
* Davey, James. ''Tempest: The Royal Navy and the Age of Revolutions'' (Yale University Press, 2023) on 1790s; [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=60513 online book review]
* Davison, Robert L. ''The Challenges of Command: The Royal Navy's Executive Branch Officers, 1880–1919'' (Routledge, 2016).
* {{cite book |last=Farquharson-Roberts|first=Mike|title=A History of the Royal Navy: World War I|publisher=B Tauris|year=2014|isbn=978-1780768380}} [https://archive.org/details/historyofroyalna0000farq online]
* {{cite book |last=Friel |first=Ian |title=The British Museum Maritime History of Britain and Ireland: C.400 – 2001 |publisher=British Museum Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7141-2718-7}}
* Fuller, Howard J. ''Empire, Technology and Seapower: Royal Navy crisis in the age of Palmerston'' (Routledge, 2014).
* {{cite book |last=Grimes|first=Shawn T.|title=Strategy and War Planning in the British Navy|publisher=Boydell|year=2012|isbn=978-1843836988}}
* {{cite book |last=Hamilton|first=Charles I.|title=The making of the modern Admiralty: British naval policy-making, 1805–1927|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 2011|isbn=9780521765183}}
* {{cite book |last=Herman|first=Artur|author-link=Arthur L. Herman|title=To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World|publisher=Harper Perennial|year=2004|isbn=978-0060534257}}
* {{cite book| last=Hill |first=J.R. |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995 |isbn=978-0198605270}} [https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_b6f8 online]
* {{cite book| last=Kennedy |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Kennedy (historian) |title=The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery |publisher=Scribner's|year=1976 |isbn= 978-0141011554}} [https://archive.org/details/risefallofbritis0000kenn_m5e1 online]
* Kennedy, Paul M. ''The rise of the Anglo-German antagonism, 1860–1914'' (1980) [https://archive.org/details/riseofanglogerma0000kenn online]
* Lambert, Andrew. "The Royal Navy and the defence of empire, 1856–1918." in ''Imperial Defence'' (Routledge, 2007) pp. 111–132.
* Lambert, Nicholas A. "Strategic Command and Control for Maneuver Warfare: Creation of the Royal Navy's 'War Room' System, 1905–1915." ''Journal of Military History'' 69.2 (2005): 361–410. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/180998/summary excerpt]
* {{cite book|last=Lavery|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Lavery|title=Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation, 1793-1815|date=2012|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1591146124}}
* {{cite book|last=Lavery|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Lavery|title=Empire of the Seas|publisher=Conway Publishing|year= 2009|isbn=978-1844861323}}
* Leggett, Don. "Navy, nation and identity in the long nineteenth century." ''Journal for Maritime Research'' 13.2 (2011): 151–163.
* MacDougall, Philip. ''The Great Anglo-Russian Naval Alliance of the Eighteenth Century and Beyond'' (Boydell Press, 2022); [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58039 online scholarly review]; MacDougall argues that naval stores sold by Russia made Royal Navy much stronger.
* {{cite book| last=Marder|first=Arthur|title=From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: the Royal Navy in the Fisher era, 1904-1919|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1961|isbn=978-0192151223}}
* Matzke, Rebecca Berens. ''Deterrence through strength: British naval power and foreign policy under Pax Britannica'' (U of Nebraska Press, 2011).
* Morgan-Owen, David. "A Revolution in Naval Affairs? Technology, Strategy and British Naval Policy in the ‘Fisher Era’." ''Journal of Strategic Studies'' 38.7 (2015): 944–965.
* Morgan-Owen, David G. "Continuity and Change: Strategy and Technology in the Royal Navy, 1890–1918." ''English Historical Review'' 135.575 (2020): 892–930.
* Morgan-Owen, David G. ''The Fear of Invasion: Strategy, Politics, and British War Planning, 1880–1914'' (Oxford University Press, 2017).
* {{cite book| last=Rodger |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Rodger |title=The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649 |volume=1|publisher=HarperCollins|year= 1997 |isbn=978-0140297249}}
* {{cite book |last=Parkinson|first=Roger|title=The Late Victorian Navy: The Pre-Dreadnought Era and the Origins of the First World War|publisher=Boydell Press|year= 2008|isbn=978-1843833727}}
* {{cite book |last=Preston|first=Antony|author-link=Antony Preston|title=History of the Royal Navy|publisher=W.H.Smith|year= 1985|isbn=978-0-86124-121-7}}
* Rasor, Eugene L. ''Reform in the Royal Navy : a social history of the lower deck, 1850 to 1880'' (1976) [https://archive.org/details/reforminroyalnav0000raso/page/n1/mode/2up online]
* {{cite book |last1=Redford|first1=Duncan|last2=Grove|first2=Philip D.|title=The Royal Navy: A History since 1900|publisher=London, I. B. Tauris|year= 2014|isbn=978-1780767826}} [https://archive.org/details/royalnavyhistory0000redf online]
* {{cite book |last=Redford|first=Duncan|title=A History of the Royal Navy: World War II|publisher=London, I. B. Tauris|year= 2014|isbn=978-1780765464}} [https://archive.org/details/historyofroyalna0000redf online]
* {{cite book |last=Robson|first=Martin|title=A History of the Royal Navy: The Napoleonic Wars|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year= 2014|isbn=978-1780765440}}
* Seligmann, Matthew S. "A Service Ready for Total War? The State of the Royal Navy in July 1914." ''English Historical Review'' 133.560 (2018): 98–122 [https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-pdf/133/560/98/24421502/cey060.pdf online].
* Taylor, Miles, ed. ''The Victorian Empire and Britain's Maritime World, 1837–1901: The Sea and Global History'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
* {{cite book |last=Willis|first=Sam|title=In the Hour of Victory: The Royal Navy at War in the Age of Nelson|publisher=Atlantic Books|year= 2013|isbn=978-0857895707}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson|first=Ben|title=Empire of the Deep: The Rise and Fall of the British Navy|publisher=W&N |year= 2013|isbn=978-0297864080}}

===Historiography===
* {{cite book|last=Harding|first=Richard|title=Review of History of the Royal Navy, ''Reviews in History'' |url=http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1706| doi=10.14296/RiH/2014/1706}}
* {{cite book|last=Higham|first=John|title=A Guide to the Sources of British Military History|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOGoCgAAQBAJ&q=George+Clark++Later+Stuarts+1660-1714|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317390213}}
* Lambert, Andrew D. ''The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession'' (Bloomsbury Academic, 1998).
* {{cite book|last=Rasor|first=Eugene L.|title=English/British Naval History to 1815: A Guide to the Literature|publisher= Westport, Connecticut: Praeger|year=2004|isbn=978-0313305474}}
* {{cite book|last=Rasor|first=Eugene L.|title=British Naval History after 1815: A Guide to the Literature|publisher=New York: Garland|year=1990}}
* {{cite book|last=Seligmann|first=Matthew S.|title=The Renaissance of Pre-First World War Naval History|publisher=Journal of Strategic Studies|year=2013|pages=454–479}}
* Guthrie, William. ''A New Geographical, Historical And Commercial Grammar And Present State Of The World.Complete With 30 Fold Out Maps – All Present.'' J. Johnson Publishing (1808) ASIN B002N220JC
* [[David Ramsay (congressman)|Ramsay, David]]. ''Universal History Americanized, or an Historical View of the World from the Earliest Records to the Nineteenth Century, with a Particular Reference to the State of Society, Literature, Religion, and Form of Government of the United States of America''. Vol. VI (1819)
* [[Robert Bisset|Bisset, Robert]]. ''The History of the Reign of George Iii. to Which Is Prefixed, a View of the Progressive Improvement of England, in Prosperity and Strength, to the Accession of His Majesty.'' Vol III (1820)

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20010725112441/http://www.royal-navy.org/ Royal Navy History]}}, extensive source for Royal Navy History with photos and documents. (Broken Link)
* [http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/history Royal Navy - Royal Navy History]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080702185556/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Naval_History/Index.html A Naval History of Great Britain]
* [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/adm196.asp Download service records of officers who joined the Royal Navy between 1756–1917 from The National Archives]
* [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/seamenswills.asp Download wills made by seamen of the Royal Navy between 1786- 1882 from The National Archives.]
* [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/royal-navy-service.asp The service registers of Royal Naval Seamen 1873 – 1923]
* [http://www.worldwar1atsea.net Royal Navy in World War 1, Campaigns, Battles, Warship losses]
* [http://www.naval-history.net/ Naval-History.Net], Naval History of the 20th Century, World Wars 1, 2, post-war and Falklands War – navies, ships, ship losses, casualties
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=xr9YAAAAMAAJ&dq=HMS+Cerberus+in+American+Revolution&pg=PA52 American Vessels captured by the British During the American Revolution and the War of 1812]

{{His Majesty's Naval Service}}

[[Category:History of the Royal Navy| ]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Meitei

2026-03-20T08:04:14Z

StarCkf91771: added references

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Distinguish|List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Meitei}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Sahitya Akademi Award for Meitei
| awardname = Sahitya Akademi Award for Meitei literature
| image = Sahitya Akademi Award - Surjit Patar.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Award for contributions to Meitei literature
| awarded_for = Literary award in India
| sponsor = [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]]
| reward = {{INRConvert|1|l}}
| firstawarded = 1973
| lastawarded = 2024
| former name =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 50
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = Pacha Meetei
| award3_type = Most Recent winner
| award3_winner = Haobam Satyabati Devi
| website = {{Url|http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|Official website}}
| previous =
| next =
}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
The '''[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]''' has been given each year since 1955 by [[Sahitya Akademi]] (India's National Academy of Letters) to writers and their works, for their outstanding contribution to the upliftment of [[Indian literature|Indian]] and [[Meitei literature]] ([[Manipuri literature]]). No awards were given in 1975 and 1980.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akademi Awards (1955-2015)|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref>

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" 
|-
! Year
! Author
! Book
! Category
|-
|2025
|Haobam Nalini
|Kanglamdriba Eephut
|Short Story
|-
|2024
|Haobam Satyabati Devi<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2024 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2024 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2024.pdf|access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|''Mainu Bora Nungshi Sheirol''
|Poetry
|-
|2023
|Sorokkhaibam Gambhini<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2023 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2023.pdf|access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|''Yachangba Nang Hallo''
|Poetry
|-
| 2022
| Koijam Shantibala<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2022.pdf |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
| ''Leironnung''
| Poetry
|-
| 2021
| Thokchom Ibohanbi Singh
| ''Manipurida Punshi Warigee Sahitya''
| Criticism
|-
| 2020
| Irungbam Deven
| ''Malangbana Kari Hai''
| Poetry
|-
| 2019
| L. Biramangol Singh (Beryl Thanga)
| ''Ei Amadi Adungeigi Ethat''
| Novel
|-
| 2018
| Budhichandra Heisnamba<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/manipuri-author-budhichandra-heisnamba-won-sahitya-akademi-awards-2018/|title=Manipuri Author Budhichandra won for 2018|date=7 December 2018 }}</ref>
| ''Ngamkheigee Wangmada''
| Short Stories
|-
| 2017
| Rajen Toijamba
| ''Chahi Taret Khuntaakpa''
| Play
|-
| 2016
| Moirangthem Rajen
| ''Cheptharaba Eshingpun''
| Short stories
|-
| 2015
|Kshetri Rajen
|''Ahingna Yekshilliba Mang''
|Poetry
|-
| 2014
|Naorem Bidyasagar Singh
|''Khung-Gang Amasung Refugee''
| Poetry
|-
| 2013
| [[Makhonmani Mongsaba]]<ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219002741/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/award2013-e.pdf |date=19 December 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref>
| ''Chinglon Amadagi Amada''
| Travelogue
|-
| 2012
| Jodhachandra Sanasam<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sa-award2012.pdf "Poets dominate Sahitya Akademi Awards 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928231833/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sa-award2012.pdf |date=28 September 2013 }}. [[Sahitya Akademi]]. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</ref>
| ''Mathou Kanba DNA''
| Novel
|-
| 2011
| Kshetri Bira
| ''Nangbu Ngaibada''
| Novel
|-
| 2010
| Moirangthem Borkanya
| ''Leikangla''
| Novel
|-
| 2009
| Raghu Leishangthem
| ''Kunggang gee Chithi''
| Poetry
|-
| 2008
| Arambam Memchoubi
| ''Idu Ningthou''
| Poetry
|-
| 2007
| B. M. Maisnamba
| ''Imashi Nurabee''
| Novel
|-
| 2006
| Saratchand Thiyam
| ''Nungshibi Greece''
| Travelogue
|-
| 2005
| M. Nabakishore Singh
| ''Pangal Sonbee Eise Adomgeeni''
|Short stories
|-
| 2004
| Birendrajit Naorem
| ''Lanthengnariba Lanmee''
| Poetry
|-
| 2003
| Sudhir Naoroibam
| ''Leiyee Khara Punsee Khara''
| Short stories
|-
| 2002
| Rajkumar Bhubonsana
| ''Mei Mamgera Budhi Mamgera''
| Poems
|-
| 2001
| Ningombam Sunita
| ''Khongji Makhol''
| Short stories
|-
| 2000
| Laitonjam Premchand Singh
| ''Eemagi Phanek Machet''
| Short stories
|-
| 1999
| Sagolsem Lanchenba Meetei
| ''Hee Nangbu Hondeda''
|Poetry
|-
| 1998
| Keisham Priyokumar
| ''Nongdi Tarak-Khidare''
| Short stories
|-
| 1997
| Thangjam Ibopishak Singh
| ''Bhut Amasung Maikhum''
| Poetry
|-
| 1996
| [[R. K. Madhubir]]
| ''Praloigi Meiriraktagi''
| Poetry
|-
| 1995
| Arambam Samarendra Singh
| ''Leipaklei''
| Play
|-
| 1994
| Rajkumar Mani Singh
| ''Mayai Karaba Shamu''
| Short stories
|-
| 1993
| Arambam Biren Singh
| ''Punshigee Marudyan''
| Novel
|-
| 1992
| A. Chitreshwar Sharma
| ''Tharoshangbi''
| Novel
|-
| 1991
| Yumlemban Ibomcha Singh
| ''Numitti Asum Thengjillakani''
| Short stories
|-
| 1990
| [[Nongthombam Shri Biren Singh]]
| ''Mapal Naidabasida Ei''
| Poetry
|-
| 1989
| Nilabir Sharma Shastri
| ''Tatkhrabha Punshi Leipul''
| Short stories
|-
| 1988
| E. Sonamani Singh
| ''Mamangthong Lollabadi Maningthongda Lakudana''
| Short stories
|-
| 1987
| [[Elangbam Nilakanta Singh|E. Nilakanta Singh]]
| ''Tirtha Yatra''
| Poetry
|-
| 1986
| Khumanthem Prakash Singh
| ''Mangi Isei''
| Short stories
|-
| 1985
| H. Guno Singh
| ''Bir Tikendrajit Road''
| Novel
|-
| 1984
| Lamabam Viramani Singh
| ''Chekla Paikhrabada''
| Short Stories
|-
| 1983
| N. Ibobi Singh
| ''Karnagi Mama Amasung Karnagi Aroiba Yahip''
| Play
|-
| 1982
| E. Dinamani Singh
| ''Pistal Ama, Kundalei Ama''
| Short stories
|-
| 1981
| E. Rajanikanta Singh
| ''Kalenthagi Leipaklei''
| Short stories
|-
| 1979
| [[M. K. Binodini Devi]]
| ''[[Boro Saheb Ongbi Sanatombi]]''
| Novel
|-
| 1978
| [[Gitchandra Tongbra|G. C. Tongbra]]
| ''Ngabongkhao''
| Play
|-
| 1977
| [[Ashangbam Minaketan Singh]]
| ''Aseibagi Nityaipod''
| Poetry
|-
| 1976
| L. Samarendra Singh
| ''Mamang Leikai Thambal Shatle''
| Poetry
|-
| 1974
| N. Kunjamohan Singh
| ''Ilisa Amagi Mahao''
| Short stories
|-
| 1973
| Pacha Meetei
| ''Imphal Amasung Magee Ishing Nungshitkee Phibam ''
| Novel
|}

Note: No awards in 1975 and 1980.

== See also ==
* [[List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Meitei]]
* [[List of epics in Meitei language]]
* [[Meitei literature]]
* [[Meitei Language Day]]
* [[History of Manipur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090828042840/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10312.htm#manipuri Recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award in Manipuri, Official list] at [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] website
* [http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.html.. Review of Meeteilon or Manipuri Books]
* [http://www.culturopedia.com/Literature/manipuri_literature.html Manipuri Literature]

{{Sahitya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Meitei}}
[[Category:Lists of Sahitya Akademi Award winners|Manipuri]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Meitei|*]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]
[[Category:Meitei-language literary awards]]
[[Category:Meitei language-related lists]]
[[Category:Manipur-related lists]]

List of current Indian governors

2026-03-19T08:57:23Z

StarCkf91771: small changes

#REDIRECT [[Governor (India)#List of current governors]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Vehicle Factory Jabalpur

2026-03-16T04:38:04Z

StarCkf91771: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian military vehicle manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vehicle Factory Jabalpur
| logo = Vehicle Factory Jabalpur.svg
| logo_size =
| type = Defence Vehicles Manufacturer
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1969}}
| location =
| key_people = Ashok Gupta, [[IOFS]] (Chief General Manager)
| industry = [[Defense contractor|Defence]]
| products = [[Military vehicles]]
| num_employees = 2,600
| parent = [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]] (current) [[Ordnance Factories Board]] (1969-2021)
| homepage =
}}
'''Vehicle Factory Jabalpur''' (Hindi: वाहन निर्माणी जबलपुर), is a military motor vehicle factory, located in [[Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh]], India, part of [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]] which was previously a part of [[Ordnance Factory Board]], controlled by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/index.php?wh=ourunits&lang=en |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Our Factories |publisher=Ofb.gov.in |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref>

==History==
The production of [[Shaktiman truck|Shaktiman]] trucks (MAN 415 L1 AR), [[Jonga]] (Jabalpur Ordnance and Guncarriage Assembly) Light Utility Vehicles and the Vahan 1 ton (Nissan 4W73 Carrier), began at the [[Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur]], in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Gun Carriage Factory, Jabalpur (M.P.) India, Ministry of Defence | url=http://ofbgcf.nic.in/achieve.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008010217/http://ofbgcf.nic.in/achieve.html | archive-date=2012-10-08 | access-date=2025-08-18}}</ref> [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]], the then Prime Minister of India, was present to witness rolling out of the first batch of vehicles at GCF. It was shifted to the present location in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ofb.gov.in/units/index.php?unit=vfj&page=about&lang=en |title=Indian Ordnance Factories: Vehicle Factory Jabalpur |publisher=Ofb.gov.in |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref>
It started manufacturing Shaktiman trucks with license from [[MAN SE]] of Germany,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Military-Vehicles-and-Logistics/Shaktiman-4-x-4-4-000-kg-truck-India.html |title=Shaktiman (4 x 4) 4,000 kg truck (India) - Jane's Military Vehicles and Logistics |publisher=Jane's Information Group|date=2012-03-19 |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref> along with Jonga<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Military-Vehicles-and-Logistics/JONGA-4-x-4-0-25-ton-light-vehicle-India.html|title=JONGA (4 x 4) 0.25 ton light vehicle (India), Light vehicles|publisher=Jane's Information Group|access-date=2012-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://myjonga.com/news.html|title=MYJONGA.COM |publisher=Abhilash Nambiar|access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref> and Vahan 1 ton under license from [[Nissan]] of Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/22/stories/2008052250330300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613064606/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/05/22/stories/2008052250330300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-06-13 |title=Metro Plus Coimbatore / Wheels : Monster on the move |date=2008-05-22 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref>
All three of the above products have been retired and replaced by the new products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/jabalpur-auto-parts-makers-facing-tough-times/371305/ |title=Jabalpur auto parts makers facing tough times |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2009-09-26 |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref>

==Products==
VFJ manufactures and assembles general staff vehicles, logistics vehicles, light armoured vehicles like bullet-proof vehicles, mine protected vehicles<ref>{{Cite web|title=VFJ to provide upgraded Mine Protected Vehicles against Naxals|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/12/28/VFJ-to-provide-upgraded-Mine-Protected-Vehicles-against-Naxals.html|access-date=2021-09-08|website=www.thehitavada.com|language=en}}</ref> and specialist role vehicles such as rocket launchers, self-propelled howitzers, water bowsers, fuel tankers, field ambulances, tippers, battery command posts, generator sets, light recovery vehicles, field artillery tractors, kitchen containers etc. It also has some variants for civilian applications.
{{col-begin|width=75%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* Rocket launchers for Pinaka and Smerch with OFAJ
* 5/7.5 Ton [[Ashok Leyland Stallion|Stallion]] Mk-IV BS-III
* 2.5 Ton [[Tata LPTA|LPTA]] 715 BS-III
* Water Bowser 2 KL on LPTA
* Water Bowser 5 KL on Stallion
* Kitchen Container on Stallion
* Field Ambulance on LPTA
* Light Recovery Vehicle (LRV)
* Field Artillery Tractor (FAT)
* Yuktirath – Light Armoured Recovery Vehicle
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* Truck-mounted [[AK-630]] CIWS with OFMK
* 5 KL Fuel Tanker on Stallion
* 2 KL Fuel Tanker on LPTA
* Battery Command Post (BCP)
* Mobile AC Generators
* Operation Theatre on wheels
* Mobile Decontamination Unit
* Tipper on Stallion
* Tipper on LPTA
* Aditya – India's first Mine Protected Vehicle
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* Self-propelled Dhanush and Sharang guns and their tractors with GCF
* Matang
* Trishul
* Flyer ITV
* Caravan
* Drill Rig
* Humsafar Buses (Long & Medium)
* Fire fighting variants of Stallion and LPTA
* Bullet-proofing of [[Tata 407|407]], LPTA, [[Maruti Gypsy|Gypsy]], [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]]
{{col-end}}
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Past products and their variants">
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Matang Truck for the Indian Army.jpg|Matang Truck for the Indian Army
File:JVF-Mounted-M40-Anti-Tank-Gun.jpg|Jonga mounted with 105 mm RCL guns which destroyed most of the tanks during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani wars
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Tipper on Shaktiman.jpg|Jabalpur Vehicle Factory (VFJ )'s Tipper on Shaktiman; India's first 3-way tipper was built on the Shaktiman platform
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Present products and their variants">
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Stallion Truck for the Indian Army.jpg|Stallion Mark I, now being replaced by Stallion Mark IV
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s 5KL Water Bowser.jpg|5000 Litres Water Bowser
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s 2KL Water Bowser.jpg|2000 Litres Water Bowser on LPTA
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s LPTA 715 Truck for the Indian Army.jpg|LPTA 715
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Mine Protected Vehicle.jpg|4X4 Mine Protected Vehicle, also in 6X6 configuration, with RCWS, recce and recovery variants
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Bullet Proof Vehicle.jpg|4X4 Bullet Proof Vehicle
File:JVF-Chandigarh-Police-Kavach.jpg|LPTA Armoured variant
File:Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ)'s Bullet Proof 407.jpg|4X4 Riot Control Vehicle
File:Integrated Communication Electronic Warfare System passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2016, in New Delhi on January 23, 2016.jpg|Integrated Communication Electronic Warfare System
File:Nuclear Biological Chemical Water Purification System passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2012, in New Delhi on January 23, 2012.jpg|Nuclear Biological Chemical Water Purification System
File:Mobile Base Transceiver Station passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 69th Republic Day Parade 2018, in New Delhi on January 26, 2018.jpg|Mobile Base Transceiver Station
File:2.5 ton (1).jpg|LPTA Field Ambulance
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Future products and their variants">
File:Pinaka MBRL.jpg|6X6 multi-barrel rocket launcher, soon to be produced
File:VFJ-GCF 105 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System.jpg|VFJ-GCF 105 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System, in 6X6 and 4X4 configurations
File:Fire power demo by Artillery of Indian Army.jpg|VFJ-GCF Sharang Towed Gun
File:VFJ Flyer Internally-Transportable Vehicle (ITV), Light Strike Vehicle (LSV).jpg|Flyer Internally-Transportable Vehicle (ITV), Light Strike Vehicle (LSV)
File:Dhanush howitzer during Republic Day Parade 2017.jpg|6X6 Dhanush Field artillery tractor
File:OFB-BEML 155 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System.jpg|VFJ-GCF 8X8 155 mm Truck-mounted Self-Propelled Gun System
File:BM-30 Smerch MLRS.jpg|High Mobility Vehicle Launching Platform for [[BM-30 Smerch|Smerch Rockets]], the same used for Pinaka
</gallery>

== Technology ==
VFJ has an R&D centre responsible for development of future vehicles and related technologies. It has tie-ups with [[Ashok Leyland]] and [[Tata Motors]]. Its research partner is [[Vehicle Research & Development Establishment]] of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]].

== Customers ==
Since VFJ produces defence vehicles, its primary customers are the [[Indian Armed Forces]], [[Central Armed Police Forces]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bprd.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=390&subsublinkid=125&lang=1 |title=Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) |publisher=Bprd.nic.in |access-date=2012-08-06}}</ref> [[State Armed Police Forces]], [[Paramilitary Forces of India]] and [[Special Forces of India]], which have land-based operations. It also supplies vehicles to civilians, government and private organisations.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Vehicle Factory Jabalpur}}

{{Ordnance Factories Board}}
{{automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:Bus manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Defence companies of India]]
[[Category:Military vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Truck manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle assembly plants in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in West Bengal]]

Ananth Vaidyanathan

2026-03-15T04:36:54Z

StarCkf91771:

{{short description|Indian voice expert}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ananth Vaidyanathan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|11|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| occupation = voice expert, teacher, actor
| known_for = India's leading voice expert
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| website = {{url|http://www.ananthvaidyanathan.com}}
}}

'''Ananth Vaidyanathan''' (born 1 November 1957) is an Indian singing trainer, who is popular for his appearances on reality singing television shows. He is often regarded as India's leading voice expert. He has also worked on few films as an actor and as a [[playback singer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/06/27/stories/2008062751150100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630172236/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/06/27/stories/2008062751150100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-06-30 |title=Friday Review Chennai : Find your voice, right way |date=2008-06-27 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-09-01 }}</ref>

==Career==
Ananth Vaidyanathan was born in [[Jamshedpur]] and began studying music from veterans [[T. M. Thiagarajan]] and [[Sangita Kalanidhi]] at the age of seven.<ref name="carn1">{{cite web |url=http://www.carnaticdarbar.com/interviews/2010/Ananth-Vaidyanathan.asp |title=Future of voice science depends on ability to make it a subject of common enquiry, feels Ananth Vaidyanathan - Carnatic Music Interviews - Darbar for claissical music / claissical dance |publisher=Carnaticdarbar.com |date= |accessdate=2011-09-01 |archive-date=20 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720071117/http://www.carnaticdarbar.com/interviews/2010/Ananth-Vaidyanathan.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> He earned an [[MBA]] from [[XLRI - Xavier School of Management]] and also obtained his undergraduate degree in [[Economics]] from the [[Loyola College, Chennai]]. After completing his higher studies, he then joined the ITC Sangeet Research Academy, a musical academy in [[Kolkata]] at the age of 24.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Philip|first=Susan Joe|date=2019-05-10|title=Ananth Vaidyanathan on his forthcoming workshop in Coimbatore|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ananth-vaidyanathan-on-his-forthcoming-workshop-in-coimbatore/article27092748.ece|access-date=2020-06-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="carn1"/> During his early career as a singing trainer, he labelled himself as a victim of wrong vocal techniques. He also confronted issues regarding the voice while training in [[Hindustani music]] while being professionally trained in [[classical music]]. In his early 20s, he also lost his speaking voice and was advised to sing slowly due to his vocal issues.<ref name=":0" /> Despite the odds, he became a professional voice expert in the 1990s and started conducting workshops across various parts of the country.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-11-16|title=Students selected for professional singing programme|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/students-selected-for-professional-singing-programme/article7882174.ece|access-date=2020-06-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He began teaching music from 2003, giving voice lessons and training to contestants on various Indian TV reality shows from 2006.<ref name="carn1"/> He also established a voice training academy Ananth Vaidyanathan Gurukulam in [[Coimbatore]]. During his television career as a voice expert, he has worked as a part of the ''[[Airtel Super Singer]]'' and Josco Indian Voice-Mazhavil Manorama shows, where he provides voice training to the contestants.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ting|first=Wong Pei|date=2014-11-05|title=The making of a super singer|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/the-making-of-a-super-singer/article6567550.ece|access-date=2020-06-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/06/20/stories/2004062008350200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040929180105/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/06/20/stories/2004062008350200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-09-29 |title=Unlocking your 'silent' voice |date=2004-06-20 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://today24news.com/entertainment/alka-is-vijay-tvs-airtel-super-singer-junior-2-winner-18849 |title=Alka is Vijay Tv's Airtel Super Singer Junior 2 Winner |publisher=Today24News |accessdate=2011-09-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110726075804/http://today24news.com/entertainment/alka-is-vijay-tvs-airtel-super-singer-junior-2-winner-18849| archivedate= 26 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>

In 2010, he appeared as an actor in [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s Tamil comedy drama film, ''[[Avan Ivan]]'', where he portrayed a polygamist who was the father of the two lead characters, played by [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]. In 2018, he took part as one of the sixteen contestants in the Tamil reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2|Bigg Boss]]'' hosted by [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=It takes one second to spoil someone's reputation: Ananth Vaidyanathan - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/it-takes-one-second-to-spoil-someones-reputation-ananth-vaidyanathan/articleshow/64975824.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref> He was the second contestant to be eliminated from the show, departing on day 21.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/127958-ananth-vaidyanathan-enter-into-bigg-boss-house.html|title=பிக் பாஸ் வீட்டிற்குள் 'சூப்பர் சிங்கர்' அனந்த் வைத்தியநாதன்..!|last=Ma.Pandiarajan|date=2018-06-17|work=Vikatan|access-date=2018-06-17|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=2018-07-13|title=I was initially uncomfortable in Bigg Boss: Ananth Vaidyanathan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/why-i-took-up-bigg-boss-ananth-vaidhyanathan/article24409831.ece|access-date=2020-06-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He also made a special appearance as a politician in the film [[LKG (film)|''LKG'']].<ref>{{Cite web|title=LKG early reviews: RJ Balaji and Priya Anand film gets thumbs up from critics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lkg-early-reviews-rj-balaji-and-priya-anand-film-gets-thumbs-up-from-critics-1462131-2019-02-22|date=February 22, 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-06-02|last3=Ist|first3=2019 08:42}}</ref>

Ananth Vaidyanathan is also among the [https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Dec/25/the-human-voice-is-a-singing-voiceananth-vaidyanathan-2531704.html founding faculty] of [https://artiumacademy.com/ Artium Academy] along with Sonu Nigam, KS Chithra and Aruna Sairam - a tech-led online music education platform established in 2021. He serves as Head of Faculty – Voice Science and Chief of Pedagogy, where he is responsible for training the teaching team and developing voice-science based pedagogy. Under his leadership, the academy’s faculty has trained thousands of students, and he has spearheaded the voice‑training and scientific curriculum development for live, one‑on‑one singing classes .

== Filmography ==
* ''[[Avan Ivan]]'' as Srikanth (2011)
* [[LKG (film)|''LKG'']] as Avudaiyappan (2019)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm10482154}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidyanathan, Ananth}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Actors from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:XLRI – Xavier School of Management alumni]]

National Security Advisor (India)

2026-03-11T18:47:54Z

StarCkf91771: updated details

{{Short description|Executive officer of the Indian National Security Council}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = National Security Advisor
| body = India
| native_name = ''Rāṣṭrīya Surakṣā Parāmarśadātā''
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagborder = yes
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| insigniasize = 50px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC)
| image = National Security Advisor of India Ajit Kumar Doval.jpg
| incumbent = [[Ajit Doval]], [[Kirti Chakra|KC]]
| incumbentsince = 30 May 2014
| inaugural = [[Brajesh Mishra]], [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| formation = {{Start date and age|1999|11|19|df=y}} by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| member_of = {{plainlist|
* [[Defence Planning Committee]] (Chairperson)
* [[National Security Council (India)|Strategic Policy Group]] (Chairperson)
* [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]] (Secretary)
}}
| deputy = {{plainlist| * [[Rajinder Khanna]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Additional NSA)
* [[T. V. Ravichandran]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Pavan Kapoor]], [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
* [[Anish Dayal Singh]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
}}
| type = National Security Advisor
| status = Chief advisor to the Prime Minister of India on national security policy and international affairs
| abbreviation = NSA
| department = [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council Secretariat]] (NSCS)
| salary = {{INRConvert|162500|lk=on}} {{Small|(monthly)}}
| seat = Seva Teerth [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| termlength = {{raise|0.0em|No fixed tenure is imposed on the office but term can be extended.}}
| residence = Bungalow 5, [[Janpath|Janpath Road]], [[New Delhi]]
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''National Security Advisor''' ('''NSA''') is the senior official on the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]] [[India|of the Republic of India]], and the chief advisor to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister of the Republic of India]] on [[national security]] policy and [[international affairs]]. [[Ajit Doval]] is the current NSA, serving since May 2014. The NSA is assigned the rank of a [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet Minister]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajit Doval Stays As NSA, Gets Cabinet Rank With 5-Year Term |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajit-doval-continues-as-national-security-adviser-given-cabinet-rank-will-have-5-year-tenure-news-ag-2047106 |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> and ranks seventh in the [[Order of precedence in India|Indian Order of Precedence]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roche |first1=Elizabeth |title=Mr Ajit Doval to stay as NSA, gets cabinet rank with 5-year term |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ajit-doval-reappointed-national-security-advisor-in-modi-2-0-given-cabinet-rank-1559553527501.html |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=mint |date=3 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Brajesh Mishra]], then [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister]], was appointed as the first National Security Advisor of India. The post was created on 19 November 1998 by then government headed by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Atal Bihari vajpayee]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Hemant|date=2019-08-12|title=List of National Security Advisor in India|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-national-security-advisor-in-india-1565602684-1|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> In 2004, a new government headed by [[Manmohan Singh]] was formed at the centre. This government separated the office of NSA into ''foreign'' headed by former [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] [[J.N. Dixit]] and ''internal'' headed by former [[Director of the Intelligence Bureau|Director, IB]] [[M. K. Narayanan|M.K. Narayanan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-05-27|title=JN Dixit Is NSA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/jn-dixit-is-nsa/106590/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> After the death of Dixit in 2005, the office was again fused and Narayanan became the full-time NSA.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-03-15|title=25259: After Dixit, India ponders role of its NSA and who will get the job|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/the-cables/25259-After-Dixit-India-ponders-role-of-its-NSA-and-who-will-get-the-job/article14669690.ece|access-date=2021-02-17|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was then succeeded by former [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] [[Shivshankar Menon]] in 2010.<ref name=":0" /> In 2014, following the election of [[Narendra Modi]] as the Prime Minister, [[Ajit Doval]], former Director of the Intelligence Bureau, was appointed as the NSA.

==Office of the NSA==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:60%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:2px solid black; border-collapse: collapse;"

! style="background-color:#f2f2f2; font-size:110%;" | Position
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2; font-size:110%;" | Officer
! style="background-color:#f2f2f2; font-size:110%;" | Service

|-
| '''National Security Advisor''' (NSA)
| [[Ajit Doval]]
| [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] {{small|(Retired)}}

|-
| '''Additional National Security Advisor''' (Addl. NSA)
| [[Rajinder Khanna]]
| [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] {{small|(Retired)}}

|-
| '''Deputy National Security Advisors''' (Dy. NSA)
| [[T. V. Ravichandran]] [[Pavan Kapoor]] [[Anish Dayal Singh]]
| [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]

|}

==Role==
The post of the NSA has high vested powers, and as such it is a highly prominent and powerful office in the [[Government of India]]. All NSAs appointed since the inception of the post in 1998 belong to the either [[Indian Foreign Service]] or to the [[Indian Police Service]], and serve at the discretion of the [[Prime Minister of India]].

The National Security Advisor (NSA) is tasked with regularly advising the Prime Minister of India on all matters relating to internal and external threats and opportunities to India, and oversees strategic and sensitive issues on behalf of the Prime Minister. The NSA of India also serves as the Prime Minister's Special Interlocutor with [[China]] as well as the envoy to [[Pakistan]] and [[Israel]] on security affairs.

The NSA receives all intelligence ([[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]], [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]], [[National Technical Research Organisation|NTRO]], [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|DIA]], [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]]) reports and co-ordinates them to present before the Prime Minister. NSA is assisted by the Deputy National Security Advisors (Deputy NSAs). Currently, retired [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer [[Dattatray Padsalgikar]], former [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] chief [[Rajinder Khanna]] and retired [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] officer [[Pankaj Saran]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 May 2018|others=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions, Government of India|title=ACC Approvals|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179609|access-date=2021-09-06|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> serve as Deputy National Security Advisors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-raw-chief-rajinder-khanna-appointed-deputy-nsa/story-Z2nppYxg0zmI9PybT3hEwM.html|title=Former RAW chief Rajinder Khanna appointed deputy NSA|date=January 2, 2018|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=January 15, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-raw-chief-rajinder-khanna-appointed-deputy-national-security-Advisor-1795007|title=Former RAW Chief Rajinder Khanna Appointed Deputy National Security Advisor|date=January 3, 2018|website=[[NDTV]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=January 15, 2018}}</ref> The policy group is the main mechanism for inter-ministerial coordination and integration of inputs in forming national security policies. The group members include the NITI Aayog vice chairman, the cabinet secretary, the three military chiefs, the Reserve Bank of India governor, the foreign secretary, home secretary, finance secretary and the defense secretary.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Neeta|date=9 October 2018|title=With New Order, NSA Ajit Doval To Be Most Powerful Bureaucrat In 20 Years|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/with-new-order-national-security-advisor-ajit-doval-to-be-most-powerful-bureaucrat-in-20-years-1928924|access-date=2021-09-06|website=NDTV}}</ref>

In June, 2019 NSA [[Ajit Doval]] was elevated to the rank of Cabinet Minister with a second 5-year term.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ajit-doval-reappointed-national-security-advisor-in-modi-2-0-given-cabinet-rank-1559553527501.html|title=Ajit Doval to stay as NSA, gets cabinet rank with 5-year term|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=2019-06-03|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref> In 2024 he began his third term.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=13 June 2024 |title=Ajit Doval Reappointed NSA, PK Mishra to Stay Principal Secretary To PM |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajit-dovals-tenure-as-national-security-advisor-extended-5882199 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250826135957/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajit-dovals-tenure-as-national-security-advisor-extended-5882199 |archive-date=2025-08-26 |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> The position is "co-terminus with the term of the Prime Minister or until further orders, whichever is earlier".<ref name=":4" />

==List of National Security Advisors==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
! No
! Name
! Portrait
! colspan="3" | Term of office
! Previous Post(s) held
! [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
!Additional NSA
!Deputy NSA(s)
|- align=centre
| 1
| [[Brajesh Mishra]],{{Efn|Concurrently served as the 9th [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]].}} [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| [[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Vibhushan award to Shri Brajesh Chandra Mishra, at an Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 24, 2011 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| 19 November 1998
| 22 May 2004
|{{age in years and days|1998|11|19|2004|5|22}}
|
*[[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations|Permanent Representative to United Nations]]
*[[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister]]
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|
|''(Post created)''
* [[Satish Chandra (diplomat)|Satish Chandra]]<ref name=":2" />
|- align=centre
| 2
| [[J. N. Dixit]], [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| [[File:Jnd2.JPG|75px]]
| 23 May 2004
| 3 January 2005
|{{age in years and days|2004|5|23|2005|1|3}}
|[[Foreign Secretary of India|Foreign Secretary]]
|rowspan=3| [[Manmohan Singh]]
|
|
* [[Vijay K. Nambiar]] (2004 - 2006)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Chaudhury|first=Nilova Roy|date=2007-04-19|title=Leela K Ponappa appointed Deputy NSA|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/leela-k-ponappa-appointed-deputy-nsa/story-6kB0LWz6RYF0jt0oXk1qzK.html|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|- align=centre
| 3
| [[M. K. Narayanan]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| [[File:Mayankote Kelath Narayanan - Kolkata 2013-01-07 2702 Cropped.JPG|75px]]
| 3 January 2005
| 23 January 2010
|{{age in years and days|2005|1|3|2010|1|23}}
| [[Director of the Intelligence Bureau|Director, Intelligence Bureau]]
|
|
* Leela K. Ponappa (May 2007 - October 2009)<ref name=":2" />
* [[Shekhar Dutt]] (27 July 2007 - 2009)<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2007|title=Shekhar Dutt appointed Deputy National Security Advisor|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/shekhar-dutt-appointed-deputy-national-security-advisor/491304|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Outlook India}}</ref>
* Alok Prasad (October 2009 - January 2011)<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 October 2009|title=IFS Officer Alok Prasad appointed as Dy NSA|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/29426/ifs-officer-alok-prasad-appointed.html|access-date=2023-04-17|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|- align=centre
| 4
| [[Shivshankar Menon]],<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=21 January 2010|title=Menon is next NSA|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article84408.ece|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| [[File:Msc2011 SZ 004 Menon (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| 24 January 2010
| 26 May 2014
|{{age in years and days|2010|1|3|2014|5|26}}
|[[Foreign Secretary of India|Foreign Secretary]]
|
|
* Vijaya Latha Reddy (March 2011 - March 2013)<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=18 December 2012|title=Outgoing Intelligence Bureau Director Nehchal Sandhu appointed as Deputy National Security Advisor|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/outgoing-intelligence-bureau-director-nehchal-sandhu-appointed-as-deputy-national-security-advisor/articleshow/17657744.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-09-06}}</ref>
* Nehchal Sandhu (21 March 2013 - 31 July 2014)<ref name=":3" />
|- align=centre
| 5
| [[Ajit Doval]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| [[File:Ajit Kumar Doval.jpg|75px]]
| 30 May 2014
| '''''Incumbent'''''
(Period Co-terminus with term of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]])
|{{age in years and days|2014|5|30}}
| [[Director of the Intelligence Bureau|Director, Intelligence Bureau]]
| [[Narendra Modi]]
|[[Rajinder Khanna]] (15 July 2024 – ''Incumbent'')
|
* [[Arvind Gupta (administrator)|Arvind Gupta]] (5 August 2014 - 5 August 2017)
* [[Pankaj Saran]] (29 May 2018 - 31 December 2021)
* [[R. N. Ravi]] (5 October 2018 - 31 July 2019)
* [[Rajinder Khanna]] (2 January 2018 – 14 July 2024)
* [[Dattatray Padsalgikar]] (29 October 2019 – 31 October 2023)
* [[Vikram Misri]] (1 Jan 2022–14 July 2024)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini |title=Former China envoy Vikram Misri appointed Deputy NSA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-china-envoy-vikram-misri-appointed-deputy-nsa/article38050540.ece |access-date=28 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=27 December 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Pankaj Kumar Singh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BSF Ex-DG Pankaj Kumar Singh appointed Deputy NSA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bsf-ex-dg-pankaj-kumar-singh-appointed-deputy-nsa/articleshow/97078404.cms |access-date=21 January 2023 |work=Times of India |date=18 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> (18 January 2023 – 31 January 2025 )
* [[T. V. Ravichandran]] (15 July 2024 – ''Incumbent'')
* [[Pavan Kapoor]] (15 July 2024 – ''Incumbent'')
* [[Anish Dayal Singh]] (25 August 2025 – ''Incumbent'')
|}

==See also==
{{commons category|National Security Advisors of India}}
* [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]]
* [[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing]]
* [[Director of Intelligence Bureau]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]

Raj Darbhanga

2026-03-11T07:35:32Z

StarCkf91771: update content after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Zamindari Estate}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Raj Darbhanga
| common_name =
| country =
| era = [[Medieval India]]
| status =
| event_start =
| year_start = 1557 CE
| date_start =
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| event_end =
| year_end = 1947 CE
| date_end =
| p1 = Oiniwar dynasty
| flag_p1 =
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| p3 =
| s1 = Republic of India
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| image_flag = Darbhanga royal insignia.jpg
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| coa_size =
| symbol_type =
| image_map =
| map_width =
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Darbhanga]]
| common_languages = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = *Tributary to the [[Mughal Empire]] (1557–1684 AD)

* De facto independent state (1684–1804 AD)<ref name="rorabacher"/>
*Zamindari estate under the [[British Raj]] (1804–1947 AD)
| leader1 = Raja Mahesh Thakur (first)
| year_leader1 =
| leader2 =
| year_leader2 =
| leader3 =
| year_leader3 =
| leader4 =
| year_leader4 =
| leader5 =
| year_leader5 =
| leader6 =
| year_leader6 =
| leader7 =
| year_leader7 =
| leader8 =
| leader9 =
| leader10 =
| title_leader =
| legislature =
| today = India and Nepal
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
The '''Darbhanga Raj''', also known as '''Raj Darbhanga''' and the '''Khandwala dynasty''', was a chieftaincy located within the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] province of [[Bihar Subah|Bihar]] which controlled territories, not all contiguous, that were part of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref> now divided between India and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henningham |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kCFAAAAIAAJ&q=darbhanga+raj+estate |title=A Great Estate and Its Landlords in Colonial India: Darbhanga, 1860-1942 |date=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562559-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ram |first=Bindeshwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2b_j0mNe2FwC&dq=darbhanga+raj+estate&pg=PA14 |title=Land and Society in India: Agrarian Relations in Colonial North Bihar |date=1997 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0643-5 |language=en}}</ref> The rulers of Raj Darbhanga were [[Maithil Brahmins]] and their seat in the town of [[Darbhanga]] became the core of the Mithila region as the rulers were patrons of Maithil culture and the [[Maithili language]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rorabacher |first=J. Albert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjElDwAAQBAJ&dq=darbhanga+raj+brahmin&pg=PA262 |title=Bihar and Mithila: The Historical Roots of Backwardness |date=2016-09-13 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-99758-4 |language=en}}</ref>

At its peak, the dynasty encompassed over 4000 square miles (10,360 km2) and is described as the "largest and richest of the North Bihar zamindaris and one of the greatest zamindaris of [[British India]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henning Brown |first1=Carolyn |title=Raja and Rank in North Bihar |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=1988 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=757–782 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00015730 |jstor=312524 |s2cid=143084073 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/312524|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Despite not being recognised as a [[princely state]] by the British Raj, Darbhanga was larger and held more magisterial powers than many princely states, particularly those in Western India.<ref name="Ramusack2004">{{cite book |last1=Ramusack |first1=Barbara |title=The Indian Princes and Their States |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139449083 |pages=3–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&dq=zamindaris+princely+states+200+western+india&pg=PA3}}</ref>

==History==
The Khandaval dynasty were [[Maithil Brahmin]]s who came into prominence during the reign of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]. The extent of their lands, which were not contiguous, varied over time, and by the British era, their area of ownership was smaller than the area that they were granted under earlier [[Deed#Sanad|sanad]] arrangements. A particularly significant reduction occurred when the influence of the [[British Raj]] caused them to lose control of the territories that were in Nepal but, nonetheless, their holdings were considerable. One estimate suggests that when their rule came to an end, the territories comprised around {{convert|6200|sqkm|sqmi}}, with around 4500 villages.<ref name="rorabacher">{{cite book |title=Bihar and Mithila: The Historical Roots of Backwardness |first=J. Albert |last=Rorabacher |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-35199-757-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWIPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT216 |pages=255–270 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511074217/https://books.google.com/books?id=jWIPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT216 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Formation===
[[File:Kali Temple at Raj Nagar.jpg|left|thumb|Kali Temple at Rajnagar]]
The area that now comprises the northern part of the Indian state of Bihar was under a state of lawlessness at the end of the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq Dynasty]].<ref name="Henningham90" /> The Tughlaq had attacked and taken control of Bihar and from the end of the Tughlaq Dynasty until the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1526 there was anarchy and chaos in the region with various [[Rajput]] clans fighting for power.<ref name="Henningham90" /> [[Akbar]], the Mughal emperor, realised that taxes from Mithila could only be collected if there was a king who could ensure peace there and by 1574 he had succeeded in defeating the Rajput Rajas of [[Tirhut]].<ref name="Henningham90">{{cite book |last1=Henningham |first1=Stephen |title=A Great Estate and Its Landlords in Colonial India: Darbhanga, 1860-1942 |date=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195625592 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9fHAQAACAAJ}}</ref>

As per local tradition, Akbar summoned Rajpandit Chandrapati Thakur to [[Delhi]] and asked him to name one of his sons who could be made caretaker and tax collector for his lands in Mithila.<ref name="Henningham90" /> Chandrapati Thakur named his middle son, [[Mahesha Thakura|Mahesh Thakur]], whom Akbar then declared as the ruler of Mithila on the day of [[Ram Navami]] in 1557.<ref name="Henningham90" /> Akbar had been impressed with his "great erudition".<ref name="Henningham90" /> Henningham was of the opinion that Akbar made use of [[Mahesha Thakura|Mahesh Thakur]] by helping the Maithil Brahmins to displace the Rajputs as the local ruling elite.<ref name="Henningham90" />

In 1684, [[Aurangzeb]] issued a [[firman]] that had the effect of differentiating Raj Darbhanga from other estates of the region. The lands belonging to the Darbhanga family were theirs permanently and became private property rather than belonging to the empire. Raj Darbhanga from this point onwards was legally independent and no longer had to pay tribute to the [[Nawabs of Bengal]].<ref name="rorabacher"/> In a report to the Patna Committee of review, Shitab Rai, the naib diwan of Bihar, admitted that the weak state of the empire had rendered many of the zamindars, including Raj Darbhanga, independent.<ref name="Ansari2019">{{cite book|author=Tahir Hussain Ansari|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-065152-2|pages=200–223}}</ref> Henningham described Raj Darbhanga as a "semi-independent chieftainship".<ref name=Henningham90 />

===Consolidation===
The rulers of Darbhanga in keeping with their elevated status, adopted the [[Kshatriya]] surname of [[Singh]] and also made use of force when it came to pursuing their interests. They defended their domains against raiders from Nepal and fought battles against local Rajput Rajas.

The Raj Darbhanga also made the [[Senas of Makwanpur]] in [[Nepal]] their subordinates with the Senas having to pay tribute to the Rajas of Darbhanga.<ref name="Ansari2019" />

The Raj Darbhanga used its military to help the Nawabs of Bengal in suppressing rebellions from [[Bettiah]], the chieftains of the [[Terai]] and [[Banjara]]s although the Rajas of Darbhanga themselves still refused to pay taxes or tribute to the Nawabs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmYeAAAAMAAJ&q=bettiah+raj+mithila | title=Political History of Khandavala Dynasty [sic] in Mithila, 1556-1793, Volume 1 | access-date=11 April 2017 | pages=149 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412062931/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nmYeAAAAMAAJ&q=bettiah+raj+mithila&dq=bettiah+raj+mithila&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNjuqAs53TAhVhDsAKHelKAPIQ6AEIGjAA | archive-date=12 April 2017 | df=dmy-all | last1=Choudhary | first1=Rabindra Nath | year=1987 }}</ref> In 1750, [[Alivardi Khan]] of Bengal sent a force against Narendra Singh of Darbhanga following his refusal to remit revenue however this force was defeated.<ref name=Henningham90 />

The descendants of Mahesh Thakur gradually consolidated their power in social, agrarian, and political matters and came to be regarded as kings of [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]. Darbhanga became the seat of power of the Raj Darbhanga family in 1762. They also had a palace at [[Rajnagar Bihar]] situated in Madhubani district. They bought land from local people. They became known as a ''Khandavala'' family (the richest landlord).

===British period===

For a period of twenty years (1860–1880), Darbhanga Raj was placed under the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]] by the [[British Raj]]. During this period, Darbhanga Raj was involved in litigation regarding succession. This litigation decided that the estate was impartible and succession was to be governed by primogeniture. Zamindari estates in the region, including Darbhanga, sought intervention from the Court of Wards from time to time because the stewardship of the British authorities, who invested funds wisely, had a tendency to boost their economic position. The estate had in any event been badly run prior to this time: a complex system influenced by both nepotism and sycophancy had dramatically affected the family's rental income. The bureaucratic system introduced by the Court, whose appointed officials had no ties to the area, resolved the issue although, being focussed entirely on what was best for the owners, it did so without considering the consequences for the tenants.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920 |first=Anand A. |last=Yang |pages=83–86 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-52005-711-1 |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC&pg=PA83 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730224652/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC&pg=PA83 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 1875, Tirhut Railway was one such privately-owned train service which was introduced by Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh of Darbhanga way back in 1874 to serve the drought-hit general public in North Bihar. It is also known as the first private train of the country. [[Railway Line]] opened in [[Darbhanga]] between [[Mokama]] and Darbhanga by Local King [[Lakshmeshwar Singh]] of Raj Darbhanga through [[Tirhut Railway]]. They were the first in North Bihar<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/bihar/palace-on-wheel-darbhangas-glorious-railway-history-lies-in-ruins/na20191026121137569|title=Darbhanga's once glorious railway history, now lies in ruins
|date=26 October 2019|newspaper=[[ETV Baharat]]|access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref>

Towards the end of the 19th century, 47 percent of the cropped area of the Darbhanga estate was used for the cultivation of rice.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920 |first=Anand A. |last=Yang |page=37 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-52005-711-1 |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC&pg=PA37 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730230931/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC&pg=PA37 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Three percent of total cultivation was given over to [[indigo]] at that time, making the estate one of the most important centres in the region for this crop prior to the introduction of chemical dyes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Peasant History of Late Pre-colonial and Colonial India |volume=8 |first=B. B. |last=Chaudhuri |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-8-13171-688-5 |page=420 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljmIJySEm4UC&pg=PA420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802091810/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ljmIJySEm4UC&pg=PA420 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Demise===
After the independence of India from British rule in 1947, the Government of India initiated several land reform actions and the Zamindari system was abolished. The fortunes of Darbhanga Raj dwindled. The last ruler of Raj Darbhanga was [[Kameshwar Singh|Maharaja Bahadur Sir Kameshwar Singh]]. He died in 1962 without naming a successor, though many members of the family live on carrying other Maithil Brahmin surnames such as Thakur, Jha, and Shukla.<ref name="rorabacher" />

==Controversy==
The origin of the royal family of Darbhanga is traced to a grant of the Sarkar of Tirhut to Mahesh Thakur by Akbar. The supporters of the theory that Raj Darbhanga was a kingdom argue that it was held by [[privy council]], that the rulership was a hereditary one with succession governed by [[primogeniture]]. The supporters argue that by the end of the 18th century, the Sarkar of Tirhut was practically an independent kingdom until the conquest of Bengal and Bihar by the British.<ref>Jnanendra Nath Kumar – The Genealogical History of India</ref> The Raj Darbhanga was also much larger when compared with many of the princely states in Western parts of India, many of whom only contained a population of 200 people. These princely states also lacked the magisterial powers that Raj Darbhanga had.<ref name= Ramusack2004 /> Its annual income of approximately 4 million rupees was also on par with many a princely state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Anand |title=Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar |date=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=69–70 |isbn=9780520211001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa8wDwAAQBAJ&q=editions:_mchmV45tZYC}}</ref>

The opponents of the theory argue that Raj Darbhanga was never a kingdom but rather a [[zamindari]] with all the trappings of a princely state. The rulers of Raj Darbhanga were the largest landowners in India, and thus were called Raja, and later Maharaja and Maharajadhiraja. They were given the status of ruling prince.<ref>Lakshmana Jha – Mithila: A Union Republic</ref>

According to Arvind, they were "robber barons", who curried favour from the British and kept trying to be accorded [[gun salute]]s and other privileges but it never materialised.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Arvind N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHhuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Republic of Bihar |date=1992 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-012351-7 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref>

==Rulers==
[[File:maharajadbg.jpg|thumb|Maharaja [[Rameshwar Singh]] Bahadur]]
Rulers of Darbhanga included:
* [[Maharaja Narendra Singh|Raja Narendra Singh]] (ruled 1740 to 1760) (died 1760). He died without issue but adopted Pratap Singh, great-great-grandson of Narayan Thakur, as his successor. He is noted for his [[Battle of Kandarpi Ghat]] which he fought to free Mithila from Mughal Bengal Subah's rule.
[[File:Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh statue - Kolkata.JPG|thumb|Statue of Maharaja [[Lakshmeshwar Singh]] at Dalhousie Square, Kolkata]]
* [[Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh]] Bahadur (ruled 1860 to 1898) (born 25 September 1858, died 17 December 1898). He was a philanthropist. His statue (by [[Edward Onslow Ford]]) was installed in Calcutta in 1904 at Dalhousie Square as a tribute to him. Lakshmeshwar Singh was only two years old his father's death so Raj Darbhanga was placed under Ward of Court. He was the first Maharaja of Darbhanga to receive a western education, from a British tutor, Chester Macnaghten (who was later the founding principal of the [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]), and took over the reins of Raj Darbhanga on 25 September 1879 after attaining his majority. On 22 June 1897, he was advanced to the rank of [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26864 |date=22 June 1897 |page=2}}</ref>
* Maharaja [[Rameshwar Singh Bahadur]] (ruled 1898 to 1929) (born 16 January 1860, died 3 July 1929). He became Maharaja of Darbhanga after the death of his elder brother Lakshmeshwar Singh, who died without issue. He was appointed to the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1878, serving as assistant magistrate successively at Darbhanga, Chhapra, and Bhagalpur. Maharaja died in July 1929, leaving behind two sons, Maharajkumar Kameshwar Singh and Maharajkumar Vishveshwar Singh
* [[Kameshwar Singh|Maharaja Kameshwar Singh Bahadur]] (ruled 1929 to the independence of India in 1947) (born 28 November 1907, died 8 November 1962). He was member of the Council of State 1933–1946, member of the Constituent Assembly 1947–1952, and the Member of Parliament ([[Rajya Sabha]]-Upper House) 1952–1958 and 1960–1962.

==Palaces==
[[File:Old Darbhanga Raj Palace-Damaged by earthquake.jpg|thumb|Old Darbhanga Raj Palace, damaged by an earthquake in 1934]]

Darbhanga has several palaces that were built during the Darbhanga Raj era. They include [[Nargona Palace]], which was constructed after the [[1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake]] and has since been donated to [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]], and [[Lakshmivilas Palace]]. which was severely damaged in the 1934 earthquake, rebuilt, and later donated to [[Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University]] and [[Darbhanga Fort]].

[[File:Navlakha palace.JPG|thumb|Navlakha Palace (Darbhanga House), Patna]]
Darbhanga Raj also had several palaces in other towns in India, including the [[Navlakha Palace|Rajnagar Palace Complex]] at [[Rajnagar Bihar|Rajnagar]], in Madhubani District of Bihar, and Darbhanga House (currently the [[Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla|Loreto Convent Tara Hall]] school) at Kaithu, Shimla.

[[File:Palacearea1.jpg|thumb|The palace complex at Raj Darbhanga]]
[[File:NargonaPalace.jpg|thumb|Nargona Palace]]

==Religion==
The Maharajas of Darbhanga were devoted to [[Sanskrit]] traditions and were supporters of orthodox Hindu practices in both caste and religion. [[Shiva]] and [[Kali]] were the main deities of the royal family. Even though they were deeply religious, they were also secular in their outlook. The palace area in Darbhanga has three tombs of Muslim saints and a small mosque. The walls of fort at Darbhanga was designed to leave an area so that the mosque is not disturbed. The tomb of a Muslim saint is located next to Anandbagh Palace.

As part of their attempt to reintroduce old Hindu customs such as the study of [[Vedas]] and Vedic rites, the Maharaja reintroduced Samavedic study by inviting a few well-versed Samavedins from [[south India]] to teach there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Veda.in.Nepal.pdf |title=Michael Witzel |access-date=2016-06-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910144104/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Veda.in.Nepal.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2016 |df=dmy-all }}; accessed on 13 December 2007</ref>

Maharaja Rameshwar Singh established and was general president of Sri [[Bharat Dharma Mahamandala]], a neo-conservative Hindu organisation that sought to make Hindu scriptures available to all castes and women. He was one of the main patrons of Agamanusandhana Samiti, an organisation with the objective of publishing Tantric texts in English and other languages.<ref>''Sir John Woodroffe, Tantra and Bengal: An Indian Soul in a European''. Author: Kathleen Taylor. Page 212</ref> Many of the works published by the Agamanusandhana Samiti were edited by Sir [[John Woodroffe]].

==Cultural influence==
===Music===
Darbhanga became one of the prominent centres of [[Hindustani classical music]] from the late 18th century. The kings of Raj Darbhanga were great patrons of music, art, and culture. Several famous musicians were associated with Raj Darbhanga. Prominent amongst them were Ustad Bismillah Khan, [[Gauhar Jaan]], Pandit Ram Chatur Mallik, Pandit [[Rameshwar Pathak]], and Pandit Siya Ram Tiwari. Raj Darbhanga was a main patron of [[Dhrupad]], a vocal style in Hindustani classical music. One of the three major schools of Dhrupad today is known as [[Darbhanga Gharana]].<ref>[http://www.thetribuneonline.com/art-culture.htm The importance of being Gauhar Jan] [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 26 May 2002.</ref>

Raj Darbhanga supported Murad Ali Khan, one of the foremost [[sarod]] players of his time. Khan is credited with being the first person to use metal strings and metal fingerboard plates on his sarod, which has today become the standard.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries |first=Allyn |last=Miner |page=144|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nPHTCS8vfUC}}</ref>

Raj Darbhanga had its own symphony orchestra and police band. There was a circular structure in front of Manokamna Temple, which was known as the bandstand. The band used to play music there in the evening. Today the floor of the bandstand is the only part still extant.

===Public works===
* Raj Darbhanga donated 52 [[bigha]]s of land for the creation and use of the Muzaffarpur Judgeship.<ref>[http://muzaffarpur.nic.in/muz_civil2.htm Court buildings & Residential accommodation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928231950/http://muzaffarpur.nic.in/muz_civil2.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>
* Over {{cvt|1500|km|mi}} of roads were constructed by the early part of the 19th century by Raj Darbhanga, of which over {{cvt|300|km|mi}} were metalled. This resulted in the expansion of trade as well as larger markets for agricultural produce in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft4779n9tq&chunk.id=d0e16412&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=eschol.|title=Bazaar India|work=cdlib.org}}</ref>
* Kharagpur Lake, a large reservoir, was built on the Man river in Munger District.<ref>[http://munger.nic.in/industries.htm Sringrikh, Kharagpur Hills, Munger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410021438/http://munger.nic.in/industries.htm |date=10 April 2009 }} accessed on 3 December 2008</ref>
* Raj Darbhanga was a pioneer of cross-breeding cattle to improve milk production. A superior milking cow breed called Hansi was introduced by Raj Darbhanga. The cow was a cross between local cows and the [[Jersey cattle|Jersey]] breed.<ref>''Handbook of Indian Agriculture''. Author – Niya Gopal Mukerji at page 476</ref>
* [[Mithila Sanskrit Shodh Sansthan]] was established by the last Maharaja Kameshwar Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-04 |title=मिथिला संस्कृत शोध संस्थान की लौटेगी पुरानी गरिमा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-revival-of-mithila-sanskrit-research-institute-bihar-budget-announcement-brings-hope-201770145991088.html |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

===Sports===
Raj Darbhanga promoted various sports activities. The polo ground in [[Laheriasarai]] was a major centre for polo in pre-independence times in Bihar. The winner of a major polo tournament in Calcutta is awarded the Darbhanga Cup.<ref>[http://sportal.nic.in/frontdetails1.asp?maincatid=56&linkid=186&headingid=63 Sportal – Sports Portal – GOVERNMENT OF INDIA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119232736/http://sportal.nic.in/frontdetails1.asp?maincatid=56&linkid=186&headingid=63 |date=19 November 2007 }}</ref>

Raja Bishweshwar Singh was one of the founding members of the [[All India Football Federation]], the prime governing body for football in India. Raja Bahadur, along with Rai Bahadur Jyoti Prasad Singh of Hariharpur Estate, were the Honorary Secretaries of the federation upon its inception in 1935.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-aiff.com/federation_history.php |title=All India Football Federation |access-date=2007-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402212905/http://www.the-aiff.com/federation_history.php |archive-date=2 April 2007 |df=dmy-all }} accessed on 18 May 2007</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of rulers of Mithila]]
*[[Zamindars of Bihar]]
*[[List of Brahmin dynasties and states]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Pratyush Kumar]], Homo Connubialis Brahmanicus: Marriage Relations Among Brahmins, Baden-Baden: Nomos (Ergon), Germany, 2025, ISBN 978-3-98740-189-3 (Print).
*{{cite journal |first=Stephen |last=Henningham |title=Bureaucracy and Control in India's Great Landed Estates: The Raj Darbhanga of Bihar, 1879-1950 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=17 |issue=1 |year=1983 |pages=35–57 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00008891|s2cid=144262953 }}

{{Nobility of the Raj}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Darbhanga| ]]
[[Category:Tourism in Bihar]]
[[Category:Zamindars of Bihar]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in Nepal]]

Dulla Vaily

2026-03-08T02:51:52Z

StarCkf91771: adjust references for clarity and cleaned formatting per sources

{{short description|2018 Indian Punjabi film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dulla Vaily
| image = Dulla Vaily poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Devi Sharma
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = Gurvar Cheema, Aakanksha Sareen, Gugni Gill, [[Yograj Singh]], [[Gugu Gill|Gaggu Gill]] and [[Sarbjit Cheema]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|12|07|ref1=<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/photo-stories/upcoming-punjabi-movies-in-2018-that-you-should-not-miss/bhajjo-veero-ve-amberdeep-singh-and-simi-chahal-starrer-to-release-on-december-14/photostory/66704193.cms|title=Bhajjo Veero Ve: Amberdeep Singh and Simi Chahal starrer to release on December 14 - Upcoming Punjabi movies in 2018 that you should not miss|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=22 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://daahfilms.com/guggu-gill-yograj-singh-dulla-vaily/|title=Dulla Vaily- Guggu Gill and Yograj Singh coming together!|work=DAAH Films |date=28 September 2018|publisher=|accessdate=13 June 2020}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 133 min
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
}}

'''''Dulla Vaily''''' is a 2018 Punjabi-language film directed by Devi Sharma.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dulla Vaily Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/dulla-vaily/movieshow/61983814.cms|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhajjo Veero Ve: Amberdeep Singh and Simi Chahal starrer to release on December 14 - Upcoming Punjabi movies in 2018 that you should not miss|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/photo-stories/upcoming-punjabi-movies-in-2018-that-you-should-not-miss/bhajjo-veero-ve-amberdeep-singh-and-simi-chahal-starrer-to-release-on-december-14/photostory/66704193.cms|access-date=2020-06-09|website=The Times of India|date=20 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=BookMyShow|title=Dulla Vaily Movie (2019) {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com//movies/dulla-vaily/ET00093196?fbrefresh=1|access-date=2020-06-09|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-10-29|title=Upcoming Punjabi Movie Dulla Vaily|url=https://ptcnetwork.ca/upcoming-punjabi-movie-dulla-vaily/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162554/https://ptcnetwork.ca/upcoming-punjabi-movie-dulla-vaily/ |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-09|website=[[PTC Punjabi]]}}</ref> It stars Gurvar Cheema, Aakanksha Sareen, [[Yograj Singh]], [[Gugu Gill|Gaggu Gill]] and [[Sarbjit Cheema]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Dulla Vaily|date=3 January 2019 |url=http://www.amctheatres.com/movies/dulla-vaily-59239|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Once upon a time in Punjab|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/once-upon-a-time-in-punjab-708658|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-09|website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Punjabi film 'Dulla Vailey' star cast visits city|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/archive/punjabi-film-dulla-vailey-star-cast-visits-city-706907|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-09|website=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A corrupt landowner terrorizes the local villagers, when a man decides to stand up for them all.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-03-25|title=तहस-नहस हुए परिवार मुखी की कहानी है दुल्ला वैली:गिल|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/PUN-BHAT-MAT-latest-bathinda-news-031506-2261160-NOR.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162220/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/PUN-BHAT-MAT-latest-bathinda-news-031506-2261160-NOR.html |archive-date=9 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-09|website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|language=hi}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Gugu Gill|Gaggu Gill]]
*[[Yograj Singh]]
*[[Sarbjit Cheema]]
*Gurvar Cheema
*Aakanksha Sareen
*Neet Mahal
*Muhmmad Sadiq
*Gugni Gill

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|8038726}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Punjabi-language films]]
{{punjabi-film-stub}}

Amma Ammaayiyamma

2026-03-03T21:17:08Z

StarCkf91771: add lead to improve readability for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amma Ammaayiyamma
| image = Amma Ammaayiyamma VCD cover.webp
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Sandhya Mohan]]
| producer = Somasekharan
| writer = [[Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas|Udaykrishna]] [[Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas|Sibi K. Thomas]]
| screenplay = [[Udaykrishna-Sibi K. Thomas|Sibi K.Thomas]]
| starring = [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] [[Harisree Ashokan]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] [[Sukumari]] [[Meera (Malayalam actress)|Meera]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[M. S. Viswanathan]] '''Score:''' [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = Vijayakumar
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = Classic Cine Vision
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1998|3|26|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Amma Ammaayiyamma''''' ({{Translation|Mother, mother-in-law}})അമ്മ അമ്മായിയമ്മ is a 1998 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Sandhya Mohan]] and produced by Somasekharan. The film stars [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]], [[Sukumari]] and [[Meera (Malayalam actress)|Meera]] in the lead roles. The film has its musical score composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]] and original songs by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3150|title=Amma Ammaayiyamma|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4698 |title=Amma Ammaayiyamma |accessdate=2014-09-30 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082753/http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4698 |archivedate=6 October 2014 }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=September 2024}}
Saratha, a retired teacher, has five children, Prabhavati, Premachandran, Madhavi, Maya and Balachandran. Madhavi is married to Bharghavan and they have a child. But Madhavi and Narayaniamma (Bhargavan's mother) always makes some small issues each other. Balachandran is a bachelor and doesn't have a job. Prabhavati marries Shekharankutty, a rich businessman and forgets her family relations. However, Shekharankutty decides to make her realize the importance of family relationships. On the other hand, Premachandran marries Renuka, a rich woman. She makes nuisance in his family by her mother's order and made Prem out of the family. Maya marries Reghu. But Maya is very hurt by her mother-in-law upon dowry. Can anyone solve these problems?

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Shekharankutty / Shekharan
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Prabhavathy / Prabha, Shekharankutty's Wife
*[[Harishree Ashokan]] as Premachandran, Prabhavathy, Balachandran and Maya's Elder Brother and Madhavi's Younger Brother
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Sarada Teacher, Premachandran, Prabhavathy, Balachandran, Maya and Madhavi's Mother and Shekharankutty's Mother-in-Law
*[[Sukumari]] as Vishalakshi / Vishalam, Premachandran's Mother-in-Law
*[[Meera (Malayalam actress)|Meera]] as Maya, Prabhavathy's Younger Sister
*[[Krishna Prasad (actor)|Krishna Prasad]] as Balachandran, Prabhavathy's Younger Brother
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Bhargavan, Sarada Teacher's Son-in-Law
*Priyanka Anoop as Madhavi, Prabhavathy's Elder Sister and Bhargavan's Wife
*[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Raghu, Maya's Husband and Sarada Teacher's Son-in-Law
*[[Kanya Bharathi]] as Renuka / Renu, Premachandran's Wife and Vishalakshi's Daughter
*[[K. T. S. Padannayil]] as Sarada's Father and Premachandran, Prabhavathy, Balachandran, Maya and Madhavi's Grandfather
*[[Jose Pellissery]] as Sanku, Vishalakshi's Husband
*[[N. F. Varghese]] as Kaimal, Shekharankutty's Friend
*T. S. Raju as Raghu's Father
*Tony as Mohan, Vishalakshi's Son and Premachandran's Brother-in-Law 
*[[Gayathri (Malayalam actress)|Gayathri]] as Rekha, Mohan's Wife and Vishalakshi's Daughter-in-Law
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Shekarankutty's Aunt (Cameo)
*[[Philomina]] as Narayaniyamma, Bhargavan's Mother and Madhavi's Mother-in-Law
*[[Usharani]] as Dhakshayaniyamma, Raghu's Mother and Maya's Mother-in-Law
*[[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Sulochana, Raghu's Ex-Fiancee (Cameo)
* [[Kalabhavan Navas]] as Sharath
{{colend}}

==Music==
The original songs were composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] while the [[film score]] was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]]. The audio cassette had the 5 original songs featured in the film.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Mele Ponveyil" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Sangeetha ||
|-
| 2 || "Mele Ponveyil" || M. G. Sreekumar ||
|-
| 3 || "Amma Amma Ammayiamma Jayichatharu thottatharu" || M. G. Sreekumar, M. S. Viswanathan ||
|-
| 4 || "Velicham Vilakkine" || [[P. Jayachandran]] ||
|-
| 5 || "Velicham Vilakkine" || Arundhathi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0273078}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Emblem of Odisha

2026-03-03T13:30:38Z

StarCkf91771: revised

{{Short description|Indian state emblem}}
{{One source|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Emblem of Odisha
| image = Seal of Odisha.svg
| image_width = 150
| middle =
| middle_width =
| middle_caption =
| lesser =
| lesser_width =
| lesser_caption =
| armiger = The [[Government of Odisha]]
| year_adopted = 1964
| crest = [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]
| torse =
| shield = Warrior and Horse statue from [[Konark Sun Temple]]
| supporters =
| compartment =
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ("Truth Alone Triumphs", from [[Mundaka Upanishad]])
| orders =
| other_elements = ''Odisha Shasana'' ("Government of Odisha") in Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଶାସନ) and Devanagari (ओड़िशा शासन)
| earlier_versions =
| use =
}}
The '''Emblem of Odisha''' is the [[official seal]] of the [[Government of Odisha|Government]] of the [[India]]n [[States of India|state]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>[http://odisha.gov.in/ Government of Odisha]</ref>

==History==
On 3 August 1964, the Council of Ministers adopted the design of the ''Konark Horse statue'' as the State Emblem, replacing the earlier use of the Ashoka Pillar as the state emblem. The emblem symbolises discipline, strength and progress.<ref>{{cite web|title=STATE EMBLEM |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/5.pdf |website=Government of Odisha |access-date=30 May 2022 }}</ref>

==Design==
The State Emblem of Odisha features a circular seal that prominently displays a horseback warrior, inspired by the Warrior and Horse statue at the [[Konark Sun Temple]].

<gallery>
File:Konark7.jpg|Warrior and Horse statue
File:Statues around Konark Temple..jpg|Warrior and Horse statue
</gallery>

===Difference in Representation===
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025|section=Differences}}
The State Emblem of Odisha features a '''''horseback warrior''''', inspired by the '''''Sun Warrior''''' statue at the [[Konark Sun Temple]]. However, a crucial distinction sets them apart: in the Konark statue, the horse is depicted crushing a ''Yavana'' (foreigner) warrior under its hoof, symbolizing the military valor of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. This powerful imagery in Konark commemorates the triumphs of [[Narasingha Deva I|Gajapati Langula Narasingha Deva I]] against the [[Delhi Sultanate]], highlighting Odisha’s enduring legacy of resistance and conquest against external forces.

In contrast, the State Emblem of Odisha, this element—the ''Yavana warrior being crushed''—has been deliberately omitted. Instead, the emblem retains only the warrior on horseback, emphasizing Odisha’s martial tradition and resilience but without explicitly referencing any historical enemy. The removal of the original war depiction is likely due to political and diplomatic considerations, as modern state symbols tend to present a neutral and inclusive narrative rather than highlighting historical conflicts.

'''Note:''' This distinction is not widely known. The omission of the Yavana warrior is only in the emblem, whereas in physical statues, the original depiction remains intact, as seen in the Sun Warrior statue at Konark. Similar representations can be found at Master Canteen Square and in front of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha State Legislative Assembly.]]

== Historical emblems ==
Emblems of former Princely states and Zamindaris.<gallery>
File:Dhenkanal State Coat of Arms.png|[[Dhenkanal State]]
File:Coat of Arms Jeypore Samasthanam.jpg|[[Jeypore Estate]]
File:Kalahandi Coat of Arms.png|[[Kalahandi State]]
File:Coat of Arms of Mayurbhanj.png|[[Mayurbhanj State]]
File:Sonepur State CoA.jpg|[[Sonepur State]]
</gallery>

==Government banner==
The Government of Odisha can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of the state on a white field.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/natural-disasters/blazing-india-odisha-s-work-not-yet-over-65362|title = Blazing India: Odisha's work not yet over}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Flag of Odisha.svg|Banner of Odisha
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[National Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha}}
{{Indian state emblems}}

[[Category:Government of Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian state seals|Odisha]]

{{Odisha-stub}}

Nagarvalam

2026-03-03T03:14:46Z

StarCkf91771: Adding first details nd citations

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Markx}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nagarvalam
| image = Nagarvalam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Markx
| producer = M. Natarajan N. Ramesh
| writer = Markx
| narrator =
| starring = [[Yuthan Balaji]] [[Deekshitha Manikkam]]
| music = Pawan Karthick
| cinematography = R. Tamizh Thendral
| editing = J. V. Manikanda Balaji
| studio = Redcarpet Production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|04|21}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nagarvalam''''' ({{translation|Around the city}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by Markx. The film stars [[Yuthan Balaji]] and [[Deekshitha Manikkam]], while [[Yogi Babu]], [[Bala Saravanan]], and [[Namo Narayana]] play supporting roles. The film had a theatrical release on 21 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2014 |title=காதல் சொல்ல வந்தேன் பாலாஜி நடிக்கும் நகர்வலம்! |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/24992/cinema/Kollywood/Balajis-next-movie-Nagarvalam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220100349/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/24992/cinema/Kollywood/Balajis-next-movie-Nagarvalam.htm |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2015 |title=முன்னோட்டம் - நகர்வலம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil_cinema_fullstory.php?id=1560&ta= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111061739/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil_cinema_fullstory.php?id=1560&ta= |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=8 December 2016 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Nagarvalam'' is the love story between two youngsters and an unexpected murder that shattered their dreams.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Yuthan Balaji]] as Kumar
*[[Deekshitha Manikkam]] as Janani
*[[Bala Saravanan]] as Kumar's friend
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Tamil Teacher
*Vettai Muthukumar as Janani's brother
*[[G. Marimuthu]] as Janani's father
*[[Namo Narayana]]
*Anjathe Sridhar
*T. Ravi
*Attakathi Velu
*Jayakumar
*Rindhu Ravi
*Sharmila
*[[Pasupathy]] in a guest appearance in the song "Isthukunu Irukuthu"
}}

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Pavan Karthik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarvalam |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/nagarvalam/23080878/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908125900/http://www.hungama.com/album/nagarvalam/23080878/ |archive-date=8 September 2017 |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
*"Kannala Kallu" - Yogisekar, Saaviyaa
*"Isthukunu" - Deva, Chinna Ponnu
*"Dinusaa Thaan" - Rocky, Saaviyaa
*"Anthangura" - Yogisekar, Saaviyaa
*"Paathu Poda" - Yogisekar, Gana Vinoth

==Release==
The film opened on 21 April 2017 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2017 |title=நகர்வலம் |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/Review/2017/04/22023952/1081223/Nagarvalam-Movie-Review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011530/http://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/Review/2017/04/22023952/1081223/Nagarvalam-Movie-Review.vpf |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=நகர்வலம் - விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil_cinema_fullstory.php?id=1560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424010349/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil_cinema_fullstory.php?id=1560 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' wrote "The film is mildly reminiscent of Balaji Sakthivel's Kaadhal (2004) that handled similar themes with more finesse and vision. Nagarvalam, though, ends up being such an over-long bus journey — you would rather hop off the bus and take an autorickshaw than sit through all its stops."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=21 April 2017 |title=Nagarvalam: Vexed in the city |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/nagarvalam-vexed-in-the-city/article18185504.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023542/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/nagarvalam-vexed-in-the-city/article18185504.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=13 May 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''The Times of India'' wrote "The film needed more such tense moments than ones like the forced drama that we get at the interval point."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarvalam Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Nagarvalam by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nagarvalam/movie-review/58311122.cms}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=6984802}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagarvalam}}
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

JP Nagar 5th Phase metro station

2026-02-25T22:43:49Z

StarCkf91771: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)]]

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

Vaigai River

2026-02-22T15:39:29Z

StarCkf91771: formatting fix

{{Short description|River in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{redirect|Vaigai|the 2009 film|Vaigai (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Vaigai River
| native_name =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| image = A sunrise over Vaigai River in Madurai Tamil Nadu India.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Vaigai River in [[Madurai]]
| map = SVG Map River Vaigai EN.svg
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map of Vaigai river
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = India
| subdivision_type2 = Districts
| subdivision_name2 = [[Theni District|Theni]] [[Dindigul District|Dindigul]] [[Madurai District|Madurai]] [[Sivagangai District|Sivagangai]] [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramanathapuram]]
| length = {{cvt|295|km}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location = Peranai<ref>{{cite web|title=Gauging Station – Data Summary| publisher=ORNL|url=http://daac.ornl.gov/rivdis/STATIONS/TEXT/INDIA/839/SUMMARY.HTML|access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref>
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|28.8|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| source1 = [[Varusanadu]] hills
| source1_location = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| mouth =
| mouth_location = [[Palk Bay]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
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| extra =
}}
{{Vaigai River}}
'''Vaigai''' is a semi-perennial river in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It flows through the districts of [[Theni District|Theni]], [[Dindigul District|Dindigul]], [[Madurai District|Madurai]], [[Sivagangai District|Sivagangai]], and [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramanathapuram]] in the southern part of the state. The city of [[Madurai]] is situated on the banks of the river. The river is {{cvt|295|km}} long, with its [[drainage basin]] spread across {{cvt|7009|km2}}.

Vaigai originates in [[Varusanadu]] Hills of the [[Western Ghats]], and flows north through the [[Cumbum Valley]], between the [[Palani Hills]] to the north and the Varusanadu Hills to the south. It rounds the eastern corner of the Varushanad Hills, and turns southeast, running through southern Tamil Nadu. The river empties into the [[Palk Bay]] near [[Alagankulam]] in the Ramanathapuram district. During the 20th century, the river basin was extensively developed for irrigation, flood control, and the generation of [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power]].

==Etymology==
There are two etymologies for the name 'Vaigai'. The first is derived from a combination of two [[Tamil language]] words, 'vai' meaning Earth and 'yai' meaning sky, a reference to the mythology associated with the origin of the river.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=119–128|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref><ref name=hindu1>{{cite web|title=Symbol of togetherness|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/09/06/stories/2004090601960400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127161333/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/09/06/stories/2004090601960400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2004|first=Sundararajan|last=S.|date=6 September 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> As per ''Koodal Purana'', which details the origin of the Vaigai river flowing through [[Madurai]], [[Vishnu]] took the form of [[Trivikrama]], with one of his feet rising to the [[Brahmaloka]], the abode of [[Brahma]], in the skies. Brahma washed the raised foot and the water flowed into a rivulet. As the river came from the sky and fell onto Earth, it was called as 'Vaiyai', which later became 'Vaigai'.<ref name="Speak">{{cite book|author1=V.N. Muthukumar|author2=Elizabeth Rani Segran|title=The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DnwruNVgFUkC |year=2012|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-8-18475-694-4|pages=3–11}}</ref> The river is mentioned as such in various [[Sangam literature|Sangam literary]] works (circa 300 BCE to 300 CE),<ref>{{cite book|first=Upinder|last=Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA27 |year=2008|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|isbn=978-8-13171-120-0|pages=27–28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nadarajah|first=Devapoopathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ7b6msS3kgC&q=info:Q1h0NSIwwIEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500|year=1994|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-12081-215-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=info:YtwrhAmuSNIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=25 August 2017|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-1-53810-686-0}}</ref> such as the ''[[Paripatal]]''.<ref name="Speak"/> A large number of banana trees sprang up in the place and it came to be known as ''Kadhalivana'', a forest of banana trees.<ref name=M/><ref name=hindu1/> The second etymology is derived from the words 'vai' meaning keep, and 'kai' meaning hand, literally meaning 'the river that brings water when one touches it'.<ref name=M/><ref name=hindu1/>

The river is mentioned in [[Sanskrit]] as 'Kritamala'. Satyavrata, a [[Pandya]] king, was a staunch devotee of Vishnu. Vishnu emerged from the 'Kritimala' river as a fish ([[Matsya]] avatar, one of the [[avatar]]s of Vishnu) to teach the [[Vedas]] to the ruler. The Pandyas later adopted the fish as the ensign of their kingdom.<ref name=M/><ref name=hindu1/> In the Sanskrit texts, the river is also mentioned as ''Vegavatī''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vekavati, Vēkavati: 2 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vekavati |work=Wisdom library |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Course ==
The Vaigai is a {{cvt|295|km}} long semi-perennial river.<ref name="Hydro">{{cite report|url=https://nwm.gov.in/sites/default/files/Vaigai_Basin-17.07.17.pdf|title=Vaigai Basin|work=National Water Mission|date=17 July 2017|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>{{rp|page=4}} The river originates in the eastern slopes of the [[Varusanadu]] Hills in the [[Western Ghats]]. It flows northwards for some distance, before it turns eastwards, and then flows roughly southeast till it reaches the [[Bay of Bengal]] at [[Palk Bay]] near [[Alagankulam]].<ref name="Hydro"/>{{rp|page=3}} The river is at its peak volume during the monsoons, and often ends up dry in the summer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sivarajah |first=Padmini |date=11 December 2020 |title=How Madurai's thirst quencher turned dry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/how-madurais-thirst-quencher-turned-dry/articleshow/79673800.cms |access-date=3 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Tributaries ===
The tributaries of the Vaigai include Suriliyar, Theniar, Varattar, Nagalar, [[Sankaraparani River|Varahanadhi]], [[Manjalar River|Manjalar]], Marudhanadhi, Sirumaliar, Sathaiyar, and [[Uppar River|Uppar]].<ref name="Hydro"/>{{rp|page=3}}
<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |date=18 August 2023 |title=Vaigai River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vaigai-River |access-date=1 June 2023 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]}}</ref> Suriliyar and Theniar join the river initially before it turns eastwards. Most of the tributaries including Varattar, Nagalar, Varahanadhi, Manjalar, Marudhanadhi, Sirumaliar, and Sathaiyar originate in the [[Palani Hills|Palani]] and [[Sirumalai]] Hills and join the river along its course. Uppar originates in the Alagar hills and joins the Vaigai near [[Manamadurai]].<ref name="Hydro"/>{{rp|page=3}}

== Riparian zone ==
The river has a {{cvt|7009|km2}} [[drainage basin]] spread across the districts of [[Theni District|Theni]], [[Dindigul District|Dindigul]], [[Madurai District|Madurai]], [[Sivagangai District|Sivagangai]], and [[Ramanathapuram District|Ramanathapuram]]<ref name="Hydro"/>{{rp|page=1}}<ref name="Garg1999">{{cite book|last=Garg|first=Santosh Kumar|title=International and interstate river water disputes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrcqGF3agsEC&pg=PA10|access-date=16 May 2011|year=1999|publisher=Laxmi Publications|isbn=978-81-7008-068-8|page=10}}</ref> The basin stretches from the [[Western Ghats]] in the west to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the east, and is bound by the [[Periyar River|Periyar]] basin in the west, [[Kaveri]] and Pambar-Kottakaraiyar basins to the north, and [[Gundar River|Gundar]] basin in the south. It is about {{cvt|289–295|km}} long east-to-west and {{cvt|15–55|km}} wide north-to-south.<ref name="Hydro"/>{{rp|page=2}}

The topography of the Vaigai watershed can be divided into three distinct regions: a western mountainous terrain with valley complexes, a central upland plateau, and an eastern flat coastal plains.<ref name="Hydro"/>{{rp|page=5}} The upper basin in the west lies in the Western Ghats, with elevations reaching up to about {{cvt|2600|m}} in the highest hills. Fertile valleys such as the [[Cumbum Valley]] lie between the hills and form important agricultural lowlands in this region. The middle basin around Madurai is relatively flatter, while the lower basin near Ramanathapuram consists of low-lying coastal plains. Major urban centers in the watershed include the city of [[Madurai]] on the river’s banks, as well as towns like [[Theni]], [[Dindigul]], and [[Ramanathapuram]].<ref name="Hydro"/>{{rp|page=2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madurai.com/ |title=Madurai, Temple Town of South India. Cultural capital of Tamilnadu |access-date=8 October 2007 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222025125/http://www.madurai.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Soil and land use ===
The soils in the Vaigai basin consists of [[red soil]] in the Cumbum valley and nearby the Vaigai dam. Mixed red and sandy soil is found in select rocky areas. [[Chernozem|Black soil]] occurs areas around [[Andipatti]], and [[lateritic soil]] is found in the slopes of the Palani Hills and north west of Manamadurai. The lower section of the basin predominantly consists of [[alluvial soil]].<ref name="Hydro"/>{{rp|page=8}}

The land within the Vaigai River watershed is utilized for a mix of agriculture, forests, settlements, and other uses. Broadly, the basin's land consists of as one-third agricultural land, one-third forests, and one-third scrub/wasteland, with a small fraction under water bodies or urban areas. Agricultural lands cover {{cvt|2359|km2}} of land area, and includes irrigated wet croplands concentrated in valley areas and near tanks, and dry croplands in the plains. About 30% of the watershed is forested, mainly in the western hilly region, and include medium to dense natural forests, and [[Tree plantation|forest plantations]].. A significant portion of the remaining land is classified as [[scrubland]] with sparse vegetation. There are many small water bodies in the Vaigai basin including man-made tanks and [[reservoir]]s, providing irrigation storage and groundwater recharge. The urban and built-up land occupies about 1–2% of the land area in the basin.<ref name="Hydro"/>{{rp|page=7}}

=== Dams ===
[[File:Vaigai Dam.jpg|thumb|[[Vaigai Dam]]]]

The [[Vaigai Dam]] is built across the river in [[Periyakulam taluk]], in the Theni district of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 April 2022 |title=Vaigai takes the edge off water woes in Madurai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/Apr/18/vaigai-takes-the-edge-off-water-woes-in-madurai-2443445.html |access-date=3 October 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> It provides water for irrigation for the six basin districts and the [[Virudhunagar district]] through irrigation canals. It is also the source of drinking water for Madurai.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007071551970300.htm&date=2007/07/15/&prd=th&|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125211359/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007071551970300.htm&date=2007/07/15/&prd=th&|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 November 2020|title= Water released from Vaigai dam for irrigation|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 August 2007}}</ref> An agricultural research station, run by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], is located near the dam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnau.ac.in/vaigai.html|title=Agricultural Research Station, Vaigai Dam|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=9 August 2007}}</ref>

The [[Mullaperiyar Dam]], located in [[Periyar district]] in Kerala, was built in 1895 under the supervision of [[John Pennycuick (British engineer)|John Pennycuick]], based on a plan proposed over a century earlier by [[Pradani Muthirulappa Pillai]] of [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad]]. An earlier dam was washed away by floods, post which the masonry dam was constructed in 1895.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kandaswamy |first=Deepa |date=28 August 2016 |title=John Pennycuick: The man who built the Mullaiperiyar dam |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/3PeedgK5bx4Z9uPKEE0KPL/John-Pennycuick-The-man-who-built-the-Mullaiperiyar-dam.html |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=Live Mint}}</ref> The dam is located on the [[Periyar River]], and the water from the dam is diverted through Viravanar and Suriliyar to the Vaigai river during the monsoons.<ref name="Hydro"/>{{rp|page=3}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|last1=Ramkumar |first1=Mu. |last2=Nagarajan |first2=R. |last3=Juni |first3=K. J. |last4=Manobalaji |first4=A. |last5=Balasubramani |first5=K. |last6=Roy |first6=Priyadarsi D. |last7=Kumaraswamy |first7=K. |last8=Fathima |first8=A. L. |last9=Pramod |first9=Athira |last10=Sharveen |first10=R. |last11=Rahman |first11=S. Abdul |last12=Siddiqui |first12=N. A. |last13=Menier |first13=D. |last14=Sharma |first14=Rajveer |title=Tectono-climatic and depositional environmental controls on the Neolithic habitation sites, Vaigai River Basin, Southern India|journal=Geological Journal|date=8 January 2024|volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=1199–1218 |doi=10.1002/gj.4919 |bibcode=2024GeolJ..59.1199R }}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Vaigai River}}
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|9|21|N|79|00|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geography of Madurai]]

Vasavi College of Engineering

2026-02-22T10:31:50Z

StarCkf91771:

{{other uses|Vasavi (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Technical institution in Ibrahimbagh, Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university |
name =Vasavi College of Engineering|
established = 1981|
president= Ramamohan Rao
[[Pendekanti]] |
type = [[Education]] and [[research]] [[institution]]|
city = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] |
state = [[Telangana]] |
campus = Urban, {{convert|13.6|acre|m2}} of land |
country = [[India]] |
website = http://www.vce.ac.in
}}

'''Vasavi College of Engineering (Autonomous)''' ('''VCE''') is a self-financed technical institution located in Ibrahimbagh, [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[India]]. It is 12 kms from the city center. The institution is affiliated to [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]. Founded in 1981 by the Vasavi Academy of Education, it is accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]]. The college was founded by Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah, a [[public figure|statesman]] of independent [[India]].

[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] and [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]] conferred autonomous status for the college with effect from 2014-15 academic year.

== General ==
With the historic [[Golconda Fort]] and [[Taramati Baradari]] close by, the college covers over {{convert|13.6|acres|m2|adj=on}}. VCE is the home for 170 faculty, 2300 students, and 100 administrative and supporting staff. The college has ten academic departments in engineering and science disciplines.

The entrance to VCE lies on the [[Mehdipatnam]] - [[Gandipet]] Road and is flanked by the Golconda Fort and Taramati Baradari. The campus, located 29 km from [[Shamshabad Airport]], 27 km from [[Secunderabad]] railway station and 13 km from [[Hyderabad Deccan railway station|Nampally railway station]], is well connected by buses.

The college provides transport facility to its students with College Private Buses
.

== Departments ==
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]
* [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]]
* [[Information Technology]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Computer Applications]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Humanities]] and [[Social Sciences]]

The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in seven disciplines of engineering. Over 150 faculty members belonging to the engineering departments are engaged in teaching, research and industrial consultancy.

The academic calendar is organized on semester programs. English is the medium of instruction. The students are evaluated on a continuous basis throughout the semester in the form of tests(often referred to as ''Internals''), class assignments and/or projects. The students are subject to a final exam conducted by Osmania University, with which lies the responsibility of the final evaluation. The final examination is usually referred to as ''Externals''. The degrees are awarded by the university itself.

=== Undergraduate academics ===
The four-year undergraduate program is offered for the six engineering disciplines of:
* Civil Engineering
* Computer Science and Engineering
*Computer Science & Engineering (Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)
* Electrical and Electronics Engineering
* Electronics and Communication Engineering
* Information Technology
* Mechanical Engineering

The students are subject to the evaluation process during their four-year program. The ''Internals'' constitute the tests and assignments that are conducted every semester. This is the usual academic activity during the semesters. The senior year students complete a research thesis under the guidance of the college faculty.

==== Intake ====
The requirement for admission to the undergraduate program is to appear for the Engineering, Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test, referred to as EAMCET for intermediate students. This test, which is conducted every year, is competitive with over 300,000 writing the test each year. The candidates are also required to pass the examination of the [[Board of Intermediate Education]], [[Government]] of [[Telangana]] with [[Mathematics]], [[Physics]] and [[Chemistry]] as optional subjects, or any other examination recognized by the Osmania University as equivalent. As of 2021, 780 students are admitted into the undergraduate program every year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 2020|title=ADMISSIONS MANUAL|url=https://www.vce.ac.in/Admissions/Downloads/Admission_Manual.pdf}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! width="300" | Branch
! width="25" | Intake
|-
|Information Technology||180
|-
|Computer Science and Engineering||120
|-
|Electronics and Communication Engineering||180
|-
|Civil Engineering ||60
|-
|Electrical and Electronics Engineering ||60
|-
|Mechanical Engineering||60
|-
|Computer Science & Engineering (Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)
|60
|-
|}
Telangana State Engineering Common Entrance Test referred as TSECET for Diploma and Bsc mathematics students.

=== Graduate academics ===
A three-year graduate program in the form of a [[Master's degree]] in [[Computer Applications]] (MCA) is offered by the college. Alongside this program, there is a two-year graduate program that offers a [[Master of Engineering|Masters in Engineering]] (M. E.) in four disciplines:
* Embedded Systems and VLSI Design
* Advanced Design and Manufacturing
* Communication Engineering & Signal Processing
* Power Systems & Power Electronics
& Masters in Technology (M. Tech) in one discipline:
* Computer Science & Engineering

The admissions for the ME programs is through the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE).

== Other academic activities ==
The Department of Civil Engineering has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with [[SatNav]] (Satyam Navigation), a GIS company promoted by [[Mahindra Satyam|Satyam Computer Services Limited]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vce.ac.in/dept_civil.html |title=Department of Civil Engineering |website=www.vce.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427145410/http://www.vce.ac.in/dept_civil.html |archive-date=2006-04-27}} </ref>

The college offers a [[Java Platform, Enterprise Edition|Java EE]] program as a value-added course. Another MoU was signed between Vasavi College of Engineering and Pramati Technologies in 2002.<ref>{{cite web | title = Vasavi College of Engineering Signs Mou With Pramati Technologies to bring Latest In Java Technologies to budding Engineers | url=http://www.pramati.com/index.jsp?id=press100048}}</ref> The J2EE Program at Vasavi College of Engineering started with the assistance of Pramati Technologies through the Education and Training Partnership initiative. Since then 200 students have been trained in Java technologies.<ref>http://www.vce.ac.in/j2ee.html [Broken Reference]</ref>

Students help organize and run the technical festival of the college, which is known as ''Acumen''. Papers are invited from across the country. The festival spans 1– 2 days.

The college has a CSI student chapter, which is a team of six final year students elected every year by the Computer Science department, which conducts seminars and workshops related to the latest technologies.

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_E_2024=201-300|type=University}}The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)]] ranked the university between 201-300 in the engineering rankings in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

== Placements ==
The Counselling and Placement Centre at the college provides a career-related support to its students.

More than 70 companies visit the campus every year to recruit students. These include companies like TCS, Infosys, Deloitte, Accenture, Accolite, Qualcomm, Netcracker, Oracle, Pega Systems, Tech Mahindra, Cognizant, Capgemini and ADP.

== Acumen ==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2021}}
Acumen is the National Technical Symposium organised by Vasavi College of Engineering. It was first organised in the year 1996. Acumen is a three-day festival.

The fest runs around a theme "Youth-Technology-Future" that asserts the fact that the future of technology lies in the hands of the youth. The events conducted during this festival are technical grand prix, technical papers, blind coding, robotic competitions, poster presentations, rocketry, LAN gaming, constructors championship, technocraftz and spot events like Techno Witz, MineSweeper, Puzzle 'O' Mania, and PotPouri.

== Euphoria ==
Euphoria is the annual cultural festival of the college which will be held in spring every year. It is a three days festival. The events range from ''informals'', literary and cultural events to ''Jukebox'' and ''Frag Central'' (Multiplayer Tournament). [[Go-Karting]] was also conducted on one occasion in the year 2002<ref>{{cite news | title = Euphoria unplugged | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/22/stories/2002032205960200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041124052018/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/22/stories/2002032205960200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 November 2004 | location=Chennai, India | work = [[The Hindu]] | date=22 March 2002}}</ref>

The college has hosted entertainers including [[Jay Sean]], [[Euphoria (Indian band)|Euphoria]], Veronica, [[Shibani Kashyap]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Shivamani]], [[Parikrama]] and Ryan Beck. In 2017, singer [[Nakash Aziz]] had come to the college for Euphoria. In 2018, singer Jonita Gandhi had come to college for euphoria and also DJ CARNIVORE had also come to the college.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

== Facilities ==
The college has a Syndicate Bank facility within its premises. Internet access is available throughout the academic zone. The library has over 130000 volumes. There are canteen facilities for students and faculty. There is also a playground for cricket, in addition to volleyball and basketball courts. There is also area for indoor games like chess, carroms, badminton and table tennis.

== Value Added Courses ==
In order to strengthen the teaching-learning ambience and prepare the undergraduates to meet the challenges of the global work environment, the college has taken up several initiatives like offering value-added courses and interfacing with the industry to bridge the gap between the curriculum and the requirements of the industry.

Vasavi College of Engineering is one among the colleges that has introduced value-added courses in various disciplines such as CAD/CAM, GIS, VLSI, Embedded Systems, and DSP. The college has made forays into industry-institute interaction by signing MoUs with other renowned organizations in Andhra Pradesh.

Vasavi has introduced several value-added courses in various disciplines, such as:
* Cisco Certifications
* CAD / CAM
* GIS
* VLSI
* Embedded Systems
* DSP

== Alumni ==
Vasavi College of Engineering Alumni Association '''(VCEAA)''' serves as the link for the college's alumni. The alumni are kept informed on happenings in the college. The college conducts an annual function, ''Reflections'', in December which brings alumni together to the college campus. ''In Touch'', the magazine brought out by the Alumni Association, keeps the alumni updated.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vce.ac.in/ Official website]
* [http://vcealumni.org/ College alumni]

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1981]]

Gilbert Hill

2026-02-03T12:04:01Z

StarCkf91771: Created new info

{{Short description|Monolith column of black basalt rock at Andheri, in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Gilbert Hill
| photo = Gilbert Hill.jpg
| photo_caption = Gilbert Hill
| photo_size = 270
| elevation_m = 60
| elevation_ref =
| map = Mumbai
| map_caption = Location of Gilbert Hill in Mumbai
| map_size = 270
| label_position = bottom
| location = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Andheri]], Mumbai, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|07|15|N|72|50|24.24|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| type = Volcanic
| age = 66 myr
| volcanic_zone = [[Deccan Traps]]
| easiest_route = East (steps)
}}
'''Gilbert Hill''' is a {{convert|200|ft|abbr=on}} [[monolith]] column of black [[basalt]] rock at [[Andheri]], in Mumbai, India. The rock has a sheer vertical face and was formed when molten lava was squeezed out of the Earth's clefts during the [[Mesozoic|Mesozoic Era]] about 66 million years ago. During that era, molten lava had spread around most of the Indian states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], covering an area of {{convert|50000|km2|sqmi}}. The [[volcano|volcanic]] eruptions were also responsible for the destruction of plant and animal life during that era.<ref>''[[Times of India]]'' (Bombay) article dated 16 December 2004.</ref>
According to experts, this rare geological phenomenon was the remnant of a ridge and had clusters of vertical columns in nearby [[Jogeshwari]] which were quarried off two decades ago.{{when|date=October 2018}} These vertical columns are similar to the [[Devils Tower National Monument]] in [[Wyoming]], and the [[Devils Postpile National Monument]] in eastern [[California]], USA.<ref name="toi" /> Gilbert Hill was declared a [[National Park]] in 1952 by the [[Government of India|Central Government]] under the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927|Forest Act]]. In 2007, after years of lobbying by geologists, the hill was declared a Grade II heritage structure by the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] (MCGM), and all quarrying and other activities around the monument were prohibited.<ref name="toi">{{cite news
| title = Gilbert Hill to be Heritage Structure
| date = 2007-09-10
| last = Thomas
| first = Shibu
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Gilbert-Hill-to-be-Heritage-Structure/articleshow/2353982.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121020152013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-10/mumbai/27962868_1_heritage-structure-heritage-list-gilbert-hill
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 2012-10-20
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 2008-05-02}}</ref> Over the period of time,{{clarify|date=October 2018}} Gilbert Hill has faced severe erosion problems too.<ref name="TOI article">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Gilbert-Hill-is-on-shaky-ground/articleshow/1709202.cms
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020152051/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-06/mumbai/27787568_1_gilbert-hill-volcanic-eruption-iit-professor
|url-status=live
|archive-date=2012-10-20
|title=Gilbert Hill is on shaky ground|access-date=2006-07-06|first1=Vijay|last1=Singh|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=2006-07-06}}</ref>

Atop the rock column, two [[Hindu]] temples, the Gaodevi and Durgamata temples, set in a small garden, are accessed by a steep staircase carved into the rock. The hill offers a panoramic view of suburban Mumbai.

==Gallery==
{{gallery
|File:Gilbert Hill long.jpg|
|File:Gilbert Hill, Andheri.jpg|Gilbert Hill, a monolith column of black basalt
}}

== See also ==
* [[Devils Postpile National Monument]]
* [[Deccan Trap]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

[[Category:Hills of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Parks in Mumbai]]
[[Category:National parks in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rock formations of India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Buttes]]

Department of Minority Welfare (Kerala)

2026-02-01T21:18:29Z

StarCkf91771:

{{Short description|Government department in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Minority Welfare
| type = Department
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| logo_width = 120px
| jurisdiction = {{flag|India}} Kerala
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| minister1_name = [[V. Abdurahiman]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Minority Welfare, Wakf, Hajj Pilgrimage and Sports
| chief1_name = Minhaj Alam, IAS
| chief1_position = Secretary to Government
| chief2_name = Sabin Sameed, IAS
| chief2_position = Director
| child_agency = Directorate of Minority Welfare
| parent_department = [[Government of Kerala]]
| website = https://minoritywelfare.kerala.gov.in/
}}
The '''Department of Minority Welfare''' is an administrative department of the [[Government of Kerala]]. The department is responsible for formulating and implementing policies aimed at the welfare of minority communities, including [[Muslims]], [[Christians]], [[Buddhists]], [[Sikhs]], [[Jains]], and [[Parsis]]. It has its headquarters in [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Government Secretariat]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web
|title=Rules of Business of the Government of Kerala: Part II – First Schedule (See Rule 4)
|url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf
|website=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala
|publisher=Government of Kerala
|access-date=14 November 2025
}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CM hands over Minority Welfare portfolio to Minister Abdurahiman |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/01/29/cm-hands-over-minority-welfare-portfolio-to-minister-abdurahiman.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=CM hands over Minority Welfare portfolio to Minister Abdurahiman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2021-05-22 |title=In unexpected move, Kerala CM Pinarayi takes over Welfare of Minorities portfolio |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/unexpected-move-kerala-cm-pinarayi-takes-over-welfare-minorities-portfolio-149311 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
The Minority Welfare Department is headed by a Cabinet Minister of the Government of Kerala. The incumbent Minister for Minority Welfare is [[V. Abdurahiman]], who also holds the portfolio of Sports.<ref name=":1" />

The department is administratively headed by a Secretary to Government, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer. The current Secretary to Government is Minhaj Alam IAS.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-07-09 |title=IAS officers' postings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ias-officers-postings/article69788945.ece |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Line departments ==

* '''Directorate of Minority Welfare''': The Directorate is the nodal agency for implementing both Central and State schemes and projects intended for uplifting the minority communities in the state. The Directorate of Minority Welfare Department is located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=":0" />

== Major institutions ==

* Kerala State Commission for Minorities <ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-01-24 |title=Kerala State Minorities Commission to join hands with Knowledge Economy Mission for skill training |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-state-minorities-commission-to-join-hands-with-knowledge-economy-mission-for-skill-training/article67772323.ece |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Kerala State Hajj Committee <ref>{{Cite web |title=KERALA STATE HAJJ COMMITTEE |url=https://keralahajcommittee.org/organization.php?services=KERALAHAJJ42807 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=keralahajcommittee.org}}</ref>
* Kerala State Waqf Board <ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhi |first=K. S. |date=2025-04-06 |title=Despite earlier opposition, Kerala set to establish Waqf Board under new Waqf (Amendment) Act |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/despite-earlier-opposition-kerala-set-to-establish-waqf-board-under-the-new-waqf-amendment-act/article69419700.ece |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Kerala Madrassa Teacher's Welfare Fund Board<ref>{{Cite web |title=kmtboard.in |url=https://www.kmtboard.in/kmtweb/index.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=www.kmtboard.in}}</ref>
* Kerala State Minority Development Finance Corporation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Minorities Development Finance Corporation |url=https://ksmdfc.org/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |language=en}}</ref>
* Minority Youth Training Centers.

== See also ==
* [[Department of Backward Communities Development (Kerala)]]
* [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes Development Department (Kerala)]]
* [[Government of Kerala]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Kerala]]

Rajyotsava Awards (2015)

2026-01-30T12:46:29Z

StarCkf91771: new a stub basic info...

{{Short description|Awards given by the government of Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 2015 Rajyotsava Awards
| date = 1 November 2015
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| presenter = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| host =
| winner =
| website =
| previous = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2014)|2014]]
| main = [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]
| next = [[Rajyotsava Awards (2016)|2016]]
}}
The [[Government of Karnataka]] announced the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajyotsava award]]s for the year 2015. The awardees included 60 noted eminent individuals from various fields.<ref name="RajAwdDH">{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/509276/scientist-actor-cricketer-among-60.html | title=Scientist, actor, cricketer among 60 Rajyotsava awardees | date=31 October 2015 | agency=DHNS | accessdate=16 January 2016 | location=Bengaluru}}</ref>

==List of 2015 Awardees==
The Rajyotsava award winners for the year 2015 are:

===Individual===
[[File:Aryamba Pattabhi - Headshot.jpeg|upright|thumbnail|Aryamba Pattabhi]]

[[File:Veerendra Simpi.JPG|upright|thumbnail|Veerendra Simpi]]

[[File:askiran.jpg|upright|thumbnail|A. S. Kiran Kumar]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Sl.No!!Awardee!!Area of expertise!!Location!!Highlights
|-
|1||Prof. K G Nagarajappa||Literature||Tumakuru||Writer and Literary figure from Kallur in Tumakuru district. He is known for his literary works Maruchintane and Devanga Samkruthi. Conferred Nadoja Award in 2011.
|-
|2||Jinadatta Desai||Literature||Belagavi||Kannada writer and retired judge. Desai hails from the Amminabhavi village of Dharwad district. He has published seven poem anthologies. He is known to bring out the hypocrisy of society in his poems.
|-
|3||[[Aryamba Pattabhi]]||Literature||Mysuru||Literary figure.
|-
|4||Veerendra Simpi||Literature||Bidar||Literary figure.
|-
|5||H. L. Keshava Murthy||Literature||Mandya||Literary figure.
|-
|6||H. G. Somashekar Rao||Theatre||Bengaluru||Theatre figure.
|-
|7||B Kariyappa Master||Theatre||Raichur||Theatre figure.
|-
|8||Mumtaz Begum||Theatre||Gadag||Theatre figure.
|-
|9||Sanjeevappa Gabbur||Theatre||Raichur||Theatre figure.
|-
|10||Veena Adavani||Theatre||Ballari||Theatre figure.
|-
|11||Sriramulu||Music and Dance||Kolar||Artist.
|-
|12||Lokesh Das||Music and Dance||Hassan||Artist.
|-
|13||Kasimsab Jamadar||Music and Dance||Uttara Kannada||Artist.
|-
|14||Shobha R Huilgol||Music and Dance||Gadag||Artist.
|-
|15||Chitra Venugopal||Music and Dance||Bengaluru||Kathak danseuse and choreographer with a career spanning over 60 years. Renowned teacher at Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan since 2000. She has been awarded the Kala Shri in 1997 and the Senior Fellowship Award for research in Abhinaya in Kathak by the Ministry of HRD (2000-2002).
|-
|16||Kamalakshi M. J.||Art and Sculpture||Bengaluru Rural||Artist.
|-
|17||P. S. Kademani||Art and Sculpture||Vijayapura||Artist.
|-
|18||Mallappa Maliyappa Badigera||Art and Sculpture||Bagalkot||Artist.
|-
|19||Mariswamy||Art and Sculpture||Bengaluru Rural||Artist.
|-
|20||Margoli Govinda Shiregara||Yakshagana / Bayalata||Udupi||Folk art exponent.
|-
|21||Mudambilu Gopalakrishna Shastri||Yakshagana / Bayalata||Dakshina Kannada||Folk art exponent.
|-
|22||Sakravva Yallavva Patrota||Yakshagana / Bayalata||Belagavi||Folk art exponent.
|-
|23||Tammannachar||Yakshagana / Bayalata||Mysuru||Folk art exponent.
|-
|24||Prakash Bhat||Agriculture and Environment||Dharwad||Agriculture Scientist
|-
|25||Mallanna Nagarala||Agriculture and Environment||Bagalkot||President, Bijapur Integrated Rural Development Society (BIRDS),
|-
|26||Krishnappa Dasappa Gowda aka Bannur Krishnappa||Agriculture and Environment||Mysuru||Krishnappa is a practitioner and active advocate of natural farming (in lieu of chemical farming) which he believes is the answer to the agricultural crisis farmers face these days. His farm in Bannur has been visited by five lakh farmers in three years.
|-
|27||Muttanna Poojara||Agriculture and Environment||Haveri||
|-
|28||[[A. S. Kiran Kumar]]||Science||Chikkamagaluru||Chairman of ISRO.
|-
|29||Abdul Aziz||Science||Kolar||Scientist.
|-
|30||Dr R. K. Saroja||Medical||Chikkaballapur||Medicine.
|-
|31||[[Sowcar Janaki]]||Film and TV||Bengaluru||Leading Actor. Has over 385 movies in Kannada, Tamil and Telugu to her credit. She has acted with leading artists like [[Dr. RajKumar]], [[MGR]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[A. Nageswara Rao]] and [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. Awarded Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South (1984) and Kalaimamani award.
|-
|32||Sadashiva Brahmavara||Film and TV||Dharwad||Artist.
|-
|33||[[Sadhu Kokila]]||Film and TV||Bengaluru||Artist-Music Director
|-
|34||Shani Mahadevappa||Film and TV||Mandya||Artist.
|-
|35||M. S. Helavar||Social Service||Chikkamagaluru||Social Service worker.
|-
|36||Karin Kumar||Social Service||Bengaluru||Social Service worker.
|-
|37||Nira Srinivas Shanbhag||Social Service||Uttara Kannada||Social Service worker.
|-
|38||R. R. Padaki||Social Service||Vijayapura||Social Service worker.
|-
|39||[[Akkai Padmashali]]||Social Service||Bengaluru||Social Service worker.
|-
|40||Justice A. J. Sadashiva||Judiciary||Mandya||Retired judge.
|-
|41||Machar Gopala Nayak||Folklore||Dakshina Kannada||Folk artist.
|-
|42||Appagere Timmaraju||Folklore||Ramanagar||Folk artist.
|-
|43||Kenchamade Gowda||Folklore||Chamarajnagar||Folk artist.
|-
|44||Hanif M. Shiek||Folklore||Kalaburagi||Folk artist.
|-
|45||Gurulingappa Veerasangappa Karadi||Folklore||Bagalkot||Folk artist.
|-
|46||Mariyamma Basanna Shiravati||Folklore||Yadgir||Folk artist.
|-
|47||Kalle Shivottama Rao||Media||Udupi||Media person.
|-
|48||Prof H. S. Eshwar||Media||Shivamogga||Media person.
|-
|49||Nagamani S. Rao||Media||Bengaluru||Media person.
|-
|50||Hanumantha Hoogar||Media||Dharwad||Media person.
|-
|51||Naganna||Media||Tumakuru||Media person.
|-
|52||Pandanda Kuttappa||Sports person||Kodagu||Hockey player.
|-
|53||[[Vinay Kumar]]||Sports person||Davanagere||Indian Cricket player. Right-arm medium fast bowler. He has represented India at Test, One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 levels. He captained Karnataka to two consecutive Ranji Trophy titles in 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons.
|-
|54||[[Niranjan Mukundan]]||Sports person||Bengaluru||Swimmer. Junior world champion in the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports (IWAS) 11th World Junior Games at Stadskanaal, Netherlands. Niranjan clinched seven gold and three silver medals.
|-
|55||H. S. Patil||Others||Koppal||
|-
|56||Lakshman Telagavi||Others||Chitradurga||
|-
|57||Fakirappa Reddy Basappa Reddy Gaddanakeri||Others||Gadag||
|-
|58||S. Tippeswamy||Others||Mysuru||
|-
|59||Sharada Rajanna||Horanadu (overseas Kannadiga)||from Mysuru, now in USA||
|}

===Organisations/Associations===

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=95%
|-
! width=6%|Sl.No !! width=25%|Awardee !! width=14%|Area of expertise !! width=15%| Location !! width=40%|Highlights
|-
| 1 || P. G. Halakatti Research Centre || || [[Bijapur|Vijayapura]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rajyotsava Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2015]]

List of educational institutions in Hyderabad

2026-01-29T01:14:15Z

StarCkf91771: fixed article for clarity for clarity

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{For|the list of educational institutions in Pakistan|List of educational institutions in Hyderabad, Sindh}}
[[File:ISBHyderabad.jpg|thumb|[[Indian School of Business]] entrance]]
This is a list of educational and research institutions in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India.

== Universities and central institutions ==
* [[Osmania University]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad]]
* [[Footwear Design and Development Institute]]<ref>fddiindia.com</ref>
[[File:Hyderabadiit-2.jpg|thumb|Hostels in [[IIT Hyderabad]]]]
* [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
* [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad|Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]]
* [[English and Foreign Languages University]]
[[File:View from the top of the Academic Block.jpg|thumb|right|[[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Campus|BITS Pilani, Hyderabad]]]]
* [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]]
* [[NALSAR University of Law]]
* [[Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University]]
* [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University]]
* [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Hyderabad]]
* [[Indian School of Business]]
* [[Woxsen School of Business]]
* Ellenki Institute of Engineering and Technology<ref>[https://ellenkicet.ac.in/ Ellenki Institute of Engineering and Technology]</ref>
* [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]
* [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences|Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad]]
* [[GITAM University Hyderabad Campus]]
* [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University|Suravaram Pratap Reddy Telugu University]]
* [[Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India]]
* [[Mahindra University]]
* [[University of Hyderabad]]
* [[Woxsen University]]
* [[Symbiosis International University|Symbosis International University]]
* [[Anurag University]]
* [[Malla Reddy University]]

== Centres and institutes ==

* [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad#Administrative Staff College of India|Administrative Staff College of India]]
* [[Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research]], Hyderabad
* [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
* [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad]]
* [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Hyderabad]]
* [[Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]]
* [[Central Institute of Tool Design]], Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Institute of Tool Design |url=http://www.citdindia.org/}}</ref>
* [[Central Power Research Institute]]
* [[Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture]] (CRIDA), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.crida.in |url=http://www.crida.in |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB), Hyderabad
* [[Centre for Economic and Social Studies|Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Hyderabad]]
* [[Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences (CHESS)]], Hyderabad
* [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]]
* [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD), Hyderabad
* [[CR Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science]]
* [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]] (DMRL), Hyderabad
* [[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL)]]
* [[Defence Research Development Organization]] (DRDO), Hyderabad
** [[Advanced Systems Laboratory]]
** [[Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis Group]]
** [[Research Centre Imarat]]
* Directorate of Poultry Research (DPR), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.pdonpoultry.org |url=http://www.pdonpoultry.org/pdpnew/ |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[Directorate of Rice Research]] (DRR), ICAR, Hyderabad
* [[Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute of Telangana]]
* [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]] (ECIL), [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web |title=www.ecil.co.in |url=http://www.ecil.co.in |accessdate=3 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[Footwear Design and Development Institute]]
* [[Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad|Forest College and Research Institute (FCRI)]], Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.fcrits.in |url=https://www.fcrits.in/}}</ref>
* [[Genome Valley]]
* [[Hyderabad Pharma City]]
* [[Indian Immunologicals Limited]]
* [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] (IICT), Hyderabad
* [[Indian Institute of Millets Research]] (IIMR), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.sorghum.res.in |url=http://www.sorghum.res.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101002048/http://www.sorghum.res.in/ |archive-date=1 January 2011 |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (DOR), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=icar- iior.org.in/ |url=http://icar-iior.org.in/ |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* Indian Institute of Packaging, Hyderabad
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite web |date=3 January 2011 |title=www.iith.ac.in |url=http://www.iith.ac.in |accessdate=7 March 2011 |publisher=www.iith.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[INCOIS|Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Hyderabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESSO-INCOIS-Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services |url=http://www.incois.gov.in/portal/index.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426232356/http://www.incois.gov.in/portal/index.jsp |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-26 |website=www.incois.gov.in |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* [[Indian School of Business]] (ISB), Hyderabad
* [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
* [[International School of Engineering]]
* [[Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology]]
* [[Institute of Forest Biodiversity]]
* [[Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases]]
* [[Institute of Public Enterprise]]
* [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] ([[ICRISAT]]), Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |year=1972 |title=icrisat.org |url=http://www.icrisat.org/ |accessdate=3 June 2014 |publisher=icrisat.org}}</ref>
* [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]],<ref>{{cite web |title=www.iiit.net |url=http://www.iiit.net/themes/iiit-july-1/homePage/images/mImg1.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305172831/http://iiit.net/themes/iiit-july-1/homePage/images/mImg1.jpg# |archive-date=5 March 2011 |accessdate=7 March 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[National Academy of Agricultural Research Management]] (NAARM), ICAR, Hyderabad
* [[National Academy of Construction]], Hyderabad
* [[National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research]]
* [[National Balloon Facility]]
* National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.nbpgr.ernet.in |url=http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEER), Hyderabad
* [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] (NGRI), Hyderabad
* [[National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management]] (MANAGE), Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.manage.gov.in |url=http://www.manage.gov.in// |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Animal Biotechnology]]
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], Hyderabad
* National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage[https://niimh.nic.in/#/about_us]
* [[National Institute of Nutrition]] (NIN), [[Tarnaka]], Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.ninindia.org |url=http://www.ninindia.org |accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]], Hyderabad
* [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad]]
* National Institute of Plant Health Management (NIPHM), Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=niphm.gov.in |url=http://niphm.gov.in |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Rural Development]] (NIRD)<ref>{{cite web |title=www.nird.org.in |url=http://www.nird.org.in/index.aspx |accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Technology, Warangal]] ([[Warangal]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=NIT Warangal |url=http://www.nitw.ac.in/nitw/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416223619/http://www.nitw.ac.in/nitw/ |archive-date=16 April 2013 |accessdate=1 August 2012 |publisher=[[NIT Warangal]]}}</ref>
* [[National Institute of Tourism and Hospitality Management]]
* [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|National Police Academy]]
* [[National Remote Sensing Agency, India|National Remote Sensing Agency]]
* National Research Centre on Meat (NRCM), ICAR, Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web |title=www.nrcmeat.org.in |url=http://www.nrcmeat.org.in |accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[National Security Guard]]
* [[National Small Industries Corporation]]
* [[NIPER Hyderabad]]
* [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Nuclear Fuel Complex]] (NFC)
* Programme Air Defence (PGAD)
* [[Research Centre Imarat|Research Centre Imarat (RCI)]]
* [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web |title=About TIFR |url=http://univ.tifr.res.in/gs2014/about/about.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606232952/http://univ.tifr.res.in/gs2014/about/about.htm# |archive-date=6 June 2014 |accessdate=3 June 2014 |website=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Tata Institute of Social Sciences |url=http://www.tiss.edu |website=www.tiss.edu}}</ref>
* ''TCS Innovation Lab, Hyderabad''
* The Indian Institute of Cosmetology, Aesthetics, and Nutrition (I2CAN)

== Private colleges ==
===Engineering===

*[[Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology]]
* [[CMR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad]]
* [[CVR College of Engineering]]
* [[CVSR College of Engineering]]
* [[Deccan College of Engineering and Technology]]
* Ellenki College of Engineering and Technology
* [[Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering Technology]]
* [[International School of Engineering]]
* [[Institute Of Aeronautical Engineering]]
* J. B. Institute of Engineering and Technology
* [[Keshav Memorial Institute of Technology]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology]]
* [[Malla Reddy Engineering College]]
* [[Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[MLR Institute of Technology]]
* [[Maturi Venkata Subba Rao Engineering College]]
* [[Methodist College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[MJCET|Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Padmasri Dr. B.V Raju Institute of Technology]]
* [[Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology]]
* TRR College of Engineering
* [[Vardhaman College of Engineering]]
* [[Vasavi College of Engineering]]
* [[Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology]]
* [[Vignan Institute of Technology and Aeronautical Engineering]]
* [[Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology]]
* [[VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology]]

===Design===
* [[ICAT Design & Media College]], [[Hyderabad]] *
* [[Footwear Design and Development Institute]]*

===Medicine===
* [[Deccan College of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Osmania Medical College]]
* [[Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences]]
*Mallareddy Medical College for Women's
*Mallareddy Institute of Medical Sciences
*Mallareddy Dental College for Women's
*Mallareddy Institute of Dental Sciences
*Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences

== Other degree colleges ==
* [[Andhra Vidyalaya College|Andhra Vidyalaya College of Arts, Science and Commerce]]
* [[Bhavans Vivekananda College]]
* [[City College Hyderabad]]
* [[Nizam College]]
* [[Tapasya College of Commerce and Management]]
* [[Wesley Degree College, Secunderabad]]
* [[Avinash College of Commerce]]
* [[Loyola Academy Degree And PG College]]

== Schools ==
* [https://meruinternationalschool.com/ Meru International School]
* Jubliee Hills Public School
* [[Aga Khan Academy, Hyderabad|Aga Khan Academy]]
* [[All Saints High School, Hyderabad|All Saints High School]]
* [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Public School]]
* [[DAV Safilguda|D.A.V. Public School]]
* [[Dr. S. Hussain Zaheer Memorial High School]]
* [[Gitanjali Senior School, Begumpet|Gitanjali Senior School]]
* [[Glendale Academy]]
* [[Global Indian International School]]
* [[Gowtham Model School]]
* [[Hyderabad Public School]]
* [[Indus International School, Hyderabad|Indus International School]]
* Johnson Grammar School
* [[Little Flower High School Hyderabad|Little Flower High School]]
[[File:Johnson Grammar School.jpg|thumb|200px|Johnson Grammar School]]
* [[Meridian School]]
* [[Nasr School]]
* [[Oakridge International School]]
* [[Oxford Grammar School]]
* [[P Obul Reddy Public School]]
* [[Rosary Convent High School]]
* [[Sanskriti School]]
* [[Sri Aurobindo International School]]
* Stanley Girls High School
* [[St. George's Grammar School (Hyderabad)|St. George's Grammar School]]
* [[St Paul's High School, Hyderabad|St. Paul's High School]]
* [[Vidyaranya High School]]
* [[Sri Vidyaranya International School, Sri Shardadham, Bandlaguda Jagir,Hyderabad]]
* [[Walden's Path]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Education in Hyderabad]]
* [[List of business schools in Hyderabad, India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Education in India}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Hyderabad, India| ]]
[[Category:Education in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India by populated place|Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Hyderabad, India-related lists|Educational institutions]]

Namo Bharat Rapid Rail

2026-01-18T15:34:28Z

StarCkf91771: Adding the pg added tags.

{{this|intercity rail services operated by Indian Railways|the Delhi region Regional Rapid Transit|Namo Bharat}}
{{Short description|Series of Indian inter-city express train services}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Namo Bharat Rapid Rail
| color = FF7220
| color2 =
| image = Vande Metro trainset 2024-08-03 110758.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Namo Bharat Rapid Rail on its trial run
| type = [[Inter-city rail]]
| status = Operating
| predecessor = [[MEMU]]
| first =
| website = {{URL|https://indianrail.gov.in}}
| frequency =
| distance = {{convert|100-250|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| line_used = [[#Operational services|2]]
| class =
| seating = Yes
| catering = No
| observation = Wide windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = {{Hlist|[[Automatic door]]s|[[smoke alarm]]s|[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|bio-vacuum toilets]]}}
| stock =
| speed = {{Cvt|130|km/h}} (maximum)
| trainlength = 8–16 Coaches
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} via [[Overhead line]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
}}

'''Namo Bharat Rapid Rail''' (also referred to as '''Vande Metro''') is a short-distance service that operates on an inter-city rail network to connect major cities within a distance of around {{Cvt|100-250|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=India's first Vande Metro renamed Namo Bharat Rapid Rail: All you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/pm-modi-first-vande-metro-all-you-need-to-know-9570064/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/rcf-to-roll-out-first-prototype-of-vande-metro-coach-by-april-s-srinivas-124021100139_1.html|title=RCF to roll out first prototype of Vande Metro coach by April: S Srinivas|date=11 February 2024|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> The [[Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala]] had rolled out the first Basic Unit (4 coaches) of the train in April 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/indian-railways-first-vande-metro-at-rcf-kapurthala-amazing-pics-first-look-revealed-seephotos-article-108998895 | title=1st Vande Metro: AMAZING PICS! First look revealed – See PHOTOS | date=3 April 2024 }}</ref> This train is part of the '[[Make in India]]' initiative by the Government of India and entered commercial service in September 2024.<ref name=":nb">{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Srushti |title=Namo Bharat Rapid Rail to revolutionise inter-city travel in Karnataka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/xplore/2024/Oct/17/namo-bharat-rapid-rail-to-revolutionise-inter-city-travel-in-karnataka |access-date=29 January 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 October 2024 |language=en |quote=Designed to connect cities within a 100-250 km radius, this initiative is part of the Government of India’s ‘Make in India’ campaign, aiming to boost local manufacturing and infrastructure development.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ahmedabad-Bhuj Namo Bharat Rapid Rail: Route, stops, speed, features and everything you should Know |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/ahmedabad-bhuj-namo-bharat-rapid-rail-routes-stops-speed-features-and-everything-you-should-know/articleshow/113391644.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 September 2024 |quote=Public service for the Namo Bharat Rapid Rail will commence on September 17 from Ahmedabad}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Expand section|date=September 2024}}
=== Announcement ===
Following the success of the [[Vande Bharat Express]] in the medium-distance segment, Namo Bharat Rapid Rail as Vande Metro was first announced by then [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] Ashwini Vaishnav in April 2023 as a short-distance version intended for regional travel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Lingamgunta Nirmitha |title='Vande Metro' to be rolled out by Dec 2023; Check features, other details |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=14 April 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vande-metro-to-be-rolled-out-by-december-2023-check-features-other-details-101681475678629.html |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/article/vande-metro-know-all-about-indias-fastest-and-next-generation-intercity-train |title=Vande Metro: Know all about India's fastest and next generation intercity train |work=Metro Rail Today |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref>

=== Prototypes ===

=== Trial runs ===
With the trainsets getting into the final stages, trial runs for the trainsets were scheduled for July 2024. These trials were to be focused on metropolitan cities, satellite cities, and large urban centres.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Twesh |date=27 April 2024 |title=Vande Metro trial runs to begin in July 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/vande-metro-trial-runs-to-begin-in-july-2024/articleshow/109650975.cms |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2024 |title=India to get its first Vande Bharat Metro soon! Trial run to start in July – Details inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indias-to-get-its-first-vande-bharat-metro-soon-trial-run-to-start-in-july-details-inside-3470469/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cutting-Edge Vande Metro Trains To Be Rolled Out Soon; Trials Begin In July: Check Details, Routes Here |url=https://www.india.com/business/cutting-edge-vande-metro-trains-to-be-rolled-out-soon-trials-begin-in-july-check-details-routes-here-6888953/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

A successful trial run was conducted on 3 August 2024 which ran from Chennai's [[Villivakkam railway station|Villivakkam]] railway station and terminated at [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Railway takes Vande Metro on trial run from Villivakkam to Katpadi |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/railway-takes-vande-metro-on-trial-run-from-villivakkam-to-katpadi-797919 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugural Trial Run of Vande Metro Train Sets New Benchmark for Indian Railways |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/inaugural-trial-run-of-vande-metro-train-sets-new-benchmark-for-indian-railways |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Metro Rail Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=12-Car Vande Metro with 104 Seats to Begin Trial Run Today from Chennai to Katpadi: Check Features |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/12-car-vande-metro-with-104-seats-to-begin-trial-run-today-from-chennai-to-katpadi-check-features-article-112239135 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2024 |title=ICF to start Vande metro trials today in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/icf-to-start-vande-metro-trials-today-in-chennai/articleshow/112233277.cms |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Another trial run was conducted on 8 September 2024 which ran from [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad]] Jn. railway station to [[Bhuj railway station|Bhuj]] railway station. During the trial run, the train covered the distance in five hours, one and a half hours less than then-operational trains. During the trial, the train achieved a maximum speed of {{Cvt|110|km/h}}.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

=== Entry into service ===
The first Ahmedabad–Bhuj train service started on 16 September 2024. It consists of 12 cars, covering a distance of 359 km (223 mi). The travel time is approximately 5 hours and 40 minutes, with a maximum speed of 110 km/h (68 mph) and an average speed of 63 km/h (39 mph).

== Rolling stock ==
The Namo Bharat Rapid Rail is a self-propelled trainset similar to the [[Vande Bharat Express]]. The self-propelled feature eliminates the need for a separate locomotive and offers faster acceleration and deceleration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway Budget 2025: 150 Vande Bharat 2.0 trains, 50 Namo Bharat Rapid Rail (Vande Metro) – Indian Railways’ major announcement |url=https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/railway-budget-2025-150-vande-bharat-2-0-trains-50-namo-bharat-rapid-rail-indian-railways-major-announcement-article-117846410 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=ET Now |date=2 February 2025 |language=en |quote=The Namo Bharat Rapid Rail operates at a speed of 110 kmph, offering faster acceleration and deceleration to passengers. This speed advantage ensures quicker commutes and improved efficiency.}}</ref> Designed to replace [[MEMU]] trains, its primary aim is to reduce the inter-city travel time.<ref name=":nb" /> With a maximum operational speed of {{Cvt|130|km/h}},<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vande Metro: Indian Railway Gears Up To Roll Out High-Speed New Intercity Train With 130 kmph Operational Capability |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/vande-metro-indian-railway-gears-up-to-roll-out-high-speed-new-intercity-train-with-130-kmph-operational-capability |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> it surpasses the current running MEMUs.

Each coach features lightweight, cushioned seats accommodating 100 seated passengers and space for 200 standing. It is fully air-conditioned and equipped with modern amenities, including sealed gangways for easy movement. It also has aluminium luggage racks, LCD displays for passenger information, automatic doors, mobile charging sockets, diffused lighting, route displays, and panoramic windows with roller blinds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2024 |title=Increasing train coaches, Vande Metro among Vaishnaw's target for the year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/increasing-train-coaches-vande-metro-among-vaishnaw-s-target-for-the-year-101718426462674.html |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Safety features include the [[Kavach (train protection system)|KAVACH anti-collision system]], [[Closed-circuit television camera|CCTV cameras]], Emergency talk-back units, [[Fire alarm system|fire detection systems]], and modular bio-vacuum toilets. Initially, the trainsets will consist of 12 to 16 coaches depending on route demand.

=== Rake formation ===
{{Citation needed section|date=August 2024}}
'''''Abbreviations:'''''

DTC – [[Control car|Driving Trailer Coach]]; NDTC – Non-Driving Trailer Coach; MC – [[Motor coach (rail)|Motor Coach]]; MC2 – [[Motor coach (rail)|Motor Coach]] with electrical change-over switch; MC3 – 180° rotated MC2; TC – Trailer Coach having [[Pantograph (transport)|Pantograph]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: small;"
|+ Rake Formation of 12 coach Namo Bharat Rapid Rail trainset
!Coach No.
|1
|2
|3
|4
|5
|6
|7
|8
|9
|10
|11
|12

|-
!Power Configuration
|DTC
|MC
|TC
|MC2
|NDTC
|MC
|TC
|MC2
|MC3
|TC
|MC
|DTC
|-
!Basic Power Units
| colspan="4" |Unit 1
| colspan="4" |Unit 2
| colspan="4" |Unit 3
|-
!Seating Capacity
|57
|104
|104
|104
|104
|104
|104
|104
|104
|104
|104
|57
|-
!Standing Capacity
|104
|185
|185
|185
|185
|185
|185
|185
|185
|185
|185
|104
|+ Total Seating Capacity= 1150 
Total Standing Capacity= 2058 
Total Capacity= 3208
|}

== Services ==

=== Operational services ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! rowspan="2" |S.No.
! rowspan="2" |Service
! rowspan="2" |Zone
! rowspan="2" |Cars
! rowspan="2" |Distance
! rowspan="2" |Travel time
! colspan="2" |Speed
! rowspan="2" |Inaugural run
! rowspan="2" |{{tool tip|Ref|Reference}}
|-
!Maximum{{efn|Maximum permissible speed over different sections as approved by the [[Commission of Railway Safety|Commissioner of Railway Safety]]}}
!Average
|-
!1
|[[Ahmedabad–Bhuj Namo Bharat Rapid Rail|Ahmedabad–Bhuj]]
|[[Western Railway Zone|WR]]
|12
|{{cvt|359|km}}
|5h 40m
|{{cvt|110|km/h}}
|{{cvt|63|km/h}}
|16 September 2024
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2024 |title=First Vande Metro launch! PM Modi to flag off train linking Bhuj and Ahmedabad – Check timings, features and fare |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-first-vande-bharat-metro-launch-pm-modi-to-flag-off-train-linking-bhuj-and-ahmedabad-check-timings-features-and-fare-3610408/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |publisher=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=13 August 2024 |title=Inaugural Vande Bharat Metro to be from Gandhinagar to Bhuj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/first-vande-bharat-metro-train-arrives-in-ahmedabad-for-official-launch/articleshow/112480250.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=15 September 2024 |title=PM Modi to flag off country's first Vande Metro between Ahmedabad-Bhuj and Vande Bharat trains |url=https://thefederal.com/category/news/pm-modi-to-flag-off-countrys-first-vande-metro-between-ahmedabad-bhuj-and-vande-bharat-trains-144813 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[Jaynagar–Patna Namo Bharat Rapid Rail|Jaynagar–Patna]]
|[[East Central Railway zone|ECR]]
|16
|{{cvt|266|km}}
|5h 30m
|{{cvt|130|km/h}}
|{{cvt|48|km/h}}
|24 April 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-21 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate India’s first 16-coach Namo Bharat Rapid Rail between Jayanagar-Patna on April 24 – Check route, stops, features and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-indias-first-16-coach-namo-bharat-rapid-rail-between-jayanagar-patna-on-april-24-check-route-stops-features-and-more-3817091/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrit Bharat 2.0, Vande Metro Coming To Bihar This Month In Transport Boost For Poll-Bound State |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/amrit-bharat-2-0-vande-metro-coming-to-bihar-this-month-in-transport-boost-for-poll-bound-state-ws-l-9308341.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-22 |title=Jaynagar to Patna Vande Metro: India’s 2nd Namo Bharat Rapid Rail to launch this week {{!}} Ticket prices, route, stoppages and more |url=https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/jaynagar-to-patna-vande-metro-indias-2nd-namo-bharat-rapid-rail-to-launch-this-week-ticket-prices-route-stoppages-and-more-article-151466841 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Proposed services ===
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
!S.No
! colspan="2" |Service
!Zone
!Distance
!{{tool tip|Ref|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="6" |1
| rowspan="6" |[[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
|[[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Line]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Central Railway zone|CR]]
|{{cvt|180|km}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2023 |title=Mumbai Infra Boost: AC Vande Metro to Replace Mumbai Local Trains - All you need to know |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/mumbai-infra-boost-ac-vande-metro-to-replace-mumbai-local-trains-all-you-need-to-know-article-101232299 |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour Line]]
|{{cvt|66|km}}
|-
|[[Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Trans–Harbour Line]]
|{{cvt|38|km}}
|-
|[[Port Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Port Line]]
|{{cvt|26.7|km}}
|-
|[[Vasai Road–Roha line|Vasai Road–Roha Line]]
|{{cvt|100|km}}
|-
|[[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]]
|[[Western Railway zone|WR]]
|{{cvt|123.78|km}}
|-
!2
| colspan="2" |[[Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway|Lucknow–Unnao–Kanpur]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]
|{{cvt|72|km}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!3
| colspan="2" |[[Chennai]]–[[Tirupati]]
|[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]
|{{cvt|147|km}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
!4
| colspan="2" |[[Agra]]–[[Mathura]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]
|{{cvt|54|km}}
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
!5
| colspan="2" |[[Bhubaneswar]]–[[Balasore]]
|[[East Coast Railway zone|ECoR]]
|{{cvt|206|km}}
|<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/trials-for-short-distance-vande-metro-trains-to-begin-in-july-for-vande-bharat-sleeper-in-may/articleshow/109653225.cms |title=Trials for short distance Vande Metro to begin in July |publisher=Times of India |date=27 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
!6
| colspan="2" |[[Thiruvananthapuram]]–[[Ernakulam]]
|[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]
|{{cvt|205|km}}
|<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/trials-for-short-distance-vande-metro-trains-to-begin-in-july-for-vande-bharat-sleeper-in-may/articleshow/109653225.cms |title=Trials for short distance Vande Metro to begin in July |publisher=Times of India |date=27 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
!7
| colspan="2" |[[Thrissur]]–[[Kozhikode]]
|[[Southern Railway zone|SR]]
|{{cvt|120|km}}
|<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/trials-for-short-distance-vande-metro-trains-to-begin-in-july-for-vande-bharat-sleeper-in-may/articleshow/109653225.cms |title=Trials for short distance Vande Metro to begin in July |publisher=Times of India |date=27 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
!8
| colspan="2" |[[Delhi]]–[[Rewari]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|NR]]
|{{cvt|82|km}}
|<ref name=":1"/>
|-
!9
| colspan="2" |[[Durg]]–[[Nagpur]]
|[[South East Central Railway zone|SECR]]
|265 km
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande-metro-will-run-between-durg-and-nagpur |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/durg-bhilai/news/vande-metro-will-run-between-durg-and-nagpur-133713994.html}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[RapidX]]
* [[MEMU]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Amrit Bharat Express]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscatinline}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{Namo Bharat Rapid Rail}}
{{Indian Railways}}
}}

[[Category:Transportation planning]]
[[Category:Transport in India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Proposed public transport in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1934

2026-01-14T10:16:44Z

StarCkf91771: adding a bio!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Bengali films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by [[Tollywood Bangla|Tollywood]] ([[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali language film industry]]) based in [[Kolkata]] in 1934.

==A-Z of films==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0"
|-
! Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Notes/music
|-
|''Chand Saudagar''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Prafulla Roy || [[Dhiraj Bhattacharya]], Suhasini Debi || [[Family film]] ||
|-
|''Dakshayagna''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Jyotish Bandyopadhyay || Ahindra Choudhury, [[Tulsi Chakraborty]] || Family film ||
|-
|''[[Dhruba]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Kaji Nazrul Islam]] || Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay, [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] || Family film ||
|-
|''Excuse Me Sir'' (short){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Dhirendranath Gangopadhyay]] || [[Dhirendranath Gangopadhyay]], Molina Debi || Family film ||
|-
|''Keranir Jiban'' (short)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film183374.htm|title=Keranir Jiban|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film183374.htm|archive-date=2019-05-12|website=citwf.com}}</ref>|| Tulsi Lahiri || Debabala, Tulsi Lahiri || Family film ||
|-
|''Maa''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Prafulla Ghosh]] || [[Kanan Devi]], Binoy Goswami || Family film ||
|-
|''Mahua''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Hiren Bose || Ahindra Choudhury, Ahi Sanyal || Family film ||
|-
|''[[Mohabbat Ki Kasauti]]''||[[P. C. Barua]]||[[K. L. Saigal]], Rattan Bai, [[Pahari Sanyal]], [[Noor Mohammed Charlie]]||Historical Drama||
|-
|''Monikanchan'' Part-I (short)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film213134.htm|title=Monikanchan Part-I|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film213134.htm|archive-date=2019-05-12|website=citwf.com}}</ref>|| Tulsi Lahiri || Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay, Tulsi Lahiri || Family film ||
|-
|''Pear Brothers'' (cartoon){{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Rai Chand Boral || [[Shyam Laha]], Amar Mullick || Family film ||First Bengali [[cartoon]] film
|-
|''Rajnati Basantasena''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Charu Roy || Dhiraj Bhattacharya, [[Rabi Ray]] || Family film ||
|-
|''Reenmukti'' (Naramedh Yagna)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film290390.htm|title=Reenmukti|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512132134/https://www.citwf.com/film290390.htm|archive-date=2019-05-12|website=citwf.com}}</ref>|| Tinkari Chakraborty || Radha Rani, Sailen Chattopadhyay || Family film ||
|-
|''Ruplekha''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| [[Pramathesh Barua]] || Ahindra Choudhury, [[Pramathesh Barua]] || Family film ||
|-
|''Sachidulal''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Prafulla Roy || [[Tulsi Chakraborty]], Ranibala || Family film ||
|-
|''[[Seeta (1934 film)|Seeta]]''||[[Debaki Bose]]||[[Gul Hamid]], [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Durga Khote]]|| ||
|-
|''Shubho Tryahasparsha''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Manmatha Ray || Jahar Gangopadhyay, Asha Bose || Family film ||
|-
|''Taruni''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Priyanath Gangopadhyay || Jiban Gangopadhyay, Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay || Family film ||
|-
|''Tulsidas''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}|| Jyotish Gangopadhyay || Jahar Gangopadhyay, Joynarayan Mukhopadhyay || Family film ||
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* ''[[Bengali Film Directory]]'' – edited by Ansu Sur, [[Nandan (Kolkata)|Nandan]], [[Calcutta]], 1999

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/List?year=1934&&language=Bengali&&tv=on&&heading=9;1934;Bengali&&related=9;1934;1934;Bengali;Bengali&&nav=/Sections/Years/1934/include-bylanguage Tollywood films of 1934] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
*[http://www.gomolo.in/ConditionalSearch.aspx?Yearcode=1930-1939&Langcode=Bengali&Categories=M&GotoYear=1934 Tollywood films of 1934]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at gomolo.in

{{1934 films}}
{{Cinema of West Bengal}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Films Of 1934}}
[[Category:Lists of Bengali films by year|1934]]
[[Category:Lists of 1934 films by language]]
[[Category:1934 in Indian cinema|Films, Bengali]]

Hisar–Rewari Expressway

2026-01-09T02:41:32Z

StarCkf91771: started a info

{{Short description|New expressway in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{infobox road
| header_type = UC
| country = IND
| name = Hisar–Rewari Expressway
| alternate_name =
| image =
| type =
| route =
| map =
| map_notes =
| length_km = 175<ref name=tosh1>{{cite news|title= रेवाड़ी-हिसार नया नेशनल हाइवे लाएगा जिले के विकास में तेजी, तोशाम पर बनेगा बाइपास|trans-title= Rewari-Hisar new national highway will accelerate the development of the district, bypass will be built on Tosham|url= https://www.jagran.com/haryana/bhiwani-rewarihisar-new-national-highway-will-accelerate-the-development-of-the-district-bypass-will-be-built-on-tosham-21755278.html|work= [[Dainik Jagran]] |date=June 20, 2021|language=hi}}</ref>
| length_ref =
| established =
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = [[Hisar, Haryana]] (junction with NH-9)
| destinations = [[Tosham]], [[Badhra]], [[Mahendragarh]], [[Kanina Khas|Kanina]]
| direction_b = South
| terminus_b = [[Rewari, Haryana]] (junction with NH-11 and NH-48)
| junction =
*[[National Highway 9 (India)|NH 9]] near Hisar
*[[Trans-Haryana Expressway]] near Mahendragarh
*[[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]] near Rewari
| cities = [[Hisar, Haryana|Hisar]], Tosham, Badhra, Mahendragarh, Kanina, Taoru, Rewari
| states = [[Haryana]]
| districts = [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]], [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]], [[Nuh district|Nuh]], [[Rewari district|Rewari]]
| system =
| previous_type =
| previous_route =
| next_type =
| next_route =
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| photo_notes =
}}
'''Hisar–Rewari Expressway''' is an under-construction {{convert|160|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}}, four-lane, [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled]], [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] expressway in [[Haryana]] state in North [[India]], connecting [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], a major [[National Capital Region (India)#Counter magnets|counter magnets city]] in [[Administrative divisions of Haryana#West|western Haryana]], with [[Rewari]], a key junction in [[South Haryana|southern Haryana]] in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR) [[Delhi]] region. The expressway is designed to be a direct high-speed corridor, reducing the current travel time between the two cities and enhancing connectivity in the state's western-southcentral-south region.<ref name="Punjab Newsline">{{cite news |url=https://www.punjabnewsline.com/news/haryana-witnesses-extensive-road-infrastructure-development-in-present-government%E2%80%99s-tenure-%E2%80%93-dushyant%C2%A0-72221 |title=Haryana Witnesses Extensive Road Infrastructure Development in present Government's tenure – Dushyant |date=5 February 2024 |work=[[List of Punjabi-language newspapers#pbnn|Punjab Newsline]] |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=highh1>{{cite news |url = https://nayaharyana.com/haryana-news/new-highway-these-3-new-highways-will-be-built-in-haryana/cid17687368.htm |title = New Highway: हरियाणा में बनेंगे ये 3 नए हाईवे, जानें कहां से होकर गुजरेंगे |work = [[List of newspapers in India|Naya Haryana]] |date = 26 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=prag1>{{cite web |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/PragatiKiNayiGati/haryana/files/assets/common/downloads/HARYANA%20ON%20HIGHWAYS%20TO%20PROGRESS.pdf |title=HARYANA ON HIGHWAYS TO PROGRESS |date=June 2020 |publisher=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] |page=1 |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref name=har5>{{cite news|title=हरियाणा को मिली एक और नेशनल हाईवे की सौगात, रेवाड़ी से हिसार होते हुए पंजाब तक होगी सीधी कनेक्टिविटी|trans-title=Haryana got another National Highway, direct connectivity from Rewari to Punjab via Hisar|url=https://www.haryanaekhabar.com/rewari/another-national-highway-will-be-built-from-rewari-to-hisar-via-mahendragarh/|work=[[List of newspapers in India|Haryana Ekhabar]]|date=November 13, 2022|language=hi}}</ref> The expressway is expected to reduce travel time between Hisar and Rewari from the current 4–5 hours to approximately 2 hours.<ref name=bh2>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/3-major-highways-to-cut-travel-time-raise-land-values-in-haryana-and-punjab-9131276.html|title=3 Major Highways To Cut Travel Time, Raise Land Values In Haryana And Punjab|publisher=[[CNN-News18|News18]]|date=2024-11-23|accessdate=2025-11-04}}</ref>

== History ==

The Hisar–Rewari Expressway, to be constructed by NHAI,<ref name=prag1/> was first proposed as part of the [[Bharatmala Pariyojana|Bharatmala]] programme in 2017, aimed at improving connectivity in border and rural areas of Haryana.<ref name=prag1/><ref name=south1>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rewari-bypass-opens-travel-to-south-haryana-will-now-get-easier/articleshow/120288701.cms |title=Rewari bypass opens, travel to south Haryana will now get easier |date=14 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref> In May 2021, the Haryana government granted in-principle approval for the Hisar-Tosham-Rewari road project to be developed under the hybrid [[annuity]] mode (HAM).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/deputy-cm-dushyant-said-highway-of-hisar-tosham-rewari-got-approval-from-center-1563755|title=सड़कों के विस्तार पर बोले डिप्टी सीएम दुष्यंत, हिसार-तोशाम-महेंद्रगढ़-रेवाड़ी के प्रस्तावित हाईवे को मिली केंद्र से मंजूरी|work=[[Punjab Kesari]]|date=2022-03-14|accessdate=2025-11-04}}</ref> In November 2024, the central government approved the project as one of three new four-lane highways in Haryana, alongside the Panipat–Dabwali and Ambala–Delhi highways.<ref name=bh2/><ref name=kit1>{{cite web|url=https://kittonews.com/haryana-will-build-3-new-four-lane-highway/|title=Haryana will build 3 new four-lane highways, which could increase the value of the land in these areas|work=[[List of newspapers in India|Kitto News]]|date=2025-02-19|accessdate=2025-11-04}}</ref>

==Project==

===Specifications===

The project, estimated to cost approximately ₹3,000 crore and funded through central and state contributions under Bharatmala,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/176/AU2937.pdf?source=pqals|title=Government of India Lok Sabha Annexure|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]|accessdate=2025-11-04}}</ref> will have 24 bypasses, underpasses and flyovers.<ref name=har5/>

===Benefits===

The expressway, is a crucial component of the central government's Bharatmala Pariyojana, an umbrella program for national highway development in India, focusing on economic corridors, inter-corridor and feeder routes.<ref name="Punjab Newsline"/>

The expressway is anticipated to bring several benefits to the region:

* Economic development: The corridor is anticipated to boost industrial and logistics activities, promoting the development of new industrial clusters and [[Multi-Modal Logistics Parks in India|Multimodal Logistics Parks (MLPs)]] in the region.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Rakesh |date=2023-09-01 |title=Impact of New Expressway Corridors on Regional Economy of Haryana |journal=[[Journal of Infrastructure Development]] |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=112–125 |doi=10.1177/097493062311845 |doi-broken-date=4 November 2025 |s2cid=258581234 }}</ref> Improved connectivity will boost trade, agriculture, and industrial activities in Bhiwani and Mahendragarh districts, which are key mining and farming areas.<ref name="Punjab Newsline"/><ref name=kit1/> The project's primary goal is to provide seamless connectivity between the agricultural and industrial hubs of Hisar and the commercial and logistics centres of Rewari, which is strategically located near the Delhi-Jaipur National Highway (NH-48) and the [[Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (WDFC).<ref name="Punjab Newsline"/>
* Reduced travel time and logistics costs: It will shorten the distance between Hisar and Rewari, easing traffic on existing state highways and reducing fuel consumption. It will decongest by divertinf heavy freight traffic away from the congested state highways and city centers of towns like Bhiwani and Charkhi Dadri.<ref name="Punjab Newsline"/><ref name=bh2/>
* Tourism and employment: Enhanced links to historical sites like Tosham Hill and Rewari Heritage Steam Loco Shed will promote tourism, generating jobs.<ref name=prag1/>
* Land value appreciation: Properties along the route are expected to see increased values due to better access to urban centres like Delhi and Gurgaon.<ref name=bh2/>

==Route==
{{prose|section|date=November 2025}}
* [[Hisar district]]
** Hisar city (northern terminus),<ref name="Punjab Newsline"/> includes construction of 4-lane greenfield southern bypass for the Hisar city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plan & Profile: Construction of Four Lane Greenfield Hisar Bypass connecting Hisar-Delhi NH-09...|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/829065936/Plan-Profile|via=Scribd |publisher = [[NHAI]] |date=January 2024}}</ref><ref name=bh3>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-assembly-budget-session-govt-to-distribute-tablets-to-govt-school-students-of-classes-10-11-12-by-may-7805298/|title=Haryana Assembly budget session: Govt to distribute tablets to govt school students of classes 10, 11, 12 by May|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2022-03-07|accessdate=2025-11-04}}</ref>
** [[Kanwari]]
* [[Bhiwani district]]
** [[Tosham]]<ref name=tosh1/><ref name=bh3/>
** [[Kairu]]<ref name=tosh1/><ref name=bh3/>
** [[Jui Khurd]] [[National Highway 709 (India)|NH-709]] Panipat-Rohtak-Bhiwani-Pilani route.<ref name=tosh1/><ref name=bh3/>
* [[Charkhi Dadri district]]
** [[Badhra]]<ref name=tosh1/> [[National Highway 334B (India)|NH-334B]] Jhajjar-Charkhi Dadri-Loharu route.<ref name=bh3/>
* [[Mahendragarh district]]
** [[Satnali]] (east of)<ref name=tosh1/><ref name=bh3/>
** [[Mahendragarh]] city (north of)<ref name=tosh1/><ref name=bh3/>
** [[Kanina Khas]]<ref name=tosh1/><ref name=bh3/>
* [[Rewari district]]
** Rewari (southern terminus)<ref name="Punjab Newsline"/><ref name=tosh1/><ref name=bh3/>
* [[Nuh district]]
** [[Taoru]], at [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] (WPE)<ref name=bh2/><ref name=bh3/>

==Present status==

* November 2025: NHAI is preparing to issue tenders following the completion of the DPR in 2024. Construction is expected to commence in 2026, with an estimated completion timeline of 3–4 years.<ref name="Punjab Newsline"/><ref name=bh2/> The Rewari Bypass, a 14.4 km four-lane extension of NH-11, was inaugurated in April 2025, enhancing connectivity to the proposed expressway's southern end.<ref name=south1/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Roads}}
* [[Industrial corridor#India|Industrial corridors of India]]
* [[List of megaprojects in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Highways in India}}



[[Category:Expressways in Haryana]]

T. Krishnanunni

2025-11-25T07:43:15Z

StarCkf91771: started new details

{{Short description|Indian sound designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T Krishnanunni
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|6|12}}
| birth_place = [[Ottapalam]], [[Kerala State]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Sound design]], [[Sound recording]]
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''T. Krishnanunni''' is a sound designer in India.<ref name="Hindu Article">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/the-art-and-craft-of-sound-in-cinema/article1559433.ece|title=The art and craft of sound in cinema|work=The Hindu|date=22 March 2011}}</ref> He has received multiple [[National Film Awards]] and [[Kerala State Film Awards]]. He has worked with almost all the eminent film makers in Kerala, including [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], [[G. Aravindan]] and [[Shaji N. Karun]].

==Biography==
T Krishnanunni was born in 1960 in [[Ottapalam]] Graduated in Physics from [[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|St.Joseph's College, Devagiri]], Kozhikode under the University of Kerala. Joined the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], Pune for the Sound Recording & Sound Engineering course. Passed out from the FTII in 1976. He joined the Space Applications Centre in Ahmedabad as sound recordist in their Khedda Communications Project in 1977. Left Ahmedabad in 1980 to join [[Chitranjali Studio]] under the [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]] in Trivandrum as sound recordist.

==Career in sound design==

Worked for twenty eight years in [[Chitranjali Studio|Chirtranjali Studio]] and was the Chief Sound Engineer on retirement in June, 2008. Presently freelancing in sound designing and short film making. During the career in the [[Chitranjali Studio]], received President's awards thrice for Audiography for films [http://Anantaram Anantaram] directed by Sri [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], [[Piravi]] directed by Sri [[Shaji N. Karun|Shaji .N.Karun]]<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19890515-piravi-film-on-emergency-corners-major-awards-816093-1989-05-14|title=Look back in anger|publisher= [[India Today]]|date=15 May 1989}}</ref> and [[Desadanam]] directed by Sri [[Jayaraj]]. Have also received nine awards for audiography from the government of Kerala. The last one was for the film "[[Oru Pennum Randaanum|Oru Pennum Randanum]]" directed by Sri Adoor Gopalakrishan, in 2008. Received the President's award for the best director for a biographical documentary on [[Vaidyaratnam P. S. Varier|Vaidya Ratnam P.S.Warrier]] produced by [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]], Trivandrum, for the Public Relations Department in 2005. Have done sound design for films like "[[Kutty Srank|KuttySrank]] " by Shaji N Karun and "[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal|Bhoomiyute Avakasikal]]" by [[T. V. Chandran|T. V .Chandran]]. Recently worked as sound designer for the film "[[Swapaanam|Swapanam]] " directed by Shaji N Karun and "[[Oraalppokkam|Oralpokkam]] " directed by [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]<ref name="deshabhimani">{{cite news|url=http://deshabhimani.com/news-cinema-interview-new_generation_sound-383889.html|title=ന്യൂ ജനറേഷന്‍ ശബ്ദം|publisher=[[Deshabhimani]]|date=15 May 1989|archive-date=8 December 2015|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208112028/http://deshabhimani.com/news-cinema-interview-new_generation_sound-383889.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also the sound mixer for the documentary, Kumaranelloorile Kulangal (Ponds of Kumaranelloor) (2016) directed by [[:ml:എം.എ. റഹ്‌മാൻ|MA Rahman]] and written by Jnanpith award winner [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair|MT Vasudeven Nair]]. The primary subject of this documentary is also [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair|MT Vasudevan Nair]]<ref>{{cite news|title=കുമരനെല്ലൂരിലെ കുളങ്ങള്‍
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ts1eE4rK6L8|publisher=YouTube}} 9 February 2016</ref>

==Career in direction==
Have directed several documentaries for the Information and Public Relations Department, [[Government of Kerala]], a documentary for the Archaeology Department, Government of Kerala and a series of documentaries for the [[Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala]], Kottakkal, Malapuram.

==As an author==
Authored a book called "Sound in Moving Pictures" published by Mathrubhumi Publications, Kozhikode, Kerala in December 2010.<ref name="Indulekha">{{cite news|url=http://www.indulekha.com/index.php?route=product/author/product&author_id=2788|title=Chalachitrathile Sabdam|publisher=Indulekha.com}}</ref>

==Awards and accolades==

'''[[National Film Awards|National Film Award for Best Audiography]]s:'''

* 1987 - [[National Film Award for Best Audiography]] - ''Anantaram''
* 1988 - [[National Film Award for Best Audiography]] - ''Piravi''
* 1996 - [[National Film Award for Best Audiography]] - ''Desadanam''

'''[[Kerala State Film Award]]s:'''

* 1987 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist]] - ''[[Purushartham]]''{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
* 1989 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist]]
* 1994 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist]] - ''[[Swaham|Swam]]''
* 1995 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist]] - ''[[Kazhakam]], [[Ormakalundayirikkanam]]''
* 1996 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist]] - ''[[Desadanam]]''
* 1997 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist]] - ''[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Janmadinam]]''
* 1998 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist]] - ''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''
* 2007 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist]] - ''[[Ottakkayyan]]''
* 2008 - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist]] - ''Oru Pennum Randaanum''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0471493}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:krishnanunni, T}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]

Ninne Pelladata (1968 film)

2025-10-23T16:28:19Z

StarCkf91771: updated page

{{short description|1968 Telugu-language film}}
{{Other uses|Ninne Pelladata (disambiguation){{!}}Ninne Pelladata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ninne Pelladata
| image = Ninne Pelladata (1968 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = B. V. Srinivas G. Viswanatham {{small|(Supervision)}}
| writer = G. K. Murthy {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = [[B. Vittalacharya]]
| story = B. Vittalacharya
| producer = B. Vittalacharya
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]]
| cinematography = H. S. Venu
| editing = K. Govinda Swamy
| music = Vijaya Krishna Murthy
| studio = Sri Vital Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1968|8|30}}
| runtime = 128 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ninne Pelladata''''' ({{translation|I Will Marry You}}) is a 1968 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]], produced by [[B. Vittalacharya]] under the Sri Vital Productions banner and directed by B. V. Srinivas. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]] and music composed by Vijaya Krishna Murthy.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kishnanand|date=7 September 1968|title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: నిన్నే పెళ్లాడుతా |work=[[Andhra Patrika]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GQN/0,81,2565,1806|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Thurlapati|date=8 September 1968|title=చిత్ర జ్యోతి: నిన్నే పెళ్లాడుతా |work=[[Andhra Jyothi]]|url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/GQM/0,819,2550,2469|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
Uma is a vainglory misandrist due to the pampering of her virago mother, Jagadamba, which perturbs her father, Ranganayakulu. So, he schemes by assigning a young charm, Umapathi, to unbend her. Here, they begin with squabbles and nuptials. Soon after, Uma proclaims she has knitted him to trample, he too challenging that he will let down her ego. The rest of the story is a comic tale.

==Cast==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Umapathi
*[[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan|Bharathi]] as Uma
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Anjineyulu
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]]
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] as Ball
*Kakarala as Ganapathi
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Jagadamba
*[[Chaya Devi]]
*[[Vijaya Lalitha]] as Nanchari

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ninne Pelladata
| type = film
| artist = Vijaya Krishna Murthy
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1968
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 21:32
| label =
| producer = Vijaya Krishna Murthy
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by Vijaya Krishna Murthy. Lyrics were written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]]. Music released by Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Chitti Potti Papalaara"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|3:40
|-
|2
|"Ragalanni Neeve"
|[[P. Susheela]]
|3:31
|-
|3
|"Mallela Paanupu Undi"
|P. Susheela
|3:37
|-
|4
|"Ninnu Chustene Chalu"
|P. Susheela
|3:45
|-
|5
|"Pellama Naa Muddula Pellama"
|Ghantasala
|2:46
|-
|6
|"Kalam Marindi"
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela, Basaveswar, Raghuram
|4:13
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0293457}}

[[Category:1968 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]

Dreams & Chaos

2025-08-25T18:16:11Z

StarCkf91771: Put Up Post

{{short description|2020 Naga television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dreams & Chaos.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = Drama
| creator = DABA Youth Ministry
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Dreams & Chaos (book)|Dreams & Chaos]]''|[[Sentilong Ozüküm]]}}
| inspired_by = 
| writer = Sentilong Ozüküm
| screenplay =
| director = Bendang Walling
| starring = {{ubl|Kilangtemsü Imsong|Waluniba Ajem|Limasenla Jamir}}
| composer = Nokrang Longkümer
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Ao|Nagamese}}
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 12
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| location = 
| cinematography = Aakum Den
| animator =
| editor = Menang Jamir
| camera = 
| runtime = 18–45 minutes
| company =
| budget =
| network = [[YouTube]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|03|04|df=yes}}
| related = 
}}

'''''Dreams & Chaos''''' is a Naga [[web series]] based on writer Sentilong Ozüküm's [[Dreams & Chaos (book)|2020 book of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/sentilong-ozukums-dreams-chaos-formally-launched|title=Sentilong Ozukum's 'Dreams & Chaos' formally launched|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> The series stars Kilangtemsü Imsong alongside Waluniba Ajem and Limasenla Jamir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/dreams-and-chaos-wins-best-web-series-award-at-kiiffa|title='Dreams and Chaos' wins Best Web Series award at KIIFFA|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|date=5 April 2021|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/-dreams-and-chaos-nominated-at-kiiffa/230696.html|title=Dreams and Chaos nominated at KIIFFA|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|date=22 March 2021|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> The first season aired on [[YouTube]] from 13 November 2020 to 25 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Dreams & Chaos' web series slated for November release - MorungExpress|url=https://foxbollywood.com/2020/10/30/dreams-chaos-web-series-slated-for-november-release-morungexpress/|work= Fox Bollywood |date=30 October 2020|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> The second season aired between 28 January 2022 and 4 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://morungexpress.com/dreams-chaos-season-2-sheds-light-on-sad-state-of-education-systems-unemployment|title='Dreams & Chaos' season 2 sheds light on sad state of education systems & unemployment|website=[[The Morung Express]]|date=2 February 2022|access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
After a quarrel with his policeman father which resulted in a broken windowpane, Moluti finds himself more and more estranged from his father. An attempt by his mother for reconciliation ends up in another bitter quarrel.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Kilangtemsü Imsong as Moluti
* Waluniba Ajem as Senti
* Limasenla Jamir as Ali

===Supporting===
* Lipokümzük Pongen as Moluti's father
* Renemsongla Ozüküm as Moluti's mother
* Merang Lemtür as Vicky
* Sungjemmong Jamir as Moluti's sister
* Imtinaro as Kim

== Episodes ==
=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |background=#800020 |overall= |title=|director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = A New Beginning
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After a quarrel with his policeman father which resulted in a broken windowpane, Moluti finds himself more and more estranged from his father. An attempt by his mother for reconciliation ends up in another bitter quarrel.
|LineColor = #800020
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Road Less Traveled
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|20|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After a bitter quarrel with his parents, Moluti Jamir elopes from home and takes refuge with his friend Senti at Dimapur. Living completely at the hospitality of his old hostel roommate, he needs to urgently find a job and start earning his own daily bread. As he scans the newspaper every morning searching for job advertisements and runs around the city for job interviews, life teaches him the bitter truths of reality.
|LineColor = #800020
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Against All Odds
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|27|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After several unsuccessful job interviews and with nowhere else to turn to, Moluti ends up working as a salesman in a hardware shop in Dimapur. The difficult, mundane work batters Moluti's spirit. A bitter encounter with his elder sister who accuses him of bringing disgrace to the family and the continuous struggle for daily existence leaves him battered, bruised and burnt.
|LineColor = #800020
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Heralding Hope
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After working for months at the hardware store, Moluti gets another job as a cataloguing employee at an online store called Kimbo where he enjoys the work. At Kimbo, Moluti discovers his passion and purpose through his work. Within months, Moluti transforms the bankrupted online store into a profitable company and is appointed as the manager of the store.
|LineColor = #800020
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Reunion
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After a turn of events, Moluti acquires the Kimbo store after an agreement with Kim. Excited at the prospect at hand he continues to work hard at the store determined to pay off all his debts. However, he faces hurdles after hurdles, as the Govt. passes new tax regulations and Kimbo isn't able to make profit. He encounters his long-lost college best friend Ali, who is working as the Director of an NGO working with destitute women. Together they join hands to lift Kimbo out of bankruptcy.
|LineColor = #800020
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Confession
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Kimbo and Second Chances joint venture becomes a hit and Kimbo online store is lifted out of bankruptcy. Ali slowly sheds away the wall she has built around Moluti and together they strive to establish themselves as the upcoming young entrepreneurs of the state. Moluti finds himself slowly falling for after a boost of encouragement from his friend Senti, Moluti invites Ali for a date and plans to confess his feelings for him, but on the date, little does he know that a big surprise awaits him.
|LineColor = #800020
}}
}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table |background=#800020 |overall= |title=|director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Back to College Days
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As Moluti walks home under the beautiful Dimapur night sky after his date with Ali, he can’t help but reminiscence about his college days in Mokokchung.

Ten years ago
Moluti Jamir, horribly late for his class, runs into a beautiful girl in the college hallway and he is completely smitten by her beauty. He can no longer focus on what the lecturers are teaching in the classroom and spends the day dreaming about the girl in the hallway. Later, when his college gang of Ali, Jungshi, Atsi, Aien and Vicky discusses the issues of the education system and unemployment problem in the country, Moluti is lost in the world of ‘love at first sight'.
Will Moluti run into her again?
|LineColor = #800020
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Love, Friendship and Beyond
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Moluti, madly in love with Esther, runs from pillar to post searching for her phone number. He confesses his feelings for Esther to his best friend Ali who is not pleased with Moluti’s sudden change in behaviour. Nurturing a secret broken heart, Ali lectures Moluti on the meaning of true love but Moluti is hell-bent on reaching out to Esther. However, things go haywire when he tries to contact Esther over the phone.

Meanwhile, a new youth director is appointed at the church and the youth leaders led by Moluti’s elder sister Ayala, come together to discuss the urgent problem faced by the youths of the church – The problem of educated unemployed youths.
|LineColor = #800020
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Beyond Mess
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|11|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Moluti is on top of the world after he nurtures a relationship with Esther over the phone.
Meanwhile, the youth leaders of the church discuss and plan various programmes to mitigate the problem of educated unemployed youths. Moluti’s sister Aya and the youths director leaves no stones unturned to recruit youths in the ‘dignity of labour’ programme. Back at the college, the gang finally goes for a picnic at a riverside. Things, however, turns ugly at the picnic.
|LineColor = #800020
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Love Quake
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Things fall apart on the day Moluti meets Esther which spirals into a series of conflicts between him and his most trusted friends, Ali and Vicky which forces him into a state of mental depression. Ali with Moluti’s sister Aya, conjures up a plan to pull Moluti out of his mental state.
Will Moluti meet Esther again?
|LineColor = #800020
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = True Love Waits
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After Moluti runs into Esther several times despite his attempt to erase her out of his life, he is convinced that it is fate that is bringing their union together. Ali, however, tries her best to convince Moluti to stop with his folly and tells him that True Love Always Waits.

Moluti however plans to get close to Esther.
Will he succeed in his mission?
|LineColor = #800020
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Different Destinations
|DirectedBy = Bendang Walling
|WrittenBy = Sentilong Ozüküm
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|04|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After appearing his graduation exams, Moluti lands in a state of utter confusion and chaos as he finds himself unable to plan for his future. Both Ali and Esther vanishes from his life leaving him in a state of turmoil.

Meanwhile, a season of love descends into the lives of Moluti's sister and the Youth Director.
What will Moluti decide for his future?
|LineColor = #800020
}}
}}
==Book==
''Dreams & Chaos'' is a novel by [[Sentilong Ozüküm]]. It is his second solo novel, and his third book overall. It was published on 19 October 2020.<ref name="Goodreads">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/55988821-dreams-chaos|title='Dreams & Chaos'|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/sentilong-ozukums-dreams-chaos-formally-launched|title=Sentilong Ozukum's 'Dreams & Chaos' formally launched|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|date=24 October 2020|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/dreams-chaos-released-in-mokokchung/|title='Dreams & Chaos' released in Mokokchung|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]|date=25 October 2020|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> It tells the story of Moluti Jamir, in the journey of the growing pains of adulthood, of expectations unrealised, of learning how to let go and moving on, of a love lost and found and, of second chances.
==Production==
===Music===
Nokrang Jamir composed the music for the web series and the theme song of the series ''‘Teimla’'' was composed and sung by Kümzük T. Jamir.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
==Reception==
===Awards and nominations===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2021
| rowspan="1" | Kashi Indian International Film Festival
| Best Web Series
| ''Dreams & Chaos''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/web-series-from-nagaland-wins-award-at-kiiffa/|title=Web series from Nagaland wins award at KIIFFA|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|date=6 April 2021|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14766228}}
* [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiQduCfiQtLJvHO-nygCCKokj4PRP9Jqs ''Dreams & Chaos''] on [[YouTube]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dreams and Chaos}}
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

National Institute for Research on Commercial Agriculture

2025-08-02T05:57:29Z

StarCkf91771: Adding initial entry basic info.

{{Short description|Research institute in Rajamahendravaram, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Institute for Research on Commercial Agriculture
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| mottoeng =
| type = Public
| established = 1945
| closed =
| affiliation = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| director = Dr. Maganti Sheshu Madhav
| administrative_staff = 300
| staff =
| students =
| city = [[Rajamahendravaram]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| province =
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|16.98|N|81.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| colors =
| sports =
| athletics =
| other_name = NIRCA
| mascot =
| logo =
| website = {{URL|https://nirca.icar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| punch line =
| affiliations =
| scientists =
}}'''National Institute for Research on Commercial Agriculture (NIRCA)''' or also known as '''ICAR-NIRCA''' is a central research established in 1947 under the aegis of Indian Central Tobacco Committee (ICTC), Madras.<ref>{{Cite web|title=केंद्रीय तंबाकू अनुसंधान संस्थान में 12वीं पास के लिए क्लर्क के पद पर वैकेंसी|url=https://ndtv.in/career/clerk-job-in-central-tobacco-research-institute-1279563|access-date=2021-03-11|website=NDTVIndia}}</ref> [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) took over the control of functioning the institute in 1965. It is situated at [[Rajamahendravaram, Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=director central tobacco research institute: Latest News & Videos, Photos about director central tobacco research institute {{!}} The Economic Times - Page 3|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/director-central-tobacco-research-institute/3|access-date=2021-03-11|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1945, [[Government of India]] constituted Indian Central Tobacco Committee (ICTC) to improve the research activities and production of [[tobacco in India]]. To improve research activities, quality control and production of Tobacco, the institute is established in 1947 which was later undertaken by ICAR.

== Divisions ==
* The institute has six regional research stations at [[Guntur]], [[Kandukur, Prakasam district|Kandukuru]], and [[Jeelugumilli]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], and at [[Hunsur, Karnataka]], [[Vedasandur, Tamil Nadu]] and [[Dinhata, West Bengal]].
* Burley Tobacco Research Centre (BTRC) at Kalavacharla, [[East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh]].

== Publications ==
* Arvind Kumar Srivastava, Achila Singh, D. Damodar Reddy, K. Sarala, H.G. Prakash and N.B. Singh. 2019. Arr-27: A promising hookah tobacco line for sandy loam soils of Uttar Pradesh. Tob. Res. 45(1): 21–26.
* Dam, S.K. and U. Sreedhar. 2019. Evaluation of fungicides against leaf blight incited by Phytophthora parasitica f. sp. nicotianae in Virginia tobacco nurseries. J. Mycopath. Res. 57 (3): 155–158.
* Ghosh, R. K., S. Zareen Khan, Kaushik Banerjee, D. Damodar Reddy, N.R. Johnson and Deb Prasad. 2019. Elucidation of false detection of pesticides during residue analysis in Indian tobacco by multidimensional GC-MS. J. AOAC Int. 103: 1–7.
* Hema, B., K. Viswanatha Reddy, Y. Subbaiah, D. Damodar Reddy and S. Kasturi Krishna. 2018. E-auction system in FCV tobacco: A case to be emulated in other crops. Tob. Res. 44(1): 1–5.
* Krishna Murthy, V., C. Chandrasekhararao and A.V.S.R. Swamy. 2019. Irrigation water quality in chewing tobacco areas of Tamil Nadu. Tob. Res. 45(1):12-20.
* Kasturi Krishna, S., S.V. Krishna Reddy, K. Nageswara Rao and T. Kiran Kumar. 2019. Integrated weed management in FCV tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) grown under irrigated Alfisols.Tob. Res. 45(1): 33–38.
* Kasturi Krishna, S., S.V. Krishna Reddy and T. Kiran Kumar. 2019. Herbicide efficacy in weed management of tobacco seed beds. Tob. Res. 44(1): 34–37.
** Kumaresan, M., C.Chandarasekhararao and D. Damodar Reddy. 2019. Effect of methods of irrigation and dates of planting on the yield, economics and water use efficiency of hybrid chewing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Tob. Res. 45(1): 48–55.
* Nanda, C., K. Sarala, S. Ramakrishnan and S. Sreenivas. 2018. Screening of FCV tobacco germplasm (N. tabacum) for reaction to TMV infection and identification of resistant donors. Tob. Res. 44(2): 68–73.
* Paramesha, V., Ranjan Parajul, E.B. Chakurkar, G.B. Sreekanth, H.B. Chetan Kumar, P.P. Gokuldas, R. Mahajan Gopal, K.K. Manohara, K. Viswanatha Reddy and N. Ravisankar. 2019. Sustainability, energy budgeting, and life cycle assessment of crop-dairy-fish-poultry mixed farming system for coastal lowlands under humid tropic condition of India. Energy. 188: 1–13.
* Prasad, L. K. and D. Damodar Reddy. 2019. Investigations on water quality in Southern Black Soil region of FCV tobacco in Andhra Pradesh. Tob. Res. 44(1): 24–29.
* Prasad, L. K., S. Ramakrishnan, M. Mahadevaswamy and D. Damodar Reddy. 2019. Trend analysis of rainfall in FCV tobacco growing area of Hunsur under Karnataka Light Soils. Tob. Res. 45(1): 1–5.
* Ramakrishnan, S., S.S. Sreenivas and M. M. Shenoi. 2018. Efficacy of Folio Gold 440 SC against damping off, blight and black shank diseases in FCV tobacco nurseries of KLS. Tob. Res. 44(1): 30–33.
* Sarala, K., K. Baghyalakshmi, K. Prabhakara Rao, D. Damodar Reddy, P. Vinay, G. Kiran and P. Sonia. 2018. Genetic diversity among mutant germplasm accessions of Nicotiana tabacum as determined by morphological parameters. Tob. Res. 44(2): 47–53.
* Sarala, K. and K.Prabhakara Rao. 2018. Detection and characterization of tobacco leaf curl virus isolates infecting FCV tobacco in India. Tob. Res. 44(2): 78–82.
* Sarala, K., K. Prabhakara Rao, K. Baghyalakshmi, D. Damodar Reddy, G. Kiran and K. Shravan kumar. 2019. Morphological diversity in burley tobacco germplasm. Tob. Res. 45(1): 39–47.
* Sreedhar, U. 2018. Evaluation of novaluron + emamectin benzoate against leaf eating caterpillar, Spodoptera litura in tobacco nurseries. Tob. Res. 44(2): 58–62.
* Sreedhar, U. 2019. Field evaluation of new insecticides against budworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in flue-cured Virginia tobacco. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 7(3): 417–420.
* Sreedhar, U. 2019. Influence of weather on male moth catches of Spodoptera litura in pheromone traps and infestation in Virginia tobacco. Tob. Res. 45(1): 6–11.
* Santosh Swamy, U. Sreedhar, R.D. Prasad, B.S.R. Reddy and P. Sudhakar. 2019. Identification of Trichoderma isolates from tobacco growing regions of West Godavari district, based on sequence analysis of ITS region of rDNA and morphological variations in the strains. Int. J. Curr. Microb. Appl. Sci. 8(6): 1765–1772.
* Supradip Saha, Jashbir Singh, Anindita Paul, Rohan Sarkar, Zareen Khan and Kaushik Banerjee. 2019. Anthocyanin profiling using UV-Vis spectroscopy and liquid chromatography Mass Spectrometry. J. AOAC Int. 103: 1–17.
* Srinivas, A., V. Sudha Rani and I. Sreenivasa Rao. 2019. Construction and standardization of knowledge test to measure the level of knowledge of tribal farmers on seed banking. Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Tech. 35(2): 1–8.
* Venkateswarlu, P., S.S. Sreenivas and P. Nagesh. 2018. Survey for assessment of insect pest incidence on FCVtobacco in Karnataka Light Soils. Tob. Res. 44(1): 44–45.
* Viswanatha Reddy, K., D. Damodar Reddy, B. Hema and A. Srinivas. 2019. Tobacco production in Asia: Impact of WHO-FCTC. Tob. Res. 45(1): 27–32.

== References ==
[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/seshu-madhav-of-iirr-takes-over-as-ctri-director/article66124586.ece Seshu Madhav of IIRR takes over as CTRI Director]

[https://telanganatoday.com/resident-of-warangal-maganti-seshu-madhav-appointed-as-director-of-ctri Resident of Warangal, Maganti Seshu Madhav appointed as Director of CTRI]

[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/maganti-seshu-madhav-appointed-icar-ctri-director/article66124658.ece Maganti Seshu Madhav appointed ICAR-CTRI Director]<nowiki/>{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/maganti-seshu-madhav-appointed-icar-ctri-director/article66124658.ece Maganti Seshu Madhav appointed ICAR-CTRI Director]

[https://telanganatoday.com/resident-of-warangal-maganti-seshu-madhav-appointed-as-director-of-ctri Resident of Warangal, Maganti Seshu Madhav appointed as Director of CTRI]

[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/seshu-madhav-of-iirr-takes-over-as-ctri-director/article66124586.ece Seshu Madhav of IIRR takes over as CTRI Director]
* [https://ctri.icar.gov.in/files/RESEARCH.pdf RESEARCH.pdf]
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Black Dog (whisky)

2025-07-29T08:25:40Z

StarCkf91771: Created a entry.

{{Short description|Brand of blended Scotch whisky}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = Black Dog Scotch Whisky
| image = [[File:Black Dog Scotch Whisky Logo.jpg|Black Dog Scotch Whisky Logo|300px]]
| caption = Black Dog Scotch Whisky brand logo
| type = [[Scotch whisky]]
| abv = 42.8%
| manufacturer = [[United Spirits Ltd]] (USL) ([[Diageo]])
| origin = [[Scotland]] (bottled in [[India]])
| introduced = 1883
| discontinued =
| colour = Amber<ref name="unitedspirits1">{{Cite web |title=Scotch whisky - Black Dog, Dalmore, Jura, Whyte & Mackay |url=http://unitedspirits.in/scotch-brands.aspx?val=usl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002717/http://unitedspirits.in/scotch-brands.aspx?val=usl |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=21 July 2013 |publisher=Unitedspirits.in}}</ref>
| flavour =
| ingredients =
| variants = {{ubl|Black Dog Black Reserve|Black Dog Gold Reserve Aged 12 Years|Black Dog Reserve Aged 18 Years|Black Dog Quintessence Aged 21 Years}}
| related = {{unbulleted list|[[100 Pipers]]|[[Blenders Pride]]|[[Imperial Blue (whisky)|Imperial Blue]]|[[Royal Stag]]}}
| website = [http://unitedspirits.in/scotch-brands.aspx?val=usl unitedspirits.in/scotch-brands.aspx]
}}

'''Black Dog''' is a brand of [[Blended whiskey|blended]] [[Scotch whisky]] produced by the [[India|Indian]] beverage company [[United Spirits|United Spirits Limited]] (USL), a subsidiary of [[Diageo]].

The Black Dog was first blended and bottled in Scotland in 1883 by James MacKinlay but since 1992 is bottled and marketed in India.<ref name=":0" /> The whiskies used in the blend come from [[Scotland]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2008 |title=United Spirits unveils limited edition of Black Dog |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k8/jan/janmam17.php |access-date=21 July 2013 |publisher=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref>

In 2013, Black Dog was reported to be the world's fastest growing Scotch whisky by volume, according to International Wine and Spirits Research (IWSR).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhamija |first=Anshul |title=Black Dog is world's fastest growing scotch |work=Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Black-Dog-is-worlds-fastest-growing-scotch/articleshow/25669983.cms?intenttarget=no |access-date=13 November 2013}}</ref>

Black Dog is bottled in Parmori District [[Nasik]] in [[Maharashtra]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=United Spirits begins bottling of Scotch whisky in India |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-01-07/news/27650460_1_united-spirits-whisky-bottling |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040337/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-01-07/news/27650460_1_united-spirits-whisky-bottling |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> by importing the undiluted [[distilled beverage|spirits]] from Scotland, a strategy that avoids the import duties imposed on liquor imports to India that are bottled prior to import.<ref name="Live2013">{{Cite web |last=Unnikrishnan |first=C.H. |date=2 June 2008 |title=UB Group to launch local version of Whyte and Mackay |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/roKqYXvOy4GgKwBHEDxDJN/UB-Group-to-launch-local-version-of-Whyte-and-Mackay.html |access-date=21 July 2013 |publisher=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2008 |title=USL uses Black Dog to expand scotch biz |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/USL-uses-Black-Dog-to-expand-scotch-biz/308032 |access-date=21 July 2013 |publisher=Financialexpress.com}}{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/04/24/stories/2004042402380600.htm |title=Allied Domecq eyes 20% growth in India |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=24 April 2004 |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref> ([[Tariff|Import duties]] may be as high as 150% for liquor bottled prior to import, but only about 30% when [[Bottle|bottled]] in India.<ref name="Live2013" />).

The brand's main competitors in India outside of the United Spirits family are [[100 Pipers]] Blended Scotch owned by [[Pernod Ricard]] and an expression from the Teachers' family, Teacher's 50, a premium 12-year-old Scotch whisky, blended and matured in Scotland but bottled in India starting August 1997 to celebrate India's 50 years of [[Indian independence movement|independence]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Whisky |url=http://www.teacherswhisky.com/our-whisky |website=Teacher's Whisky}}{{dead link|date=November 2019}}</ref> owned by [[Suntory Global Spirits]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 imported scotch whiskies under Rs. 2000 |url=http://viralcholic.com/foodie/top-10-imported-scotch-whiskies-under-rs-2000/}}</ref>

== History ==
The Black Dog brand was first blended and bottled in Scotland in 1883 by James MacKinlay, a second-generation blender of the Leith-based family of Scotland<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2012 |title=Book Extract: Shackleton's Whisky Chapter 3 - Malt Maturing |url=https://www.nbr.co.nz/article/book-extract-shackletons-whisky-chapter-3-malt-maturing-ca-132719 |website=NBR |access-date=20 February 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221005948/https://www.nbr.co.nz/article/book-extract-shackletons-whisky-chapter-3-malt-maturing-ca-132719 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to meet an order placed by [[Herbert Musgrave Phipson]], owner of Phipson & Co. Wine Merchants from Bombay (now Mumbai), India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hertfordshire-genealogy.co.uk/documents/Evacustes/PHIPSON%20Edward%20A%20(Family).htm|title=Edward Phipson|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227233725/http://www.hertfordshire-genealogy.co.uk/documents/Evacustes/PHIPSON%20Edward%20A%20(Family).htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/1999-05/0927403064|title=RootsWeb: INDIA-L Re: Bombay Firm|date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227232821/http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/1999-05/0927403064|archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> He was assisted in this task by [[Walter Samuel Millard]] (1864–1952), a 19-year-old British employee of Phipson- who was responsible for dispatching the consignment back to India- arriving in 1884. The brand was named Millard Black Dog and legend has it that he named it after his favourite [[Artificial fly|salmon fishing fly]], known as the Black Dog.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite news |date=4 July 2013 |title=Scottish bites and vintage sips |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-festivals/Scottish-bites-and-vintage-sips/articleshow/20912180.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728053158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-04/food-festivals/40370233_1_scotland-sandeep-arora-hotel |archive-date=28 July 2013}}</ref> There is no proof or evidence to this effect, or that Millard, a 19-year-old employee of Herbert Phipson had a brand of Scotch Whisky named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2017 |title={{title case|NOEL ON WHISKY: THE INTRIGUING HISTORY OF THE BLACK DOG SCOTCH WHISKY 1883 TILL DATE}} |url=https://noelonwhisky.blogspot.com/2017/02/the-intriguing-history-of-black-dog_10.html}}</ref>

McDowell & Co (now known as USL) and [[United Distillers]] formed United Distillers India Limited in 1992, creating India's first joint venture in the [[Alcoholic beverage|alcoholic beverages industry]].<ref name="UDIL">{{Cite web |title=Group Information - History of McDowell |url=http://theubgroup.com/group_information.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206135034/http://theubgroup.com/group_information.aspx |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=15 October 2013 |website=theubgroup.com}}</ref> It began bottling operations in [[Nashik]] to produce Black Dog for the Indian market.<ref name="UDIL" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Balfour |first=Frederik |date=10 April 1995 |title=Alcohol Catches on in India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/10/news/10iht-pubcon.ttt.html |website=New York Times}}</ref>

In April 2004, it was reported in the media that USL (then named McDowell & Co) was planning to sell Black Dog in [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sehgal |first=Arshdeep |date=15 June 2004 |title=Mallya raises a toast for Samjhauta |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |agency=TNN |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-06-15/news/27415823_1_ub-spirits-cask-rum-ub-group |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130721123303/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-06-15/news/27415823_1_ub-spirits-cask-rum-ub-group |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2013 |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref> Black Dog had been sold in Pakistan during the [[British Raj]], prior to the [[Partition of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2004 |title=Indian brand Black Dog whisky in Sri Lanka, Pakistan |work=Daily Mirror |url=http://archives.dailymirror.lk/2004/04/09/ft/15.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052428/http://archives.dailymirror.lk/2004/04/09/ft/15.asp |archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> In October the same year, it was reported that McDowell & Co was negotiating with a company in Pakistan to manufacture Black Dog. According to Vijay Rekhi, then managing director of McDowell & Co, and then President of the UB Group's spirits division, "It will only be a small set-up as just three per cent of the Pakistani population is permitted alcohol consumption. But we are looking at the opportunity as we are trying to widen our footprints in the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] region." Rekhi also stated that bottling was already underway in Sri Lanka and the company was looking to expand to [[Bangladesh]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2004 |title=McDowell plans foray into Pakistan |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mcdowell-plans-foray-into-pakistan-104101101030_1.html |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2004 |title=McDowell plans foray into Pakistan |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2004/oct/11mcdowell.htm |access-date=21 July 2013 |publisher=Inhome.rediff.com}}</ref> Even that small percentage (mainly tourists, expatriates, Parsees, Christians and non-Muslims), is discouraged from consuming alcohol during the Muslim month of Ramadan. Consumption of liquor by Muslims was banned by the Bhutto Govt in Pakistan in the mid-70s. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Guide To Drinking and Buying Alcohol in Pakistan |url=https://matadornetwork.com/nights/guide-to-drinking-and-buying-alcohol-in-pakistan/ |access-date=17 February 2023 |publisher=matadornetwork.com}}</ref>

2006, McDowell & Co Limited, Herbertsons Limited, Triumph Distillers and Vintners Private Limited, Baramati Grape Industries India Limited, Shaw Wallace Distilleries Limited and four other companies are merged to form United Spirits Limited.<ref name="ambrosiaindia1">{{cite journal |date=April 2011 |title=UB Group supplement with April 2011 issue |url=http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2011/april/ub-groups.pdf |url-status=dead |publisher=Ambrosia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003020055/http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2011/april/ub-groups.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref>

== Blends ==
[[File:Black Dog Centenary whisky bottle.jpg|thumb|Bottle of Black Dog Centenary]]
Black Dog is available in five variations:
* Black Dog Black Reserve – Earlier known as Black Dog Centenary, it is an eight-year-old Scotch whisky. It was launched in New Delhi in September 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.niravthakker.com/2014/05/black-dog-and-new-triple-gold-reserve.html|title=Black Dog and the new Triple Gold Reserve|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010513/http://www.niravthakker.com/2014/05/black-dog-and-new-triple-gold-reserve.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Black Dog Gold Reserve Aged 12 Years – Earlier known as Black Dog Deluxe.<ref name="sommelierindia1">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2012 |title=USL launches "Black Dog" 21 Year Old |url=http://www.sommelierindia.com/blog/2012/08/usl_launches_black_dog_21_year.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012022928/http://www.sommelierindia.com/blog/2012/08/usl_launches_black_dog_21_year.html |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=21 July 2013 |publisher=Sommelierindia.com}}</ref> It was the first variant of Black Dog.
* Black Dog Quintessence Aged 21 Years – This version includes 25 single malts and grain whiskies, primarily from the Speyside Valley in Scotland. It is a limited edition of which only 3,540 bottles have been produced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2012 |title=USL launches "Black Dog" 21 Year Old |url=http://www.sommelierindia.com/blog/2012/08/usl_launches_black_dog_21_year.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012022928/http://www.sommelierindia.com/blog/2012/08/usl_launches_black_dog_21_year.html |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=12 October 2013 |website=Sommelier India Wine Magazine}}</ref> The blend was rated gold at The Internationaler Spirituosen Wettbewerb 2013.<ref name="isw">{{Cite web |title=ISW Gewinner 2013 |url=https://www.meiningers-weinsuche.com/de/isw-gewinner-2013%20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012035837/https://www.meiningers-weinsuche.com/de/isw-gewinner-2013 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref>
* Black Dog Reserve Aged 18 Years – This is a blend of aged malt and grain whiskies, aged for a minimum of 18 years in oak casks. It was launched in April 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2011 |title=Luxury Scotch hits a new high with The Black Dog 18 Year Old |url=http://www.indiaprline.com/2011/04/20/luxury-scotch-hits-a-new-high-with-the-black-dog-18-year-old/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426040219/http://www.indiaprline.com/2011/04/20/luxury-scotch-hits-a-new-high-with-the-black-dog-18-year-old/ |archive-date=26 April 2011 |access-date=21 July 2013 |publisher=Indiaprline.com}}</ref> It received the Gold Best in Class Award in the Scotch Whisky – Deluxe Blend – Aged 18 Years category at the International Wine and Spirit Competition 2011,<ref name="iswc">{{Cite web |title=2011 Results - IWSC.NET |url=http://www.iwsc.net/search2010/wine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012015851/http://www.iwsc.net/search2010/wine |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> and was rated gold at the Internationaler Spirituosen Wettbewerb 2013.<ref name="isw" />
* Black Dog Millard’s Private Reserve 14YO – A blend of 14-year-old single malts, with new citrus flavours, hints of vanilla and lightly toasted oak, reportedly with the addition of single malts from Linkwood distillery as well as the two additional years of maturation adding to its distinctive aromas and taste. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2021|title=Diageo India adds Black Dog Millard's Private Reserve 14YO to the shelves |url=https://www.traveldine.com/diageo-india-adds-black-dog-millards-private-reserve-14yo-to-the-shelves/ | access-date=17 February 2023 |publisher= traveldine.com }}</ref>

== Timeline ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Events
|-
!style="background:#b0c4de;"|1883
|Black Dog Scotch Whisky founded in Scotland
|-
!style="background:#b0c4de;"|1992
|Black Dog started to be bottled and marketed in India
|-
!style="background:#b0c4de;"|1995
|Black Dog Aged 12 years incorporates a new packaging design
|-
!style="background:#b0c4de;"|2006
|{{ubl
|Launch of the Black Dog Centenary Blended Scotch Whisky
|Black Dog Deluxe Aged 12 Years incorporates a new packaging design
|Black Dog Aged 12 Years is rated Gold at Monde Selection 2006}}
|-
!style="background:#b0c4de;"|2010
|Black Dog Reserve Aged 18 Years Blended Scotch Whisky is launched
|-
!style="background:#b0c4de;"|2011
|Gold Best in Class Award in the Scotch Whisky Deluxe Blend – 18-year-old category at the International Wine and Spirit Competition 2011
|-
!style="background:#b0c4de;"|2012
|Black Dog Quintessence Aged 21 Years Blended Scotch Whisky is launched
|-
!style="background:#b0c4de;"|2013
|{{ubl
|Black Dog Centenary Aged & Rare is renamed as The Black Dog Centenary Black Reserve Blended Scotch Whisky
|Black Dog Deluxe Aged 12 Years is renamed as The Black Dog Deluxe Gold Reserve Aged 12 Years Blended Scotch Whisky
|Black Dog Reserve Aged 18 Years & Black Dog Quintessence Aged 21 Years is rated Gold at ISW 2013}}

|-
!style="background:#b0c4de;"|2021
|Black Dog Millard’s Private Reserve 14YO is launched
|}

== Accolades ==
The Black Dog range of Scotch Whiskies have won gold medals at several spirits competitions including The Monde Selection in 2006 and the World Spirits Awards in 2011 for the Black Dog Aged 12 Years and the Monde Selection, World Spirits Awards, and the International Wine and Spirit Competition in 2011 for the Black Dog Aged 18 Years.<ref name="iswc" /> The Black Dog Reserve Aged 18 Years and the Black Dog Quintessence Aged 21 Years also won gold at Internationaler Spirituosen Wettbewerb 2013.<ref name="isw" />

== Marketing ==
USL has used [[jazz]] events as a platform to promote Black Dog in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2010 |title=USL aiming for growth in premium space |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/usl-aiming-for-growth-in-premium-space-110042600065_1.html |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref> A Black Dog "Jazz Incident" was held in [[Mumbai]] on 22 February 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2008 |title=Black Dog 'Jazz Incident' present Curtis King in Mumbai |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/black-dog-jazz-incident-present-curtis-king-mumbai |access-date=21 July 2013 |publisher=Radioandmusic.com}}</ref> A concert featuring The Curtis King Band, was part of "The Black Dog Jazz Series", a series of [[Jazz|jazz concerts]] in India. The band also performed at Black Dog "Jazz Incident" held in [[Gurgaon]], Haryana on 28 February 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2008 |title=Black Dog 'Jazz Incident' presents Curtis King in Gurgaon |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=30715_Black+Dog+%27Jazz+Incident%27+presents+Curtis+King+in+Gurgaon |access-date=21 July 2013 |publisher=afaqs! |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013222/http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/index.html?id=30715_Black+Dog+%27Jazz+Incident%27+presents+Curtis+King+in+Gurgaon |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2008, as part of the 125th anniversary celebrations of Black Dog, the company held a 10-city concert tour by Stephen Kabakos, beginning in [[Delhi]] on 8 May. The concert also included shows in [[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Mysore]], [[Bangalore]], Goa and [[Pune]].<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2008 |title=United Spirits plans nation-wide marketing campaign |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/006200805041862.htm |access-date=21 July 2013 |publisher=Hindu.com |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012034256/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/006200805041862.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Westin Hotels|Westin]] [[Gurgaon]], New Delhi threw a celebration dinner to celebrate Black Dog's 130th anniversary in 2013.<ref name="indiatimes1" />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Dog Easy Evenings |url=http://www.facebook.com/blackdogeasyevenings |publisher=Facebook}} (account login required for access)</ref>

==In popular culture==
*In the 1988 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]'', [[Amrish Puri]], playing a [[Boss (crime)|don]] named JK, orders Black Dog whisky while watching a [[Women in dance|female dancer]] perform an "[[item number]]". The noted villain Prem Chopra asks him why he favours the brand, to which he replies "''Jab bhi mein [[Gora (racial epithet)|gori]] haseeno ko dekhta hoon, mere dil me kale kutte bhaukne lagte hain. Tab mein Black Dog whisky peeta hoon''." (When I see fair-skinned beauties, black dogs bark in my heart. And then I drink Black Dog whisky.)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Ashok |date=13 January 2005 |title=Hail Mogambo! |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/62559/ |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref>
*The origin of the name Black Dog is referenced in the 2006 novel ''A Twisted Cue'' by Rohit Handa. The novel's main character Mulkally, likes perpetuating colonial myths and stories, one of which concerned the origin of the label Black Dog. Mulkally claims that the whisky was specially blended and bottled for the [[Bengal Club]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] – hence "''Kala Kutta''" (Black Dog in [[Hindi]]) for Calcutta. However, Mulkally knows that Black Dog was actually named after a [[Artificial fly|salmon fly]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Handa |first=Rohit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdU73LV-ONQC&q=black+dog+whisky&pg=PA201 |title=A Twisted Cue |date=9 November 2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=9788175300491 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{portalbar|Liquor}}
{{Alcoholic drinks}}
{{United Spirits}}
[[Category:Diageo brands]]
[[Category:United Spirits brands]]
[[Category:Whisky brands]]

Cholan C. T. Palanichamy

2025-07-19T12:19:41Z

StarCkf91771: Created entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{short description|Indian politician}}
'''Cholan C. T. Palanichamy''' is an Indian politician and was a member of the [[Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|14th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Karaikudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Karaikudi constituency]]. He represented the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|accessdate=2017-05-02|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-20}}</ref>

The [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|elections of 2016]] resulted in his constituency being won by [[K. R. Ramasamy (politician)|K. R. Ramasamy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=15th Assembly Members |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/151_200.html |accessdate=2017-05-02}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011-2016)|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palanichamy, C. T.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Poornima Krishnappa

2025-05-02T01:26:24Z

StarCkf91771: new a stub first draft...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Poornima Krishnappa
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hiriyur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hiriyur]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor = [[D. Sudhakar]]
| successor = [[D. Sudhakar]]
| constituency = [[Hiriyur (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hiriyur]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|09|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children = 
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (November 2023-Present) [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (until November 2023)
| alma_mater = [[Bangalore University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5857|title=hiriyur mla affidavit}}{{Primary source inline|date=May 2022}}</ref>
| website =
}}
'''Krishnappa Poornima Srinivas''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]] state. She was elected as a member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Hiriyur Assembly constituency]] as member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka/hiriyur-mla-results|title=HIRIYUR Election Result 2018, Karnataka}}</ref> She served as the National President of [[All-India Yadav Mahasabha]] women cell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yadunewsnation.in/heritage/12350/?fbclid=IwAR0mfdqpXBe_NCJg1-kOWwfIB3uXaNxkKl14g7V8J5kTUhKfyS4aK9p8o1c|title= 98th foundation day in Cuttack|date= 17 April 2022|accessdate=17 April 2022}}</ref>

== Family and education ==
K. Poornima was born to Manjula and senior Congress leader A. Krishnappa. She belongs to the [[Golla (caste)|Golla]] community which is influential in [[Chitradurga district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goudar |first=Mahesh M. |date=2023-10-09 |title=Former Karnataka BJP MLA K Poornima Srinivas all set to join Congress, eyes MLC ticket for husband |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/former-bjp-mla-k-poornima-srinivas-all-set-to-join-congress/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref> She completed her pre-university course and did her MA at [[Bangalore University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF KARNATAKA MLA'S |url=https://www.oneindia.com/educational-qualification-of-karnataka-mlas}}</ref>

==Political career==
Poornima participated in MLA election from Varthur Assembly Constituency, Karnataka in May 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2022/apr/07/karnataka-cabinet-expansion-soon-bommai-discusses-aspirants-with-nadda-2438923.html|title = Karnataka Cabinet expansion soon, Bommai discusses aspirants with Nadda|date = 7 April 2022}}</ref> Poornima won in BBMP elections held in 2010 from Basavanapura from Indian National Congress party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2010 |title=K Poornima BBMP Corporator from Basanapura Ward |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/58823/its-all-family.html}}</ref> She was the ex-member for Tax & Finance Committee from 2010 to 2015 and was also the ex-member for Sports & Education committee from 2011-2012. She won in BBMP elections held in 2015 from [[Krishnarajapuram]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She participated in MLA Elections held in 2018 from [[Hiriyur]] Assembly Constituency from BJP and won the election with a lead of over 12000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K Poornima Mla From Hiriyur |url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5857}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/|title=Karnataka 2018}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka polls: Only seven women make it to the House">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Karnataka polls: Only seven women make it to the House|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/karnataka-polls-only-seven-women-make-it-to-the-house/articleshow/64184962.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=22 February 2025|publisher=The Economic Times|date=16 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222122106/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/karnataka-polls-only-seven-women-make-it-to-the-house/articleshow/64184962.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=22 February 2025}}</ref>She lost the elections in March 2023. She joined Congress in November 2023 at an event in Bengaluru where 750 BJP party workers also joined the Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP leaders Poornima, Srinivas and others join Cong, welcome from CM, DyCM |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1132293 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-20 |title=Ex-BJP MLA Poornima Srinivas joins Congress in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ex-bjp-mla-poornima-srinivas-joins-congress/article67442507.ece |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnappa, Poornima}}
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Varuna River

2024-12-17T16:31:04Z

StarCkf91771: minor updated layout to improve readability and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox river
|name = Varuna River
|name_other =

|image =
|image_size =
|image_caption =
|map =
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
|pushpin_map_size =
|pushpin_map_caption= The confluence of Varuna and Ganga in Uttar Pradesh

|subdivision_type1 = Country
|subdivision_name1 = {{IND}}
|subdivision_type2 = State
|subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =
|subdivision_type5 =
|subdivision_name5 =

|length = {{convert|202|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|width_min =
|width_avg =
|width_max =
|depth_min =
|depth_avg =
|depth_max =
|discharge1_location=
|discharge1_min =
|discharge1_avg =
|discharge1_max =

|source1 =
|source1_location =
|source1_coordinates=
|source1_elevation =
|mouth = [[Ganges]]
|mouth_location = Adikeshav Ghat, [[Sarai Mohana]], [[Varanasi district]], Uttar Pradesh
|mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25.329|N|83.044|E|display=inline,title}}
|mouth_elevation =
|progression =
|river_system =
|basin_size =
|tributaries_left =
|tributaries_right =
|custom_label =
|custom_data =
|extra =
}}
The '''Varuna River''' is a minor tributary of the [[Ganges River]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It originates at [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]] in the [[Prayagraj district]] and merges into the Ganges near [[Sarai Mohana]] in the [[Varanasi district]].<ref name=TOI2012>{{cite news |title=VDA: Source of salvation languishing in neglect |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Source-of-salvation-languishing-in-neglect/articleshow/17672069.cms |access-date=12 October 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=18 December 2012 |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714235510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Source-of-salvation-languishing-in-neglect/articleshow/17672069.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The {{convert|6|km|1}} stretch between Sarai Mohana and Sadar, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh is prone to flooding.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flood situation grim in UP, 3,000 moved to camps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Flood-situation-grim-in-UP-3000-moved-to-camps/articleshow/53794589.cms |access-date=12 October 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 August 2016 |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102231143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Flood-situation-grim-in-UP-3000-moved-to-camps/articleshow/53794589.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The name 'Varanasi' is originated from the name of two rivers, Varuna and [[Assi River|Assi]].

According to the ''[[Vamana Purana]]'', the river was created by the gods alongside the Assi River. It is also mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name=TOI2012 />

Varuna derives its name from [[Varuna]], a Hindu god who is associated with sky, oceans and water. The river originates from Melhum at [[Phulpur, Prayagraj|Phulpur]] in [[Prayagraj district]]. Spanning a distance of around 100 kilometers, it flows in an east to southeast direction before merging with the Ganges at Sarai Mohana near Varanasi.<ref name=TOI2012/>

It covers a distance of twelve kilometers from the western part of [[Jaunpur district]], near the town of Mungerabad Shahpur, and eventually joins the [[Ganges|Ganga River]] in Varanasi after a journey of 202 kilometers.<ref>{{cite news|title=तीन जिलों की सरहद से वरुणा का उद्गम|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur-10432308.html|work=[[Dainik Jagran|Jagran]]|date=May 28, 2013|archive-date=14 December 2024|access-date=17 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214162627/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/jaunpur-10432308.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2023, [[Denmark]] and [[Uttar Pradesh government]] signed a Rs 1,000 crore MoU for cleaning the Ganga River and its tributary, Varuna.<ref>{{cite news |title=MoU with Denmark for lab in Varanasi to ensure clean Ganga |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/mou-with-denmark-for-lab-in-varanasi-to-ensure-clean-ganga-1503153721.html |publisher=The Statesman |date=February 10, 2023 |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214150300/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/mou-with-denmark-for-lab-in-varanasi-to-ensure-clean-ganga-1503153721.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Varanasi]]
[[Category:Rivers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Ganges]]

{{India-river-stub}}

2020–21 Senior Women's One Day Trophy

2024-09-03T18:10:58Z

StarCkf91771: Put Up A Pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2020–21 Women's Senior One Day Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 11 March
| todate = 4 April 2021
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and knockout
| host =
| champions = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| count = 12
| runner up = [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| participants = 37
| matches = 104
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Indrani Roy]] (456)
| most wickets = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] (18)
| previous_year = 2019–20
| previous_tournament = 2019–20 Women's Senior One Day Trophy
| next_year = 2021–22
| next_tournament = 2021–22 Women's Senior One Day Trophy
}}

{{2020–21 Indian domestic cricket season}}

The '''2020–21 Women's Senior One Day Trophy''' was the 15th edition of the women's [[List A cricket|List A]] [[cricket]] [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy|competition]] in [[India]]. It took place from 11 March to 4 April 2021, with teams competing in [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] divisions before a knockout stage. [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] won the tournament, their 12th title, beating [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] in the final.<ref name="CA">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/34/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2020-21.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2020/21 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Cricinfo">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263 |title=Women's Senior One Day Trophy 2020/21 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="BCCI">{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/events/23344/womens-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21/results |title=Women's Senior One Day Trophy 2020-21 |publisher=BCCI |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>

==Competition format==
The 37 teams competing in the tournament were divided into the Elite Group and the Plate Group, with the teams in the Elite Group further divided into Groups A, B, C, D and E. Each group took place in one host city, under [[COVID-19]] protocols.<ref name="covid">{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/senior-womens-one-day-tournament-to-begin-on-march-11-six-cities-to-host-group-matches-2379430 |title=Senior Women's One-Day Tournament To Begin On March 11, Six Cities To Host Group-Stage Matches |publisher=NDTV Sports |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The winner of each Elite Group progressed to the quarter-finals, along with the best two second-placed teams. The final quarter-final spot was filled by the winner of a play-off between the third-best second-place side and the winner of the Plate Group. The top two teams in the Plate Group were promoted to the Elite Group for the following season, with the two lowest-ranked sides across the Elite Groups being relegated.<ref name="Cricinfo"/>

The groups worked on a points system with positions within the groups based on the total points of each team. Points were awarded as follows:<ref name="CAtable">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/34/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2020-21.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2020/21 Points Tables |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>

'''Win''': 4 points. 
'''[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tie]]''': 2 points. 
'''Loss''': 0 points. 
'''No Result/Abandoned''': 2 points.

If points in the final table were equal, teams were separated by first most wins, then by head-to-head record, then [[Net Run Rate]].

==League stage==
===Points tables===
====Elite Group A====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||4 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.728
|-style="background:#dfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]] '''(PO)'''
|5 ||4 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.704
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.376
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|5 ||2 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| –0.371
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.569
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.791
|}

====Elite Group B====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''20'''|| +2.577
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||4 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.837
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| –0.426
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.867
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.940
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.946
|}

====Elite Group C====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''20'''|| +0.961
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.001
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.538
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|5 ||2 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +0.202
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –1.152
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.606
|}

====Elite Group D====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||4 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +1.595
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|5 ||4 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.531
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.791
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.767
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|5 ||1 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''4'''|| –0.283
|-style="background:#FFBBBB"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]] '''(R)'''
|5 ||0 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –8.490
|}

====Elite Group E====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||4 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.632
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||4 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +1.415
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +1.491
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|5 ||2 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +0.208
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|5 ||2 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +0.023
|-style="background:#FFBBBB"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]] '''(R)'''
|5 ||0 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –4.575
|}

====Plate Group====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#dfd;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]] '''(P)'''
|6 ||5 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''20'''|| +0.463
|-style="background:#dfd;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]] '''(P)'''
|6 ||5 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||'''20'''|| +1.386
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|6 ||4 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||'''16'''|| +0.793
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|6 ||3 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.188
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|6 ||2 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| –0.116
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|6 ||2 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||'''8'''|| –0.567
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|6 ||0 ||6 ||0 ||0 ||'''0'''|| –2.180
|}
:Source: BCCI<ref name="BCCI"/>

===Fixtures===
====Elite Group A====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed"
|-
!Round
!Scorecard
!Date
!Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/jharkhand-women-vs-odisha-women-elite-group-a-1255635/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|12 March
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|Jharkhand won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/gujarat-women-vs-hyderabad-india-women-elite-group-a-1255636/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|12 March
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|Hyderabad won by 85 runs
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/chhattisgarh-women-vs-tripura-women-elite-group-a-1255637/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|12 March
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|Chhattisgarh won by 48 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/hyderabad-india-women-vs-odisha-women-elite-group-a-1255653/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|Odisha won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/jharkhand-women-vs-tripura-women-elite-group-a-1255654/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|Jharkhand won by 69 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/gujarat-women-vs-chhattisgarh-women-elite-group-a-1255655/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|Gujarat won by 56 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/chhattisgarh-women-vs-hyderabad-india-women-elite-group-a-1255671/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|Hyderabad won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/gujarat-women-vs-jharkhand-women-elite-group-a-1255672/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|Jharkhand won by 6 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/odisha-women-vs-tripura-women-elite-group-a-1255673/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|Odisha won by 43 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/gujarat-women-vs-tripura-women-elite-group-a-1255692/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|18 March
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|Gujarat won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/chhattisgarh-women-vs-odisha-women-elite-group-a-1255693/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|18 March
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|Odisha won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/hyderabad-india-women-vs-jharkhand-women-elite-group-a-1255694/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|18 March
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|Hyderabad won by 27 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/chhattisgarh-women-vs-jharkhand-women-elite-group-a-1255710/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|20 March
|[[Chhattisgarh women's cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|Jharkhand won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/hyderabad-india-women-vs-tripura-women-elite-group-a-1255711/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|20 March
|[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|Tripura won by 18 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/gujarat-women-vs-odisha-women-elite-group-a-1255712/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|20 March
|[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|Odisha won by 6 wickets
|}

====Elite Group B====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed"
|-
!Round
!Scorecard
!Date
!Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/bengal-women-vs-railways-india-women-elite-group-b-1255638/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|12 March
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|Railways won by 67 runs
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/saurashtra-women-vs-haryana-women-elite-group-b-1255639/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|12 March
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|Haryana won by 8 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/assam-women-vs-uttarakhand-women-elite-group-b-1255640/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|12 March
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|Uttarakhand won by 4 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/saurashtra-women-vs-bengal-women-elite-group-b-1255656/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|Bengal won by 4 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/railways-india-women-vs-uttarakhand-women-elite-group-b-1255657/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|Railways won by 8 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/assam-women-vs-haryana-women-elite-group-b-1255658/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|Haryana won by 99 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/saurashtra-women-vs-assam-women-elite-group-b-1255674/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|Assam won by 6 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/haryana-women-vs-railways-india-women-elite-group-b-1255675/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|Railways won by 153 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/bengal-women-vs-uttarakhand-women-elite-group-b-1255676/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|Bengal won by 79 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/haryana-women-vs-uttarakhand-women-elite-group-b-1255695/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|18 March
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|Haryana won by 2 wickets
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/assam-women-vs-bengal-women-elite-group-b-1255696/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|18 March
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|Bengal won by 53 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/saurashtra-women-vs-railways-india-women-elite-group-b-1255697/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|18 March
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|Railways won by 139 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/assam-women-vs-railways-india-women-elite-group-b-1255713/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|20 March
|[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|Railways won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/saurashtra-women-vs-uttarakhand-women-elite-group-b-1255714/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|20 March
|[[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
|[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|Saurashtra won by 4 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/bengal-women-vs-haryana-women-elite-group-b-1255715/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|20 March
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|Bengal won by 90 runs
|}

====Elite Group C====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed"
|-
!Round
!Scorecard
!Date
!Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/andhra-women-vs-uttar-pradesh-women-elite-group-c-1255641/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|12 March
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|Andhra won by 2 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/rajasthan-women-vs-maharashtra-women-elite-group-c-1255642/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|12 March
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|Maharashtra won by 59 runs
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/chandigarh-women-vs-goa-women-elite-group-c-1255643/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|12 March
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|Goa won by 78 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/maharashtra-women-vs-uttar-pradesh-women-elite-group-c-1255659/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|Uttar Pradesh won by 13 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/andhra-women-vs-chandigarh-women-elite-group-c-1255660/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|Andhra won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/rajasthan-women-vs-goa-women-elite-group-c-1255661/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|Goa won by 6 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/goa-women-vs-maharashtra-women-elite-group-c-1255677/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|Maharashtra won by 55 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/rajasthan-women-vs-andhra-women-elite-group-c-1255678/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|Andhra won by 48 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/chandigarh-women-vs-uttar-pradesh-women-elite-group-c-1255679/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|Uttar Pradesh won by 16 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/rajasthan-women-vs-chandigarh-women-elite-group-c-1255698/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|18 March
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|Rajasthan won by 43 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/goa-women-vs-uttar-pradesh-women-elite-group-c-1255699/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|18 March
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|Goa won by 3 wickets
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/andhra-women-vs-maharashtra-women-elite-group-c-1255700/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|18 March
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|Andhra won by 45 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/andhra-women-vs-goa-women-elite-group-c-1255716/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|20 March
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|Andhra won by 103 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/chandigarh-women-vs-maharashtra-women-elite-group-c-1255717/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|20 March
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|[[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]]
|Chandigarh won by 3 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/rajasthan-women-vs-uttar-pradesh-women-elite-group-c-1255718/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|20 March
|[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|Uttar Pradesh won by 135 runs
|}

====Elite Group D====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed"
|-
!Round
!Scorecard
!Date
!Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/madhya-pradesh-women-vs-mumbai-women-elite-group-d-1255644/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|13 March
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|Mumbai won by 3 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/kerala-women-vs-baroda-women-elite-group-d-1255645/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|13 March
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|Baroda won by 2 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/nagaland-women-vs-punjab-women-india-elite-group-d-1255646/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|13 March
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|Punjab won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/kerala-women-vs-mumbai-women-elite-group-d-1255665/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|15 March
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|Kerala won by 47 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/madhya-pradesh-women-vs-nagaland-women-elite-group-d-1255666/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|15 March
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|Madhya Pradesh won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/baroda-women-vs-punjab-women-india-elite-group-d-1255667/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|15 March
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|Baroda won by 64 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/kerala-women-vs-punjab-women-india-elite-group-d-1255683/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|17 March
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|Kerala won by 67 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/madhya-pradesh-women-vs-baroda-women-elite-group-d-1255684/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|17 March
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|Madhya Pradesh won by 98 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/mumbai-women-vs-nagaland-women-elite-group-d-1255685/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|17 March
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|Mumbai won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/baroda-women-vs-nagaland-women-elite-group-d-1255701/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|19 March
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|Baroda won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/mumbai-women-vs-punjab-women-india-elite-group-d-1255702/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|19 March
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|Mumbai won by 61 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/madhya-pradesh-women-vs-kerala-women-elite-group-d-1255703/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|19 March
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|Madhya Pradesh won by 98 runs ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD Method]])
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/madhya-pradesh-women-vs-punjab-women-india-elite-group-d-1255719/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|21 March
|[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|Madhya Pradesh won by 10 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/kerala-women-vs-nagaland-women-elite-group-d-1255720/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|21 March
|[[Nagaland women's cricket team|Nagaland]]
|[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|Kerala won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/baroda-women-vs-mumbai-women-elite-group-d-1255721/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|21 March
|[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|Baroda won by 3 wickets
|}

====Elite Group E====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed"
|-
!Round
!Scorecard
!Date
!Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/delhi-women-vs-karnataka-women-elite-group-e-1255647/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|13 March
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|Karnataka won by 4 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/tamil-nadu-women-vs-himachal-pradesh-women-elite-group-e-1255648/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|13 March
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|Tamil Nadu won by 94 runs
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/meghalaya-women-vs-vidarbha-women-elite-group-e-1255649/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|13 March
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|Vidarbha won by 146 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/delhi-women-vs-himachal-pradesh-women-elite-group-e-1255668/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|15 March
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|Himachal Pradesh won by 10 runs
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/karnataka-women-vs-meghalaya-women-elite-group-e-1255669/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|15 March
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|Karnataka won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/tamil-nadu-women-vs-vidarbha-women-elite-group-e-1255670/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|15 March
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|Vidarbha won by 53 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/himachal-pradesh-women-vs-vidarbha-women-elite-group-e-1255686/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|17 March
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|Vidarbha won by 25 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/tamil-nadu-women-vs-karnataka-women-elite-group-e-1255687/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|17 March
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|Karnataka won by 86 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/delhi-women-vs-meghalaya-women-elite-group-e-1255688/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|17 March
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|Delhi won by 285 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/tamil-nadu-women-vs-meghalaya-women-elite-group-e-1255704/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|19 March
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|Tamil Nadu won by 6 wickets
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/delhi-women-vs-vidarbha-women-elite-group-e-1255705/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|19 March
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|Delhi won by 70 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/himachal-pradesh-women-vs-karnataka-women-elite-group-e-1255706/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|19 March
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|Karnataka won by 4 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/karnataka-women-vs-vidarbha-women-elite-group-e-1255722/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|21 March
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|Vidarbha won by 4 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/himachal-pradesh-women-vs-meghalaya-women-elite-group-e-1255723/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|21 March
|[[Meghalaya women's cricket team|Meghalaya]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|Himachal Pradesh won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/tamil-nadu-women-vs-delhi-women-elite-group-e-1255724/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|21 March
|[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|Delhi won by 6 wickets
|}

====Plate Group====
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable collapsed"
|-
!Round
!Scorecard
!Date
!Team 1
!Team 2
!Result
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/bihar-women-vs-puducherry-women-plate-group-1255632/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|11 March
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|Pondicherry won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/jammu-kashmir-women-vs-manipur-women-plate-group-1255633/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|11 March
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Jammu and Kashmir won by 5 wickets
|-
|Round 1
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/arunachal-pradesh-women-vs-sikkim-women-plate-group-1255634/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|11 March
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|Sikkim won by 4 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/manipur-women-vs-puducherry-women-plate-group-1255650/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|13 March
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|Pondicherry won by 6 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/jammu-kashmir-women-vs-sikkim-women-plate-group-1255651/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|13 March
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Jammu and Kashmir won by 6 wickets
|-
|Round 2
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/arunachal-pradesh-women-vs-mizoram-women-plate-group-1255652/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|13 March
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|Mizoram won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/puducherry-women-vs-sikkim-women-plate-group-1255662/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|Pondicherry won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/jammu-kashmir-women-vs-mizoram-women-plate-group-1255663/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Mizoram won by 27 runs
|-
|Round 3
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/arunachal-pradesh-women-vs-bihar-women-plate-group-1255664/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|14 March
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|Bihar won by 64 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/arunachal-pradesh-women-vs-puducherry-women-plate-group-1255680/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|Pondicherry won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/manipur-women-vs-mizoram-women-plate-group-1255681/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|Mizoram won by 21 runs
|-
|Round 4
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/bihar-women-vs-sikkim-women-plate-group-1255682/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|16 March
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|Sikkim won by 2 wickets
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/arunachal-pradesh-women-vs-jammu-kashmir-women-plate-group-1255689/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|17 March
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|Jammu and Kashmir won by 157 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/mizoram-women-vs-sikkim-women-plate-group-1255690/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|17 March
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|Mizoram won by 4 runs
|-
|Round 5
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/bihar-women-vs-manipur-women-plate-group-1255691/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|17 March
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|Bihar won by 9 wickets
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/mizoram-women-vs-puducherry-women-plate-group-1255707/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|19 March
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|Mizoram won by 15 runs
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/bihar-women-vs-jammu-kashmir-women-plate-group-1255708/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|19 March
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|Jammu and Kashmir won by 38 runs
|-
|Round 6
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/manipur-women-vs-sikkim-women-plate-group-1255709/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|19 March
|[[Sikkim women's cricket team|Sikkim]]
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|Manipur won by 7 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/jammu-kashmir-women-vs-puducherry-women-plate-group-1255725/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|21 March
|[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]]
|Pondicherry won by 10 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/bihar-women-vs-mizoram-women-plate-group-1255726/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|21 March
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|[[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]]
|Bihar won by 6 wickets
|-
|Round 7
|[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/arunachal-pradesh-women-vs-manipur-women-plate-group-1255727/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|21 March
|[[Arunachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Manipur women's cricket team|Manipur]]
|Manipur won by 5 wickets
|}

==Knockout stages==
{{9TeamBracket
| RD1 = Play-off
| RD2 = Quarter-finals
| RD3 = Semi-finals
| RD4 = Final

| RD1-seed1 = A2
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''157/4'''
| RD1-seed2 = P1
| RD1-team2 = [[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
| RD1-score2 = 155/9

| RD2-seed1 = B1
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''274/7'''
| RD2-seed2 = A2
| RD2-team2 = [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
| RD2-score2 = 206/9

| RD2-seed3 = D1
| RD2-team3 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| RD2-score3 = 177
| RD2-seed4 = B2
| RD2-team4 = '''[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]'''
| RD2-score4 = '''205'''

| RD2-seed5 = A1
| RD2-team5 = '''[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]'''
| RD2-score5 = '''254/6'''
| RD2-seed6 = E2
| RD2-team6 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| RD2-score6 = 234

| RD2-seed7 = C1
| RD2-team7 = '''[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]'''
| RD2-score7 = '''218/6'''
| RD2-seed8 = E1
| RD2-team8 = [[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| RD2-score8 = 169

| RD3-seed1 = B1
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''254/4'''
| RD3-seed2 = B2
| RD3-team2 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| RD3-score2 = 250/6

| RD3-seed3 = A1
| RD3-team3 = '''[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]'''
| RD3-score3 = '''216/7'''
| RD3-seed4 = C1
| RD3-team4 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| RD3-score4 = 189

| RD4-seed1 = B1
| RD4-team1 = '''[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]'''
| RD4-score1 = '''169/3'''
| RD4-seed2 = A1
| RD4-team2 = [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| RD4-score2 = 167
}}

===Play-off===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 March 2021
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
| team2 = [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
| score1 = 155/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = Buley Ruchita 44 (66)
| wickets1 = Sujata Malik 2/19 (8 overs)
| score2 = 157/4 (33.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Madhuri Mehta]] 90 (95)
| wickets2 = Irene 1/11 (3 overs)
| result = Odisha won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/mizoram-women-vs-odisha-women-preliminary-quarter-final-1255728/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Nagaraj Ramesh and Pranav Joshi
| motm =
| toss = Odisha won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Quarter-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 March 2021
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score1 = 254/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Indrani Roy]] 86 (91)
| wickets1 = Akanksha Kohli 2/52 (9 overs)
| score2 = 234 (46 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubha Satheesh]] 68 (82)
| wickets2 = Dinesh Ashwani 4/26 (7 overs)
| result = Jharkhand won by 20 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/jharkhand-women-vs-karnataka-women-1st-quarter-final-1255729/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Anand Ovalekar and Prabhakar Rao
| motm =
| toss = Jharkhand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 March 2021
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| team2 = [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
| score1 = 274/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Thirush Kamini]] 70 (96)
| wickets1 = Rameshwari Naik 2/50 (7 overs)
| score2 = 206/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Madhusmita Behera]] 40 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Dayalan Hemalatha]] 4/62 (9 overs)
| result = Railways won by 68 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/railways-india-women-vs-odisha-women-2nd-quarter-final-1255730/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium B]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bengeri and Nagaraj Ramesh
| motm =
| toss = Railways won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 March 2021
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| team2 = [[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| score1 = 218/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Neeragattu Anusha]] 52 (67)
| wickets1 = Disha Kasat 3/40 (10 overs)
| score2 = 169 (46.2 overs)
| runs2 = Disha Kasat 52 (90)
| wickets2 = Challa Jhansi Lakshmi 5/26 (9.2 overs)
| result = Andhra won by 49 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/andhra-women-vs-vidarbha-women-3rd-quarter-final-1255731/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Anand Ovalekar and M Ashwin Kumar
| motm =
| toss = Andhra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 March 2021
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| score1 = 205 (48.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 94 (142)
| wickets1 = [[Varsha Choudhary]] 2/33 (10 overs)
| score2 = 177 (47.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pooja Vastrakar]] 48 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Gouher Sultana]] 3/22 (9.5 overs)
| result = Bengal won by 28 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/madhya-pradesh-women-vs-bengal-women-4th-quarter-final-1255732/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium B]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bengeri and Pranav Joshi
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Semi-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 April 2021
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| team2 = [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
| score1 = 216/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = Niral Rashmi 122[[not out|*]] (139)
| wickets1 = Challa Jhansi Lakshmi 3/47 (9 overs)
| score2 = 189 (48.3 overs)
| runs2 = PV Sudharani 57 (52)
| wickets2 = Mani Niharika 4/25 (10 overs)
| result = Jharkhand won by 27 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/jharkhand-women-vs-andhra-women-1st-semi-final-1255733/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium B]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Anand Ovalekar and M Ashwin Kumar
| motm =
| toss = Jharkhand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 April 2021
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 250/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 113 (148)
| wickets1 = [[Ekta Bisht]] 2/60 (10 overs)
| score2 = 254/4 (44 overs)
| runs2 = [[Punam Raut]] 69 (90)
| wickets2 = Dhara Gujjar 1/28 (6 overs)
| result = Railways won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/railways-india-women-vs-bengal-women-2nd-semi-final-1255734/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Prabhakar Rao and Pranav Joshi
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Final===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 April 2021
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| team2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| score1 = 167 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Indrani Roy]] 49 (77)
| wickets1 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 3/33 (10 overs)
| score2 = 169/3 (37 overs)
| runs2 = [[Punam Raut]] 59 (94)
| wickets2 = Ravinder Devyani 2/36 (10 overs)
| result = Railways won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-senior-one-day-trophy-2020-21-1255263/jharkhand-women-vs-railways-india-women-final-1255735/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = M Ashwin Kumar and Prabhakar Rao
| motm =
| toss = Jharkhand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=125| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Matches
!width=60 | Innings
!width=60 | Runs
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | {{Tooltip|HS|Highest score}}
!width=60 | 100s
!width=60 | 50s
|-
|[[Indrani Roy]]
|[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|8
|8
|'''456'''
|76.00
|130[[not out|*]]
|2
|1
|-
|Challa Jhansi Lakshmi
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|7
|7
|'''358'''
|59.66
|100[[not out|*]]
|1
|2
|-
|[[Thirush Kamini]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|5
|5
|'''353'''
|117.66
|114[[not out|*]]
|1
|3
|-
|[[Shubha Satheesh]]
|[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|6
|6
|'''346'''
|86.50
|85
|0
|4
|-
|Buley Ruchita
|[[Mizoram women's cricket team|Mizoram]]
|7
|7
|'''332'''
|66.40
|84[[not out|*]]
|0
|3
|-
|}
Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13900;type=tournament | title=Records/Women's Senior One Day Trophy, 2020/21/Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=125| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Overs
!width=60 | Wickets
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | BBI
!width=60 | 5w
|-
|[[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|71.3
|'''18'''
|12.66
|6/32
|1
|-
|Nupur Kohale
|[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|51.1
|'''16'''
|9.62
|4/19
|0
|-
|Amruta Saran
|[[Puducherry women's cricket team|Puducherry]]
|54.5
|'''16'''
|11.43
|5/11
|1
|-
|Challa Jhansi Lakshmi
|[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|54.4
|'''15'''
|14.26
|5/26
|1
|-
|Lalita Sharma
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|50.0
|'''14'''
|8.42
|5/22
|1
|}
Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=13900;type=tournament | title=Records/Women's Senior One Day Trophy, 2020/21/Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2020-21 Women's Senior One Day Trophy}}
[[Category:Senior Women's One Day Trophy]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2020–21|Women's Senior One Day Trophy]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian cricket|Women's Senior One Day Trophy]]

Muhammad Wazir Ali Khan

2024-03-26T05:34:02Z

StarCkf91771: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Malerkotla State#List of rulers]]

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Alumkadavu

2024-03-23T09:33:29Z

StarCkf91771: Starting first article added tags!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}

'''Alumkadavu''' is a village in [[Karunagappalli|Karunagapally]] of the [[Kollam district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The village is located on the [[Kerala backwaters|backwaters]] of [[Ashtamudi Lake]]. It is known to be an originator for the construction of [[Kettuvallam]], a type of traditional barge in Kerala characterized by thatched covers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 April 2017|title=ALUMKADAVU: SLEEPY PARADISE|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/alumkadavu_sleepy_paradise/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030154657/https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/alumkadavu_sleepy_paradise/|archive-date=2021-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumkadavu in Kollam|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/photo-gallery/alumkadavu-kollam/13|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2021|website=[[Kerala Tourism ]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812185737/https://www.keralatourism.org/photo-gallery/alumkadavu-kollam/13 |archive-date=12 August 2020 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|9.059|76.507|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]

{{Kollam-geo-stub}}

Green Route

2024-03-21T04:30:59Z

StarCkf91771: Created new stub.

{{distinguish|Green Line (Bangalore Metro)}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Green Route
| other_name = The trekker's paradise
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image = Train_enroute_green_route.JPG
| caption = Bridge on which the train runs amidst thick green blanket
| type =
| system =
| status =
| locale = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|58|0|N|75|47|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| start =
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| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
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| linelength_km =
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| map_state = uncollapsed
| embedded =
}}

'''Green Route''' is a segment along the [[Bangalore]] and [[Mangalore]] railway line in [[India]], within the [[Western Ghats|Western Ghat]] mountain ranges.

This is the railway track from [[Sakaleshpura]] (altitude 906 m MSL) to the [[Kukke Subramanya]] (altitude 120 m MSL) Road station. It is 52 km long, with around 57 tunnels and 109 bridges of length varying from few metres to 0.75 km and height varying from a few to 200 metres. The tunnels are absolute [[Terrestrial ecoregion|terrestrial]] abyss. This railway track route was trekker's favourite when trains were not running on this track(line)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/treks-on-the-table/articleshow/85357591.cms|title=Treks on the table|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> This railway track route operated by South Western Railways has thick green vegetation besides rail line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.beontheroad.com/2019/07/trek-to-yedakumeri-railway-bridge-lost-in-a-green-world.html|title=Trek to Yedakumeri Railway Bridge:Lost in a green world|publisher= Be on the Road|access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=517195|title=Mangaluru: Boulder on track - train services to Bengaluru hit|publisher=Daiji World|access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Places in western ghat karntataka between subramanya and sakleshpur 16.jpg
File:Places in western ghat karntataka between subramanya and sakleshpur 15.jpg
File:Places in western ghat karntataka between subramanya and sakleshpur 14.jpg
File:Places in western ghat karntataka between subramanya and sakleshpur 13.jpg
File:Places in western ghat karntataka between subramanya and sakleshpur 12.jpg
File:Places in western ghat karntataka between subramanya and sakleshpur 11.jpg
File:Places in western ghat karntataka between subramanya and sakleshpur 10.jpg
</gallery>

== External links ==
* http://www.hmrdc.com/location/
{{commons category}}

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hiking trails in India]]

Sons of the Soil (TV series)

2024-03-14T20:27:33Z

StarCkf91771: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sons of the Soil: Jaipur Pink Panthers]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from other disambiguation}}
{{R from move}}
{{R with history}}
}}