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Singanallur Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T19:56:23Z

Sshekhar898:

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Singanallur
| type = SLA
| map_image = Constitution-Singanallur.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
| constituency_no = 121
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = K. S. Giriprashath
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 269,941
}}

'''Singanallur''' Assembly constituency is a legislative Assembly constituency of [[Coimbatore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 121. It contains 18 wards of [[Coimbatore]] which include the neighborhood of [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]]. The important landmarks of the constituency are [[Coimbatore International Airport]], [[Singanallur Bus Terminus]], Sungam Lake, Boat House, TIDEL Park Coimbatore and [[Government Medical College & ESI Hospital, Coimbatore|ESI Medical College Hospital]]. It is a part of [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
! Election
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967]]
| P. Velusamy
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]]
| A. Subramaniam
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]]
| R. Venkedusamy
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]]
| A. D. Kulasekar
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]]
| R. Sengalippan
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]]
| Era Mohan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]
| [[Singai Govindarasu|P. Govindaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]
| [[N. Palaniswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]
| K. C. Karunakaran
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]
| rowspan="2"|R. Chinnaswamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016]]
| N. Karthik
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[K. R. Jayaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Singanallur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= K. S. Giriprashath|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= 84163 |percentage=38.08 |change= New }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= V Shrinithi |party=Indian National Congress |votes= 65024 |percentage=29.42 |change= {{increase}}29.42 }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Jayaram]]|party=AIADMK|votes= 57783 |percentage= 26.14|change={{decrease}}14.08 }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nehruji |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9203 |percentage=4.16 |change={{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= 1346|percentage=0.61 |change= {{decrease}}0.10}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 19139|percentage= 8.66|change= {{increase}} 3.28}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 221033|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =266058 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |loser= All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. R. Jayaram]]
|votes = 81,244
|percentage = 40.22
|change = {{increase}}2.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = N. Karthik
|votes = 70,390
|percentage = 34.84
|change = {{decrease}}5.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Makkal Needhi Maiam
|candidate = R. Mahendran
|votes = 36,855
|percentage = 18.24
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = R. Narmadha
|votes = 8,366
|percentage = 4.14
|change = {{increase}}1.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1,432
|percentage = 0.71
|change = {{decrease}}1.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =10,854
|percentage = 5.38
|change = {{increase}}2.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,02,021
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = +2.94
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Karthik N
|votes = 75,459
|percentage = 40.02
|change = {{increase}}40.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Singai Muthu N
|votes = 70,279
|percentage = 37.28
|change = {{decrease}}19.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nandakumar C R
|votes = 16,605
|percentage = 8.81
|change = {{increase}}3.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate =Arjunaraj A
|votes = 11,035
|percentage = 5.85
|change = {{increase}}5.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate =Kalyana sundaram S
|votes = 4,354
|percentage = 2.31
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 5,180
|percentage = 2.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,88,531
|percentage =61.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Chinnasamy R
|votes = 89,487
|percentage = 56.32
|change = {{Increase}}14.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mayura S Jayakumar
|votes = 55,161
|percentage = 34.71
|change = {{Increase}}34.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajendran R
|votes = 8,142
|percentage = 5.12
|change = {{Increase}}3.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Satta Party
|candidate = Dhandapani P
|votes = 1,983
|percentage = 1.25
|change = {{Increase}}1.25
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Vashan V V
|votes = 1,663
|percentage = 1.05
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 34,326
|percentage = 21.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =1,59,148
|percentage =69.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Chinnasamy R
|votes = 1,00,283
|percentage = 41.74
|change = {{increase}}41.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Soundararajan
|votes = 1,00,269
|percentage = 41.73
|change = {{decrease}}7.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = Ponnusamy
|votes = 31,268
|percentage = 13.01
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Velusamy
|votes = 5057
|percentage = 2.10
|change = {{increase}}2.10
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Rajkumar
|votes = 2019
|percentage = 0.84
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 14
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =2,40,267
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Karunakaran K C
|votes = 82773
|percentage = 49.57
|change = {{increase}}49.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Palanisamy N
|votes = 62772
|percentage = 37.59
|change = {{decrease}}32.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Muthukrishnan G
|votes = 14825
|percentage = 8.88
|change = {{decrease}}4.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Ponnusamy K M
|votes = 2723
|percentage = 1.63
|change = {{Increase}}1.63
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Velusamy V
|votes = 2008
|percentage = 1.2
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 20001
|percentage = 11.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =166992
|percentage =56.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Palanisamy N
|votes = 92379
|percentage = 60.15
|change = {{increase}}60.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Duraisamy R
|votes = 33967
|percentage = 22.12
|change = {{decrease}}33.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[M. Kannappan]]
|votes = 19951
|percentage = 12.99
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalyanasundaram R
|votes = 3741
|percentage = 2.44
|change = {{decrease}}2.25
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
|candidate = Palanisamy
|votes = 363
|percentage = 0.24
|change = {{increase}}0.24
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 58412
|percentage = 38.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =153574
|percentage =63.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Singai Govindarasu]]
|votes = 68069
|percentage = 55.46
|change = {{increase}}55.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Sengalipappan R
|votes = 46099
|percentage = 37.56
|change = {{increase}}37.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Balaji V
|votes = 5755
|percentage = 4.69
|change = {{increase}}4.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|candidate = Veluchamy P
|votes = 1096
|percentage = 0.89
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Tharasu Makkal Mandram
|candidate = Krishnasamy A
|votes = 280
|percentage = 0.23
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 21970
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =122727
|percentage =59.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Mohan Era
|votes = 63827
|percentage = 49.40
|change = {{increase}}49.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subaiah PL
|votes = 25589
|percentage = 19.81
|change = {{decrease}}25.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kannan S
|votes = 22148
|percentage = 17.14
|change = {{increase}}17.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Karuppusamy N
|votes = 15319
|percentage = 11.86
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent Candidate|Independent]]
|candidate = Balasundaram D
|votes = 643
|percentage = 0.5
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 38238
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =129195
|percentage =70.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Sengalipappan R
|votes = 54787
|percentage = 49.37
|change = {{increase}}37.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subrananiam A
|votes = 49856
|percentage = 44.92
|change = {{Increase}}44.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Natarajan KS
|votes = 2103
|percentage = 1.89
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (Politician)
|candidate = Three Star Natarajan
|votes = 1375
|percentage = 1.24
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent (Politician)
|candidate = Kalaimani VC
|votes = 1119
|percentage = 1.01
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 4931
|percentage = 4.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =110981
|percentage =71.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Kulasekar AD
|votes = 44523
|percentage = 45.16
|change = {{increase}}22.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Venkatasamy
|votes = 41302
|percentage = 41.90
|change = {{increase}}13.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Sadasivan NS
|votes = 12032
|percentage = 12.21
|change = {{decrease}}13.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sivasamy
|votes = 452
|percentage = 0.46
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent Candidate|Independent]]
|candidate = Chinnakutty R
|votes = 273
|percentage = 0.28
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 3221
|percentage = 3.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =98582
|percentage =66.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Venkatasamy
|votes = 25820
|percentage = 27.96
|change = {{increase}}15.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Sengalipappan R
|votes = 24024
|percentage = 26.02
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subrananiam A
|votes = 20978
|percentage = 22.72
|change = {{increase}}22.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Veerasamy S
|votes = 20662
|percentage = 22.38
|change = {{increase}}22.38
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent Candidate|Independent]]
|candidate = Ramasamy SS
|votes = 853
|percentage = 0.92
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1796
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =92337
|percentage =69.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Praja Socialist Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Singanallur]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|candidate = Subrananiam A
|votes = 35888
|percentage = 53.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subaian PL
|votes = 20848
|percentage = 31.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Venkatasamy
|votes = 8209
|percentage = 12.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Marappan N
|votes = 1653
|percentage = 2.48
|change = New
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 15040
|percentage = 22.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =66598
|percentage =71.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Praja Socialist Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.00|77.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]

Indian annexation of Junagadh

2026-05-06T23:42:46Z

Sshekhar898:

{{Short description|1947–48 annexation by India}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Indian annexation of Junagadh
| date = November 1947 – February 1948
| place = [[Junagadh State]]
| result = Indian victory
| image = Junaghad state.jpg
| combatant1 = {{Flag|Dominion of India}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagicon|Junagadh State}} [[Junagadh State|State of Junagadh]]
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Dominion of India}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| commander2 = {{Flagicon|Junagadh State}} [[Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III]]
| territory = State of Junagadh annexed by India and incorporated into [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]] state.
}}

Between November 1947 and February 1948, the [[princely state]] of [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]] was [[annexed]] by the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]], following the state's [[Instrument of Accession|accession]] to [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]], internal revolt and a blockade by the neighbouring princely states. Junagadh had been a princely state under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[The Crown|British Crown]], until independence and [[partition of British India]] in 1947.

It had the choice of joining one of the two newly independent dominions: the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] or [[dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]. It was ruled by [[Nawab of Junagarh|Nawab]] [[Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III]], a Muslim whose ancestors had ruled Junagadh and small principalities for some two hundred years.

The Nawab decided that Junagadh should become part of Pakistan, much to the displeasure of many of the people of the state, an overwhelming majority of whom were [[Hindu]]s, about 80%. On 15 August 1947, the Nawab announced his intention to accede to Pakistan, to which it was only joined by sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MENON |first=V. P. |title=THE STORY OF THE INTEGRATION OF THE INDIAN STATES |publisher=LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO |year=1955 |location=LONDON · NEW YORK · TORONTO |pages=86}}</ref> The principality of [[Babariawad]] and [[Sheikh]] of [[Mangrol State|Mangrol]] reacted by claiming independence from Junagadh and accession to India,{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=35, 38}} although the Sheikh of Mangrol withdrew his accession to India the next day.<ref>{{harvtxt|Bangash, A Princely Affair|2015|p=113}}; {{harvtxt|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=38}}; {{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=377}}</ref> [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] waited for a month to accept the Instrument of Accession. When Pakistan accepted the Nawab's [[Instrument of Accession]] on 13 September, the Government of India objected.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MENON |first=V. P. |title=THE STORY OF THE INTEGRATION OF THE INDIAN STATES |publisher=LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO |year=1955 |location=LONDON · NEW YORK · TORONTO |pages=87}}</ref> Nehru laid out India's position which was that India did not accept Junagadh's accession to Pakistan.{{sfn|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=383}} [[Home minister|Home Minister]] [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] believed that if Junagadh was permitted to go to Pakistan, it would exacerbate the communal tension already simmering in Gujarat.<ref name="Junagadh Municipal Corporation 2024 l098">{{cite web | title=History | publisher=Junagadh Municipal Corporation | date=28 January 2024 | url=https://junagadhmunicipal.org/history/ | access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

The princely state was surrounded on all of its land borders by India, with an outlet onto the [[Arabian Sea]]. The unsettled conditions in Junagadh had led to a cessation of all trade with India and the food position became precarious. With the region in crisis, the Nawab, fearing for his life, fled to [[Karachi]] with his family and followers.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel offered Pakistan time to reverse its acceptance of the accession and to hold a [[plebiscite]] in Junagadh. Meanwhile, tensions were simmering in the regional areas and in major cities such as [[Bombay]] against the Nawab's decision. 25,000 - 30,000 people belonging to [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and Junagadh gathered in Bombay, proclaiming to "liberate" Junagadh from the Nawab's regime. [[Samaldas Gandhi]] formed a provisional government-in-exile, called the ''Aarzi Hukumat'' (lit. Provisional Government) of the people of Junagadh. Eventually, Patel ordered the forcible annexation of Junagadh's three subsidiary principalities. Junagadh's state government, facing financial collapse and lacking forces with which to resist Indian force, invited the Government of India to take control. A plebiscite was conducted in December, in which approximately 99.95% of the people chose India over Pakistan.<ref name="RG438">{{cite book
|last = Gandhi
|first = Rajmohan
|author-link = Rajmohan Gandhi
|year = 1991
|title = Patel: A Life
|publisher = Navajivan
|location = India
|asin=B0006EYQ0A
|page = 438
}}</ref>

A number of scholars have opined that India annexed Junagadh through force.<ref name="GangulyDiamond20072">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgs1tFTh-JMC&pg=PA52 |title=The State of India's Democracy |date=13 August 2007 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8791-8 |pages=52– |author1=Sumit Ganguly |author2=Larry Diamond |author3=Marc F. Plattner}}</ref><ref name="Kavic1967">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/indiasquestforse00kavi |url-access=registration |title=India's Quest for Security: Defence Policies, 1947–1965 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiasquestforse00kavi/page/32 32]– |id=GGKEY:FN05HYT73UF |author=Lorne J. Kavic}}</ref><ref name="Cohen2013">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlROJokfxCUC&pg=PA4 |title=Shooting for a Century: The India-Pakistan Conundrum |date=28 May 2013 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2187-1 |pages=4– |author=Stephen P. Cohen}}</ref><ref name="Pike20112">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKD3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT347 |title=Empires at War: A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II |date=28 February 2011 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-029-9 |pages=347– |author=Francis Pike}}</ref>

==Background==
After the announcement by the last Viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten, on 3 June 1947, of the intention to partition British India, the British parliament passed the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] on 18 July 1947. As a result, the native states were left with these choices: to accede to either of the two new [[British Dominions|dominions]], [[Dominion of India|India]] or [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] or to remain an independent state.

The constitutional adviser to the Nawab of Junagadh, Nabi Baksh, and Junagadh's ministers gave the impression to Mountbatten that Junagadh intended to accede to India.<ref>
{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA206 |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |last=Banerji |first=Arun |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |pages=206 |chapter=Border |isbn=9788131708347 |quote=The decision on Junagadh's accession to Pakistan was announced on 15 August.}}
</ref> However, [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] politicians from [[Sindh]] had joined Junagadh's executive council since May, and the state's diwan was away for health reasons, leaving the charge with [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]].{{efn|[[Shahnawaz Bhutto]] was a politician from Sindh, and the father of the later Pakistan prime minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].}} Bhutto met Jinnah in July, who advised him to hold out till 15 August under any circumstances.<ref>{{harvp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=31–32}}; {{harvp|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=374}}</ref> Accordingly, the state continued to give the impression till the last moment that it was intending to join India along with other Kathiawar states.<ref>{{harvp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=31–32}}: "Junagadh in turn managed to mislead Delhi and other neighbouring states by issuing proclamations of Kathiawar unity."</ref>
Four days before independence, under the influence of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] politicians, the Nawab decided to join Pakistan, and sent a delegation to Karachi to negotiate terms with Pakistan,<ref>
{{cite book |last=Banerji |first=Arun |chapter=Borders |title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |pages=207|isbn=9788131708347 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA206}}
</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=374}}; {{harvp|Bangash, A Princely Affair|2015|p=108}}</ref> disregarding Mountbatten's contiguity principle.{{sfn|Copland, The Princes of India|1997|p=260}} Mountbatten's contention was that only states bordering Pakistan should accede to it. Evidently, it was not a constitutional requirement, only a political one.{{sfn|Copland, The Princes of India|1997|loc=p. 260, footnote 120}} The Nawab and Pakistan reasoned that Junagadh was close enough to Pakistan and linked by a sea route ([[Veraval]] to [[Karachi]]).<ref>{{harvp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=31–32}}: 'Jinnah assured Bhutto that he would not allow Junagadh to be “starved out or tyrannized and that Veraval was not far from Karachi.”'</ref>

Junagadh, under the amendments done to the Government of India Act 1935, had political bonds with the neighbouring states of [[Mangrol State|Mangrol]] and [[Babariawad State|Babariawad]]. In 1943, The latter states were tied to Junagadh through an attachment scheme, but when the act was adopted in 1947, the amendments had not carried over, and this lapse was the base on which VP Menon argued that Junagadh did not have a say in the affairs of Mangrol and Babariawad states.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Ankit|first=Rakesh|date=July 2016|title=The accession of Junagadh, 1947–48: Colonial sovereignty, state violence and post-independence India|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019464616651167|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|language=en|volume=53|issue=3|pages=371–404|doi=10.1177/0019464616651167|s2cid=147765080|issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Nehru strategised that if Junagadh didn't recognise the accession of Mangrol and Babariawad and withdraw its forces from the latter, then he would send in forces, information of which he sent to Pakistan and Britain. Meanwhile, a study case of India regarding Junagadh was made in the international opinion through press communiques that provided information on Junagadh's geographical contiguity to Indian landscape and its demographics.<ref name=":0" />

==Instrument of accession==
[[File:Instrument of Accession of Junagadh to Dominion of Pakistan.pdf|page=1|thumb|Copy of the Instrument of Accession of Junagadh (first page) presented to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|link=File:Instrument_of_Accession_of_Junagadh_to_Dominion_of_Pakistan.pdf]]
Mountbatten and Ayyangar both agreed that the issue of geographical contiguity had no legal standing and that Junagadh's accession to Pakistan was strictly and legally correct. But Sardar Patel demanded that the matter of the state's accession should be decided by its people instead of the ruler.<ref>{{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=381}}: While Ayyangar and Mountbatten concurred that Junagarh's geographical contiguity could not have 'any standing in law', that is, it was 'strictly and legally correct' for it to have joined Pakistan, Patel retorted by arguing that people of a state should decide and not its ruler.</ref> Nehru laid out India's position which was that India did not accept Junagadh's accession to Pakistan.{{sfn|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=383}}

Later at the [[United Nations Security Council]], India's argument revolved around the wishes of the people which it accused the Nawab of ignoring. India's representative at the UNSC was also advised to avoid legalistic arguments about the Instrument of Accession because of the effect it could have on Kashmir.<ref name=":133">{{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=401}}: Ayyangar reminded to Vellodi on 24 February the need 'as far as possible to avoid being drawn into legalistic arguments as regards validity of Junagadh's accession to Pakistan' for its impact on [[Kashmir]].</ref>

==Provisional government (''Aarzi Hukumat'')==
Upon Menon's advice{{sfn|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=381}} [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s nephew, Samaldas Gandhi, created a provisional government in Bombay with the provincial government's backing.<ref name=McLeod>{{citation |last=McLeod |first=John |chapter=Junagadh |editor1=James Stuart Olson |editor2=Robert Shadle |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA613 |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29366-5 |page=613}}
</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bangash, A Princely Affair|2015|p=112}}: "The second tactic was the Arzi Hukumat (provisional government), which was set up under the leadership of Samaldas Gandhi, a nephew of Mahatma Gandhi, under the auspices of the Government of India in Bombay [''sic'']."</ref> This government received support from the 'Gujarat States Organisation' and also received sponsorship from the [[All India States Peoples' Conference|Kathiawar States' Political Conference]].{{sfn|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=39-40}}{{sfn|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=381}}{{efn|The Kathiawar Political Conference (''Kathiawar Rajkiya Parishad'') was established in 1921 to coordinate the peoples' movements in the princely states of Kathiawar.{{sfn|McLeod, Sovereignty, Power, Control|1999|pp=37–38}} Its goal was to achieve some participation of the states' subjects in the governance of the states.{{sfn|Ramusack, Congress and the People's Movement in Princely India|1988|p=381}} It became a member of the [[All India States Peoples' Conference]] when the latter was founded in 1927, and remained so until its dissolution in April 1948, after which it merged with the [[Indian National Congress]].{{sfn|Ramusack, Congress and the People's Movement in Princely India|1988|p=395}}}}

[[Samaldas Gandhi]], [[U. N. Dhebar]] and members of Junagadh People's Conference met at the office of Gujarati daily ''Vande Mataram'' in Bombay on 19 August 1947. He was specially invited to attend Kathiawar Political Conference on 25 August 1947. A five-member committee called Junagadh Committee was formed on 15 September 1947. Gandhi met [[V. P. Menon]] and proposed to form a government-in-exile the ''Aarzi Hakumat'' or ''Provisional Government'' of Junagadh State. On 25 September 1947, the ''Aarzi Hukumat'' headed by Samaldas Gandhi was declared in a public meeting at Madhavbagh in Bombay.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |last=Jani|first=Shashikant Vishwanath|date=1 January 2010|title=ગાંધી, શામળદાસ લક્ષ્મીદાસ|url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%80-%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8-%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE/|url-status=live|access-date=2 January 2022|website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]|language=gu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102095816/https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%80-%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8-%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE |archive-date=2 January 2022 }}</ref>

The five member ministry of ''Aarzi Hakumat'' went to [[Rajkot]]. Gandhi became the Prime Minister and also held ministry of foreign affairs. Other prominent leaders included Durlabhji Khetani as Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister, Narendra Nathwani Law and Order, Bhavanishankar Oza Home Minister, Manilal Doshi Home Minister, Suragbhai Varu Defence Minister, Ratubhai Adani Commander-in-Chief.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arzi Hukumat|url= https://kathiyawadikhamir.com/aarzi-hukumat/|access-date=15 September 2025|website=kathiyawadikhamir.com|date= 25 September 2014}}</ref> ''Aarzi Hakumat'' captured 160 villages in forty days, from 30 September to 8 November 1947.<ref name=":02" />

India allowed the provisional government to take control over outlying areas of Junagadh.<ref>{{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=384}}: Finally, New Delhi agreed to the provisional government taking over administration in the outlying pockets of the state.</ref><ref name=McLeod/> India later at the [[UN Security council|UN Security Council]] denied ever having supported the provisional government.{{sfn|Bangash, A Princely Affair|2015|p=112}}<ref name=":132">{{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=401}}: "It continued to claim that New Delhi had given 'no support at all to the so-called provisional government' and even denied stopping supplies to Junagadh."</ref> Pakistan objected to India's indifference to the actions of Junagadh's provisional government.<ref name=":4">{{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=386}}: In response, Karachi protested against New Delhi's 'indifference' to the provisional government of Junagadh and its activities.</ref> Nehru wrote to Pakistan that the provisional government was "a spontaneous expression of popular resentment" to the state's accession to Pakistan by Junagadh's local population.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Blockade and Indian annexation==
To force the Nawab of Junagadh to change his decision, the Provisional Government (''Aarzi Hukumat'') and the volunteer forces in the surrounding regions of [[Kathiawar]] implemented a blockade.{{sfn|Bangash, A Princely Affair|2015|p=112}}<ref name=McLeod/> India later denied ever having blocked Junagadh's supplies.<ref name=":132" /> The blockade compelled the state's ruler to leave for Pakistan,{{sfn|Copland, The Princes of India|1997|p=261-262}} who left the state's administration to his Prime Minister (Dewan) [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto|Sir Shahnawaz Bhutto]]. Menon claimed that the Nawab had delegated the state's destiny to Bhutto, which is not implausible since it was primarily Shah Nawaz Bhutto who had taken the decision to accede to Pakistan, under the close influence and mentorship of Jinnah. Bhutto requested the regional commissioner for administrative assistance "pending an honourable settlement of the several issues involved in Junagadh's accession." Diwan Bhutto waited till November for Pakistan to send help, but none came. The provisional government, nationalistic volunteers from the Indian side, and the Hindu residents had started to agitate and tensions were simmering. Meanwhile, the state of Junagadh had raised a force of 670 Muslim men, who had been stationed at various places to ensure retaliation, if any. Fearing an outbreak of communal violence, on 9 November 1947, the Indian Government assumed the state's administration to re-establish peace.{{sfn|Bangash, A Princely Affair|2015|p=117}} Nawab's soldiers were disarmed, with Diwan Bhutto leaving for Pakistan a day before.{{sfnp|Yagnik & Sheth, Shaping of Modern Gujarat|2005|pp=222–224}}

Nehru telegrammed Liaquat Ali Khan:

{{blockquote|In view of special circumstances pointed out by Junagadh Dewan that is the Prime Minister of Junagadh – our Regional Commissioner at Rajkot has taken temporary charge of Junagadh administration. This has been done to avoid disorder and resulting chaos. We have, however, no desire to continue this arrangement and wish to find a speedy solution in accordance with the wishes of the people of Junagadh. We have pointed out to you previously that final decision should be made by means of referendum or plebiscite. We would be glad to discuss this question and allied matters affecting Junagadh with representatives of your Government at the earliest possible moment convenient to you. We propose to invite Nawab of Junagadh to send his representatives to this conference.<ref name="Nehru1949">{{citation |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |title=Independence and after: a collection of the more important speeches, from September 1946 to May 1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr1PAQAAIAAJ |year=1949 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}
</ref>}}

Liaquat Ali Khan replied:

{{blockquote|Your telegram informing that your Government had taken charge of Junagadh was received by me on November 10, 1947. Your action in taking over State Administration and sending Indian troops to state without any authority from Pakistan Government and indeed without our knowledge, is a clear violation of Pakistan territory and breach of International law.{{sfn|Bangash, A Princely Affair|2015|p=118}}}}

Reports arrived of widespread murder, rape and looting of Muslims in Junagarh following the arrival of Indian troops.<ref>{{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=397}}</ref> Many Muslims from Junagarh began migrating to Pakistan.<ref>{{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=396}}</ref>

After India assumed administration in Junagadh, India's [[Ministry of Law (India)|Ministry of Law]] stated that the accession of Junagadh to Pakistan had not been invalidated by plebiscite and that Junagadh had not yet acceded to India. But India went ahead with the referendum because it believed the result would be in its favour.<ref>{{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=395}}: A note by Ministry of Law made it clear that Junagadh's accession to Pakistan had not been nullified by referendum and the state had not acceded to India yet. However, New Delhi went ahead because 'it was almost likely that the referendum will be in our favour'.</ref>

==Plebiscite==
On 24 September, legal adviser [[Walter Monckton]] told Mountbatten that Pakistan's consent would be needed for any plebiscite India wished to conduct in Junagadh because of the Nawab's accession to Pakistan.<ref>{{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=380}}: "So far so good, but Monckton had also informed Mountbatten that as Junagadh had signed an instrument of accession to Pakistan...Pakistan's recognition of any plebiscite that India may conduct had to be obtained."</ref>

Nehru had shifted from his earlier position of allowing a plebiscite under the UN and now said that it was unnecessary for a plebiscite to be held under the UN though it could send one or two observers if it wished to do so. However, India also made it clear that it would not under any circumstances postpone the plebiscite so as to allow the UN or Pakistan to send observers.<ref>{{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=401}}</ref> A plebiscite was held on 20 February 1948, in which all but 91 out of 190,870 who voted (from an electorate of 201,457) voted to join India, i.e. 99.95% of the population voted to join India.<ref>{{Citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=Of Jinnah and Junagadh |newspaper=Frontline |date=13 October 2001 |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1821/18210760.htm}}
</ref>

Douglas Brown of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' as well as the Pakistani newspaper [[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn'']] expressed concerns about the propriety of the plebiscite's arrangement. On 26 February, Pakistan termed India's proceeding with the plebiscite a "discourtesy to Pakistan and the Security Council".<ref name=":12">{{harvtxt|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=402}}</ref> In the plebiscite India polled 222,184 votes and Pakistan 130 out of a total population of 720,000 of Junagadh and its feudatories.<ref name=":12" />

Only 15 per cent (21,606) of Junagadh's Muslim population voted while 30 per cent (179,851) of the non-Muslim population voted. The total number of voters on electoral rolls was 200,569 and fewer than 10,000 Muslims voted for India.<ref name=":12" /> In [[Manavadar]], 276 out of 520 Muslims voted for India, in [[Bantva|Bantwa]] 19 out of 39, and 79 out of 231 in [[Sardargarh Bantva|Sardargarh]]. In Bantwa and [[Babariawad]] the number of voters who cast their votes in India's favour was fewer than the number of non-Muslim voters there, which meant that even some non-Muslims did not vote for India.<ref name=":12" /> According to scholar Rakesh Ankit, India took liberties with facts and laws as it acted as the "judge, jury and executioner" of the entire situation.{{Sfn|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016|p=403}}

==Later arrangements==
After six months administration by Government of India, three civilian members (Samaldas Gandhi, Dayashankar Dave and [[Pushpaben Mehta]]) were inducted for the administration of Junagadh on 1 June 1948. The election of the seven constituencies of the Junagadh region for the Constitution Assembly of Saurashtra was declared in December 1948. All seven members of Indian National Congress were elected unopposed and they all voted to merge Junagadh State with [[Saurashtra State]]. The merger was completed in January 1949.<ref name=":02"/>

On 1 November 1956, Saurashtra State was merged with [[Bombay State]]. Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] in 1960, and [[Junagadh district]] is now one of the districts of Gujarat.

Pakistan brought the case of Junagadh to the United Nations in January 1948. The UN Security Council commanded its commission on Kashmir to examine the conflict over Junagadh.<ref name=McLeod/> The Kashmir conflict eclipsed the matter of Junagadh at the United Nations Security Council,<ref name="Terris2016">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TIlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 |title=Mediation of International Conflicts: A Rational Model |date=8 December 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-46776-4 |pages=138– |author=Lesley G. Terris}}</ref> where Junagadh's case is still unresolved.<ref name=McLeod/>{{sfn|Pande, Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy|2011|p=18}} Pakistan's official maps show Junagadh, [[Manavadar]] and [[Sir Creek]] as Pakistani territory.<ref>
Devirupa Mitra, [https://thewire.in/external-affairs/pakistani-complaint-to-un-over-geospatial-bill-is-a-silly-issue-experts Pakistan Objects to India's Map Bill But its Own 2014 Law Regulates Geospatial Data Too], The Wire, 18 May 2016.
</ref><ref>
Philip Jagessar, [https://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/mapcollection/2019/10/03/pakistan-india-and-mapping-the-contested-accession-of-south-asias-princely-states/ Pakistan, India and mapping the contested accession of South Asia's princely states], University of Nottingham, 3 October 2019.
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/world/pakistan-unveils-new-political-map-claiming-jammu-india-retorts/ |title=After Nepal, Pakistan unveils new political map; Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh claimed, India retorts |work=The Himalayan Times |date=4 August 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020}}
</ref>

==See also==
* [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)]]
* [[Bantva Manavadar]]
* [[Pathans of Gujarat]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last1=Ankit |first1=R. |title=The accession of Junagadh, 1947-48: Colonial sovereignty, state violence and post-independence India |journal=Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=53 |issue=3 |year=2016 |pages=371–404 |doi=10.1177/0019464616651167 |s2cid=147765080 |url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/37426 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, The accession of Junagadh|2016}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bangash |first=Yaqoob Khan |title=A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947-1955 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzdvrgEACAAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-906649-0 |ref={{sfnref|Bangash, A Princely Affair|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0QKqCA-QHIC |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89436-4 |ref={{sfnref|Copland, The Princes of India|1997}}}}
* {{citation |last=McLeod |first=John |title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the States of Western India, 1916-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXpzWlPpE1cC&pg=PR7 |year=1999 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-11343-6 |ref={{sfnref|McLeod, Sovereignty, Power, Control|1999}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Pande |first=Aparna |title=Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceg-kSmft94C |date=2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-81894-3 |ref={{sfnref|Pande, Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC&pg=PA101 |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |pages=101– |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}} }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |chapter=Congress and the People's Movement in Princely India: Ambivalence in Strategy and Organization |editor1=Richard Sisson |editor2=Stanley Wolpert |title=Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-independence Phase |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfOSxFVQa8IC&pg=PA387 |date=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06041-8 |pages=377–404 |ref={{sfnref|Ramusack, Congress and the People's Movement in Princely India|1988}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Yagnik |first1=Achyut |last2=Sheth |first2=Suchitra |title=Shaping of Modern Gujarat |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2005 |isbn=978-8184751857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYDviPFeoSAC&pg=PA222 |ref={{sfnref|Yagnik & Sheth, Shaping of Modern Gujarat|2005}}}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |last=Hodson |first=H. V. |title=The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC2UoAEACAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |isbn=9780090971503 |ref={{sfnref|Hodson, The Great Divide|1969}}}}
* {{citation |first=V. P. |last=Menon |title=The Story of Integration of the Indian States |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1956 |url=https://hidf1.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/the-story-of-the-integration-of-the-indian-states-by-v-p-menon.pdf}}

{{Military of India}}
{{India-Pakistani relations}}

[[Category:Political integration of India]]
[[Category:Junagadh]]
[[Category:1948 in India]]
[[Category:Military history of the princely states of India]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:Annexation]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Blockades]]

Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film)

2026-05-06T16:24:35Z

Sshekhar898: put up a article...

{{Short description|2026 film by Ram Abbaraju}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{For|the 1990 film|Nari Nari Naduma Murari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nari Nari Naduma Murari
| image = Nari Nari Naduma Murari (2026 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ram Abbaraju
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Anil Sunkara]]
* Ramabrahmam Sunkara
}}
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* Bhanu Bogavarapu
* Nandu Savirigana
* Ram Abbaraju
}}
| story = {{plainlist|
* Bhanu Bogavarapu
* Nandu Savirigana
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sharwanand]]
* [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]]
* [[Sakshi Vaidya]]
}}
| music = [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]]
* [[J. Yuvaraj]]
}}
| editing = Nakka Venkat Swamy
| studio = {{plainlist|
* AK Entertainments
* Adventures International Pvt Ltd
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2026|1|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|21 crore}}<ref name="News18">{{Cite news |last=Rangaiahgari |first=Bhanuprasad |date=19 January 2026 |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari Movie: బ్రేక్ ఈవెన్ టార్గెట్ కంప్లీట్ చేసుకున్న 'నారీ నారీ నడుమ మురారీ' మూవీ.. కలెక్షన్లు ఎంతంటే? |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/nari-nari-naduma-murari-movie-collections-bh-3017719.html |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=[[News18 Telugu]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Nari Nari Naduma Murari''''' ({{translation|Krishna is amidst women}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedy film]] directed by Ram Abbaraju. The film was produced by [[Anil Sunkara]] and Ramabrahmam Sunkara, under AK Entertainments and Adventures International Pvt Ltd. The film features [[Sharwanand]], [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]] and [[Sakshi Vaidya]] in lead roles alongside [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Sampath Raj]], and [[Vennela Kishore]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharwanand’s Nari Nari Naduma Murari up for a Sankranthi box office battle with the biggies |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/21/sharwanands-nari-nari-naduma-murari-up-for-a-sankranthi-box-office-battle-with-the-biggies |work=Cinema Express |date=5 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 14 January, coinciding with [[Sankranthi]]. It received positive reviews and turned out to be a decent hit praising the direction, Sharwanand's and Naresh's performances.

== Plot ==
Goutham and Nithya, both architects by profession, fall in love during their stay in [[Kerala]]. Nithya reveals this to her father, Ramalingaiah, who is a divorce lawyer. Ramalingaiah meets Goutham and says that their love is not true, as they have never fought with each other. However, on Nithya's insistence, Ramalingaiah agrees to their marriage on the condition that they have a court marriage. Goutham agrees reluctantly. Goutham's widowed father, Karthik, also marries a young woman named Pallavi, much to the dismay of Ramalingaiah.

Later, Karthik sees that Goutham has a tattoo on his chest with the name "Dia." Upon questioning, Goutham confesses that Dia was his college sweetheart, and with whom he had a court marriage, which is why he was hesitant when Ramalingaiah insisted on a court marriage. Gautham says that they broke up immediately, as Dia's father Krishnaprasad was against their union. Karthik and Goutham try to convince Nithya and Ramalingaiah to have a traditional wedding ceremony; however, they remain fixated on a court marriage.

Goutham and Nithya then go to the [[Civil registration|Sub-Registrar]]'s office. There, Registrar Satyamurthy recognises Goutham and tells him that he cannot remarry unless he produces a divorce certificate of his marriage with Dia, failing which Satyamurthy will reveal the truth to Nithya. Goutham searches for Dia and accidentally comes across her at a temple. He realises that Dia is already married to someone else. Gautham tries to explain his situation to Dia but she walks away. With no option left, Goutham submits a fake death certificate of Dia to Sathyamurthy and obtains a date for court marriage.

Dia then joins as a team lead in the same office where Gautham and Nithya work. Dia threatens to expose Gautham in front of Nithya. Sathyamurthy runs into Dia accidentally and realises that Gautham has cheated him. He gives a final warning to Gautham to produce the divorce certificate before the date of court. Gautham confronts Dia and her father with their marriage certificate and threatens to expose it to her husband if Dia doesn't divorce him. Dia eventually agrees as she also learns from her father that it was he who persuaded Gautham to break up with her, and they both approach Lawyer Gunashekhar, who happens to be a disciple of Ramalingaiah. Later, at a party, Gunashekhar tells Ramalingaiah that Gautham approached him for a divorce; however, Gautham lies to Ramalingaiah that Karthik and Pallavi are taking a divorce and not him.

Gunashekhar cooks up a story that Dia is divorcing Gautham because he is [[Male infertility|infertile]]. Nithya and Ramalingaiah come across Gautham's infertility certificate, but Nithya accepts him nonetheless. The wedding date approaches, and the divorce hearing also falls on the same day. Ramalingaiah learns about this and tells Nithya. Nithya remains silent so as to see how far Gautham goes to cheat her. On the day of the hearing, Dia tells her husband, Arya, about this, and he brings her to court. Arya tells Gautham that though he was angry initially, he was happy that his wife was honest with him. The court grants divorce, and Gautham realises his mistake. He confesses to Nithya about his previous marriage and that he doesn't deserve to marry her.

Nithya keeps meeting Gautham to fight about it. It goes on for two years and Ramalingaiah tells Nithya that now they are actually in love and they should marry each other. Gautham and Nithya wed with their families' blessings.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sharwanand]] as Potlakayala Goutham
* [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]] as Dia Kakarla
* [[Sakshi Vaidya]] as Vedula Nithya
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Potlakayala Karthik, Gautham's father
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as N. Satyamurthy
* [[Sampath Raj]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Vedula Ramalingaiah, Nithya's father
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Gunashekhar "Guna", Ramalingaiah's apprentice and assistant
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Lovekusa, auto driver
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Dr. Kakarla Krishna Prasad, Dia’s father
* [[Sudharshan]] as Jackie, Gautham's best friend
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Judge
* [[Getup Srinu]] as Srinu, Ramalingaiah’s assistant
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Mohana Krishna, Ramalingaiah's friend
* [[Madhunandan]] as Appalraj, Gautham and Nithya's colleague
* Siri Hanmanth as Pallavi "Chinnu", Karthik’s second wife and Gautham's stepmother
* [[Rajitha]] as Dia’s mother
* Madhumani as Pallavi’s mother
* Goparaju Vijay as Pallavi's father
* Sammeta Gandhi
* Lobo as a tattoo artist
* Tasty Teja as Registrar assistant
* Chaitanya Garikipati as Gautham's friend
* [[Sree Vishnu]] as Arya, Dia’s husband (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
Bhanu Bogavarapu wrote the story, and Nandu Savirigana wrote the dialogues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=Sharwanand joins Pongal race with ‘Nari Nari Naduma Murari’ |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sharwanand-joins-pongal-race-with-nari-nari-naduma-murari-1016563 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=21 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The screenplay was written by Ram Abbaraju. They did not have any actor in mind for the lead role while writing the script. As they finished writing, they looked for an actor. When [[Sharwanand]] asked Ram if he had a story for him, and they decided to make the film, finalising Sharwanand as the lead actor.<ref name=":TNIE1">{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Ram Abbaraju of Nari Nari Naduma Murari: I want to make only entertaining films |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Jan/13/teluguinterviews2026jan10ram-abbaraju-of-nari-nari-naduma-murari-i-want-to-make-only-entertaining-films |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> In February 2024, it was rumoured that Sharwanand and Ram Abbaraju were collaborating on an untitled project with [[Samyuktha (actress)|Samyuktha]] and Sakshi Vaidya as the female leads.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=Sharwanand to romance two heroines in Director Ram Abbaraju’s romantic drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sharwanand-to-romance-two-heroines-in-director-ram-abbarajus-romantic-drama-858326 |work=The Hans India |date=13 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |access-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719043653/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/tollywood/sharwanand-to-romance-two-heroines-in-director-ram-abbarajus-romantic-drama-858326 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Have these actresses been roped in to play Sharwanand’s heroines in his next film with Ram Abbaraju? Details inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/have-these-actresses-been-roped-in-to-play-sharwanands-heroines-in-his-next-film-with-ram-abbaraju-details-inside/b68dd2f631304 |work=[[OTTplay]] |date=13 February 2024 |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228101429/https://www.ottplay.com/news/have-these-actresses-been-roped-in-to-play-sharwanands-heroines-in-his-next-film-with-ram-abbaraju-details-inside/b68dd2f631304 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2024, the makers officially announced the project under the tentative title ''Sharwa37''.<ref>{{cite news |title=AK Entertainments announces their next project with Sharwanand |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/06/ak-entertainments-announces-their-next-project-with-sharwanand |work=Cinema Express |date=5 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The title, ''Nari Nari Naduma Murari'', was unveiled by the makers on 14 January 2025, coinciding with ''[[Sankranti]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harsh |first1=B. H. |title=Sharwa 37 titled Nari Nari Naduma Murari |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/14/sharwa-37-titled-nari-nari-naduma-murari |work=Cinema Express |date=8 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2025 |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206003413/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/14/sharwa-37-titled-nari-nari-naduma-murari |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sharwa’s ‘Nari Nari Naduma Murari’ First Look Revealed |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sharwas-nari-nari-naduma-murari-first-look-revealed-937330 |work=The Hans India |date=15 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2025 |access-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124004509/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/tollywood/sharwas-nari-nari-naduma-murari-first-look-revealed-937330 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2024, the makers confirmed that Sakshi Vaidya joined the cast.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sakshi Vaidya joins the cast of Sharwa 37 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/19/sakshi-vaidya-joins-the-cast-of-sharwa-37 |work=Cinema Express |date=7 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2026 |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210024354/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/19/sakshi-vaidya-joins-the-cast-of-sharwa-37 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2024, it was reported that part of the filming had been completed in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharwanand-Ram Abbaraju ‘s untitled comedy completes major Kerala schedule |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/25/sharwanand-ram-abbaraju-s-untitled-comedy-completes-major-kerala-schedule |work=Cinema Express |date=9 September 2024 |language=en |archive-date=13 February 2025 |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213163136/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/25/sharwanand-ram-abbaraju-s-untitled-comedy-completes-major-kerala-schedule |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming was completed in December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=It’s a wrap for Sharwanand starrer Nari Nari Naduma Murari |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/24/its-a-wrap-for-sharwanand-starrer-nari-nari-naduma-murari |work=Cinema Express |date=8 December 2025 |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2026 |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121131117/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/24/its-a-wrap-for-sharwanand-starrer-nari-nari-naduma-murari |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2026, it was confirmed that [[Sree Vishnu]] would appear in a [[Cameo appearance|cameo]] in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title='నారీ నారీ నడుమ మురారి' మూవీలో మరో హీరో {{!}} Sree Vishnu Cameo In Sharwanand Starrer Nari Nari Naduma Murari Movie, Interesting Video Went Viral On Social Media {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sree-vishnu-cameo-sharwanand-starrer-nari-nari-naduma-murari-movie-2670006 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=4 January 2026 |language=te |archive-date=4 January 2026 |access-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104121347/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sree-vishnu-cameo-sharwanand-starrer-nari-nari-naduma-murari-movie-2670006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":TH1"/> Ram approached Sree Vishnu as they had already collaborated in the 2023 film ''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]'', and he agreed to play the cameo role.<ref name=":TNIE1"/> Sharwanand lost weight for his role in ''[[Biker (film)|Biker]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=From 92 kilos to fit again: What it took for Telugu star Sharwanand to lose 22 kilos — without starving or shortcuts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-92-kilos-to-fit-again-what-it-took-for-telugu-star-sharwanand-to-lose-22-kilos-without-starving-or-shortcuts/articleshow/125185350.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Lost 22 kilos": 'Biker' actor Sharwanand highlights transformation and love for Tamil audience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lost-22-kilos-biker-actor-sharwanand-highlights-transformation-and-love-for-tamil-audience/articleshow/129779403.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 March 2026 |archive-date=25 March 2026 |access-date=5 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325092155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lost-22-kilos-biker-actor-sharwanand-highlights-transformation-and-love-for-tamil-audience/articleshow/129779403.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> benefitting this film since he shot both ''Biker'' and ''Nari Nari Naduma Murari'' simultaneously.<ref name=":TNIE1" />

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari: మూడు ముళ్ల పెళ్లికిన్ని తిప్పలేమిటో.. ‘నారీ నారీ నడుమ మురారి’ వీడియో సాంగ్‌ రిలీజ్.. |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/nari-nari-naduma-murari-title-video-song-released/2/75431 |work=[[Eenadu]] |date=10 January 2026 |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aa Nari Ee Nari (From "Nari Nari Naduma Murari") |url=https://gaana.com/song/aa-nari-ee-nari-from-nari-nari-naduma-murari |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=14 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:30
| all_lyrics = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| title1 = Darsanamey
| extra1 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length1 = 4:14
| title2 = Bhalle Bhalle
| extra2 = [[Haricharan ]]
| length2 = 4:21
| title3 = Aa Nari Ee Nari
| extra3 = Arvind Annest
| title4 = Be Carefull Magarajulu
| length4 = 3:12
| extra4 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| length3 = 3:43
}}

== Release ==
''Nari Nari Naduma Murari'' was released theatrically on 14 January 2026 coinciding with [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari makers set release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Dec/10/telugunews2025dec09nari-nari-naduma-murari-makers-set-release-date |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 December 2025 |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2025 |access-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216064959/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/telugu/2025/Dec/10/telugunews2025dec09nari-nari-naduma-murari-makers-set-release-date |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":TH1">{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title=‘Nari Nari Naduma Murari’ clears censor; gets U/A |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nari-nari-naduma-murari-clears-censor-gets-ua-1037391 |work=The Hans India |date=7 January 2026 |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2026 |access-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113065941/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/tollywood/nari-nari-naduma-murari-clears-censor-gets-ua-1037391 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's first show premiered at 5:49 p.m. Speaking on the unusual release strategy, Anil Sunkara added that the idea came from his family, who wanted the film to be released before [[Ekadashi]], an auspicious day in the Hindu calendar, which ends at 6:03 p.m. They chose to release the film at 5:49 p.m. as the number 9 has been viewed as lucky among the households across Telugu states.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=2026-01-14 |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari First Show At 5:49 PM: What Is The Reason Behind The Unusual Release Time - Explained |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/nari-nari-naduma-murari-first-show-at-549-pm-what-is-the-reason-behind-the-unusual-release-time-explained-article-153446475 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114101700/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/nari-nari-naduma-murari-first-show-at-549-pm-what-is-the-reason-behind-the-unusual-release-time-explained-article-153446475 |archive-date=2026-01-14 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-14 |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari's Initial Screening Scheduled for 5:49 PM: Understanding the Unconventional Release Timing - An Explanation |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/nari-nari-naduma-murari-family-entertainer-release-details-article-153446952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120044740/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/nari-nari-naduma-murari-family-entertainer-release-details-article-153446952 |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=[[Zoom TV]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 4 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-04 |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari OTT release: When and where to watch Sharwanand’s Telugu romantic film online - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/nari-nari-naduma-murari-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-sharwanands-telugu-romantic-film-online-ws-l-19841675.htm |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari OTT Release: When And Where To Watch Sharwanand’s Telugu Rom-Com |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/nari-nari-naduma-murari-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-sharwanands-telugu-rom-com-ws-kl-9872118.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201105127/https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/nari-nari-naduma-murari-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-sharwanands-telugu-rom-com-ws-kl-9872118.html |archive-date=1 February 2026 |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=News18 |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Sandeep Athreya of ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film 3.25/5 stars and wrote, "With strong performances, especially from Sharwanand and Naresh, and a director who understands the pulse of humour-loving audiences, the film delivers consistent fun from start to finish."<ref>{{cite news |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari Review: Sharwanand Is Back, Delivers Laugh-Riot Sankranti Film |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/nari-nari-naduma-murari-review-sharwanand-back-delivers-laugh-riot-sankranti-film |work=[[Sakshi Post]] |date=14 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[News18]]'' rated the film 3.2/5 stars and wrote, "A Sankranti entertainer, ''Nari Nari Naduma Murari'' banks on situational comedy and strong performances by Sharwanand and Naresh, offering breezy laughs despite a predictable plot".<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Nari Nari Naduma Murari’ Review: Sharwanand-Naresh Comedy Drives This Festive Entertainer |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nari-nari-naduma-murari-review-sharwanand-naresh-comedy-drives-this-festive-entertainer-shil-ws-l-9832552.html |work=[[News18]] |date=15 January 2026 |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116103333/https://www.news18.com/movies/nari-nari-naduma-murari-review-sharwanand-naresh-comedy-drives-this-festive-entertainer-shil-ws-l-9832552.html |url-status=live }}</ref> T. Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "Overall, despite inconsistencies in the second half, ''Naari Naari Naduma Murari'' is a clean, well-written family entertainer that understands its strengths and limitations."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=T. Maruthi |title=Naari Naari Naduma Murari review: Sharwanand and Naresh carry a smartly written comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/naari-naari-naduma-murari-review-sharwanand-and-naresh-carry-a-smartly-written-comedy-2852555-2026-01-15 |work=India Today |date=15 January 2026 |language=en |archive-date=9 February 2026 |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209081251/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/naari-naari-naduma-murari-review-sharwanand-and-naresh-carry-a-smartly-written-comedy-2852555-2026-01-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''Nari Nari Naduma Murari'' is a lightweight rom-com with some purpose to its existence besides the mischief, fun and frolic. It remains breezy with plenty of situational humour and caters to family viewing, steering clear of double entendre."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |title=‘Nari Nari Naduma Murari’ movie review: Sharwanand eases his way through a breezy rom-com |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nari-nari-naduma-murari-movie-review-this-sharwanand-starrer-is-directed-by-ram-abbaraju/article70512190.ece |work=The Hindu |date=15 January 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "Without resorting to forced drama or over-the-top gimmicks, it delivers genuine humour driven by writing and performance."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari movie review: A hilarious entertainer and a refreshing festive watch |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2026/Jan/16/nari-nari-naduma-murari-movie-review-a-hilarious-entertainer-a-refreshing-festive-watch |work=Cinema Express |date=16 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Jalapathi Gudelli of ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' gave the film 2.75/5 stars and wrote, "Despite a draggy second half and some routine stretches, Naresh’s track and the overall humorous tone work in its favour."<ref>{{cite news |title=Nari Nari Naduma Murari Review: Comedy clicks |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/nari-nari-naduma-murari-review-comedy-clicks |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film ended its theatrical run grossing {{INR}}21 crore worldwide.<ref name="News18"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|29638896}}

[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]

Kolkata Port Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T04:09:47Z

Sshekhar898: added new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kolkata Port
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kolkata Port.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kolkata Port Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Firhad Hakim]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| constituency_no = 158
| established = 2011
| electors = 171,615 (2026)
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Firhad Hakim.jpg
| abolished =
}}

'''Kolkata Port Assembly constituency''' (earlier known as '''Garden Reach Assembly constituency''') is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] order in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in [[West Bengal]], Kolkata Port Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
* Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 75, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|75]], [[Ward No. 76, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|76]], [[Ward No. 78, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|78]], [[Ward No. 79, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|79]], [[Ward No. 80, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|80]], [[Ward No. 133, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|133]], [[Ward No. 134, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|134]], [[Ward No. 135, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|135]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 22 February 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Borough
! Ward No.
! [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Councillor]]
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
|-
|rowspan=5|IX
|[[Ward No. 75, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|75]]
|Nizamuddin Shams
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[Ward No. 76, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|76]]
|Shashti Das
|-
|[[Ward No. 78, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|78]]
|Soma Das
|-
|[[Ward No. 79, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|79]]
|Ram Pyare Ram
|-
|[[Ward No. 80, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|80]]
|Mohammad Anwar Khan
|-
|rowspan=3|XV
|[[Ward No. 133, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|133]]
|Ranajit Shil
|-
|[[Ward No. 134, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|134]]
|Shams Iqbal
|-
|[[Ward No. 135, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|135]]
|Rubina Naaz
|}

Kolkata Port Assembly constituency is part of No. 23 [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|S.M. Abdullah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Shaikh Abdullah Farooquie
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan="2"|S.M. Abdullah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Arun Sen
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|S.M. Abdullah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan="2"|Chhedilal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|Samsuzzoha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="2"|Fazle Azim Molla
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Mohammed Amin (politician)|Mohammed Amin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Abdul Khaleque Molla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!colspan=4|Constituency renamed from '''[[Garden Reach Assembly constituency|Garden Reach]]''' to '''Kolkata Port'''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Firhad Hakim]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolkata Port}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Firhad Hakim]] |party=Trinamool Congress|votes= 101,226{{formatnum:}}|percentage=65.43|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rakesh Singh|party=Bhartiya Janata Party|votes=45,146{{formatnum:}}|percentage=29.16|change={{increase}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Faiyaz Ahmad Khan|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=2,571{{formatnum:}}|percentage=1.66|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aquib Gulzar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,533{{formatnum:}}|percentage=1.64|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=573{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kolkata Port]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Firhad Hakim]]
|votes = 1,05,543
|percentage = 69.23
|change = {{increase}} 16.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Awadh Kishore Gupta
|votes = 36,989
|percentage = 24.26
|change = {{increase}} 15.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Md. Muktar
|votes = 5,590
|percentage = 3.67
|change = {{decrease}} 30.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}} 1,360
|percentage = 0.89
|change = {{decrease}} 0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Sanjay Dey
|votes = 1,139
|percentage = 0.75
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 68,554
|percentage = 44.97
|change ={{increase}} 25.74
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,52,513
|percentage = 64.64
|change = {{increase}} 1.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = {{increase}} 16.02
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kolkata Port]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Firhad Hakim]]
|votes = 73,459
|percentage = 53.21
|change = {{increase}} 4.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rakesh Singh
|votes = 46,911
|percentage = 33.98
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Awadh Kishore Gupta
|votes = 11,700
|percentage = 8.48
|change = {{increase}} 6.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}} 2,164
|percentage = 1.57
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Vivek Kumar Thakur
|votes = 1,019
|percentage = 0.74
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,548
|percentage = 19.23
|change = {{increase}} 0.17
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,38,050
|percentage = 63.42
|change = {{decrease}} 2.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = {{increase}} 4.58
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kolkata Port]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Firhad Hakim]]
|votes = 63,866
|percentage = 48.63
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Moinuddin Sams
|votes = 38,833
|percentage = 29.57
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Ram Pyare Ram
|votes = 22,131
|percentage = 16.85
|change =''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raj Kumari Shaw
|votes = 2,699
|percentage = 2.06
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Sanjay Lal Das
|votes = 2,046
|percentage = 1.56
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,033
|percentage = 19.06
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,31,314
|percentage = 65.91
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box win|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|Swing = ''New''
}}
{{Election box end}}
Ram Pyare Ram, contesting as an independent, was a rebel [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate and Ex-MLA of Kabitirtha.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110419/jsp/siliguri/story_13871186.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110426113359/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110419/jsp/siliguri/story_13871186.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 26 April 2011 |title = Fair-&-free chant in red and green camps - Congress suspends six more rebel candidates | publisher = The Telegraph, 19 April 2011 |access-date = 1 May 2011 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata constituencies}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1963

2026-05-04T15:34:30Z

Sshekhar898: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1960s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Suvarna

2026-04-28T05:20:37Z

Sshekhar898: starting new info

{{Short description|2026 Telugu-language Indian film}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| director = Ashok Royya
| writer = Ashok Royya
| producer = Ashok Royya
| starring = [[Shakalaka Shankar]] Pallavi Pawan.
| cinematography = Gopinath Kakarla
| editing = Gouse Baba
| music = Gowtham Raviram.
| studio = Aaradhya Creations
| released = {{Film date|2026|04|03|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Suvarna''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language horror-comedy directed and produced by Ashok Royya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-04-03 |title=Suvarna: A spooky yet fun take on social media obsession |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/suvarna-a-spooky-yet-fun-take-on-social-media-obsession-1062358 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It starred Pallavi and [[Shakalaka Shankar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chilukuri |first=Arun |date=2026-04-03 |title=Carmeni Selvam Review: కార్మేనీ సెల్వం రివ్యూ.. లోన్ యాప్ బాధితులకు కనువిప్పు.. సముద్రఖని మార్క్ ఎమోషన్! {{!}} Carmeni Selvam Movie Review Samuthirakani Shines in this Realistic Middle-Class Emotional Drama on Loan App Trap |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/telugu-news/moviereviews/carmeni-selvam-movie-review-samuthirakani-shines-in-this-realistic-middle-class-emotional-drama-on-loan-app-trap-144434 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=www.hmtvlive.com |language=te}}</ref>

The film is produced under the banner Aradhya Creations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-03 |title=Suvarna Review: ‘సువర్ణ’ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. హార్రర్ థ్రిల్లర్ భయపెట్టిందా..! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/suvarna-movie-review-rating-public-talk-full-analysis-details-of-movie-ta-298988 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref> The film's music is composed by Gowtham Raviram, cinematography is handled by Gopinath Kakarla, and is edited by Gouse Baba.

== Plot ==
The story begins as a happy couple, Pallavi and Jagadeesh, shift into a new house. While the husband is busy with his job, Pallavi is busy with her household works. While Pallavi is dusting her new house she finds an old mobile phone in the house.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandla |first=Paramesh |date=2026-04-03 |title=‘సువర్ణ’ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. రీల్స్ పిచ్చితో భవిష్యత్తును బలి చేసుకుంటున్నారా? |url=https://www.bigtvlive.com/movies/suvarna-movie-review-horror-comedy-mobile-addiction.html |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=BigTvLive |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Boddula |first=Sunil |date=3 April 2026 |title=Suvarna Review: సువర్ణ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. భయపెడుతూనే సందేశం ఇచ్చే ఈ సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/tollywood-latest-movie-suvarna-review-and-rating-slb-3089663.html |access-date=5 April 2026 |publisher=News18 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

As Pallavi becomes curious and switches on the mobile phone and starts watching reels, her behavior begins to change dramatically, leading her to obsessively make reels of her own and behave strangely. Soon it will be revealed that she is possessed by a restless ghost as she continues to use that mobile phone. The rest of the story shows how the husband uncovers the mystery behind his wife's strange behavior, and free his wife from the ghost possession.<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==

* Pallavi as Mahalakshmi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]]<ref name=":0" />
* Pawan<ref name=":1" />
* Jagadeesh<ref name=":3" />
* Jabardasth Rajamouli
* Varnika
* Devi

== Music ==
The film's music is composed by Goutham Raviram.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer
| total_length = 2:40
| title1 = Ottesi Chebuthunna
| length1 = 2:40
| lyrics1 = Virinchi Putla
| extra1 = Venu Srirangam
}}

== Release ==
The film is released on 3 April 2026.<ref name=":3" />

== Reception ==
The film received average ratings, ranging from 2.5 to 3 out of 5.

TA Kiran Kumar of [[Zee News|Zeenews]] gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, and said that the film has a fresh concept, and that the twists and the comedic dialogues worked well.<ref name=":2" />

Suhas Sistu of [[The Hans India|Hans India]] gave 3 out of 5 stars to the film, and said that the film balanced the horror and humor effectively.<ref name=":0" />

Sunil Boddula of [[News18]] praised Pallavi and Shakalaka Shankar's acting in the movie.<ref name=":3" />

The reviewer of [[HMTV]] gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, and said that the screenplay felt routine in some parts, and that the climax worked well.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]

Medu vada

2026-04-27T16:27:25Z

Sshekhar898: put up new details

{{Short description|Deep-fried Indian food item}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Medu vada
| image = Medu Vada.JPG
| alternate_name = Garelu, Uddina vade, Medhu vada, Uddi vada, Minapa garelu, Uzhunnu vada, Udid Vada, Ulundu vadai, Urad vada, Ulundu wade, Urdi bara, Batuk
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[South India]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| type = Fritter
| course = Breakfast
| served = Warm (with [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]] and [[coconut chutney]]) or room temperature (with [[yogurt]])
| main_ingredient = [[Urad dal]] (Split Black gram), Rice
| minor_ingredient =
| variations =
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish = Other [[Vada (food)|vadas]], [[Burmese fritters|mat pe kyaw]]
| other =
}}
'''Medu vada''' ({{IPA|kn|meːd̪ʊ vəɽaː|pron}}; {{lit|soft [[vada (food)|vada]]}} in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]]) is a South Indian breakfast snack made from ''[[Vigna mungo]]'' (black lentil). It is usually made in a doughnut shape, with a crispy exterior and soft interior.<ref name="Richa_2015"/> A popular food item in [[South Indian cuisine]]<ref name="Meher_NDTV_2015"/> it is generally eaten as a breakfast or a snack.<ref name="Richa_2015"/><ref name="Hingle 2015"/>

== Etymology ==

"Medu" ({{langx|kn|ಮೆದು}}, {{langx|ta|மெது}}) means "soft" in both languages, thus "medu vada" means "soft [[vada (food)|vada]]".<ref name="Richa_2015">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCUCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT122 |title=Vegan Richa's Indian Kitchen: Traditional and Creative Recipes for the Home Cook |author=[[Richa Hingle]] |publisher=Andrews McMeel |year=2015 |isbn=9781941252109 |page=pt122 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6xYAAAAMAAJ |title=Barkur Kannada |author=Alevur Sriramana Acharya |publisher=Deccan College |year=1971 |page=4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |last=Winslow |first=Miron |entry=மெது ''metu'' |title=Winslow's A comprehensive Tamil and English dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/winslowscomprehe00mwin/page/894/mode/1up |page=269 |date=1862}}</ref> The dish is often mentioned simply as "vada" on menus.<ref name="VS_Rude_2004"/> Other names for the dish include uddina vade [[Kannada]], urad vada, medhu vadai, uzhundu vadai ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]), garelu ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]), uzhunnu vada ([[Malayalam]]),<ref name="Siva_Axe_2015">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNliCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |title=Riding God's Axe |author=Siva Sadasivan |publisher=Leadstart |year=2015 |isbn=9789352013609 |page=21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZ8HWnnC6AgC&pg=PA30 |title=Chettinad kitchen |author=Alamelu Vairavan |publisher=Westland |year=2010 |isbn=9789380283883 |page=30 }}</ref> batuk ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegundruk.com/batuk-roti-made-from-black-lentils/|title = Batuk Roti- Black Lentil Patties|date = 29 January 2014}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|Vada (food)}}

According to [[Vir Sanghvi]], the origin of ''medu vada'' can be traced with "some certainty" to the [[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] town in present-day [[Karnataka]]. The dish was made popular outside South India by [[Udupi cuisine|Udupi]] restaurateurs of [[Mumbai]].<ref name="VS_Rude_2004">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK1uGVxmEiUC&pg=PA110 |title=Rude Food: The Collected Food Writings of Vir Sanghvi |author=Vir Sanghvi |publisher=Penguin India |year=2004 |isbn=9780143031390 |pages=110–111 }}</ref>

== Preparation ==
The medu vada is made primarily of black lentils (urad dal) batter.<ref name="Richa_2015"/> The black lentils are soaked in water for several hours, and then ground to a paste.<ref name="Richa_2015"/> The paste may be flavoured with other ingredients such as [[asafoetida]], [[methi seeds]] (fenugreek), ginger, cumin seeds, black pepper, [[curry leaves]], chillies and coconut pieces.<ref name="Richa_2015"/> It is then patted into doughnut-shapes and fried in oil until golden brown.<ref name="Richa_2015"/><ref name="Meher_NDTV_2015">{{cite web |url=http://food.ndtv.com/opinions/medu-vada-in-its-many-avatars-1254795 |title=The Star of South India: Medu Vada in its Many Avatars |author=Meher Mirza |date=15 December 2015 |publisher=[[NDTV]] }}</ref>

One variation involves baking instead of frying.<ref name="Richa_2015"/> Other variations of the dish involve use of [[Legume|pulses]] other than black lentils. For example, ''am-bada'' (or ''aama vadai'') is made with [[chana dal]] (split [[chickpea]] lentil); occasionally, ''tuar'' ([[pigeon pea]]) and ''masoor'' ([[lentil]]) are also used.<ref name="KTA_1994">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cFcH2ZHWLcC |title=Indian Food: A Historical Companion |author=K. T. Achaya |author-link=K. T. Achaya |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563448-8 |page=127 }}</ref>

== Serving ==
The dish is usually served with [[sambar (dish)|sambar]] (lentil and vegetable stew) and [[coconut chutney]]. Along with [[idli]], it is often eaten as a breakfast dish. It is also eaten as a lunch starter or a snack.<ref name="Meher_NDTV_2015"/><ref name="ToI_2015-05-22">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/recipes/Recipe-Medu-vada/articleshow/47372652.cms |title=Recipe: Medu vada |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 May 2015 }}</ref>

The medu vada is sometimes also served with [[yogurt]], as a [[chaat]] snack (see [[dahi vada]]).<ref name="Richa_2015"/>

In [[Nepal]], on the day of [[Maghe Sankranti]], people make {{Transliteration|ne|batuk}}, which is eaten with a variety of boiled tubers such as [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], [[taro]], and [[sweet potato]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The culture, history and recipe of batuk|url=https://kathmandupost.com/recipes/2020/08/28/the-culture-history-and-recipe-of-batuk|access-date=2021-03-03|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Medu Vadas.JPG|Medu vadas served with coconut chutney
File:Vada at Sagar Ratna restaurant, New Delhi.jpg|fried Medu vada with chutney
File:Breakfast South India.jpg|A common South Indian breakfast: idli, medu vada, sambar and coconut chutney
File:GKN Pongal Vada DSC 1069.JPG|Another common breakfast: medu vada, [[pongal (dish)|pongal]], sambar and coconut chutney
File:Dahi Vada or Dahi Bhalla.JPG|In form of [[dahi vada]], with yogurt
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Food|India}}
* [[List of deep fried foods]]
* [[List of Indian dishes]]
* [[List of doughnut varieties]]
* [[List of fried dough varieties]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Hingle 2015">{{cite book | author=[[Richa Hingle]] | title=Vegan Richa's Indian Kitchen: Traditional and Creative Recipes for the Home Cook | publisher=Vegan Heritage Press, LLC | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-941252-10-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCUCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT79 | page=79}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Medu Vada}}
{{cookbook|medu vada}}
* [http://indianfood.about.com/od/southindiancuisine/r/Medu-Vada-South-Indian-Vada-Daal-Vada.htm Medu Vada, South Indian Vada, Daal Vada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427224907/http://indianfood.about.com/od/southindiancuisine/r/Medu-Vada-South-Indian-Vada-Daal-Vada.htm |date=2016-04-27 }}. [[About.com]].

{{Sri Lankan cuisine}}

[[Category:Indian snack foods]]
[[Category:South Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan snack food]]
[[Category:Sinhalese New Year foods]]
[[Category:Fritters]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Karnataka cuisine]]
[[Category:Andhra cuisine]]

Koila Moila

2026-04-25T17:13:37Z

Sshekhar898: added new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koila Moila
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Koila moila Village.jpg
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|41|12|N|90|34|31|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Chirang
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 742 (Census 2011)
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bodo people|Boro]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 783393
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Koila Moila''' is a [[village]] in the Chirang district of [[Assam]] state in [[India]].It is situated 31 km away from the district headquarter of Kajalgaon and 202 km from state capital [[Dispur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=KOILA MOILA Village KOILAMOILA Panchayat BOROBAZAR Block Chirang, Assam |url= https://www.brandbharat.com/english/assam/districts/Chirang/Chirang_BOROBAZAR_KOILAMOILA_KOILA%20MOILA.html|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Koila Moila Village|url=https://vill.co.in/assam/chirang/bijni-pt-320021150/koila-moila-021153020520/|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Koila Moila|url=http://wikiedit.org/India/Koila-Moila/104288/|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>

==Educational institutes==
* ST Peter's E.M High school
*
* Zion English School
* Koila moila Junior College
* Mount Everest English School .

==Town==
[[Bijni]] and [[Bongaigaon]] Town are the nearest to Koila Moila.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chirang district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Amar Sangee

2026-04-24T06:00:42Z

Sshekhar898:

{{short description|1987 Bengali romantic drama film by Sujit Guha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| italic_title = Amar Sangee
| image = Amar Sangee (1987) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Video cover
| director = [[Sujit Guha]]
| story = Dipti Pal
| producer = Dipti Pal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0363423/fullcredits/producer?ref_=m_ttfc_3 |title=Producer of Amar Sangi |publisher=IMDb |access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref>
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Anjan Choudhury]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Anjan Choudhury
}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Vijayeta Pandit]] [[Subhendu Chatterjee]] [[Rabi Ghosh]] [[Ruma Guha Thakurata]] [[Shakuntala Barua]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = Bijoy Dey
| editing = Baidyanath Chatterjee
| studio = Dipti Pal Productions
| distributor = Dipti Enterprise
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1987|09|25}}
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| gross = 
}}

'''''Amar Sangee''''' ({{lit|Immortal companion}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] [[Romance film|romantic drama film]] directed by [[Sujit Guha]].<ref name="main details2">{{cite web |title=Amar Sangi(1987)-Bengali Movie Reviews, Music, Trailers, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis |url=http://www.gomolo.com/amar-sangee-movie/14583 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513073648/http://www.gomolo.com/amar-sangee-movie/14583 |archive-date=13 May 2017 |access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> Produced by Dipti Pal under her banner of Dipti Pal Productions, the screenplay and dialogues of the film were written by [[Anjan Choudhury]], which itself was based on a story by Pal herself. It stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Vijayeta Pandit]] in the lead roles, while [[Subhendu Chatterjee]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]], [[Shakuntala Barua]] and [[Soumitra Banerjee]] play supporting roles. The music of the film was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ray Chaudhuri |first1=Shantanu |title=Prosenjit Chatterjee's Top 5 Memorable Films |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/prosenjit-chatterjees-top-5-memorable-films |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=Film Companion |date=1 October 2018}}</ref>

The film became a major blockbuster and became the turning point in Prosenjit's career, emerging as his first major hit and it established him as a major commercial cinema actor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Devarsi |title=‘A key moment in the history of Bangla’: Prosenjit Chatterjee on the world of ‘Mahalaya’ |url=https://scroll.in/reel/914357/a-key-moment-in-the-history-of-bangla-prosenjit-chatterjee-on-the-world-of-mahalaya |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=27 February 2019 |quote=Chatterjee’s acting career began in 1981 but did not take off till 1987, when Amar Sangi was released. Since that blockbuster, Chatterjee has starred in almost 280 films across genres.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title=54 fun facts about Prosenjit Chatterjee as he turns 54 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/54-fun-facts-about-prosenjit-chatterjee-as-he-turns-54/story-FCKZ9gJt4KAgcezRkI36MK.html |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 September 2016 |quote=His film, Amar Sangi (1987) ran for 75 weeks and set records.}}</ref> It ran in the theatres for more than 75 weeks and was widely appreciated by the audience.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhagat |first1=Shama |title=The midas touch test |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Apr/08/the-midas-touch-test-2563346.html |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=8 April 2023 |quote=Amar Sangi (1986) ran for 75 weeks. It was a platinum jubilee.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='I was a hero, I became an actor |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/i-was-a-hero-i-became-an-actor/cid/460885 |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 November 2010 |quote=The greatest pleasure is... when people forget you and remember your character. This had happened with Amar Sangi (1987). My screen name was Sagar and people would scream ‘Sagar, Sagar...!’ wherever I would go.}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sagar is a young man from a rich family whose father Indranil is a very prominent businessman. Sagar goes off to pursue his education and after he returns home he meets a pretty young lady called Jhilik, who was a childhood friend. They meet and they fall in love. When Sagar's father finds out about their relationship he refuses to accept it because Jhilik is the daughter of Anuradha, their maid. Indranil wants his son to marry his friend's daughter Tumpa instead. Tumpa's brother Suvankar also wants his sister to marry Sagar as he has designs on the properties of Indranil & Sagar. When all his plans fail, Suvankar attempts to kill Indranil by sabotaging his car. In the meantime, Sagar finds out about this and saves his father. Later Suvankar is handed over to the police for his crime. Eventually Indranil realizes his mistakes and relents to have Jhilik as his daughter-in-law. In the end Jhilik and Sagar are re-united.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Sagar
* [[Vijayeta Pandit]] as Jhilik
* [[Subhendu Chatterjee]] as Indranil
* [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]] as Anuradha
* [[Shakuntala Barua]] as Sagar's Mother
* [[Rabi Ghosh]]
* [[Haradhan Banerjee]]
* Ishani Banerjee as Tumpa
* [[Soumitra Banerjee]] as Shubhankar}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Amar Sangee
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|1987|09|23}}
| recorded = 1987
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=37|s=45}}
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = Venus
| director = [[Sujit Guha]]
| producer = Dipti Pal
| prev_title = [[Guru Dakshina (1987 film)|Guru Dakshina]]
| prev_year = 1987
| next_title = [[Commando (1988 film)|Commando]]
| next_year = 1988
| chronology = Bappi Lahiri
}}

The music of the film has been composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Chirodini Tumi Je Aamar' to ‘E Amar Gurudakshina’: Bappi Lahiri’s Bengali hits etched in our hearts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/chirodini-tumi-je-aamar-to-e-amar-gurudakshina-bappi-lahiris-bengali-hits-etched-in-our-hearts/articleshow/89612017.cms |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=16 February 2022}}</ref> The lyrics have been penned by [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]].<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Disco King’ Bappi Lahiri composed music of all genres, styles: From ‘Chalte Chalte’ to ‘Chirodini Tumi Je Aamar’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bappi-lahiri-best-popular-songs-disco-dancer-tamma-tamma-7776002/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=16 February 2022}}</ref> The song "Chirodini Tumi Je Amar" became a runaway hit and is considered as one of the evergreen Bengali classics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poulomi |title=Amar Sangi’s Chirodini is out-of-place Bengali puja classic that glorifies dated love |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/amar-sangis-chirodini-is-out-of-place-bengali-puja-classic-that-glorifies-unrealistic-love/1179376/ |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=23 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Chirodini Tumi Je Aamar: Bappi Lahiri's Bengali hits |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/chirodini-tumi-je-aamar-bappi-lahiri-s-bengali-hits-1913604-2022-02-16 |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=16 February 2022}}</ref>

{{Soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 37:53
| title1 = Chirodini Tumi Je Amar (Male)
| length1 = 7:10
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| title2 = Chirodini Tumi Je Amar (Female)
| length2 = 7:09
| extra2 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| title3 = Ami Mon Diyechhi
| length3 = 5:19
| extra3 = Asha Bhosle
| title4 = Amar Ichchhe Korchhe
| length4 = 6:23
| extra4 = Asha Bhosle Bappi Lahiri
| title5 = Monta Amar Hariye Gechhe
| length5 = 4:39
| extra5 = Vijayta Pandit
| title6 = Jekhanei Thako Shukhe Theko
| length6 = 5:13
| extra6 = Asha Bhosle
}}

== Awards ==
{{awards table}}
|-
| 1988
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
| [[BFJA Awards]] For Best Playback Singer (Female)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/amar-sangee-movie-awards/14583 |title=Amar Sangee (1987) Awards – Award Winners Of Amar Sangee Bengali Movie |publisher=Gomolo |access-date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115153958/http://www.gomolo.com/amar-sangee-movie-awards/14583 |archive-date=15 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt0363423}}

{{Sujit Guha}}

[[Category:1987 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sujit Guha]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic action films]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]

Mumbai Premier League

2026-04-20T15:47:15Z

Sshekhar898:

{{Short description|Mumbai Football League top tier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = Mumbai Premier League
| logo =
| pixels =
| organiser = [[Mumbai Football Association]] (MFA)
| founded = {{Start date and age|1902}}
| country = India
| confed =
| divisions =
| teams = [[#Clubs|20]]
| promotion = [[Maharashtra State Senior Menʼs Football League]]
| relegation = [[Mumbai Football League#Mumbai Super League|Mumbai Super League]]
| levels = [[Western India Football Association#Maharashtra Football League pyramid|2]]
| league_cup = [[Nadkarni Cup]] [[Mumbai Football League|Harwood League]]
| confed_cup =
| champions = [[India On Track FC]]
| season =
| most_successful = Tata Sports Club [[Mahindra United FC]] (13 titles each)
| tv =
| website = {{URL|https://footballmfa.com/mumbai-premier-league/ |Mumbai Premier League}}
| current = [[2025–26 Mumbai Premier League]]
}}

'''Mumbai Premier League''', formerly known as the ''MFA Elite Division or MDFA Elite Division'', is the [[Indian State Leagues|second tier]] of the [[Mumbai Football League]] competition.<ref>[https://wifa.in/history/ History: The Harwood League] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423142617/https://wifa.in/history/ |date=23 April 2021 }}. ''wifa.in''. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Yadav|first1=Siddharth|title=MFA Elite Division 2016–17: The Big Preview|url=http://www.footballcounter.com/2016/mfa-elite-division-2016-17-big-preview/|access-date=7 December 2016|work=Football Counter|date=7 December 2016}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In March 2022, the Mumbai Premier League was rechristened as the ''Harwood Premier League'', on the lines of the name that was once associated with the Mumbai's top division football stretching back to 1902.<ref>{{cite news |title=MFA planning to rechristen Elite Division as Harwood Premiere League |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/mumbai-footballs-elite-division-rechristened-as-harwood-premiere-league/ |website=Football Counter |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |date=22 March 2022 |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602053728/https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/mumbai-footballs-elite-division-rechristened-as-harwood-premiere-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MFA announce first set of fixtures for MFA Elite League |url=https://iftwc.com/mfa-announce-first-set-of-fixtures/ |website=IFTWC |last=Bose |first=Liven |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524165239/https://iftwc.com/mfa-announce-first-set-of-fixtures/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Most matches are played at [[Neville D'Souza#Legacy|Neville D'Souza Football Turf]] in [[Bandra]].

==Clubs (2024)==
{{location map+
|Mumbai
|float=right
|width=420
|caption=2023–24 Mumbai Premier League teams
|places=

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.10 |long=72.89 |label= <div style="font-size:95%;">{{nobreak|[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.078690 |long=72.868900 |label= <div style="font-size:95%;">{{nobreak|Kalina Rangers}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.115599 |long=73.008934 |label= <div style="font-size:95%;">{{nobreak|[[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports#Reliance Foundation Young Champs|Reliance FYC]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.03 |long=72.84 |label= <div style="font-size:95%;">{{nobreak|[[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.14 |long=72.82 |label= <div style="font-size:95%;">{{nobreak|Iron Born–Rudra}}</div>|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.28 |long=72.87 |label= <div style="font-size:95%;">Silver Innings</div>|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.150042 |long=72.827838 |label= <div style="font-size:95%;">[[Millat FC|Millat]]</div>|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.125743 |long=72.912570 |label= <div style="font-size:95%;">DK Pharma</div>|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |Mumbai |lat=18.972499 |long=72.824400 |label= <div style="font-size:95%;">{{nobreak|[[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United]]–Bombay Muslims}}</div>|position=right}}


{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.054269 |long=72.833257 |mark=Green pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:90%;">{{nobreak|'''[[Neville D'Souza#Legacy|Neville D'Souza Turf]]'''}}</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |Mumbai |lat=18.92 |long=72.83 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;"> '''[[South Mumbai]]'''
</div> |mark=Blue pog.svg |position=left}}

{{Location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.04 |long=72.82 |mark=Blue pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''[[Bandra]]'''</div> |position=left}}

{{Location map~ |Mumbai |lat=19.24 |long=72.85 |mark=Blue pog.svg |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">{{nowrap|'''[[Borivali]]–[[Dahisar]]'''}}</div> |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |Mumbai |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=19.25 |long=72.99 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nobreak|Borivali–Dahisar teams}}''' 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Mighty Young Joe SC|MYJ]]–[[Goalorious Mother SC|GMSC]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] CFCI}} 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] ICL Mumbai}} 
</div>
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |Mumbai |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=19.07 |long=72.99 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nobreak|Bandra teams}}''' 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] Sellebrity}} 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] Mumbai Knights (JMJ)}} 
</div>
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |Mumbai |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=18.94 |long=72.99 |label=<div style="font-size:90%;">'''{{nobreak|South Mumbai teams}}''' 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Colaba]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] Hope United (KSA)}} 
</div>
|position=right}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Teams
!Location
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United]]–Bombay Muslims
|[[Ambernath]] 
|-
|[[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Mighty Young Joe SC|Mighty Young Joe]]–[[Goalorious Mother SC|Goalorious Mother]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |date=2023-10-30 |title=MYJ and GMSC merge to form MYJ-GMSC, all set to dominate Mumbai Premier League |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/myj-and-gmsc-merge-to-form-myj-gmsc-all-set-to-dominate-mfa-premier-league/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031082625/https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/myj-and-gmsc-merge-to-form-myj-gmsc-all-set-to-dominate-mfa-premier-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Malad]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferro|first=Ashwin|date=2023-08-29|title=Godfrey all praise for Veterans League champs MYJ|url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/godfrey-all-praise-for-veterans-league-champs-myj-23306134|access-date=2023-12-18|website=[[Mid-day]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Borivali]]
|-
|[[PIFA F.C.|PIFA Colaba]]
|[[Colaba]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]
|[[Powai]]
|-
|Community Football Club India (CFCI)
|[[Dahisar]]
|-
|Hope United (Karnataka Sports Association)
|[[Churchgate]]
|-
|Sellebrity
|[[Bandra]]
|-
|[[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]
|[[Mahim]]
|-
|[[Millat FC]]
|[[Jogeshwari]]
|-
|DK Pharma
|[[Badlapur]]
|-
|Mumbai Knights (JMJ Sports)
|[[Bandra]]
|-
|Silver Innings (Protrack)
|[[Mira Road]]
|-
|Iron Born–Rudra
|[[Andheri]]
|-
|Kalina Rangers CFF
|[[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]
|-
|[[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports#Reliance Foundation Young Champs|Reliance FYC]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|-
|ICL Payyade Mumbai FC
|[[Borivali]]
|-
|}

==Champions==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left:1em;"
|-
!style="width:85px"|Season
!style="width:200px"|Champions<ref>https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiabomchamp.html</ref>
!width=85px|Note
|-
|1902
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Oxfordshire Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|1903
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Garrison Artillery]]
|
|-
|1904
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Cheshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1905
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Yorkshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1906
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Scots]]
|
|-
|1907
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Scots]]
|
|-
|1908
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Scots]]
|
|-
|1909
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Gloucestershire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1910
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Garrison Artillery]]
|
|-
|1911
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1912
|{{flagicon|British India}} Royal Army Temperance Association
|
|-
|1913
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Sherwood Foresters]]
|
|-
|1914
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Sherwood Foresters]]
|
|-
|1915
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Garrison Artillery]]
|
|-
|1916–1920
|''None''
|''Not held''
|-
|1921
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Shropshire Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|1922
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Shropshire Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|1923
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]]
|
|-
|1924
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[West Yorkshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1925
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[West Yorkshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1926
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[South Staffordshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1927
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Cheshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1928
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Ulster Rifles]]
|
|-
|1929
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1930
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment]]
|
|-
|1931
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Duke of Wellington's Regiment]]
|
|-
|1932
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Own Scottish Borderers]]
|
|-
|1933
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Irish Fusiliers]]
|
|-
|1934
|{{flagicon|British India}} [[Royal Artillery]] (Colaba)
|
|-
|1935
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Durham Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|1936
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Durham Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|1937
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Cheshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1938
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Cheshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1939
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[South Lancashire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1940
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Welch Regiment]]
|
|-
|1941
|{{flagicon|British India}} Y.M.C.A.
|
|-
|1942
|{{flagicon|British India}} Western India Automobile Association Staff
|''First native club to win the league.''
|-
|1943
|{{flagicon|British India}} Western India Automobile Association Staff
|
|-
|1944
|{{flagicon|British India}} Embarkation Headquarters
|
|-
|1945
|{{flagicon|British India}} Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1946
|{{flagicon|British India}} Trades India Sports Club
|
|-
|1947
|Trades India Sports Club
|
|-
|1948
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1949
|Trades India Sports Club
|
|-
|1950
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1951
|India Culture League
|
|-
|1952
|India Culture League
|
|-
|1953
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1954
|[[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
|
|-
|1955
|''None''
|''Abandoned''
|-
|1956
|Burmah-Shell Sports Club
|
|-
|1957
|[[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
|
|-
|1958
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1959
|[[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Railway SC]]
|
|-
|1960
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1961
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1962
|[[Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Railway SC]]
|
|-
|1963
|[[South-East-Central Railway SC|Central Railway]]
|
|-
|1964
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1965
|[[South-East-Central Railway SC|Central Railway]]
|
|-
|1966
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1967
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1968
|Mafatlal Group
|
|-
|1969
|Mafatlal Group
|
|-
|1970
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
|
|-
|1971
|Mafatlal Group
|
|-
|1972
|Mafatlal Group
|
|-
|1973
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1974–75
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1975–76
|Mafatlal Group
|
|-
|1976
|Mafatlal Group
|
|-
|1977
|Orkay Mills
|
|-
|1978–79
|Mafatlal Group
|
|-
|1979
|Tata Sports Club
|
|-
|1980
|Orkay Mills
|
|-
|1981
|Century Rayon FC
|
|-
|1982
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
|
|-
|1983
|Mafatlal Mills
|
|-
|1984
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
|
|-
|1985
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra & Mahindra]]
|
|-
|1986
|Bank of India (Mumbai)
|
|-
|1987
|[[Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
|
|-
|1988
|Orkay Mills
|
|-
|1989
|[[Union Bank of India]]
|
|-
|1990
|[[Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers]]
|
|-
|1991
|United Boys (Sahar)
|
|-
|1992
|[[South-East-Central Railway SC|Central Railway]]
|
|-
|1993
|[[ONGC FC|ONGC]]
|
|-
|1994
|[[Carmelites|Carmelites SC]]
|
|-
|1995
|[[South-East-Central Railway SC|Central Railway]]
|
|-
|1996
|Royal Caterers
|
|-
|1997
|''Abandoned''
|
|-
|1998
|Village Amboli
|
|-
|1999
|''unknown'' (Holy Family/Chembur English/Rhino)
|
|-
|2000
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|
|-
|2001–02
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|
|-
|2002
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|
|-
|2003
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|
|-
|2004
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|
|-
|2005
|[[Maharashtra Police|Maharashtra State Police]]
|
|-
|2006–07
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|
|-
|2007–08
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|
|-
|2008–09
|[[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|
|-
|2009–10
|[[Air India FC|Air India]]
|
|-
|2010–11
|[[Mumbai FC|Mumbai]]
|
|-
|2011–12
|[[ONGC FC|ONGC]]
|
|-
|2012–13
|''None''
|''Not held''
|-
|2013–14
|[[Air India FC|Air India]]
|
|-
|2014–15
|[[Air India FC|Air India]]
|
|-
|[[2015–16 MDFA Elite Division|2015–16]]
|[[ONGC FC|ONGC]]
|
|-
|[[2016–17 MDFA Elite Division|2016–17]]
|[[Air India FC|Air India]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='Incredible' Air India crowned MDFA Elite Division Champions 2016-17 |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/incredible-air-india-crowned-mdfa-elite-division-champions-2016-17/|access-date=2025-10-08|website=Football Counter}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017–18 MDFA Elite Division|2017–18]]
|[[ONGC FC|ONGC]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Look at the Last 8 Mumbai Premier League Winners|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/a-look-at-the-last-8-mumbai-premier-league-winners/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=29 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018–19 MDFA Elite Division|2018–19]]
|[[Central Board of Excise and Customs|Mumbai Customs]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai Customs are Elite champs |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/football/article/mumbai-customs-are-elite-champs-23109217|access-date=2025-10-08|website=[[Mid-day]]}}</ref>
|-
|2019–20
|[[Karnataka State Football Association|Karnataka Sporting Association]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=MDFA distribute trophies for Season 2019-20|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-distribute-trophies-for-season-2019-20/|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Footballcounter|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217184744/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-distribute-trophies-for-season-2019-20/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020–21
|''None''
|''Cancelled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]]''
|-
|[[2021–22 MFA Elite Division|2021–22]]
|[[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='Invincible' Ambernath Utd – Atlanta FC lift Harwood Champions League title|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/invincible-ambernath-utd-atlanta-fc-lift-harwood-champions-league-title/|access-date=2023-03-15|website=Footballcounter|url-status=live|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714180543/https://www.footballcounter.com/2022/invincible-ambernath-utd-atlanta-fc-lift-harwood-champions-league-title/}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022–23 MFA Elite Division|2022–23]]
|[[Ambernath United Atlanta FC|Ambernath United Atlanta]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atlanta FC secures back-to-back MFA Elite Premier League titles with win over KSA|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/atlanta-fc-secures-back-to-back-mfa-elite-premier-league-titles-with-win-over-ksa/|access-date=2023-03-15|website=Footballcounter|url-status=live|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313132415/https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/atlanta-fc-secures-back-to-back-mfa-elite-premier-league-titles-with-win-over-ksa/}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023–24 Mumbai Premier League|2023–24]]
| [[MYJ–GMSC]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty|first=Chittu |date=2024-04-24|title=MYJ-GMSC Crowned Champions with a dramatic win over MH Oranje FC|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/myjgmsc-crowned-champions-with-a-dramatic-win-over-mh-oranje-fc/|access-date=2024-04-24|website=Football Counter|language=en-US }}</ref>
|-
| [[2024–25 Mumbai Premier League|2024–25]]
| [[India On Track FC|India On Track]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Premier League: IOT crowned Champions in final day title decider against MYJ-GM|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mumbai-premier-league-iot-crowned-champions-in-final-day-title-decider-against-myj-gm/|access-date=2025-04-14 |website=footballcounter.com|date=14 April 2025|language=en-UK}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Football in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]

Kolar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:41:56Z

Sshekhar898: added new article

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kolar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 148
| map_image = 148-Kolar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:240487}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Kothur G. Manjunath]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = K. Srinivasa Gowda
}}

'''Kolar Assembly constituency''' is one of the seats in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India. It is a segment of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || K. Pattabhiraman || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || D. Abdul Rasheed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | P. Venkatagiriappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || D. Venkataramiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || M. Abdul Latheef || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | K. R. Shrinivasaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. A. Nisar Ahamed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="3" | K. Srinivasa Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[Varthur Prakash]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || K. Srinivasa Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Kothur G. Manjunath]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kolar">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kolar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10148.htm?ac=148 |access-date=18 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418174237/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10148.htm?ac=148 |archive-date=18 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kothur G. Manjunath]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,990 |percentage = 43.56% |change = {{increase}}22.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. R. Srinath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 53,229 |percentage = 27.61% |change = {{decrease}}18.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Varthur Prakash]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,914 |percentage = 26.41% |change = {{increase}}19.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jameel Ahamed. N |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,158 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,005 |percentage = 0.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,761 |percentage = 15.95% |change = {{decrease}}8.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 193,052 |percentage = 80.28% |change = {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,818}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 240,487 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.80 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Srinivasa Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 82,788 |percentage = 46.22% |change = {{increase}}11.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Zameer Pasha |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,537 |percentage = 21.52% |change = {{decrease}}7.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Varthur Prakash]] |party = Namma Congress |votes = 35,544 |percentage = 19.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Venkatachalapathi (Om Shakthi Chalapathi) |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,458 |percentage = 6.96% |change = {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gowramma |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,085 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,266 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,195 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,251 |percentage = 24.71% |change = {{increase}}15.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,343 |percentage = 79.64% |change = {{decrease}}3.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 179,102}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,183 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.74 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Varthur Prakash]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 62,957 |percentage = 43.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Srinivasa Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 50,366 |percentage = 35.19% |change = {{increase}}33.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naseer Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,510 |percentage = 29.00% |change = {{decrease}}6.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand. M. S |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,617 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}3.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Srinivasa Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,147 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Muniyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,056 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Rehaman |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,041 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,591 |percentage = 8.80% |change = {{decrease}}7.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,586 |percentage = 83.36% |change = {{increase}}12.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 143,121}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,250 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}8.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Varthur Prakash]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 66,446 |percentage = 52.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Srinivasa Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,417 |percentage = 35.85% |change = {{decrease}}12.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Sonnegowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,661 |percentage = 4.47% |change = {{decrease}}23.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nisar Ahmed. K. A |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,569 |percentage = 1.24% |change = {{decrease}}17.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Srinivasa Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,464 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Sajjad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,216 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. L. Nagaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 917 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Prakash |party = Independent politician |votes = 914 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasa |party = Independent politician |votes = 835 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,029 |percentage = 16.60% |change = {{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,931 |percentage = 70.69% |change = {{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 126,675}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,553 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Srinivasa Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,755 |percentage = 48.69% |change = {{increase}}13.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand. M. S |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,004 |percentage = 27.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nisar Ahmed. K. A |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 21,463 |percentage = 19.09% |change = {{increase}}16.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Murali Gowda. S. R |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,037 |percentage = 2.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatesh. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 752 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,751 |percentage = 21.12% |change = {{increase}}1.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,503 |percentage = 69.08% |change = {{decrease}}5.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,445}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,863 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Srinivasa Gowda |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 59,017 |percentage = 54.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naseer Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,004 |percentage = 35.37% |change = {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. A. Nisar Ahamed |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,082 |percentage = 3.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Shrinivasaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,816 |percentage = 2.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. H. Nagaraja |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,526 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,013 |percentage = 19.56% |change = {{increase}}5.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,894 |percentage = 74.68% |change = {{increase}}3.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,451}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,416 |percentage = 3.95% |change = {{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,822 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Srinivasa Gowda |party = Janata Dal |votes = 40,612 |percentage = 43.91% |change = {{increase}}5.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. A. Nisar Ahamed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,790 |percentage = 30.05% |change = {{decrease}}15.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Rangappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,769 |percentage = 19.21% |change = {{increase}}18.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Khayum |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 4,798 |percentage = 5.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,822 |percentage = 13.86% |change = {{increase}}6.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,347 |percentage = 71.60% |change = {{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,490}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,857 |percentage = 1.97% |change = {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,769 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.71 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. A. Nisar Ahamed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,860 |percentage = 45.52% |change = {{increase}}13.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Shrinivasaiah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 33,796 |percentage = 38.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Krishnappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 11,388 |percentage = 13.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. C. Subbaraja Setty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 696 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,064 |percentage = 6.93% |change = {{decrease}}12.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,816 |percentage = 73.65% |change = {{increase}}2.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,563}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,253 |percentage = 4.63% |change = {{increase}}2.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,657 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.09 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Shrinivasaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 34,701 |percentage = 51.99% |change = {{decrease}}12.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Rahim |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,556 |percentage = 32.29% |change = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Venkatagiriappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,963 |percentage = 13.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Venkateshan |party = Independent politician |votes = 570 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandpasha |party = Independent politician |votes = 525 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,145 |percentage = 19.69% |change = {{decrease}}13.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,984 |percentage = 71.49% |change = {{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,750}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,234 |percentage = 1.82% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,096 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Shrinivasaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 39,005 |percentage = 64.88% |change = {{increase}}18.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naseer Ahmed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,250 |percentage = 32.02% |change = {{increase}}27.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Nanje Gowda |party = Lokdal |votes = 1,464 |percentage = 2.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,755 |percentage = 32.86% |change = {{increase}}32.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,352 |percentage = 72.90% |change = {{decrease}}3.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,116}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,236 |percentage = 2.01% |change = {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,156 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.03 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}18.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Abdul Latheef |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,576 |percentage = 46.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Venkatagiriappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,182 |percentage = 46.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. Narayana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,721 |percentage = 4.79% |change = {{decrease}}42.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Kampaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 842 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Nanjunda Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 463 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 394 |percentage = 0.69% |change = {{decrease}}4.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,289 |percentage = 76.21% |change = {{increase}}26.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,784}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,505 |percentage = 2.58% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,486 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.33 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Venkataramiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,639 |percentage = 47.53% |change = {{increase}}17.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Venkatagiriappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,147 |percentage = 42.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Md. Fazalulla Sherieff |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,490 |percentage = 8.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Chandraiah |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 523 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,492 |percentage = 4.84% |change = {{decrease}}9.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,553 |percentage = 49.64% |change = {{decrease}}8.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,799}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,562 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.24 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Venkatagiriappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,216 |percentage = 44.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. A. Rashid |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,042 |percentage = 30.49% |change = {{decrease}}11.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,868 |percentage = 13.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Pillappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,441 |percentage = 8.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chamundi |party = Independent politician |votes = 619 |percentage = 2.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Venkataramanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 474 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,174 |percentage = 14.07% |change = {{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,798 |percentage = 58.15% |change = {{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,660}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,684 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}11.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}13.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Venkatagiriappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,898 |percentage = 57.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Abdul Rasheed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,272 |percentage = 42.22% |change = {{decrease}}2.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,626 |percentage = 15.55% |change = {{increase}}4.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,474 |percentage = 62.37% |change = {{increase}}16.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,170}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,684 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Abdul Rasheed |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,539 |percentage = 44.69% |change = {{increase}}15.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Venkatagiriappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,825 |percentage = 33.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Gopala Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,163 |percentage = 17.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anche Ramchandrappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,058 |percentage = 4.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,714 |percentage = 11.51% |change = {{decrease}}5.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,585 |percentage = 45.61% |change = {{increase}}4.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,585}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,706 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.57 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Pattabhiraman |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,593 |percentage = 46.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Hussain Sab |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,758 |percentage = 29.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Venkatagiriappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,935 |percentage = 24.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,835 |percentage = 17.41% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 16,286 |percentage = 40.81% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 16,286}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,906 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Kolar District]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kolar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coords|13.13|78.12|display=title}}

Jaisukhlal Hathi

2026-04-17T23:25:03Z

Sshekhar898: added new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (1909–1982)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jaisukhlal Hathi
| image = File:Jaisukh lal Hathi.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1909|01|19}}
| birth_place = [[Muli, Gujarat|Muli]], [[Muli State]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|02|02|1909|01|19|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office = 10th [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Governor of Punjab]]
| term_start = 24 September 1977
| term_end = 26 August 1981
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = * [[Parkash Singh Badal]]
* [[Darbara Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
| successor = [[Aminuddin Ahmad Khan]]
| office1 = 4th [[List of governors of Haryana|Governor of Haryana]]
| term_start1 = 14 August 1976
| term_end1 = 23 September 1977
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = * [[Banarsi Das Gupta]]
* [[Devi Lal]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ranjit Singh Narula]]
| successor1 = [[Harcharan Singh Brar]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Rehabilitation]]
| term_start2 = 13 March 1967
| term_end2 = 15 November 1969
| predecessor2 = [[Jagjivan Ram]]
| successor2 = [[Jagjivan Ram]]
| prime_minister2 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of State, Ministry of Defence]]
| term_start3 = 13 November 1966
| term_end3 = 13 March 1967
| predecessor3 = [[A. M. Thomas]]
| successor3 = [[Bali Ram Bhagat]]
| prime_minister3 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| office4 = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence Supplies, Ministry of Defence]]
| term_start4 = 24 January 1966
| term_end4 = 13 November 1966
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| prime_minister4 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| office5 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State, Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| term_start5 = 24 January 1966
| term_end5 = 13 November 1966
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 = [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
| prime_minister5 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| term_start6 = 11 January 1966
| term_end6 = 24 January 1966
| predecessor6 =
| prime_minister6 = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (Interim)
| term_start7 = 9 June 1964
| term_end7 = 11 January 1966
| predecessor7 =
| prime_minister7 = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
| term_start8 = 27 May 1964
| term_end8 = 9 June 1964
| predecessor8 =
| prime_minister8 = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
| term_start9 = 10 March 1964
| term_end9 = 27 May 1964
| predecessor9 = [[Ramchandra Martand Hajarnavis]]
| prime_minister9 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| office10 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start10 = 3 April 1968
| term_end10 = 2 April 1972
| constituency10 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| prime_minister10 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| term_start11 = 3 April 1962
| term_end11 = 2 April 1968
| constituency11 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat|Gujarat]]
| prime_minister11 = *[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
*[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
*[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
*[[Indira Gandhi]]
| term_start12 = 3 April 1952
| term_end12 = 12 March 1957
| constituency12 = [[Saurashtra State]]
| prime_minister12 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| office13 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start13 = 5 April 1957
| term_end13 = 31 March 1962
| prime_minister13 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| constituency13 = Halar, [[Bombay State]]
| predecessor13 = [[Himmatsinhji (general)|M. S. Himmatsinghji]]
| successor13 =
| office14 = [[Constituent Assembly of India|Member of Constituent Assembly]]
| term_start14 = 6 December 1946
| term_end14 = 25 January 1950
| predecessor14 =
| successor14 =
| constituency14 = [[Saurashtra State]]
| death_cause =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|[[Advocate]]}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Jaisukhlal Hathi''' (19 January 1909 – 2 February 1982) was an Indian politician. Born in [[Muli, Gujarat|Muli, Saurashtra]], which is in the Indian state of Gujarat. He served as a Union Minister in the Indian Government and also as governor of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]]. He was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]], [[Lok Sabha]], and [[Rajya Sabha]]. He was born in 1909 and died in 1982.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=As it happened!: autobiography of Jaisukhlal Hathi|author=Hathi, J.|date=2002|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|isbn=9788172762834 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSNuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2014-10-18}}</ref><ref name="renamed_from_47_on_20141018141035">{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/739.htm|title=Members Bioprofile|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref>

==Early life==
His father Lalshankar Hathi was from Saurashtra. He married Padmavati on 27 May 1927, and he had four sons and one daughter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eminent Parliamentarians |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/58686/1/Eminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Jaisukh_Lal_Hathi.pdf |website=Lok Sabha Digital Library |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> He studied at Alfred High School in Rajkot district, after which he moved to [[Bombay]] and cleared the Advocates Examination to join the Bar Council.

==Administrative career==
In 1943, he was appointed District and Sessions Judge in the erstwhile [[Rajkot State]]. In 1948, he became the Chief Secretary of the erstwhile Princely State of [[State of Saurashtra|Saurashtra]].

==Parliamentary career==
He was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly (1946-47)]] representing the [[Saurashtra (state)|State of Saurashtra]]. He was also elected to the Provisional Parliament in 1950. He served as a member of the Rajya Sabha from 3 April 1952 to 12 March 1957; and in 1957, he was elected to the [[List of members of the 2nd Lok Sabha|Second Lok Sabha]] representing the Indian National Congress. Hathi was elected to Rajya Sabha in April 1962 and served till 3 April 1968, following which he was reelected the same day and served till 2 April 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Members |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/h.pdf |website=Raja Sabha |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>

==Minister and Governor==
Hathi served as Deputy Minister, Minister of State, and as Minister of Irrigation in the Union Council of Ministers holding portfolios of Irrigation and Power, Supply, Home Affairs, Defence from 1952 to 1962. He served as Minister of Labour and Rehabilitation from 1962 to 1964 and 1967–69. He was appointed Governor of Haryana on 14 August 1976 and he served till 23 September 1977,<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Governors |url=http://haryanarajbhavan.gov.in/former-governors |website=Haryana Raj Bhawan |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> following which he was transferred to Punjab on 24 September 1977, where he served till 26 August 1981.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Governors |url=http://punjabrajbhavan.gov.in/home/formerGovernors |website=Punjab Raj Bhawan |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> He resigned from Governorship of Punjab on health grounds.

==Other Administrative Positions and Public Life==
He headed the Commission on Drugs and Pharmaceuticals in 1974, where he submitted a report that is known as the Hathi Commission report (1975).<ref>{{cite web |title=Hathi Commission Report on Essential Drugs |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/397969 |website=Lok Sabha Digital Library |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> He also served as Chairman of National Lawyers Forum. He was a Director in the Press Trust of India. He worked with Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan since its inception serving as Chairman of Bhavan's International Chapter and as Chairman of Central Kendra Committee. He served as a trustee of the Somnath and Dwarka Temples.

==Writings==
He wrote "Position of Indian States In Federation" in 1939 with an aim to define the roles that various Indian states would play in the Indian federation.
"Sidelights on Indian Princess" was his second publication which was published in 1975. He also wrote a number of short stories for Bhavan's Journal from 1970 to 1974. His biography was titled "As It Happened.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hathi |first1=Jaisukhlal |title=As it happened! : autobiography of Jaisukhlal Hathi |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |oclc=52328370 }}</ref>"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hathi, Jaisukhlal}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Governors of Haryana]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Rajya Sabha]]

Masala chai

2026-04-17T13:16:09Z

Sshekhar898:

{{short description|Flavoured Indian tea}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Chai tea|spiced tea|other types|tea (disambiguation)|and|chai (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Masala chai
| image = Chai In Sakora.jpg
| caption = Freshly steeped masala chai being poured in a ''[[kulhar]]''
| alternate_name = Spiced tea
| place_of_origin = [[India]]
| associated_cuisine = [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistani]], [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladeshi]]
| creator =
| course = Drink
| type = [[Tea blending and additives|Flavoured]] [[tea]]
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = [[Black tea]], [[milk]], [[spice]]s, [[sugar]]
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Masala chai''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|s|ɑː|l|ə|_|tʃ|aɪ}}; {{lit|mixed-spice tea}}) is a popular beverage originating in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is made by adding aromatic herbs and spices to chai, which is made from brewing [[black tea]] (usually [[crush, tear, curl]]) in milk and water, and sweetening with sugar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Snigdha |title=The British ad propaganda & the journey from tea to chai |url=https://www.cityspidey.com/news/13763/the-british-ad-propaganda-the-journey-from-tea-to-chai |website=www.cityspidey.com |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dalal |first1=Tarla |title=Indian tea recipe homemade chai |url=https://www.tarladalal.com/how-to-make-indian-tea-recipe--perfect-homemade-chai-recipe-42492r |website=www.tarladalal.com |access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term ''chai'' originated from the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] word for [[tea]], {{transliteration|zh|cha}} {{Crossreference|text=(see [[Etymology of tea]])}} via the [[Hindi]] ''chai'' ({{lang|hi|चाय}}). In English, this spiced tea is commonly referred to as ''chai tea'',<ref name=About>{{cite web|url=http://coffeetea.about.com/od/historyculture/a/MasalaChaiHistory.htm|title=The History of Masala Chai (a.k.a. "Chai Tea")|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627075508/http://coffeetea.about.com/od/historyculture/a/MasalaChaiHistory.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> or simply ''chai.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chai|title=Definition of CHAI|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> Originating in India,<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Sushmita |title=History of Masala Chai: A Quick Dive Into The Origins of India's Favourite Drink |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/history-of-masala-chai-a-quick-dive-into-the-origins-of-indias-favourite-drink-1683279 |website=NDTV |access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=SeattleWeekly>{{cite web|url=http://www.seattleweekly.com/home/949624-129/chai-tea-spice-spicy-coffee-india|title=A Brief History of Chai and 5 to Try (or Retry) This Fall|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515143003/http://www.seattleweekly.com/home/949624-129/chai-tea-spice-spicy-coffee-india|archive-date=15 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> the beverage has gained worldwide popularity, becoming a feature in many [[coffeehouse|coffee]] and [[teahouse]]s, with many using the term '''chai latte''' or '''chai tea latte''' for their version to indicate that it is made with steamed milk, much like that used to make a [[latte]] but mixed with a spiced tea concentrate instead of [[espresso]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2022 |title=Authentic Chai Latte for One - EatsByRamya |url=https://eatsbyramya.com/recipes/chai-latte/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Etymology of tea}}

The word for tea in most Indian languages is "chai" derived from the Chinese word ''cha''. Tea however became a popular beverage introduced to India by the British. Tea plants have grown wild in the [[Assam]] region since antiquity, but historically, Indians viewed tea as an herbal medicine rather than as a recreational beverage.<ref>Rosen, Diana. ''Chai: the Spice Tea of India''. Pownal, Vermont: Storey, 1999.</ref>

In the 1830s, the British [[East India Company]] became concerned about the Chinese monopoly on tea, which constituted most of its trade and supported the enormous consumption of tea in Great Britain of around {{convert|1|lb|kg}} per person per year. British colonists had recently noticed the existence of the Assamese tea plants and began to cultivate tea plantations locally. In 1870, over 90% of the tea consumed in Great Britain was still of Chinese origin, but by 1900, this had dropped to 10%, largely replaced by tea grown in [[British Raj|India]] (50%) and [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] (33%).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Caffeine, the most popular stimulant|page=[https://archive.org/details/caffeinemostpopu00gilbrich/page/24 24]|last=M.|first=Gilbert, Richard|date=1986|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=9780877547563|location=New York|oclc=12970317|url=https://archive.org/details/caffeinemostpopu00gilbrich/page/24}}</ref>

However, consumption of [[black tea]] within India remained low until the promotional campaign by the [[Indian Tea Association]] in the early 20th century, which encouraged factories, mines and textile mills to provide tea breaks for their workers. It also supported many independent ''[[chaiwala]]s'' throughout the growing railway system.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arup K. |title=How chai arrived in India 170 years ago |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/how-chai-arrived-in-india-170-years-ago/article24724665.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=18 August 2018}}</ref>

[[Tea]] was promoted as served Indian style, with small added amounts of milk and sugar. The Indian Tea Association initially disapproved of independent vendors' tendency to add spices and greatly increase the proportions of milk and sugar, thus reducing their usage (and thus purchase) of tea leaves per liquid volume. However, chai later firmly established itself as a popular beverage.<ref>[[Lizzie Collingham|Collingham, Lizzie]]. (2006). "Chai: The Great Tea Campaign". In ''Curry: A Tale of Cooks & Conquerors'', pp 187-214. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-517241-8}}.</ref>

==Preparation and ingredients==
[[File:Chai-Kwon-Do.jpg|thumb|Typical spices used for masala chai]]

===Preparation===
[[File:teamaking.JPG|thumb|A boy in [[Mysore]] preparing masala chai: As it is prepared by [[decoction]], preparation usually includes straining tea from the solids.]]
Masala chai is composed of three major components: masala, chai (or tea), and milk. Recipes and methods of preparation for chai can vary by geography and family.

One way to prepare masala chai is to simmer spices in a pot of water. Tea is then added to the pot and brewed to preference. After brewing, the tea and spice mixture is strained, and milk or cream is added.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=The Spicy History of Chai and How to Make It |url=https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/chai.htm |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en-us}}</ref>

A common [[Marathi people|Maharashtrian]] method for preparing one cup of chai is to first combine one-half cup of water with one-half cup of milk in a pot over heat. Sugar may be added at this point or after. Ginger is then grated into the mixture, followed by the addition of tea masala, typically consisting of crushed ginger, crushed cardamom, lemongrass, cloves, and cinnamon. The mixture is brought to a boil, and one teaspoon of loose black tea is added.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipe for 5 Spice Tea |url=https://www.tealiciousbeverages.com/5spicetea |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518125808/https://www.tealiciousbeverages.com/5spicetea |archive-date=18 May 2019 |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=Tealicious |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |fix-attempted=yes |url=}}</ref>
===Tea===
Black tea is typically used as a base in most chai recipes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Gaurav |date=29 July 2024 |title=Create Your Own Chai: Quick and Easy Masala Chai Recipe |url=https://www.thepahadistory.com/blogs/health/create-your-own-chai-quick-and-easy-masala-chai-recipe |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=The Pahadi Story}}</ref> The most common type of black tea is from Assam; however, a blend of different tea variations may be used.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Chai and How to Make It |url=https://www.foodandwine.com/tea/chai-tea/what-is-chai-how-to-make-chai |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=Food & Wine}}</ref> [[Assam tea|Assam]], [[Darjeeling tea|Darjeeling]], and [[Nilgiri tea|Nilgiri]] are the three most common types of tea used in chai in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masala Chai Tea - History & How to Make It |url=https://www.tealeaves.com/pages/indian-masala-chai-tea-traditions |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=TEALEAVES}}</ref>

===Spices===
[[File:Contents of a bag of chai tea.jpg|thumb|left|Spices and cut tea leaves]]

The spices used in masala chai most often include cardamom, grated ginger, and cinnamon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masala Tea |url=http://www.teaboard.gov.in/TEABOARDCSM/MTE= |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=www.teaboard.gov.in}}</ref> Also used are cloves, star anise, black peppercorns, mint, lemongrass, and more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=The Spicy History of Chai and How to Make It |url=https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/chai.htm |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en-us}}</ref>

Masala chai in western India often excludes cloves and black peppercorns. A small amount of salt is often added to chai in the region of [[Bhopal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Masala Chai: A Quick Dive Into The Origins of India's Favourite Drink |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/history-of-masala-chai-a-quick-dive-into-the-origins-of-indias-favourite-drink-1683279 |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref> The [[Kahwah|Kashmiri version]] of chai is brewed with [[green tea]] instead of black tea and has a more subtle blend of spices with a pinch of salt. This version is a bit savoury and is pink in colour, due to the addition of baking soda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Sribala |date=29 January 2020 |title=The Art and Science of Kashmir's Pink Tea |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/kashmir-pink-tea |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref>

===Milk===
Traditionally in India, milk from [[water buffalo]]es is used to make chai.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-l9GbAemUAEC&pg=PA40 |title=The New Tea Book: A Guide to Black, Green, Herbal and Chai Teas |author=Sara Perry |publisher=Chronicle Books |date= 1 August 2001 |page=40|isbn=9780811830539 }}</ref><ref>Outside of India, such as in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, or other European, countries whole-fat cow's milk is usually used. Powdered milk will somewhat more resemble water buffalo milk. Generally, the main part of masala chai is the masalas like Tulsi, Mulethi, Aswagandha, Tezpatta and other useful ingredients.[https://myoneindiagreatindia.blogspot.com/2020/06/masala-chai.html]</ref> Although whole milk is usually used in masala chai, some people prefer alternatives such as [[soy milk]] or [[skimmed milk]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did You Know Chai Tea Is Thousands of Years Old? |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/the-history-of-masala-chai-tea-765836 |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=The Spruce Eats |language=en}}</ref>

===Sweetener===
White [[sucrose|sugar]], brown sugar, [[demerara sugar]], [[honey]], and [[jaggery]] are all used as sweeteners in chai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Chai Tea? |url=https://www.teatulia.com/tea-varieties/what-is-chai.htm#:~:text=Sweetener:%20White%20sugar,%20brown%20sugar,often%20made%20with%20buffalo%20milk. |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=www.teatulia.com}}</ref>

==Consumption==
===Consumption in the Indian subcontinent===
Small vendors (called ''[[Chaiwala|chaiwalla]]'' in [[Hindi]]; ''cha-ola'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]) are found by the side of every highway, road and alley – often the only establishments that will be open through the night. They generally also sell tobacco and snacks. Many will deliver tea to people's places of business in a ''{{transliteration|hi|chaidaan}}'', a wooden or metal frame carrier for cups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandan |first=Jahnvi Lakhota |date=20 July 2018 |title=10 objects that define Indian design |url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/india-design-objects/index.html |website=CNN Style}}</ref> Chai is sometimes served in a ''[[kulhar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is Chai served in kulhad healthier? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/is-chai-served-in-kulhad-healthier/photostory/92651457.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In [[Mumbai]], roadside tea stalls serve small, inexpensive cups of tea called 'cutting chai'. They're so called for being a full-size, full-price cup of tea "cut" in half.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cutting Chai: Why Mumbai Loves a 'Half Cup' of Tea |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/cutting-chai-why-mumbai-loves-a-half-cup-of-tea-1745884 |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref>

In Pakistan, ''masala chai'' is usually brewed with milk and sweetened with spices like nutmeg, cinnamon and/or cloves.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pakistan: The People|author=Carolyn Black|year=2003|page=28}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:A Kolkata voter - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|A man in [[Kolkata]], with a ''chaidaani'' for carrying nine glasses of chai – plain tea without masala
File:Gulab Ji Chaiwala (Jaipur) - img 03.jpg|A roadside ''chaiwale'' (chai store) in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
</gallery>

===Consumption beyond the Indian subcontinent===
[[File:Soy Vanilla Chai Latte at G.S.T. Bean.jpg|thumb|A [[soy milk|soy]] [[vanilla]] chai [[latte]] served in [[Berlin]], Germany|200x200px]]

Masala chai is popular in [[East Africa]] and the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Africa's oesophageal cancer corridor: Do hot beverages contribute?|journal = Cancer Causes & Control|date = 6 August 2015|issn = 0957-5243|pages = 1477–1486|volume = 26|issue = 10|doi = 10.1007/s10552-015-0646-9|pmid = 26245249|first1 = Michael Oresto|last1 = Munishi|first2 = Rachel|last2 = Hanisch|first3 = Oscar|last3 = Mapunda|first4 = Theonest|last4 = Ndyetabura|first5 = Arnold|last5 = Ndaro|first6 = Joachim|last6 = Schüz|first7 = Gibson|last7 = Kibiki|first8 = Valerie|last8 = McCormack|pmc = 4838015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Lonely Planet East Africa|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dspRFoxXcDEC|publisher = Lonely Planet|date = 1 June 2012|isbn = 9781743213124|first1 = Lonely|last1 = Planet|first2 = Mary|last2 = Fitzpatrick|first3 = Anthony|last3 = Ham|first4 = Trent|last4 = Holden|first5 = Dean|last5 = Starnes}}</ref> It is also popular in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf Arab region]], where it is known as ''Chai Karak'' ({{Langx|ar|شاي كرك}}, {{Langx|ur|کڑک چائے}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=28 September 2011|title=Chai Karak: The Popular Drink That's Rapidly Spreading in the Gulf|url=https://khaleejesque.me/2011/09/diwan/chai-karak-the-popular-drink-thats-rapidly-spreading-in-the-gulf/|journal=Khaleejisque}}</ref> The drink was popularized by South Asian expatriate communities in the region.<ref name="alsaigh2024">{{cite book |last1=Al-Saigh |first1=Amina |title=Souk to Table: Vibrant Middle Eastern Dishes for Everyday Meals |date=8 October 2024 |publisher=Rock Point |isbn=978-1-63106-976-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGf5EAAAQBAJ&dq=mutabbaq&pg=PA250 |access-date=8 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

====In the West====
Since Starbucks introduced its chai tea latte in 1998, chai beverages have become popular at coffee shops across the United States, often made from a syrup or concentrate.<ref>https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-apr-05-ls-36110-story.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvam |first=Ashok |date=2023-11-10 |title=More Masala, Less Latte |url=https://chicago.eater.com/2023/11/10/23945800/masala-chai-america-diwali-south-asia-tea-evolution-vendor-cardoz-spiderverse-taylor-swift-starbucks |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Eater Chicago |language=en}}</ref> Chai with added [[espresso]] is commonly called a {{vanchor|dirty chai}}.<ref>
{{Cite news |title=What Is Dirty Chai? |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/dirty-chai-definition-765697 |access-date=2 June 2025 |work=The Spruce}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Travis. |first=Arndorfer |title=The complete idiot's guide to coffee and tea |date=2006 |publisher=Alpha Books |others=Hansen, Kristine. |isbn=9781440626012 |location=New York |page=120 |oclc=489450263}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|India|Drink}}
* [[Indian cuisine]]
* [[History of tea in India]]
* [[Indian tea culture]]
* [[Pakistani tea culture]]
* [[Chaiwala]]
* [[Kulhar]]
* [[Darjeeling tea]]
* [[Ginger tea]]
* [[Noon chai]]
* [[Bandrek]]
* [[List of Indian drinks]]

{{Clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category multi|Chai|Masala chai}}
* [http://www.worldteanews.com/news/global-evolution-chai The Global Evolution of Chai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604200541/http://worldteanews.com/news/global-evolution-chai |date=4 June 2018 }}

{{Cuisine of India}}
{{Indian dishes}}
{{India topics}}
{{Teas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Masala Chai}}
[[Category:Indian tea]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Hindu cuisine]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Arabic drinks]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Blended tea]]
[[Category:Nepalese tea]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan drinks]]
[[Category:Tea culture]]
[[Category:Milk tea]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]

Yeshvanthapura Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:44Z

Sshekhar898: starting new info - done

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Yeswanthpur
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 153
| map_image = 153-Yeshvanthapura constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
| established = 1961 (first establishment), 2008 (second establishment)
| electors = {{formatnum:564208}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| mla = [[S. T. Somashekhar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
}}

'''Yeswanthpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], southern [[India]]. It is also part of [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || [[Krishna Byre Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Shobha Karandlaje]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="4" | [[S. T. Somashekhar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 By-election]] {{efn|Disqualified by the Hon'ble Speaker under the 10th Schedule of the Constitution with effect from 25/07/2019}} || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yeshvanthapura }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. T. Somashekhar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 169,149 |percentage = 47.26% |change = {{decrease}}4.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Javarayi Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 154,031 |percentage = 43.04% |change = {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Balraj Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,684 |percentage = 6.06% |change = {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uday Kumar |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 4,298 |percentage = 1.20% |change = {{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,857 |percentage = 0.80% |change = {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashidhar. C. Aradhya |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 2,199 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,118 |percentage = 4.22% |change = {{decrease}}5.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 357,998 |percentage = 63.45% |change = {{increase}}4.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 357,911}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 564,208 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Yeshvanthapura <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. T. Somashekhar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 144,722 |percentage = 51.37% |change = {{increase}}30.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Javarayi Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 117,023 |percentage = 41.54% |change = {{increase}}5.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Nagaraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,714 |percentage = 5.58% |change = {{decrease}}34.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,812 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunatha. M |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 1,915 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,699 |percentage = 9.83% |change = {{increase}}6.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 284,446 |percentage = 59.14% |change = {{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 281,723}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 480,986 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yeshvanthapura <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. T. Somashekhar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 115,273 |percentage = 40.14% |change = {{decrease}}23.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Javarayi Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 104,562 |percentage = 36.41% |change = {{decrease}}11.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaggesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,308 |percentage = 20.65% |change = {{increase}}13.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,453 |percentage = 0.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,711 |percentage = 3.73% |change = {{decrease}}11.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 287,331 |percentage = 60.51% |change = {{decrease}}5.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 287,205}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 474,817 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yeshvanthapura <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. T. Somashekhar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 120,380 |percentage = 63.36% |change = {{increase}}25.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Javarayi Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 91,280 |percentage = 48.04% |change = {{increase}}26.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. L. Krishnappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,747 |percentage = 6.71% |change = {{decrease}}31.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,100 |percentage = 15.32% |change = {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 231,604 |percentage = 66.24% |change = {{increase}}9.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 189,998}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 349,667 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.87 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}25.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yeshvanthapura <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shobha Karandlaje]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,643 |percentage = 38.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. T. Somashekhar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,561 |percentage = 37.57% |change = {{decrease}}7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Panchalingaiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 32,947 |percentage = 21.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. U. Venkateshaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,062 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bettegowda. G |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,331 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,082 |percentage = 0.72% |change = {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,548 |percentage = 56.77% |change = {{decrease}}1.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,544}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 265,168 |ref = |change = {{increase}}358.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Yeshvanthapura <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Krishna Byre Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,215 |percentage = 44.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Narayanaswamappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,570 |percentage = 42.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Vajravelu |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,890 |percentage = 9.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Nanjaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,205 |percentage = 3.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 645 |percentage = 2.02% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,921 |percentage = 58.61% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,880}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,873 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|13.029|77.540|display=title}}

Bengaluru Palace

2026-04-15T10:48:39Z

Sshekhar898: Put Up A Pg From Scratch

{{Short description|Royal palace in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Bengaluru Palace
| image = Bangalore Mysore Maharaja Palace.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Front facade
| location_town = [[Bengaluru]]
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9987|77.5920|region:IN-KA|display=inline}}
| construction_start_date = 1873
| completion_date = 1878
| architect =
| owner =
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| architectural_style = [[Tudor Revival architecture]]
| website = [https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/tourist-place/bangalore-palace/ Official website]
}}

'''Bengaluru Palace''' is a 19th-century royal [[palace]] located in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India. It was commissioned by the [[Maharaja of Mysore]], and was completed in 1874. The palace is open for public viewing, and in the recent years, the palace grounds have been to host various events and fairs, and is home to an [[amusement park]].

== History ==
The palace was commissioned for the [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]], the [[Maharaja of Mysore]], in 1873. It was built on a {{cvt|454|acre}} plot of land, owned by [[John Garrett (linguist)|John Garrett]], a linguist, and principal of the [[Central College, Bengaluru|Central High School]]. It was completed in 1878 at a cost of {{INRconvert|1|m|year=1880}}.<ref name="Maya">{{cite book|title=Bangalore, The Story of a City|author=Maya Jayapal|year=1997|isbn=978-8-186-85209-5|publisher=Eastwest Books|location=Chennai|page=131}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/a-missionary-a-palace-and-the-bhagavad-gita-101696965618770.html|title=A missionary, a palace, and the Bhagavad Gita|date=11 October 2023|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Architecture and design ==
The palace is located about {{cvt|5.3|km}} north of the city centre. It has a built up area of {{cvt|45000|ft2}}.<ref name="Palace">{{cite web|url=https://karnatakatourism.org/en/attractions/bangalore-palace/|title=Bangalore Palace|work=[[Government of Karnataka]]|access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> Its design is based on the [[Windsor Castle]] in England, and built in [[Tudor Revival architecture]].<ref name="Palace"/><ref name="Maya"/><ref name="Disha">{{cite book|title=Bangalore - Mysore|year=1994|isbn=978-0-863-11431-1|publisher=Disha Books|page=179}}</ref> It consists of large [[fortified tower]]s, and turreted [[parapet]]s. Parts of the exterior walls are covered by plants. The palace has 34 rooms and a [[swimming pool]]. The interiors feature intricate wood work, motifs, and various art pieces.<ref name="Palace"/>

== Usage ==
The palace complex is open to visitors.<ref name="Palace"/> The open courtyard and grounds are used for various events such as concerts, exhibitions, weddings, and cultural programs. There is an [[amusement park]] inside the palace grounds.<ref name="Palace"/><ref name="Disha"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb|title=Rude shock for Metallica fans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331233350/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2011110120111101005500501443879bb|archive-date=31 March 2012|work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Various movies have been shot in the palace complex.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/unexplored-for-long-karnataka-wakes-up-to-the-benefits-of-film-tourism/articleshow/53701586.cms|title=Karnataka wakes up to film tourism|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 August 2016|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Palace, Bangalore (1890). Curzon Collection's 'Souvenir of Mysore Album'.jpg|In 1890
File:Aerial view of Bangalore Palace and Palace Grounds (2).jpg|Aerial view
File:Main Room at the Bangalore Palace (15862432655).jpg|Interior
Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace (15732183225).jpg|Interior
Main Passageway at the Tipu Sultan Palace (15548622278).jpg|Interior
Top Floor (Bangalore Palace) (15749130257).jpg|Interior
Bangalore Palace Interior 4870.jpg|Interior
File:Main Floor at Bangalore Palace (2) (15466720327).jpg|Interior
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Mysore Palace]]
*[[Wadiyar dynasty]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bangalore Palace}}

* {{Official website|https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/tourist-place/bangalore-palace/}}
{{Bengaluru topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Houses completed in 1944]]
[[Category:Palaces in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Convention centres in India]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Amusement parks in Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:19th-century architecture in India]]

2026 Telangana local elections

2026-04-13T06:46:14Z

Sshekhar898: started stub

{{Short description|Elections to Urban Local Bodies in Telangana in 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 Telangana urban local bodies elections
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2021 Telangana local elections
| previous_year = 2021
| next_election = Next Telangana local elections
| next_year = 2031
| election_date = {{Start date|2026|02|11|df=y}}
| seats_for_election = 2,996{{efn|name="finalwards"|Election was adjourned in the 6th ward division of Makhtal municipality, Narayanpet district. Thus, election was held in the remaining 15 wards of the municipality. Thus, the final total wards which were part of the election is 2995 (which comprises of 2581 municipality wards and 414 municipal corporation wards).}} wards across 123 urban local bodies (414 wards across 7 municipal corporations and 2,582{{efn|name="finalwards"}} wards across 116 municipalities)
| registered = 52,17,413
| turnout = 38,09,406 (73.01%)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telangana Municipal Polls 2026 Updates: 73.01% voter turnout recorded, counting on February 13 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telanagana-municipal-elections-voting-updates-february-11-2026/article70618063.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en |date=12 February 2026 |access-date=11 February 2026 }}</ref>{{efn|Of the 2,582 wards in 116 municipalities, 12 were declared elected unanimously. Similarly, of the 414 wards in 7 municipal corporations, 2 were declared elected unanimously. Thus 14 wards were declared elected unanimously across the 123 urban local bodies. Polling was adjourned in one municipality ward. Hence, voting was held in the remaining 2981 wards (2,569 wards in municipalities and 412 wards in municipal corporations).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telangana civic polls see over 73 per cent voter turnout |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2026/Feb/12/telangana-civic-polls-see-over-73-per-cent-voter-turnout |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=12 February 2026 |access-date=12 February 2026 }}</ref>}}
| party1 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| party2 = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| party4 = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| party5 = [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| party6 = [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
| party7 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]]
| party8 = Others
| last_update = 14 February 2026
| 1blank = M. Corporations
| 2blank = M. Corp. wards
| 2data1 = 191
| 2data2 = 63
| 2data3 = 76
| 2data4 = 22
| 2data5 = 23
| 2data6 = 14
| 2data7 = 1
| 2data8 = 23
| 3blank = Municipalities
| 4blank = Municipality wards
| 4data1 = 1346
| 4data2 = 718
| 4data3 = 260
| 4data4 = 48
| 4data5 = 15
| 4data6 = 18
| 4data7 = 12
| 4data8 = 165
| 5blank = Total ULBs
| 6blank = Total ULB wards
| 6data1 = 1537
| 6data2 = 781
| 6data3 = 336
| 6data4 = 70
| 6data5 = 38
| 6data6 = 32
| 6data7 = 13
| 6data8 = 188
}}

Elections to 2,996 wards across 123 [[List of urban local bodies in Telangana|urban local bodies]], that is, 414 wards across 7 [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporations]] and 2,582 wards across 116 [[Municipal council (India)|municipalities]] in the state of [[Telangana]] were held on 11 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana SEC announces municipal election schedule|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/telangana-sec-announces-municipal-election-schedule-1042942|website=www.thehansindia.com|date=2026-01-27|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Pavan|last=Bandari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana municipal polls dates announced: Voting on Feb 11, counting on 13th|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/municipal-corporation/story/telangana-municipal-polls-dates-announced-voting-on-feb-11-counting-on-13th-2858504-2026-01-27|website=India Today|date=2026-01-27|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Abdul|last=Basheer}}</ref> [[Telangana State Election Commission]] notified the election as the 2nd Ordinary elections to municipalities and municipal corporations.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dates of Telangana Municipal Elections 2026, Ward Members' oath administration|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-municipal-elections-date-members-oath-administration/article70560233.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2026-01-28|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN}}</ref>

Elected ward members and corporators were administered the oath of office on 16 February 2026, and a special meeting for the election of chairpersons and vice-chairpersons of municipalities, as well as mayors and deputy mayors of corporations was held.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=S. Bachan Jeet |date=2026-01-28 |title=Telangana municipal, corporation polls set for February 11, results on February 13 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2026/Jan/28/telangana-municipal-corporation-polls-set-for-february-11-results-on-february-13 |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Elections for 3 municipal corporations ([[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|Greater Hyderabad]], [[Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation|Greater Warangal]], [[Khammam Municipal Corporation|Khammam]]) and 6 municipalities ([[Manuguru]], [[Mandamarri]], [[Achampet, Nagarkurnool district|Achampet]], [[Nakrekal]], [[Kothur]], [[Siddipet]]) were not scheduled in this election phase.

== Schedule ==
The election schedule was announced by the [[Telangana State Election Commission]] on 27 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Telangana municipal polls on February 11; single-phase voting announced|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/telangana-municipal-polls-on-february-11-single-phase-voting-announced/articleshow/127625729.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2026-01-27|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana Municipal Election Notification Released; Polling On February 11, Counting On 13th|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/telangana-municipal-election-notification-released-polling-on-february-11-counting-on-13th-enn26012706036|website=ETV Bharat News|date=2026-01-27|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Date
|-
|Notification and start date for nominations
|28 January 2026
|-
|Last date for filing nominations
|30 January 2026
|-
|Date for scrutiny of nominations
|31 January 2026
|-
|Date of publication of validly nominated candidates
|31 January 2026
|-
|Date for appeal against rejection of nomination
|1 February 2026
|-
|Date for disposal of appeal
|2 February 2026
|-
|Last date for withdrawal of candidature
|3 February 2026
|-
|Date for publication of final list of contesting candidates
|3 February 2026
|-
|Date of Poll
|11 February 2026
|-
|Date of Re-poll, if any
|12 February 2026
|-
|Date of counting of votes and declaration of results
|13 February 2026
|-
|Election of Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Municipal Chairperson and Vice-chairperson
|16 February 2026
|}

== Election statistics ==
There were a total of 52,17,413 voters out of which 26,67,025 were women, 25,49,750 were men and 638 were transgender voters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana to go for municipal elections on February 11, counting on February 13|url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-to-go-for-municipal-elections-on-february-11-counting-on-feb-13|website=Telangana Today|date=2026-01-27|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=Telangana|last=Today}}</ref> 16,301 ballot boxes were used across 8,207 polling stations. There were a total of 136 counting centres.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana: Municipal Elections on Feb 11; Results on Feb 13|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/municipal-elections-on-february-11-results-on-february-12-1933031|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|date=2026-01-27|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref>

Following the withdrawal of 6,701 candidates, there were 12,993 members in the final list contesting candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Elections: బరిలో 12,993 మంది 6,701 మంది ఉపసంహరణ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/telangana/total-12993-people-in-the-race-in-municipal-elections/1899/126021203 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=పుర బరిలో 12,958 {{!}} Election Commission has announced the final list of candidates contesting in the municipal elections {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/telangana/election-commission-has-announced-final-list-candidates-contesting-municipal |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> 2,225 candidates were in contest for 414 wards across 7 municipal corporations and 10,719 candidates were in contest for 2,582 wards across 116 municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Elections: పురపోరులో అతివలే అధికం |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/telangana/telangana-municipal-elections-latetst-updates/1899/126021777 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> Prior to the elections, candidates were elected without opposition in 14 wards throughout the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandari |first=Pavan |title=Poll Campaigns Intensify Ahead of Municipal Elections |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/poll-campaigns-intensify-ahead-of-municipal-elections-1045609 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>

73.01% of the total registered voters, that is, 38,09,406 people participated in the election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2026-02-12 |title=73.01% voter turnout in TG municipal polls |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/7301-voter-turnout-in-tg-municipal-polls-1047738 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Of these, 19,57,226 were women, 18,51, 829 were men and 351 were others. The final total voter turnout in municipalities is 75.88% (28,04,274), whereas it is 66.05% (10,05,132) in municipal corporations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2026-02-12 |title=Telangana civic polls see over 73 per cent voter turnout |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2026/Feb/12/telangana-civic-polls-see-over-73-per-cent-voter-turnout |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Among the municipalities, [[Choutuppal]] ([[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri|Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]]) recorded the highest voter turnout of 91.91% (23,713), whereas Nandikonda ([[Nalgonda district]]) recorded the lowest voter turnout of 59.68% (8,069). Among the municipal corporations, [[Nalgonda]] recorded the highest voter turnout of 77.36% (1,10,194), whereas [[Nizamabad Municipal Corporation|Nizamabad]] recorded the lowest voter turnout of 59.12% (2,05,753).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-12 |title=Telangana records 73% voter turnout in municipal elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-records-73-voter-turnout-in-municipal-elections/articleshow/128221795.cms |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Election was adjourned in the 6th ward division of [[Makhtal mandal|Makhtal]] municipality, [[Narayanpet district]], with the election held in the remaining 15 wards of the municipality. 2995 wards were part of the election: 2581 municipality wards and 414 municipal corporation wards.

== Results ==
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Vote share by party
| label1 = Indian National Congress
| value1 = 39.08
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label2 = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| value2 = 28.75
| color2 = {{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| label3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| value3 = 15.67
| color3 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 16.5
| color4 = {{party color|Others}}
}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Seat share by party
| label1 = Indian National Congress
| value1 = 51.34
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label2 = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| value2 = 26.07
| color2 = {{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| label3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| value3 = 11.18
| color3 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 11.39
| color4 = {{party color|Others}}
}}

===Results by party===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Elections: తెలంగాణ మున్సిపల్‌ ఎన్నికలు.. ఏ పార్టీకి ఎంతశాతం ఓట్లంటే? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/telangana/voting-percentage-in-tg-municipal-elections/1801/126028113 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" | Popular vote
! colspan="2" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! Contested
! Won
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 14,76,746
| 39.08
| 2948
| 1537
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| 10,74,518
| 28.75
| 2876
| 781
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 5,82,279
| 15.67
| 2634
| 260
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| 1,12,817
| 3.28
| 282
| 70
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 55,712
| 1.5
| 288
| 32
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 49,450
| 1.3
| 168
| 38
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 22,035
| 0.5
| 108
| 13
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janasena Party}}
| [[Janasena Party]]
| 13,478
| 0.3
| 332
| 2
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 7,628
| 0.2
| 213
| 2
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 3,12,346
| 8.30
| 2786
| 183
|-
| colspan="2" |[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|
|
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
! 37,14,797
! 100.00
! 12,993
! 2,995
|-
| colspan="6" |
|-
! colspan="6" |Vote statistics
|-
| colspan="2" |Valid votes
| align="right" | 37,14,797
| align="right" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="2" |Invalid votes
| align="right" | 94,609
| align="right" |
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Votes cast/Turnout'''
| align="right" | '''38,09,406'''
| align="right" | '''73.01'''
|-
| colspan="2" |Abstentions
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
| colspan="2" |'''Registered voters'''
| align="right" | '''52,17,413'''
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|}

=== Results by ward ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+
! rowspan="2" | District
! rowspan="2" | ULB Name
! rowspan="2" | Wards
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|-
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
! [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
! [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! Others
|-
! colspan="11" |Municipal corporations (7)
|-
![[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
|[[Kothagudem Municipal Corporation|Kothagudem]]
|60
|22
|8
|1
|0
|0
|22
|1
|6
|-
![[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|[[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation|Karimnagar]]
|66
|14
|9
|30
|3
|2
|0
|0
|8
|-
![[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Mahabubnagar Municipal Corporation|Mahabubnagar]]
|60
|29
|15
|8
|3
|0
|0
|0
|5
|-
![[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|[[Mancherial Municipal Corporation|Mancherial]]
|60
|44
|8
|5
|0
|2
|0
|0
|1{{efn|Includes [[Janasena Party|JSP]]–1|name=jsp}}
|-
![[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|[[Nalgonda Municipal Corporation|Nalgonda]]
|48
|27
|9
|4
|2
|4
|0
|0
|2
|-
![[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|[[Nizamabad Municipal Corporation|Nizamabad]]
|60
|17
|1
|28
|14
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
|[[Ramagundam Municipal Corporation|Ramagundam]]
|60
|38
|13
|1
|0
|6
|1
|0
|1
|-
! colspan="2" |Municipal Corporation Wards
!414
!191
!63
!76
!22
!14
!23
!1
!23{{efn|name=jsp}}
|-
! colspan="11" |Municipalities (414)
|-
! [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Adilabad]]
|49
|11
|6
|21
|6
|0
|0
|0
|5
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
|[[Aswaraopeta]]
|22
|17
|2
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
|[[Yellandu]]
|24
|19
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
|[[Dharmapuri, Telangana|Dharmapuri]]
|15
|15
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Jagtial]]
|50
|23
|4
|6
|2
|0
|0
|0
|15
|-
|[[Korutla]]
|33
|18
|8
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Metpally]]
|26
|6
|6
|10
|0
|0
|0
|0
|4
|-
|[[Raikal]]
|12
|3
|3
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]
|[[Jangaon Municipality|Jangaon]]
|30
|12
|13
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|4
|-
|[[Ghanpur, Jangaon district|Ghanpur]]
|18
|13
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar]]
|[[Bhupalpally]]
|30
|16
|10
|2
|0
|0
|1
|0
|1
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
|[[Alampuram (Hemalapuram)|Alampuram]]
|10
|5
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Gadwal]]
|37
|16
|11
|7
|1
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
|[[Ieeja]]
|20
|7
|13
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Waddepalle, Mahabubnagar|Waddepalle]]
|10
|1
|1
|0
|0
|8
|0
|0
|0
|-
! [[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]]
|[[Parkal]]
|22
|13
|6
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
|[[Banswada]]
|19
|11
|3
|3
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Bichkunda]]
|12
|10
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Kamareddy]]
|49
|19
|11
|16
|0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|-
|[[Yellareddy]]
|12
|10
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|[[Choppadandi]]
|14
|10
|1
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Huzurabad]]
|30
|16
|8
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Jammikunta]]
|30
|10
|12
|4
|0
|1
|0
|0
|3
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|[[Kallur, Khammam district|Kallur]]
|20
|12
|7
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Madhira]]
|22
|18
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|-
|[[Sathupalli]]
|23
|17
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Wyra]]
|20
|12
|5
|0
|0
|0
|1
|1
|1
|-
|Yedulapuram
|32
|24
|2
|0
|0
|0
|3
|2
|1
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Komaram Bheem Asifabad district|Komaram Bheem]]
|[[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]]
|20
|7
|9
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|4
|-
|[[Kagaznagar, Telangana|Kagaznagar]]
|30
|9
|11
|5
|1
|0
|0
|0
|4
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]]
|[[Dornakal]]
|15
|11
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Kesamudram]]
|16
|8
|8
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Mahabubabad]]
|36
|13
|11
|1
|0
|0
|3
|3
|5
|-
|[[Maripeda]]
|15
|9
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Thorrur, Mahabubabad district|Thorrur]]
|16
|7
|9
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Bhoothpur]]
|10
|7
|1
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Devarakadra]]
|12
|6
|4
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|[[Bellampalle]]
|34
|14
|14
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|5
|-
|[[Chennur, Mancherial district|Chennur]]
|18
|11
|4
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Kyathanpally]]
|22
|7
|10
|0
|0
|0
|4
|0
|1
|-
|[[Luxettipet]]
|15
|11
|3
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Medak district|Medak]]
|[[Medak]]
|32
|14
|15
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1{{efn|Includes [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]–1}}
|-
|[[Narsapur, Medak district|Narsapur]]
|15
|6
|5
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Ramayampet]]
|12
|8
|3
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Toopran]]
|16
|4
|9
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Medchal-Malkajgiri]]
|[[Aliabad, Ranga Reddy district|Aliabad]]
|20
|8
|7
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2{{efn|Includes [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]–1 and Independent–1}}
|-
|[[Mudichintalapalle]]
|24
|9
|14
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Yellampet
|24
|8
|12
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]
|[[Mulugu]]
|20
|12
|5
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Kalwakurthy]]
|22
|13
|3
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Kollapur]]
|19
|16
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Nagarkurnool]]
|24
|18
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|[[Chandur, Telangana|Chandur]]
|10
|6
|3
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|-
|[[Chityal, Nalgonda district|Chityal]]
|12
|9
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Devarakonda]]
|20
|11
|6
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
|[[Haliya, Telangana|Haliya]]
|12
|11
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Miryalaguda]]
|48
|31
|14
|1
|0
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|Nandikonda
|12
|11
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
|[[Kosgi]]
|16
|16
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Maddur, Narayanpet|Maddur]]
|16
|9
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Makhtal mandal|Makhtal]]
|16{{efn|Election was adjourned in the 6th ward division. Thus, election was held in the remaining 15 wards}}
|12
|0
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Narayanpet]]
|24
|7
|2
|11
|2
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]
|[[Bhainsa]]
|26
|1
|0
|6
|12
|0
|0
|0
|7
|-
|[[Khanapur, Nirmal|Khanapur]]
|12
|3
|4
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Nirmal]]
|42
|24
|2
|13
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|[[Armoor]]
|36
|19
|5
|8
|1
|0
|0
|0
|3
|-
|[[Bheemgal]]
|12
|8
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Bodhan]]
|38
|17
|5
|3
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
|[[Manthani]]
|13
|11
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Peddapalli]]
|36
|27
|1
|1
|0
|5
|0
|0
|2
|-
|[[Sultanabad, Peddapalli district|Sultanabad]]
|15
|12
|1
|1
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|[[Sircilla]]
|39
|6
|27
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulawada]]
|28
|13
|5
|8
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
|[[Shadnagar|Amangal]]
|15
|1
|8
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Shadnagar|Chevella]]
|18
|11
|4
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy district|Ibrahimpatnam]]
|24
|8
|13
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Moinabad, Ranga Reddy district|Moinabad]]
|26
|10
|7
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|5
|-
|[[Shadnagar]]
|28
|15
|11
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Shankarpalli]]
|15
|9
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
! rowspan="11" |[[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|[[Andole–Jogipet]]
|20
|16
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|Gaddapotharam
|18
|3
|14
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Gummadidala]]
|22
|4
|15
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|Indresham
|18
|6
|9
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Isnapur]]
|26
|10
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|4
|-
|[[Jinnaram]]
|20
|6
|8
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
|[[Kohir]]
|16
|8
|5
|1
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Narayankhed]]
|15
|11
|3
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Sadasivpet]]
|26
|16
|8
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Sangareddy]]
|38
|22
|10
|2
|1
|0
|0
|0
|3
|-
|[[Zaheerabad]]
|37
|14
|15
|3
|2
|0
|0
|0
|3
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|[[Cheriyal]]
|12
|5
|7
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Dubbaka]]
|20
|4
|11
|2
|0
|1
|0
|0
|2
|-
|[[Gajwel]]
|20
|7
|11
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Husnabad]]
|20
|16
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
|[[Huzurnagar]]
|28
|19
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|1
|3
|-
|[[Kodad]]
|35
|26
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|6
|-
|[[Neredcherla]]
|15
|9
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1{{efn|name=jsp}}
|-
|[[Suryapet]]
|48
|31
|11
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|5
|-
|[[Thirumalagiri, Suryapet district|Thirumalagiri]]
|15
|5
|10
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
|[[Kodangal]]
|12
|10
|1
|0
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Parigi, Vikarabad district|Parigi]]
|18
|8
|8
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|-
|[[Tandur]]
|36
|19
|12
|3
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Vikarabad]]
|34
|17
|11
|4
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Amarchinta]]
|10
|3
|3
|3
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|[[Atmakur, Wanaparthy|Atmakur]]
|10
|6
|1
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Kothakota]]
|15
|10
|3
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Pebbair]]
|12
|7
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Wanaparthy]]
|33
|20
|8
|2
|0
|0
|0
|1
|2
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|[[Narsampet]]
|30
|21
|6
|1
|0
|0
|0
|1
|1
|-
|[[Wardhannapet]]
|12
|5
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
|[[Alair]]
|12
|7
|3
|2
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Bhongir]]
|35
|22
|4
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|5
|-
|[[Choutuppal]]
|20
|13
|3
|3
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|[[Mothkur]]
|12
|8
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Bhoodan Pochampally|Pochampally]]
|13
|6
|5
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Yadagirigutta]]
|12
|8
|1
|2
|0
|0
|1
|0
|0
|-
! colspan="2" |Municipality Wards
!2582
!1346
!718
!260
!48
!18
!15
!12
!165{{efn|Includes [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]–2 and [[Janasena Party|JSP]]–2}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Total (123) ULB Wards
!2996{{efn|Election was adjourned in the 6th ward division of [[Makhtal mandal|Makhtal municipality]]. So the election was held in the remaining 15 wards of the municipality. Thus, the total ULB wards where election was held are 2995 wards }}
!1537
!781
!336
!70
!32
!38
!13
!188{{efn|Includes [[Janasena Party|JSP]]–3 and [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]–2}}
|}

== Surveys and polls ==
===Exit polls===
The exit polls were announced on 11 February 2026 after the voting ended.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Polling agency
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| style="background:{{party color|Independent}}" |
! rowspan="2" | Lead
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! Others
|-
! colspan="7" |Municipal corporations
|-
| People's Pulse
| style="color:black; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5'''
| 0
| 2
| 0
|style="color:black; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''Congress'''
|<ref name="peoplepulse">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2026 |title=Survey predicts huge win for Cong in TG civic polls |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/survey-predicts-huge-win-for-cong-in-tg-civic-polls-1047773 |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="7" |Municipalities
|-
| People's Pulse
| style="color:black; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''68–76'''
| 29–36
| 3–5
| 0–1
|style="color:black; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''Congress'''
|<ref name="peoplepulse" />
|}

== See also ==

* [[2026 elections in India]]
* [[2026 Karimnagar Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2026 Nizamabad Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[Elections in Telangana]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://tsec.gov.in/home.do|name=Telangana State Election Commission}}
{{Telangana elections}}

[[Category:Local elections in Telangana]]
[[Category:2026 elections in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Telangana]]

Anthrenus crustaceus

2026-04-04T10:43:23Z

Sshekhar898: Put Up A Article From Scratch

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Anthrenus
| species = crustaceus
| authority = [[Edmund Reitter|Reitter]], 1881
| parent = Anthrenus (Anthrenus)
}}

'''''Anthrenus (Anthrenus) crustaceus''''' is a species of [[Dermestidae|carpet beetle]] found in the Middle East (Turkey, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Yemen), Africa (Egypt and Eritrea), and India (Gujarat).<ref name=wd-species/><ref name=dermestidae-herrmann/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=wd-species>{{Cite web |last=Háva |first=Jiří |date=2023 |title=World Dermestidae. Subfamily Megatominae |url=http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070250/http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=dermestidae-herrmann>{{Cite web |last=Herrmann |first=Andreas |date=2024 |title=Dermestidae (Abbildungen) |url=http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070649/http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2376665}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crustaceus, Anthrenus}}
[[Category:Beetles of Turkey]]
[[Category:Insects of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Beetles of Egypt]]
[[Category:Insects of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Beetles of Africa]]
[[Category:Anthrenus|crustaceus]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1881]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edmund Reitter]]

{{Anthrenus-stub}}

Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal

2026-04-03T01:25:03Z

Sshekhar898: starting a page

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language black comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal
| image = Vyasanasametham_Bandhumithradhikal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = S. Vipin
| writer = S. Vipin
| producer = [[Vipin Das]] Sahu Garapati
| starring = [[Anaswara Rajan]] [[Siju Sunny]] [[Joemon Jyothir]] [[Mallika Sukumaran]]
| cinematography = Rahim Aboobacker
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| music = Ankit Menon
| studio = WBTS Productions Shine Screen
| released = {{Film date|2025|06|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 114 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=11 June 2025 |title=''Vysanasametham Bandhumithradhikal'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/vysanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmwntux |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[black comedy]] film written and directed by S. Vipin featuring [[Anaswara Rajan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal: Anaswara Rajan's next film gets a release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vyasanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-release-date-anaswara-rajan-next-film/f49439fa01493 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> [[Siju Sunny]] and [[Joemon Jyothir]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal: Anaswara Rajan set to narrate quirky tale {{!}} Check out first-look poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vyasanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-anaswara-rajan-quirky-tale-first-look-poster/4113569232876 |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-03-10 |title=First look of Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal unveiled |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Mar/12/first-look-of-vyasanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-unveiled |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-08 |title=Anaswara Rajan's Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/23/anaswara-rajans-vyasanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Anaswara Rajan]] as Anjali
*[[Siju Sunny]] as Suhail
*[[Joemon Jyothir]] as Shakthi
*[[Baiju Santhosh]] as Venu
*[[Azees Nedumangad]] as Murali
*[[Noby Marcose]] as Rajendran
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Savithri Amma

==Production==
The filming began on 15 November 2024 and wrapped on 28 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-12|title=Vysanasametham Bandhumithradhikal: സിജു സണ്ണിയും അനശ്വരയും പ്രധാന കഥാപാത്രങ്ങൾ; `വ്യസനസമേതം ബന്ധുമിത്രദികൾ` തുടങ്ങി|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/vysanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-movie-shooting-started-213005|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-12|title='വാഴ'യുടെ നിർമാതാക്കളുടെ രണ്ടാം ചിത്രം; 'വ്യസനസമേതം ബന്ധുമിത്രാദികൾ' പൂർത്തിയായി|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/making-of-vysanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-has-been-completed-1.10202996|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref> The film is written and directed by debutant S. Vipin. It is produced by [[Vipin Das]] and Sahu Garapati under the banners WBTS Productions Pvt Ltd and Shine Screen Cinema. The latter, Shine Screen Cinema, is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-based production house known for films like ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' and ''[[Majili]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Features|first=C. E.|date=2025-03-12|title=First look of Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal unveiled - The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Mar/12/first-look-of-vyasanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-unveiled|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Features|first=C. E.|date=2025-05-23|title=Anaswara Rajan's Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal gets a release date|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/23/anaswara-rajans-vyasanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-gets-a-release-date|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref>
The cast features [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Siju Sunny]], and [[Joemon Jyothir]] in lead roles, with supporting performances from [[Baiju Santhosh]], [[Azees Nedumangad]], [[Mallika Sukumaran]], and Noby Marcose.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The film's first look poster was unveiled on 12 March 2025,<ref name=":0" /> and it was released theatrically on 13 June 2025.<ref name=":2" />

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vysana Sametham Bandhu Mithradhikal
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Ankit Menon
| released = July, 2025
| genre = [[Filmi]]
| length = 6m 20s
| label = Sony Music
}}
The music is composed and arranged by Ankit Menon and the lyrics are penned by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]. The promotional song "Majja Mood" is produced by Arcado and Abin Thomas and the lyrics is written by Black.

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
|headline =
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|total_length = 9:20

|title1 = Orma Thoppil
|lyrics1 = Vinayak Sasikumar
|extra1 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|length1= 4:40
|title2 = Sambrani Penthiri
|lyrics2 = Vinayak Sasikumar
|extra2 = Adheef Muhammad, Ankit Menon
|length2 = 3:20
}}

== Reception ==
The film received positive reviews from critics.

[[The Times of India]] praised it as a "refreshing break" with "freshness and maturity" in direction, highlighting Anaswara Rajan's "brilliant" and "natural" performance and strong supporting cast.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|last=IS|first=Gopika|date=2025-06-13|title=Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal Movie Review: A Refreshing And Well-Crafted Comedy Drama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/vyasanasamethambandhumithradhikalreview/movie-review/121837427.cms|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref>
[[The Indian Express]] noted that Anaswara Rajan's dark comedy "mostly works," appreciating its "good humour," engaging plot, and effective emotional transitions, carried well by Anaswara Rajan.<ref name="IndianExpress">{{Cite web|last=Mathews|first=Anna|date=2025-06-14|title=Vyasana Sametham Bandhumithradhikal movie review: Anaswara Rajan's dark comedy mostly works|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vyasana-sametham-bandhumithradhikal-movie-review-anaswara-rajans-dark-comedy-mostly-works-10063996/|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref>
[[Onmanorama]] highlighted its skillful handling of emotions during a funeral, blending comedy and social commentary, with Anaswara Rajan delivering a "commendable performance."<ref name="Onmanorama">{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Princy|date=2025-06-13|title=Vyasanasamedham Bandhumithradhikal review: A humorous take on grieving|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/06/13/vyasanasamedham-bandhumithradhikal-review-anaswara-rajan-siju-wilson-baiju-film.html|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref>
[[The Hindu]] described it as a "well-executed satire on a funeral," praising its "quirky and unusual treatment," Vipin's humor without slapstick, and Anaswara Rajan's "subtle and nuanced portrayal."<ref name="TheHindu">{{Cite web|last=Praveen|first=S.R.|date=2025-06-13|title=Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal review: A well-executed satire on a funeral starring Anaswara Rajan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/vyasana-sametham-bandhu-mithradhikal-review-a-well-executed-satire-on-a-funeral-starring-anaswara-rajan/article69690581.ece|access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In June 2025, a controversy arose around the film ''Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal'' when its co-producer [[Vipin Das]] filed a police complaint against YouTube reviewer Bijith, the owner of YouTube channel Cinephile. The complaint, submitted to the Palarivattom police, alleged that Bijith had demanded money in exchange for providing a positive review of the film. Vipin claimed that when they declined the offer stating that the film was a low-budget production and had not allocated funds for paid promotions, the reviewer retaliated by publishing a negative review.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vipin Das alleges bribe demand for positive review of 'Vyasana Sametham Bandhu Mithradhikal' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/06/17/vipin-das-alleges-youtuber-bribe-positive-review-vyasana-sametham-bandhu-mithradhikal.html |website=Onmanorama |date=17 June 2025 |access-date=18 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Vipin also handed over phone call details to the police as part of the evidence. He further stated in a press conference that complaints were submitted to [[Film Employees Federation of Kerala|FEFKA]] and the Producers’ Association, both of which expressed support for the filmmakers. The incident sparked a broader discussion on social media about ethics in online film reviewing and the pressure faced by small-budget films.<ref>{{cite web |title=റിവ്യൂവിന് പണം ആവശ്യപ്പെട്ടു; പരാതിയുമായി സിനിമാ നിര്‍മാതാവ്|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/kochi-film-review-extortion-1.10670918 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=17 June 2025 |access-date=17 June 2025 |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title| tt34623207}}

[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 black comedy films]]

Dam 999

2026-03-30T05:23:36Z

Sshekhar898: started new stub

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dam 999
| image = DAM_Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sohan Roy]]
| producer = BizTV Network
| writer = Rob Tobin [[Sohan Roy]]
| starring = [[Vinay Rai]] [[Joshua Fredric Smith]] [[Vimala Raman]] [[Linda Arsenio]] [[Rajit Kapur]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing = Suresh Pai
| studio = BizTV Network
| distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|11|25}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India United Arab Emirates
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dam 999''''' is a 2011 English-language [[3-D film|3-D]] [[science fiction film|science fiction]] [[disaster film]]. A co-production between the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and India, it was produced by BizTV Network, UAE<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biztvnetworks.com/|title=BizTV Network Website |publisher= BizTV Network |accessdate=2010-10-28}}</ref> and directed by [[Sohan Roy]]. The film is based on the award-winning short documentary ''[[DAMs - The Lethal Water Bombs]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title = Spring 2011 Best Winners | publisher = Los Angeles Cinema Festival of Hollywood| date = 2009-10-14 | url = http://www.hollywoodcff.com/2011_Best_Winners_%28Spring%29.html }}</ref> and the [[1975 Banqiao Dam failure|Banqiao dam disaster of 1975]] that claimed the lives of 250,000 people in China and anticipated calamity for outdated dams in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Controversy-helped-Dam-999-Director/Article1-774345.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128230858/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Controversy-helped-Dam-999-Director/Article1-774345.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2011|title=Hindustan times |publisher= Hindustan times |accessdate=2011-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SPECIAL: My dam, my water |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-resolving-the-conflict-over-water/20111125.htm |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

Apart from being a controversial movie in India<ref>{{cite news |title = Controversy over 'Dam 999' movie | publisher = Times of India | date = 23 November 2011 | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/Controversy-over-Dam-999-movie/videoshow/10846946.cms}}</ref> with respect to its theme,<ref>{{cite news |title = Tamil Nadu cinema owners not to screen 'Dam 999' | date = 23 November 2011 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tamil-Nadu-cinema-owners-not-to-screen-Dam-999/articleshow/10844262.cms| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120708134541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-23/india/30433142_1_mullaperiyar-dam-new-dam-release| url-status = live|work = [[The Times of India]] | archive-date = 8 July 2012}}</ref> the Screenplay of the movie was added to the permanent core collection in Library of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] before its release in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title = Dam999 screenplay added to Oscar's Library | date = 2 November 2011 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dam999-screenplay-added-to-Oscars-Library/articleshow/10592615.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120707055054/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/news-interviews/30355528_1_dam999-first-indian-film-release | url-status = live |work = [[The Times of India]] | archive-date = 7 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Dam 999 goes to the Oscar library | work = Rediff.com | date = 3 November 2011 | url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/dam-999-goes-to-oscar-library/20111103.htm }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story encompasses around nine characters portraying nine variants of emotion (Navarasa) and an outdated dam.<ref>{{cite web|title = Dam 999 Website | publisher = BizTV Network | url = http://www.damthemovie.com/}}</ref>

The story starts with Vinay ([[Vinay Rai]]), who is a mariner and works in ships. One day he visits his native place, somewhere in [[Kerala]], with his son Sam (Jineeth Rath) to meet his father Shankaran ([[Rajit Kapur]]). Shankaran is a village doctor or 'Vaidyan' and is also a master in astrology and the ancient sciences. Sam is a diabetic and Vinay wanted to have him treated by his grandfather. Another storyline is that of the orphan Meera ([[Vimala Raman]]), who has been staying with Shankaran since her childhood, treated as his own daughter and who helps him treat various patients. Vinay and Meera share a special bond and love each other. When Shankaran studies their horoscopes, he learns that whenever they would express their love towards each other, something terrible would happen. Learning this Meera sacrifices her love, and thus Vinay marries Sandra ([[Linda Arsenio]]) who is a TV journalist. Now after a long time when Vinay returns home with his son, his special bond with Meera develops again with Meera reciprocating the feeling as well. On a parallel track, a corrupt Mayor - Durai ([[Ashish Vidyarthi]])- is fighting an issue of an old dam in his area. Towards the end a leak is discovered inside the dam, and when a heavy storm and rains hit on the same day, a high alert is declared.

==Cast==
* [[Vinay Rai]] as Vinay Shankaran
* [[Joshua Fredric Smith]] as Captain Fredrick Brown
* [[Linda Arsenio]] as Sandra, a TV journalist and Vinay's wife
* [[Vimala Raman]] as Meera, Vinay's love interest
** Parvathy Renjith as younger Meera
* [[Megha Burman]] as Raziya, a Pakistani Girl and Freddy's wife
* [[Rajit Kapur]] as Shankaran, Vinay's father
* Jineeth Rath as Sam Vinay, Vinay's son
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Durai, the antagonist
* Jaala Pickering as Freddy's invalid sister
* [[Urmila Unni]] as Vinay's mother
* [[S. P. Sreekumar]]
* [[Bineesh Bastin]]

==Production==

===Development===
The movie is tributed to the 250,000 people who lost their lives in the 1975 [[Banqiao Dam]] disaster in China.<ref>{{cite web |title = I will be submitting Dam999 for the Oscars | work = Rediff.com | date = 22 June 2010 | url = http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/22/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-sohan-roy.htm}}</ref> As per producer-director Sohan, "The central character of the story is this dam and the life of a few mariners living near it. There are nine characters in the movie, representing the ''Navarasa''. I believe that every individual is born with a ''sthayi bhava'', but when his suppressed feelings burst, like a dam, it changes."<ref>{{cite news |title = Nine's the word! | date = 24 October 2009 | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/24/stories/2009102451611700.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091027010746/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/10/24/stories/2009102451611700.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 27 October 2009 |work = [[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

===Casting===
The cast includes acclaimed Indian actor [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]. Veteran Malayalam actor [[Thilakan]] was originally cast to do an important role in the film, but was later removed.<ref>{{cite web| title = Thilakan to enter Hollywood| publisher = One India| date = 3 February 2009| url = http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2009/thilakan-dam-999-hollywood-film-030209.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120709033707/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2009/thilakan-dam-999-hollywood-film-030209.html| archive-date = 9 July 2012| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = It's official; Thilakan is out of Dam 999| publisher = Nowrunning| date = 1 March 2010| url = http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/its-official;-thilakan-is-out-of-dam-999/30204/story.htm| access-date = 11 November 2010| archive-date = 19 June 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100619113515/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/its-official;-thilakan-is-out-of-dam-999/30204/story.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> Eventually, Rajit Kapur was cast instead of Thilakan.<ref name="amma">{{cite web| title = Rajath Kapoor replaces Thilakan in Dam 999| publisher = One India| date = 11 March 2010| url = http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2010/rajath-replace-thilakan-080310.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130220222948/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2010/rajath-replace-thilakan-080310.html| archive-date = 20 February 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref> There were reports that Association of Malayalam Movie Artists (AMMA) also had intervened in Thilakan's replacement.<ref name="amma"/> In a related development, Thilakan and his supporters had a march towards the shooting location of the film at [[Alappuzha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/-Malayalam-film-body-gives-Thilakan-another-chance/articleshow/5659957.cms|title=Malayalam film body gives Thilakan another chance|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=8 March 2010|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111101048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/-Malayalam-film-body-gives-Thilakan-another-chance/articleshow/5659957.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Filming===
''Dam999'' started its shooting at [[Alleppey]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Shooting of DAM999 to commence at Alappuzha from Mar one | publisher = Kerala2010 Blogspot| date = 27 February 2010 | url = https://kerala2010.blogspot.com/2010/02/shooting-of-999-to-commence-at.html }}</ref> A number of unexpected hurdles were faced by the crew while shooting the movie. Veteran Malayalam actor [[Thilakan]], who was supposed to be a part of Dam 999, was made to drop out of the project due to his battle with [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists|AMMA]]. However the problem was solved by replacing Thilakan with [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] Actor [[Rajit Kapoor]]. Thilakan was paid seven lakhs as compensation.<ref>{{cite news |title = Suspended from AMMA, Thilakan says he will not give up | work = The Hindu| date = 1 March 2010 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/article124453.ece | location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Thilakan out of Dam 999 | work = indiaglitz| date = 3 March 2010 | url = http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/54933.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131012004553/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/54933.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 12 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Thilakan paid compensation by 'Dam 999' makers | publisher = Nowrunning | date = 8 March 2010 | url = http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/thilakan-paid-compensation-by-dam-999-makers/30403/story.htm | access-date = 9 June 2010 | archive-date = 12 October 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131012041649/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/thilakan-paid-compensation-by-dam-999-makers/30403/story.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> While the prior issue was still simmering, another lead character from India walked out due to disputes with the crew, while the shoot was in progress, bringing the movie to a halt.<ref>{{cite web |title = Heroine issue stops 'Dam 999' | work = Indiaglitz| date = 26 March 2010 | url = http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/55623.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100328191654/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/55623.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 28 March 2010 }}</ref> The star cast of the movie was immediately altered and the initial sequences in Kerala was completed as planned.<ref>{{cite web |title = My toughest challenge was learning Telugu' | publisher = [[The New Indian Express]]| date = 13 May 2010 | url = http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article270355.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131012050254/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article270355.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 12 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Dam 999 in trouble again! | publisher = Entertainment oneindia | date = 30 March 2010 | url = http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2010/dam-999-trouble-300310.html | access-date = 9 June 2010 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120714090733/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2010/dam-999-trouble-300310.html | archive-date = 14 July 2012 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> From various locations such as [[Ooty]] in India, the shoot of the movie progressed to Fujairah, UAE, where ''Dam 999'' has captured a couple of its sequences on an oil tanker. The climax of the movie was compiled in [[Ramoji Film City|Ramoji film city]] in Hyderabad, built by the Art Director Padmashree Thotta Tharani.<ref>{{cite news |title = Smooth sailing | date = 14 May 2010 | url = http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/05/14/stories/2010051450811000.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100520020411/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/05/14/stories/2010051450811000.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 20 May 2010 |work = [[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title =Hyderabad witnesses climax of DAM 999 - A Sohan Roy Film – Shooting mostly complete - world premiere in October| publisher = Washingtonbanglaradio| date = 2 June 2010 | url = http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/6881210-hyderabad-witnesses-climax-dam-999-sohan-roy-film-shooting-mostly-complete-world-pre | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100726115048/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/6881210-hyderabad-witnesses-climax-dam-999-sohan-roy-film-shooting-mostly-complete-world-pre | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 26 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = DAM 999 has successfully completed its shoot in Hyderabad| publisher = Maritime-executive| date = 1 June 2010| url = http://www.maritime-executive.com/pressrelease/dam-999-has-successfully-completed-its-shoot-hyderabad/| access-date = 9 June 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100605042458/http://maritime-executive.com/pressrelease/dam-999-has-successfully-completed-its-shoot-hyderabad/| archive-date = 5 June 2010| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref> While in the stage of post production the movie grabbed the attention owing to its story and title. Debates regarding the ever existing fear of outdated dams have started. The visual effects were done by EyeQube Studios.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/vfx/eyeqube-delivers-around-400-vfx-shots-for-srks-ra-one |title=EyeQube delivers around 400 VFX shots for SRK's Ra.One. |date=14 November 2011 |publisher=AnimationXpress |accessdate=2020-01-28}}</ref>

==Novel==
''DAM999 – The Novel'' is published by Indra Publishing House and was made available in the market before the release of the movie. Unexpected huge demands rose for the novel.<ref>{{cite web |title = Huge demand for Sohan Roy's book Dam 999 | publisher = daily Pioneer| date = 2011-11-29| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/24025-huge-demand-for-Sohan-roys-book-dam-999.html}}</ref> This novel is penned by director [[Sohan Roy]] & co-written by Naufal Ashraf.

==Controversies==
The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) complained that the film is based on the [[Mullaperiyar Dam#Disputes|Mullaperiyar Dam dispute]] between Tamil Nadu and Kerala.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=742331 | title = DMK Members Raise 'Dam 999' Issue in Lok Sabha | publisher = [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | date = 2011-11-24 | accessdate = 2011-11-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120614063121/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=742331 | archive-date = 14 June 2012 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The DMK party chief [[M. Karunanidhi]] urged the [[Tamil Nadu]] chief minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]] to ban the movie considering "people's safety".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/a-damn-good-excuse/story-qiMUXXQf2UWa79mMcGd4CI.html|title=A damn good excuse|accessdate=24 November 2011|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A day before its scheduled release on 25 November, the film was banned by the State Government of [[Tamil Nadu]] on the grounds that the release would disturb the cordial relations between [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2655859.ece | title = TN govt. bans DAM 999 | work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 2011-11-24 | accessdate = 2011-11-24 | location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Challenging the Tamil Nadu government's ban on screening of his film Dam 999 in the State, Producer-director Sohan Roy, on 30 November 2011, moved to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] with writ petition, questioning the subjective satisfaction of the Chief Minister (on whose directions the impugned 24 November order was passed), arrived on "narrow political objectives." He said the order had no constitutional, much less legal, basis.

He said the State suspended the screening of the Hollywood movie without hearing him or affording him an opportunity for clarification. The "arbitrary, unilateral and unjustified act" violated his fundamental right to freedom guaranteed under Article 19(1) (a).
Explaining the contents of the film, he said it "spreads the message about the consequences of dam disasters around the world."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2675870.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=''Dam 999'' producer moves Supreme Court against ban on film in Tamil Nadu | date=1 December 2011}}</ref>

In response to this on 8 December 2011, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] asked the Tamil Nadu government to hear the objections of Sohan Roy on 12 December and pass appropriate orders by 16 December.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2699021.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Film ban: Hear Roy's objections and pass orders, Tamil Nadu told | date=8 December 2011}}</ref>

The Supreme Court on 24 January 2013 dismissed filmmaker Sohan Roy's petition challenging a further extension of the ban by the Tamil Nadu government on screening of this film in the State. It further added, "the people are expecting this issue [of the Mullaperiyar dam] will be resolved. At this stage, why should we aggravate the situation not only in Tamil Nadu but also in Kerala? We can’t close our eyes to the objections and decide the case purely on legal aspects. We have to respect the sentiments of the people".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-cant-be-blind-to-tamil-nadus-fears-over-dam-999-says-supreme-court/article4341358.ece| location=New Delhi, India | work=The Hindu | title=We can't be blind to Tamil Nadu's fears over 'DAM 999', says Supreme Court| date=25 January 2013| first=J.| last=Venkatesan}}</ref>

==Recognitions==
Three of the soundtracks "Dakkanaga Dugu", "DAM999 Theme song" and "Mujhe Chodke" were in nomination list for [[84th Academy Awards]].<ref name="Collider.com">{{cite web | title = 39 Songs Contend for Best Original Song Oscar | publisher = Collider.com | date = 19 December 2011 | url = https://collider.com/best-original-song-oscars-2012/133226/#more-133226 | access-date = 16 April 2020 | archive-date = 8 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120208220616/https://collider.com/best-original-song-oscars-2012/133226/#more-133226 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="'DAM 999' Songs in Oscar Race">{{cite news |title = 'DAM 999' Songs in Oscar Race | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 19 December 2011 | url =http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/12/oscars-best-original-song-field-has-39-contenders.html}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Ouseppachan]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Sohan Roy]].
''DAM999'' was submitted in race for Best Picture<ref>{{cite web | title = Oscars: Best Picture list has Dam 999 | publisher = NDTV | date = 20 December 2011 | url = http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20110190514&keyword=&subcatg= | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120717091333/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Story.aspx?id=ENTEN20110190514&keyword=&subcatg= | url-status = dead | archive-date = 17 July 2012 }}</ref> apart from being eligible for best Original score also for 84th Academy Awards.<ref>{{cite web |title = Now 'DAM 999' in Original Score Oscar race | publisher = Yahoo | date = 24 December 2011 | url =http://in.news.yahoo.com/now-dam-999-original-score-oscar-race-105109060.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = 97 Original Scores Up for Oscar | publisher = Collider.com | date = 23 December 2011 | url = https://collider.com/original-score-oscars-2012/ | access-date = 16 April 2020 | archive-date = 8 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200108032154/https://collider.com/original-score-oscars-2012/133972/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The movie was sent to the Oscar awards by All Lights Film Services (ALFS) .<ref>{{cite web |title = 'Go Global' with All Lights Film Services| publisher = indiantelevision.org.in| date = 18 December 2013 | url =http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/release/y2k13/dec/decrel65.php}}</ref>

''DAM999'' was titled as the very first Indian movie to be selected for [[Golden Rooster Awards]] 2012,<ref>{{cite web |title = After Oscars, DAM999 gets nominated in Golden Rooster Awards |work = Indian Television Dot Com |publisher = Zee TV | date = 2 June 2012 | url =http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k12/aac680.php}}</ref> the national film award event conducted in mainland China. The movie was officially suggested by renowned Israelian director [[Dan Wolman]].<ref>{{cite web |title = After Oscars, DAM999 gets nominated in Golden Rooster Awards |publisher = Glamsham.com | date = 2 June 2012 | url =http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/jun/01-news-after-oscars-dam999-gets-nominated-in-golden-rooster-awards-051213.asp}}</ref>[[Dam999]] is selected to compete under 12 categories in Golden Rooster Awards which took place in Shaoxing City towards the end of September 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title = After Oscars, DAM999 gets nominated in Golden Rooster Awards |publisher = Bollywoodtrade |date = 2 June 2012 |url = http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/after-oscars-dam999-gets-nominated-in-golden-rooster-awards/index.htm |access-date = 5 June 2012 |archive-date = 4 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052857/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/after-oscars-dam999-gets-nominated-in-golden-rooster-awards/index.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref>

''DAM999'' won Best Director and Best Feature Film award at the Cinerockom International Film Festival, Best International Feature Film, Special Jury Award, Best Movie of the Festival at International Film Festival for Environment, Health, and Culture 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://internationalfilmfestivals.org/EHC/winners.htm|title=Winners - International Film Festival Environment, Health, and Culture|website=internationalfilmfestivals.org|access-date=2018-05-29|archive-date=3 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403115607/http://internationalfilmfestivals.org/EHC/winners.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was declared Best English Film at Sangli Film Festival <ref>{{cite web|url=http://cfsindia.org/sangli-of-maharashtra/|title=Children's Film Society, India|website=cfsindia.org|language=en|access-date=2018-05-29|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019191131/http://cfsindia.org/sangli-of-maharashtra/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and adjudged as ‘Judges Favorite’ at International Film Festival – Antigua Barbuda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iffab.org/|title=International Film Festival Antigua Barbuda|website=iffab.org|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref>

''DAM999'' was selected for screening various film festivals such as Tehran Film Festival, [[Jaipur International Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jiffindia.org/|title=JIFF Jaipur International Film Festival-JIFF|website=jiffindia.org|language=en|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref> Kuala Lumpur Eco Film Festival, Malaysia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecofilmfest.my/ |title=12th Int'l Kuala Lumpur Eco Film Festival 2019 – Climate Action Now! |publisher=Ecofilmfest.my |date=2019-10-13 |accessdate=2020-01-28}}</ref> Chain NYC Film Festival, USA,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chainfilmfestival.com/|title=Submission Categories|website=Chain Film Festival 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref> Louisville's International Festival of Film, USA <ref>{{cite web|url=http://louisvillefilmfestival.org/|title=Louisville International Film Festival {{!}} Committed to screening artistic films not usually presented through commercial venues|website=louisvillefilmfestival.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref> and Trinity International Film Festival, USA,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tifilmfest.eventbrite.com/|title=Trinity International Film Festival|website=Eventbrite|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref> Laughlin International Film Festival, USA <ref>{{cite web|url=http://laughlinfilmfestival.com/|title=LIFF 2018|website=Laughlin International Film Festival|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref> and 10th Annual Salento Film Festival, Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salentofilmfestival.com/index_english.htm |title=Index English |access-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019143344/http://www.salentofilmfestival.com/index_english.htm |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtracks for ''DAM999'' was penned by [[Sohan Roy]] and composed by [[Ouseppachan]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Dam999 music launch in UAE, Chennai and Kerala | publisher = Radio & Music.com | date = 14 November 2011 | url =http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/dam999-music-launch-uae-chennai-and-kerala}}</ref> The movie totally comprised 9 multilingual soundtracks out of which 5 are in English, 2 are in Hindi, 2 are in Malayalam. The music of ''DAM999'' was officially released at a grand event presided by [[A. R. Rahman]] where Ouesphachan, the music director of the movie handed the first copy to the maestro.<ref>{{cite web |title = A.R. Rahman graces DAM999's global music launch | publisher = Glamsham.com | date = 12 November 2011 | url =http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/11/nov/12-a-r-rahman-graces-dam999s-global-music-launch-111110.asp}}</ref> Apart from the launch at Chennai, ''DAM999'' music was also launched at multiple other locations including Middle East and Southern Part of India.<ref>{{cite web | title = AR Rahman At DAM999 Music Launch | publisher = Stardust | date = 14 November 2011 | url = http://www.magnamags.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=8623&Itemid=56 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Three of the soundtracks "Dakkanaga Dugu", "DAM999 Theme song" and "Mujhe Chodke" were categorized eligible & selected for 84th Academy Awards among other 97 songs.<ref name="Collider.com"/><ref name="'DAM 999' Songs in Oscar Race"/>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mujhe Chodke | extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]| length1 = 5:46
| title2 = Dam999 Theme Song | extra2 = [[Suchith Suresan]], Suvi Suresh, Ouseppachan| length2 = 4:49
| title3 = Dakkanaga | extra3 = Shakti Shree, [[Suchith Suresan]], Ouseppachan | length3 = 4:53
| title4 = Thottaduthu Nee | extra4 = P. Jayachandran, [[K. S. Chithra]] | length4 = 4:39
| title5 = Omanathingal | extra5 = K. S. Chithra | length5 = 2:32
| title6 = Everyday | extra6 = Shakti Shree, Ouseppachan | length6 = 4:26
| title7 = O My Queen | extra7 = Franco | length7 = 4:12
| title8 = I walk away| extra8 = Nivedya, Nirmalya | length8 = 4:21
| title9 = Baat Hai Kya| extra9 = Niran Kootingal | length9 = 5:16
}}

==Reception==
''Dam 999'' released nationwide in 550 theaters of India and also in the Middle east.<ref>{{cite news |title = Dam 999 releases in 550 screens across India| url =http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2660117.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | date=25 November 2011}}</ref> The film opened to generally mixed to negative reviews.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-24/news-interviews/30437158_1_dam-film-special-effects|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612042353/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-24/news-interviews/30437158_1_dam-film-special-effects|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2012-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-dam-999-will-bore-you-to-death/20111126.htm|title=Review: Dam 999 will bore you to death }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-dam-999-is-a-dampner_1617577 |title=Review: 'Dam 999' is a 'dam'pner }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mullaperiyar Dam]]
* [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.damthemovie.com}}
* {{IMDb title|1656171}}
* [http://www.newkerala.com/news2/fullnews-59635.html ''DAM999, 3D Independent Movie''] on newkerala.com
* [http://www.themovieinsider.com/m7498/dam-999/ ''Dam 999''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219083001/http://www.themovieinsider.com/m7498/dam-999/ |date=19 December 2014 }} on The Movie Insider
* [http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/22/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-sohan-roy.htm ''Dam 999''] on Rediff.com
* http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Hariharans-a-rock-n-roller/articleshow/10813846.cms

[[Category:Emirati science fiction films]]
[[Category:English-language Emirati films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 3D films]]
[[Category:2010s disaster films]]
[[Category:2011 science fiction films]]
[[Category:Indian disaster films]]
[[Category:1999 in the environment]]
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[[Category:Films about environmental issues]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
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[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:2011 English-language films]]
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[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
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Draupadi Ratha

2026-03-28T23:53:25Z

Sshekhar898: started info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Draupadi Ratha
| image = Ratha1.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Draupadi Ratha
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| devanagari =
| sanskrit_translit =
| tamil =
| marathi =
| bengali =
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]],
| district = [[Kancheepuram district]]
| location = [[Mahabalipuram]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.60899|80.18976|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Durga]]
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = {{circa}} 650<ref>{{cite book|title=The Culture of India |isbn=9780852297629 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2010 |page=315 }}</ref> [[Common era]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Student Britannica India 7 Vols |page=5 |author=Ramchandani, Indu |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |isbn=9780852297629 }}</ref>
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Draupadi Ratha''' is a monument in the [[Pancha Rathas]] complex at [[Mahabalipuram]], previously called Mamallapuram, on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]], in the [[Kancheepuram district]] of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is an example of [[Monolithic architecture|monolithic]] [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]. Dating from the late 7th century, it is attributed to the reign of King [[Mahendravarman I]] and his son [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630–680 AD; also called Mamallan, or "great warrior") of the [[Pallava Kingdom]]. The entire complex is under the auspices of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), and is one of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]] designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1984.<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=World Heritage|accessdate=2007-02-08}}</ref>

Resembling a chariot (''ratha''), it is carved out of a single, long stone of granite.<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=Plaque>{{Cite web|url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Five_Rathas,_Mahabalipuram.jpg|title= File:Five Rathas, Mahabalipuram.jpg|date= 19 April 2009| accessdate=9 April 2013|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai Circle}}</ref><ref name=ASI>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram |accessdate=23 October 2012|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> Though sometimes mistakenly referred to as a [[temple]], the structure was not consecrated because it was not completed<ref>{{cite book|title=Art history |author=Stokstad, Marilyn |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=9780131577046 |page=333 }}</ref> due to the death of Narasimhavarman I.<ref name=Plaque/><ref name="ASI"/><ref name=architect>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991006030700/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mahaba.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 1999|title= Mahabalipuram|accessdate=30 December 2012|publisher=UCLA Education, South Asia}}</ref> The structure is named after the common consort [[Draupadi]] of the [[Pandava|Pancha Pandavas]], of epic [[Mahabharata]] fame,<ref name="UNESCO"/><ref name="ASI"/><ref name=Rathas>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000472s1u00027000.html|title=The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram]|accessdate=19 February 2013|publisher=Online Gallery of British Library}}</ref> though the nomenclature is not supported by history.<ref name="Plaque"/> The unfinished structure is dedicated to the goddess [[Durga]].<ref name="Allen 1991">{{cite book|page=139 |title=Ornament in Indian Arch |first=Margaret Prosser |last=Allen |year=1991 }}</ref>

==Geography==
The site is located at Mahabalipuram (previously known as Mammallapuram) on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal of [[Indian Ocean]] in Kancheepuram district. It is approximately {{convert|35|miles}} south of [[Chennai]] (previously known as Madras), the capital city,<ref name=Gunther>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam01.html|title=Pancha Rathas, Mamallapuram |accessdate=23 October 2012|work=art-and-archaeology.com|first=Michael D. |last=Gunther}}</ref> while [[Chengalpattu]] is about {{convert|20|miles}} distant.<ref name="Ayyar1982">{{cite book|first=P. V. Jagadisa |last=Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA157|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|pages=157–}}</ref>

The Draupadi Ratha is at the northern extreme end of the Pancha Rathas,<ref name=Tatva>{{Cite web|url=http://puratattva.in/2010/08/23/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-iii-43.html|title=Mahabalipuram – The Workshop of Pallavas – Part III|work=1. Draupadi Ratha|publisher=Indian History and Architecture, Puratattva.in|year=2013|accessdate=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225063607/http://puratattva.in/2010/08/23/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-iii-43.html|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> on the elongated bedrock upon which they are carved. The ground slope rises from the north end towards the southern direction.<ref name=Tatva/>

==History==
{{Main|Pancha Rathas}}
The feature of this ratha and the other four cannot be definitely dated to any other similar constructions in the past in any ancient Indian architecture. However, the five rathas have been forerunners or templates for the development of Indian temple architecture. Like the other four Pancha Rathas, this stone one is a replica of a wooden version which preceded it.<ref name="MoffettFazio2003">{{cite book|last1=Moffett|first1=Marian|last2=Fazio|first2=Michael W.|last3=Wodehouse|first3=Lawrence|title=World History of Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFMohetegAcC&pg=PT75|accessdate=9 January 2013|year=2003|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|isbn=978-1-85669-371-4|page=75}}</ref> Though it is considered to be a monolith temple, "temple" is a misnomer given that the five rathas were never completed,<ref>{{cite book|title=Art history |first=Marilyn |last=Stokstad |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=9780131577046 |page=333 }}</ref> as evidenced by uncarved bedrock at the pinnacle. Hence, the rathas were neither consecrated nor worship offered. The incomplete status of all the five rathas is attributed to the death of the king Narasimhavarman I in 668 AD.<ref name=Rathas/><ref name=Tatva/> Even the epic name, [[Draupadi]], the common spouse of the [[Pandavas]], is not supported by history. Along with several other monuments, this ratha gained UNESCO World Heritage Site distinction in 1984 as "Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram."<ref name="UNESCO" /> The temple is dedicated to the Goddess Durga, though the deity is reported to be of a later period.

==Architecture==
All the Pancha Rathas are aligned in a north–south direction and share a common plinth. They have no precedent in Indian architecture and have proved to be "templates" for building larger temples in the South Indian tradition of Dravidian temple architecture.<ref name="Rathas" /> Though cut out of monolithic rocks, they are carved in the form of structural temples in regular building form and hence termed as "quasimonolithic temple form."
[[File:10 . goddess mahishasura durga on east wall ; one can see the head of the nandi , adjacent arjuna ratha & sahadeva ratha at the back.JPG|left|thumb|Arjuna and Draupadi rathas, with [[Durga]] on the east wall and Nandi on the side.]]

===Layout===
Draupadi is the smallest of the five rathas at the site and is carved out of single long stone of granite. It is built in the form of simple hut, sharing an [[upapitha]] (secondary platform) with [[Arjuna Ratha]].<ref name="UNESCO" /><ref name="ASI" /><ref name="asi">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_monolithic.asp|title=World Heritage Sites – Mahabalipuram – Monolithic Temples|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|accessdate=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312100940/http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_monolithic.asp|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The ratha is in a square plan and is in the shape of a ''bangla'' ("a hut in Bengal").<ref name=Tatva/><ref name=Draupadi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam02.html |title=Draupadi Ratha|accessdate=20 February 2013|publisher= Art-and-archaeology.com}}</ref> Its exterior dimensions are {{convert|11|x|11|ft}}, rising to a height of {{convert|18|ft}}. Over the ''upapptha'', which forms a common platform with the Arjuna Ratha, a [[stupi]] has been carved out of the bedrock in the corner and has not been separated from the main shrine. The roof has curvilinear shape and ends as a square of {{convert|2.5|ft}} at the top.<ref name=Tatva/> The finial is missing. The thatched roof, ''Kutagara'', is a Vimana shrine. It has been carved out of granite rocks, beginning from the top of the rock working downwards to the base.<ref name="Gupta2003">{{cite book|author=Gupta, Shobhna |title=Monuments Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC&pg=PA35|accessdate=3 January 2013|year=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0926-7|pages=32–36}}</ref><ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012">{{cite book|author1=Schreitmüller, Karen |author2=Dhamotharan, Mohan |author3=Szerelmy, Beate |title=India Baedeker Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA589|accessdate=3 January 2013|date=14 February 2012|publisher=Baedeker|isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7|pages=589–}}</ref> The roof is similar to that of a hut, with decorative motifs in the joints. The entrance of the temple faces west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/mam03.html|title=Draupadi Ratha, Mamallapuram|accessdate=20 February 2013|publisher= Art-and-archaeology.com}}</ref><ref name="varalaaru">{{cite web|url=http://www.varalaaru.com/Default.asp?articleid=741|title=The Five Rathas of Mahabalipuram|publisher=Varalaaru|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref> The entry door is carved over a high rise platform, which is supported by on which is supported on elephant and lion heads of large size in alternating sequence. There are "[[makara torana]]" arch decorations with two bends above the entrance door; these [[toranas]] are typical of Mahendraverma's style and are also seen in caves and later got modified to a single bend style during Rajasimha's rule. The entrance door is 6’-7" by 2’-11" in size and the chamber which houses the deities measures {{convert|6.5|ft}} in length and {{convert|4.5|ft}} width.<ref name=Tatva/><ref name="asi"/><ref name=Draupadi/><ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012"/> The temple is classified as Manikkoil, temples with only a single-tiered roof consisting of only Kantha, [[Stupi]] and [[Kalasa]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|location=Mylapore, Chennai|last=Reddy|first=G.Venkatramana|year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7823-542-4|page=34}}</ref>
[[File:Draupadi Idol.JPG|right|thumb|Fresco of Durga image being worshipped by devotees within the ratha's sanctum.]]

===Features===
[[File:6 . simha vahana in front of the sanctum ; sahadeva ratha also seen behind.JPG|left|thumb|Lion sculpture next to the Draupadi Ratha]]
Numerous images of Durga are seen represented in the temple, notably on the sanctum and also on the exterior surface of the east facing wall. The [[shalabhanjika]]s or two female [[dwarapalakas]] guard the doorway, which are also in the form of the Goddess. The temple is stated to generate "primal energy" in consonance with the characteristics of deity of Durga; the dwarapalika on the left has a bow in her hand and that on the right has a sword. The sanctum depicts Durga on the back wall standing on a lotus, in what is termed as ''"sambhaga"'' (standing) posture with four hands, with the upper hands carrying a [[shankha]] and a [[chakra]] and one lower hand is in an [[vara mudra]] (posture of a blessing) and the other hand is on hip. The ornament worn is a breast-band without any halter straps.<ref name=Tatva/> She is surrounded by devotees with a devotee on her left about to decapitate himself as an offering (in another version it is inferred as a flower offering by the devotee<ref name=Tatva/>), and another devotee (with tied tresses exposing his neck to be cut<ref name=Tatva/>} on her right mutilating his body parts, also in offering; this was a Hindu rite associated with the [[Kapalika]]s. This type of offering to a goddess, though ghastly, is seen in many Durga temples; it is related to the myth of her role as [[Mahisasuramardini]] (slayer of demon [[Mahishasura]]). Durga images in niches have depictions of the goddess standing on a buffalo head representing the Mahishasura.

The adoption of the elephant-lion combination is inferred as more of a Buddhist tradition which was modified in the Pallava architectural style when animal motifs were added. The lion, which is the vehicle of Durga, is a {{convert|6|ft}} high stone sculpture carved from a boulder located in the [[prakara]] of the ratha.<ref name=Tatva/> In the three niches in the chamber of the temple carvings are shown within two pilasters with decorations of a "florid makara torana" with double bends. The depictions inside the ratha also include four ''[[ganas]]'' ([[goblins]]) at the top of the central panel, flanking Durga; two goblins on outer side are holding small swords whereas those on inner side are shown with one hand raised in worship mode.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ratha1.JPG|Draupadi Ratha
Image:Ratha1_detail.JPG|Exterior detail of Draupadi Ratha
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Pancha Rathas]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

1951–52 elections in India

2026-03-26T22:27:06Z

Sshekhar898: corrected citations

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election =
| previous_year =
| election_date = 1951-1952
| next_election = 1957 elections in India
| next_year = 1957
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The [[Indian Republic]] held its first elections in 1951–52.

==Presidential election==
{{main|1952 Indian presidential election}}
The Election Commission of India held the first [[President of India|presidential elections of India]] on May 2, 1952. [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] won his first election with 670000 votes over his nearest rival K.T. Shah who got 92,827 votes.

==General election==
{{main|Indian general election, 1951–52}}
'''General elections''' to the [[1st Lok Sabha|first]] [[Lok Sabha]] since independence were held in [[India]] between 25 October 1951 and 21 February 1952. The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) stormed into power, winning 364 of the 489 seats. [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I'', p572 {{ISBN|0-19-924958-X}}</ref>
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1952.svg|300px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=47665951|seats1=364
|party2=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes2=11216719|seats2=12
|party3=[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes3=6135978|seats3=9
|party4=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes4=3487401|seats4=16
|party5=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes5=3246361|seats5=3
|party6=[[Scheduled Castes Federation]]|votes6=2521695|seats6=2
|party7=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes7=2091898|seats7=3
|party8=[[Krishikar Lok Party]]|votes8=1489615|seats8=1
|party9=[[People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)|People's Democratic Front]]|votes9=1367404|seats9=7
|party10=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes10=1047611|seats10=4
|party11=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes11=1003034|seats11=4
|party12=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes12=992187|seats12=2
|party13=[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist)]]|votes13=963058|seats13=1
|party14=[[All India Ganatantra Parishad]]|votes14=959749|seats14=6
|party15=[[Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party]]|votes15=889292|seats15=4
|party16=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes16=749702|seats16=3
|party17=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes17=468108|seats17=3
|party18=[[Commonweal Party]]|votes18=325398|seats18=3
|party19=[[Lok Sewak Sangh]]|votes19=309940|seats19=2
|party20=Zamindar Party|votes20=291300|seats20=0
|party21=[[Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party]]|votes21=236094|seats21=1
|party22=[[Uttar Pradesh Praja Party]]|votes22=213656|seats22=0
|party23=S.K. Paksha|votes23=137343|seats23=0
|party24=[[All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar)]]|votes24=133936|seats24=0
|party25=[[Kamgar Kisan Paksha]]|votes25=132574|seats25=0
|party26=Tribal Sangha|votes26=116629|seats26=0
|party27=[[Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress]]|votes27=115893|seats27=1
|party28=[[Kerala Socialist Party]]|votes28=102098|seats28=0
|party29=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes29=79470|seats29=1
|party30=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]|votes30=67275|seats30=0
|party31=[[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]|votes31=63254|seats31=0
|party32=[[All India United Kisan Sabha]]|votes32=60254|seats32=0
|party33=All India Republican Party (RPP)|votes33=57815|seats33=0
|party34=All India Republican Party (REP)|votes34=44286|seats34=0
|party35=[[All People's Party (Assam)|All People's Party]]|votes35=36851|seats35=0
|party36=Tamil Nadu Congress Party|votes36=36158|seats36=0
|party37=Khasi-Jaintia Durbar|votes37=32987|seats37=0
|party38=[[Saurashtra Khedut Sangh]]|votes38=29766|seats38=0
|party39=[[Bolshevik Party of India]]|votes39=25792|seats39=0
|party40=All Manipur National Union|votes40=22083|seats40=0
|party41=[[Uttar Pradesh Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes41=20665|seats41=0
|party42=Hill People Party|votes42=17350|seats42=0
|party43=[[Krishak Sramik Party|Praja Party]]|votes43=16955|seats43=0
|party44=Kuki National Association|votes44=12155|seats44=0
|party45=Punjab Depressed Class League|votes45=11789|seats45=0
|party46=[[Pursharathi Panchayat]]|votes46=10778|seats46=0
|party47=[[Cochin Party]]|votes47=8947|seats47=0
|party48=[[Kisan Mazdoor Mandal]]|votes48=8808|seats48=0
|party49=[[Hyderabad State Praja Party]]|votes49=7646|seats49=0
|party50=Gandhi Sebak Seva|votes50=7196|seats50=0
|party51=Kisan Janta Sanyukta Party|votes51=6390|seats51=0
|party52=National Party of India|votes52=3232|seats52=0
|party53=Historical Research|votes53=1468|seats53=0
|party54=Independents|votes54=16850089|seats54=37
|row55=Appointed members{{efn|Six representing [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], two representing [[Anglo-Indians]], one representing Part B tribal areas in [[Assam]] and one representing the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].}}|seats55=10
|electorate=173212343
|turnout=44.87
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9734&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6df04992cf2c2fe96a9487465b425663 ECI]
}}{{notelist}}

==Legislative Assembly elections==

===Ajmer*===
{{Main|1952 Ajmer Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Ajmer Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, [[Ajmer State]] was merged into [[Rajasthan]] under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates">{{cite web | url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf | title=Reorganisation of States, 1955 | publisher=The Economic Weekly | date=October 15, 1955 | access-date=July 25, 2015}}</ref>

===Assam===
{{Main|1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

===Bhopal*===
{{Main|1952 Bhopal Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Bhopal Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, [[Bhopal State (1949–1956)|Bhopal State]] was merged into [[Madhya Pradesh]] under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>
Bhopal states 1955

===Bihar*===
{{Main|1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

'''*''' : Bihar was reduced slightly by the transfer of minor territories to [[West Bengal]] in 1956 under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Bombay*===
{{Main|1952 Bombay Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

*: On 1 November 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], [[Bombay State|Bombay state]] was re-organized by the addition of [[Saurashtra State]] and [[Kutch State]], [[Nagpur Division]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Marathwada]] region of Hyderabad. The state's southernmost districts of Bombay were transferred to [[Mysore State]] while [[Abu Road]] taluka of the Banaskantha district was transferred to [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Coorg*===
{{Main|1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, [[Coorg State]] was merged into [[Mysore State]] as per the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Delhi*===
{{Main|1952 Delhi Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], Delhi was made a [[Union Territory]] under the direct administration of the President of India and the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] was abolished simultaneously.<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/> Next legislative assembly elections in Delhi were held in [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]], when Union Territory of Delhi was formally declared as [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] by the Sixty-ninth Amendment to the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]].<ref name=" Sixty-ninth amendment ">{{cite news|title= Sixty-ninth amendment|publisher=[[Delhi Assembly]] official website|access-date=25 August 2016|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm}}</ref>

===Himachal Pradesh*===
{{Main|1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : Under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] became a [[Union Territory]] on 1 November 1956, under the direct administration of the [[President of India]] and the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] was abolished simultaneously.<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/> Under Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966, it became a state and the next legislative elections were held in [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]].

===Hyderabad*===
{{Main|1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, [[Hyderabad State]], except the districts of Raichur, Gulbarga, Bidar and Marathwada, was merged into [[Andhra State]] to form a single state, [[Andhra Pradesh]], under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]. The districts of Raichur, Bidar and Gulbarga were transferred to the [[Mysore State]], while the Marathwada district was merged with the [[Bombay State]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Madhya Bharat*===
{{Main|1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], [[Madhya Bharat]] (except the Sunel enclave of the Mandsaur district) was merged into [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the Sunel enclave of the Mandsaur district of Madhya Bharat was merged in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Madhya Pradesh*===
{{Main|1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], [[Madhya Bharat]] (except the Sunel enclave of the Mandsaur district), [[Vindhya Pradesh]], [[Bhopal State]] and the Sironj sub-division of the Kota district of [[Rajasthan]] were merged into Madhya Pradesh while the [[Nagpur Division]] was transferred to Bombay State.<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Madras*===
{{Main|1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, the southern part of [[Travancore-Cochin]] ([[Kanyakumari district]]) was added to the [[Madras State]] while the [[Malabar district]] of the state was transferred to the new state of [[Kerala]], and a new union territory, [[Laccadive|Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands]], was created.<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Mysore*===
{{Main|1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, Mysore state was enlarged by the addition of [[Coorg State]], the [[Kollegal]] taluk of the Coimbatore district and the [[South Kanara]] district (except the [[Kasaragod]] taluk) of [[Madras State]], and the [[Kannada]] speaking districts from southern Bombay state and western [[Hyderabad State]] under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]. The Siruguppa taluk, the Bellary taluk, the Hospet taluk and a small area of the Mallapuram sub-taluk were detached from the Mysore State.<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Orissa===
{{Main|1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section-h:1952 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

===Patiala & East Punjab States Union===
{{Main|1952 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Patiala and East Punjab States Union Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

===Punjab*===
{{Main|1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

'''*''' : [[Punjab (India,)|Punjab]] was enlarged by the addition of [[Patiala & East Punjab States Union]] in 1956 under [[States Reorganisation Act of 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Rajasthan*===
{{Main|1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

===Saurashtra*===
{{Main|1952 Saurashtra Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Saurashtra Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, [[Saurashtra State]] was merged into [[Bombay State]] as per the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===Travancore-Cochin===
{{Main|1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

$ : In 1952 elections of [[Legislative Assembly of Kerala|legislative assembly]], no party found the majority. [[Indian National Congress]] formed a coalition government with the help of [[Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress]], [[Kerala Socialist Party]] and a nominated member.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC | title=Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | author=Chander, N. Jose | year=2004 | pages=74 | isbn=9788180690921}}</ref>

===Uttar Pradesh===
{{Main|1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

===Vindhya Pradesh*===
{{Main|1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

* : On 1 November 1956, [[Vindhya Pradesh]] was merged into [[Madhya Pradesh]] under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

===West Bengal*===
{{Main|1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election}}
{{#section:1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Results}}

'''*''' : West Bengal was enlarged slightly by the transfer of minor territories from [[Bihar]] in 1956 under [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="1955ReorgStates"/>

==See also==
* [[1954 elections in India]]
* [[1955 elections in India]]
* [[1957 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1951-52 elections in India}}
[[Category:1951 elections in India]]
[[Category:1952 elections in India]]
[[Category:1951 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1952 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1951 in India]]
[[Category:1952 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Jahaz Haveli

2026-03-21T23:32:07Z

Sshekhar898: general fix page per standard format further and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Jahaz Haveli
| native_name =
| former_names = Jahaz Mahal
| alternate_names = Haveli Todar Mal
| image = Haveli Todar Mal 01.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Jahaz Haveli
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| altitude =
| building_type = [[Haveli]]
| architectural_style =
| cost =
| location = [[Fatehgarh Sahib]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| address = Harnam Nagar
| client =
| owner = [[SGPC]]
| coordinates =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 17th century
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date =
| demolished_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect =
| references =
}}
The '''Haveli Todar Mal''' popularly known as '''Jahaz Haveli''' or '''Jahaz Mahal''' is the 17th century residence ([[haveli]]) of a wealthy [[Jain]] merchant [[Diwan Todar Mal|Todar Mal]]<ref>{{cite book |last= Macaulife |first=Max Arthur|title=The Sikh religion : Vol 5|orig-year=First published 1900|edition=Revised |year=2004 |location=Amritsar |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45273/page/n205/mode/1up?view=theater&q=Todar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/an-ancient-brotherhood/cid/578657|title=AN ANCIENT BROTHERHOOD|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06227/page/n249/mode/2up |title=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January-December}}</ref>, who became the [[dewan|diwan]] in the court of [[Nawab]] [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]], the Governor of Sirhind, under [[Mughal Empire]]. Today, it is remembered for the cremation of young martyred sons of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and his mother.

The haveli is situated in Harnam Nagar, on the Eastern side of [[Sirhind]]-[[Rupnagar]] Railway Line just 1 km away from [[Fatehgarh Sahib]], and is now being taken over and restored by [[SGPC]] with the help of [[Government of Punjab (India)|Punjab govt]] and [[INTACH]].<ref name=ag>{{cite news |title=Aggarwal Sabha hails SGPC move |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091231/bathinda.htm#7 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=31 December 2009 |access-date=7 January 2010 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305142047/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091231/bathinda.htm#7 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shrines: Haveli Todar Mal |url=http://fatehgarhsahib.nic.in/html/shrines.htm |publisher=[[Fatehgarh Sahib district]] website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210094003/http://fatehgarhsahib.nic.in/html/shrines.htm |archive-date=2010-02-10 }}</ref><ref name=gov>{{cite news |title=Jahaz Haveli to get a facelift by Gurdeep Singh Mann|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100104/punjab.htm#13 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=4 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name=sg>{{cite news|title= SGPC keen on Sikh heritage conservation|url= http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/sgpc-keen-on-sikh-heritage-conservation/316704/|publisher= [[The Indian Express]]|date= 31 May 2008|access-date= 7 January 2010|archive-date= 2 October 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121002221532/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/sgpc-keen-on-sikh-heritage-conservation/316704/|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Jahaz haveli.jpg|thumb|Jahaz Haveli being restored]]
The lavish [[haveli]] constructed with [[Sirhind]]i bricks stand just outside the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Governor Nawab Wazir Khan's palace, once boasts of a grand reception area to receive and entertain guests and a well laid-out ground complete with a pool and fountains.<ref name=fo>{{cite news |title=The forgotten Diwan of Sirhind|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040102/punjab1.htm#11 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=2 January 2004}}</ref>

==Diwan Todar Mal==
{{Main articles|Diwan Todar Mal}}
[[File:TodarMall Hall.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Diwan Todar Mall Hall in Gurudwara Fatehgarh Sahib]]
In [[History of Sikhism|Sikh history]], Diwan Todar Mal, an [[Oswal]] [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jain]], is remembered for buying a small piece of land at a very huge price saying the world's costliest land ever bought for the cremation of the dead bodies of [[Mata Gujri]], the mother and [[Sahibzada Zorawar Singh]] and [[Baba Fateh Singh]], the two younger sons of 10th [[Sikh Guru]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in 1704 A.D, by paying an exorbitant price to the Wazir Khan 'Governor Of Sirhind'. He had to cover the whole piece of land with gold coins (ashrafis) in a vertical position, as he was asked to vertically place gold coins on the land and only that much land was given to him which he could cover with gold coins. He later also made arrangements for their cremation.{{sfn|Dahiya|2014|p=185}} But, according to Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, the bodies of all the three were cremated by the descendants of Todar Mall Shahjahani because the latter had already died in 1665–66.<ref>Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY IN 10 VOLUMES, vol 1, p. 375.</ref>

Todar Mal, however had to bear the brunt of Wazir Khan's wrath, and he and his family had to abandon the haveli soon after, and themselves faded into oblivion, with dilapidated building being their only reminder. In the coming years, the haveli fell into rapid disrepair, and collapsed at many place. Though it survived ransacking of Sirhind by [[Banda Bahadur]] and during the reign of The [[Sikh Confederacy]], the haveli was left untouched out of respect for Diwan Todar Mal.<ref name=fo/><ref>[http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/fateh/FGS%2019.htm Fatehgarh Sahib /Sirhind] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718131824/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/fateh/FGS%2019.htm |date=18 July 2011 }} Govt of Punjab, Revenue Dept.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Aam Khas Bagh]]
*[[Saka Sirhind]]
*[[Ahmad Sirhindi]]
*[[History of Sirhind]]

==Gallery ==
<gallery>
Brief description of history of Haveli Todar Mal 03.jpg|Brief description of history of Haveli Todar Mal, Fatehgarh Sahib district, Punjab, India
Haveli Todar Mal 02.jpg|Haveli Todar Mal,Fatehgarh Sahib district, Punjab, India
Ruins of Haveli Todar Mal 04.jpg|Ruins of Haveli Todar Mal, Fatehgarh Sahib district, Punjab, India
Well at Haveli Todar Mal 05.jpg|Well at Haveli Todar Mal, Fatehgarh Sahib district, Punjab, India
</gallery>

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|33em}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Dahiya |first=Amardeep S. |title=Founder of the Khalsa: The Life and Times of Guru Gobind Singh |url={{Google books|UA09BAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-81398-53-1 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.ignca.nic.in/asp/showbig.asp?projid=tjhpjb0001 Todarmal Jahaj Haveli, slide show] [[IGNCA]]

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Houses completed in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Fatehgarh Sahib]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Havelis in India]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Rajasthani

2026-03-20T08:10:23Z

Sshekhar898: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox award|name=Sahitya Akademi Award for Rajasthani|holder_label=Most recent winner|previous=|website=[http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#ENGLISH sahitya-akademi.gov.in]|award3_winner=Mukut Maniraj|award3_type=Most Recent winner|award2_winner=[[Vijaydan Detha]]|award2_type=First winner|award1_winner=51|award1_type=Total awarded|holder=|former name=|image=Sahitya Akademi Award - Surjit Patar.JPG|reward={{INRConvert|1|l}}|lastawarded=2024|firstawarded=1974|sponsor=[[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]]|awarded_for=Second-highest literary honour in India|subheader=Award for contributions to [[Literature]]|caption=|alt=|image_size=|next=}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
The '''[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]''' is a literary honor in India awarded by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters which aims at "promoting Indian literature throughout the world". The Akademi annually confers awards on writers of "the most outstanding books of literary merit". The awards are given for works published in any of the 24 languages recognised by the akademi.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=Akademi Awards |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi_awards.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925203857/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi_awards.jsp |archive-date=25 September 2010 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |accessdate=23 December 2013}}</ref> Instituted in 1954, the award recognizes and promotes excellence in writing and acknowledge new trends. The annual process of selecting awardees runs for the preceding twelve months.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 December 2009 |title=Poets dominate 2009 Sahitya Akademi Awards |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/24/stories/2009122462072200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227035225/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/24/stories/2009122462072200.htm |archive-date=27 December 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2016}}</ref> The following is a '''list of winners of the Sahitya Akademi Award''' for writings in [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] language.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akademi Awards (1955-2015)|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RAJASTHANI (Since 1974) – Sahitya Akademi |url=http://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?page_id=5639 |access-date=2022-04-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Recipients==
[[File:Vijaydandetha.jpg|upright|thumbnail|[[Vijaydan Detha]] was the first winner of this award.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Recipients
!Works
!Genre
|-
|2025
|Jitender Kumar Soni
|Bharkhama
|Short Story
|-
|2024
|Mukut Maniraj<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2024 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2024 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2024.pdf|access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|''Gaon Ar Amma''
|Poetry
|-
|2023
|Gaje Singh Rajpurohit<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2023 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2023.pdf|access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|''Palakati Preet''
|Poetry
|-
|2022
|Kamal Ranga<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2022 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards-2022.pdf |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|''Alekhun Amba''
|Play
|-
|2021
|Meethesh Nirmohi<ref>{{Cite web|last=K. Sreenivasarao|date=30 December 2021|title=List of Winners - 2021|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards21.pdf|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
|''Mugtee''
|Poetry
|-
|2020
|[[Dr. Bhanwar Singh Samaur]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Samour|first=Dr Bhanwar Singh|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2020.pdf|title=sahitya akademi awards 2020|date=August 25, 2021|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=India|pages=3}}</ref>
|''Sanskriti ri Sanatana Deeth''
|Essay collection
|-
|2019
|Ramswaroop Kisan<ref>{{Cite web |title=हनुमानगढ़: 'बारीक बात' के लिए रामस्वरूप किसान को मिलेगा साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/hanumangarh/ramswaroop-kisan-will-get-sahitya-akademi-award/rj20191221233534135 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=ETV Bharat News|date=21 December 2019 }}</ref>
|''Barik baat''
|Story collection
|-
|2018
|Dr. Rajesh Kumar Vyas<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards list-2018 |url=http://164.100.228.241:8080/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2018.pdf |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |accessdate=10 January 2019}}</ref>
|''Kavita Devai Deeth''
|Poetry
|-
|2017
|Dr. Neeraj Daiya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards {{!}} Malayalam writer KP Ramanunni gives prize money to lynching victim Junaid's family |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/12/sahitya-akademi-awards--malayalam-writer-kp-ramanunni-gives-prize-money-to-lynching-victim-junaids-1772329.html |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=The New Indian Express|date=13 February 2018 }}</ref>
|''Bina Hasalpai''
|Criticism
|-
|2016
|Bulaki Sharma
|''Murdjat Ar Dujee Kahaniyan'' (Short Stories)
|Short Stories
|-
|2015
|Madhu Acharya 'Ashawadi'
|''Gawaad''
|Novel
|-
|2014
|Rampal Singh Rajpurohit
|''Sundar Nain Sudha''
|Short Stories
|-
| ''2013''
| [[Ambika Dutt]]
| ''Aanthyoi Nahi Din Hal''
|Poetry
|-
| ''2012''
| Aaidan Singh Bhati
| ''Aankh Hinye Ra Haryal Sapana''
|Poetry
|-
| ''2011''
| Atul Kanak
| ''Joon Jaatra''
|Novel
|-
| ''2010''
| Mangat Badal
| '' Meera''
|Poetic epic
|-
| ''2009''
| Major Ratan Jangid
| ''Mayee Eida Poot Jan''
|Short Stories
|-
| ''2008''
| Dinesh Panchal
| ''Pagarva''
|Short Stories
|-
| 2007
| Kundan Mali
| ''Aalochana Ree Aankh Sun''
|Criticism
|-
| 2006
| Laxmi Narayan Ranga
| ''Poornamidam''
|Play
|-
| 2005
| Chetan Swami
| ''Kisturi Mirag''
|Short Stories
|-
| 2004
| Namd Bhardwa
| ''Samhi Khulto Marag''
|Novel
|-
| 2003
| Santosh Maya Mohan
| ''Simaran''
|Poetry
|-
| 2002
| Bharat Ola
| ''Jiv Ri Jaat''
|Poetry
|-
| 2001
| [[Abdul Vaheed `Kamal']]
| ''Gharano''
|Novel
|-
| 2000
| Jaya Prakash Pandya ‘Jyotipunj’
| ''Kankoo Kabandh''
|Play
|-
| 1999
| Vasu Acharya
| ''Seer Ro Ghar''
|Poetry
|-
| 1998
| Shanti Baradwaj ‘Rakesh’
| ''Ud Ja Re Sua''
|Novel
|-
| 1997
| [[Malchand Tiwari]]
| ''Utaryo Hai Abho''
|Poetry
|-
| 1996
| Nem Narayan Joshi
| ''Olun Ri Akhiyatan''
|Memoirs
|-
| 1995
| Kishore Kalpanakant
| ''Kookh Padyai Ree Peed''
|Poetry
|-
| 1994
| Karnidan Barhath
| Mati Ri Mahak
|Short Stories
|-
| 1993
| Nrisingh Rajpurohit
| Adhura Supna
|Short Stories
|-
| 1992
| Dr. [[Arjun Deo Charan]]
| Dharam Judh
|Play
|-
| 1991
| Premji Prem
| Mhari Kavitavan
|Poetry
|-
| 1990
| Rewatdan Charan `Kalpit'
| ''Uchhalo''
|Poetry
|-
| 1989
| Yadavendra Sharma `Chandra'
| ''Jamaro''
|Short Stories
|-
| 1988
| Bhagwati Lal Vyas
| ''Anahad Naad''
|Poetry
|-
| 1987
| Nain Mal Jain
| ''Saglonri Peeda Swatmegh''
|Poetry
|-
| 1986
|Mahaveer Prasad Joshi
| ''Dwarka''
|Poetry
|-
| 1985
| [[Sanwar Daiya]]
| ''Ek Duniya Mhari''
|Short Stories
|-
| 1984
| Sumer Singh Shekhawat
| ''Maru-Mangal''
|Poetry
|-
| 1983
| Mohan Alok
| ''Ga-Geet''
|Poetry
|-
| 1982
| Moolchand `Pranesh'
| ''Chasmadith Gawah''
|Short Stories
|-
| 1981
| [[Narayan Singh Bhati]]
| ''Barsan Ra Degoda Dungar Langhiyan''
|Poetry
|-
| 1980
| Rameshwar Dayal Shrimali
| ''Mharo Gaon''
|Poetry
|-
| 1979
| Dr. [[Chandra Prakash Deval]]
| ''Paagi''
|Poetry
|-
| 1978
| Anna Ram `Sudama'
| ''Mevai Ra Runkh''
|Novel
|-
| 1977
| Satya Prakash Joshi
| ''Bol Bharamli''
|Poetry
|-
| 1976
| [[Kanhaiyalal Sethia]]
| ''Leeltans''
|Poetry
|-
| 1975
| Mani Madhukar
| ''Pagfero''
|Poetry
|-
| 1974
| [[Vijaydan Detha]]
| ''Batan Ri Phulwari Vol. X''
|Folk-tales
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Sahitya}}

[[Category:Rajasthan-related lists|Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Rajasthani| ]]
[[Category:Rajasthani-language writers|Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Lists of Sahitya Akademi Award winners|Rajasthani]]

Neiphiu Rio

2026-03-18T11:06:06Z

Sshekhar898: slightly update information after review

{{short description|9th Chief Minister of Nagaland since 2018}}
{{Family name hatnote|[[Rio (surname)#Naga family name|Rio]]|lang=Angami}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Neiphiu Rio
| image = NeiphiuRio.jpg
| caption = Rio in 2010
| birth_name = Neiphiu Guolhoulie Rio
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Naga Hills District, British India|Tuophema]], [[Assam (1947-1963)|Assam]], India (present-day [[Kohima district]], [[Nagaland]])
| residence = [[Kohima]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| order = 7th
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = {{hlist|[[Fourth Rio ministry|Rio IV]]|[[Fifth Rio ministry|Rio V]]}}
| office = Chief Minister of Nagaland
| constituency =
| deputy = {{ubl|[[T. R. Zeliang]] (since 2023)|[[Y. Patton]] (since 2018)}}
| termstart = 8 March 2018
| termend =
| predecessor = [[T. R. Zeliang]]
| governor = {{ubl|[[Padmanabha Acharya]] (2014–2019)|[[R. N. Ravi]] (2019–2021)|[[Jagdish Mukhi]] ''{{small|(additional charge; 2021-2023)}}''|[[La. Ganesan]] (2023-2025)|[[Ajay Kumar Bhalla]] ''{{small|(additional charge; from 2025)}}''}}
| governor1 = {{ubl|[[K. Sankaranarayanan]] (2008)|[[Gurbachan Jagat]] (2008-2009)|[[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]] (2009-2013)|[[Ashwani Kumar (police officer)|Ashwani Kumar]] (2013-2014)}}
| governor2 = [[Shyamal Datta]]
| termstart1 = 12 March 2008
| termend1 = 24 May 2014
| subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice1 = {{hlist|Rio II|Rio III}}
| predecessor1 = [[President's rule]]
| successor1 = [[T. R. Zeliang]]
| termstart2 = 6 March 2003
| termend2 = 3 January 2008
| subterm2 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice2 = Rio I
| predecessor2 = [[S. C. Jamir]]
| successor2 = [[President's rule]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| termstart3 = 26 May 2014
| termend3 = 22 February 2018
| predecessor3 = [[C. M. Chang]]
| successor3 = [[Tokheho Yepthomi]]
| otherparty = {{bulletedlist|[[National Democratic Alliance]]|[[United Progressive Alliance]]|[[North-East Democratic Alliance]]|[[People's Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)]]}}
| party = {{bulletedlist|[[Naga People's Front]] (2002–2017, 2025–present)|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] (2018–2025)|[[Indian National Congress]] (1989–2002)}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Kaisa Rio|1975}}
| children = 6
| office4 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Naga People's Front]]
| term_start4 = 21 October 2025
| predecessor4 = Apong Pongener
| source = https://nagaland.nic.in/functionaries/assembly/minispage/rio.htm Nagaland Government
| relatives = [[Zhaleo Rio]] (brother)
}}
'''Neiphiu Rio''' (born 11 November 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the [[Chief Minister of Nagaland|Chief Minister of Nagaland and leader of the house in state assembly since 2018]], previously 2003 to 2014 and from 2018 till date. He is the longest serving Chief Minister of Nagaland. He was also a [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]] in [[Lok Sabha]] from 2014 to 2018. He is also currently serving as the president of the [[Naga People's Front]].

== Early life and education ==
Neiphiu Rio was born on 11 November 1950 to an [[Angami Naga]] family from Tuophema. His parents were Guolhoulie and Kevilhouü Rio.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=9 March 2018|title=Who is Neiphiu Rio?|url=https://mattersindia.com/2018/03/who-is-neiphiu-rio/|access-date=22 September 2020|website=Matters India|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Minister: Government of Nagaland: Neiphiu Rio |url=https://www.nagaland.gov.in/portal/portal/StatePortal/Government/ChiefMinister |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=Nagaland Government}}</ref> He received his early education from Baptist English School, Kohima and [[Sainik School, Purulia]], [[West Bengal]]. He attended [[St Joseph's College, Darjeeling]] and later graduated from Kohima Arts College.<ref name=":0" />

An active student leader during his school and college days, Rio entered politics at a very young age.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} He had headed many organisations before becoming the Chief Minister of Nagaland. He served as the President of the youth wing of United Democratic Front (UDF) Youth Wing for Kohima District in 1974.<ref name=":0" /> He was also appointed the Chairman of Northern Angami Area Council in 1984.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} He also had been the honorary Vice-President of [[Indian Red Cross Society]] Nagaland branch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagaland.nic.in/minister/rio.htm|title=Bio-Data of Neiphiu Rio|website=nagaland.nic.in|access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

== Political career ==
On entering politics, Rio contested the Nagaland Assembly elections of 1987 unsuccessfully as an independent candidate.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} Rio was first elected to [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] as Congress (I) candidate from the Northern Angami-II constituency during the 7th General Elections of 1989. He was appointed the Minister for Sports and School Education and subsequently as Minister for Higher & Technical Education and Art & Culture; also served as Chairman in Nagaland Industrial Development Corporation, Nagaland Khadi & Village Industries Board and Development Authority of Nagaland. Rio was again elected from the same Constituency in 1993 as Congress (I) candidate and appointed Minister for Works & Housing.<ref>[https://nagaland.gov.in/portal/portal/StatePortal/Government/ChiefMinister Nagaland Government State Portal- Neiphiu Rio]</ref> As a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), Rio was Nagaland's Home Minister as part of the cabinet headed by [[S. C. Jamir]] from 1998 till 2002 when he resigned from the ministry accusing Chief Minister S. C. Jamir of blocking a negotiated settlement of the vexed [[Naga National Council|Naga issue]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Nagaland home minister Neiphiu Rio resigns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nagaland-home-minister-neiphiu-rio-resigns/articleshow/22785212.cms |access-date=14 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=20 September 2002 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected from the [[Northern Angami II Assembly constituency|Northern Angami II constituency]] on an [[Naga People's Front]] (NPF) ticket defeating his INC rival Kevise Sogotsu with an overwhelming margin of 12,671 votes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=J. |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |title=Report on the General Election to the 12th Nagaland Legislative Assembly, 2013 |date=2013 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland |location=Kohima |publication-date=2013 |pages=39 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>

== Chief Ministership of Nagaland==
[[File:The Chief Minister of Nagaland Shri N. Rio along with a delegation called on the Union Home Minister Shri Shivraj Patil in New Delhi on June 2, 2004.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister Rio with then Union Home Minister [[Shivraj Patil]] in New Delhi on 2 June 2004.]]
After his resignation, Rio joined [[Nagaland People's Front|Naga People's Front]] which partnered with other Naga regionalist parties and the state branch of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) under his leadership to form the [[Democratic Alliance of Nagaland]] (DAN), a coalition which won the 2003 state elections, bringing the 10-year-long rule of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the state to an end.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} Rio subsequently took office as Chief Minister on 6 March 2003.

Before completing his first term, Rio was dismissed as Chief Minister when [[President's Rule]] was imposed in Nagaland on 3 January 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=6 January 2008 |title=Rio hints at going to court |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/06/stories/2008010657970100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107025917/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/06/stories/2008010657970100.htm |archive-date=7 January 2008 |access-date=14 April 2022 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> However, his party emerged as the single largest party in the ensuing elections and Rio, as the leader of DAN, was invited by the state Governor to form the government on 12 March 2008. During the 2013 Nagaland State elections, NPF won a thumping majority and Rio was re-elected as Chief Minister for a third term.<ref>{{cite news|last=PTI|date=5 March 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/neiphiu-rio-11-ministers-take-oath-in-nagaland/article4478545.ece|title=Neiphiu Rio, 11 ministers take oath in Nagaland|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref>

At a memorial service in Kohima for the victims of [[2021 Nagaland killings]], Rio said "I am hopeful that the country and the rest of the world will not only understand the Nagas’ story but also the want for lasting peace."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Hemanta Kumar |date=9 December 2021 |title=Oting incident was a misuse and abuse of AFSPA: Nagaland CM Neiphiu Rio |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/oting-incident-was-a-misuse-and-abuse-of-afspa-nagaland-cm-neiphiu-rio-1886171-2021-12-09 |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements ==

Rio has played a key role in setting up the Music Task Force, the first music industry in the country. He was awarded the ''Mother Teresa Millennium award'' for his outstanding leadership and contributions to politics in [[Kolkata]] in the year 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/01/rio-receives-mother-teresa-award-1178008637.html|title=Nagaland: Rio receives Mother Teresa award |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=Oneindia |date=1 May 2007}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rio is married to Kaisa Rio. Together they have five daughters and one son.<ref>{{cite news|last=Taneja|first=Richa|date=8 March 2018|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/know-all-about-incumbent-neiphiu-rio-the-new-chief-minister-of-nagaland-1821287|title=All About Neiphiu Rio, Nagaland's Chief Minister For Fourth Term|newspaper=NDTV|access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref> His brother [[Zhaleo Rio]] was elected to Nagaland Assembly in 2013, 2018 and 2023 from [[Ghaspani-2 Assembly constituency|Ghaspani II Constituency]] and was the Deputy Speaker of the assembly in 2018. His mother Kevilhouü Rio died on 1 January 2020, at the age of 92. His father had died 30 years before his mother's death.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 January 2020|title=Nagaland Chief minister mother passes away|url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/nagaland-cm-neiphiu-rio-s-mother-passes-away/209009.html|access-date=24 June 2020|website=Nagaland Post}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Neiphiu Rio Fourth ministry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Neiphiu Rio}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[C. M. Chang]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]] |years=2014 – 2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tokheho|Tokheho Yepthomi]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[S. C. Jamir]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Nagaland]]|years=6 March 2003 – 3 January 2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[President's rule]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[President's rule]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Nagaland]]|years=12 March 2008 – 24 May 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[T. R. Zeliang]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[T. R. Zeliang]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Nagaland]]|years=8 March 2018 – Present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{S-end}}

{{16th LS members from Northeast states |state=expanded}}
{{Chief Ministers of Nagaland}}
{{Chief_Ministers_of_Indian_States}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rio, Neiphiu}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kohima district]]
[[Category: People from Kohima]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]

Khagaul

2026-03-15T17:43:46Z

Sshekhar898:

{{Short description|Indian city in Patna district, Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khagaul
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Urban
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.58|N|85.05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna district|Patna]]
| government_type = [[Nagar Parishad]]
| governing_body = Khagaul [[Nagar Parishad]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 55
| population_total = 34,364<ref name="census2011" />
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 801105
| registration_plate = BR
| website = {{URL|patna.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Magahi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member Of Parliament]]
| leader_name = [[Misa Bharti]] ([[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]])
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member Of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name1 = [[Ram Kripal Yadav]] ([[BJP]])
}}

'''Khagaul''' is a city and a [[municipality]] in [[Patna district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is a part of the [[Danapur|Danapur-cum-Khagaul]] block of Patna.

==Overview==
Khagaul is an ancient city and was an ancient observatory under Mauryan rule. Nagar Parishad city in the district of Patna, Bihar.
The Khagaul city is divided into 27 wards for which elections are held every five years.

Khagaul Nagar Parishad has total administration of over 7,951 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Parishad limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Khagaul had a population of 48,330. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Khagaul had an average literacy rate of 71.5%. In Khagaul, 13% of the population was under 6 years of age.

As of 2011 India Census,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801372-khagaul-bihar.html|title = Khagaul Nagar Parishad City Population Census 2011-2021 | Bihar}}</ref>
The Khagaul Nagar Parishad had a population of 44,364 of which 23,492 are males while 20,872 are females.

The population of children with age 0-6 is 5198 which is 11.72% of the total population of Khagaul.

The female Sex Ratio is 888 against the state average of 918.

The literacy rate of Khagaul city is 86.82% higher than the state average of 61.80%.
In Khagaul, Male literacy is around 91.81% while the female literacy rate is 81.23%.

==Geography==
Khagaul is located at {{Coord|25.58|N|85.05|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Khagaul.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Khagaul]</ref> It has an average elevation of 55 metres (180 feet).

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
Khagaul is a historical place. In ancient times, before Christ, Khagaul was called ''Kusumpura or Kusumpur'', near Pataliputra, which was the capital city of the mighty Magadh Empire. Pushpapur was located between Pataliputra and Kusumpur. In modern times Pataliputra is called Patna, whereas Kusumpura or Kusumpur is called Khagaul, and Pushpapur is called Phulwari or Phulwari Shree or Phulwari Sharif. {{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Shakhtar and [[Chanakya]] (also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta), two famous Prime Ministers of the Magadh Empire belonged to Kusumpur or present-day Khagaul during Fourth Century BC. Chanakya had provided initial education and training to Chandragupta Maurya (Great Emperor of the Magadh Empire and Founder of the Maurya Dynasty) at this very place. Under the guidance of Chanakya, the mighty Magadh Empire was spread from present-day [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Afghanistan]] up to Iran after defeating the forces of Alexander and Seleucus. The tyrannical rule of King Dhanananda over Magadh was brought to an end by the rebellion of Chanakya after his arrest, humiliation, and death sentence inflicted against his father Chanak by the tyrannical King Dhanananda. Thereafter, Chandragupta Maurya, the disciple of Chanakya, was made King-Emperor of the Magadh Empire and Chanakya became its Prime Minister. Chanakya was a great scholar, [[economist]], administrator, jurist, lawmaker, and a very sharp-minded nationalist and shrewd politician. He was a student of Takshashila or Taxila University, and also worked as an Acharya or professor at the same university. Under the guidance of Chanakya, the mighty Magadh Empire had become the most powerful, influential, most developed, and richest empire in the world, and Pataliputra had become the most beautiful city. {{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

After the 5th century AD, Kusumpur was renamed Khagaul after Khagol or Khagol Shastra i.e. Astronomy, as it was an eminent center of Astronomical'' Observatory (Khagoliya Vedhashala) established by Aryabhata or Aryabhatta for Astronomical Studies and Astronomical Research. Aryabhatta is called Father of Algebra'', Geometry and Trigonometry, the Concept of Zero (0), and the decimal system. {{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Aryabhata, also called Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder (born in the year 476 AD), at Kusumapura, near Pataliputra or present-day Patna in India) was [[astronomer]] and the earliest Indian mathematician whose work and history are available to modern scholars. He is also known as Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder to distinguish him from a 10th-century Indian [[mathematician]] of the same name. He flourished in Kusumapura—near Pataliputra (Patna), then the capital of the Gupta dynasty—where he composed at least two works, ''Aryabhatiya'' (''c.'' 499) and the now lost ''Aryabhatasiddhanta''.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

''Aryabhatasiddhanta'' circulated mainly in the northwest of India and, through the Sāsānian dynasty (224–651) of Iran, had a profound influence on the development of [[Islamic astronomy]]. Its contents are preserved to some extent in the works of ''Varahamihira'' (flourished c. 550), Bhaskara I (flourished c. 629), Brahmagupta (598 – c. 665), and others. It is one of the earliest astronomical works to assign the start of each day to midnight.

''Aryabhatiya'' was particularly popular in South India, where numerous mathematicians over the ensuing millennium wrote commentaries. The work was written in verse couplets and deals with mathematics and astronomy. Following an introduction that contains astronomical tables and Aryabhata's system of phonemic number notation in which numbers are represented by a consonant-vowel monosyllable, the work is divided into three sections: ''Ganita'' ("Mathematics"), ''Kala-kriya'' ("Time Calculations"), and ''Gola'' ("Sphere").

In ''Ganita'' Aryabhata names the first 10 decimal places and gives algorithms for obtaining square and cubic roots, using the decimal number system. Then he treats geometric [[measurements]]—employing 62,832/20,000 (= 3.1416) for π—and develops properties of similar right-angled triangles and two intersecting circles. Using the [[Pythagorean theorem]], he obtained one of the two methods for constructing his table of sines. He also realized that second-order sine difference is proportional to sine. Mathematical series, quadratic equations'', compound interest (involving a quadratic equation), proportions (ratios), and the solution of various linear equations'' are among the arithmetic and algebraic topics included. Aryabhata's general solution for linear indeterminate equations, which Bhaskara I called ''[[Kuṭṭaka|kuttakara]]'' ("pulverizer"), consisted of breaking the problem down into new problems with successively smaller coefficients—essentially the Euclidean algorithm and related to the method of continued fractions.

With ''Kala-kriya'' Aryabhata turned to astronomy—in particular, treating planetary motion along the ecliptic. The topics include definitions of various units of time, eccentric and epicyclic models of planetary motion (''see'' Hipparchus for earlier Greek models), planetary longitude corrections for different terrestrial locations, and a theory of " lords of the hours and days" (an astrological concept used for determining propitious times for action).

''Aryabhatiya'' ends with spherical astronomy in ''Gola'', where he applied plane trigonometry to spherical geometry by projecting points and lines on the surface of a sphere onto appropriate planes. Topics include the prediction of solar and lunar eclipses and an explicit statement that the apparent westward motion of the stars is due to the spherical Earth's rotation about its axis. Aryabhata also correctly ascribed the luminosity of the [[Moon]] and planets to reflected sunlight.

The Indian Government named its first [[satellite]] Aryabhata (launched 1975) in his honour.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Patna Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Patna district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Patna]]

Patrick Cargill

2026-03-14T05:19:53Z

Sshekhar898: fixed issues

{{Short description|English actor (1918–1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2008}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Patrick Cargill
| image = Actor_Patrick_Cargill.jpg
| caption =
| birthname = Edward Sydney Patrick Cargill <ref name=ross>Robert Ross, ''Forgotten Heroes of Comedy'', Unbound Press, London, 2021, {{isbn|978-1-78352-918-6}}, p.90</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date|1918|6|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bexhill-on-Sea]], Sussex, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|5|23|1918|6|3|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Richmond, London]], England
| othername =
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
}}
'''Edward Sydney Patrick Cargill''' (3 June 1918{{spaced ndash}}23 May 1996)<ref name="Stevens">{{cite book
|last= Stevens
|first= Christopher
|title= Born Brilliant: The Life of Kenneth Williams
|publisher= John Murray
|year= 2010
|isbn = 978-1-84854-195-5
|page=370
}}</ref> was an English actor known for his television and film roles, including the lead role in the [[British television]] sitcom ''[[Father, Dear Father]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1396912/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Cargill, Patrick (1918–1996) Biography|website=screenonline.org.uk}}</ref>

==Early life==
Cargill was born to middle-class parents living in [[Bexhill-on-Sea]], Sussex. After education at [[Haileybury College]], he made his debut in the Bexhill Amateur Theatrical Society. However, he was aiming for a military career and was selected for training at the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Royal Military Academy]] at Sandhurst. Cargill became a commissioned officer in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/alt.obituaries/xN6qnUjAyMw/T3FlO5GZ9qYJ|title=Google Groups}}</ref>

==Career==
After the Second World War ended, Cargill returned to Britain to focus on a stage career, and joined [[Anthony Hawtrey]]'s company at [[Buxton]], [[Croydon]] and later the [[Embassy Theatre (London)|Embassy Theatre]] at [[Swiss Cottage]] in London. He became a supporting player in [[John Counsell (theatre director)|John Counsell]]'s [[repertory]] at [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]] alongside [[Brenda Bruce]] and [[Beryl Reid]] and scored a huge hit in the revue ''The World's the Limit'', which was seen by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|the Queen]] and 26 of her guests one evening.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} He made his first [[West End theatre|West End]] appearance in 1953 in [[Ian Carmichael]]'s revue ''High Spirits'' at the [[London Hippodrome]]. He also co-wrote the stage play ''Ring for Catty'', with [[Jack Beale (writer)|Jack Beale]].<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.mercurytheatre.co.uk/mercury-voices/programme-for-ring-for-catty/ | title= Programme for 'Ring For Catty' | work= mercurytheatre.co.uk | access-date= 3 March 2020}}</ref> The second of the ''[[Carry On films|Carry On]]'' films, ''[[Carry On Nurse]]'', produced in 1959, was based on this play as was the 1962 film ''[[Twice Round the Daffodils]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/patrick-cargill-p10903|title=Patrick Cargill – Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos|publisher=AllMovie}}</ref>

After a number of other West End roles he was cast as Bernard in ''[[Boeing-Boeing (play)|Boeing Boeing]]'' at the [[Apollo Theatre]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theatricalia.com/play/4e2/boeing-boeing/production/9k5|title=Production of Boeing Boeing – Theatricalia|website=theatricalia.com}}</ref> The farce, which was ideal for Cargill, drew the attention of major producers led to him starring in ''Say Who You Are'' at [[Her Majesty's Theatre]] in 1965 and directing ''Not Now Darling'' by [[Ray Cooney]] and [[John Chapman (screenwriter)|John Chapman]] at the [[Novello Theatre|Strand Theatre]] in 1968.

===Television===
Cargill first came to TV notice when playing ''[[List of fictional police detectives#Sergeant Cuff|Sergeant Cuff]]'' in the 1959 series ''[[The Moonstone]]''.

In 1960, Cargill played [[Gestapo]] agent Herr Grosnitz in the BBC TV series "The Long Way Home".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0137092/|title=IMDB page for Patrick Cargill|publisher=[[IMDb]]|date=25 September 2020}}</ref> He also performed on several occasions with [[Tony Hancock]], twice in Hancock's final [[BBC]] television series, including a role as the doctor who clashes with him in the well-known episode "[[The Blood Donor]]" (1961).<ref name="Stevens"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theavengers.tv/forever/pnote-cargill.htm|title=Guest Actor Biography – Patrick Cargill|publisher=TheAvengers.tv|access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref> In 1961–62 he featured as the regular character Miguel Garetta in all 26 episodes of the British spy series [[Top Secret (TV series)|''Top Secret'']], and in 1962 he played Herr Straffen in ''[[The Last Man Out]]'', a TV series by [[Shaun Sutton]], followed two years later by a major part of an episode of ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'' TV series. In 1967, he appeared in two episodes of ''[[The Prisoner]]'' as an unusually cruel and brutal [[Number Two (The Prisoner)|Number Two]] in "[[Hammer Into Anvil]]", and as a colleague from Number Six's pre-Village days in "[[Many Happy Returns (Prisoner episode)|Many Happy Returns]]".<ref name=bfi/>

Cargill starred in three television series of [[Feydeau]] farces, adapted by [[Ned Sherrin]] and [[Caryl Brahms]] and entitled ''[[Ooh La La! (TV series)|Ooh La La!]]'' (1968–1973), which were shown on [[BBC 2]]. These vignette Feydeau farces were originally intended to provide variety for Parisian audiences who were used to more than one production during an evening's entertainment. The third and final series showcased Feydeau's longer pieces.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/10903/Patrick-Cargill/biography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604021036/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/10903/Patrick-Cargill/biography|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2009|title=Full Biography – Patrick Cargill|last=Erickson|first=Hal|author2=Allmovie|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|author-link=Hal Erickson (author)|year=2009|access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref> Brahms and Sherrin turned six of their adaptations into book form, and published it as ''Ooh! La-La!'' in 1973, with a dedication: "To Patrick Cargill – First among Farceurs".<ref>Brahms and Sherrin, unnumbered introductory page</ref>

In 1968, Cargill starred in ''[[Father, Dear Father]]'' on [[ITV Network|ITV]] (written specifically for him) as Patrick Glover, a thriller writer and an inept father of two teenage daughters, played by [[Natasha Pyne]] (Anna) and Ann Holloway (Karen). The show ran until 1973 and was produced and directed by [[William G. Stewart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishclassiccomedy.co.uk/whod-be-a-dad-father-dear-father|title=Father Dear Father – British Classic Comedy|date=17 March 2017}}</ref>

Many performers who had worked before with the actor featured in an entertainment special called ''Patrick, Dear Patrick, An Evening with Patrick Cargill and His Guests'' (1972). Cargill was a friend of [[Patrick Macnee]] from their early acting days, and Macnee returned from California to make a guest appearance on the show. It included both Patricks singing "[[Mad Dogs and Englishmen (song)|Mad Dogs and Englishmen]]".{{citation needed|reason=Original wording suggested that this might be rumour|date=March 2015}} Cargill's companion, Vernon Page, recounts that at the time of casting Cargill wanted to sing this duet with Sir [[Noël Coward]] and even visited him at the hotel in London where he was staying in an attempt to persuade him to appear, but Coward was either unwilling or unable to agree to the request and he died 15 months later. This one-off special production by [[Thames Television]] also guest-starred Beryl Reid, with whom Cargill sang the duet "I Remember It Well" by [[Alan Jay Lerner]] and [[Frederick Loewe]] (from ''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]''). Cargill added a new response to the line "We drank champagne" (Cargill's line): "You gave me Coke, you drank the wine yourself, you soak!" (Reid's riposte).

In 1976, Cargill returned to the TV screens with ''The Many Wives of Patrick'', playing a middle-aged playboy and antiques dealer, Patrick Woodford, who is trying to divorce his sixth wife to remarry his first.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/patrick-cargill-obituary-5614694.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/patrick-cargill-obituary-5614694.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Patrick Cargill: obituary|website=[[The Independent]]|date=24 May 1996}}</ref> This series showcased many prominent stars such as [[Patrick Macnee]] and [[Dawn Addams]]. The 1980s was something of a revival for Cargill's natural talent at farce. He co-starred in ''Key for Two'' with [[Moira Lister]] at the [[Vaudeville Theatre]] and then at the [[Old Vic]] Theatre in [[William Douglas-Home]]'s ''After the Ball is Over''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theatricalia.com/play/5bt/after-the-ball-is-over/production/bqr|title=Production of After The Ball Is Over – Theatricalia|website=theatricalia.com}}</ref> In 1986, he starred with [[Frankie Howerd]] in ''[[A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum]]'' at the [[Chichester Festival Theatre]], in which he played the part of Senex.

In his final years, Cargill was seen in ''[[Captain Beaky]]'' at the Playhouse in 1990 and after that he toured in [[Derek Nimmo]]'s British Airways Playhouse. He also played British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] in the 1990 British Sitcom ''[[Heil Honey I'm Home]]'', which was cancelled after one episode. For the centenary staging of ''[[Charley's Aunt]]'' in 1992, Cargill played the part of the dreaded Spettigue.

===Films===
His film appearances included ''[[An Alligator Named Daisy]]'' and ''[[Expresso Bongo]]''; two of the ''Carry On'' films: ''[[Carry On Regardless]]'' and ''[[Carry On Jack]]''; ''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'' (1965) starring [[The Beatles]], ''[[The Magic Christian (film)|The Magic Christian]]'' (1969) with [[Peter Sellers]] and [[Ringo Starr]] and [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s ''[[A Countess from Hong Kong]]'', in which he played the part of the butler, Hudson.<ref name=bfi>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f9b217e|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401231750/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f9b217e|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2019|title=Patrick Cargill}}</ref>

===Music===
A lesser known detail of Cargill's showbusiness career is the handful of recordings that he made in the 1960s and 1970s. The first was an album called ''Father, Dear Father'' (1969) in which Cargill sang a medley of songs. The female voice on the album was not Noel Dyson (Nanny) but that of June Hunt, a friend of Cargill.

He followed this with three singles. One called "Father, Dear Father Christmas" and another called "Thinking Young" and the final single called "Father, Dear Father." None of these recordings was commercially successful.

Cargill appeared as Sir Joseph Porter in ''[[H.M.S. Pinafore]]'' at the [[Queen Elizabeth Hall]] in August 1983.<ref>Concert notices. ''Classical Music'', 6 August 1983, p10.</ref>

==Personal life==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2012}}

Cargill was a private man, who did not relish his celebrity status, though he was always kind to fans who approached him. He would shun awards ceremonies in favour of a quiet evening at home playing [[mahjong]]. From the mid-1960s, Cargill lived at Sheen Gate Gardens, [[Richmond on Thames]]. In the later years of his life, he lived in [[Henley-on-Thames]]. He spent time at Spring Cottage, his country retreat situated in Warren Lane, near {{nowrap|[[Heathfield and Waldron|Cross-in-Hand]]}}, East Sussex. The love of his life was his [[Bentley]], a black and dark green model of which only six were ever made. Cargill also had a [[Mini]] and often told a story about driving through [[Barnes, London|Barnes]] one day and on seeing one of the other five Bentley dropheads at the traffic lights, waved furiously at the driver, only to realise that he was driving his Mini that day. In the mid-1980s, he changed the Bentley for a [[Rolls-Royce (car)|Rolls-Royce]]. Cargill's many pets included a monkey, a parrot, a wether and his favourites, Ra, a cross-border collie and Charles, a cat that lived at Spring Cottage.

For many years, Cargill was companions with Vernon Page, an eccentric landscape gardener, poet and lampoon songwriter, until Page married in 1984. In his later years he was companion with James Camille Markowski. After his death, it was alleged that Cargill was homosexual but he never made any public acknowledgment of such. It was claimed that while lunching with [[Ray Cooney]], Cargill observed, when a waiter removed his soup spoon, "Aah, look Ray, the dish has run away with the spoon."{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

===Death===
At the time of his death at the age of 77, Cargill was suffering from a brain tumour and was being nursed in a hospice in Richmond on Thames, London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tonyhancock.org.uk/ham3news1.html|title=Patrick Cargill Dies|publisher=Tony Hancock Online|access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622191500/http://www.tonyhancock.org.uk/ham3news1.html  |archive-date = 22 June 2008}}</ref> In 1995, the year before he died, Cargill had been struck by a car in Australia; though he was only slightly injured, this accident led to false reports that the cause of his death was a hit-and-run accident.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/patrick-cargill-the-perfect-gentleman-dies-in-sleep-1348852.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/patrick-cargill-the-perfect-gentleman-dies-in-sleep-1348852.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Patrick Cargill, the perfect gentleman, dies in sleep|website=[[The Independent]]|date=24 May 1996}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1949|| ''[[Trottie True]]'' || Party Guest || Uncredited
|-
|1953|| ''[[The Sword and the Rose]]'' || French Diplomat ||
|-
|1955|| ''[[An Alligator Named Daisy]]'' || Steward || Uncredited
|-
|1956|| ''[[The Extra Day]]'' || Cashier No. 1 ||
|-
|1956|| ''[[The Baby and the Battleship]]'' || Navigation Officer || Uncredited
|-
|1956|| ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]'' || Minor Role || Uncredited
|-
|1958|| ''[[Up the Creek (1958 film)|Up the Creek]]'' || Commander ||
|-
|1959|| ''[[The Night We Dropped a Clanger]]'' || Fritz ||
|-
|1959|| ''[[Expresso Bongo]]'' || A Psychiatrist || Uncredited
|-
|1960|| ''[[Doctor in Love]]'' || Car Salesman || Uncredited
|-
|1961|| ''[[Carry On Regardless]]'' || Raffish Customer ||
|-
|1961|| ''[[Clue of the Silver Key]]'' || Binny || ''[[Edgar Wallace Mysteries]]''
|-
|1963|| ''[[The Cracksman]]'' || Museum Guide ||
|-
|1963|| ''[[A Stitch in Time (1963 film)|A Stitch in Time]]'' || Dr. Meadows ||
|-
|1963|| ''[[The Hi-Jackers]]'' || Inspector Grayson ||
|-
|1964|| ''[[This Is My Street]]'' || Ransome ||
|-
|1964|| ''[[Carry On Jack]]'' || Don Luis, the Spanish Governor ||
|-
|1965|| ''[[Help! (film)|Help!]]'' || Superintendent Gluck ||
|-
|1967|| ''[[A Countess from Hong Kong]]'' || Hudson ||
|-
|1968|| ''[[Inspector Clouseau (film)|Inspector Clouseau]]'' || Commissioner Sir Charles Braithwaite ||
|-
|1968|| ''[[Hammerhead (film)|Hammerhead]]'' || Condor ||
|-
|1969|| ''[[The Magic Christian (film)|The Magic Christian]]'' || Auctioneer at Sotheby's ||
|-
|1970|| ''[[Every Home Should Have One]]'' || Wallace Trufitt M.P. ||
|-
|1971|| ''[[Up Pompeii (film)|Up Pompeii]]'' || Nero ||
|-
|1973|| ''[[Father, Dear Father (film)|Father Dear Father]]'' || Patrick Glover ||
|-
|1974|| ''[[The Cherry Picker]]'' || Dr. Harrison ||
|-
|1977|| ''[[The Picture Show Man]]'' || Fitzwilliam ||
|-
|1990||''[[Heil Honey I'm Home!]]''|| [[Neville Chamberlain]]||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book| last= Brahms| author-link= Caryl Brahms| first= Caryl| author2= Ned Sherrin| author2-link= Ned Sherrin| title= Ooh! La-La!| year= 1973| location= London| publisher= W. H. Allen| isbn= 978-0-491-01091-7| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/oohlala0000brah}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0137092}}
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/patrick-cargill-obituary-1348893.html Patrick Cargill Obituary in ''The Independent'']
* {{screenonline name|id=1396912|name=Patrick Cargill}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cargill, Patrick}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:20th-century English male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Rother District]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:British gay comedians]]
[[Category:British male comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from East Sussex]]
[[Category:Deaths from brain cancer in England]]
[[Category:English gay actors]]
[[Category:English LGBTQ comedians]]
[[Category:English male comedians]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male stage actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Male actors from East Sussex]]
[[Category:Military personnel from East Sussex]]
[[Category:People from Bexhill-on-Sea]]

Hira Singh Chinaria

2026-03-13T15:24:29Z

Sshekhar898: added new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician and agriculturist (1895–1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}

'''Hira Singh Chinaria''' (17 September 1895 – 7 May 1955) was an Indian politician and agriculturist, who conducted research on agriculture in dry conditions. He led the [[Praja Mandal]] movement in [[Jind State]], and was elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]]. Hira Singh died in the chamber of parliament in 1955.

==Early life==
Chinaria was born on 17 September 1895, in Kalayana village, Dadri Tehsil.<ref name=kcya/><ref name=tsi/><ref name=whols/> He was the son of [[Risaldar]] Man Singh.<ref name=tsi/><ref name=whols/> He studied at Middle School in [[Bhiwani]] and then up to matric level at [[Rewari]] Government High School.<ref name=kcya/><ref name=tsi/><ref name=whols/> He was a skilled hockey player.<ref name=tsi/>

He married Draupdi in 1911, the couple would have six sons and four daughters.<ref name=whols>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Who_s_who/kZY5AQAAIAAJ Who's who]''. Parliament Secretariat, 1952. p. 54</ref> In 1913 he joined the Jind State Service, where he served for five years.<ref name=tsi/><ref name=kcya/> After leaving the Jind State Service, he dedicated himself to writing books on farming without irrigation under dry conditions.<ref name=tsi/> He worked for one year at sanitary inspector in [[Ambala]], but was forced to resign after resisting authority of a European supervisor.<ref name=tsi/>

Chinaria continued his research and experiments on dry condition agriculture, and after some time he got support from the Jind government for a successful experiment at a plot of 25 acres.<ref name=tsi/> He published several books on agriculture in [[Hindi language|Hindi]].<ref name=jne/> He also obtained 2.5 million [[Indian rupee]]s for a scheme to create a cement company in 1934 (a venture later taken over the [[Dalmia Group|Dalmia-Jain group]]).<ref name=tsi>Singh, Trilochan. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Indian_Parliament_1952_57/PFvVAAAAMAAJ Indian Parliament (1952-57): "Personalities"-Series 2 Authentic, Comprehensive and Illustrated Biographical Dictionary of Members of the Two Houses of Parliament]''. Arunam & Sheel, 1954. p. 61</ref>

==Praja Mandal movement==
Chinaria resigned from government service in 1939, and joined the Praja Mandal movement.<ref name=kcya/> He was elected president of the Jind State Praja Mandal.<ref name=kcya>Yadav, Kripal Chandra, and Dāsa, Rāmeśvara. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Rebels_Against_the_Raj/RdJHAAAAMAAJ Rebels Against the Raj: Who is who of Freedom Fighters in Haryana, 1885-1947]''. Mounto Publishing House, 1994. p. 163</ref> Hira Singh was arrested in 1940, and held in detention under Defence of India Rules.<ref name=tsi/> He was held in detention until 1943, then re-arrested in same year and released in 1945.<ref name=whols/><ref name=jne/>

He was a member of the All India States People's General Council between 1945 and 1947.<ref name=jne/><ref name=tsi/><ref name=whols/> He was elected a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Jind State in 1946, and served as the Minister of Food, Agriculture and Industries in the state popular government 1947–1948.<ref name=tsi/><ref name=whols/> He was the Leader of the Praja Mandal Assembly Party in the Jind State Legislative Assembly until 1948.<ref name=whols/>

==After Independence==
He was a member of the [[All India Congress Committee]] from 1948 and 1951.<ref name=jne>Nehru, Jawaharlal. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Selected_Works_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru_16_Ju/_zQIAAAAIAAJ Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: 16 July 1952 - 18 October 1952]''. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, 1996. p. 369</ref><ref name=tsi/><ref name=whols/> He was a member of the [[PEPSU]] Pradesh Congress Committee and its Working Committee.<ref name=jne/><ref name=whols/> He was also a member of the PEPSU Hindi Sahitya Sammelan ('PEPSU Hindi Literary Conference').<ref name=jne/><ref name=whols/>

Chinaria was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of the [[parliament of India]]) in the [[1952 Indian general election|1952 election]], standing as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in the [[Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Mohindergarh constituency]]. He obtained 57,290 votes (31.73%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509130050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1951 TO THE FIRST LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)]''</ref> Hira Singh died in the Lok Sabha chamber on 7 May 1955, just after finishing a speech on the [[Hindu Succession Act, 1956|Hindu Succession Bill]].<ref>Nehru, Jawaharlal, and Parthasarathi, G.. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Letters_to_Chief_Ministers_1947_1964_195/6iVuAAAAMAAJ Letters to Chief Ministers, 1947-1964: 1954-1957]''. Oxford University Press, 1985. p. 175-176</ref> He collapsed in his seat and died immediately.<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA4-PA24 Indian Affairs Record]'', Vol. I, issue 5. 1955. p. 24</ref> He was the first incumbent Lok Sabha member to die in the chamber since Independence.<ref>''[https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/761252/1/jpi_October_1955.pdf Obituary - The Late Shri H. S. Chinaria]'', in ''Journal of Parliamentary Information'', October 1955. p. 121</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinaria, Hira Singh}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Jind State]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

Secunderabad–Danapur Express

2026-03-08T06:07:52Z

Sshekhar898:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width = 25em
| name = Secunderabad–Danapur Superfast Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status =
| locale = [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Bihar]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Danapur}} (DNR)
| stops = 26
| end = {{stnlnk|Secunderabad}} (SC)
| distance = {{convert|1829|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 33 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 12791 / 12792
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| access =
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{convert|65|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Manikarnika Express (SC - PNBE) Express Route map.jpg|250px|Secunderabad Express (Secunderabad–Danapur) SF Express route map]]
}}

The 12791 / 12792 '''Secunderabad–Danapur Superfast Express''' is a daily train operated by [[Indian Railways]] between {{stnlnk|Secunderabad}} and {{stnlnk|Danapur}} via {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}. Secunderabad–Danapur Express was earlier known as '''Manikarnika Express''' and '''Patna Express.'''

It is the highest earning train of Indian railways

==Name==
The train was initially running between Secunderabad and [[Varanasi]] and in 2004 as weekly with numbering 7091 and 7092. The train was extended to [[Patna]] during [[Nitish Kumar]]'s regime. The train served [[Andhra Pradesh]] pilgrims to visit Varanasi and [[Ayodhya]] and [[Sarnath]] near Varanasi. The train gets its name from one of the famous Ghats of Varanasi, i.e. [[Manikarnika Ghat]].

This train served historically as second alternative to visit North India after 12721UP/12722Dn [[Dakshin Express]] and 12723UP/12724DN [[Telangana Express]] along with other trains like 12590UP/12589DN [[Gorakhpur–Secunderabad Express]] and Bangalore Express.

Secunderabad Express will stop at {{stnlnk|Ara Junction}} from 10 September 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/19-trains-to-temporarily-stop-at-different-stations/articleshow/48875480.cms|title=19 trains to temporarily stop at different stations}}</ref>

==Historical significance==
The train was introduced long back in 1985 as a biweekly train between [[Tirupati]] and [[Varanasi]] with a typical numbering of "7489 Tirupati–Varanas Express" and "7490 Varanasi–Tirupati Express" with slip coach service of two sleeper coaches between [[Hyderabad]] and Varanasi with amalgamation/bifurcation at {{stnlnk|Kazipet Junction}} with [[Dakshin Express]]. Though the train gained importance, due to some political and administration influences, it got extended to [[Cochin Harbour Terminus]] and with the reduction of frequency from biweekly to weekly, via Tirupati through {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}.

A demand of new train between Hyderabad and Varanasi had been approved by Indian Railways and a new train between "7091" Secunderabad–Varanasi Express and "7092" Varanasi–Secunderabad Express was flagged off as biweekly in 1987. Consequently, the same coaches and rake composition is used as "7089" Cochin–Varanasi Express via Tirupati and "7090" Varanasi–Tirupati Express via Tirupati by cancelling "7489" and "7490" numbering.

==Route & halts==
*'''{{stnlnk|Secunderabad}}'''
*[[Kazipet]]
*[[Peddapalli]]
*[[Ramagundam]]
*[[Mancherial]]
*[[Bellampally]]
*[[Balharshah railway station|Balharshah]]
*[[Chandrapur]]
*[[Sewagram]]
*[[Nagpur]]
*[[Katol]]
*[[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]]
*{{stnlnk|Ghoradongri}}
*{{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}
*[[Katni]]
*[[Satna]]
*{{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}
*[[Gyanpur|Gyanpur Road]]
*{{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}
*[[Mughalsarai Junction|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhaya Junction]]
*[[Dildarnagar]]
*[[Buxar]]
*[[Ara Junction railway station|Ara]]
*'''[[Danapur railway station]]'''

==Traction==
earlier was [[WDP-4]] diesel locomotive. It is now hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive throughout the journey.

==See also==
*{{stnlnk|Secunderabad}}
*{{stnlnk|Danapur}}
*[[Ganga Kaveri Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.scrailway.gov.in South Central Railway official Website]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/7643?kkk=1322138069347 Manikarnika Express at Indiarailinfo.com]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secunderabad-Danapur Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Karemma Nayak

2026-03-07T13:00:35Z

Sshekhar898: added stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Karemma Nayak''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]], India. She is a first-time member<ref name="Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 May 2023 |title=Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524210701/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archivedate=24 May 2023 |accessdate=20 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Devadurga Assembly constituency]] in Raichur district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of winners - India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13 |access-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514043110/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13 |archive-date=14 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Devadurga Election Result 2023 Live: Jd(s) Candidate Karemma Wins From Devadurga |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/devadurga-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601775 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> She won the 2023 Karnataka Legislative assembly election representing the [[Janata Dal (S)]].

== Background ==
Karemma is from an agricultural family in [[Raichur district]]. She has been fighting in the [[Kalyana-Karnataka|Hyderabad-Karnataka]] region on issues like malnutrition and against [[Land grabbing|land grabbers]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-17 |title=Karemma Gopalakrishna, a woman fighter from parched Devadurga in Karnataka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/news/karemma-gopalakrishna-a-woman-fighter-from-parched-devadurga-in-karnataka/articleshow/100290075.cms |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She has been facing threats from [[Mafia Raj|land mafia]] and she was allegedly been implicated in many false cases.

In September 2023, she opposed JD(S) support to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2023 |title=Karnataka: Devadurga JD(S) MLA opposes party's alliance with BJP in 2024 LS polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-devadurga-jds-mla-opposes-partys-alliance-with-bjp-in-2024-ls-polls-2700301 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In June 2023, she was allegedly attacked by a mob at Bandegud tanda in the Raichur district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goudar |first=Mahesh M. |date=2023-06-06 |title=JD(S) ST woman MLA from Devadurga, Karemma Nayak, accuses BJP workers of assault; 1 arrested |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/jds-st-woman-mla-from-devadurga-karemma-nayak-accuses-bjp-workers-of-assault-1-arrested/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
She began her political life in 2005, when she was the president of the [[Mustur]] [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-14 |title=Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She won from [[Devadurga Assembly constituency]] representing Janata Dal (S) in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. She polled 99,544 votes and defeated her nearest rival and former minister [[K. Shivanagouda Naik|K. Shivanagouda Nayak]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 34,256 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karemma in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/karemma-devadurga-candidate-s10a056c004/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Devadurga Election Result 2023 Live: Jd(s) Candidate Karemma Wins From Devadurga |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/devadurga-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601775 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in the 2020 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, she contested as an independent candidate, polling over 25,000 votes and finishing third.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Karemma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]

Vilayil Faseela

2026-03-05T18:28:07Z

Sshekhar898: starting article - done

{{Short description|Indian singer (1959/1960 – 2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vilayil Faseela
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Vilayil Valsala
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vilayil]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 12 August 2023
| death_place = Velliparamba, [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| instrument =
| genre = [[Mappila songs]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1974–2023
| website =
}}

'''Vilayil Faseela''' (born '''Vilayil Valsala'''; 1959/1960 – 12 August 2023) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/in-depth/interviews/vilayil-faseela-passed-away-renowned-mappilappattu-singer-vilayil-faseela-interview-1.8814472 | title='നമ്മെ ആവശ്യമുള്ളവർ ഇപ്പോഴും വിളിക്കും'; Vm കുട്ടിയില്ലെങ്കിൽ ഞാനില്ലെന്നുപറഞ്ഞ ഫസീലയും ഇനിയില്ല | date=12 August 2023 }}</ref> was an Indian [[Mappila songs]] singer from [[Kerala]].<ref name="hindu_aug08">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/23/stories/2008082351160200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916182053/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/23/stories/2008082351160200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-09-16|title=Mappilapattu' singers to be honoured |date=2008-08-23|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-08-15}}</ref> With a career spanning over four decades, Faseela sang more than 5000 songs in this genre.
Hailing from Vilayil in [[Ernad]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], Faseela began her journey into Mappila songs in the early 1970s when she was still in the fifth standard. The late 1980s stood out as a golden period for Faseela. Faseela's collaborations with singer [[V. M. Kutty]] were widely appreciated. She converted to Islam and changed her name from Valsala to Faseela Mohammedali after marriage.<ref name="hindu_apr05">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040801950300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211030118/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040801950300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-02-11|title=Mapila art forms get a boost |date=2005-04-08|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Aug/12/noted-mappilapattu-singer-vilayil-faseela-dies-at-63-in-kerala-2604597.html | title=Noted Mappilapattu singer Vilayil Faseela dies at 63 in Kerala | date=12 August 2023 }}</ref> Faseela died in [[Calicut]], Kerala on 12 August 2023, at the age of 63.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vilayil-faseela-most-distinctive-voice-in-mappilapattu-dies-at-63/article67187969.ece|title=Vilayil Faseela, most distinctive voice in Mappilapattu, dies|date=12 August 2023|website=The Hindu|access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>

== Career & Life ==
She is the daughter of Kelan and Cherupennu, born as Valsala was born in Vilayil in Cheekode panchayat of Eranad taluk of Malappuram district.
Her husband, late TK Muhammadali, has three children named Fayad, Ali, and Fahima. She sang many hit songs. Kirikiri Cheripummal Ananjulla Putunari, Amina Bivikomana Mon, on the night of Hajj, I saw the Kaaba Kinaw, Makkah became Rajati. The main songs are Muthilum Mutholi, Kadalinakare Vannore Khalbukal Venthu Pukanjore, aakaloka Karana Mutholi, Samad Daktenente Ane Madapoo, Kanneeril Mungi, Mani Manchal, and others.<ref name="madhyamam.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/mappilappaattu-singer-vilayil-faseela-passed-1191283 | title=വിളയിൽ ഫസീല അന്തരിച്ചു | Madhyamam | date=12 August 2023 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Aug/13/keralas-mappilapattu-singer-faseela-no-more-2604715.html | title=Kerala's Mappilapattu singer Faseela no more | date=13 August 2023 }}</ref>

==Awards==
*Lifetime Achievement Award instituted by Kerala Mapila Kala Academy

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Music of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faseela, Vilayil}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Kondotty area]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Nandigram violence

2026-03-04T08:42:41Z

Sshekhar898: put up new article

{{Short description|2007 land acquisition protests in West Bengal, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Nandigram Violence
| subtitle =
| partof =
| image = Ramsey Clark in Nandigram.jpg
| caption = Condition of the village after the violence
| date = 2007–2008
| place = [[Nandigram]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| causes = Land acquisition for a project by the [[Government of West Bengal|WB Government]] led by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] to create a [[special economic zone]] in 2007.
| goals =
| methods = [[Riot]]s, [[arson]]s, [[vandalism]], [[murder]]s, [[gang rape]]
| status =
| result = *[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government withdraw the land acquisition.
*Fall of the Left Front in West Bengal.
*[[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] came into power in 2011.
| side1 = [[Government of West Bengal]] led by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]

{{bulleted list | [[West Bengal Police]] | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]| [[All India Forward Bloc]]| [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left front]] }}

Supported by:

{{bulleted list| [[Salim Group]]}}

Unsupported by:

{{bulleted list| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] }}
| side2 = [[Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee]]
{{bulleted list|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]| [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]| |[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]| [[Indian National Congress]]| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]| [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007|title=Long Live the People's Resistance against Aggression of Globalization! Long Live the People's Occupation of Nandigram!|url=http://sanhati.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/full_report.pdf|website=sanhati.com|publisher=Manthan Samayiki|location=Kolkata}}</ref>}}
| side3 = Marxist-Leninist Groups

{{bulleted list|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]| [[Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|(PCC-CPIML)]]| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) New Democracy|CPIML New Democracy]]}}
| leadfigures1 = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|(CPIM)]]
| leadfigures2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]] [[All India Trinamool Congress|(TMC)]] [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| leadfigures3 = Kartik Paul [[communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|(CPIML)]]
| leadfigures4 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| howmany4 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties4 =
| fatalities = 14 died in police shooting 100+ civilians killed in violence
| injuries =
| arrests =
| damage =
| buildings =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| effect =
| effect_label =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox =
}}
{{Mamata Banerjee sidebar}}
Violence erupted in [[Nandigram]], [[West Bengal]], India, in 2007 due to the land acquisition for a project taken up by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]-led [[Government of West Bengal]] to create a [[chemical hub]], a type of [[special economic zone]] (SEZ).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=28 December 2009|title=2007-Nandigram violence: A state of failure|language=en|website=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-2007-nandigram-violence-a-state-of-failure-741632-2009-12-24|url-status=live|access-date=2019-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015205327/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-2007-nandigram-violence-a-state-of-failure-741632-2009-12-24|archive-date=15 October 2019}}</ref> The policy led to an emergency in the region, and 14 people died in a police shooting.

According to [[CID West Bengal|Criminal Investigation Department (CID)]] reports, the Nandigram violence saw a [[Maoist involvement during Nandigram protests|Maoist insurgency in the area]] during the protests. However the Home Secretary of West Bengal stated that the presence of Maoists could not be confirmed in Nandigram.<ref name="zee" /> The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) later exonerated the [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee|Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]] government of responsibility for the shootings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/CBI-clean-chit-to-Buddha-govt-on-Nandigram-firing/articleshow/29581354.cms|title=CBI clean chit to Buddha govt on Nandigram firing|work=The Times of India|date=30 January 2014 |access-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105074238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/CBI-clean-chit-to-Buddha-govt-on-Nandigram-firing/articleshow/29581354.cms|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya had said earlier "They (the opposition) have been paid back in the same coin," supporting the violence in Nandigram by his own party workers.<ref name="zee">{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/violent-elements-paid-back-in-their-own-coin_407133.html|title='Violent elements paid back in their own coin'|date=13 November 2007|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{Cite news |date=13 November 2007|agency=PTI|title=Oppn paid back in the same coin, says Bengal CM|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/13nandi6.htm|website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

==Background==
The SEZ controversy began when the government of West Bengal decided that a chemical hub would be established in a Nandigram SEZ by the [[Salim Group]] of Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Erickson|first1=Jim|last2=Loveard|first2=Keith|date=30 November 2000|title=Hot Noodle Take-Away. Indofood's Singapore plans worry Indonesians.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/97/0822/biz1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114084931/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/97/0822/biz1.html|archive-date=14 November 2007|access-date=13 May 2011|publisher=Asia Week. CNN.|location=Jakarta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tripathi|first=Salil|date=8 October 1998|title=Jakarta: Pulling Punches|url=http://www.saliltripathi.com/articlesReview/8Oct98Review.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020719183321/http://www.saliltripathi.com/articlesReview/8Oct98Review.html|archive-date=19 July 2002|access-date=13 May 2011|publisher=[[Far Eastern Economic Review]]|via=saliltripathi.com}}</ref> The SEZ policy required the expropriation of 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) of land owned by farmers in the region. The farmers gathered under the Bhoomi Raksha Committee, which was backed by [[Maoism|Maoists]]. While the governor was airborne and unavailable, police entered the Nandigram area. Violence between demonstrators and police left at least 14 villagers dead and 70 injured.<ref name="telegraphindia" /> [[Mamata Banerjee]] and her [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party noted the issue, and the slogan ''[[Ma Mati Manush]]'' (Mother, Motherland and People) was used in their election campaigns.

The [[Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee]] (BUPC) blocked roads leading into the region from January to March 2007. Several [[First information report|FIRs]] were registered at the Nandigram and Khejuri police stations alleging arson and looting. The complaints could not be investigated by local police, who could not enter the villages during the standoff. Thousands of leftist supporters, attacked and driven from their homes, were housed in camps.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070610/asp/frontpage/story_7902741.asp|title=First trickle of a homecoming – 18 pro-CPM families back in Nandigram after five months|last=Siddiqui|first=Imran|date=10 June 2007|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=17 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318032708/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070610/asp/frontpage/story_7902741.asp|archive-date=18 March 2014}}</ref>

After the villagers' protests against the acquisition of land in Nandigram for the proposed chemical hub, the state government yielded to the BUPC demands and announced the project's cancellation in early March 2007. A police team was sent to prevent protesters from digging up roads; one police officer was killed while trying to repair a road, and 12 others were seriously injured.

==Protests and violence==
===Events of 14 March 2007===

The administration was directed to break up BUPC control of Nandigram, and an operation with over 3,000 police officers was launched on 14 March 2007. News of the impending action leaked to the BUPC, who amassed about 5,000 villagers at the entrances to Nandigram. Official figures claimed that 14 farmers died in the firing, but over 100 were declared "missing".<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news|date=19 March 2007|title=Stockpile squad trail heads towards party – Phone records spill Nandigram secret|work=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta, India|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/stockpile-squad-trail-heads-towards-party-phone-records-spill-nandigram-secret/cid/972089|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930042427/http://telegraphindia.com/1070319/asp/frontpage/story_7537027.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2020}}

The deaths in Nandigram sparked controversy about [[left-wing politics]] in India.<ref name="isj">{{cite news|last=Sarkar|first=Aditya|date=2 July 2007|title=Nandigram and the deformations of the Indian left|work=[[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]]|url=http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=333&issue=115|url-status=live|access-date=2 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704030517/http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=333&issue=115|archive-date=4 July 2007}}</ref> Federal police said that they had recovered many bullets of a type not used by police, but in widespread criminal use.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattasali|first=Amitabha|date=26 March 2007|title=Questions over Bengal shootings|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6497213.stm|url-status=live|access-date=29 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327034623/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6497213.stm|archive-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> Few journalists could enter the area, their access being restricted by Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPI(M), [[security checkpoint]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Nandigram_Mediapersons_roughed_up_by_CPM_activists/articleshow/1764403.cms|title=Nandigram: Mediapersons roughed up by CPM activists|work=The Times of India|date=15 March 2007 |access-date=4 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504093238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Nandigram_Mediapersons_roughed_up_by_CPM_activists/articleshow/1764403.cms|archive-date=4 May 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Two people from a news channel were briefly abducted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archives 2006|url=http://www.taratv.com/top_story1.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101205720/http://taratv.com/top_story1.html|archive-date=1 January 2007|access-date=4 May 2007|website=www.taratv.com}}</ref>

After the 14 March killings, volunteer doctors visited the Nandigram health centre, the district hospital at [[Tamluk]] and the [[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital|SSKM Hospital]] and compiled a report.<ref>[http://sanhati.com/front-page/180/ Medical Team Report from Nandigram with names, locations, and injuries – 5 April] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519113405/http://sanhati.com/front-page/180/ |date=19 May 2007 }}.</ref> In a press release, West Bengal governor [[Gopal Krishna Gandhi]] criticized his government's handling of the Nandigram incident.

The scale of the action stunned the state, and the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] estimated the death toll at 50. [[Ministry of Public Works (West Bengal)|West Bengal Minister of Public Works]] Kshiti Goswami of the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP) said that 50 people were taken to hospital, but it was impossible to determine how many were dead.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Nandigram_turns_blood_red/articleshow/1764786.cms |title=Nandigram turns Blood Red |access-date=22 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317221648/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Nandigram_turns_blood_red/articleshow/1764786.cms |archive-date=17 March 2007 |url-status=live |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=15 March 2007 }}</ref> CPI(M) members and supporters, and their families, were driven out of the area and their houses reportedly burnt by the BUPC. A week after the 14 March clashes, ''[[The Hindu]]'' estimated that about 3,500 persons had been displaced into relief camps as a result of BUPC threats.<ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Antara|date=21 March 2007|title=Nandigram victims narrate their tales of woe|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/21/stories/2007032121811600.htm|access-date=12 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331040740/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/21/stories/2007032121811600.htm|archive-date=31 March 2007}}</ref>

The CPI(M) adopted the position that land would not be acquired without the consent of the people of Nandigram. They accused the Jami Raksha Committee, a coalition of activists who opposed land acquisition, of armed attacks on relief camps which led to three deaths, a series of murders and a [[gang rape]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.cpim.org/statement/2007/03192007_nandigram.htm|title=No Land Acquisition in Nandigram|access-date=4 March 2020|date=19 March 2007|publisher=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703225719/http://cpim.org/statement/2007/03192007_nandigram.htm|archive-date=3 July 2008}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] expressed concern that the West Bengal government had not taken the steps necessary to ensure that all persons under its jurisdiction were protected from forced eviction and displacement and those who were forcibly displaced were ensured the minimum essential levels of food, shelter, water and sanitation, health care and education, with the right to voluntary return or resettlement and reintegration.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 January 2008|title=India: Urgent need to address large scale human rights abuses during Nandigram "recapture"|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGASA200012008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528231114/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&id=ENGASA200012008|archive-date=28 May 2008|access-date=2 April 2008|publisher=Amnesty International USA}}</ref>

The proposed SEZ was shelved after the 14 March police action.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=177504&usrsess=1 |title=DM halts land acquisition|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]
|access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120557/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=177504&usrsess=1 |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> On 3 September, chief minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee expressed the government's preference for the sparsely populated island of [[Nayachar]], {{convert|30|km}} from [[Haldia]], to set up the chemical hub.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 September 2007|title=Nandigram's chemical hub shifted to Nayachar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Nandigrams_chemical_hub_shifted_to_Nayachar/rssarticleshow/2335936.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114055613/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Nandigrams_chemical_hub_shifted_to_Nayachar/rssarticleshow/2335936.cms|archive-date=14 January 2008|access-date=6 September 2007|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=Sandeep|date=April 2007|title=The Nandigram Tragedy|url=http://www.siliconeer.com/past_issues/2007/siliconeer_april_2007.html#Anchor--COV-59625|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421121131/http://www.siliconeer.com/past_issues/2007/siliconeer_april_2007.html#Anchor--COV-59625|archive-date=21 April 2008|access-date=21 April 2008|website=www.siliconeer.com}}</ref>

CPI(M) cadres allegedly molested and raped 300 women and girls during the Nandigram violence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Arindam |title=Mamata promises to marry off raped girls of Nandigram |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/mamata-promises-to-marry-off-raped-girls-of-nandigram/story-umlmKryBUWdkP6re98mV2L.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 April 2019 |date=26 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=19 December 2007|agency=PTI|title=CPI(M) leaders raped mother and daughters in Nandigram: CBI|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/cpim-leaders-raped-mother-and-daughters-in-nandigram-cbi-21735-2007-12-19|access-date=30 November 2021|magazine=India Today}}</ref>

===November 2007 violence===

A new round of violence occurred in November 2007 as the villagers who were displaced by the CPI(M) cadres returned home. The return of the villagers was marred by violence between the ruling party cadres the locals in Nandigram.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chattopadhyay|first=Suhrid Sankar|date=24 November – 7 December 2007|title=Return to Peace|url=http://flonnet.com/stories/20071207508512100.htm|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=24|issue=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123000100/http://flonnet.com/stories/20071207508512100.htm|archive-date=23 November 2007|access-date=27 November 2007}}</ref> The CPI(M) defended the violence, with its state chairman calling it "a new dawn" and the chief minister describing it as "paying (the BUPC, Trinamool and the maoists) back in their own coin".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-06-19|agency=PTI|title=Buddhadeb defends 'Nandigram takeover'|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070032822&ch=11%2F14%2F2007%209%3A18%3A00%20PM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619024443/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070032822&ch=11%2F14%2F2007%209%3A18%3A00%20PM|archive-date=19 June 2008|access-date=2016-10-18|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref name=zee/><ref name=rediff/>

On 12 November 2007, the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] directed the West Bengal chief secretary to submit a report on conditions in Nandigram within 10 days.<ref name="NHRCNANDIGRAM">{{cite web|date=12 November 2007|title=NHRC sends notice to Chief Secretary, West Bengal, on Nandigram incidents: investigation team of the Commission to visit the area|url=http://nhrc.nic.in/dispArchive.asp?fno=1499|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213004226/http://nhrc.nic.in/dispArchive.asp?fno=1499|archive-date=13 February 2008|access-date=8 December 2007|publisher=[[National Human Rights Commission of India]]}}</ref> Film directors [[Aparna Sen]] and [[Rituporno Ghosh]] announced that they would boycott the [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] in protest of the renewed violence. Sen said, "Nandigram has become a slaughter house with blood being shed every day. CPI(M) might be at the helm of affairs but the state still belongs to us".<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hossain|first1=Rakeeb|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Drimi|date=2007-11-10|title=CPM cadres kill 3 in Nandigram|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cpm-cadres-kill-3-in-nandigram/story-E9bu8m3RWd25iUD4bKY7YL.html|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

[[Parliament of India|Parliament]] held an urgent discussion of Nandigram on 21 November 2007, suspending the regular question-hour sessions after two days of complete suspension of proceedings due to heated debates between CPI(M) and opposition-party members in both houses. CPI(M) was alienated in the issue by all the other ruling [[United Progressive Alliance]] allies considering the fierce nationwide sentiments against the massacre.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 November 2007|title=Parliament to debate Nandigram today|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/parliament-to-debate-nandigram-today/articleshow/2557572.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-12-07}}</ref>

=== 2008 violence ===

In May 2008, fresh violence broke out between BUPC and CPI(M) supporters. Both sides exchanged fire and hurled bombs at each other.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Fresh_violence_in_Nandigram_two_injured/articleshow/3011335.cms Fresh violence in Nandigram, two injured] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508202013/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Fresh_violence_in_Nandigram_two_injured/articleshow/3011335.cms |date=8 May 2008 }}. [[The Times of India]]. 5 May 2008.</ref> On 5 May, CPI(M) supporters stripped three female BUPC activists after the women refused to join a CPI(M) rally.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/CPM_mob_strips_woman_in_Nandigram_probe_on/articleshow/3016798.cms CPM mob strips woman in Nandigram, probe on] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119231156/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/CPM_mob_strips_woman_in_Nandigram_probe_on/articleshow/3016798.cms |date=19 January 2016 }}. [[The Times of India]]. 7 May 2008.</ref><ref name="ec">[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Women_activists_blame_CPM_of_beating_in_Nandigram/articleshow/3017013.cms Women activists blame CPM of beating in Nandigram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610173250/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Women_activists_blame_CPM_of_beating_in_Nandigram/articleshow/3017013.cms |date=10 June 2019 }}. [[The Economic Times]]. 7 May 2008.</ref> The government ordered a [[CID West Bengal]] investigation of the incident.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 May 2008|title=CID probe ordered into stripping of women at Nandigram|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/cid-probe-ordered-into-stripping-of-women-at-nandigram/568618|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Outlook India}}</ref> CPI(M) leaders denied the allegation, saying that it was part of a defamation campaign by political rivals.<ref name="ec" /> Union Information and Broadcasting Minister Priyaranjan Dasmunsi demanded that the [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] polls, scheduled for 11 May, be postponed due to the unrest. Aparna Sen, along with a number of intellectuals from Kolkata, advocated the transfer of the officer in charge at Nandigram because of reported partisan behaviour.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/07/stories/2008050755391300.htm Fresh attempt to cut off Nandigram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510120205/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/07/stories/2008050755391300.htm |date=10 May 2008 }}.[[The Hindu]]. 7 May 2007</ref>

== Response ==
Long-time West Bengal finance minister and CPI(M) leader Ashok Mitra criticized the government and his party, accusing the party's leadership of [[hubris]] and calling the CPI(M) "a wide-open field of flatterers and court jesters" dominated by "anti-socials".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanhati.com/articles/446/|title=You are not what you were – Ashok Mitra after 14th November 2007|website=sanhati.com|access-date=5 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218200129/http://sanhati.com/articles/446/|archive-date=18 December 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> According to an ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'' editorial, the party machinery had become the "sword arm of an [[Industrialisation|industrialization]] policy that involves settling complicated property rights issues."<ref>{{cite web|date=15 March 2007|title=India Nirman|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/india-nirman/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320013023/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/25736.html|archive-date=20 March 2007|access-date=23 March 2007|website=|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> Some of the men who fired at the villagers but were not police officers were later caught by security forces were claimed (by TMC) to be working for the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].<ref name="telegraphindia" />

Novelist [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], friend of Chief Minister [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]], felt that industry was necessary but the state's violence was barbarous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyindia.com/show/125770.php/Nandigram-action-barbaric-but-industry-necessary:-Sunil-Gangopadhayay|title=Daily India|access-date=30 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113234415/http://www.dailyindia.com/show/125770.php/Nandigram-action-barbaric-but-industry-necessary:-Sunil-Gangopadhayay|archive-date=13 January 2008}} </ref> Social activist [[Medha Patkar]] visited Nandigram on 7 December 2006 to protest the [[Eminent domain|land acquisition]].<ref>{{cite web|date=7 December 2006|title='Go back Medha' posters in Kolkata|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20061207/31650.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111170928/http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20061207/31650.htm|archive-date=11 January 2007|access-date=22 March 2007|website=IndiaENews.com}}</ref>

==Electoral response==
The electorate of Nandigram reacted against the government's policy of industrialization through farmland acquisition. For the first time since the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government came to power, the opposition gained control of the [[East Midnapore]] [[District Councils of India|zilla parishad]] by winning 35 out of 53 seats on 11 May 2008. The results were:
* [[All India Trinamool Congress]]: 35
* [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]] (SUCI): 1
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)): 14
* [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI): 2
* [[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)]] (DSP): 1

Trinamool candidates won all four seats of the Nandigram I and II blocks. Sheikh Sufian (a BUPC leader backed by the Trinamool) defeated the rival CPI(M) candidate Ashok Jana by over 13,000 votes, and Pijush Bhunia (another Trinamool leader) defeated CPI(M) zonal-committee secretary Ashok Bera by over 2,100 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cracks in Red Citadel|work=The Statesman|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=231689&usrsess=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705213419/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=1&id=231689&usrsess=1|archive-date=5 July 2009}}</ref>

In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011 legislative-assembly election]], then incumbent chief minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee lost his seat and the Left Front lost power after 34 years. Mamata Banerjee and the All Indian Trinamool Congress used the [[Singur Tata Nano controversy|Singur]] and Nandigram issues and their slogan, ''[[Ma Mati Manush]]'', in their campaigns.<ref name="Singur, Nandigram Were Way to Writers' for Mamata">{{cite news|date=20 May 2011|title=Singur, Nandigram Were Way to Writers' for Mamata|newspaper=Outlook|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=722602|access-date=10 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202162800/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=722602|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> Firoza Bibi of the All India Trinamool Congress (whose son was killed amidst the violence) won the Nandigram assembly by-election with a margin of 39,551 votes, defeating Left Front candidate Paramananda Bharati.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Bidyut|date=2009-01-10|title=Nandigram nightmare continues for CPM,Trinamool wins Assembly bypoll|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/nandigram-nightmare-continues-for-cpm-trinamool-wins-assembly-bypoll/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Maoist involvement during Nandigram protests]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTACAQAAQBAJ|title=Nandigram: What Really Happened?: Based on the Report of the People's Tribunal on Nandigram, 26–28 May, 2007|date=2007|publisher=Daanish Books|isbn=978-81-89654-44-3}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Patnaik|first=Prabhat|date=2007|title=In the Aftermath of Nandigram|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=42|issue=21|pages=1893–1895|jstor=4419624|issn=0012-9976}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sanhati.com Most comprehensive database on "Nandigram" at Sanhati]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071222095326/http://counterviews.org/ "Nandigram" photos, links to videos, reports – a comprehensive archive at Counterviews]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071019143809/http://sacredmediacow.com/?p=407 ''Nandigram'' links, photos, videos and regular updates from Sacred Media Cow]
* [https://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dhhpcbb8_16dgq4wf Nandigram Information – facts, details, accounts – updated regularly]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071208205140/http://www.nandigram.net/ Lessons from Nandigram : What Next]
* [https://www.news18.com/videos/india/arundhati-sot1-ots-277526.html Arundhathi Roy says CM used Taslima to shift focus from Nandigram]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717200802/http://www.workersdaily.org/podcast/audio/sf7Dec2007.mp3 Sara Flounders member of the Workers World Party secretariat speaks of her experience after visiting Nandigram]
* [[commons:Image:Nandigram Timeline (22 August 2005 – 17 June 2008).pdf#filelinks/|Nandigram Movement Timeline]]

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandigram violence}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 2007]]
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Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala

2026-03-04T06:30:32Z

Sshekhar898: put up first stub from scratch

{{Short description|Disease outbreaks in Indian state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox outbreak
| name = Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala
| image = File:Nipah virus from an infected VERO cell.jpg
| caption = An electron micrograph of the Nipah virus
| disease = [[Nipah virus]]
| date = 2018, 2021, 2023, 2024
| confirmed_cases =
| deaths =
| fatality_rate = 89.4% (2018)
}}
There have been several outbreaks of [[Nipah virus infection|Nipah virus]] in [[Kerala]], some of which have been traced to [[fruit bats]]. The [[National Institute of Virology|NIV Pune]] confirmed the first case of Nipah virus in Kerala in May 2018. A total of 21 Nipah virus infected individuals died between 2018 and 2024.

==History==
After Nipah virus outbreaks in India in 2001 and 2007 (both in the [[East India|eastern state]] of [[West Bengal]]), an outbreak occurred in [[Kerala]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.who.int/southeastasia/outbreaks-and-emergencies/health-emergency-information-risk-assessment/surveillance-and-risk-assessment/nipah-virus-outbreak-in-kerala|title=South-East Asia : Outbreaks and emergencies|website= World Health Organization|access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref> The 2018 Kerala outbreak was traced to [[fruit bats]] in the area, was generally confined to [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] districts,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/deadly-nipah-virus-claims-lives-india-180528062759101.html|title=Deadly Nipah virus claims lives in India|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nipah-virus-outbreak-death-toll-rises-to-14-in-kerala-two-more-cases-identified/story-f4QenFXeOtJnWhw7NrVawJ.html|title=Nipah virus outbreak: Death toll rises to 14 in Kerala, two more cases identified|date=27 May 2018|work=The Hindustan Times|access-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> and claimed 17 lives.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.frontline.in/the-nation/public-health/article24200872.ece|title=After the outbreak|work=Frontline|access-date=2018-07-10|language=en}}</ref> The outbreak was declared over on 10 Jun 2018.<ref name="contained"/> Another outbreak occurred in 2021, but was confined to the village of Pazhur in the [[Chathamangalam]] gram panchayat of Kozhikode district. It claimed one life, on 5 Sept 2021. An outbreak began in Kozhikode district in Aug 2023, claiming two lives and infecting four other people by 16 Sept of that year.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/nipah-no-indication-of-second-wave-yet-says-kerala-health-minister-1.8909223 |title= Nipah: No indication of second wave yet, says Kerala Health Minister|work=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2023-09-17|language=en}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Timeline}}2018 outbreak==

The outbreak's [[index case]] was reported at a sub-divisional hospital in [[Perambra]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tracking-nipah-outbreak-sabith-patient-no-1-infected-all-but-one-5259668/|title=Tracking Nipah outbreak: Sabith, Patient No. 1, infected all but one|date=2018-07-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref> [[Kozhikode district]], on 2 May.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2019/06/04/drug-remdesivir-cure-for-nipah.html|title=Have scientists hit upon a magical cure for Nipah?|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref> The patient<ref name=":0" /> was brought to the [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode|GMCH Kozhikode]] for further treatment, but succumbed to the virus. His brother, Mohammed Salih, was admitted to Baby Memorial Hospital in [[Kozhikode]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/may/25/kerala-health-department-these-doctors-were-the-first-to-figure-out-this-infection-was-different-1819115.html|title=Kerala Health Department: These doctors were the first to figure out this infection was different|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> with suspected [[viral encephalitis]]. A team of doctors at the hospital suspected Nipah, since his symptoms were similar to those of his brother (who had died by then).

The index patient had passed the virus to 16 people at Medical College Hospital, and two more were later infected. There were 10 deaths in the first week they included nurse Lini Puthussery, who had treated the index patient before diagnosis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-govt-confirms-10-deaths-due-to-nipah-virus-2-others-critical/story-RGUBQd6IgrSu0D164v8H1L.html|title=Kerala govt confirms 10 deaths due to Nipah virus, 2 others critical|date=22 May 2018|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/nurse-lini-who-treated-kerala-nipah-victim-left-heartbreaking-note-for-husband-1855625|title=Kerala Nurse Died After Treating Nipah Patient, Left Heartbreaking Note|date=22 May 2018|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The outbreak began in Kozhikode district, later spreading to the adjacent Malappuram district. Health advisories were issued for northern Kerala and the adjoining districts of [[Karnataka]], with two suspected cases detected in [[Mangalore]] on 23 May 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/nipah-virus-2-suspected-cases-reported-in-karnataka/articleshow/64274959.cms|title=Nipah virus: Two suspected cases reported in Karnataka - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

Over 2,000 people in Kozhikode and Malappuram districts were [[quarantine]]d and kept under observation during the outbreak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/nipah-virus-kerala-districts-wear-deserted-look-as-2000-kept-under-observation-businesses-strained-nris-stranded-4493629.html|title=Nipah virus: Kerala districts wear deserted look as 2,000 kept under observation; businesses strained, NRIs stranded - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> To fight the infection, M 102.4 (a human monoclonal antibody undergoing clinical trials) was imported from [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/05/25/nipah-drug-from-australia-reaches-kerala-say-reports.html|title=Nipah drug from Australia reaches Kerala, say reports|work=OnManorama|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> This was facilitated by Nipah researcher Christopher Broder.<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jun/10/silently-additional-chief-secretary-rajeev-sadanandan-gained-the-ammo-to-take-on-nipah-1826033.html|title=Silently, additional chief secretary Rajeev Sadanandan gained the ammo to take on Nipah|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref>

After the index patient died, 16 other affected patients succumbed to the disease; two recovered fully. The outbreak was declared over on 10 June 2018.<ref name="contained">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nipah-virus-contained-last-two-positive-cases-have-recovered-kerala-health-min-82809|title=Nipah virus contained, last two positive cases have recovered: Kerala Health Min|date=2018-06-11|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref>

===Virology and epidemiology===
Presence of the virus in patients was confirmed with [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|RT-PCR]] tests conducted at the Manipal Institute of Virology and the National Virology Institute in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/10-deaths-in-kerala-due-to-nipah-virus-symptoms/articleshow/64251098.cms|title=Nipah virus scare: Health department issues alert - Times of India ►|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Although the first set of samples did not detect the virus in bats,<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/origin-of-nipah-virus-yet-to-be-traced/article24068976.ece |title = Origin of Nipah virus yet to be traced|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2018-06-02}}</ref> later tests indicated that fruit bats in the area were the source of the virus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fruit-bats-were-source-deadly-nipah-virus-kerala-union-health-minister-84088|title=Fruit bats were the source of deadly Nipah Virus in Kerala: Union Health Minister|date=2018-07-03|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref>

=== Response ===
On 23 May 2018, the Kerala Health Department issued an advisory asking travelers to northern Kerala to be cautious.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nipah-travellers-asked-to-avoid-4-kerala-districts/articleshow/64287931.cms|title=Nipah: Travellers asked to avoid 4 Kerala districts|date=2018-05-23|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> Two days later, the Ministry of Health and Prevention of the [[United Arab Emirates]] advised postponing unnecessary travel to Kerala and avoiding its fruits and vegetables until the situation was under control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/uae-health/uae-ministry-issues-travel-warning-for-nipah-virus-outbreak--|title=Nipah virus: UAE issues Kerala travel warning|last=Zain|first=Asma Ali|website=www.khaleejtimes.com|access-date=2018-05-28|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130220/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/uae-health/uae-ministry-issues-travel-warning-for-nipah-virus-outbreak--|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 30 May 2018, construction began on the [[Institute of Advanced Virology, Kerala]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/pinarayi-inaugurates-first-institute-of-advanced-virology--1.3557924|title=Pinarayi inaugurates first Institute of Advanced Virology|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref> in response to the outbreak.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ghafur|first1=Abdul|last2=Kumar|first2=A. S. Anoop|last3=Devadasan|first3=N.|last4=Meena|first4=Amit|last5=Jose|first5=U. V.|last6=Zachariah|first6=Arun|last7=Mohandas|first7=A. C.|last8=Indu|first8=P. S.|last9=Michael|first9=C. J.|title=Outbreak Investigation of Nipah Virus Disease in Kerala, India, 2018|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=219|issue=12|pages=1867–1878|language=en|doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy612|pmid=30364984|year=2019|doi-access=free}}</ref> Two days later, the [[Thamarassery]] diocese in northern Kerala urged churches to stop placing communion on the tongue, postpone religious classes and avoid weddings, family gatherings and unnecessary travel until the viral spread was contained.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/holy-communion-to-be-served-on-hand/article24061311.ece|title=Holy Communion to be served on hand|last=Joseph|first=Mithosh|date=2018-06-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-10|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Recognition ===
[[File:Lini puthussery.jpg|thumb|Nurse Lini Puthussery, who treated the first victim, died in Kozhikode.|alt=A smiling woman|upright=0.8]]
Kerala's efforts to contain the outbreak under health minister [[K. K. Shailaja]], health secretary [[Rajeev Sadanandan]]<ref name="The New Indian Express"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cooperation-key-three-kerala-govt-officials-what-they-learnt-tackling-nipah-82995|title=Cooperation is key: Three Kerala govt officials on what they learnt from tackling Nipah|date=2018-06-13|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> and the district collector were praised by many, including the [[Kerala High Court]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/nipah-outbreak-in-kerala-hc-commends-governments-efforts/articleshow/64577125.cms|title=Nipah outbreak in Kerala: HC commends government's efforts |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> and [[Robert Gallo]] of the Institute of Human Virology in [[Baltimore]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/institute-human-virology-baltimore-commends-kerala-govt-containing-nipah-84362|title=Institute of Human Virology in Baltimore commends Kerala govt for containing Nipah|date=2018-07-07|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref>

Lini Puthussery, a 28-year-old nurse at the Perambra Taluk hospital who died of the virus, was called a hero by doctors and on social media.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2018/06/02/lini-puthussery-died-of-the-nipah-virus-on-may-21st|title=Lini Puthussery died of the Nipah virus on May 21st|date=2018-06-02|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2019-10-18|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> A note she had written to her husband, Sajish, was circulated on social media.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44207740|title='Hero' nurse who died battling Nipah|date=2018-05-22|access-date=2019-10-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> The Kerala Government Hospital Development Society (KGHDS) employees' union instituted an award in Puthussery's name to an outstanding person in the sector.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190519/lini-puthussery-award-tuesday.html|title=Lini Puthussery award Tuesday|date=2019-05-19|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> The Best Nurse in Public Service Award was instituted in memory of Puthussery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/award-instituted-in-linis-memory/articleshow/64773163.cms|title=lini puthussery: Award instituted in Lini's memory {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News |date=28 June 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18 }}</ref> Jim Campbell, director of the health workforce of the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]], tweeted: "Remember them, lest we forget: Razan al-Najjar (Gaza); Lini Puthusserry (India), Salome Karwah (Liberia)".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lini-puthussery-who-director-pays-homage-to-kerala-hero-nurse-who-died-battling-nipah-virus-5203862/|title=WHO director pays homage to Kerala's 'hero' nurse who died battling Nipah virus|date=2018-06-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref>

=={{anchor|2019 Incident}}2019 incident==
A 23-year-old student was diagnosed on 4 June 2019 in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2019 |title=പരിശോധനാ ഫലം ലഭിച്ചു; യുവാവിന് നിപ തന്നെ |work=Mathrubhumi |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/health/specials/nipah-virus/nipah-virus-confirmed-health-minister-verify-1.3846610 |access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref> Over 300 people were put under observation, but no further cases were reported. The student later recovered.<ref name="PTI-Nipah-recovery">{{cite news |date=23 July 2019 |title=Ernakulam district declared Nipah virus free, says Kerala health minister |publisher=India Today |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/health/story/ernakulam-district-declared-nipah-virus-free-says-kerala-health-minister-1572681-2019-07-23 |access-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819060801/https://www.indiatoday.in/health/story/ernakulam-district-declared-nipah-virus-free-says-kerala-health-minister-1572681-2019-07-23 |archive-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> This is the fourth outbreak reported in India, with previous outbreaks in 2001 (45 deaths), 2007 (five deaths), and 2018 (17 deaths).<ref name="WHO_DON_28_May">{{cite web |date=31 May 2018 |title=Nipah virus - India |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/31-may-2018-nipah-virus-india/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610081744/http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-may-2018-nipah-virus-india/en/ |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Neetu Chandra |date=2018-05-22 |title=Third outbreak of Nipah Virus in India since 2001. What are the reasons? |work=Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/Science/NoQYN3C3YhDUFyjK8nfrjI/Third-outbreak-of-Nipah-Virus-in-India-since-2001-What-are.html |access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref>

==2021 outbreak==

The 2021 outbreak began with the death of a 12-year-old boy in Pazhur, [[Kozhikode district]], on 5 September.<ref name="New Indian Express">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/suspected-case-of-nipah-virus-in-keralas-kozhikode-7489260/|title=12yr-old dies of Nipah in Kerala; 17 primary contacts placed under observation|date=2021-09-05|work=The Indian Express |access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Team Rushed To Kerala As Boy, 12, Dies Of Nipah Virus Infection|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kerala-boy-dies-due-to-nipah-virus-2530262|access-date=2021-09-05|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The outbreak was localized in the village, which is in the [[Chathamangalam]] [[gram panchayat]] of the district, and claimed one life.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-09-05|title=Nipah resurfaces in Kerala's Kozhikode, Centre rushes support team|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nipah-resurfaces-in-kozhikode/article36298311.ece|access-date=2021-09-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 September 2021|first=Disney|last=Tom|title=Kerala: 12-year-old dies of Nipah virus; all contacts traced, says health minister|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kerala-12-year-old-dies-of-nipah-virus-all-contacts-traced-says-health-minister/articleshow/85941439.cms|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 September 2021|first=P. S. Gopikrishnan|last=Unnithan|title=12-year-old boy dies of Nipah virus in Kerala's Kozhikode|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/boy-dies-nipah-virus-kerala-kozhikode-1849329-2021-09-05|access-date=2021-09-05|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Health minister confirms Nipah death in Kozhikode|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/health-minister-confirms-nipah-death-in-kozhikode-nipah-strict-vigil-1.5974419|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref> This was Kerala's third Nipah virus outbreak,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jacob|first=Shine|date=2021-09-05|title=Nipah resurfaces in Kerala; claims one life, two health workers infected|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/nipah-resurfaces-in-kerala-claims-one-life-two-health-workers-infected-121090500526_1.html|access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest updates: Andhra Pradesh reports 1,623 new Covid-19 cases, 8 deaths|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/live-news-from-cities-night-curfew-in-up-rajasthan-mp-jharkhand-chhattisgarh-05-september-2021/liveblog/85940019.cms|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> following outbreaks in 2018 and 2019. The central government rushed a team from the [[National Centre for Disease Control]] to the state to provide technical support. Relatives of the dead boy and those involved in his treatment were placed under [[quarantine]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=12-year-old dies of Nipah virus infection in Kerala's Kozhikode|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/050921/12-year-old-admitted-in-keralas-kozhikode-hospital-nipah-virus-infec.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Nipah virus: TN steps up measures to screen people at border areas after reports of infection in Kerala|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/nipah-virus-tn-steps-up-measures-to-screen-people-at-border-areas-after-reports-of-infection-in-kerala-10626251.htm|access-date=2021-09-05|website=www.cnbctv18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=12-Year-Old Succumbs to Nipah Virus in Kerala; Two Health Workers Who Were in Contact with the Patient Develop Symptoms {{!}} The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel {{!}} weather.com|url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/health/news/2021-09-05-nipah-virus-kills-one-in-kerala-health-workers-symptomatic|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Weather Channel|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amid Rising Covid Cases, Kerala Faces New Challenges With Nipah Virus|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amid-rising-covid-19-cases-kerala-faces-new-challenges-with-nipah-virus-infections-2530614|access-date=2021-09-05|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Jagran Explainer: How Centre and Kerala govt are preparing to deal with Nipah virus|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/jagran-explainer-how-centre-and-kerala-govt-are-preparing-to-deal-with-nipah-virus-10031673|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Jagran English|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Nipah outbreak 2021 Kozhikode - 3 kilometers buffer zone map around the epicentre.pdf|thumb|alt=Map of the Kozhikode area, illustrating a three-kilometer buffer zone around the epicentre|2021 outbreak in Kozhikode, with a three-kilometer buffer zone around the epicentre]]
The [[index case]] of the outbreak was reported at a private hospital in Kozhikode district on 5 September, when a 12-year-old boy from Chathamangalam died after testing positive for [[Nipah virus infection]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=ലേഖകൻ|first=മാധ്യമം|date=2021-09-06|title=നിപ പകർന്നത് ആടിൽ നിന്നല്ല, റംബുട്ടാനിൽ നിന്നാണോയെന്ന് പരിശോധിക്കുന്നു- ആരോഗ്യമന്ത്രി |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/checking-whether-the-transmission-of-nipah-was-from-a-rambutan-and-not-from-a-goat-health-minister-844907|access-date=2021-09-06|website=www.madhyamam.com|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=നിപ: കുട്ടിയുടെ അമ്മയ്ക്ക് പനി; ഉടന്‍ മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളജിലേക്ക് മാറ്റും|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/09/05/mother-of-12-year-old-boy-who-died-of-nipah-virus-has-shows-symptoms.html|access-date=2021-09-06|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref> The new Nipah infection, which spreads through the [[saliva]] of [[Megabat|fruit bats]], came three years after a previous outbreak which claimed 17 lives.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=12-yr-old dies of Nipah in Kerala; 17 primary contacts placed under observation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/suspected-case-of-nipah-virus-in-keralas-kozhikode-7489260/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Nipah death in Kerala: Symptoms, prevention, treatment. All you need to know|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nipah-death-in-kerala-symptoms-prevention-treatment-all-you-need-to-know-101630836947242.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=TN steps up thermal screening at 9 border districts after Nipah virus death in Kerala|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-steps-thermal-screening-9-border-districts-after-nipah-virus-death-kerala-154893|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Breaking news: 4 killed, 17 injured after tractor-trolley overturns in MP|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/breaking-news-updates-september-05-2021-101630798650701.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The presence of Nipah virus in the boy was confirmed by [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|RT-PCR]] tests, and all three samples ([[Plasma cell|plasma]], [[Serum (blood)|serum]] and [[Cerebrospinal fluid|CSF]]) were found to be positive in tests at the [[National Institute of Virology]] in Pune.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-05|title=Two Health Workers Show Symptoms of Nipah Virus Infection; Kerala Health Minister|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/two-health-workers-show-symptoms-of-nipah-virus-infection-kerala-health-minister-4168064.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Response}}2023 outbreak ==
Six cases and two deaths were reported in August and September 2023.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/one-more-tests-positive-for-nipah-in-kozhikode/article67310380.ece/ | title=Nipah outbreak | Number of cases rises to six in Kozhikode | newspaper=The Hindu | date=15 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-12 |title=India's Kerala state reports two deaths from Nipah virus |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-kerala-state-reports-two-deaths-due-nipah-virus-official-2023-09-12/ |access-date=2023-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Kerala reports 4 cases of Nipah virus, 2 deaths. What we know so far |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-reports-4-cases-of-nipah-virus-2-deaths-101694534327800.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/indepth/nipah-virus-outbreak-in-kerala.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> One of the victims died on 30 August and the other died in early September, both in Kozhikode district. Two family members of a victim tested positive and were hospitalized.<ref name = "bbc1">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-13 |title=Kerala: India state on alert after Nipah virus deaths |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66793836 |access-date=2023-09-13}}</ref>

Indian Health Minister [[Mansukh Mandaviya]] announced that the central government had dispatched a team of experts to Kerala to assess the situation and help the state government manage the outbreak. Kerala Health Minister [[Veena George]] reported that tests had confirmed that the virus strain in the outbreak was identical to one previously found in [[Bangladesh]], and teams from the [[National Institute of Virology]] in [[Pune]] had established a mobile laboratory at [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode|Kozhikode Medical College]] for virus testing and bat surveys. George said that 168 contacts of the two deceased patients were identified and underwent virus testing. The state government established a control room in Kozhikode for continuous monitoring, and health workers were instructed to adhere strictly to infection-control protocols. Seven villages in Kozhikode were declared as containment zones, and some schools and offices in the district were temporarily closed. Kerala Chief Minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] said that the state government treated the deaths seriously, and urged the public to wear face masks and visit hospitals only for emergencies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Rupam |date=2023-09-13 |title=India's Kerala shuts schools and offices to curb deadly Nipah virus |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-kerala-state-closes-schools-banks-seven-villages-due-nipah-deaths-2023-09-13/ |access-date=2023-09-13}}</ref><ref name = "bbc1"></ref>

== {{anchor|Timeline}}2024 incidents ==
A 14-year-old boy from [[Pandikkad]], [[Malappuram district]] died on 21 July 2024 at GMCH Kozhikode. He had exposure to hog plum fruit, although it was not certain if this was the vehicle that exposed him to the virus, and fruit bat activity existed in the area. The boy had initially been admitted to a hospital in Perinthalmanna for acute encephalitis. He was unable to receive a monoclonal antibody treatment because of his deteriorating condition by the time it arrived.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/nipah/india-reports-fatal-nipah-virus-infection|title=India reports fatal Nipah virus infection|date=22 July 2024|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|access-date=18 September 2024|website=Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy|publisher=University of Minnesota}}</ref><ref name=naha2024>{{cite web|title=After Nipah death, mask made mandatory in Kerala’s Malappuram|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/after-nipah-death-mask-made-mandatory-in-keralas-malappuram/article68647653.ece#|website=The Hindu|last=Naha|first=Abdul Latheef|date=16 September 2024|access-date=18 September 2024}}</ref> One more death was reported in Malappuram district during the month of September 2024. The person was a 24-year-old student who had come there from Bangalore.<ref name=naha2024/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/one-dead-from-nipah-virus-in-indias-kerala-second-death-this-year|title=Second person dead from Nipah virus in India’s Kerala in 2024|website=The Straits Times|date=16 September 2024}}</ref>

==2025 incident==

As of early June 2025, at least 425 people have been placed under observation in [[Kerala]] amid a renewed Nipah virus scare. The districts of Palakkad, Malappuram, and Kozhikode have been put on high alert. In Palakkad, 61 of the 110 contacts identified are health workers; similarly, all 87 identified in Kozhikode are medical personnel. The Health Minister has advised psychological support for those under surveillance. A teenage girl from Makkaraparamba, Malappuram, succumbed to the virus on June 1, while a 38-year-old woman from [[Thachanattukara]], [[Palakkad]], remains critical at Moulana Hospital in [[Perinthalmanna]]. Health authorities continue to intensify containment efforts to prevent further spread.<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2025-07-05 |title=Nipah virus: 425 people under observation as Palakkad, Malappuram, Kozhikode put on high alert |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/425-on-nipah-contact-list-as-palakkad-malappuram-kozhikode-put-on-high-alert/article69777417.ece |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'', a 2019 Indian Malayalam medical thriller film co-produced and directed by Aashiq Abu and released on 7 June 2019, was based on the 2018 outbreak.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayalam-movie-virus-based-2018-nipah-outbreak-release-friday-103069|title=Malayalam movie 'Virus' based on 2018 Nipah outbreak to release this Friday |work=The News Minute |access-date=2019-06-05 |date=2019-06-05}}</ref>

The visual artist Pallavi Paul‘s video tryptich titled ALAQ deals with the 2019 outbreak of Nipah virus in Kerala and is featured in the 2025/26 Kochi-Muziris Biennale (Aspinwall House). https://artandaustralia.com/60_2/p352/pallavi-paul

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Refbegin}}
* Respond ReplyTicket from Malaysian Ministry of Health (Kementrian Kesihatan Malaysia) {{Cite web | url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LCidcf9XVShtKnnF_wW16vIgeJdRT0kd/view?usp=drivesdk |title = Share 'Tiket Maklum balas.PDF'}}
* Sharing of Information of Virus Posted in the WHO EIS on at Malaysian Time {{Cite web | url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zVDgPtjheWY6vT1Ym5qIktm79OmAz4aG/view?usp=drivesdk |title = Share 'DOC-20181030-WA0025.PDF'}}
* {{Cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/nurse-lini-who-treated-kerala-nipah-victim-left-heartbreaking-note-for-husband-1855625 |title = Kerala Nurse Died After Treating Nipah Patient, Left Heartbreaking Note}}
* {{Cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tracking-nipah-outbreak-sabith-patient-no-1-infected-all-but-one-5259668/ |title = Tracking Nipah outbreak: Sabith, Patient No. 1, infected all but one|date = 2018-07-15}}
{{Refend}}
{{Epidemics}}

[[Category:2018 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2018 disease outbreaks]]
[[Category:May 2018 in India]]
[[Category:June 2018 in India]]
[[Category:Disease outbreaks in India]]
[[Category:2010s epidemics]]
[[Category:2020s epidemics]]
[[Category:Paramyxoviridae]]
[[Category:Health in Kerala]]
[[Category:2010s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]

Ashaval

2026-02-28T15:27:37Z

Sshekhar898: small changes

{{Short description|Original name of Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=May 2012}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2014}}
}}

'''Ashaval''' or '''Ashapalli''' or '''Yashoval'''.<ref name="CensusofIndia61">{{cite book |last1=R. K. Trivedi |title=Census of India 1961: Volume V - Special Report On Ahmedabad City |publisher=Government of India |page=19 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3677/1/50975_1961_SP.pdf |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228112629/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3677/1/50975_1961_SP.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ashaval.com/history-behind-names-of-ahmedabad-1110169/|title=The History behind the names of Ahmedabad City.|last=Rai|first=Neha|date=2018-11-28|website=Ashaval.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-03|archive-date=28 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928161704/https://ashaval.com/history-behind-names-of-ahmedabad-1110169/|url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeological evidence suggests that the area around [[Ahmedabad]] in [[Gujarat]], [[India]] has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as '''Yashoval'''<ref name="CensusofIndia61"/> or '''Ashapalli''' or '''Ashaval'''. The city of Ashaval was located on the east of [[Sabarmati River|River Sabarmati]]. Ashaval's existence is traced from 9th - 10th century until the 13th century.
{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
The settlement near the bank of Sabarmati River, today the city of Ahmedabad, was earlier known as Ashaval or Ashapalli. In the tenth century, Ashaval was one of the chief places in Gujarat, as described by Al-Biruni.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Area ==
The estimated area of Ashawal was from [[Calico Mills]] via Jamalpur Darwaja up to Astodia Darwaja. The hillock near Astodia Darwaja (the present Dhal-ni-pol area) was known as 'Asha Bhil-no-Tekro.'<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.welcometoahmedabad.com/5/historical-glimpses.html | title=Historical Glimpses - A Complete Ahmedabad City Guide by Dr. Manek Patel | access-date=13 September 2013 | archive-date=31 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231133608/http://www.welcometoahmedabad.com/5/historical-glimpses.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Rulers ==

Ashaval was initially ruled by a [[Bhils|Bhil]] Maharaja Aasha Bhil, who was defeated by the [[Chaulukya]](Solanki) king [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]] (r. c. 1064–1092 CE). The 14th century chronicler [[Merutunga]] states that Karna established the city of Karnavati after this victory, which is identified with modern [[Ahmedabad]] by some scholars.<ref>{{cite book |author=Tommaso Bobbio |title=Urbanisation, Citizenship and Conflict in India: Ahmedabad 1900-2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-51400-8 |page=164 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

{{Ahmedabad topics}}

[[Category:History of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Archaeology of India]]

{{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

Death of Alexander the Great

2026-02-20T00:06:05Z

Sshekhar898: refined formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Death of the Macedonian king in 323 BC}}
[[File:Dying Alexander.jpg|thumb|Dying Alexander, copy of a 2nd-century BC sculpture, [[National Art Museum of Azerbaijan]].]]
{{Alexander the Great series}}

The death of [[Alexander the Great]] and subsequent related events have been the subjects of debates. According to a [[Babylonian astronomical diaries|Babylonian astronomical diary]], Alexander died in the palace of [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] in [[Babylon]] between the evening of 10 June and the evening of 11 June 323 BC,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/oriental-varia/a-contemporary-account-of-the-death-of-alexander/|title=A contemporary account of the death of Alexander|publisher =[[Livius.org]]|access-date=Nov 5, 2019}}</ref> at the age of 32.

[[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonians]] and local residents wept at the news of the death, while [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] subjects were forced to shave their heads.<ref name ="Freeman">{{cite book| last = Freeman| first = Philip| title = Alexander the Great| publisher = Simon and Schuster| year = 2011| page = [https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat00free/page/320 320]| isbn = 978-1-4165-9280-8| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat00free/page/320}}</ref> The mother of [[Darius III]], [[Sisygambis]], having learned of Alexander's death, became depressed and killed herself later.<ref name ="Quest">{{cite book | last =Chugg| first = Andrew|title = The Quest for the Tomb of Alexander the Great | publisher = Lulu.com| year = 2007| page = 25| isbn =978-0-9556790-0-1}}</ref> Historians vary in their assessments of primary sources about Alexander's death, which has resulted in different views about its cause and circumstances.

== Background ==
[[File:With an effort he looked at them as they passed.jpg|thumb|left|upright|"With an effort he looked at them as they passed"]]

In February 323 BC, Alexander ordered his armies to prepare for the march to [[Babylon]].<ref name ="Lendering">{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander16.html|title=Death in Babylon|publisher=[[Livius.org]]|author=Jona Lendering|access-date=Aug 22, 2011|author-link=Jona Lendering|archive-date=August 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802145325/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander16.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to [[Arrian]], after crossing the [[Tigris]] Alexander was met by [[Chaldea]]ns, who advised him not to enter the city because their deity [[Bel (mythology)|Bel]] had warned them that to do so at that time would be fatal for Alexander.<ref name ="Arrian">{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t63.html#2|title=Alexander and the Chaldaeans|publisher=[[Livius.org]]|access-date=Aug 22, 2011|archive-date=April 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427201924/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t63.html#2|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Chaldeans also warned Alexander against marching westwards as he would then look to the setting sun, a symbol of decline.<ref name ="Arrian"/> It was suggested that he enter Babylon via the Royal Gate, in the western wall, where he would face to the east. Alexander followed this advice, but the route turned out to be unfavorable because of swampy terrain.<ref name ="Arrian"/> According to [[Jona Lendering]], "it seems that in May 323" the Babylonian [[astrology|astrologers]] tried to avert the misfortune by substituting Alexander with an ordinary person on the Babylonian throne, who would take the brunt of the omen. The Greeks, however, did not understand that ritual.<ref name ="Lendering"/>

=== Prophecy of Calanus ===

[[Calanus of India|Calanus]] was likely to be a [[Hindu]] [[Naga sadhu]], whom Greeks called [[gymnosophists]]. He had accompanied the Greek army back from [[Punjab region|Punjab]], upon request by Alexander. He was 73 years of age at that time. However, when Persian weather and travel fatigue weakened him, he informed Alexander that he would rather die than live disabled. He decided to take his life by [[self-immolation]]. Alexander tried to dissuade him from doing so but upon the insistence of Calanus, Alexander relented and the job of building a [[pyre]] was entrusted to [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]].<ref name=Fox>{{cite book|title=Alexander the Great|year=1973|publisher=Robin Lane Fox|pages=416, 470-471|isbn=9780713905007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGApAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> This incident took place in [[Susa]] in 323 BC.<ref>{{cite book|title=Yādnāmah-ʾi Panjumīn Kungrih-ʾi Bayn al-Milalī-i Bāstānshināsī va Hunar-i Īrān|year=1972|publisher=Ministry of Culture and Arts, Iran. Vizārat-i Farhang va Hunar|pages=224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8ufAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Calanus is mentioned also by Alexander's admiral, [[Nearchus]], and [[Chares of Mytilene]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sháhnáma of Firdausí |first1=Arthur George |last1=Warner |first2=Edmond |last2=Warner|year=2001|pages=61|publisher=Psychology Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CixkKv_ywoMC&pg=PA61|isbn=9780415245432 }}</ref> He did not flinch as he burnt to the astonishment of those who watched.<ref>{{cite book|title=Defending the West: a critique of Edward Said's Orientalism Front Cover |first=Ibn |last=Warraq|year=2007|publisher=Prometheus Books|pages=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoJtAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9781591024842 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy |editor-first=Keimpe |editor-last=Algra |year=1999 |pages=243|publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lRD6feR3hEC&pg=PA243|isbn=9780521250283 }}</ref> Before immolating himself alive on the pyre, his last words to Alexander were "We shall meet in Babylon".<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Philosophy |first=Silvano |last=Borruso|year=2007|pages=50|publisher=Paulines Publications Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiA0NIf14ZAC&pg=PA50|isbn=9789966082008 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=National Geographic, Volume 133|year=1968|pages=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8YvAAAAYAAJ }}</ref> Thus he is said to have prophesied the death of Alexander in Babylon. At the time of the death of Calanus, Alexander, however, did not have any plan to go to Babylon.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The philosophical books of Cicero|year=1989|publisher=Duckworth|pages=186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1MEAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9780715622148}}</ref>

== Causes ==
[[File:Alexander after being poisoned.jpg|thumb|The poisoning of Alexander depicted in the 15th century romance ''The History of Alexander's Battles'', J1 version. NLW MS Pen.481D]]

Alexander suffered 12-14 days of what is described as a feverish type of illness, possibly an infectious disease, passing away on June 10, 323 BCE at the age of 32. Some accounts propose causes of Alexander's death such as alcoholic liver disease, and poisoning by [[strychnine]], but there is little data to support those versions.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|pmid=15081504|title=The death of Alexander the Great: malaria or typhoid fever.|publisher =Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2004 Mar;18(1):53–63|author=Cunha BA|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00090-4|volume=18|issue=1|date=March 2004|journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am.|pages=53–63}}</ref> According to Andrew N. Williams and Robert Arnott, in his last days Alexander was unable to speak, which was due to a previous injury to his neck during the [[Siege of Cyropolis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.b.ebscohost.com.research-db.letu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=5da10bd1-41cf-46cf-ae69-9e9833230a4d%40sessionmgr4008|title=A Stone at the Siege of Cyropolis and the Death of Alexander the Great}}</ref> Other [[Retrospective diagnosis|retrodiagnoses]] include noninfectious diseases as well.<ref name ="CDC">{{cite journal|title=Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis|author1=John S. Marr|author2-link=Charles Calisher |author2=Charles H. Calisher |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=2004 |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=1328–1333 |publisher =[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]|doi=10.3201/eid1007.040039 |pmid=15338538 |pmc=3323347 }}</ref> According to historical accounts, Alexander's body began to decompose six days after his death.

===Malaria===
According to author Andrew Chugg, there is evidence that Alexander died of malaria, having contracted it two weeks before the onset of illness while sailing in the marshes to inspect flood defenses. Chugg based his argument<ref>The Quest for the Tomb of Alexander the Great, A. M. Chugg, AMC Publications, 3rd Edition, January 2020, Chapter 1 (pages28-45).</ref> on the ''Ephemerides'' (''Journal'') compiled by Alexander's secretary, Eumenes of Cardia.<ref>Aelian, Varia Historia 3.23 (a recognised fragment of the Ephemerides which is attributed to Eumenes in Aelian's text).</ref> Chugg also showed in a paper in the ''Ancient History Bulletin''<ref>A. M. Chugg, "The Journal of Alexander the Great", Ancient History Bulletin 19.3–4 (2005) 155–175.</ref> that the ''Ephemerides'' are probably authentic. Chugg further noted that Arrian states that Alexander "no longer had any rest from the fever" halfway through his fatal illness.<ref>Arrian, Anabasis Alexandrou 7.25.4.</ref> This is evidence that the fever had initially been intermittent, which is the signature fever curve of ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' (the expected malarial parasite, given Alexander's travel history and the severity of the illness), thus enhancing the likelihood of malaria.<ref>Robert Sallares, Malaria and Rome, OUP 2002, p.11.</ref> The malaria version was also supported by [[Paul Cartledge]].{{cn|date=August 2023}}

===Typhoid fever===
According to the [[University of Maryland School of Medicine]] report of 1998, Alexander probably died of [[typhoid fever]]<ref name ="UMM"/> (which, along with [[malaria]], was common in ancient Babylon).<ref name ="Musso">{{cite web|url=http://www.humanehealthcare.com/Article.asp?art_id=662|title=MEGAS ALEXANDROS (Alexander The Great ): His Death Remains a Medical Mystery |author=Carlos G. Musso|publisher =Humane Medicine Health Care|access-date=Aug 21, 2011}}</ref> In the week before his death, historical accounts mention chills, sweats, exhaustion and high fever, typical [[symptom]]s of infectious diseases, including typhoid fever.<ref name ="UMM"/> According to David W. Oldach from the [[University of Maryland Medical Center]], Alexander also had "severe [[abdominal pain]], causing him to cry out in agony".<ref name ="UMM"/> The associated account, however, comes from the unreliable ''[[Alexander Romance]]''.

===West Nile fever===
Epidemiologist John Marr and [[Charles Calisher]] put forward the [[West Nile fever]] as the possible cause of Alexander's death. This version was deemed "fairly compelling" by [[University of Rhode Island]] epidemiologist Thomas Mather, who nonetheless noted that the West Nile virus tends to kill the elderly or those with weakened [[immune systems]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gideononline.com/reviews/nature2003/|title=Nature-Alexander the Great|publisher =[[Global Infectious Disease Epidemiology Network|GIDEON]]|access-date=Aug 21, 2011}}</ref> The version of Marr and Calisher was also criticized by Burke A. Cunha from [[Winthrop University Hospital]].<ref name="Cunha">{{Cite journal |last=Cunha |first=Burke A. |date=July 2004 |title=Alexander the Great and West Nile virus encephalitis |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=1328–1329; author reply 1332–1333 |doi=10.3201/eid1007.040039 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=3323347 |pmid=15338538}}</ref> According to analysis of other authors in response to Marr and Calisher, the West Nile virus could not have infected humans before the 8th century AD.<ref name ="Cunha"/>

===Poisoning===
Throughout the centuries suspicions of possible poisoning have fallen on a number of alleged perpetrators, including one of Alexander's wives, his generals, his illegitimate half-brother or the royal cup-bearer.<ref name ="Chugg">{{cite news|url=http://www.alexanderstomb.com/main/deathofalexander/IoS6on7Aug05b.JPG|title=Disease, not conflict, ended the reign of Alexander the Great|newspaper =[[The Independent on Sunday]]|access-date=Aug 21, 2011}}</ref> The poisoning version is featured particularly in the politically motivated ''Liber de Morte Testamentoque Alexandri'' (''The Book On the Death and Testament of Alexander''), which tries to discredit the family of [[Antipater]]. It was argued that the book was compiled in [[Polyperchon]]'s circle, not before c. 317 BC.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Alexander%27s+last+days%3A+malaria+and+mind+games%3F-a0221920136|title=Alexander's last days: malaria and mind games?|journal=[[Acta Classica]]|author1=John Atkinson|author2=Elsie Truter|author3=Etienne Truter|date=Jan 1, 2009|access-date=Aug 21, 2011|archive-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113552/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Alexander%27s+last+days%3A+malaria+and+mind+games?-a0221920136|url-status=dead}}</ref> This theory was also advanced by [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] in his ''[[Historia Philippicae et Totius Mundi Origines et Terrae Situs]]'' where he stated that Antipater murdered Alexander by feeding him a poison so strong that it "could be conveyed [only] in the hoof of a horse.".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Justin |translator-last1=Watson |translator-first1=John |chapter=Preface |chapter-url=http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/trans12.html |title=Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus}}</ref>

In ''Alexander the Great: The Death of a God'', [[Paul C. Doherty]] claimed that Alexander was poisoned with [[arsenic]] by his possibly illegitimate half-brother [[Ptolemy I Soter]].<ref name ="Chugg"/> However, this was disputed by [[New Zealand]] National Poisons Centre [[toxicologist]] Dr. Leo Schep, who discounted arsenic poisoning and instead suggested that he could have been poisoned by a wine made from the plant ''[[Veratrum album]]'', known as white hellebore.<ref name=schep>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Vale JA, Wheatley P |title=Was the death of Alexander the Great due to poisoning? Was it Veratrum album? |journal=[[Clinical Toxicology]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=72–7 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24369045 |doi=10.3109/15563650.2013.870341|s2cid=20804486 }}</ref> This poisonous plant can produce prolonged poisoning symptoms that match the course of events as described in the ''Alexander Romance'', and was known to the ancient Greeks. The article was published in the peer-reviewed medical journal ''[[Clinical Toxicology]]'' and suggested that if Alexander was poisoned, ''Veratrum album'' offers the most plausible cause.<ref name=schep/><ref>{{cite news |last=Bennett-Smith |first=Meredith | date= 14 January 2014 | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/13/alexander-the-great-poisoned-toxic-wine_n_4591553.html |title= Was Alexander The Great Poisoned By Toxic Wine? | access-date=15 January 2014| work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> This theory is supported by the writings of the ancient Greek historian [[Diodorus]], who had recorded Alexander becoming "stricken with pain after drinking a large bowl of wine"<ref>{{cite news |last=Wolfe |first=Sarah | date= 13 January 2014 | url = https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-01-13/alexander-great-was-killed-toxic-wine-says-scientist|title= Alexander the Great was killed by toxic wine, says scientist | access-date=5 March 2018| work=Public Radio International}}</ref> at a banquet hosted by one of his officers, [[Medius of Larissa]]. However, historian [[Robin Lane Fox]] has argued that allegations of poisoning are "technically implausible"<ref name=Fox/> given the length of time between Alexander's first reported symptoms and his death. "The poisons of herbalists were swift and irremediable, whether [[Conium maculatum|hemlocks]], hellebores or [[Atropa belladonna|belladonnas]], and except as an explanation of mysterious illness, a slow poison met no need in the poison-chests of ancient Greece. If Alexander had been poisoned, he should surely have been given a massive dose which was absolutely certain to kill him at once. And yet diaries, pamphlets and official calendars insist that twelve days elapsed between Medius's fateful banquet and the death of the king."<ref name=Fox/>
[[File:"The Funeral of Iskandar", Folio from a Shahnama (Book of Kings) MET DP108581.jpg|thumb|"The Funeral of Iskandar," Folio from a [[Shahnameh|Shahnama]] (Persian Book of Kings). Stories of Alexander's life and death detailed throughout his reign as ruler over the Persian empire.]]

===Other causes===
Other causes that have been put forward include [[acute pancreatitis]] provoked by "heavy alcohol consumption and a very rich meal",<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=9252868|title=Did Alexander the Great die of acute pancreatitis?|publisher =Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 1997 Jun;24(4):294-6|author=Sbarounis CN|doi=10.1097/00004836-199706000-00031|volume=24|issue=4|date=June 1997|journal=J. Clin. Gastroenterol.|pages=294–6}}</ref> [[acute endocarditis]],<ref name ="Musso"/> [[schistosomiasis]] brought on by ''[[Schistosoma haematobium]]'',<ref name ="Musso"/> [[porphyria]],<ref name ="Musso"/> and [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/64676-alexander-the-great-declared-dead-prematurely.html|title= Why Alexander the Great May Have Been Declared Dead Prematurely (It's Pretty Gruesome)|author=Owen Jarus|website= [[Live Science]]|date= 4 February 2019|access-date=Nov 3, 2021}}</ref> [[Fritz Schachermeyr]] proposed [[leukemia]] and malaria. When Alexander's symptoms were entered into databases of the [[Global Infectious Disease Epidemiology Network]], [[influenza]] gained the highest probability (41.2%) on the list of [[Differential diagnosis|differential diagnoses]].<ref name ="CDC"/> However, according to Cunha, the symptoms and course of Alexander's disease are inconsistent with influenza, as well as with malaria, schistosomiasis, and poisoning in particular.<ref name=":0" />

Another theory moves away from disease and hypothesizes that Alexander's death was related to a congenital [[scoliosis|scoliotic syndrome]].<ref name="Ashrafian-138">Ashrafian pg. 138</ref> It has been discussed that Alexander had structural neck deformities and oculomotor deficits,<ref name="Ashrafian-139">Ashrafian, pg.139</ref> which could be associated with [[Klippel–Feil syndrome]], a rare congenital scoliotic disorder.<ref name="Ashrafian-140">Ashrafian, pg. 140</ref> His physical deformities and symptoms leading up to his death are what lead experts to believe this. Some believe that as Alexander fell ill in his final days, he suffered from progressive epidural spinal cord compression, which left him [[quadriplegic]].<ref>George K. York, David A. Steinberg, "Commentary. The Diseases of Alexander the Great", ''Journal of the History of the Neurosciences'', Vol. 13, 2004, pg. 154</ref> However, this hypothesis cannot be proven without a full analysis of Alexander's body.<ref name="Ashrafian-140"/>

Some have speculated that he suffered from [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], which typhoid fever can lead to when complicated with other maladies. He may have contracted this disease from a ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' infection after his lung wound during the siege of [[Multan]], where it was common at the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Jean-Arcady |title=The Rise and Fall of the Library of Alexandria |date=2023 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |page=356}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Emerging Infectious Diseases Volume 9, Issues 7–12, Part 2 |date=2003 |publisher=Rutgers University |page=1600}}</ref> Proponents say this would explain why Alexander's body reportedly did not decompose for 6 days following his presumed death, as he may well have been still alive but in a deep [[coma]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Katherine |title=Did Alexander the Great Die from Guillain-Barré Syndrome? |journal=Ancient History Bulletin |date=2018 |volume=32 |issue=3–4}}</ref>

== Body preservation ==
[[File:Funeral of Iskander.jpg|thumb|Funeral of Iskander (Alexander): pallbearers carry his coffin draped with brocaded silk and his turban at one end. In [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami]]'s version Iskandar fell ill and died near Babylon. Because it was believed he had been poisoned, no antidotes could revive him.]]

One ancient account reports that the planning and construction of an appropriate funerary cart to convey the body out from Babylon took two years from the time of Alexander's death.<ref name ="Bianchi">{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/alexander/tomb.html|title=Hunting Alexander's Tomb|publisher =Archaeology.org|author=Robert S. Bianchi|access-date=Aug 21, 2011}}</ref> It is not known exactly how the body was preserved for about two years before it was moved from Babylon. In 1889, [[E. A. Wallis Budge]] suggested that the body was submerged in a vat of honey,<ref>{{cite book | last =Aufderheide| first =Arthur|title = The scientific study of mummies| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2003| pages = 261–262| isbn =0-521-81826-5}}</ref> while [[Plutarch]] reported treatment by [[Ancient Egyptian burial customs|Egyptian embalmers]].<ref name ="Bianchi"/>

Egyptian and [[Chaldea]]n embalmers who arrived on 16 June are said to have attested to Alexander's lifelike appearance.<ref name ="Quest"/> This was interpreted as a complication of [[typhoid fever]], known as [[ascending paralysis]], which causes a person to appear dead prior to death.<ref name ="UMM">{{cite web|url=http://www.umm.edu/news/releases/bug.htm|title=INTESTINAL BUG LIKELY KILLED ALEXANDER THE GREAT|publisher =[[University of Maryland Medical Center]]|access-date=Aug 21, 2011}}</ref>

== Tomb ==
{{main|Tomb of Alexander the Great}}

On its way back to [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]], the funerary cart with Alexander's body was met in [[Syria (region)|Syria]] by one of Alexander's generals, the future ruler [[Ptolemy I Soter]]. In late 322 or early 321 BC Ptolemy diverted the body to Egypt where it was interred in [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]. In the late 4th or early 3rd century BC Alexander's body was transferred from the Memphis tomb to [[Alexandria]] for reburial<ref name ="Bianchi"/> (by [[Ptolemy Philadelphus]] in {{circa|280 BC}}, according to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]). Later [[Ptolemy Philopator]] placed Alexander's body in Alexandria's communal mausoleum.<ref name ="Bianchi"/> Shortly after the [[death of Cleopatra]], Alexander's tomb was visited by [[Augustus]], who is said to have placed flowers on the tomb and a golden [[diadem]] upon Alexander's head.<ref name ="Bianchi"/> By the 4th century AD, the location of Alexander's body was no longer known; later authors, such as [[Ibn Abd al-Hakam]], [[Al-Masudi]] and [[Leo Africanus]], report having seen Alexander's tomb.<ref name ="Bianchi"/> Leo Africanus in 1491 and [[George Sandys]] in 1611 reportedly saw the tomb in [[Alexandria]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Madden | first =Richard| title =The Shrines and Sepulchres of the Old and New World |publisher =Newby | pages=137–138| year =1851 }}</ref> According to one legend, the body lies in a [[crypt]] beneath an early Christian church.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/110852.stm|title=Alexander's death riddle is 'solved' |publisher =[[BBC]]|access-date=Aug 21, 2011|date=June 11, 1998}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of unsolved deaths]]
* [[Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* Hutan Ashrafian, "The Death of Alexander the Great — A Spinal Twist of Fate", ''Journal of the History of the Neurosciences'', Vol. 13, 2004
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Doherty |first=Paul C. |author-link=Paul C. Doherty |title=The Death of Alexander the Great: What-or Who-Really Killed the Young Conqueror of the Known World? |date=2004 |publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-84529-156-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Everitt |first=Anthony |title=Alexander the Great: His Life and His Mysterious Death |date=2021 |publisher=Random House |location=New York City |isbn=978-0425286531 }}
* {{cite book |last=Grant |first=David |title=The Last Will and Testament of Alexander the Great: The Truth Behind the Death That Changed the Graeco-persian World Forever |date=2022 |publisher=Pen and Sword Books |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1526771261 }}

[[Category:323 BC]]
[[Category:Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Babylon]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Asia|Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Unsolved deaths in Iraq|Alexander the Great]]

V. S. Mahalingam

2026-02-12T03:19:52Z

Sshekhar898: minor cleaned up article per sources and fixed typos

{{BLP sources|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. S. Mahalingam
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| education = [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]] [[Master of Engineering|M. Tech]]
| alma_mater = [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]]
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| employer = [[DRDO]]
| organization =
| known_for = Defence research
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| title = Director, [[Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics]](CAIR)
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'''V. S. Mahalingam''' is a distinguished DRDO scientist and Director of [[Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics]].<ref>[http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs/CAIR/English/index.jsp?pg=Director.jsp Director's Profile]</ref> He is an alumnus of Chennai's [[College of Engineering, Guindy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/newsletter/2009/sep_09.pdf|date=September 2009|publisher=Defence Research & Development Organization|title=Promotion Announcement in the Monthly Newsletter of DRDO|author=Director, Defence Scientific Information & Documentatiion Centre}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{DRDO Laboratories}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahalingam, V. S.}}
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]

Mehmoodur Rehman

2026-02-08T17:40:37Z

Sshekhar898: put up a info...

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Other uses|Mahmudur Rahman (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mehmood-ur Rehman
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Bilanda, [[Fatehpur District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date = 9 July 2017
| death_place = [[Lucknow]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Services|Civil servant]]
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse = Nuzhat Rahman, Afshan Rahman
| domesticpartner =
| children = Zarqa Rahman ,
Zia ur Rahman
| parents =
| website =
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Shri Awardees |url=http://archive.india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1070 |website=india.gov.in archive |accessdate=12 September 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''Mehmood-ur Rehman''' ('''Mahmoodur Rehman''' or Mehmood-ur-Rehman) was an Indian civil servant, best known as the chairman of the 2008 Committee on ''Socio-Economic Backwardness of Muslims in Maharashtra''.<ref name="'Busy' Chavan finally gives time to Dr Mehmoodur Rehman Committee">{{cite web | url=https://www.ummid.com/news/2013/October/21.10.2013/dr-mehmoodur-rehman-to-submit-its-report.html | title='Busy' Chavan finally gives time to Dr Mehmoodur Rehman Committee | publisher=UnMid | date=21 October 2013 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> He was Vice-Chancellor of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] from 1995 to 2000 and served as the chairman of [[Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/in-fray-a-religious-head-a-cm-two-babus-retired-judge/ |title=In fray: a religious head, a CM, two babus, retired judge |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=30 March 2015 |accessdate=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Agha |first1=Eram |title=AMU without chancellor for 4 yrs now, VC's role questioned {{!}} Agra News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/AMU-without-chancellor-for-4-yrs-now-VCs-role-questioned/articleshow/43553555.cms |accessdate=12 September 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=26 September 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

==Education==
He graduated in Law in 1962 and secured a master's degree in [[Persian language|Persian]] from Allahabad University before joining the [[Uttar Pradesh]] civil services in 1965.<ref name="Life Sketch of Padamshree Dr. Mehmoodur Rehman">{{cite web | url=http://www.maeeshat.in/2013/10/life-sketch-of-padamshree-dr-mehmoodur-rehman-the-chairman-of-the-committee-set-up-to-study-socio-economic-backwardness-of-muslims-in-maharashtra/ | title=Life Sketch of Padamshree Dr. Mehmoodur Rehman | publisher=Maeeshat | date=27 October 2013 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref>

Other training included:
* Diploma in Agriculture Extension from International Training Institute NSW, Australia in 1977.
* Conferred D. Litt (Honoris Causa) by Banaras Hindu University for outstanding administrative skills and invaluable contribution towards the cause of education.

==Civil service==
A year after joining the civil service, he was selected to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and served as the Assistant Commissioner in [[Anantnag district|Anantnag District]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] during 1967–68. He also served as Sub Divisional Magistrate, Deputy Planning Secretary, Additional Deputy Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, Development Commissioner, [[Ladakh]] and Agriculture Commissioner and Secretary. During his tenure as the Development Commissioner of [[Ladakh]], he is reported to have introduced the [[Karakul sheep]] to the region.<ref name="Life Sketch of Padamshree Dr. Mehmoodur Rehman" /> When the [[Vilas Rao Deshmukh]] ministry of [[Maharashtra]] decided to set up a committee to propose recommendations for the betterment of the socio-economic and educational conditions of the Muslim community, Rehman was selected to chair the committee.<ref name="Double standards in reservation policy">{{cite web | url=http://civilserviceguide.com/topics/polity/post/double-standards-in-reservation-policy/ | title=Double standards in reservation policy | publisher=Civil Service Guide | date=6 January 2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> The committee stressed the social and educational backwardness of the Muslims<ref name="A discriminatory decision">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/a-discriminatory-decision/article6967744.ece | title=A discriminatory decision | work=The Hindu | date=7 March 2015 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> and, after 16 months, submitted its report proposing 8 percent reservation for the community.<ref name="MUSLIMS NEED ADEQUATE REPRESENTATION IN ALL SECTORS">{{cite web | url=https://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Muslims-need-adequate-representation-in-all-sectors/articleshow/25192233.cms | title=MUSLIMS NEED ADEQUATE REPRESENTATION IN ALL SECTORS | publisher=Mumbai Mirror | date=4 November 2013 | accessdate=11 October 2015}}</ref> His contributions are also reported behind the establishment of the [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology|Jammu and Kashmir Agriculture University]] and the Horticulture Processing and Marketing Corporation (HPMC).<ref name="Life Sketch of Padamshree Dr. Mehmoodur Rehman" />

===Administrative positions===
While in the civil service he held the posts of:
* Assistant Commissioner in Anantnag District of Kashmir in J & K, July 1967 to June 1968.
* Sub Divisional Magistrate – June 1968 to July 1969 in Sopore in Kashmir.
* Deputy Secretary to Government in the Planning Department in J & K from July 1969 to March 1970.
* Additional Deputy Commissioner, Jammu from March 1970 to April 1971.
* Deputy Commissioner, Udhampur from April 1971 to April 1973.
* Deputy Commissioner and Development Commissioner, Ladakh from April 1973 to October 1976. While there, he introduced Karakul Sheep of Russian Origin into Ladakh.
* Commissioner and Secretary Agriculture, Department of Agriculture, JK. In this role, he establishes the Agriculture University of JK and for this conducted study tour at Thailand, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand. He established the Horticulture Processing and Marketing Corporation (HPMC) and worked achieving self-sufficiency in food grains production in J & K. Visiting the US on the invitation of World Bank in March 1978, he negotiated a loan of 22 million dollars for horticulture development in J & K. He visited Australia on a course in Agriculture Extension and Lectures in NSW and Perth in Australia.
* Held the first Panchyat Election in J & K in 1978.
* Secretary Industries, Government of Jammu & Kashmir and also headed group of Industrial Undertaking and made them profit earning.
* Secretary (Health), Government of Jammu & Kashmir and worked on the expansion of Family Welfare Programme.
* Secretary (Revenue), Government of Jammu & Kashmir.
* Commissioner, Planning and Development, Jammu & Kashmir and started a number of power development projects.
* Principal Secretary to Chief Minister with additional powers of Special Secretary to Cabinet
* Held posts including that the Chairmanship of J & K Cements Ltd., Jammu & Kashmir Minerals and the Himalayan Wool Chambers

In the capacity as Principal Secretary, also held charge of the Department of Trade, Agencies, Tourism, Parks & Garden and Hospitality and Protocol. He was also:
* Additional Chief Secretary, Industries, Commerce and Power Development.
* Additional Chief Secretary (Home), Government of Jammu & Kashmir from December 1989 to April 1995.

==Aligarh Muslim University==
During his tenure as the Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University (1995 to 2000), he was appreciated for timely start of academic sessions and reviving the campus mess system. He was also appreciated for ending the possibility of corruption in the selection process for various courses of the university, by personally supervising the entire process and reducing the time taken in result declaration by up to 95% in some cases, thereby eliminating the scope of corruption. In a historic step, he also ended interview process for courses like Engineering to cater to the wide spread allegations of selective admissions based on communal lines, in past. Rehman is also credited to give [[Aligarh Muslim University|AMU]] its First woman Proctor since the establishment of the varsity, by making [[Dr. Shad Bano Ahmad]], a professor in Sociology at AMU, as proctor from 1996 to 1999. Being tough on the criminal elements present in the university, he also received criticism for pulling out a revolver at protesting students and was termed as "more a general than a scholar" by ''[[India Today]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/education/story/19981123-amu-gets-closed-for-third-time-in-three-years-as-clashes-wrack-campus-again-827418-1998-11-22 |title=Violent flare-up |work=[[India Today]] |date=23 November 2008 |author=Javed M. Ansari |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>

==Later career==
After his time as Vice Chancellor, he was:
* Secretary to Government of India, Ministry of Parliamentary Affair from September 2000 to August 2002.
* Administrator, Punjab Wakf Board, from August 2002 to October 2003.
* Member, Central Wakf Council, August 2002 to October 2003.

He was also a member of:
*Central POTA Review Committee, since May 2003;
*Exec. Council of the University of Hyderabad;
*Maulana Azad National Urdu University (MANU);
*Board of Governors, IIM Indore;
*Padma Award Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi.

==Achievements==
* Worked on rehabilitation of Tibetan Refugees in the difficult climatic conditions of Ladakh and travelled extensively into Ladakh, Himachal and Siachin Glacier.
* Established new rehabilitation centres of Tibetan Refugees after holding discussions and obtaining approval of the Dalai Lama.
* In November 1991 worked on the release of Indian Oil Official, Shri K. Doraiswami and Miss Nahid Soz, D/o Prof. Saifuddin Soz, former Minister of Environment, Government of India.
* Worked as the Chief Negotiator of the Government of J & K in the peaceful resolution of Hazratbal crisis in Kashmir in November 1993.
* In Ladhakh a programme of systematic preservation and promotion of Buddhist culture and relics was initiated. This has been acknowledged by all noted scholars including Professor David Snellgrove in his book "Heritage of Ladakh". Similarly, Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi of the National League of Democracy of Myanmar during her prolonged study of Ladhakh in 1975 appreciated the promotion of Ladakh as a tourist destination.
* During the initial years of service in Udhampur, remained associated with the famous Mata Vaishno Devi shrine at Udhampur District in Jammu Province and also for the first time made the proposal to construct an alternate exit route at the main shrine, providing relief to a large number of pilgrims. This exit route was made by cutting open the hill-side and this measure resulted in the increase of pilgrims from about ten lakhs to fifty lakhs in a year.
* Organised Amarnath Yatra twice in 1967 and 1968 in which on account of proper management no casualties took place.
* As Incharge of Home in Jammu & Kashmir continued to organise Amarnath Yatra in the most turbulent days from 1990 to 1995.
* Worked as Chairman of the Board of Translation of the Urdu Biography of Dr. Zakir Hussain and personally translated 200 pages.
* As member of Central Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) delivered a number of orders as per the Act and proposed a number of amendments to the existing provisions.
* As the present Chairman and Administrator of Bombay Mercantile Co-op. Bank Ltd. since 16 August 2002 contributed to the growth of the Bank and earned unprecedented profit of Rs. 37 crores in 2003 and Rs. 41 crores in 2004. The Bank is now making steady progress.
* Chairman of the Search Committees for the Vice-Chancellors of: i. Dharwad Agriculture University, Dharwad in 1997. ii. Mangalore University, Mangalore in 1998. iii. Gulbarga University, Gulbarga in 1999. iv. Kashmir University, Jammu and Kashmir in 2007 v. Islamic University of Science & Technology, J & K in January 2009 vi. Nalanda Open University Bihar, 28.4.2009

==Death==
Mahmudur Rahman died in Lucknow on 9 July 2017. After suffering a Brain Hemorrhage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahmoodur Rahman, former AMU Vice Chancellor dead – Obituary |url=https://viewsheadlines.com/mahmoodur-rahman-former-amu-vice-chancellor-dead-obituary-16600/ |accessdate=12 September 2019 |work=Views Headlines |date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]], in 1991.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015 }}</ref> Other awards include:
*K.G. Gold Medal from Allahabad University in 1962 for academic excellence in the entire Faculty of Arts in Allahabad University.
*Allahabad Jubilee Gold Medal (1962) for being the best student of the University.
*Queen Victoria Silver Medal (1962) for showing extraordinary merit in all the post-graduate examinations.
*Gold Medal for outstanding work for the rehabilitation of Ex-Servicemen from the Rajya Sainik Board, J & K.
*Conferred D. Litt. (Honoris Causa – BHU) in 1997.

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite news |title=Mahmoodur Rahman, ex AMU VC suffers massive heart attack, on life support |url=https://viewsheadlines.com/mahmoodur-rahman-ex-amu-vc-vice-chancellor-dead-or-alive-heart-attack-life-support-16570/ |work=Views Headlines |date=8 July 2017}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mohammad Naseem Faruqui]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Vice-Chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University|Vice-Chancellor of AMU]]|years=1995-2000}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Civil Service}}
{{portal|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rehman, Mehmood-ur}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Kunjulekshmi Saradamoni

2026-02-07T23:46:33Z

Sshekhar898: added a stub

{{Short description|Indian historian and economist (1928–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Kunjulekshmi Saradamoni
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
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| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Pattathanam, Kollam, Kerala
| death_date = 26 May 2021
| death_place = Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
| death_cause =
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| alma_mater = [[University of Paris VII]]
| thesis_title = Changements économiques et sociaux au Kerala: la caste des Pulayas depuis 1800
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1971
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor = [[Louis Dumont]]
| academic_advisors =
| influences = 
| era =
| discipline = Historian
| sub_discipline = Indian economic history
| workplaces = [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students =
| main_interests = Women's and Dalit studies
| notable_works = ''Emergence of a Slave Caste: Pulayas of Kerala'' (1980)
| notable_ideas =
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| signature =
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}}
'''Kunjulekshmi Saradamoni''' (1928 – 2021) was an Indian historian, economist and a specialist in [[Dalit]] and gender studies, and a president of the [[National Federation of Indian Women]]. She is best known for her studies of chattel enslavement of the lower castes in [[Kerala]], which upended the conventional wisdom that there had been no historical slavery in south India.

==Life==
K. Saradamoni was born in Pattathanam, [[Kerala]] in 1928. She attended the [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]], and was in the first cohort of Economics graduates from the city's University College.{{sfn|NIE|2021}} There she met the Indologist [[Madeleine Biardeau]], on whose advice she would later go to Paris for doctoral studies. She obtained a [[M.Litt.]] degree in Economics from [[Madras University]].{{sfn|Praveen|2021}} Between 1969 and 1971, she was at the [[University of Paris VII]] for doctoral studies under [[Louis Dumont]].{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2021}} Her thesis, ''Changements économiques et sociaux au Kerala: la caste des Pulayas depuis 1800'', appeared in 1971.{{sfn|Deconchy|Chalot|1972|p=189}}

Saradamoni married N. Gopinathan Nair, a journalist who founded the ''[[Janayugom]]'' magazine. They had two daughters, G. Asha and G. Arunima, the latter of whom is the head of the Kerala Council for Historical Research.{{sfn|NIE|2021}}{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2021}}{{sfn|TNM|2021}}

She lived in Thiruvananthapuram in her last years, where she was active in social initiatives such as the Heritage Walk. She died on 26 May 2021.{{sfn|Praveen|2021}}

==Career==
Saradamoni began her career at the Bureau of Economic and Statistical Studies in Kerala. She joined the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in New Delhi in 1961, and taught there till her retirement in 1988.{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2021}}

The [[Kerala model]] of socio-economic development has been much studied and lauded. Its prime metric of women's empowerment was that of health outcomes and literacy levels equivalent to men's. Saradamoni's criticisms of this narrow scope were noteworthy, and she pointed out that in political power, women continued to lag, and crimes against women were no less than in the less-developed and more patriarchal northern states of India.{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2021}} In ''Matriliny Transformed: Family, Law and Ideology in Twentieth Century Travancore'' (1999), she investigated the effects of matrilineal inheritance on Kerala women, which offered some amount of security.{{sfn|Praveen|2021}} However, redistributive legislation in Kerala (''Kerala Agrarian Relations Act'', 1960) apportioned excess land from landlords to tenants, reducing the holdings of matrilineal families and thereby lessening the power of women.{{sfn|Arun|1999|p=20}} While landholding women continued to be active in management or cultivation of their lands, in several cases they lost their possession post-reform either on widowhood or because of ceilings of ownership, and were able to maintain control only if they had male relatives to support them.{{sfn|Kodoth|2004|p=1912}}

Expanding her coverage to Asia, she studied the economic imbalances faced by women and their positions within the household, publishing an edited work ''Finding the Household: Conceptual and Methodological Issues'' (1992).{{sfn|Praveen|2021}} This pointed out that the metrics of data collection in surveys distort and reduce women's contributions, for example by discarding women's household work in classification as labour,{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2021}} but was criticised for not offering any methodologies to avert the distortions.{{sfn|Shah|1993|p=205}}

Her investigations of the shortfalls of the Kerala model also addressed the deprivation faced by the [[scheduled castes]] in the state. Her 1980 publication ''Emergence of a Slave Caste: Pulayas of Kerala'' proved the existence of caste slavery and its economic equivalence with chattel slavery, something that the academy had been reluctant to admit.{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2021}} Along the lines of her researches into the effects of agricultural reforms on women, referred to above, she showed (''Divided Poor: Study of a Kerala Village'', 1981) that the lower caste Pulayas had barely any uplift. While they did transition from agrestic slavery to wage labour, they were far less likely to own agricultural land, though they were overwhelmingly farm labourers, and their social disabilities continued unabated. The reason, she argued, was because of shortage of agricultural land for redistribution. This was rebutted by critics because higher caste landholders had sufficient non-agricultural income, so there was no reason that the Pulayas, so dependent on agriculture, couldn't own more of the land that they cultivated. Furthermore she showed that the benefits of education also fell unevenly on Pulayas - as they were unable to obtain post-secondary employment at the same rates as the upper castes, they were forced to return to agricultural work, leading to the unfortunate situation of high-school educated Pulayas participating in agriculture when mainly less educated upper castes did so.{{sfn|Kunhaman|1982|p=1314}}

==Selected works==
* {{cite book|title=Emergence of a Slave Caste: Pulayas of Kerala|year=1980}}
* {{cite book|title=Divided Poor: Study of a Kerala Village|year=1981|publisher=Ajanta}}
* {{cite book|editor1=R. Metha|editor2=K. Saradamoni|title=Women and Rural Transformation|year=1983|location=Delhi|publisher=Indian Council of Social Science Research}}
* {{cite book|editor1=K. Saradamoni|title=Women's Work and Society|year=1985|location=Calcutta|publisher=Indian Statistical Institute}}
* {{cite book|title=Filling the Rice Bowl: Women in Paddy Cultivation|publisher=Sangam Books|year=1991}}
* {{cite book|editor1=K. Saradamoni|title=Finding the Household: Conceptual and Methodological Issues |publisher=Sage Publications India|year=1992}}
* {{cite book|title=Matriliny Transformed: Family, Law and Ideology in Twentieth Century Travancore|location= New Delhi|publisher= Sage Publications India|year=1999}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal|title=Thèses et Mémoires présentés en France, touchant à la sociologie et à la psychologie des religions |first1=Jean-Pierre|last1=Deconchy|first2=Chantal|last2=Chalot|journal=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]] |year= 1972|volume=33}}
* {{cite journal| title=Dividing the Poor?|first=M.|last=Kunhaman|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=17|number=33|year=1982|pages=1314–1315|jstor=4371238}}
* {{cite journal|title=Finding the Household: Conceptual and Methodological Issues by K. Saradamoni|first=A. M.|last=Shah|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=42|number= 1/2|year=1993|jstor=23620260}}
* {{cite journal|title=Does Land Ownership Make a Difference? Women's Roles in Agriculture in Kerala, India|first=Shoba|last=Arun|journal=Gender and Development|volume=7|number=3|year=1999|pages=19–27|doi=10.1080/741923248|jstor=4030407|pmid=12349476}}
* {{cite journal|title=Gender, Property Rights and Responsibility for Farming in Kerala|first=Praveena|last=Kodoth|year=2004|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=39|number=19|pages=1911–1920|jstor=4414994}}
* {{cite news|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/social-scientist-k-saradamoni-dead/article34650802.ece|title=Social scientist K. Saradamoni dead |first=S. R.|last=Praveen|date=26 May 2021|accessdate=27 May 2021}}
* {{cite news|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/may/27/noted-social-scientist-dr-k-saradamoni-no-more-2308053.html|title=Noted social scientist Dr K Saradamoni no more|date=26 May 2021|accessdate=27 May 2021|ref={{harvid|NIE|2021}}}}
* {{cite news|newspaper=[[The News Minute]]|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/noted-kerala-social-scientist-economist-and-feminist-k-saradamoni-passes-away-149581|title=Noted Kerala social scientist, economist and feminist K Saradamoni passes away|date=26 May 2021|accessdate=18 June 2021|ref={{harvid|TNM|2021}}}}
* {{cite news|newspaper=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|url=https://thewire.in/caste/k-saradamoni-leaves-behind-pioneering-work-in-womens-and-dalit-studies|title=K. Saradamoni Leaves Behind Pioneering Work in Women's and Dalit Studies|first=M. G.|last=Radhakrishnan|date=18 June 2021|accessdate=18 June 2021}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saradamoni, Kunjulekshmi}}

[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]

Dongri Assembly constituency

2026-02-06T18:04:15Z

Sshekhar898: started a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dongri
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1964 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Delimitation Commission (1964) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 63,408
| mla = Mustafa Gulamnabi Faki
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Dongri Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Hafizka Abdul Kadar Mohiuddin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Mustafa Gulamnabi Faki
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dongri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mustafa Gulamnabi Faki |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,906 |percentage = 50.60% |change={{decrease}}41.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gulam Mahmud Haji Noor Mohamed Banatwalla |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,457 |percentage = 49.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 449 |percentage = 1.20% |change= {{decrease}}82.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,103 |percentage = 60.09% |change= {{increase}}1.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,363}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,408|ref = |change= {{increase}}23.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}41.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Dongri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hafizka Abdul Kadar Mohiuddin |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,749 |percentage = 91.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tilve Bapusaheb Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,458 |percentage = 8.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,291 |percentage = 83.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,207 |percentage = 58.60% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,207}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,547|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Valsad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-19T05:06:00Z

Sshekhar898: starting new info

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Valsad
| type = LS
| map_image = વલસાડ – Valsad.svg
| map_caption =
| reservation = ST
| established = 1957
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Dhaval Laxmanbhai Patel]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| assembly_cons = [[Dangs Assembly constituency|Dangs]] [[Vansda Assembly constituency|Vansada]] [[Dharampur, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Dharampur]] [[Valsad Assembly constituency|Valsad]] [[Pardi Assembly constituency|Pardi]] [[Kaparada Assembly constituency|Kaprada]] [[Umbergaon Assembly constituency|Umbergaon]]
}}
'''Valsad''' (formerly '''Bulsar''') is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Gujarat]] state in [[Western India|western]] [[India]]. This seat is considered a bellwether seat in India. It is believed that the party which wins this seat will form the central government.<ref>Why Gujarat's Valsad Seat is the 'Gateway' to Delhi''[http://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/why-gujarats-valsad-seat-is-the-gateway-to-delhi-562503]''</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Valsad Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf|title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC - Loksabha Election 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website|access-date=2009-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf|archive-date=2009-04-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|173
|[[Dangs Assembly constituency|Dangs]]
|ST
|[[Dang district, India|Dang]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|177
|[[Vansda Assembly constituency|Vansada]]
|ST
|[[Navsari district|Navsari]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|178
|[[Dharampur, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Dharampur]]
|ST
| rowspan="5" |[[Valsad district|Valsad]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|179
|[[Valsad Assembly constituency|Valsad]]
|None
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|180
|[[Pardi Assembly constituency|Pardi]]
|None
|-
|181
|[[Kaparada Assembly constituency|Kaprada]]
|ST
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|182
|[[Umbergaon Assembly constituency|Umbergaon]]
|ST
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Nanubhai Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organization)}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Uttambhai Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Arjunbhai Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Uttambhai Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Manibhai Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kishanbhai Vestabhai Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[K C Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Dhaval Patel]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Valsad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dhaval Laxmanbhai Patel]]
|votes = 7,64,226
|percentage = 56.13
|change = {{down}}5.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anant Patel]]
|votes = 5,53,522
|percentage = 40.66
|change = {{up}}7.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 18,373
|percentage = 1.35
|change = {{down}}0.18
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manakbhai Jatrubhai Shankar
|votes =7,499
|percentage = 0.55
|change ={{down}}0.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate =Ramanbhai Karshanbhai Patel
|votes = 6,745
|percentage = 0.50
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate = Chiragkumar Bharatbhai Patel
|votes =3,440
|percentage = 0.25
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =2,10,704
|percentage = 15.48
|change = {{down}}12.59
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,63,008
|percentage = 73.27
|change = {{down}}2.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Valsad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[K C Patel|Dr. K. C. Patel]]
|votes = 7,71,980
|percentage = 61.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jitubhai Chaudhari
|votes = 4,18,183
|percentage = 33.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kishorbhai Patel
|votes = 15,359
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = Pankajbhai Patel
|votes = 9,536
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 19,307
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
|Result =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,53,797
|percentage = 28.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,61,364
|percentage = 75.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Valsad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[K C Patel|Dr. K. C. Patel]]
|votes = 6,17,772
|percentage =55.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =Kishanbhai Vestabhai Patel
|votes = 4,09,768
|percentage = 36.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 26,606
|percentage = 2.37
|change =
|Result =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,08,004
|percentage = 18.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,23,182
|percentage = 74.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Valsad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|20.6|72.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valsad Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Valsad district]]
[[Category:Valsad]]

Chetavani ra Chungatya

2026-01-19T04:19:29Z

Sshekhar898: started entry

{{Short description|Patriotic Dingal poem}}
{{Infobox poem
| name = Chetavani ra Chungatya
| author = [[Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath]]
| publication_date = 1953
| image =
| caption = 
| image_size = 
| publisher = Shodh Patrika
| subtitle = 
| country = India
| pages = 
| oclc = 
| original_title = 
| original_title_lang = 
| translator = 
| written = 1903
| first = India
| illustrator = 
| cover_artist = 
| language = [[Dingal]] ([[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]])
| subject = {{hlist|[[British rule]]|[[Indian Independence Movement]]}}
| form =
| meter =
| rhyme =
| publication_date_en = 
| media_type = paperback
| lines = 26
| size_weight = 
| isbn = 
| wikisource = 
}}
'''Chetavani ra Chungatya''' ([[Devanagari|Devnagari]]: '''चेतावणी रा चूंगटिया'''; [[Translation|transl]]: The Pinches of Admonition or Urges to Awake) is a patriotic [[Dingal]] poem composed by [[Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath]] in 1903 and addressed to Maharana of Mewar, [[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar|Fateh Singh]], exhorting him to uphold the traditions of his lineage and to not attend the [[Delhi Durbar]] organized by the British Raj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Years of Independence A poet family sowed seeds of revolution in Rajasthan |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/bharat/75-years-of-independence-series-know-the-kesari-family-which-sparked-fires-of-revolution/na20211024060853137 |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=24 October 2021 |language=en |quote=Kesari Singh surprised the British colonial forces with his Chetavani Ra Chungatya, a famous historical work composed in Raag Sorath. It was a clarion call for revolution and many youths got influenced by his lyrics.}}</ref> The couplets had the desired effect on the Maharana who decided not to attend the durbar despite being present in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIht8V7Xlu8C |title=Hindi Chhandolakshan |publisher=Vani Prakashan |language=hi |quote=विषयान्तर होते हुए भी इन सोरठों का ऐतिहासिक महत्व रोचक है । वर्ष १९०३ ई० में सम्राट एडवर्ड सप्तम के राज्यारोहण का दरबार दिल्ली में हुआ । वायसराय लार्ड कर्जन की महत्वाकांक्षा थी कि वे स्वयं सम्राट के प्रतिनिधि स्वरूप दिल्ली दरबार में सिंहासन पर बैठकर सभी देशी राजे रजवाड़ो से नजर कबूल करे और शाही जलूस में उन्हे अपने हाथी के पीछे रखें । शंका केवल उदयपुर के महाराणा फतेहसिंह की अस्वीकृति की थी, जिनके वंश ने कभी मुगल बादशाहों के सामने भी हार नहीं मानी थी । किन्तु कर्जन का कल्पनातीत विनम्रतापूर्ण निमंत्रण पाकर महाराणा ने स्वीकृति दे दी। इधर स्वतंत्रता के पुजारी एक चारण ने अपना धर्म निभाया । उसने महाराणा को कुल मर्यादा और क्षात्रधर्म का स्मरण दिलाते हुए १३ ओजस्वी सौराष्ट्री दोहे (सोरठे) रचे जो महाराणा को तब मिले जब उनकी स्पेशल ट्रेन चित्तौड़ से रवाना हो चुकी थी । चारण के दोहों का वांछित फल हुआ । महाराणा चेत गए । दिल्ली पंहुचकर वे न दरबार में शामिल हुए न जलूस में। डिंगल भाषा के ये दोहे 'चेतावणी का चूँगट्या' के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हैं । 'चाँद' पत्रिका के नवंबर १९२९ अंक में राजस्थान केसरी ठाकुर केशरी सिंह जी ने इनका उल्लेख किया है ।}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |language=en |quote=He is more known in Rajasthani literature for his Chetavani ra Chungatya (13 couplets) addressed to Maharana Fatehsimha on the occasion of the ruler's departure from Udaipur to attend the coronation Darbar of Delhi in 1903. It is said that the couplets had the desired effect on the Maharana and he made up his mind not to attend the function.}}</ref> The work remains one of the great literary works produced during the [[Indian independence movement|freedom struggle]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Chetawani ra Chungatia by Kesari Singh Barhath |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?10753 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref> It consists of 13 stanzas or ''sortha'' ([[Saurashtra (region)|saurashtra]]-[[Doha (poetry)|duha]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=George |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C |title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems |date=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 |language=en |quote=It was in 1903 that a coronation darbar was held at Delhi on the occasion of the King Emperor ascending the throne of England. Maharana Fateha Singh of Udaipur was also invited to the darbar, but he refused to accept a lower seat and returned without attending. A poet named Kesari Singh Sauda had addressed some couplets to him which were handed over to him when he was heading towards Delhi in a saloon of his special train. The couplets were meant to censure him for his decision to attend.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pangadiya |first=b l |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.403144 |title=Rajasthan Men Savtantrata Sangram |date=1964 |quote=सशस्त्र क्रान्ति की इस लहर में राजस्थान में सबसे बड़ा योग ठाकुर केशरी सिंह बारहट और उनके परिवार का था। सन्‌ 1872 में शाहपुरा (भीलवाड़ा) के निकट अपनी पैतृक जागीर के गाँव देवपुरा में उत्पन्न श्री बारहठ अनेक भारतीय भाषाश्रों के ज्ञाता, डिंगल के उत्कृष्ट कवि और महान्‌ देशभक्त थे। उन्होंने राजस्थात के राजाओं एवं जागीरदारों में राष्ट्रीय भावना भरने का प्रयत्त किया और उन्हें अपने गौरवपुर्ण श्रतीत का स्मरण कराया । सन्‌ 1903 में लॉड कर्जन के दरवार में भाग लेने के लिये मेवाड़ के महाराणा फतहसिंह जब दिल्‍ली के लिये रवाना हुये तो बारहट के "चेतावनी के चूगटिया" से प्रभावित होकर वे दरवार में भाग लिये बिता ही उदयपुर लौट आये ।}}</ref>

== Background ==
Sources:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Mohan Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sp4gDAAAQBAJ |title=Revolutionary Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath: क्रांतिकारी ठाकुर केसरीसिंह बारहठ |publisher=Shubhda Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Jain (historien) |first1=Phoolchand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz43BGinltEC |title=Svatantratā senānī granthamālā |last2=Kapoor |first2=Mast Ram |date=1999 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-751-9 |pages=76–77 |language=hi |quote=महाराणा उदयपुर स्पेशल ट्रेन से दिल्ली जा रहे थे तो चित्तौड़ के पास ठाकुर केसरी सिंह के अनुज भ्राता जोरावर सिंह ने वह पत्र फतेह सिंह जी के कर कमलों तक उनके सैलून में पहुंचा दिया।....दिल्ली पहुंचने पर महाराणा फतेह सिंह जी को मालूम हुआ कि दरबार में भेंट करने वालों की सूची में उनको आठवां स्थान दिया है और शोभायात्रा में अगवानी करने वाले हाथियों के जुलूस में तीसरा स्थान होगा।}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Saxena |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUoMAAAAIAAJ |title=The Political Movements and Awakening in Rajasthan, 1857 to 1947 |date=1971 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=121–122 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Invitation ===
[[File:DelhiDurbar_LordCurzon.jpg|right|thumb|[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord]] and [[Mary Victoria Leiter|Lady Curzon]] arriving at the Delhi Durbar, 1903.]]
The [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1903 was held to celebrate the succession of [[King Edward VII]] and [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]] as Emperor and Empress of India. At the same time, the capital of British India was shifted from Kolkata to Delhi. Lord Curzon had obtained the consent of almost all the kings, nawabs, feudatories, and vassals, except the Maharana of Udaipur (Mewar), to appear in the Durbar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

In response, the Maharajas of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]], [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]], [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]], [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]], [[Kota State|Kota]], [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], etc., appreciated the invitation & expressed joy & gratitude. Udaipur, however, received it coldly due to the treaty of 1818{{refn|They argued that Maharana's presence was not obligatory as per the Treaty and Alliance of 1818 signed between [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] and the [[British India|British]].<ref name=":1" />|name=first|group=note}} b/w Mewar State and the British. [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] went to convince the Maharana to attend the Delhi Durbar, which he eventually agreed to do with conditions: first position among the native rulers of India, exemption from the procession, and a seat in keeping with his status.'<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Paliwal |first=D. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYIXsjbEX-0C |title=Mewar and the British, 1857-1921 A.D.: A History of the Relations of the Mewar State with the British Government of India from 1857 to 1921 A.D. |date=1971 |publisher=Bafna Prakashan |pages=229–231 |language=en |quote=When he started for Delhi the poet Kesari Singh Barahat presented some verses entitled "Chetavani ra Chungatia" (urges to wake) to the Maharana reminding him of the glorious and heroic traditions of his ancestors, who never submitted to any power nor paid 'Nazar' to any king, but carried constant struggle to uphold their glory and fame. The poem created a marked impression on the Maharana's mind and revived the sense of his ancestral glory in him....to the extreme vexation of the G. O. I., the Maharana left Delhi even before the first ceremony of the State Entry was accomplished.}}</ref>

The main concern of Maharana was the potential compromise of his claim to precedence over all other Indian princes. Thus, it was assured that "due consideration would be given to his [[dignity]]" and his place would be first in the order of precedence among all the ruling [[Prince]]s of India.<ref name=":3" />

=== The Counsel ===
The general opinion of the nobles and the people in the [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar State]] was against the Maharana's decision.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=K. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Struggle for Responsible Government in Jaipur State, 1931-1949 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Books Treasure |pages=46 |language=en |quote=It seems that Maharana was assured that, the due consideration would be given to his dignity . But the general opinion of the nobles and the people in the state was against the Maharana's decision .}}</ref> Even many [[Nobility|nobles]] and [[Tribal chief|chieftains]] from outside Mewar State were disheartened at the news. Some of them gathered and requested Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath to find a solution to this predicament.<ref name=":0" />

Kesari Singh Barhath of Devpura ([[Shahpura State|Shahpura]]), earlier [[Adviser|chief advisor]] to Fateh Singh, consulted Rao Gopal Singh of Kharwa to dissuade Maharana from going to Delhi. Thakur Hari Singh of [[Khatoo, Rajasthan|Khatu]], Thakur Karan Singh of [[Jobner]], Rao Umrao Singh, Sajjan Singh of [[Khandela]] and Thakur Bhur Singh from [[Malsisar]] joined in. Everyone agreed that to uphold Mewar's pride, Fateh Singh should be reminded of Rana's traditions, pride and honor. These discussions took place at Malsisar thakur's [[haveli]] in [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":0" />

Rao Gopal Singh suggested that in critical times such as this in the history of Rajputana, the [[Charan]]as have always given the right guidance through their eloquent speech. Hence, Kesari Singh was entrusted with this task, who composed a [[Poetry|poem]] of thirteen ''sorthas,'' hearing which, everyone present there were very impressed. They were certain of the effectiveness of these ''sorthas'' (couplets) that if conveyed to Maharana in time, he would give up the idea of attending the Durbar.<ref name=":0" />

The purpose of the poem was to convey to the Maharana that it was [[Pejorative|derogatory]] to his dignity and beneath his [[Social status|status]] to attend the Durbar, and would impair the prestige, which he enjoyed among the [[Rajput]]s and the [[Hindus]] of India.<ref name=":0" />

=== Delhi Durbar-1903 ===
Rao Gopal Singh Kharwa had taken the responsibility of delivering these couplets to Fateh Singh in Udaipur, titled ''Chetavani Ra Chungatia''. However, by the time he arrived, Fateh Singh had departed by train. Despite this, [[Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath|Zorawar Singh]],<ref name=":2" /> younger brother of [[Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath|Kesari Singh]], was prepared and delivered the couplets in hand to Maharana at Sareri ([[Bhilwara]]) or [[Nasirabad railway station]] en route to Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaul |first1=Raj Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxLXAAAAMAAJ |title=Social Awareness in Modern Indian Literature |last2=Jaidev |date=1993 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-85952-01-7 |language=en |quote=Only the action of one raja upset the British apple cart a little in Delhi . The man behind the actor, behind the raja, was the same : Barhat Kesarisingh . His historic 'Chetavani Ra Chungtiya ' addressed to Maharana Fatehsingh of Udaipur, turned the tide . The Maharana had set out for Delhi by a special train and Kesarisingh handed in his thirteen sorathas titled ' Chetavani Ra Chungtiya ' ( The Pinches of Admonition ) to him at Sareri, a small wayside railway station . They changed his mind and the Maharana returned to Udaipur without attending the durbar. Thus the original sin this House had committed in 1818 was partially washed off after eighty-five years!}}</ref>

Rao Gopal Singh writes in a letter to his nephew Khet Singh, "Kesari Singhji, a devotee of Kshattra Shakti, composed a couplet addressed to Maharana Saheb. At that time, Maharana Saheb had left for Udaipur by a special train. This couplet was then presented before Shri Darbar at the Nasirabad station, where he stated that if he had received these couplets in Udaipur itself, then he wouldn't have left. However, he would only deliberate on the matter after reaching Delhi."<ref name=":0" />

=== The deliberation ===
It is believed that Fateh Singh came to Delhi due to the pressure of the colonial government, but reading the couplets written by Kesari Singh had a profound effect on him. Moreover, his conditions over precedence in seating were not followed.<ref name=":2" /> The poet reminded the Maharana of the glorious and heroic traditions of his ancestors, who never submitted to any power nor paid ‘Nazar’{{Refn|Nazar is a tribute conventionally presented at a ruler's accession. Jagirdars present nazar to the king and the king may present nazar to the emperor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zL-7m2MDp2EC |title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-096-1 |pages=161 |language=en |quote=nazar (prestation conventionally given at a ruler's ac cession)}}</ref>|name=two|group=note}} to anyone but carried on constant struggle to uphold their name and fame. The composition accused the ruler of deviating from the heroic traditions of his dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Pratibha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dufZAAAAMAAJ |title=Honour, Status & Polity |last2=Śarmā |first2=Saṅgītā |date=2004 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-859-8 |language=en |quote=It is widely believed that Maharana Fateh Singh was dissuaded from attending the durbar in 1903 by the stinging verses of a poem " Chetavani ra Chungtia " composed by Barhat Kesari Singh . The poem was presented to him first as he was preparing to leave for the Imperial Assemblage .}}</ref> The couplets had clearly indicated the wishes of the people.

The famous Indian diarist Amar Singh, son of Thakur Narayan Singh of Kanota, attended the Delhi Durbar as an [[Imperial Cadet Corps|Imperial Cadet]]. He recounted in his diary that [[Pratap Singh of Idar|Sir Pratap]], Maharaja of [[Idar State|Idar]] & Regent of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]], was woken up at midnight by him & informed of Maharana's refusal to attend; who, in turn, informed Viceroy's [[secretary]] Lawrence of the situation and warned him that if undue pressure was put on Maharana or retaliatory action was taken, the matter would worsen. He reminded that, at the moment, the [[Military|armed forces]] of all the [[princely state]]s were halted in Delhi and their full sympathies remained with the Maharana. Lord Curzon, upon learning of this, reluctantly accepted the outcome.<ref name=":0" />

Since his arrival in Delhi, Fateh Singh had stayed in his camp, the rebuking couplets (''Chetavani ra Chungatya)'' causing him to reconsider his decision and creating turmoil. Thakur Narayan Singh of Kanota and Maharaja Jai Singh of [[Alwar State|Alwar]] [[disguise]]d themselves and came to his camp to show their support. They detailed the arrangements for his travel from Delhi to Chittor, with [[horse]]s at every mile: his travel from Delhi to Baswa to be handled by [[Alwar State]], from Baswa to [[Jahazpur]] by [[Jaipur State]], and from Jahazpur to [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]] by Gopal Singh Kharwa. Sir Pratap of Jodhpur would handle everything back in Delhi.<ref name=":0" />

These words strengthened his resolve. Maharana declared he was [[Disease|ill]] and returned to Udaipur via a special train.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Nidhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCSKAAAAMAAJ |title=Transition from Feudalism to Democracy: A Study of the Integration of Princely States of Rajasthan, 1947-50 AD |date=2000 |publisher=Aalekh Publishers |isbn=978-81-87359-06-7 |language=en |quote=After receiving a verse ‘Chetawani Ra Chungatiya’ from Kesari Singh Barhat en-route to Delhi rebuking him for surrendering to the British for political gains, Maharana Fateh Singh did not attend the Durbar even after reaching Delhi, feigning illness.}}</ref><ref name=":1" />{{Refn|Fateh Singh arrived in Delhi from on 31st December 1902. From Delhi, he onboarded the train back to Udaipur at 7pm on 3rd January 1903.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain (historien) |first1=Phoolchand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz43BGinltEC |title=Svatantratā senānī granthamālā |last2=Kapoor |first2=Mast Ram |date=1999 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-751-9 |pages=76–77 |language=hi |quote=महाराणा फतेह सिंह 31.12.1902 को दिल्ली सराय रोहल्ला स्टेशन पर पहुंच गए।...3 जनवरी, 1903 को सायंकाल सात बजे वह अपने स्पेशल रेलवे सैलून में बैठकर वापस उदयपुर रवाना हो गए।}}</ref>|name=third|group=note}}

== ''Chetavani ra Chungatya'' ==
{| class="wikitable"
![[Dingal]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yadav |first1=Kripal Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6v5tAAAAMAAJ |title=Arya Samaj and the Freedom Movement: 1875-1918 |last2=Arya |first2=Krishan Singh |date=1988 |publisher=Manohar Publications |isbn=978-81-85054-41-4 |language=en |quote=Kesari Singh Barhat wrote the following 13 couplets (known as Chetawani ra chungatya) which exhorted Maharana Fateh Singh of Udaipur not to attend the Delhi Durbar 1903. They had the desired affect; and the Maharana returned from Delhi without attending the Durbar.}}</ref>
![[English language|English]] translation
|-
|पग-पग भ्रम्या पहाड़, धरा छोड़ राख्यो धरम,
महाराणा'र मेवाड़, हिरदै बसिया हिन्द रै।
|Wandered among the [[hill]]s giving up their lands, yet they upheld their [[dharma]].
That is why Maharana and Mewar, remain in the heart of India.
|-
|घणा घालिया घमसांण, राण सदा रहिया निडर,
पेखंता फ़रमाण, हलचल किम फ़तमल हुवै !
|Enduring insurmountable odds and fighting fierce [[battle]]s, the Maharanas of Mewar were always fearless.
But O Fateh Singh, what kind of stir in your mind was created by this small [[decree]]?
|-
|गिरद गजां घमसांण, नहचै धर माई नहीं,
मावै किम महाराण, गज दोसे रा गिरद में !
|Went into battle with thousands of [[elephant]]s and innumerable soldiers that the [[earth]] fell short for them.
How shall then Maharana fit into 200 yards of the Delhi Durbar?
|-
|ओरां ने आसाण, हाँका हरवळ हालणों,
किम हालै कुल राण, हरवळ साहाँ हाँकिया !
|Easy it is for other kings to be steered as they are herded into battle.
But how shall thou be steered, whose ancestors had herded and driven back the imperial [[Army|armies]]?
|-
|नरियंद सह नज़रांण, झुक करसी सरसी जिको,
पसरैलों किम पाण, पाण छतां थारो फ़ता !
|While other kings will offer ''nazrana,'' bowing down and extending their palms;
but O Fateh Singh, how will you even raise your [[hand]], who till today has not moved nor bowed down in front of anyone?
|-
|सिर झुकिया सहसांह, सींहासण जिण साम्हनै,
रळणो पंगत-राह, फ़ाबै किम तोने फ़ता !
|Heads of the Maharajas, Rao, Umrao, and Badshah bowed before the Sisodia [[throne]].
But how would it suit you to join the ranks of kings bowing down today?
|-
|सकल चढ़ावे सीस, दान धरम जिण रौ दियो,
सो खिताब बखशीश, लैवण किम ललचावसी !
|Those Maharanas whose donations and religious [[Charity (practice)|charities]] people accepted by touching their foreheads.
How did that Maharana allow in his mind the greed of accepting titles and [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1903)|awards]]?
|-
|देखेला हिंदवाण, निज सूरज दिश नेह सूं,
पण "तारा" परवाण, निरख निशाण न्हाकशी।
|The people of India will look at the ''Hindua Suraj'' (Maharana) with affection,
but finding the "star" (the title of [[Order of the Star of India|Star of India]]) of the British government adorning your chest, their gaze will turn down with shame.
|-
|देखे अंजस दीह, मुळकेलो मन ही मनां,
दम्भी गढ़ दल्लीह, शीश नमंता सीसवद।
|It will see and celebrate, and smile deep down;
the conceitful [[Red Fort|fort of Delhi]], when the Sisodia bows his head.
|-
|अंत बेर आखीह, पातळ जै लांबा पहल,
राणा सर राखी, जिणारी शाखी शिर जटा।
|The [[injunction]]s Pratap gave in the end; never to bow, pay tax to the Delhi throne, or cutting hair;
All the Maharanas followed this pledge, proof of which was the long hair on their heads.
|-
|"कठिण जमानो" कौल, बाँधे नर हीमत बिना,
बीराँ हंदो बोल, पातल साँगे पेखियो।
|Difficult times these are; none can keep his word without courage and a brave heart.
[[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]] and [[Rana Sanga|Sanga]] were such braves who were tested.
|-
|अब लग सारां आस, राणा रीत कुल राखसी,
रहो सहाय सुख-रास, एकलिंग प्रभु आप रै।
|And now all hope is upon you, Rana, that you will carry on the traditions (''reet'') of your lineage.
May Lord [[Eklingji|Ekling]] be with you and give you the strength to succeed.
|-
|मान मोद सीसोद, राजनित बळ राखणो,
गवरमिंटरी गोद, फ़ळ मीठा दीठा फ़ता !
|Uphold your honour, O [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]], and keep with the political will and strength;
O Fateh Singh, were the fruits ever sweet gained by sitting in the lap of the government?
|}

== Assessment and reactions ==
This incident was widely published in newspapers with big headlines of Maharana withdrawing from the durbar. The incident was seen as part of the nationalistic movements gaining momentum across India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamal |first=K. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2kmAAAAMAAJ |title=Party Politics in an Indian State: A Study of the Main Political Parties in Rajasthan |date=1969 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en |quote=Reference may also be made to other leaders whose consistent efforts led to political and mass awakening. Kesari Singh Bareth was a revolutionary and a poet. His ‘Chetavani ka Chungatia’ (Pinches to warn and wake) kindled the fire of nationalism in the heart of the ruler of Mewar, Maharaja Fateh Singh, resulting in his refusal to attend the Delhi Durbar.}}</ref> According to the poem, the visit would have been a dishonor to the millions of [[Hindus]] in the nation who saw the Mewar King as a savior of the Hindu religion. This ideological overtone was unique to Mewar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=Naresh Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oC6KAAAAMAAJ |title=Democratization in Feudal System: A Sociological Study of Political Parties |date=1995 |publisher=Himanshu Publications |isbn=978-81-85167-93-0 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref>

Evaluating the impact of ''Chetavani Ra Chungatya'', the eminent historian Raghubir Singh Gehlot writes—<blockquote>'…….. The British had their sights on Rajasthan. Kesari Singh's opposition to the colonial government finally boiled over. Maharana Fateh Singh, following his predecessors, was reluctant to attend the Delhi Darbar, despite being invited. When he left for [[Delhi]], Kesari Singh then spoke out against the Maharana and the dormant pride was ignited. Even the chief among the Rajput kings and the revered ''Hindu Suraj'', the Maharana, was pinched (''chungatya'') that day by Kesari Singh, who with a thundering roar, questioned that descendant of [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]] and [[Raj Singh I|Raj Singh]]. Fateh Singh never attended, and his empty chair symbolically represented the defiance of the Rajput kings and their people. Lord Curzon did not challenge the Maharana. This had a huge impact on Rajasthan and the people, inspiring a wave of courage and hope against the harsh rule of the [[British Raj|British]].<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Dr. Kanhaiyalal Rajpurohit writes—<blockquote>While the Delhi Durbar was being held, the [[Chair|seat]] of the Maharana of Mewar was lying vacant. Maharana's special train was moving towards Udaipur. This was a huge blow to the imperialist conceit by the Indians. Kesari Singh's poignant deliverances had performed this miracle. The ''chetavani'' was really the call of the soul of Rajasthan which was not possible to ignore.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>
[[File:The_Nizam_of_Hyderabad_pays_homage_to_the_king_and_queen_at_the_Delhi_Durbar.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] pays homage to the Emperor and Empress at the Delhi Durbar, December 1911]]

=== Delhi Durbar-1911 ===
Even in the [[Delhi Durbar|Delhi Darbar of 1911]], Maharana Fateh Singh did not attend the durbar and the royal procession of [[George V]]. He met the emperor at Salimgarh railway station and returned to Udaipur therefrom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en |quote=In the tradition of his Charan ancestors, Kesari Singh had composed stirring verses that evoked the glorious past of the ruling house of Mewar, and of the numerous ancestors of the Guhila-Sisodia clan who had, over the centuries, refused to bow to others.....The moving poetry played its part, and when the Maharana arrived at Delhi, he merely met the King-Emperor at Salimgarh railway station and returned to Udaipur without either joining the royal procession or attending the durbar. However, British predominance over matters was a reality that could not fade by merely ignoring it — as Fateh Singh continued to face over the coming decades!}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The testimony of the accused Somdutt during the Nimej Murder Case (Arrah Conspiracy), whose main accused was [[Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath|Zorawar Singh Barhath]], revealed the plannings of revolutionaries. It became known that Kesari Singh Barhath and Gopal Singh Kharwa had once again devised ways to prevent Maharana from attending the durbar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Dr. Mohan Lal |title=Freedom Struggle and Integration of Rajasthan |publisher=Shubhda Prakashan |year=2017 |language=Hindi |quote=ई. 1911 में एक बार फिर महाराणा को दिल्ली दरबार में बुलाया गया तो खरवा के ठाकुर राव गोपालसिंह और ठाकुर केसरीसिंह ने उन्हें पत्र लिखकर धिक्कारा। महाराणा एक बार फिर दिल्ली दरबार में शामिल नहीं हुए।}}</ref>

The accused Somdutt alias Trivenidas Lahiri divulged in his statement—'An anonymous letter was prepared addressed to Maharana on behalf of the [[Sardar]]s of Mewar, whose script was edited by me. It was mentioned in the letter that Maharana belongs to the [[Solar dynasty|Suryavansh]], he has never bowed his head before the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the past. It would be better to commit [[suicide]] rather than bow before to the ''Firangi'' (British) now.'<ref name=":0" />

=== ''Kesari-Pratap Charitra'' ===
[[Thakur Akshay Singh Ratnu|Akshay Singh Ratnu]], eminent poet and a trusted confidant of [[Maharaja]] of [[Alwar State|Alwar]], has described this historical event in detail in his poem titled "''Kesari-Pratap Charitra''". This poetic work was published by Charan Sahitya Research Institute (Ajmer) in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekhawat |first=Madan Singh |date=2013-09-25 |title=Shekhawat Madan Singh of Jhajhar: चेतावनी के चूंटक्या -रचना की एतिहासिक पृष्ठ भूमि |url=https://madansinghshekhawat2.blogspot.com/2013/09/blog-post_25.html |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Shekhawat Madan Singh of Jhajhar |quote=महाराजा अलवर के परम विश्वास पात्र अक्षय सिंह जी रत्नू ने इस एतिहासिक प्रसंग का अपने "केसरी-प्रताप चरित्र " नामक काव्य में विस्तार से वर्णन किया है। इस से आम लोगों में प्रचलित तथा कुछ तथाकथित प्रगतिशील लेखकों व अवसरवादियों द्वारा प्रचलित इस भ्रांत धारणा का भी खंडन होगा कि राजस्थान के रजवाड़े राष्ट्रिय विचारधारा से शून्य और अंग्रेजों के हिमायती थे।}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ratnū |first=Akshayasiṃha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buoeAAAAIAAJ |title=Akshaya kesarī, pratāpa caritra |date=1989 |publisher=Cāraṇa Sāhitya Śodha Saṃsthāna |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Chetavani ra Chungatya (newspaper) ===
''Chetavani ra Chungatya'' is also the name of a Hindi [[newspaper]] being published fortnightly from [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vF7gAAAAMAAJ |title=Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=2003 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. |pages=300 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Newspapers |first=India Office of the Registrar of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EV2Ml8kbersC |title=Press in India: Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India |date=2003 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=300 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
* [[Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath]]
* [[Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath|Zorawar Singh Barhath]]

== Further reading ==

* [[Onkar Singh Lakhawat|Lakhawat, Onkar Singh]] (2012) [https://www.charans.org/barhat-trimurti/ Svātaṃtrya Rājasūya Yajña meṃ Bārahaṭha Parivāra kī mahāna āhūti]. First Edition: December 2012. {{ISBN|978-81-920932-5-3}}
* Gupta, Dr Mohan Lal. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sp4gDAAAQBAJ Revolutionary Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath: क्रांतिकारी ठाकुर केसरीसिंह बारहठ]'' (in Hindi). Shubhda Prakashan. Edition : 2018<ref name=":0" />

== Notes ==
<references group="note" />

== External links ==

* [https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?10753 Chetawani ra Chungatia by Kesari Singh Barhath amritmahotsav]
* [https://www.bharatkaitihas.com/taunts-of-warnings/ Chetavani ke Chungatiye by Mohanlal Gupta]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Dingal poems]]
[[Category:Rajasthani literature]]
[[Category:20th-century poems]]
[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:1903 poems]]

Enhydriodon

2026-01-10T20:50:59Z

Sshekhar898: started stub

{{Short description|Extinct genus of carnivorans}}
{{good article}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Late [[Miocene]] to Early [[Pleistocene]], {{fossilrange|10.1|1.8}}
| image = Enhydriodon hendeyi africanus dentition.jpg
| image_caption = Lower jaw dentitions of ''Enhydriodon hendeyi'' (A-C) and ''Enhydriodon africanus'' (D-F)
| taxon = Enhydriodon
| authority = [[Hugh Falconer|Falconer]], 1868
|display_parents = 2
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Enhydriodon sivalensis'''''
| type_species_authority = Falconer, 1868
| subdivision_ranks = Other species
| subdivision = {{species list
|{{extinct}} '''''E. africanus'''''|[[Ernst Stromer|Stromer]], 1931
|{{extinct}} '''''E. falconeri'''''|[[Guy Ellcock Pilgrim|Pilgrim]], 1931
|{{extinct}} '''''E? latipes'''''|Pilgrim, 1931
|{{extinct}} '''''E. ekecaman'''''|Werdelin, 2003
|{{extinct}} '''''E. hendeyi'''''|Morales, [[Martin Pickford|Pickford]] & Soria, 2005
|{{extinct}} '''''E. kamuhangirei'''''|Morales & Pickford, 2005
|{{extinct}} '''''E? soriae'''''|Morales & Pickford, 2005
|{{extinct}} '''''E. dikikae'''''|Geraads et al., 2011
|{{extinct}} '''''E. afman'''''|Werdelin & Lewis, 2013
|{{extinct}} '''''E. omoensis'''''|Grohé, Uno, & Boisserie, 2022
}}
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=Genus synonymy
| ''Amyxodon'' Falconer & [[Proby Cautley|Cautley]], 1835
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=Synonyms of ''E. sivalensis''
| ''Amyxodon sivalensis'' Falconer & Cautley, 1835
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=Synonyms of ''E. ekecaman''
| ''E. pattersoni'' [[R. J. G. Savage|Savage]], 1978
}}
}}

'''''Enhydriodon''''' is an [[extinct]] [[genus]] of [[otter]]s known from [[Africa]] and [[Indian subcontinent|South Asia]] that lived from the late [[Miocene]] to the early [[Pleistocene]]. It contains nine confirmed [[species]], two debated species, and at least a few other undescribed species from Africa. The genus name means "otter tooth" in [[Ancient Greek]] and is a reference to its dentition rather than to the ''[[Enhydra]]'' genus, which includes the modern [[sea otter]] and its two prehistoric relatives. ''Enhydriodon'' belongs to the tribe [[Enhydriodontini]] (which also contains ''[[Sivaonyx]]'' and ''[[Vishnuonyx]]'') in the otter [[subfamily]] [[Lutrinae]].

The exact sizes and lengths of ''Enhydriodon'' species are unknown given the lack of complete [[fossils]] of it and most related fossil lutrines. Indian subcontinental species are estimated to be of weights similar to that of the extant [[sea otter]], but African species are estimated to be heavier than extant lutrines. In particular, several species such as ''E. kamuhangirei'', ''E. dikikae'', and ''E. omoensis'' were estimated to weigh over {{cvt|100|kg}}. Given these weight estimates, the three species likely reached sizes comparable to extant [[bear]]s or [[lion]]s, making them the largest known mustelids to exist, although a lack of complete specimens makes precise estimates impossible.

Its advanced dentition is well-known, its broad, [[bunodont]] [[carnassials]] allowing the lutrine to consume prey by crushing them rather than shearing them like the modern sea otter and unlike most other extant otters. As such, it is grouped among the bunodont otters, a categorical term referring to fossil lutrines with non-bladelike carnassials in the [[premolars]] or [[molars]] of the Miocene to Pleistocene and the sea otter of the sole extant ''Enhydra'' genus. Its I3 teeth (or third [[incisors]]) are [[canine tooth|canine-like]] and much larger than its other incisors (although shorter than its canines), a trait not seen in extant and extinct lutrine genera. It is hypothesized that Indian species of ''Enhydriodon'' were semiaquatic and consumed [[bivalves]] because their bunodont dentitions would have allowed them to consume hard-shelled invertebrates. It is unknown whether African species were generally aquatic, semiaquatic, or terrestrial, but their potential diets suitable for bunodont dentitions include bivalves, [[catfish]], reptiles, eggs, and carrion. ''E. omoensis'' of [[Ethiopia]] in particular could have been a terrestrial locomotor that at least semiregularly hunted or scavenged terrestrial prey with [[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] plant diets which if true makes its behaviour unlike any extant otters. It is unknown whether the species is an outlier amongst African bunodont otter species, but it has been suggested that ''Enhydriodon dikikae'' and ''Sivaonyx beyi'' were both large terrestrial bunodont otters of Africa as well.

The taxonomic status of ''Enhydriodon'' species have been complicated by its affinities and similarities with other bunodont lutrine genera like ''Sivaonyx'' and ''[[Paludolutra]]'' up to the modern day, although ''Paludolutra'' is presently considered a distinct genus not closely related to ''Enhydriodon''. Currently, the Enhydriodontini tribe is considered evolutionarily closer to the modern ''Enhydra'' genus than any other known bunodont otter genus that may have gained bunodont dentition as a result of [[parallel evolution]], but the extent to which they are closely related remains unresolved.

==Taxonomy==
=== Early history ===
[[Image:Enhydriodon Sivalensis Sketch Cranium.png|thumb|left|1868 Illustrations of the 2 crania of ''E. sivalensis'' (Figure 3-4 are different views of the same specimen). The drawings were based on specimens at the [[British Museum]].]]

''Enhydriodon'' was first erected in 1868 by [[Hugh Falconer]] based on several crania from [[Siwalik Hills]], India that he attributed to ''E. sivalensis''.<ref name="Siva">{{cite book|author = [[Hugh Falconer]] |year = 1868 |title = Palæontological Memoirs and Notes of the Late Hugh Falconer: Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis |publisher = R. Hardwicke |location = United Kingdom |isbn=112-0-015839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hb4wAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA334-IA2}}</ref><ref name="India">{{cite journal |first1=B.C. |last1=Verma |last2=Gupta |first2=S.S. |title=Enhydriodon sivalensis, a giant fossil otter from the Saketi Formation (Upper Pliocene), Siwalik group, Sirmur district, Himachal Pradesh |journal=Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India |date=1992 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=31–36|doi=10.1177/0971102319920102 |bibcode=1992JPalS..37...31V }}</ref> He explained that the scientific name, meaning "otter tooth", is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] terms ἐνυδρίς (otter) and ὀδούς (tooth) and is not a reference to the genus ''[[Enhydra]]'', which includes the modern [[sea otter]] (''Enhydra lutris''). According to Falconer, the Siwalik Hill fossils belonging to ''E. sivalensis'' were previously classified by Falconer and [[Proby Cautley]] under the genus and species name ''Amyxodon sivalensis'' in an 1835 synopsis of the fossil genera in the Siwalik Hills that the two palaeontologists found, in which the fossil taxon was considered to be a [[carnivoran]] of an unknown [[family (taxonomy)|family]], although no [[holotype]] or diagnostic descriptions were attributed to it. As a result of the rename, ''Amyxodon'' had been considered a "[[nomen nudum|dead name]]" or synonym of ''Enhydriodon'' despite being the older genus name. Using the available specimens of ''E. sivalensis'', Falconer calculated that there were four [[premolar]]s and [[molar (tooth)|molars]] in the species's upper jaw (the [[dentition|dental formula]] was calculated as {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4|lower=2.1.5}}), one less than in the extant genus ''[[Lutra]]'' but matching the total count of ''Enhydra''. He described the upper [[carnassial]] of ''E. sivalensis'' as the most unique feature of its upper jaw, being nearly square and its coronal lobes being developed from conical [[mamelon (dentistry)|mamelons]] unlike the two extant lutrine genera.<ref name="Siva"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cautley|first1=Proby Thomas|last2=Falconer|first2=Hugh|year=1835|title=Synopsis of Fossil Genera and Species from the upper deposits of the tertiary strata of the Sivalik Hills, in the collection of the authors.|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=4|issue=12}}</ref>

During the 19th and 20th centuries, more species of ''Enhydriodon'' such as ''E. campanii'' were introduced and more lutrine genera with [[bunodont]] dentition such as ''[[Sivaonyx]]'' and ''[[Vishnuonyx]]'' were described, creating a particularly complicated history for the earliest-described prehistoric otter genus. In 1931, [[Guy Ellcock Pilgrim|Guy Pilgrim]] described more fossils discovered in the Siwalik Hills, including a newer species named ''E. falconeri''. He also implied that ''Enhydriodon'' and ''Sivaonyx'', despite their similarities, were differentiated by the structure of the maxillary 4th premolar (P4) and apparent lack of the anterior upper premolar (P1) that is presumed to be reflected at the bottom jaw as well (both of which are debated up to today).<ref name="Falconeri">{{cite book|author = [[Guy Ellcock Pilgrim|Guy E. Pilgrim]] |year = 1932 |title = The Fossil Carnivora of India |publisher = Palaeontologia Indica |location = India |pages=80–88}}</ref> In the same year that ''E. falconeri'' was described, [[Ernst Stromer]] described ''E. africanus'' of the late [[Pliocene]], its fossil teeth being located in [[South Africa]] and the first described species from the continent of Africa.<ref name="Lutrinae">{{cite journal|last=Willemsen|first=Gerard F.|year=1992|title=A revision of the Pliocene and Quaternary Lutrinae from Europe|journal=Scripta Geologica|volume=101|pages=89–94}}</ref>

=== Perceived relationships with ''Paludolutra'' and ''Enhydra'' ===
In 1976, [[Charles Repenning]] brought about the idea that ''Enhydriodon'' was related to the extant ''Enhydra'' genus due to the supposed species of the former being an evolutionary "branch" of "crab-eating otters" in Italy, Spain, and California, eventually leading to the modern sea otter.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Repenning|first=Charles A.|year=1976|title=Enhydra and Enhydriodon From The Pacific Coast of North America|journal=Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey.|volume=4|issue=3|pages=305–315|bibcode=1976JRUGS...4..305R }}</ref> He correctly introduced the idea that ''Enhydra'' was related to ''Enhydriodon'' given their bunodont dentitions, but the supposed European "branch" of the ''Enhydriodon'' genus was later reclassified by Johannes Hürzeler and Burkart Engesser into the newer genus ''[[Paludolutra]]'' in 1976, although it remained relatively obscure in the palaeontological record until later research revised its taxonomic state.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hürzeler|first1=Johannes|last2=Engesser|first2=Burkart|year=1976|title=Les faunes de mammifères néogènes du Bassin de Baccinello (Grosseto, Italie)|language=French|journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris|volume=283|pages=333–336}}</ref><ref name ="Enhydriodontini">{{cite journal|last1=Morales|first1=Jorge|last2=Pickford|first2=Martin|year=2005|title=Giant bunodont Lutrinae from the Mio-Pliocene of Kenya and Uganda|journal=Estudios Geológicos|language=Spanish|volume=61|issue=3|pages=233–245|doi=10.3989/egeol.05613-666|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The taxonomies of individual lutrine species and genera continued to be revised into the 21st century as more prehistoric otter species were described while palaeontologists continually revised the fossil bunodont lutrine species to different genera. ''Paludolutra'' was originally reclassified as a [[subgenus]] of ''Enhydriodon'' by Gerard F. Willemsen in 1992.<ref name="Lutrinae"/> However, in January 2005, [[Martin Pickford]] and colleagues diagnosed ''Paludolutra'' as a synonym of ''Sivaonyx'' on the basis of Pilgrim's diagnosis of the latter, rejecting Willemsen's synonymy of ''Paludolutra'' to ''Enhydriodon''. Additionally, they erected a species of ''Enhydriodon'' named ''E. hendeyi'' from the type locality of [[Langebaanweg]], South Africa, which dates to the lower Pliocene and was named after the palaeontologist Quinton B. Hendey, who they said described the first known specimens that were since attributed to the species.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pickford|first1=Martin|last2=Soria|first2=Dolore|last3=Morales|first3=Jorge|year=2005|title=Carnivores from the Late Miocene and Basal Pliocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya|journal=Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España|volume=18|issue=1–2|pages=39–61}}</ref> In December of the same year, Jorge Morales and Pickford instead described ''Paludolutra'' as a distinct genus that might be related to ''Sivaonyx'' based on dentition convergences.<ref name ="Enhydriodontini"/> In 2007, the two palaeontologists reaffirmed that the dental [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] of ''Paludolutra'' was distinct enough to be reclassified as a genus based on full generic differentiation, suggesting that the species ''P. campanii'', ''P. lluecai'', and ''P. maremmana'' would no longer be classified under ''Enhydriodon'' under the basis of ''Paludolutra'' being a subgenus.<ref name="Pickford">{{cite journal|last=Pickford|first=Martin|year=2007|title=Revision of the Mio-Pliocene bunodont otter-like mammals of the Indian Subcontinent|language=Spanish|journal=Estudios Geológicos|volume=63|issue=2|pages=108–124|doi=10.3989/egeol.07631192}}</ref><ref name="Siamo">{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Xiaoming|last2=Grohé|first2=Camille|last3=Su|first3=Denise F.|last4=White|first4=Stuart C.|last5=Ji|first5=Xueping|last6=Kelley|first6=Jay|last7=Jablonski|first7=Nina G.|last8=Deng|first8=Tao|last9=You|first9=Youshan|last10=Yang|first10=Xin|year=2017|title=A new otter of giant size, Siamogale melilutra sp. nov. (Lutrinae: Mustelidae: Carnivora), from the latest Miocene Shuitangba site in north-eastern Yunnan, south-western China, and a total-evidence phylogeny of lutrines|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/14772019.2016.1267666|bibcode=2018JSPal..16...39W |s2cid=58892181 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11b1d0h9 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Modern revisions of African species ===
[[File:Enhydriodon Omoensis Femur Views.png|thumb|''E. omoensis'' right femur faced at different sides]]
In 2003, [[Lars Werdelin]] erected the species ''E. ekecaman'' from the [[Kanapoi]] palaeontological site of the [[Turkana Basin]] in Kenya (early Pliocene, ca. 5.2-4.0 Ma), describing it as one of the earliest members of the African ''Enhydriodon'' lineage. The species was named after the [[Turkana language]] term "ekecaman", which means "fisherman" because he suggested that fish may have been a diet for the species. He also declared the species "''E. pattersoni'' ", described by [[R. J. G. Savage]] in 1978, as a [[nomen nudum]] of ''E. ekecaman'' since no type specimen or valid diagnosis was designated to it, a view supported by Morales and Pickford in December 2005.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Werdelin|first=Lars|year=2003|title=Carnivores from the Kanapoi Hominid site, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya|journal=Contributions in Science|volume=498|pages=115–132|doi=10.5962/p.214388 |s2cid=82943977 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name ="Enhydriodontini"/>

''E. africanus'', ''E. ekecaman'', and ''E. hendeyi'' were reclassified into ''Sivaonyx'' by Pickford and Morales in December 2005, where they additionally described a new species named ''Sivaonyx kamuhangirei''.<ref name ="Enhydriodontini"/> The reclassification of African fossil bunodont otters into ''Sivaonyx'' had brought about continuous debate regarding the practicality of the differences between ''Enhydriodon'' and ''Sivaonyx'', with some researchers claiming neutrality due to preferred focuses on researching the individual species instead of their genus placements. In 2022, the four species were eventually reclassified into ''Enhydriodon'' in a research paper by Camille Grohé et al. ''E. soriae'' was also initially sorted unto ''Sivaonyx'' but was eventually assigned to ''Enhydriodon'', although its genus placement remains disputed.<ref name="giantmustelid">{{cite journal|last1=Valenciano|first1=Alberto|last2=Govender|first2=Romala|year=2020|title=New insights into the giant mustelids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Langebaanweg fossil site (West Coast Fossil Park, South Africa, early Pliocene)|journal=PeerJ|volume=8 |article-number=e9221 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9221|pmid=32547866|pmc=7271888 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Omoe">{{cite journal|last1=Grohé|first1=Camille|last2=Uno|first2=Kevin|last3=Boisserie|first3=Jean-Renaud|year=2022|title=Lutrinae Bonaparte, 1838 (Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Lower Omo Valley, southwestern Ethiopia: systematics and new insights into the paleoecology and paleobiogeography of the Turkana otters|language=French|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|volume=30|issue=30 |pages=684–693|doi=10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a30|s2cid=252106648 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2005, Morales and Pickford sorted ''Enhydriodon'' into the newly created [[Enhydriodontini]] tribe, which they described as hosting genera of extinct bunodont otters from the Siwalik Hills and Africa including ''Vishnuonyx'', ''Sivaonyx'', and ''Paludolutra''. In 2007, Pickford synonymized the species "''E. aethiopicus'' ", previously described by Denis Geraads et al. in 2004, to ''Pseudocivetta ingens'', an extinct member of the [[Viverridae]] family.<ref name="Pickford"/> In 2017, ''Enhydra'' was explicitly excluded from the Enhydriodontini tribe despite its similarities, and ''Paludolutra'' was reclassified as a sister taxon to the tribe.<ref name ="Enhydriodontini"/><ref name="Siamo"/>

In 2011, Denis Geraads and colleagues described ''E. dikikae'' based on its remains of a partial skull and femurs in the Lower Awash of [[Dikika]], Ethiopia, the locality dating to the middle Pliocene. It was described as having a notably heavier skull (albeit broken) than other ''Enhydriodon'' species or the modern sea otter. The species named was based directly on the site of Dikika.<ref name="Dikikae">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/02724634.2011.550356 | volume=31 | title=Enhydriodon dikikae, sp. nov. (Carnivora: Mammalia), a gigantic otter from the Pliocene of Dikika, Lower Awash, Ethiopia | journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | year=2011 | pages=447–453| last1=Geraads | first1=Denis | last2=Alemseged | first2=Zeresenay | last3=Bobe | first3=René | last4=Reed | first4=Denné | issue=2 | bibcode=2011JVPal..31..447G | s2cid=84797296 }}</ref> It was deemed as the largest species of ''Enhydriodon'' until another species also from Ethiopia, ''E. omoensis'', was described from the Lower Omo Valley in 2022, dating from the late Pliocene up to the Plio-[[Pleistocene]] boundary (3.44-2.53 Ma). Similar to ''E. dikikae'', the species name was derived directly from the site in which it was recovered.<ref name="Omoe"/> Similarly, the youngest known possible fossils of ''Enhydriodon'' from eastern Africa are also dated to the Early Pleistocene, circa 1.8-1.6 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00165.x|title=Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: Species richness and turnover patterns|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=144|issue=2|page=121|year=2005|last1=Werdelin|first1=Lars|last2=Lewis|first2=Margaret E|doi-access=free}}</ref> In a September 2022 conference by Alberto Valenciano, Morales, and Pickford (the same month as the research paper on ''E. omoensis''), however, they referred to certain lutrine species previously reclassified to ''Enhydriodon'' as ''Sivaonyx'', namely ''S. hendeyi'' and ''S. africana''.<ref>{{cite conference|last1=Valenciano|first1=Alberto|last2=Morales|first2=Jorge|last3=Pickford|first3=Martin|year=2022|title="Lutra" libyca from the Mio/Pliocene of Wadi Natrun (Egypt): a new systematics proposal|conference=The 2nd International Symposium on Vertebrate Paleontology 20th-22nd September 2022|pages=31–32|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364210301}}</ref>

===Classification===
[[File:Adult Sea Otter in Morro Bay.jpg|thumb|''Enhydriodon's'' closest extant relative, the [[sea otter]]. It is the only extant bunodont otter.]] ''Enhydriodon'' belongs to the tribe Enhydriodontini in the subfamily [[Lutrinae]], which first appeared in Eurasia and Africa during the late [[Miocene]] epoch.<ref name ="Enhydriodontini"/> It is perhaps the most well-known prehistoric otter given its old taxonomic history and it being a primary source of comparisons to other bunodont otter genera. It is generally thought that ''Enhydriodon'' was a result of a Miocene-Pleistocene trend that gave prehistoric lutrines bunodont teeth and large sizes compared to their extant relatives. It is classified as a member of the bunodont otters group, a categorical term commonly used by researchers that also includes ''Sivaonyx'', ''Paludolutra'', ''Vishnuonyx'', ''[[Torolutra]]'', ''[[Enhydritherium]]'', ''[[Djourabus]]'', ''[[Paralutra]]'', ''[[Tyrrhenolutra]]'', ''[[Siamogale]]'' and ''Enhydra''.<ref name="Siamo"/><ref name="Vishnuonyx">{{cite journal|last1=Kargopoulos|first1=Nikolaos|last2=Valenciano|first2=Alberto|last3=Kampouridis|first3=Panagiotis|last4=Lechner|first4=Thomas|last5=Böhme|first5=Madelaine|year=2021|title=New early late Miocene species of Vishnuonyx (Carnivora, Lutrinae) from the hominid locality of Hammerschmiede, Bavaria, Germany|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=41|issue=3|doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.1948858|bibcode=2021JVPal..41E8858K |s2cid=240538139 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Enhydritherium terraenovae|date=30 March 2017 |url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/species/enhydritherium-terraenovae/|publisher=Florida Museum of Natural History|accessdate=10 October 2022|language=en}}</ref> Bunodont otters are defined as large to very large mustelids of North America, Eurasia, and Africa that had robust dentition compared to most of the extant otters, generally allowing them to prey upon hard-armored creatures.{{efn|Bunodont dentition refers to molars with round rather than sharp cusps, features that the sea otter and extinct lutrine relatives ("bunodont otters") have.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Constantino|first1=Paul J.|last2=Lee|first2=James J.-W.|last3=Morris|first3=Dylan J.|last4=Lucas|first4=Peter W.|last5=Hartstone-Rose|first5=Adam|last6=Lee|first6=Wah-Keat|last7=Dominy|first7=Nathaniel J.|last8=Cunningham|first8=Andrew|last9=Wagner|first9=Mark|last10=Lawn|first10=Brian R.|year=2011|title=Adaptation to hard-object feeding in sea otters and hominins|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=61|issue=1|pages=89–96|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.009|pmid=21474163 |bibcode=2011JHumE..61...89C }}</ref>}}<ref name="giantmustelid"/><ref name="Vishnuonyx"/> Despite sharing the feature of bunodont dentition, there are at least several clades of lutrines belonging to this category rather than one, so the term "bunodont otters" therefore is categorical rather than taxonomic and covers lutrines during the same periods with similar dentitions rather than one that directly defines their taxonomic state.<ref name="Siamo"/>

The following [[cladogram]] by Xiaoming Wang et al. in 2018 defines some of the following extant and extinct otter species and genera within the subfamily Lutrinae based on a 50% majority consensus (the bunodont otter genera are bolded beginning from "''Paralutra jaegeri''"):<ref name="Siamo"/>

{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1=[[Lutrinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pteronura brasiliensis]]'' (giant river otter)
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Lontra canadensis]]'' (North American river otter)
|2=''[[Lontra felina]]'' (marine otter)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Lutra lutra]]'' (Eurasian otter)
|2=''[[Aonyx capensis]]'' (African clawless otter)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=†'''''[[Paralutra|Paralutra jaegeri]]'''''
|2={{clade
|1=†'''''[[Siamogale|Siamogale melilutra]]'''''
|2=†'''''[[Siamogale|Siamogale thailandica]]'''''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1='''''[[Enhydra lutris]]''''' (sea otter)
|2=†'''''Enhydriodon'''''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=†'''''[[Vishnuonyx]]'''''
|2=†'''''[[Sivaonyx]]'''''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=†'''''[[Tyrrhenolutra|Tyrrhenolutra helbingi]]'''''
|2={{clade
|1=†'''''[[Paralutra|Paralutra garganensis]]'''''
|2={{clade
|1=†'''''[[Enhydritherium|Enhydritherium terranovae]]'''''
|2=†'''''[[Paludolutra]]'''''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|3={{clade
|1=†'''''[[Lutra aonychoides]]'''''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

As shown in the above phylogeny, ''Enhydriodon'' shared a closer morphology with its other extinct relatives and ''Enhydra'' than the other extant lutrines that lack bunodont carnassial teeth (''Lutra aonychoides'' was described as not being related to ''Lutra''). Although the majority consensus tree displays a close morphological relation between ''Enhydriodon'' and ''Enhydra'', the authors of the consensus tree also created a [[Bayesian inference]] tree proposing that ''Enhydra'' as an isolated clade separate from typical members of Enhydriodontini ("''Paralutra''" ''jaegeri'' was proposed as an isolated clade from ''Siamogale'' as well). Regardless, they argued that ''Enhydra'' is closer to the clade composing of ''Enhydriodon'', ''Sivaonyx'', and ''Vishnuonyx'' than any other bunodont otter genus. The researchers explained that the acquisition of bunodont dentition occurred [[parallel evolution|at least three times]] in the evolution of lutrines, reflected by the phylogeny tree's clades: in ''Sivaonyx''-''Enhydriodon''-''Enhydra'', in ''Paludolutra''-''Enhydritherium'', and in ''Siamogale''.<ref name="Siamo"/> Non-bunodont otters likely branched out separately from bunodont otters during or before the Pliocene epoch, but their poor fossil records and restriction to Plio-Pleistocene deposits in comparison leave little understanding in their evolutionary phylogenies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Raghavan|first1=P.|last2=Pickford|first2=M.|last3=Patnaik|first3=R.|last4=Gayathri|first4=P.|year=2007|title=First fossil small-clawed otter, Amblonyx, with a note on some specimens of Lutra, from the Upper Siwaliks, India|journal=Estudios Geológicos|language=Spanish|volume=63|issue=2|pages=144–145|doi=10.3989/egeol.07632200|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Description==
===Skull===
[[Image:Enhydra lutris 10zz.jpg|thumb|left|Skull of ''[[Enhydra lutris]]''. Its I3, while larger than its other incisors, is not hypertrophied in size unlike the ''Enhydriodon's'' I3.<ref name="Pickford"/>]]
There are currently only two known partial skulls that are attributed to ''Enhydriodon'': one of ''E. sivalensis'' of the Siwalik Hills and the other of ''E. dikikae'' of the Awash Valley. It is currently unknown whether the skulls' features of either species are well-representative of other species of ''Enhydriodon'', but the known ''E. dikikae'' and ''E. sivalensis'' skulls have somewhat different features from each other.<ref name="Dikikae"/>

The ''E. sivalensis'' skull, identified as belonging to a fully-grown individual, is relatively well-preserved with identifiable [[temporal bone|temporal crests]], [[frontal bones|frontal]], [[maxillae]], [[premaxillae]], [[nasal bones|nasal]], [[muzzle (anatomy)|muzzle]], and [[palatine bone]] parts. However, it has also suffered from wear and being slightly twisted clockwise. Most notably, the [[dental arch]] is complete, although the left M1 and left I1 are both missing and most of the teeth are broken from their crowns. It has a large brain case, a broad and short muzzle, and a large nasal opening. Outlines of the [[orbit (anatomy)|orbits]] around the skull's frontals can also be identified.<ref name="India"/>

The broken skull belonging to ''E. dikikae'' contains a short and [[prognathic|non-prognathic]] snout, parts of the orbits, a nearly complete upper dental arch that is missing both I1s and a right I2, and part of the lower jaw. The muzzle on the ''E. dikikae'' skull is short, a small anterior orbital border positioned just above the posterior side of the [[canine tooth|canine]]. The front part of the snout is identified as short, thereby comparable with the snout of ''Enhydra''. Although the evolution of bunodont otters like ''Enhydriodon'' is unclear, it is proposed that ''E. dikikae's'' short snout and very large canine size both clearly make the species different-looking and more [[apomorphy and synapomorphy|evolutionarily derived]] (or evolutionarily recent) than ''E. sivalensis''.<ref name="Dikikae"/>

===Dentition===
''Enhydriodon's'' dentition is well-defined by its extremely broad, bunodont carnassials in the molars and premolars similar to the modern sea otter. The ''Enhydriodon'' and ''Sivaonyx'' species differences are usually attributed to dentition, so the premolar teeth or molar teeth fossils are examined to discern the two bunodont otter genera. The generic differences (larger P4 hypocone, conical post-protocone cusps, and apparent lack of anterior upper premolars for ''Enhydriodon'') by tooth measurements have been difficult to prove due to the fragmentary nature of the fossils and relative inconsistencies of tooth measurements/dimensions by species.<ref name="Pickford"/><ref name="Dikikae"/> The reclassification of all "African ''Sivaonyx''" species other than ''S. beyi'' to ''Enhydriodon'' in 2022 has been attributed to "[a] metaconid higher than the protoconid on M1, presence of a carnassial notch and one or more cusps between the protocone and the hypocone on P4, and/or distolingual expansion on M1."<ref name="Omoe"/>

''Enhydriodon'' as the latest-appearing genus is suggested to have the most bunodont dentition of the Enhydriodontini tribe, which includes the earliest-appearing ''Vishnuonyx'' and then ''Sivaonyx''. ''Enhydriodon's'' dentition suggests a near suppression of carnassial functions in favour of crushing as the predominant function. The I3 (or third upper [[incisor]]) of ''Enhydriodon'' is much larger than its I1 (smallest incisor) and I2, appearing larger and more canine-like in comparison to ''Paludolutra'' and ''Enhydra''. In comparison to other bunodont lutrine genera where the upper incisor is known, its third incisors are only marginally larger than their first and second incisors.<ref name="Pickford"/> The right I1 of a skull of E. sivalensis, for instance, measures {{cvt|3|mm}} in anteroposterior diameter (APD) and {{cvt|4.5|mm}} in transverse diameter (TD). The skull's right I2 measures {{cvt|5.2|mm}} in APD and {{cvt|5.5|mm}} in TD. In comparison, the right I3 is the largest incisor of the holotype, with measurements of {{cvt|10.5|mm}} in APD and {{cvt|8|mm}} in TD (the canines are larger than the incisors, measuring {{cvt|17.1|mm}} in APD and {{cvt|13.8|mm}} in TD).<ref name="India"/> The large I3 trait also applies to ''E. dikikae'', which was described after Pickford's general description of the ''Enhydriodon'' genus as having a much larger I3 than I1 - I2 and being more conical in shape. DIK-56's I3 tooth measures {{cvt|12.4|mm}} in mesiodistal width (MD) and {{cvt|11.6|mm}} in buccolingual width (BL) compared to its I2 measurements of {{cvt|5.5|mm}} in MD and {{cvt|9.7|mm}} in BL. Like ''E. sivalensis'', the I3 is shorter than the canines, with C1 measuring {{cvt|16.9|mm}} in MD plus {{cvt|15|mm}} in BL and C1 measuring {{cvt|19.5|mm}} in MD and {{cvt|15.3|mm}} in BL.<ref name="Dikikae"/>

=== Limbs ===
[[File:Sivaonyx beyi Enhydriodon (Sivaonyx) hendeyi Aonyx capensis femora.jpg|thumb|Views of the left proximal [[epiphysis]] of the femur (A-B), complete left femur (C-D), and astragalus (H-I) of ''Enhydriodon hendeyi'' in comparison to a ''Sivaonyx beyi'' left femur (E) plus a left femur (F-G) and left astragalus (J-K) of the African clawless otter.]]
Postcranial remains of bunodont otters, including ''Enhydriodon'', are scarce, leaving too little information on the overall anatomies of many genera. The only known species of ''Enhydriodon'' with postcranial remains are ''E. hendeyi'', ''E. dikikae'', and ''E. omoensis''.<ref name="giantmustelid"/>

''E. hendeyi'' fossil remains include a fragmentary [[humerus]], an [[ulna]], two [[femurs]], and an [[Talus bone|astragalus]] (also known as a talus bone). The femora of ''E. hendeyi'' are smaller than those of ''S. beyi'' and ''E. dikikae'' but also larger than those of ''Enydritherium'', ''Satherium'', and the extant African clawless otter. The astragalus is similar to ''E. omoensis'' but differs by the smaller head and thinner neck as well as a larger distal projection of the bone's [[tubercle (bone)|tubercle]]. The talus bone's trochlea (grooved surface forming the joints of bones) is shallow and mediolaterally wide while its tubercle is projected in the approximate center, both of which produce a robust and deep groove (or furrow) of the [[tendons]] of the [[Anatomical terms of motion|plantar flexion]] muscles for extension of the foot at the ankle compared to the African clawless otter.<ref name="giantmustelid"/>

The postcranial remains of ''E. dikikae'' are known by the proximal (upper part) left femur, distal (lower part) right femur, and a humerus. The proximal left femur is known by a large tubercle along the posterior area of the neck, middle-aligning [[lesser trochanter]], and a similar position of the [[medial condyle of the femur]]. The femur specimens indicate large overall sizes of the femurs of ''E. dikikae'' compared with even the largest extant otters. The humerus (complete but weathered and cracked) is much longer and slightly robust compared to that of ''Sivaonyx beyi'', and its [[deltoid tuberosity]] is well-formed. The [[humerus|lateral supracondylar crest]] is longer compared to ''S. beyi'' while the [[medial epicondyle of the humerus|medial epicondyle]] is not as prominent in size. The [[olecranon fossa]] is small and more circular compared to ''S. beyi''.<ref name="Dikikae"/>

''E. omoensis'' is represented only by a single complete left femur which has a short neck and a round head that is oriented in a proximal direction (close to the center) rather than a medial direction (in the center), the former being shifted at 40° relative to the longitude of the [[diaphysis]] section of the bone. The lateromedial width of the [[epiphysis]] is narrow. The femur also has a large [[femoral head]] located on the ventromedial head (aligning to the middle underside of it), a [[greater trochanter]] that bends on the back and is lower than the femoral head, a short and deep [[trochanteric fossa]], and a strong lesser trochanter that is centered more in the middle than on the ventral (or underside) and is thereby visible in a back view. The medial condyle of the femur is larger than the [[lateral condyle of femur|lateral condyle]] of the same bone. The [[intercondylar fossa of femur|intercondylar fossa]] of the femur is rectangular and wide.<ref name="Omoe"/>

===Body Mass===
[[File:Enhydritherium terraenovae.jpg|thumb|left|Skeleton of ''[[Enhydritherium]]'', a bunodont otter genus, in a bipedal position. Bunodont otters including ''Enhydra'', ''Enhydritherium'' and ''Enhydriodon'' are typically estimated to be larger/heavier than non-bunodont otters.]] Some ''Enhydriodon'' species, particularly a few that had resided in Africa, are the [[Largest prehistoric animals#Carnivores (Carnivora)|largest known mustelids]] to have ever existed based on weight estimates, but their precise sizes and weights remain unknown given the lack of complete specimens in their fossil records. Some species like ''E. latipes(?)'' are poorly studied compared to others and therefore lack confirmed size or weight estimates.<ref name="latipes">{{cite journal|last=Koufos|first=George D.|year=2011|title=The Miocene carnivore assemblage of Greece|journal=Estudios Geológicos|language=Spanish|volume=67|issue=2|pages=296–297|doi=10.3989/egeol.40560.190|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is generally estimated that some species of ''Enhydriodon'' are similar in weight to modern large-sized otters while others are estimated as much larger than them (It should also be noted that weight estimates are more often made for bunodont otters like ''Enhydriodon'' than size estimates, although size comparisons to modern animals may be referenced).<ref name="Omoe"/>

The two species of ''Enhydriodon'' native to the subcontinent of India had modest weight estimates, comparable with most other bunodont otter genera as well as extant otter genera. Falconer's 1868 memoir described ''E. sivalensis'' as a lutrine the size of a [[jaguar|panther]].<ref name="Siva"/> In 1932, Pilgrim diagnosed ''E. falconeri'' as being smaller than ''E. sivalensis'', although no size or weight estimates were offered for it by him.<ref name="Falconeri"/> In 2007, Pickford estimated ''E. sivalensis'' to be the largest prehistoric otter in India, ranging from {{cvt|22|kg}} minimum to {{cvt|25|kg}} maximum in body weight, its skull possibly being wolf-sized. He also estimated the body of ''E. falconeri'' based on its lower M1 teeth dimensions to be similar to the [[African clawless otter]] (''A. capensis''), averaging to {{cvt|16|kg}}.<ref name="Pickford"/>

Africa's ''Enhydriodon'' species are estimated to be some of the largest species of otters to ever exist, reflecting on the Miocene-Pleistocene trend of bunodont otters growing larger than their non-bunodont cousins. Pickford described ''E. kamuhangirei'' of the Western Rift Valley, Uganda (at the time ''Sivaonyx kamuhangirei'') to possibly exceed {{cvt|100|kg}} in weight, making it the largest-known prehistoric otter at the time, although he mentioned that the undescribed fossil otters in Ethiopia (likely sorted later under ''E. dikikae'' and/or ''E. omoensis'') could have possibly been larger than it.<ref name="Pickford"/> ''E. hendeyi'' (then ''Sivaonyx hendeyi'') was estimated to be wolf-sized and around {{cvt|40|kg}}, while''E. africanus'' and ''E. ekecaman'' are thought to be of similar sizes.<ref>{{cite news|author1= Alberto Valenciano Vaquero|author2 = Romala Govender|url = https://theconversation.com/gigantic-wolverines-otters-the-size-of-wolves-fossils-offer-fresh-insights-into-the-past-140752|title = Gigantic wolverines, otters the size of wolves: fossils offer fresh insights into the past|publisher = The Conversation|date = 21 June 2020|access-date = 27 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="Omoe"/> ''E. dikikae'' of Ethiopia was estimated to have weighed {{cvt|100|kg}} minimum and {{cvt|200|kg}} maximum (the latter mentioned to be more likely), its holotype suggesting a bearlike size. Compared with most other ''Enhydriodon'' or ''Enhydra'' species, it had an estimated skull length of about {{cvt|25|cm}}.<ref name="Dikikae"/> ''E. omoensis'' was later estimated to weigh more than {{cvt|200|kg}}, making it heavier than ''E. dikikae'' and modern [[lions]]. According to Grohé et al., ''E. omoensis'' was potentially "lion-sized", making it the largest mustelid species to ever exist.<ref name="Omoe"/>

==Palaeobiology==
[[Image:Sea Otter enjoying a clam (33086393883).jpg|thumb|A sea otter eating a clam, similar to suggested diets of certain ''Enhydriodon'' species]]
As fossil bunodont otter genera including ''Enhydriodon'' generally lack complete specimens and postcranial elements, their locomotion and ecological niches remain uncertain. A common theory of the Indian subcontinental species of ''Enhydriodon'' is that based on their robust, bunodont dentition similar to ''Enhydra'', ''E. falconeri'' and ''E. sivalensis'' were both specialized for commonly eating [[shellfish]].<ref name="Lutrinae"/> This claim was made first by Willemsen from analogies of the diet of ''Enhydra'' (abalones and marine bivales) and ''[[Aonyx]]'' (freshwater crabs), but there is little palaeontological evidence to directly support this claim. Regardless, it is suggested that the thick enamel in the posterior dentition of Indian ''Enhydriodon'' species makes them more [[molluscivore|molluscivorous]] than cancrivorous (in contrast, Indian ''Sivaonyx'' species are suggested to have combined shearing functions of the carnassials with overall bunodont crowns to prey more on [[crustaceans]], although bivalves could potentially have been secondary prey for it). The possibility of ''Enhydriodon'' preying on [[bivalves]] is supported by the presence of fossilized freshwater bivalve genera ''[[Parreysia]]'' and ''[[Lamellidens]]'' in the same locations as them, both of which are common throughout the entire Siwalik sedimentary column which spans from 15-2 mya, ranging with the presence of the Enhydriodontini tribe in the Indian subcontinent (India and Pakistan).<ref name="Pickford"/>

The larger ''Enhydriodon'' species in the African continent are suggested to have preyed upon a wider variety of foods in addition to their primary prey including softer prey despite their bunodont dentitions, making their potential diets distinct from those of their Indian subcontinental counterparts. One suggested type of prey was large fish with hard external coverings such as [[catfish]].<ref name="femur">{{cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Margaret E.|year=2008|title=The femur of extinct bunodont otters in Africa (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lutrinae)|language=French|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|volume=7|issue=8|pages=607–627|doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2008.09.010|bibcode=2008CRPal...7..607L }}</ref> Several catfish genera were present in Africa starting from their first appearances during the late Miocene coinciding with the presence of ''Enhydriodon'', including the extant genera ''[[Clarotes]]'', ''[[Bagrus]]'', ''[[Auchenoglanis]]'', and ''[[Chrysichthys]]'' and the extinct genus ''[[Nkondobagrus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stewart|first=Kathlyn M|year=2001|title=The freshwater fish of Neogene Africa (Miocene–Pleistocene): systematics and biogeography|journal=Fish and Fisheries|volume=2|issue=3|pages=177–230|doi=10.1046/j.1467-2960.2001.00052.x|bibcode=2001AqFF....2..177S }}</ref> In contrast to the slow-moving, abundant catfish, crabs in Africa were excluded as potential prey for African species of ''Enhydriodon'' given the lack of fossilized crabs at Dikika, unlikeliness for biomasses of crabs to support populations of large otters, and apparent incompatibility for enamel dentition. Fast-swimming fish might have been unlikely to have been regular food sources due to the specialized dentition for crushing hard food in addition to large animals likely not having the ability to catch fast prey. Other armored prey, such as juvenile crocodiles, turtles, and ostrich eggs, were also suggested prey of ''E. dikikae''.<ref name="Dikikae"/>

[[File:Enhydriodon sivalensis restoration.jpg|thumb|Hypothetical [[life restoration]] of ''E. sivalensis'' swimming, its appearance being similar to its relative, the sea otter]]
Femora and dental remains of African ''Enhydriodon'' could possibly hint at a semiaquatic as well as terrestrial lifestyle, meaning that it could have eaten both aquatic prey and terrestrial prey. The speculations of ''Enhydriodon's'' lifestyle, however, have been contradictory to each other, so there is, therefore, no majority consensus on it. In 2008, it was speculated that smaller African species of ''Enhydriodon'' based on their smaller femur sizes were more locomotor generalists similar to most mustelids while larger species were fully aquatic since their femur structures shared similarities to ''Enhydra''. However, the Omo and Hadar femoras' proximal ends pointed to a more aquatic nature than most lutrines, while their relative lengths resembled that of terrestrial generalist mustelids, including semiaquatic otters.<ref name="femur"/><ref name="Omoe"/> ''Sivaonyx beyi'' of [[Chad]], speculated to weigh {{cvt|56.4|kg}} to {{cvt|60.1|kg}}, had non-specialized limb proportions that implied generalist-terrestrial locomotion and poor aquatic adaptations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Peigné|first1=Stéphane|last2=De Bonis|first2=Louis|last3=Likius|first3=Andossa|last4=Mackaye|first4=Hassane Taïsso|last5=Vignaud|first5=Patrick|last6=Brunet|first6=Michel|year=2008|title=Late Miocene Carnivora from Chad: Lutrinae (Mustelidae)|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=152|issue=4|pages=793–846|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00377.x|url=https://zenodo.org/record/5442989 }}</ref> Because of the hypothesis that ''S. beyi'' was a terrestrial predator, ''E. dikikae'' is speculated to have been mostly terrestrial based on its shared fossil location with both aquatic and terrestrial fauna at Dikika.<ref name="Dikikae"/> The palaeobiologies and [[niche differentiation|niche partitionings]] of ''E. ekecaman'' and ''E. cf. dikikae'' in [[Kanapoi]], Kenya remain unclear as their fossil materials, uncovered in the 1960s, were not specifically pronounced beyond "Kanapoi", which future research would have to cover.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Werdelin|first1=Lars|last2=Manthi|first2=Fredrick Kyalo|year=2012|title=Carnivora from the Kanapoi hominin site, northern Kenya|journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences|volume=64|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.11.003|bibcode=2012JAfES..64....1W }}</ref> It is also pointed out that African species of bunodont otters like ''Enhydriodon'' and ''Sivaonyx'' were always found in sites in association with permanent bodies of water as opposed to the Upper Laetolil Beds in [[Laetoli]], Tanzania which lacked such a feature, putting a question to the extent of the possibly terrestrial lifestyle of African ''Enhydriodon'' and ''Sivaonyx'' species.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Werdelin|first1=Lars|last2=Lewis|first2=Margaret E.|year=2020|title=A contextual review of the Carnivora of Kanapoi|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=140|article-number=102334 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.05.001|pmid=28625408 |bibcode=2020JHumE.14002334W |s2cid=23285088 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-2412 }}</ref>

''E. hendeyi'' was analysed based on femoral robustness index (FRI) and the femoral epicondylar index (FEI), in which its FRI value is comparable to the extinct ''S. beyi'', ''Enhydritherium'', and ''[[Satherium]]'' (the latter two which are analogous to the large sea otter and [[giant river otter]] (''Pteronura brasiliensis'') respectively and have larger values in femoral indexes than most other extant otters) while its FEI value is analogous to the extant African clawless otter and [[Asian small-clawed otter]] (''Aonyx cinereus''). Since both the African clawless otter and Asian small-clawed otter are typically less associated with water bodies compared to other extant otters, it is hypothesized that ''E. hendeyi'' and ''S. beyi'' were both semiaquatic locomotors that had lower associations with water than aquatic locomotors ''Enhydritherium'' and ''Satherium'', although ''S. beyi'' was said to be more terrestrial than ''E. hendeyi''. Meanwhile, the lowest values correspond with ''E. dikikae'', which has similar values to terrestrial [[fossorial|semifossorial]] (adapted to digging and living somewhat underground) musteloids such as the [[American badger]] and the [[striped skunk]], thereby reinforcing the hypothesis that ''E. dikikae'' was a more generalized terrestrial mustelid similar to ''S. beyi''.<ref name="giantmustelid"/>

With the overall lack of consensus on the lifestyle of African ''Enhydriodon'' species considered, a 2022 study on ''E. omoensis'' measured the [[isotopes of carbon|stable carbon]] and [[oxygen isotope ratio cycle|oxygen isotope ratios]] of ''Enhydriodon'' species in comparison to extant terrestrial mammals such as [[felids]], [[hyaenids]], and [[bovids]] along with semiaquatic mammals such as [[hippopotamid]]s. The authors explained that using oxygen isotopic ratios, or [[δ18O]], can be used to understand a taxon's dependency on water, in which extant aquatic and semiaquatic taxa, which includes river and sea otters, have significantly lower oxygen isotopic deviations compared to terrestrial carnivorans. The researchers who studied ''E. omoensis'' found that its tooth enamel δ18O values had a standard deviation of 2.7%, falling outside the δ18O standard deviations of the sea otter, and the [[North American river otter]] (''Lontra canadensis''), which were recorded to be 0.6% and 0.3%-0.9% respectively. The standard deviation of Omo ''Enhydriodon'' aligns itself more within the range of extant terrestrial carnivorans such as hyaenids, suggesting that ''E. omoensis'' was not as semiaquatic as initially thought. The results of the study contradict the 2008 assumption that the Omo ''Enhydriodon'' species was aquatic.<ref name="Omoe"/>

Grohe et al. initially considered that the diet of ''Enhydriodon'' could have been the oyster ''[[Etheria elliptica]]'', which was present in the continent at the same time range. Based on investigations using carbon stable isotopes, a diet of pure oysters would result in an enamel δ13C value of −11.3%. The diet of ''E. omoensis'', however, was not based purely on ''Etheria'' as its minimum-maximum carbon values (-9.7% to -4.7%) are ~2-7% more positive than the expected pure oyster diet value. Its enamel δ13C values fall within the range of mixed [[C3 carbon fixation|C3]]-[[C4 carbon fixation|C4]] feeders, only partly falling within the range of diets of aquatic feeders of C3 plants such as fish, turtles, or bivalves. The δ13C standard deviation of Omo ''Enhydriodon'', however, falls outside the range of studied extant freshwater otter populations. It is instead considered that ''E. omoensis'' consumed terrestrial prey with a C4 diet at least semi-regularly via hunting and/or scavenging. The large bunodont dentition of the species suggests [[durophagy|durophageous]] abilities that allowed it to feed on carrion, including bones, in potentially a similar manner to hyeanas or bone-crushing mustelids.<ref name="Omoe"/>

==Palaeoecology==
===Pakistan and India===
[[Image:Dinocrocuta gigantea.jpg|thumb|A restoration of ''[[Dinocrocuta]] gigantea'', a species of [[Percrocutidae|percrocutine hyaenid]], which lived in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and coexisted with ''E. falconeri'' and other hyaenids during the late Miocene]]

''E. falconeri'' and ''E. sivalensis'', while both ''Enhydriodon'' species that were present in the Siwalik Hills in India and Pakistan during the [[Neogene]] period, did not coexist for the same epochs based on their formation deposit appearances. ''E. falconeri'' remains were present at the Nagri Formation ([[Dhok Milan]] and [[Sethi Nagri]], [[Pakistan]]) and the Dhok Pathan Formation (Dhok Pathan and [[Hasnot]], Pakistan), both formations dating back to the middle Siwaliks representing late Miocene. The species was also present at the Tatrot Formation ([[Tatrot]], India) of the Upper Siwaliks from the early or middle [[Pliocene]]. In the Nagri and Dhok Pathan Formations, ''E. falconeri'' was shown to have existed with several archaic mammalian carnivorous families that went extinct before the Pliocene, such as [[Hyainailourinae|hyainailourine]] [[hyaenodont]]s and [[amphicyonid]]s. The early otter species also existed with various extinct carnivorous members of extant families during the late Miocene representing other [[mustelids]], ursids, felids ([[felinae|felines]] and [[machairodontine]]s), hyaenids ([[Percrocutidae|percrocutinae]] hyaenids [[Ictitheriinae|ictitheres]], and hyaenines), viverrids, and [[herpestid]]s. It is suggested that the extinction of the amphicyonids and percrocutids left empty predatory niches that were quickly filled by other hyaenid genera, which became highly diversified and coexisted with felids in the subcontinent.<ref name="siwaliks">{{cite journal|last1=Jasinski|first1=Steven E.|last2=Abbas|first2=Sayyed Ghyour|last3=Mahmood|first3=Khalid|last4=Babar|first4=Muhammad Adeeb|last5=Khan|first5=Muhammad Akbar|year=2022|title=New Carnivoran(Mammalia: Carnivora) specimens from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and India and their faunal and evolutionary implications|journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology|volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1–36|doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2138376|s2cid=253346978 }}</ref>

Other extinct members of extant and extinct mammalian families were found in the Nagri Formation and thereby existed with ''E. falconeri'' including bovids, [[giraffid]]s, [[anthracothere]]s, [[tragulid]]s, [[suidae|suids]], [[hipparion]]ine [[equid]]s, [[rhinocerotid]]s, [[chalicothere]]s, [[gomphothere]]s, [[hominid]]s, and [[spalacid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Muhammad Akbar|last2=Akhtar|first2=Muhammad|last3=Ikram|first3=Tasneem|title=True Ungulates From The Nagri Type Locality (Late Miocene), Northern Pakistan|journal=Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences|volume=22|pages=1–59}}</ref> An extinct reptilian species of [[gharial]], ''[[Gavialis]] lewisi'' (?), is reported from the Dhok Pathan Formation of Pakistan and is Pliocene in age.<ref name="gavialis">{{cite journal|last=Martin|first=Jérémy|year=2018|title=The taxonomic content of the genus Gavialis from the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan|journal=Papers in Palaeontology|volume=5|issue=3|pages=483–497|doi=10.1002/spp2.1247|s2cid=134966832 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02123647/file/2019Gavialis.pdf }}</ref> Mammal genera that were found in the Dhok Pathan Formation are generally consistent with the mammal genera found within the Nagri Formation but also include other bovids, giraffids, [[Cervinae|cervine]] [[cervids]], anthracotheres, suids, hipparionines, rhinocerotids, "tetralophodont gomphotheres", [[cercopithecid]]s, and [[hystricidae|hystricids]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Muhammad Akbar|last2=Akhtar|first2=Muhammad|last3=Iliopoulos|first3=George|year=2012|title=Tragulids (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia, Tragulidae) from the middle Siwaliks of Hasnot (Late Miocene), Pakistan|journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia|volume=118|issue=2|pages=325–341|doi=10.13130/2039-4942/6009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ghaffar|first1=Abdul|last2=Akhtar|first2=Muhammad|last3=Babar|first3=Muhammad Adeeb|last4=Roohi|first4=Ghazala|year=2018|title=Cervidae from Dhok Pathan and Hasnot areas (Dhok Pathan Formation, Northern Pakistan) with comments on the age of these sediments|journal=Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia|volume=21|issue=2|pages=132–140|doi=10.4072/rbp.2018.2.04|s2cid=59060740 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018RvBrP..21..132G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Abbas|first1=Ghyour|last2=Babar|first2=Muhammad Adeeb|last3=Khan|first3=Muhammad Akbar|last4=Un Nisa|first4=Badar|year=2021|title=New proboscidean material from the Siwalik Group of Pakistan with remarks on some species|journal=PaleoBios|volume=38|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.5070/P9381054113|s2cid=237772570 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Babar|first1=Muhammad Adeeb|last2=Aftab|first2=Kiran|last3=Khan|first3=Muhammad Akbar|last4=Abbas|first4=Ghyour|year=2021|title=Tetraconodon and Sivachoerus (Suidae) from Dhok Pathan and Hasnot area of Potwar Plateau, northern Pakistan|journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences|volume=14|issue=2473|pages=1–6|doi=10.1007/s12517-021-08684-x|bibcode=2021ArJG...14.2473B |s2cid=244120161 }}</ref>

[[Image:Hipparion sp 87348.jpg|thumb|right|The arrival of [[Hipparionini]] equids such as ''[[Hipparion]]'' to Eurasia are representative of major Eurasian faunal turnovers of the late Miocene]]

The transition from the middle Miocene to the late Miocene reflected a period in which the evergreen to deciduous tropical forests once covering a large part of the Indian subcontinent shrank and were replaced by [[grasslands]] because of global cooling, drier conditions, and the intensification of Asian [[monsoons]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wang|first1=Xiaoming|last2=Flynn|first2=Lawrence|last3=Fortelius|first3=Mikael|editor-first1=Xiaoming |editor-first2=Lawrence J. |editor-first3=Mikael |editor-last1=Wang |editor-last2=Flynn |editor-last3=Fortelius |date=2013|title=Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology|language=english|publisher=Columbia University Press|chapter=Chapter 17: Indian Neogene Siwalik Mammalian Biostratigraphy: An Overview|pages=423–444|doi=10.7312/wang15012-017|isbn=9780231520829 }}</ref> A change from the Nagri [[floodplains]] to the Dhok Pathan floodplains suggests less draining in the fluvial system of the latter compared to the former with Dhok Pathan's smaller [[rivers]] having more seasonal flow than before. This reflects the general trend of late Miocene [[climate forcing]] resulting in more seasonality, bringing about large faunal turnovers. The drier and more seasonal climates along with fluvial changes gradually brought about larger, open [[woodland]]s predominantly consisting of C4 plants near the [[Potwar Plateau|Potwar Miocene rivers]] while communities exclusively or predominantly consisting of C3 plants diminished greatly and eventually disappeared by 7.0 Ma along with the C3 feeders that depended more on closed vegetation. These changes occurred shortly after the arrivals of the hipparionines and marked decreases in mammal groups within the Indian subcontinent such as the extinctions of the hominid ''Sivapithecus'' and the deinothere ''[[Deinotherium]]'' as a result of the fragmentation of closed habitats in favour of open habitats that would eliminate food for C3 browsers and frugivores.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barry|first1=John C.|last2=Morgan|first2=Michèle E.|last3=Flynn|first3=Lawrence J.|last4=Pilbeam|first4=David|last5=Behrensmeyer|first5=Anna K.|last6=Raza|first6=S. Mahmood|last7= A. Khan|first7=Imran|last8=Badgley|first8=Catherine|last9=Hicks|first9=Jason|last10=Kelley|first10=Jay|year=2002|title=Faunal and Environmental Change in the Late Miocene Siwaliks of Northern Pakistan|journal=Paleobiology|volume=28|issue=2|pages=1–71|doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2002)28[1:FAECIT]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=18408360 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Nelson|first=Sherry V.|year=2007|title=Isotopic reconstructions of habitat change surrounding the extinction of Sivapithecus, a Miocene hominoid, in the Siwalik Group of Pakistan|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=243|issue=1–2|pages=204–222|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.07.017|bibcode=2007PPP...243..204N |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15644/files/PAL_E3104.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Patnaik|first1=Rajeev|last2=Singh|first2=Ningthoujam Premjit|last3=Paul|first3=Debajyoti|last4=Sukumar|first4=Raman|year=2019|title=Dietary and habitat shifts in relation to climate of Neogene-Quaternary proboscideans and associated mammals of the Indian subcontinent|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=224|article-number=105968 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105968|bibcode=2019QSRv..22405968P |s2cid=210307849 }}</ref>

[[File:Elephant threesome (51340109244).jpg|thumb|left|''[[Elephas]]'' was a typical grazer of C4 plants from the Pliocene-Pleistocene. It adapted its diets to mixed feeding of C3 plants by middle Pleistocene while ''[[Stegodon]]'' was a consistent C4 browser that failed to adapt and went extinct.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ma|first1=Jiao|last2=Wang|first2=Yuan|last3=Jin|first3=Changzhu|last4=Hu|first4=Yaowu|last5=Bocherens|first5=Hervé|year=2019|title=Ecological flexibility and differential survival of Pleistocene Stegodon orientalis and Elephas maximus in mainland southeast Asia revealed by stable isotope (C, O) analysis|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=212|pages=33–44|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.021|bibcode=2019QSRv..212...33M |s2cid=135056116 }}</ref>]]

The carnivoran fossil records of the Tatrot Formation in India are scarce, but amongst the extinct members that existed with ''E. falconeri'' in the Pliocene were other lutrines, machairodontines, and hyaenids.<ref name="siwaliks"/> Herbivorous mammals found at the Tatrot Formation on the Potwar Plateau contain highly diverse assemblages of bovids but also include cervids, suids, [[elephantid]]s, [[stegodont]]ids, hipparionines, anthracotheres, hippopotamids, giraffids, and tragulids.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jukar|first1=Advait Muhesh|last2=Sun|first2=Boyang|last3=Nanda|first3=Avinash C.|last4=Bernor|first4=Raymond L.|year=2019|title=The first occurrence of ''Eurygnathohippus'' Van Hoepen, 1930 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) outside Africa and its biogeographic significance|journal=Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana|volume=58|issue=2|pages=171–179|doi=10.4435/BSPI.2019.13|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Muhammad Akbar|last2=Jamil|first2=Madeeha|last3=Mahmood|first3=Khalid|last4=Babar|first4=Muhammad Adeeb|year=2014|title=Some New Remains of Cervids (Cervidae, Ruminantia) from Tatrot Formation of Northern Pakistan|journal=Biologia|volume=60|issue=2|pages=225–230}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Suresh|year=2022|title=New Fossils of Sivatherium Giganteum (Giraffidae, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of the Indian Subcontinent|journal=Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae|volume=18|issue=2|pages=85–92|doi=10.35463/j.apr.2022.02.04|s2cid=248233024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The crocodilians ''[[Crocodylus]]'' and ''[[Rhamphosuchus]]'', the pelican ''[[Pelecanus]]'', turtles (''[[Batagur]]'', ''[[Geoclemys]]'', ''[[Hardella]]'', and ''[[Pangshura]]''), and the freshwater crab ''[[Acanthopotamon]]'' are reported from at least the Tatrot or Pinjor Formations of India as well, indicating an active freshwater habitat that ''E. falconeri'' and later ''E. sivalensis'' were present in.<ref name="gavialis"/><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Stidham|last1=Thomas A.|last2=Krishan|first2=Kewal|last3=Singh|first3=Bahadur|last4=Ghosh|first4=Abhik|last5=Patnaik|first5=Rajeev|year=2014|title=A Pelican Tarsometatarsus (Aves: Pelecanidae) from the Latest Pliocene Siwaliks of India|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1–8|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0111210|pmid=25365300 |pmc=4218845 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k1210S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Garbin|first1=Rafaella C.|last2=Bandyopadhyay|first2=Saswati|last3=Joyce|first3=Walter G.|year=2020|title=A taxonomic revision of geoemydid turtles from Siwalik-age of India and Pakistan|journal=European Journal of Taxonomy|issue=652|pages=1–67|doi=10.5852/ejt.2020.724.1165|s2cid=229387265 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Klaus|first1=Sebastian|last2=Singh|first2=Bahadur|last3=Hartmann|first3=Lukas|last4=Krishan|first4=Kewal|last5=Ghosh|first5=Abhik|last6=Patnaik|first6=Rajeev|year=2017|title=A fossil freshwater crab from the Pliocene Tatrot Formation (Siwalik Group) in Northern India (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae)|journal=Palaeoworld|volume=26|issue=3|pages=566–571|doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2016.08.003}}</ref>

Amongst carnivoran taxa, ''Enhydriodon'' is the longest-lasting [[caniform]] genus to have ever existed within the Siwaliks of the Indian subcontinent, identified from the Nagri-Pinjor formations. However, the species identified within the Pinjor Formation of the Plio-Pleistocene epochs is ''E. sivalensis'', which suggests that ''E. falconeri'' after a long time of relative success eventually might have gone through [[anagenesis]] by the Pliocene. Other carnivoran genera that were found in the Pinjor Formation included the newly arrived [[canids]] as well as mustelids, ursids, felids (machairodontines, pantherines, and felines), hyaenids, and viverrids.<ref name="siwaliks"/> Other mammalian genera found within the Pinjor Formation includes hominids, cercopithecids, rodents of various families, proboscideans, equines of the [[Equini]] tribe, rhinocerotids, suids, cervids, giraffids, and bovids.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nanda|first1=Avinash C.|last2=Sehgal|first2=Ramesh K.|last3=Chauhan|first3=Parth R.|year=2018|title=Siwalik-age faunas from the Himalayan Foreland Basin of South Asia|journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences|volume=162|pages=54–68|doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.10.035|bibcode=2018JAESc.162...54N |s2cid=134929306 }}</ref>

===Ethiopia===
[[File:Enhydriodon East Africa.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|Geographical and stratigraphic distribution of ''Enhydriodon'' in East Africa by species]]

''E. dikikae'' and ''E. omoensis'' were large lutrine species found in different locations within modern-day [[Ethiopia]]. ''E. dikikae'' fossils were found within the bottom two sequences of the [[Hadar Formation]] of the [[Awash Valley|Lower Awash Valley]], Ethiopia, indicating that its fossils range from 4 Ma to 3.2 Ma. Fossils of ''E. omoensis'' were located at the [[Usno Formation]] and [[Shungura Formation]] of the [[Lower Omo Valley]] in Ethiopia, the fossils ranging from 3.44 Ma to 2.53 Ma. ''E. dikikae'' was named after the Dikikae Basal Member of the Hadar Formation while ''E. omoensis'' had its name derived from the Lower Omo Valley.<ref name="Dikikae"/><ref name="Omoe"/>

There are four [[stratigraphic unit#member|members]] of the Dikika composite sequence as part of the Pliocene Hadar Formation, from base to top: the Basal, Sidi Hakoma, Denen Dora, and Kada Hadar members. All together, they are dated to ca. 3.5-2.9 Ma and are best known for the numerous remains of ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''.<ref name="Hadar">{{cite journal|last1=Geraads|first1=Denis|last2=Alemseged|first2=Zeresenay|last3=Bobe|first3=René|last4=Reed|first4=Denné|year=2015|title=Pliocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from the Hadar Formation at Dikika, Lower Awash Valley, Ethiopia|journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences|volume=107|pages=28–35|doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.03.020|bibcode=2015JAfES.107...28G }}</ref> ''E. dikikae'' fossils are known from the formation's Basal and Sigi Hakoma members and are unknown in the other top two members.<ref name="Dikikae"/>

Based on methods of determining palaeoenvironments such as ecomorphological analysis, dental microwear of bovids, and carbon and oxygen isotopes of enamel, the Basal Member (BM) has the greatest abundance of bovids and suids in the Hadar Formation, suggesting that the environments of which they were present in were possibly woody grasslands as well as riverine forests. The [[Aepycerotini]] were common within the member, fitting with the [[tribe (taxon)|tribe's]] preference for [[ecotone|ecotonal]] habitats between grasslands and woodlands.<ref name="Hakoma">{{cite book |last1=Campisano |first1=Christopher J. |title=African Paleoecology and Human Evolution |last2=Rowan |first2=John |last3=Reed |first3=Kaye E. |author-link3=Kaye Reed |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |editor-last1=Reynolds |editor-first1=Sally C. |pages=214–228 |language=english |chapter=Chapter 18: The Hadar Formation, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia: Geology, Fauna, and Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions |doi=10.1017/9781139696470.018 |editor-last2=Bobe |editor-first2=René}}</ref>

The Sidi Hakoma Submember 1 (SH-1), ranging from ~3.45 to 3.35 Ma, had similar fauna and thereby similar habitats to other members within the Hadar Formation but also likely included wetlands in certain regions. Taxa such as a species within the forest-dwelling [[Cephalophini]] tribe and five species of primates were recovered from the member, further indicating a large riverine forest with, predominantly, woodlands in the surrounding area. ''[[Aepyceros]]'' was the most abundant bovid, and SH-1 had the lowest proportion of grazing bovids at any sub-member of the Hadar Formation. The vegetation of SH-1 might have closely resembled those at the Guinea or Sudanese [[savannas]] that interdigitate with the central African [[rainforest]], which creates habitat mosaics of grasslands, woodlands, and some forest belts. The [[ostracod]] assemblage of the Basal and Sidi Hakoma Members indicate sources of freshwater input, in which their shells also indicate only a three-month dry season, characteristic of the central African savannas. The single dry season, indicating a nine-month rainy season, is a distinctive factor of the Sidi Hakoma member from the modern climate in East Africa, which has a bimodal dry season format (two dry seasons) rather than a single one. The Sidi Hakoma Submember 2 (SH-2) is similar to SH-1 and is thought to have been associated with woodlands with some grassy plains, of which ''Aepycerotini'' was the most common.<ref name="Hakoma"/>

Sidi Hakoma Submember 3 (SH-3) indicates the presence of woodlands and grasslands with more lakeside [[wetlands]] compared to the previous sub-members, with increased presences of [[Reduncinae|reduncine bovids]] and the highest abundance of [[Tragelaphini|tragelaphin bovids]], which indicate either more closed habitats or wetlands. It also contains the largest micromammal assemblages of extant [[murid]] genera such as the extant ''[[Acomys]]'', ''Golunda'' and ''[[Oenomys]]'' and the extinct ''[[Saidomys]]'', of which ''Golunda'' is now extinct in Africa. Sidi Hakoma Submember 4 indicates wetland habitats that surround lakes within drier environments. A further increase of Reduncinae bovids and a decrease in [[Alcelaphinae|alcelaphin bovids]] indicates said lakeshore environments and surrounding wetlands. The bovid abundance data suggests similar amounts of tree cover for SH-3 and SH-4 with the difference being that the latter was slightly drier than the former.<ref name="Hakoma"/>

[[File: Lucy (Australopithecus) National Museum of Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Skeleton of Lucy, the most well-known ''Australopithecus afarensis'' fossil, at the [[National Museum of Ethiopia]].]]

The Hadar Formation represents many fossils of ''Australopithecus afarensis'', most notably the partial skeleton known as "[[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]]". The aggregate time span of the species is at least 0.7 myr, from 3.7 Ma to 3.0 Ma.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alemseged|first1=Zeresenay|last2=Wynn|first2=Jonathan G.|last3=Kimbel|first3=William H.|last4=Reed|first4=Denné|last5=Geraads|first5=Denis|last6=Bobe|first6=René|year=2005|title=A new hominin from the Basal Member of the Hadar Formation, Dikika, Ethiopia, and its geological context|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=49|issue=4|pages=499–514|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.06.001|pmid=16026815 |bibcode=2005JHumE..49..499A }}</ref> The Hadar Formation is also known for its representation of a great diversity of bovid species that represented most major tribes in Africa. The bovid tribes that were found in the formation included the Aepycerotini, Alcelaphini, [[Antilopini]], [[Bovini]], [[Caprini]], Cephalophini, [[Hippotragini]], [[Neotragini]], Reduncini, and Tragelaphini. Other groups, represented by extinct species of extant or extinct genera, include giraffids, hippopotamuses, suids, canids, felids (machairodontines were the most common), hyaenids, other mustelids, viverrids, rhinoceroses, equids, [[catarrhines]], deinotheres, and elephantids were all also found within the locality. Small mammal groups include [[bat]]s, leporids, old world porcupines, murid rodents, [[spalacid]]s, [[squirrels]], and [[aardvark]]s.<ref name="Hakoma"/><ref name="Hadar"/>

Other Pliocene-age formations within Ethiopia show similar trends of great diversity in the Bovidae family from its multiple tribes along with suids, hippopatamids, cercopithecids, hominids, and equids of generally the same genera as the Hadar Formation. Most herbivores present in the Shungura Formation show either consistent C4 diets or had generally shifted from mixed C3-C4 diets to generally C4 diets as indicated from changes in dentition by formation member. These trends suggest that the African herbivores in the Pliocene were increasingly shifting to C4 herbivory as opposed to browsing and mixed feeding as a result of the increasing dominance of C4 grasslands in Africa. There were a few exceptions, however, as Giraffidae and Deinotheriidae were both consistently C3 browsers within the formation while the bovid tribes Aepycerotini and Tragelaphini were predominantly mixed feeders with little change in diet.<ref name="herbivory">{{cite journal|last1=Bobe|first1=René|year=2011|title=Fossil Mammals and Paleoenvironments in the Omo-Turkana Basin|journal=Evolutionary Anthropology|volume=20|issue=6|pages=254–263|doi=10.1002/evan.20330|pmid=22170694 |s2cid=205826374 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Negash|first1=Enquye W.|last2=Alemseged|first2=Zeresenay|last3=Bobe|first3=René|last4=Grine|first4=Frederick|last5=Sponheimer|first5=Matt|last6=G. Wynn|first6=Jonathan|year=2020|title=Dietary trends in herbivores from the Shungura Formation, southwestern Ethiopia|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=117|issue=36|pages=21921–21927|doi=10.1073/pnas.2006982117|pmid=32839326 |pmc=7486712 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11721921N |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bibi|first1=Faysal|last2=Souron|first2=Antoine|last3=Bocherens|first3=Hervé|last4=Uno|first4=Kevin|last5=Boisserie|first5=ean-Renaud|year=2013|title=Ecological change in the lower Omo Valley around 2.8 Ma|journal=Biology Letters|volume=9|issue=1|pages=1–4|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2012.0890|pmid=23234862 |pmc=3565503 |s2cid=10791621 }}</ref> Fossil fish remains are also known from the Shungura Formation, namely the genera ''[[Polypterus]]'', ''[[Sindacharax]]'', ''[[Synodontis]]'', ''[[Auchenoglanis]]'', and ''[[Lates]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Kathlyn M.|last2=Murray|first2=Alison|year=2008|title=Fish remains from the Plio-Pleistocene Shungura Formation, Omo River basin, Ethiopia|journal=Geobios|volume=41|issue=2|pages=283–295|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2007.06.004|bibcode=2008Geobi..41..283S }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Musteloidea|Mae.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q27962593}}

[[Category:Otters]]
[[Category:Prehistoric mustelids]]
[[Category:Miocene mustelids]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1868]]
[[Category:Miocene mammals of Africa]]
[[Category:Pliocene mammals of Africa]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of Africa]]
[[Category:Miocene mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Pliocene mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Hugh Falconer]]
[[Category:Prehistoric carnivoran genera]]

Prabhat Kumar College

2026-01-02T19:32:56Z

Sshekhar898: update intro for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Prabhat Kumar College
| native_name =
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| image = File:Prabhjat Kumar College.jpg
| image_upright =
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| caption = [[Prabhat Kumar College]], [[Contai]]
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| type = Undergraduate & Postgraduate college
| established = {{start date and age|1926}}
| closed = 
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| affiliation = [[Vidyasagar University]]
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| undergrad =
| postgrad = Yes
| doctoral = Yes
| other =
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| city = [[Contai]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 721401
| coordinates = {{coord|21.7792286|N|87.7481253|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Urban
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| website = https://pkcollegecontai.ac.in/
| logo = Prabhat Kumar College logo.gif
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Prabhat Kumar College''', also known as '''Kanthi College''' or by the abbreviation '''P. K. College''', established in 1926,<ref name=UGC/> is the oldest college in [[Purba Medinipur district]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. It is affiliated to [[Vidyasagar University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Vidyasagar University |url=http://vidyasagar.ac.in/affiliated_colleges/affiliated_colleges.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225200459/http://vidyasagar.ac.in/affiliated_colleges/affiliated_colleges.html |archivedate=25 February 2012}}</ref>

==History==
Prabhat Kumar College was established in 1926 at Contai with a large donation from [[Zamindar]] Biswambhar Dinda and other prominent residents of the district, in memory of his loving son, the Late Prabhat Kumar Dinda. It is the oldest college of [[Purba Medinipur district]]. Prominent social reformers of the time such as [[Madhusudan Jana]] and [[Zamindar]] [[Bipin Bihari Sasmal]] also contributed to the establishment of the institution.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Calcutta |first=University of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1Y4AAAAMAAJ&q=bipin+bihari+sasmal |title=Calendar |date=1929 |language=en}}</ref> This college was named after the name of the Late Prabhat Kumar Dinda, the son of donator Late Biswambhar Dinda. Initially, the college was started as an arts college under the affiliation of [[University of Calcutta]]. Bipin Bihari Sasmal was the first president of the College. In 1985, the affiliation of the college was changed from University of Calcutta to [[Vidyasagar University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of P.K.College, Contai |url=http://pkcollegecontai.org/Blog/?page_id=1623 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410053752/http://pkcollegecontai.org/Blog/?page_id=1623 |archivedate=10 April 2012}}</ref>

==Location==
The college is located in the heart of [[Contai]] in the [[Purba Medinipur district]].

==Departments and Courses==
The college offers different undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the science, arts, and commerce branch. This college aims at imparting education to the undergraduates of lower- and middle-class people of Kanthi and its adjoining areas. Almost every department of this college offers undergraduate degree courses. Postgraduate courses are offered only by departments of Bengali, English, Sanskrit, Physics, Chemistry, and Commerce.<ref>{{cite web|title=Courses Offered, Prabhat Kumar College|url=https://pkcollegecontai.ac.in/page.aspx?page_id=1007|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref>

===Science===
The science faculty consists of the departments of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Computer Science and Application, Anthropology, Botany, Zoology, Physiology, Nutrition, and Aquaculture Management.

===Arts and Commerce===
The arts and commerce faculty consists of the departments of Bengali, English, Education, Sanskrit, History, Geography, Political Science, Philosophy, Economics, Physical Education, Music, Sociology, Commerce.

==Accreditation==
In 2022, Prabhat Kumar College is re-accredited and awarded Grade A by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).<ref>{{cite web|title=NAAC Grade, PK College|url=https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/grade_sheet_rpt/eyJpdiI6IkhnTENSZFNYVUdQUFFLMEs0N0JiR3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL2lTbGNJUGQzYWd4aE1MYkNGOG9udz09IiwibWFjIjoiNmM4NGU2ZTRiOTAwODgwMWMzNDI4Y2ViMTdmNjAyMjg5M2VkNmMyY2U2OWMyYmIxZjE3MjYwNWNlZTM5ZDNlZiIsInRhZyI6IiJ9|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District colleges join city peers on NAAC honour list after framework revision|work=The Times of India |date=23 March 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/district-colleges-join-city-peers-on-naac-honour-list-after-framework-revision/articleshow/98926905.cms|access-date=2 Nov 2023}}</ref> Previously in March 2007, this college was awarded B+ grade by the NAAC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Institutions Accredited / Re-accredited by NAAC with validity|url=http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Institutions_Accredited_by_NAAC_with_validity.pdf|publisher=[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]|accessdate=22 February 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054040/http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Institutions_Accredited_by_NAAC_with_validity.pdf|archivedate=12 May 2012}}</ref> This college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref name="UGC">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071014152001/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal] Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission]</ref>

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120206014054/http://www.pkcollegecontai.org/ Prabhat Kumar College]

{{Vidyasagar University}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Vidyasagar University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1926]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

Hetero Drugs

2025-12-30T12:56:19Z

Sshekhar898: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian pharmaceutical company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Hetero Drugs Limited
| logo = Hetero_Drugs_Logo.svg
| type = Private
| industry = [[Pharmaceuticals]]
| foundation = 1993
| founder = Dr. [[B. Parthasaradhi Reddy]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| key_people = Dr. B. Vamsi Krishna Reddy
| num_employees = Over 22,000
| homepage = {{official URL}}
}}
'''Hetero Drugs''' is an Indian [[pharmaceutical]] company and the world's largest producer of anti-retroviral drugs. Hetero's business includes APIs, generics, biosimilars, custom pharmaceutical services, and branded generics.

==Operations==
Hetero group employs over 22,000 people. Hetero is a participant in the [[active pharmaceutical ingredients]] market and finished dosages.<ref name="hep-c-news1">{{cite web |url=http://hep-c-news.com/hepatitis-c-treatment-in-india-for-less-than-1000/ |title=Hepatitis C treatment in India for less than $1000 | Hep C News - Hepatitis C Treatment, Cure Rate and Cost |access-date=2016-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916124038/http://hep-c-news.com/blog/2016/07/11/hepatitis-c-treatment-in-india-for-less-than-1000/ |archive-date=2016-09-16 }}</ref> It has marketing presence in over 140 countries.

Hetero Group's subsidiaries include Hetero Drugs, Hetero Labs, Hetero Research Foundation, Genx Laboratories and also foreign subsidiaries such as Camber Pharmaceuticals in the [[United States]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=James D. |title=The Empty Adderall Factory |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/adderall-shortage-adhd-medication-ascent-pharmaceuticals.html |access-date=20 February 2024 |work=Intelligencer |date=19 February 2024}}</ref> Hetero Europe in [[Europe]], Amarox Pharma Global in [[Indonesia]], and Richmond Labs in [[Argentina]]. The group is also investing in the wind power industry with a goal to reach 1000 megawatts by 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heterowindpower.com/|title=Hetero Windpower|publisher=Hetero|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref>

==2009 Swine flu outbreak==
In 2009, as the [[swine flu]] outbreak was spreading across the globe and various health organizations and government agencies were piling up stocks of Oseltamivir as precautionary measures, Hetero supplied generic Oseltamivir under its brand name [[Fluvir]].<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042952121500.htm Swine flu: Centre taps Hetero for generic Tamiflu supply]{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430031832/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042952121500.htm |date=30 April 2009 }}</ref>

Hetero delivered 10 million doses of Oseltamivir to the Indian government in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|author=Khomba Singh|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News-by-Industry/Hetero-bags-govts-anti-flu-drug-deal/articleshow/4484144.cms |title=Hetero bags mega chunk of govt's anti-flu drug deal |work=The Economic Times |date=2009-05-05 |access-date=2014-01-11}}</ref> and shipped about 80 million doses to over 60 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/news/cnbc-tv18-comments/hyderabad-pharma-cos-cashon-swine-flu-fever/411305 |title=Hyderabad pharma cos cash in on Swine-Flu fever |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |access-date=2014-01-11}}</ref> Hetero received its second order from Indian government to supply another 10 million doses of Oseltamivir later in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=Khomba Singh|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Healthcare-Biotech/Pharmaceuticals/Hetero-bags-deal-for-10-m-Tamiflu/articleshow/4921285.cms |title=Hetero bags deal for 10 m Tamiflu|work=The Economic Times |date=2009-08-22 |access-date=2014-01-11}}</ref>

==COVID-19 experimental drugs==
The company has launched the generic version of experimental [[COVID-19]] drug ''[[Remdesivir]]'' under brand name '''Covifor''' after acquiring license from [[Gilead Sciences]] and obtaining approval from [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation|CDSCO]], the Indian drug control authority.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid-19: Hyderabad-based Hetero Labs Ltd prices generic version of remdesivir at Rs 5,400 per vial |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/coronavirus-drug-remdesivir-generic-version-price-6475304/ |work=The Indian Express |date=25 June 2020}}</ref> On 29 July 2020, the company launched its version of the anti viral drug [[Favipiravir]] under the brand name Favivir, after getting approval from [[Drugs Controller General of India]] (DCGI), used in the treatment of mild to moderate [[COVID-19]] patients.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=N. Ravi|date=2020-07-29|title=India's Hetero Labs wins approval to sell COVID-19 drug favipiravir|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-hetero-labs-wins-approval-to-sell-covid-19-drug-favipiravir/article32218999.ece|access-date=2020-09-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 27 November 2020, Hetero Labs signed an agreement with the [[Russian Direct Investment Fund|Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF)]] to manufacture 100 million doses of the [[Gam-COVID-Vac|Sputnik V vaccine]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Sohini|date=2020-11-27|title=Hetero Labs to manufacture 100 mn doses of Sputnik V vaccine for India|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hetero-labs-to-manufacture-100-mn-doses-of-sputnik-v-vaccine-for-india-120112700495_1.html|access-date=2020-11-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Aarthi Scans and Labs

2025-12-18T08:40:37Z

Sshekhar898: Put Up Some Article Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Indian radiology diagnostic provider}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=October 2022}}
{{Notability|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Aarthi Scans and Labs
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| romanized =
| former type =
| type = Private limited company
| industry = [[Healthcare]]
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 2000
| founder = V. Govindarajan
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| location_country = India
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = Arunkumar Govindarajan (director)<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthy Outlook: Arunkumar Govindarajan |url=https://www.theceomagazine.com/executive-interviews/healthcare-pharmaceutical/arunkumar-govindarajan/ |website=theceomagazine.com}}</ref>
| products =
| production =
| services = radiology and pathology diagnostic services
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|aarthiscan.com}}
}}
'''Aarthi Scans and Labs''' is an Indian [[radiology]] and pathology diagnostic provider, headquartered in [[Chennai]]. The business has 40 diagnostic centres in India, and is accredited with the [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories|NABL]] and [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers|NABH]].<ref name="toi"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Capital Growth Fund to pick up minority stake in Aarthi Scans |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/tata-capital-growth-fund-to-pick-up-minority-stake-in-aarthi-scans/article65460067.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=25 May 2022}}</ref>

==History==
In 1985, V. Govindarajan and his wife made the decision to establish a [[polyclinic]] in the [[Tamil Nadu]] town of [[Kovilpatti]]. However, they felt a lack of medical tools and technology for MRI scans and diagnostics, and thus decided to found Aarthi Scans and Labs in 2000. The business began as a single state operator and is now widespread throughout India.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |last1=Govardan |first1=D. |title=An engineer married a doctor, and Aarthi Scans was born |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/an-engineer-married-a-doctor-and-aarthi-scans-was-born/articleshow/92024671.cms |newspaper=The Times of India | date=6 June 2022 |language=en | accessdate=1 January 2023}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 epidemic|COVID-19 pandemic]], Aarthi Scans and Labs gathered 75,500 Swabs from homes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Labs, ambulances and more: Numbers for COVID-19 assistance in TN, Chennai |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/labs-ambulances-and-more-numbers-covid-19-assistance-tn-chennai-147553 |website=The News Minute |language=en |date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Additionally, it contributed {{Indian Rupee|2500000}} to a COVID-19 Relief Fund alongside other donors<ref>{{cite web |title=Donations for COVID-19 relief continue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/donations-for-covid-19-relief-continue/article34582651.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=17 May 2021}}</ref> and offered scans and blood tests to COVID patients during pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diagnostic centre in Hyderabad offers scan and blood tests at half the price |url=https://www.apnnews.com/diagnostic-centre-in-hyderabad-offers-scan-and-blood-tests-at-half-the-price/ |website=APN News}}</ref>

In 2021, Aarthi Scans and Labs signed a contract with Mindray Ultrasound India<ref>{{cite web |title=An alliance for medical advancement |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/sep/08/an-alliance-for-medical-advancement-2355691.html |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> and partnered with health tech firm Qure.ai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aarthi Scans and Labs Partners with health tech firm Qure.ai |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-st-noida/20210730/282127819514178 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Capital Growth Fund picks up minority stake in Aarthi Scans |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/tata-capital-growth-fund-picks-up-minority-stake-in-aarthi-scans/articleshow/91769749.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In May 2022, the company partnered with Indian radiology company Synapsica to provide Spine MRI.<ref>{{cite web |title=Synapsica partners with Aarthi Scans and Labs to offer spine MRIs |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/healthcare/diagnostic/synapsica-partners-with-aarthi-scans-and-labs-to-offer-spine-mris/2521988/ |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Laboratories in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Radiology organizations]]

Devonshire (1804 EIC ship)

2025-12-16T21:29:07Z

Sshekhar898: started new page

{{other ships|Devonshire (East Indiaman)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2018}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| country=United Kingdom
| flag=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|60px]]
| name = ''Devonshire''
| namesake =[[Devon]]
| owner =*EIC voyage #1: Henry Cooke
*EIC voyage #2: James Thomas
*EIC voyage #3:Thomas Stalker
*EIC voyages #4-5:Daniel Stalker
| operator =
| ordered =
| builder =Pitcher, Northfleet{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=89}}
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched =18 December 1804{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=89}}
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate = Foundered 1814
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen =820,<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114828 British Library: ''Devenoshire'' (3).]</ref> 821{{small|{{frac|4|94}}}},{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=89}} or 840<ref name=LoM>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |title=Letter of Marque, p.58 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length =*{{convert|146|ft|1|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (overall)
*{{convert|118|ft|7|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (keel)
| beam = {{convert|36|ft|1|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth = {{convert|14|ft|9|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| propulsion = Sail
| sail_plan =
| complement =100<ref name=LoM/>
| armament =30 × 18-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
| notes =Three decks
}}
}}

'''''Devonshire''''' was launched in 1804 as an [[East Indiaman]]. She made four voyages for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC), and was wrecked on her fifth while still outward bound.

==EIC voyages==
During the [[Peace of Amiens]], the EIC contracted with Thomas Hurry, Esq., that ''Devonshire'', then building would carry out six voyages for them. They contracted a peacetime freight of [[£sd|£]]18 3[[Shilling|s]] per ton (with [[Kentledge|kintledge]]) or £16 15s per ton (without kintledge).{{sfnp|Hardy|1811|p=27 (App)}}

===EIC voyage #1 (1805–1806)===
[[Napoleonic Wars|War with France]] had broken out by the time ''Devonshire'' had been launched and was ready to sail. Captain James Murray acquired a [[letter of marque]] on 27 February 1805.<ref name=LoM/> On 25 April he sailed ''Devonshire'' from Portsmouth bound for [[Chennai|Madras]], Bengal, and Ceylon.<ref name=BL/>

On 7 August, {{HMS|Blenheim|1761|6}}, Captain [[Austin Bissell]] and Rear-Admiral [[Sir Thomas Troubridge, 1st Baronet|Thomas Troubridge]], was escorting a fleet of [[East Indiamen]] consisting of {{ship||Castle Eden|1800 EIC ship|2}}, {{ship||Cumberland|1802 EIC ship|2}}, ''Devonshire'', {{ship||Dorsetshire|1800 EIC ship|2}}, {{ship||Exeter|1792 EIC ship|2}}, {{ship||Ganges|1797 EIC ship|2}}, {{ship||Hope|1797 EIC ship|2}}, and {{ship||Preston|1798 EIC ship|2}}. They were at {{coord|19|3|S|17|15|E}} when they encountered the French ship of the line [[French ship Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1795)|''Marengo'']] and frigate {{HMS|Belle Poule|1806|2}}. There was a brief exchange of fire before both sides sailed on. Troubridge reprimanded the captains of ''Cumberland'' and ''Preston'' for having acted too boldly in exchanging fire with the French.{{sfnp|Biden|1830|pp=225 & 229}}<ref>[http://www.heicshipslogs.co.uk/logs/h026.htm THE HONOURABLE EAST INDIA COMPANY SERVICE - accessed 13 July 2018.]</ref>

''Devonshire'' reached Madras on 23 August and arrived at [[Diamond Harbour]] on 11 September. Homeward bound, she was at [[Sagar Island|Saugor]] on 23 December. She then proceeded to stop at a number of ports on India's west coast. She was at [[Visakhapatnam|Vizagapatam]] on 29 December, [[Kakinada|Coninga]] on 3 January 1806, at [[Narasapuram, West Godavari district|Narsipore]] on 12 January, and Madras again on 15 January. She was at [[Colombo]] on 21 February and [[Galle|Point de Galle]] on 5 March, reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 14 May, and arrived at Long Reach on 27 July.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #2 (1807–1808)===
Captain Murray sailed from Portsmouth on 18 April 1807, bound for [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and Ceylon. ''Devonshire'' reached Bombay on 1 September. She then cruised on India's east coat. She was at Goa on 27 October, [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]] on 4 November, [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] on 12 November, and [[Kollam|Quilon]] on 21 November. She returned to Bombay on 25 December. Homeward bound, she was at Colombo on 8 March 1808 and Point de Galle on 14 March. She reached St Helena on 11 June and arrived at Gravesend on 19 August.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #3 (1809–1810)===
Captain Murray sailed from Portsmouth on 28 April, bound for Madras and Bengal. she was at [[Madeira]] on 8 May, reached Madras on 15 September, and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 22 October. Homeward bound she was at Saugor on 20 December and Madras on again on 4 February 1810. She was at Point de Galle on 17 February, reached St Helena on 3 May, and arrived at Long Reach on 7 July.<ref name=BL/>

===EIC voyage #4 (1811–1812)===
Captain Murray sailed from Torbay on 12 May 1811, bound for Madras and Bengal. ''Devonshire'' reached Madras on 10 September and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 12 October. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 23 November, Vizagapatam on 8 January 1812, Coninga on 12 January, and Madras on 25 January. She reached St Helena on 11 May and arrived at Northfleet on 23 July.<ref name=BL/>

==Fate==
Captain Murray sailed from Portsmouth on 2 June 1813, bound for Bengal and China.<ref name=BL/>

''Devonshire'' was lost on 2 July 1814 in Saugor [[Roadstead|Roads]] with the loss of 29 lives, 16 of them European.<ref name=LL4929>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735026?urlappend=%3Bseq=443 ''Lloyd's List'' №4929.]</ref> By one account she struck an uncharted sandbank.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=89}}

However, the ''Lloyd's List'' account and that of an eyewitness, an EIC captain, makes it clear that she was at anchor to take on a cargo for China. All her gunports were open and when a squall came up she heeled over. Before her crew could close her ports she took on so much water that she sank. Only her mast tops remained above water and her entire cargo was lost.<ref>House of Commons select Committee... (1830), Vol. 1, pp.616-7.</ref> The EIC valued its cargo lost on ''Devonshire'' at £26,988.<ref>House of Commons select Committee... (1830), Vol. 2, p.978.</ref>

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Biden |first=Christopher |year=1830 |title=Naval Discipline : Subordination Contrasted with Insubordination: Or, A View of the Necessity for Passing a Law Establishing an Efficient Naval Discipline on Board Ships in the Merchant-service ... |publisher=J.M. Richardson}}
*{{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Hardy |first=Horatio Charles |title=A register of ships, employed in the service of the Honorable the United East India Company, from the year 1760 to 1810: with an appendix, containing a variety of particulars, and useful information interesting to those concerned with East India commerce |year=1811 |publisher=Black, Parry, and Kingsbury |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxh3ft;view=1up;seq=9}}
* {{cite book |author=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain)) |year=1830 |title=Reports from the Select Committee of the House of Commons appointed to enquire into the present state of the affairs of the East India Company, together with the minutes of evidence, an appendix of documents, and a general index |volume=2 |publisher=Printed by order of the honourable court of directors, by J.L. Cox |ref={{SfnRef|House of Commons|1830}}|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433077895047;view=1up;seq=232}}

{{1814 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1804 ships]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1814]]

Thondrangi

2025-12-05T16:44:20Z

Sshekhar898: starting info - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thondrangi

| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|14|42|N|83|32|13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of Mandals of Vizianagaram|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Garividi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 535101
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''Thondrangi''' is a village in [[Vizianagaram district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Garividi mandal|Garividi]] [[mandal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/vizianagaram.pdf|title=Mandal wise villages|website=Revenue Department - AP Land|publisher=National Informatics Center|page=15|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214094218/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/vizianagaram.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2014|url-status=dead|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vizianagaram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Vizianagaram district]]

{{Vizianagaram-geo-stub}}

Devipada metro station

2025-12-04T06:20:19Z

Sshekhar898:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Red Line 7 metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = '''703''' Devipada
| native_name = {{nobold|देवीपाडा}}
| image = Devipada metro station entrance A.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Entrance A of Devipada metro station
| address = Khande Rao Dongari, Borivali, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400066
| coordinates = {{coord|19.22425| 72.86422|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 7|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 2 [[side platforms]]
| operator = {{rint|mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| depth =
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|April|2}}
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}

| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=7|left=Rashtriya Udyan|right=Magathane}}
| route_map = {{MM Line 7}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Line 7}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Devi Pada''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Line 7 (Mumbai Metro)|Red Line 7]] of [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. This metro station was inaugurated on {{Date|April 2 2022|DMY}} by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro: Line 2A, Line 7 launched, check routes, station details here |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-launches-check-routes-station-details-here-3018021 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates two new Mumbai Metro Lines, projects in Maharashtra |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/pm-modi-flagged-off-mumbai-metro-new-line-inaugurates-projects-worth-rs38800-cr-554122 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-19 |title=PM Modi inaugurates two new Mumbai Metro lines, launches other development projects |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/pm-modi-inaugurates-two-new-mumbai-metro-lines-launches-other-development-projects/article66409349.ece |access-date=2023-08-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 7|Right}} →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 7|Left}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro QR ticket vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Devi Pada station also uses 25,000 volt AC power system by [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]] to operate the trains.

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Mumbai]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Mumbai]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[M-Indicator]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Mumbai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Mumbai}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 7=yes}}

[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Borivali]]

1990 in Kerala

2025-11-16T06:59:44Z

Sshekhar898: Put Up A Details W/ Sources - done

{{Year in Kerala}}Events in the year '''1990''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==
[[List of governors of Kerala|'''Governor of Kerala''']] -

* [[Ram Dulari Sinha]] till February
* [[Sarup Singh]] February to December
* [[B. Rachaiah]] from December

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|'''Chief ministers of Kerala''']] –

* [[E. K. Nayanar]]

== Events ==

* 15 January - [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]] gets disqualified from [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] under [[Anti-defection law (India)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Congress B chairman Balakrishna Pillai passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/05/03/kerala-congress-b-leader-r-balakrishna-pillai-passed-away.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Kerala Congress B chairman Balakrishna Pillai passes away |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/mem_1_8.htm |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>
* 4 February -[[V. P. Singh]] declares [[Ernakulam district]] as the first totally [[Literacy|Literate]] district in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-31 |title=The literacy pioneer is no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/the-literacy-pioneer-is-no-more/articleshow/11693929.cms |access-date=2024-07-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 1 April - The Kerala [[Public Works Department (India)|Public Works Department]] got bifurcated to create a separate Irrigation Department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department History {{!}} Irrigation-kerala |url=https://irrigation.kerala.gov.in/department-history |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=irrigation.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>
* 28 July - India's first IT Park, [[Technopark, Trivandrum]] established.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technopark, India's first & largest IT park, celebrates 30th anniversary |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/07/30/kerala-technopark-30-years.html |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
* August - October - Evacuation of Non Resident Keralites from Kuwait following [[Gulf War]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |title=23 years later, Keralites remember Iraqi aggression in Kuwait |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/23-years-later-keralites-remember-2275736 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Ramesh |date=1990-10-31 |title=With thousands of Malayalees returning from Gulf jobless, Kerala appears to be in for major socio-economic crisis |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19901031-with-thousands-of-malayalees-returning-from-gulf-jobless-kerala-appears-to-be-in-for-major-socio-economic-crisis-813206-1990-10-30 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 1 November - Padma Ramachandran IAS becomes the first women [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief secretary]] of [[Kerala]].

==Births==
* [[Basil Joseph]] - April 28
* [[Pranav Mohanlal]] - July 13
* [[Anusree]] - October 24

== Deaths ==
* 14 January - [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]], artist of [[Chakyar koothu]] and [[Koodiyattam]] (b.1899)
* 29 March - [[Adoor Bhasi]], actor (b.1927)

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[1990 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:1990 in India]]
[[Category:Years in Kerala]]
[[Category:1990s in Kerala]]

Hari Narayan Singh

2025-11-14T12:29:09Z

Sshekhar898: basic fixed page per sources

{{Short description|Indian wrestler (1864 – 1949)}}
{{for|the Indian politician |Hari Narayan Singh (Bihar politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox professional wrestler
|name= Mahamalla Hari Narayan Rai
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date= 1864
|death_date= 4 June 1949 (aged 85)<ref name="auto">The Last Wrestlers : A Far Flung Journey in Search of a Manly Art, Ebury Publishing, London, United Kingdom, Marcus Trower,</ref>
|birth_place= [[Kundesar]], [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
|death_place=[[Varanasi]], India
|names=Hari Narayan Rai
|height= 6 ft 4 in
|debut=
|retired=
}}
'''Mahamalla Hari Narayan Rai''' (1864 – 4 June 1949) is the ring-name of Indian wrestler Hari Narayan Rai.

==Early life==
He was born in a family of Kinwar Bhumihars in [[Kundesar]] village in [[Ghazipur]] district of Uttar Pradesh family . His father Babu Krinamohan Rai was very fond of wrestling and he nurtured his son with great care. Though he didn't allow his son to participate in any tournaments or competitions but his rising fame of unimaginable regimen of exercises drew attention of renowned wrestlers of his time. The great Gama pehlwan was his contemporary. In those days he was a court wrestler of [[Datia]] Princely State. When he learned about Babu Harinarayan Rai encounter with a lion, he came to challenge him in akhara. However he couldn’t gather any courage when he saw his 95 kg exercising naal.<ref name="auto1">Sanmarg, Hindi Daily, [[Varanasi]], 5 June 1949.</ref>

==Tough training==
Mall Babu used to do five thousands squats and five thousands push-ups. Though it seems unimaginable but sports journalist Marcus Trower has mentioned it in his well researched book, "The most I heard anyone talk about a wrestler having done was 10,000 of each a day. This was Hari Narayan Rai, the wrestler who killed a lion in the 1880s whose story I tell."<ref name="auto"/>

==Encounter with a lion==

In 1885, Babu Hari Narayan Rai was traveling to Vadodara Gujarat on a pilgrimage with his Purohit and Nayee. Due to lack of any transport facility in those days they were moving ahead on foot. After few miles they approached a road through dense forest where British sepoys warned them of danger ahead. They informed Mall babu about a man-eater in that area and suggested to take another route which was much longer. But Hari Narayan Rai didn't pay heed to their warning and moved forward with his companions. When they were in the middle of the jungle suddenly they heard the roar of lion. Mall babu told his Purohit and Nayee to climb on trees immediately and he started waiting for man-eater with a wrestler's prudence. Suddenly lion jumped on him and injured his shoulder ripping his flesh. But vigilant young wrestler got hold of his forelegs and hit him hard in spine. The lion roared and collapsed. His spine was broken and within few minutes he was gasping his last breath.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Accomplished mridang player==
Hari Narayan Rai was an accomplished mridang player. After exercise in akhara he used to practise Mridang. In zamindar family of Kundesar frequent visits of musicians were very common. But the all used to get mesmerized seeing a wrestler playing mridang in classical Rupak Taal and Teen Taal.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Sharp memory==

Babu Hari Narayan Rai was not like a usual wrestler of his time, who used to sleep all day long after practising in akhara. He was a keen learner and voracious reader. His memory was so sharp that he memorized the entire text of Shrimad Bahgwat Geeta.<ref name="auto2">Kesari, Hindi Monthly Magazine, Varanasi, August 1949.</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Mall Babu was such a disciplined person that he didn't fell ill in his lifetime. Till the age of 84 years his physique was in greater shape. However, in the age of 85 he got a premonition of his death and according to his wish he was shifted to holy city of Varanasi, where he died on 4 June 1949. Mall Babu had few disciples who carried forward his legacy. Rajnarayan Rai was his most favorite, who floored Imam Bakhs Pahalwan (younger brother of [[The Great Gama]]) in Jhariya ([[Jharkhand]]) within 5 minutes of bouts. Gama was so shocked with this defeat that he started crying.<ref name="auto2"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian wrestlers]]
[[Category:People from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from British India]]

Pandit (surname)

2025-11-07T00:45:10Z

Sshekhar898:

'''Pandit''' or '''Pandith''' is an Indian and Nepalese [[Brahmin]] surname.

==Usage==
When prefixed to a name, it denotes a scholar, for example, Pandita Ramabai or Pandit Nehru. A Hindu priest is also respectfully called Pandit ji.

==Film==
*[[Anand Pandit]], Indian film producer
*[[Ashoke Pandit]] (born 1966), Indian filmmaker and social activist
*[[Chetan Pandit]], Bollywood actor
*[[Gowri Pandit|Gaurie Pandit Dwivedi]] (born 1982), Indian actress
*[[Jatin Pandit]], Bollywood film composer
*[[Kalpana Pandit]] (born 1967), Indian film actress, model, and emergency physician
*[[Radhika Pandit]] (born 1984), Indian actress
*[[Ridhima Pandit]] (born 1990), Indian actress and model
*[[Santhosh Pandit]] (born 1973), Malayalam film actor, singer
*[[Shiv Panditt]] (born 1984), Indian actor
*[[Shraddha Pandit]] (born 1982), Indian playback singer
*[[Shweta Pandit]] (born 1986), Indian actress and singer
*[[Sulakshana Pandit]] (1954–2025), Indian actress and singer
*[[Surbir Pandit]], Nepalese actor
*[[Tejaswini Pandit]] (born 1990), Indian actress
*[[Vijayta Pandit]] (born 1967), Indian actress
*[[Yash Pandit]] (born 1981), Bollywood actor

==Sports==
* [[Arjun Pandit (athlete)]] (born 1959), Nepalese marathon runner
* [[Chandrakant Pandit]] (born 1961), Indian cricketer
* [[Krishna Pandit]] (born 1998), Indian footballer
* [[Nitin Pandit]] (born 1975), Indian cricketer
* [[Ravinder Pandit]] (born 1959), Indian cricketer
* [[Rohan Pandit]] (born 1981), Indian cricketer
* [[Ronak Pandit]] (born 1985), Indian shooter
* [[Shobha Pandit]] (born 1956), Indian cricketer

==Other==
* [[Agam Manohar Pandit]] (born 1981), Indian cricketer and entrepreneur
* [[Balraj Pandit]], Indian playwright in Hindi and Punjabi
* [[Bansi Pandit]] (born 1942), Indian writer and speaker on Hinduism
* [[Devaki Pandit]] (born 1965), Indian playback singer
* [[Farah Pandith]] (born 1968), American academic
* [[Korla Pandit]] (1921–1998), American musician, composer and TV personality
* [[Lal Babu Pandit]], Nepalese politician
* [[M. P. Pandit]] (1918–1993), Indian spiritualist, teacher and Sanskrit scholar
* [[Nin Pandit]], British civil servant
* [[Rahul Pandit]] (born 1956), Indian physicist
* [[Rajani Pandit]] (born 1962), Indian private investigator
* [[Sarat Chandra Pandit]] (1879–1968), commonly known as 'Dada Thakur' — Indian columnist and satirist
* [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]] (1900–1990), Indian diplomat and politician
* [[Vikram Pandit]] (born 1957), Indian-American banker
* [[Yadav Pandit]], Nepalese research scholar

==See also==
* [[Pandita (disambiguation)]]
* [[Bhat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ&dq=Kashmiri+Hindus+are+all+Saraswat+Brahmins&pg=PT130|title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia|last1=Brower|first1=Barbara|last2=Johnston|first2=Barbara Rose|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781315430393}}

{{surname|Pandit}}
{{Kashmiri families}}
{{Bahun communities}}
{{Chhetri communities}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Kashmiri-language surnames]]
[[Category:Kashmiri tribes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Category:Bahun]]
[[Category:Nepali-language surnames]]
[[Category:Khas surnames]]