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K. V. Vijay Damu

2026-05-06T15:07:47Z

Srivatsan: done.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''K. V. Vijay Damu''' (born 1980) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.V. Vijay Damu, ROYAPURAM constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/k-v-vijay-damu-1539/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Royapuram Assembly constituency in Chennai district representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Damu is from [[Velachery]], Chennai. He is the son of Kanniyappan. He studied till Class 9 at the Corporation High School, Adyar, Chennai and dropped out in 1993. He runs his own Auto Consulting business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.V. Vijay Damu(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- ROYAPURAM(CHENNAI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=1539 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnusamy |first=Mahalingam |date=2026-05-04 |title=Auto driver to MLA: How Vijay Damu’s win in TN polls is a victory of TVK’s ‘common man politics’ |url=https://thefederal.com/elections-2026/2026-assembly-election-tamil-nadu-tvk-aiadmk-dmk-vijay-vijay-damu-241792 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Damu became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Royapuram Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. He polled 59,091 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Subair Khan of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Royapuram election results 2026: TVK’s Vijay Damu wins by 14,249 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/royapuram-election-results-2026/articleshow/130577474.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Royapuram Election Result 2026 Highlights: TVK's K.V. Vijay Damu wins Royapuram with 59091 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/royapuram-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-tamil-nadu-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-tnaelb-2905865-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay Damu, K.V.}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Chennai district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

Nitin Seth

2026-05-02T02:00:50Z

Srivatsan: put up a stub w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nitin Seth
| image = Nitin Seth.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|8|10}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]], [[IIM Lucknow]]
| occupation = Entrepreneur and author
| organization =
| agent = 
| known_for = Co-Founder and CEO of Incedo COO of [[Flipkart]] Chairperson of [[NASSCOM]] Co-founder of Plaksha University
| notable_works = :Winning in the Digital Age" (2021) "Mastering The Data Paradox" (2024) "Human Edge in the AI Age" (2025)
}}
'''Nitin Seth''' is an [[India]]n tech entrepreneur and author who was the COO of [[Flipkart]]. He is the Co-Founder and CEO of Incedo, a US-based digital transformation services and platforms provider.<ref name=BS>{{cite news |last1=Peermohamed |first1=Alnoor |title=Former Flipkart executive Nitin Seth joins Incedo as CEO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/former-flipkart-executive-nitin-seth-joins-incedo-as-ceo-117102300724_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=23 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNLOCKING AI'S POWER : ENTERPRISES MUST CRACK THE DATA CODE |url=https://community.nasscom.in/communities/data-science-ai-community/unlocking-ais-power-enterprises-must-crack-data-code |website=Nasscom Community}}</ref> An alumnus of the [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]], he has been Managing Director of [[Fidelity International]] in India. He served as Chairperson of [[NASSCOM]]'s GCC Council and was the Chairperson of the [[NASSCOM]] Regional Council (NRC) in [[Haryana]], India.<ref name=PM/> He is the co-founder of Plaksha University, a private science and technology university based in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nitin Seth |url=https://www.hua.edu/people/mr-nitin-seth/ |website=hua.edu |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]] with a [[B.Tech]] degree. He holds an MBA from the [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumni in Focus - Nithin Seth |url=https://alumni.iiml.ac.in/newsroom/news/Alumni-in-Focus---Nithin-Seth.dz |website=Alumni.iiml.ac.in |publisher=IIM Lucknow |date=31 January 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
He started his career with [[McKinsey and Company]], where he worked for 14 years. He was serving as the director of [[McKinsey]]'s Global Knowledge Centre in India (McKC) when he left the company.<ref name="BS"/>

Nitin Seth joined [[Flipkart]] as the chief people officer in February 2016, appointed by its co-founder [[Binny Bansal]].<ref name=PM>{{cite news |last1=Semgupta |first1=Shalini |title=Flipkart appoints Nitin Seth as Chief People Officer |url=https://www.peoplematters.in/news/leadership/flipkart-appoints-nitin-seth-chief-people-officer-12986 |publisher=[[People Matters]] |date=17 February 2016}}</ref> In less than 6 months, he was promoted to Chief Administrative Officer. Later, in January 2017, he was made Chief Operations Officer of the company when Kalyan Krishnamurthy took over as [[Flipkart]] CEO from co-founder [[Binny Bansal]], who took over as group CEO.<ref name=economictimes>{{cite news |last1=Chanchani |first1=Madhav |title=Flipkart's COO quits; Krishnamurthy's grip tightens |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/hr-leadership/leadership/flipkarts-nitin-seth-quits-as-coo/articleshow/58920586.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=31 May 2017}}</ref> During his tenure as the COO of [[Flipkart]], he also assumed control of [[Flipkart]]'s in-house logistics arm [[Ekart]].<ref name=economictimes/>

In May 2017, Seth resigned from the company,<ref>{{cite news |title=Flipkart COO Nitin Seth quits, sixth top-level exit in last 5 months |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/flipkart-coo-nitin-seth-quits-sixth-top-level-exit-last-5-months-62925 |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |date=31 May 2017}}</ref> citing personal reasons, as reported by ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref name=economictimes/> Later, in July 2017, he served a legal notice to Flipkart, calling "his removal was illegal".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Digbijay |title=Ex-COO sends Flipkart notice over his ouster |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ex-coo-sends-flipkart-notice-over-his-ouster/articleshow/59571104.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

Before joining Flipkart, Nitin Seth worked as the managing director and Country Head of [[Fidelity International]] for 6 years, overseeing its offshore operations across India and [[Tunisia]].<ref name=economictimes/> In October 2017, Seth was appointed as CEO of Incedo Inc., a San Francisco-based engineering services company.

=== NASSCOM ===
Nitin chaired the [[NASSCOM|National Association of Software and Service Companies]] (NASSCOM) Regional Council for [[Haryana]] and helped create the IT policy for the [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IT-BPO set to face new challenges |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2012/jun/22/it-bpo-set-to-face-new-challenges-379546.html |publisher=[[New Indian Express]] |date=22 June 2012}}</ref> He has championed the development of the start-up ecosystem, creating a forward-looking IT Policy for the state and infrastructure improvements in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]].<ref name=PM/>

He set up and served as the chairman of the [[NASSCOM]] forum for Global In-house Centers (GICs) for [[North India]] and has led the industry-wide initiative to develop the vision and strategic roadmap for GICs. He was the Chairperson of the National GIC Council and was part of the [[NASSCOM]] Executive Council. He was the founding member of the [[NASSCOM]] GCC council.<ref>{{cite news |title=NASSCOM |url=https://nasscom.in/sites/default/files/uploads/executive_council/elections_2015/pdf/Nitin-Seth.pdf |publisher=[[Nasscom]].in |date=2015}}</ref>

== Published work ==
In 2021, Nitin authored a book titled, ''Winning in the Digital Age'', which was published by [[Penguin Random House]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Nikhar |title=Winning in the Age of Digital: Author Nitin Seth reveals his success strategy |url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/winning-in-the-age-of-digital-author-nitin-seth-reveals-his-success-strategy/81812821 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Nitin |title=Winning in the Digital Age |date=January 2021 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=9780670095421 |url=https://penguin.co.in/book/winning-in-the-digital-age/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's digital transformation story – a growth paradox? |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/indias-digital-transformation-story-a-growth-paradox/ |publisher=Punekar News |date=11 March 2021}}</ref> It reached the #18 [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] Best Seller, as of July 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Best Sellers in Management |url=https://www.amazon.in/gp/bestsellers/books/4149442031 |publisher=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}</ref> The book was translated in Hindi by [[Manjul Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.|Manjul Publication]] with the title ‘Digital Yug Mein Safalta’.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seth |first=Nitin |title=Digital Yug Mein Safalta |url=https://manjulindia.com/hindi/non-fiction/digital-yug-main-safalta-hindi-edition-of-winning-in-the-digital-age.html}}</ref> A new edition of the book was released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winning in the Digital Age {{!}} Second Edition |url=https://www.amazon.in/Winning-Digital-Age-Successful-Transformation/dp/0670095427/ref=sr_1_3?crid=WX7VBIV5ZJ2I&keywords=winning+in+the+digital+age&qid=1693896294&sprefix=winning+in+the+%2Caps%2C2957&sr=8-3}}</ref>

The book won a silver medal at the Axiom Business Book Awards 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Axiom Business Book Award Winner |url=https://axiomawards.com/92/award-medalists/2022-medalists}}</ref> in the Business Technology category, a Gold Stevie at the International Business Awards 2022 in Best Business Book category,<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Business Awards 2022 in Best Business Book |url=https://stevieawards.com/iba/publications-awards-category-winners |website=Stevie Awards}}</ref> a silver Stevie at the American Business Awards 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 American Business Awards |url=https://stevieawards.com/ar/aba/publication-awards-2}}</ref> in the Best Business Book category. Also, the book won the 2022 CK Prahalad Best Business Book Awards at the Bangalore Business Literature Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 BBLF CK Prahalad Best Business Book Awards |url=https://www.bizlitfest.com/award}}</ref>

In 2024, Nitin authored his second book titled, ''Mastering The Data Paradox'', which was published by [[Penguin Random House]]. It emerged as an Amazon and Penguin national bestseller within a week of its release. The book achieved the #1 bestseller position across multiple categories, including Hot New Releases, Artificial Intelligence, Databases & Big Data, Computer Science and Business Development & Entrepreneurship.

It was a Silver Stevie winner at The International Business Awards in the ‘Best Business Book’ category. It is also a winner in the Business, Management category at the International Impact Book Awards 2024.

Nitin‘s third book titled ''Human Edge in the AI Age'' - completing his trilogy on the transformation trifecta of Digital, Data and AI - was published by [[Penguin Random House]] in July 2025. The book – a timely and compelling reflection on the challenges and opportunities for humanity in the AI era – was recognized as an Amazon bestseller even before its release, achieving #1 bestseller position across multiple categories, including Hot New Releases, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science, Business Communication, Business & Economics, Computing, Internet & Digital Media, Business & Finance and Science, Technology & Medicine. It reached the #8 Amazon Best Seller on the day of the book launch. It also became a Penguin national bestseller within a few days of launch.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Flipkart}}
{{Fidelity Investments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Nitin}}
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:McKinsey & Company people]]
[[Category:Flipkart people]]
[[Category:Fidelity International]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]

Feels Like Home (web series)

2026-04-30T11:07:20Z

Srivatsan:

{{Short description|Indian comedy drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Feels Like Home (web series).jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Comedy]]
| creator = Sidhanta Mathur
| writer = Chiranjeevi Bajpai & Parikshit Joshi
| screenplay = Gauri Pandit
| story = Parikshit Joshi
| director = Sahir Raza
| starring = {{ubl|Anshuman Malhotra|Mihir Ahuja|Preet Kammani|Vishnu Kaushal}}
| theme_music_composer = Abhigyan Arora
| composer = Soutrik Chakraborty
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 12 ([[Feels Like Home (web series)#Episodes|list of episodes]])
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Sameer Bangara
| producer = Sidhanta Mathur
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| cinematography = Vivian Singh Sahi
| editor = Satya Sharma
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 35-40 mins
| company = Writeous Studios
| network = [[Lionsgate Play|Lionsgate India]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|10|07|df=y}}
}}
'''''Feels Like Home''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Comedy drama]] [[streaming television|streaming]] [[web series]] directed by Sahir Raza. The series is created and produced by Sidhanta Mathur under the banner of Writeous Studios. The series stars Anshuman Malhotra, Mihir Ahuja, [[Prit Kamani]] and Vishnu Kaushal in the lead alongside [[Himika Bose]] and Inayat Sood. The series premiered on [[Starz|Lionsgate Play]] on 10 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/hindi/feels-like-home-trailer-video-prit-kamani-vishnu-kaushal-anshuman-malhotra-and-mihir-ahuja-starrer-feels-like-home-official-trailer-video/videoshow/92079520.cms|title='Feels Like Home' Trailer: Prit Kamani, Vishnu Kaushal, Anshuman Malhotra And Mihir Ahuja starrer 'Feels Like Home' Official Trailer | Entertainment - Times of India Videos|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> A second season premiered on the service on 7 October 2022.

== Cast ==
* Anshuman Malhotra<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/anshuman-malhotra-talks-about-his-character-in-feels-like-home/articleshow/92019509.cms|title=Anshuman Malhotra talks about his character in 'Feels Like Home' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 June 2022 }}</ref>
* Mihir Ahuja
* [[Prit Kamani]]
* Vishnu Kaushal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/instagram-star-vishnu-kaushal-on-landing-feels-like-home-never-thought-i-d-play-one-of-the-leads-101654272994358.html|title=Instagram star Vishnu Kaushal on landing Feels Like Home: Never thought I'd play one of the leads|date=4 June 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* Inayat Sood
* Dolly Singh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/dolly-singh-talks-about-her-character-in-feels-like-home-400887|title=Dolly Singh talks about her character in Feels Like Home|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>
* Garvit Pruthi
* [[Himika Bose]]
* Leah Khambata
* Surbhi Dhyani
* Arun Singh
* Meher Acharia-Dar
* Diksha Sharma Raina
* Subroto Bhattacharjee

== Episodes ==
=== Series overview ===
{{Series overview
| color1 = #FF5F57
| link1 = #Season 1 (2022)
| episodes1 = 6
| released1 = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt20449048/episodes?season=1|title=Feels Like Home (2022– ) - IMDb|via=www.imdb.com}} {{unreliable?|date=December 2024}}</ref>

| color2 = #C4A574
| link2 = #Season 2 (2022)
| episodes2 = 6
| released2 = {{Start date|2022|10|07|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt20449048/episodes?season=2|title=Feels Like Home (2022– ) - IMDb|via=www.imdb.com}} {{unreliable?|date=December 2024}}</ref>
}}

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |background=000000|overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lionsgateplay.com/en/series/feels-like-home-hindi/289125928359/season-1|title=Feels Like Home - Hindi 2022 {{!}} SEASON 1|via=lionsgateplay.com}}</ref> |country=In |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Feels Like Responsibility
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Feels Like Give and Take
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Feels Like Summer
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Feels Like Finding Yourself
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Feels Like Family
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Feels Like Choices
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table |background=#B30514 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lionsgateplay.com/en/series/feels-like-home-hindi/289125928359/season-2 |title=Feels Like Home - Hindi 2022 {{!}} SEASON 2 |via=lionsgateplay.com}}</ref> |country=In |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Feels Like Fixing Yourself
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Feels Like Fear
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Feels Like Rock Bottom
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Feels Like Acceptance
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Feels Like Hope
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Feels Like Home
|DirectedBy = {{ubl|Sahir Raza}}
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Chiranjeevi Bajpai}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =

|LineColor = 000000
}}

}}

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Sidhanta Mathur approached Prit Kamani, Anshuman Malhotra, Vishnu Kaushal and Mihir Ahuja to star in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/iworld/over-the-top-services/lionsgate-play-to-produce-new-indian-original-feels-like-home-210825|title=Lionsgate Play to produce new Indian original 'Feels Like Home'|date=25 August 2021|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>

===Development===
The series was announced by [[Starz|Lionsgate Play]] on 25 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/lionsgate-play-announces-a-coming-of-age-series-feels-like-home-7468359/|title=Lionsgate Play announces coming-of-age series Feels Like Home|date=25 August 2021}}</ref>

===Release===
The trailer of the series was released on 25 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/lionsgate-play-launches-the-trailer-for-its-upcoming-original-series-feels-like-home-10717191.html|title=Lionsgate Play launches the trailer for its upcoming original series Feels Like Home|date=25 May 2022|website=Firstpost}}</ref> The first season consisting of six episodes premiered on Lionsgate Play on 10 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/coming-of-age-bromance-drama-feels-like-home-to-release-on-june-10th-2022-2466379.html|title=Coming of age bromance drama 'Feels Like Home' to release on June 10th, 2022|website=Zee News}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=20449048}}
* [https://lionsgateplay.com/en/series/feels-like-home-hindi/289125928359 ''Feels Like Home''] on [[Starz|Lionsgate Play]]

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama web series]]
[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]

Kotla Sujathamma

2026-04-26T09:49:25Z

Srivatsan: new.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Kotla Sujathamma''' (born 1959) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=KOTLA SUJATHAMMA(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- DHONE(KURNOOL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=3203 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Dhone representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhone Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/dhone-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

Sujathamma is from Dhone, [[Nandyal district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is the daughter of former central minister Kotla Jayasurya Prakash Reddy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-22 |title=Kotla aims to reclaim Dhone from Buggana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/kotla-aims-to-reclaim-dhone-from-buggana/articleshow/109499193.cms |access-date=2026-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-06 |title=Dhone Assembly Constituency – Profile of Kotla Sujathamma – hello ap |url=https://helloap.com/dhone-assembly-constituency-profile-kotla-sujathamma/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> She studied till Class 12.<ref name=":1" />

Sujathamma first became an MLA winning the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Dhone Assembly constituency]], in the erstwhile [[Kurnool district]], representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. She polled 55,982 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Kambalapadu Ediga Prabhakar of the Telugu Desam Party, by a margin of 2609 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dhone Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Dhone, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dhone.html |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> Dhone is the constituency formerly won by her father in law and former chief minister [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]].<ref name=":0" /> In the 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, she lost to K. E. Krishna Murthy of the Telugu Desam Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=V. Narendra |date=2023-12-20 |title=Dhone has been bastion of Kotla & KE families |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/dhone-has-been-bastion-of-kotla-ke-families-845533 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sujathamma, Kotla}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Nandyal district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

360 One WAM

2026-04-24T18:31:37Z

Srivatsan: Stub...

{{short description|Wealth management firm (e. 2008)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup press release|article|date=May 2025}}
{{COI|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}} {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = 360 ONE WAM
| logo = 360 One WAM.webp
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| trading_name = {{ubl|{{BSE|542772}}|{{NSE|360ONE}}}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| romanized_name =
| former_name = IIFL Wealth
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Wealth management]], [[asset management]]
| genre =
| predecessor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|2008}}
| founders = {{ubl|[[Karan Bhagat]]|Yatin Shah}}
| defunct = 
| fate =
| successor = 
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Karan Bhagat {{small|(Managing Director and CEO)}} Yatin Shah {{small|(CEO of 360 ONE Wealth)}}<ref name="AB">{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Aakriti |date=2025-07-29 |title=360 One wrote the wealth-management playbook. Now it is learning a hard lesson |url=https://the-ken.com/story/360-one-wrote-the-wealth-management-playbook-now-it-is-learning-a-hard-lesson/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The Ken |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="PBRI">{{Cite web |title=Private Bankers Ride India’s Wealth Boom to $600 Million Fortune |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2025-07-02/inside-360-one-how-karan-bhagat-turned-wealth-management-into-fortune-in-india |website=bloomberg}}</ref>
| products =
| production =
| production_year = 
| brands =
| services =
| revenue = {{INRConvert|826|c}}<ref name=“cnbctv18”>{{cite web |title=Wealth management firm sees 20% profit rise on growth in ARR AUM |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/360-one-wam-share-price-q3fy26-results-net-profit-grows-20-pc-revenue-arr-aum-19821816.htm |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |language=en}}</ref>
| revenue_year = Q3 FY26
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| aum = {{INRConvert|7.11|lc}} (Q3 FY26)<ref name=“cnbctv18” />
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees = 1,700 <ref name=“cnbctv18” />
| num_employees_year = December 2025
| divisions =
| subsid = {{unbulleted list
| [[#Structure and subsidiaries|See list below]]
| 360 ONE Asset Management
| 360 ONE Alternates Asset Management
| 360 ONE Prime
| 360 ONE Capital
| [[ET Money]]
}}
| module = 
| ratio = 
| rating = A1+ ([[CRISIL]])<ref name="crisil2">{{cite web |title=Rating Rationale |url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/360OneWamLimited_February%2005_%202025_RR_362587.html |access-date=2025-04-02 |publisher=[[CRISIL]]}}</ref> A1+ ([[ICRA Limited|ICRA]])<ref name="icra2">{{cite web |title=360 One WAM Limited - ICRA |url=https://www.icra.in/Rating/GetRationalReportFilePdf?id=125942 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=icra.in |publisher=[[ICRA Limited]]}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.360.one/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''360 ONE WAM Limited''' is an Indian financial services company based in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Sidhanth |title=Nuvama or 360 One: Who’s Ahead in Wealth Management? |url=https://premium.capitalmind.in/2024/10/nuvama-or-360-one-whos-ahead-in-wealth-management/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Capitalmind |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Ann |date=2025-02-25 |title=360 One Can Rally 20% Despite Market Weakness, Analysts Say Post B&K Acquisition |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/markets/360-one-can-rally-20-despite-market-weakness-analysts-say-post-bk-acquisition |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UBS Nears Deal With India Wealth Firm 360 One to Spur Growth |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-01-28/ubs-nears-deal-with-india-wealth-firm-360-one-for-growth-boost |access-date=2025-04-02}}</ref> Established in 2008, the company operates in the wealth and asset management sectors. The firm's business divisions comprise investment banking, institutional broking, and portfolio management services. As of 2025, the company reported [[assets under management]] (AUM) of approximately ₹7.11 lakh crore (US$79 billion).<ref name=“cnbctv18” /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Beyond the rally: Is 360 ONE WAM just getting started? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/smart-stocks/rally-360-one-wam-stock-10170572/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bain-Backed 360 One's Co-CEO Taparia to depart amid wealth management boom |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/bain-backed-360-one-s-co-ceo-taparia-to-depart-amid-wealth-management-boom-124102100798_1.html |website=Business Standard India}}</ref> It operates through 27 offices in India and has a presence in five other countries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bain Capital-backed 360 One WAM to buy B&K Securities for $218 mn |url=https://www.vccircle.com/baincapital-backed-360-one-wam-to-buy-b-k-securities-for-218-mn |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The company was incorporated on 17 January 2008 as IIFL Wealth Management Limited, a subsidiary of [[India Infoline|IIFL Holdings]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=I-T dept carries out searches on business premises linked to 360 ONE WAM, founder |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/mumbai-360-one-income-tax-department-searches-9803634/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Arundhati |date=20 June 2018 |title=IIFL Wealth Raises Funds To Grow Asset Management, NBFC Businesses |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/iifl-wealth-raises-funds-to-grow-asset-management-nbfc-businesses#gs.nCq80nbM |publisher=[[BloombergQuint]]}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2018 |title=IIFL Holdings to demerge capital, wealth, finance business in one year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/iifl-holdings-to-demerge-capital-wealth-finance-business-in-one-year/articleshow/62776055.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In its early years, the firm transitioned to a fee-based advisory structure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Layak |first1=Suman |date=1 July 2018 |title=India's mega rich are swelling. How the wealth management industry is refashioning itself to adapt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/indias-mega-rich-are-swelling-how-the-wealth-management-industry-is-refashioning-itself-to-adapt/articleshow/64808850.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

In 2014, the company acquired a majority stake in India Alternatives Investment Advisors Pvt Ltd,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allirajan |first1=M. |date=7 April 2014 |title=IIFL Wealth Management acquires India Alternatives |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/IIFL-Wealth-Management-acquires-India-Alternatives/articleshow/33396406.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> a private equity advisory firm.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 2014 |title=IIFL Wealth Management acquires India Alternatives Private Equity Fund |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/iifl-wealth-management-acquires-india-alternatives-private-equity-fund/articleshow/33392173.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In October 2015, [[General Atlantic]] acquired a 21.6% stake in the firm for approximately ₹1,122 crore (US$131 million).<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2015 |title=General Atlantic to buy 21.6% stake in IIFL Wealth for Rs 1,122 cr |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/general-atlantic-to-buy-21-6-stake-in-iifl-wealth-for-rs-1-122-cr-115102400783_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |location=[[Mumbai]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanjai |first1=P.R. |date=24 October 2015 |title=GA to buy 21% in IIFL Wealth for Rs1,122 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/nIBr3dwpQbiwfMC4gabvFP/GA-to-buy-21-in-IIFL-Wealth-for-Rs1122-crore.html |publisher=[[Livemint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Shailesh |date=2015-10-25 |title=General Atlantic acquires 21 per cent stake in IIFL Wealth for Rs 1,122.34 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/general-atlantic-acquires-21-per-cent-stake-in-iifl-wealth-for-rs-1122-34-crore/articleshow/49518133.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2018, the company raised ₹745 crore (US$87 million) from investors including General Atlantic.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghavanaghavan |first1=Ranjani |date=19 June 2018 |title=IIFL Wealth raising $110 mn from Ward Ferry, General Atlantic and others |url=https://www.vccircle.com/iifl-wealth-raising-110-mn-from-ward-ferry-general-atlantic-and-others/ |publisher=[[VCCircle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-20 |title=IIFL Holdings advances 3% as arm sells stake for Rs 746 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/iifl-holdings-advances-3-as-arm-sells-stake-for-rs-746-crore/articleshow/64659577.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2018, it purchased [[Chennai]]-based Wealth Advisors India for ₹235 crore (US$27 million).<ref name="ec2">{{cite news |last1=Mahesh |first1=Prashant |date=16 October 2018 |title=IIFL Wealth Management acquires Wealth Advisors |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/iifl-wealth-management-acquires-wealth-advisors/articleshow/66248290.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In 2019, the company demerged from IIFL Holdings to become an independent entity, listing on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]] and [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] on 19 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BSE India |url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/iifl-wealth-management-ltd/iiflwam/542772/ |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2019 |title=NCLT approves demerger of IIFL Group into 3 entities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/nclt-approves-demerger-of-iifl-group-into-3-entities/articleshow/68419073.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In 2020, it acquired [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T Capital Markets]], a subsidiary of L&T Finance Holdings, for ₹2.3 billion, adding ₹100 billion in AUM.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2019 |title=IIFL Set To Acquire L&T Finance's Wealth Management Arm For Rs 250 Crore |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/iifl-set-to-snap-up-l-t-fin-s-wealth-mgmt-arm-for-rs-250-cr |publisher=[[Bloomberg Quint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2020 |title=IIFL completes acquisition of L&T Finance's wealth management business |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/iifl-completes-acquisition-of-lt-finances-wealth-management-business-5186041.html |publisher=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref>

In March 2022, [[Bain Capital]] agreed to acquire a 24.9% equity stake for approximately ₹3,680 crore, leading to a partial exit by General Atlantic and Fairfax India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-21 |title=US investor Bain to buy 18% in Manappuram Finance for Rs 4.4k crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/us-investor-bain-to-buy-18-in-manappuram-finance-for-rs-4-4k-crore/articleshow/119278648.cms#:~:text=In%202022,%20Bain%20Capital%20had,Finance%20for%20Rs%203,004%20crore. |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In November 2022, the firm rebranded as 360 ONE, renaming its divisions as 360 ONE Wealth and 360 ONE Asset.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-17 |title=IIFL Wealth, Asset Management to rebrand itself as 360 ONE |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mf/mf-news/iifl-wealth-asset-management-to-rebrand-itself-as-360-one/articleshow/95579170.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":02" />

In 2024, it acquired [[ET Money]] for ₹3.7 billion, and in 2025 announced plans to acquire Batlivala & Karani Securities and Batlivala & Karani Finserv for ₹18.8 billion.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=KS Badri |date=2025-01-27 |title=360 One WAM to acquire B&K Securities for ₹1,884 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/360-one-wam-to-acquire-bk-securities-for-1884-crore/article69147076.ece |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=360 ONE’s B&K deal may narrow its valuation premium over Nuvama Wealth |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/mark-to-market/360-one-b-k-deal-b-k-securities-b-k-finserv-nuvama-wealth-360-one-acquisition-of-batlivala-and-karani-group-11740552625408.html |website=Mint}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In April 2025, 360 ONE acquired UBS's onshore wealth management business in India for ₹307 crore, while UBS acquired warrants representing a 4.95% stake in 360 ONE.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-22 |title=UBS to sell India wealth business to 360 ONE, take 5% stake in India partner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/ubs-to-sell-india-wealth-business-to-360-one-take-5-stake-in-india-partner/article69477373.ece |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Operations and structure ==
The group's operations are divided into several units managed through specialised subsidiaries.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Mascarenhas |first=Rajesh |date=2023-09-07 |title=360 One WAM, earlier known as IIFL Wealth & Asset Management, goes global; forms a new team |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/360-one-wam-earlier-known-as-iifl-wealth-asset-management-goes-global-forms-a-new-team/articleshow/103443860.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The wealth management division handles investment advisory and estate planning via 360 ONE Distribution Services and 360 ONE Portfolio Managers,<ref name=":5" /> while lending services are provided by 360 ONE Prime. The asset management arm, comprising 360 ONE Asset Management and 360 ONE Alternates, oversees public and private market investments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem |url=https://www.techinasia.com/news/indian-wealth-firm-unit-360-asset-raises-254m |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=www.techinasia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Following the 2024 acquisition of [[ET Money]], the company manages mutual fund distribution through digital channels. Institutional operations are conducted via 360 ONE Capital Market and 360 ONE Treasury Solutions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Manish |date=2024-06-14 |title=360 ONE WAM-ET Money: A win-win deal {{!}} Stock Market News |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/mark-to-market/360-one-wam-et-money-a-win-win-deal-11718346847501.html |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Collaborations and publications ==
The firm periodically publishes reports on wealth trends. Notable publications include ''The Wealth Index'', produced with Wealth-X (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=360 ONE Wealth launches Wealth Index |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/360-one-wealth-launches-wealth-index/article68859115.ece |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> and [[CRISIL]] (2024),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-13 |title=What the wealthy do to get richer? A wealth index report reveals secrets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/what-the-wealthy-do-to-get-richer-360-one-wealth-and-crisils-wealth-index-report-reveals-secrets/articleshow/115222105.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=93% of richest Indians’ wealth linked to listed firms: 360 ONE report |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/93-of-richest-indians-wealth-linked-to-listed-firms-360-one-report-3883653/ |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> and various annual rich lists compiled with Hurun India between 2019 and 2023.<ref name=":02" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{portal|Companies|India}}
* {{Official website|https://www.360.one/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:360 One WAM}}
[[Category:Investment management companies of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Asset management companies]]

Navagarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:06Z

Srivatsan: Creating a details w/ infobox!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Navagarh
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Gurudayal Singh Banjare
| constituency_no = 70
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Bemetara district|Bemetara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Dayaldas Baghel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:266759}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image = Navagarh Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Navagarh''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Bemetara district|Bemetara]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Dayaldas Baghel]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Dayaldas Baghel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Gurudayal Singh Banjare
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|title=Chhattisgarh Election Result 2023: Full list of winners from BJP and Congress|last1=mint|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=10 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210105307/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-winners-list-bjp-congress-bhupesh-baghel-live-updates-11701451241747.html|archivedate=10 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Result 2023: Full list of winners">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471258-2023-12-03|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Result 2023: Full list of winners|last1=India Today|date=3 December 2023|accessdate=10 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210105315/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471258-2023-12-03|archivedate=10 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Dayaldas Baghel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Navagarh<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dayaldas Baghel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 101,631
|percentage = 50.01
|change = +19.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Guru Rudra Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 86,454
|percentage = 42.54
|change = -7.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Omprakash Batchpayi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 6,259
|percentage = 3.08
|change = -7.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vinayak Panik
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,835
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,744
|percentage = 0.86
|change = -0.40
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 15,177
|percentage = 7.47
|change = -11.65
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 203,219
|percentage = 76.18
|change = +3.11
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Navagarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gurudayal Singh Banjare
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 86,779
|percentage = 49.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dayaldas Baghel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 53,579
|percentage = 30.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Omprakash Batchpayi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 18,576
|percentage = 10.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hemant Kumar Mahilang
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 3,501
|percentage = 2.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hiralal Amant
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 3,389
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,196
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 33,200
|percentage = 19.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 173,656
|percentage = 73.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bemetara district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Bemetara district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]
{{coord|21.91|81.61|display=title}}

Siege of Raisen

2026-04-19T17:16:19Z

Srivatsan: added initial article and citations

{{about|a siege in the 1540s|the battle in 1528|Battle of Chanderi}}
{{Short description|Suri siege in 1542–1543}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Raisen
| place = [[Raisen]]
| date = July 1542 – January 1543
| result = [[Sur Empire|Sur]] victory
| combatant1 = [[Sur Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Chanderi]] [[Rajput]]s<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&dq=Puran+Mal+Rajput&pg=PA78 | title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II | isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 | last1=Chandra | first1=Satish | date=2005 | publisher=Har-Anand Publications }}</ref>
| casualties1 = Unknown
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| commander1 = [[Sher Shah Suri]]
| commander2 = [[Puran Mal]]{{executed}}
| casualties2 = 10,000 [[Abd al-Qadir Badayuni]]'s claim<ref>The Wonder That Is Urdu
De Krishna S. Dhir p 58</ref>
}}

The '''siege of Raisen''' was a six-month siege led by [[Sher Shah Suri]] of the [[Sur Empire]] in 1543 against the [[Rajput]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&dq=Puran+Mal+Rajput&pg=PA78 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |language=en}}</ref> leader, [[Raja]] [[Puran Mal]] of [[Chanderi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=PA181 |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |date=2002 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |pages=181 |language=en}}</ref> At the end of the siege, Puran Mal surrendered to Sher Shah and was executed thereafter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Ashvini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=PA68 |title=Studies in Mughal History |date=1983 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2326-6 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Luard |first1=Charles Eckford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSM3AQAAMAAJ&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=RA1-PA114 |title=Bhopal State Gazetteer ...: Text and Tables |last2=Ali (Munshi.) |first2=Kudrat |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHCqEAAAQBAJ&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=PA179 |title=JAUHAR: in Indian Sub-Continent |date=2023-01-30 |publisher=Shashwat Publication |isbn=978-93-93557-80-3 |pages=178–179 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2cq-babye4C&q=sher+shah+Puran |title=Sher Shah and His Successors |date=1950 |publisher=B. L. Jain |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1542, Sher Shah had [[Sher Shah Suri#Conquest and consolidation of Malwa (1542)|conquered Malwa]] and proceeded towards Chanderi to annex the region.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Saikat K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=PT375 |title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare |date=2015-06-20 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-54-7 |language=en}}</ref> Mal had rebelled because Sher Shah had transferred him to Benares as part of his administration policy.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=PA170 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=170 |language=en}}</ref> Shortly after, Sher Shah besieged the fort, and Mal surrendered in January 1543<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=RA1-PA112 |title=The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1753-0 |language=en}}</ref> and was later executed by Sher Shah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Pringle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Q4oAAAAYAAJ&dq=sher+shah+Puran&pg=PA212 |title=A History of the Great Moghuls: Or, A History of the Badshahate of Delhi from 1398 A.D. to 1739, with an Introduction Concerning the Mongols and Moghuls of Central Asia |date=1905 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Matta |first=Basheer Ahmad Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VduAAAAMAAJ&q=sher+shah+Puran |title=Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-597882-7 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref>

The ensuing siege lasted several months, but in the end heavy Afghan bombardment forced Mal to seek accommodation, and on Sher Shah giving his solemn assurance that he "shall suffer no injury in property or person", Mal came out of Raisen with his family and retinue.

Sher Shah and his army withdrew as agreed. However, along the way, he encountered widows of the chiefs of Chanderi and many others who demanded justice for the tyrannies they had suffered under the rule of Puran Mal, including enslavement of Muslim women. Sher Shah's army also heard this and demanded he take action. As a result, Sher Shah ordered Isa Khan Hajjab to lead a forced march that caught up with the retreating detachment of Puran Mal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Sir Zulfiqar Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vaodAAAAMAAJ |title=Sher Shah Suri, Emperor of India |date=1925 |publisher=Printed at the "Civil and Military Gazette" Press |language=en|page=53-56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Matta |first=Basheer Ahmad Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VduAAAAMAAJ&q=sher+shah+Puran |title=Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-597882-7 |language=en|page=171}}</ref> As [[Abbas Sarwani]] describes the scene, when the Afghans surrounded his camp, Puran Mal went "into the tent of his beloved wife, Ratnavali, who sang Hindi melodies very sweetly, cut off her head," and ordered his captains also to slay their women and children. "While the Hindus were employed in putting their women and families to death, the Afghans on all sides commenced the slaughter of the Hindus. Puran Mal and his companions... failed not to exhibit valour and gallantry, but in the twinkling of an eye all were slain." Only a few women and children among the Rajputs survived. A daughter of Puran Mal who fell to the Afghans was given to [[Minstrel|minstrels]] to be brought up as a dancing girl; three of his young nephews were [[Castration|castrated]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |author-link=Abraham Eraly |year=2002 |orig-year=First published 1997 |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA91 |publisher=Penguin Books India |pages=91–92 |isbn=978-0-14-100143-2}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Sur Empire]]
[[Category:1543 in Asia]]
[[Category:1540s in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1543]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]

Ramayapatnam Port

2026-04-19T16:27:16Z

Srivatsan: put up first entry more to come...

{{Short description|Deep-sea port in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox port
| name = Ramayapatnam Port
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Ramayapatnam]], [[Prakasam district |Prakasam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15|01|09|N|80|03|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| opened =
| operated = Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board
| owner = Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board
| type = [[Deep-sea port]]
| sizewater =
| sizeland = {{convert|802.70|acre|km2}}
| size =
| berths = 4
| wharfs =
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle =
| leader =
| blankdetailstitle1 = Water depth at harbour basin
| blankdetails1 =
| draft_depth = {{convert|15.5|m}}
| length_of_approach_channel = {{convert|11.83|km|mi}}
| arrivals =
| cargotonnage =
| containervolume =
| cargovalue =
| passengertraffic =
| revenue =
| profit =
| website =
}}

'''Ramayapatnam Port''' is a deep-sea port at [[Ramayapatnam]] in [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The port is being constructed by the Ramayapatnam Port Development Corporation Limited under the Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board, an organization of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

The port consists of an artificial harbour surrounded by [[Breakwater (structure)|Breakwaters]]. Cargo will be handled through container berths, coal berths and multi-purpose berths located within the harbour. It will have a maximum depth of {{convert|16|m}} and will be able to accommodate [[panamax]] vessels. According to the Andhra Pradesh Maritime Board, the draft of the port will be around {{convert|15.5|m}}, which accommodate 85,000 [[deadweight tonnage]] vessels at the harbour's jetties.

== Location and meteorology ==
The Ramayapatnam Port is situated on the shore of the [[Bay of Bengal]] at 15.019167° north latitude and 80.052500° east longitude. It is located about {{convert|13|km|mi}} southeast of [[Ulavapadu]] and {{convert|80|km|mi}} south of [[Ongole]].{{sfn|Chandramohan|2021|loc=Section 2|p=2.3}} Distance from [[Krishnapatnam Port]] to Ramayapatnam port is {{convert|83|km|mi}}, and is located north from [[Krishnapatnam]].{{sfn|Chandramohan|2021|loc=Section 2|p=2.4}} There are no [[protected area|protected areas]]—ecologically sensitive areas, marine national parks, [[wildlife sanctuaries]], etc.—within a {{convert|10|km|mi}} radius of the port.{{sfn|Chandramohan|2021|loc=Section 2|p=2.3}}

The Ramayapatnam region is characterized by a hot subtropical climate, with harsh summers and annually recurring monsoons. Ramayapatnam experiences seasonal temperature variation; the climate is hot and humid with seasonal rainfall varying between 18-40°C.{{sfn|RITES|2019|p=6}} April and May are the warmest months, while December and January are the coldest months. The average monthly temperature is above 30°C from April to July and the maximum monthly temperature is 42°C in May. August to March temperatures are below 30°C, and January and December are the lowest monthly temperatures of 20°C. The port receives most of its seasonal rainfall from the [[southwest monsoon]] from June to September and the [[northeast monsoon]] (October to December). The near shore is relatively steeper due to the effect of high waves during the monsoon season.{{sfn|Chandramohan|2021|loc=Section 2|p=2.3}} Due to low pressure in the Bay of Bengal, cyclones with wind speeds above 60 km/h occur in the coastal area of Ramaypatnam, especially during May and September to November, but cyclones are more frequent in October.{{sfn|RITES|2019|p=10}}

The area is covered by coastal [[alluvium]] consisting of occasional layers of sand and clay. The upper layer consists of sand with fresh water [[aquifer]] at a depth of {{convert|6|m|ft}}to {{convert|7|m|ft}}, and the next layer consists of silt and clay with saline aquifer. Hard rock [[schist]] lies at greater depth. The area near Tettu village west of the port area is covered by [[laterite]] followed by schist layers.{{sfn|Chandramohan|2021|loc=Section 5|p=5.3}} The port falls under Class III seismic zone as per ''Seismic Zone Map of India IS: 1893 Part 1, 2002'', which indicating a moderate risk of earthquakes.{{sfn|Chandramohan|2021|loc=Section 2|p=2.3}}{{sfn|RITES|2019|p=18}} According to the bathymetric survey, the water depth is 20 meters at a distance of {{convert|13|km|mi}} from the shoreline.{{sfn|RITES|2019|p=13–14}}

== Port details ==
=== Harbour ===
The harbour of the Ramayapatnam deep sea port an artificial harbor, which is protected by breakwaters. The water depth of the harbour basin is {{convert|16|m}}, which will accommodate large ships. The approach channel forms a turning circle in the harbor with a depth of {{convert|15.2|m}}, which is used to change the direction of the vessel as required before berthing the vessel at the jetty.

=== Approach channel ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" align=right
|+ Depth of water in the channel
|-
! colspan="2"| Depth
! rowspan="2"| Measure (meters)
|-
! Condition
! Value
|-
! rowspan="2" | Natural depth
| Range || {{convert|5–16|m|ft}}
|-
| Dredged || {{convert|16|m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Tidal depth
| Maximum || {{convert|16.8–17|m|ft}}
|}

The approach channel connect the {{convert|16|m|ft}} deep water body to the harbour, which is constructed by dredging the seabed at a depth of 5 m within {{convert|300|m|ft}} to {{convert|600|m|ft}} from the seashore, 10 m between {{convert|3|km|mi}} and 15 m between {{convert|10|km|mi}}.{{sfn|RITES|2019|p=13–14}} An {{convert|11.83|km|mi}} long approach channel at open sea will be used for the movement of ships to the port's harbour.{{sfn|Chandramohan|2021|loc=Section 2|p=2.1}} The approach channel has a depth of {{convert|16|m|ft}} and a minimum width of {{convert|200|m|ft}}, allowing vessels with a draft of 15.5 m to arrive and depart the harbor without tidal assistance. However, the highest and lowest tides observed in the harbor area are {{convert|1.2|m|ft}} and {{convert|0.5|m|ft}} respectively.{{sfn|RITES|2019|p=11}}

== Connectivity ==
The nearest national highway from the port is [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]], which is at a distance of {{convert|4.5|km|mi}}. The National Highway provides road connectivity between [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]], which is connected to the cities of [[Guntur]], [[Vijayawada]] and [[Visakhapatnam]] in Andhra Pradesh. The port is connected to National Highway 16 through a 4-lane road, which is planned to be widened to 6 lanes later. The total length of this road is about {{convert|5.75|km|mi}}.

The port is connected to the existing [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] near Tettu railway station. The railway is about 7.3 km long.

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite report |author=RITES |date=2019 |title=Detailed Project Report (DPR) for Development of Ramayapatnam Port|url=https://environmentclearance.nic.in/DownloadPfdFile.aspx?FileName=YSyMNVOcdJpLWrYCEsz7xhXELPOpRkIr4YbWmW2V8/TL7EDLiMwZVgHVDO2v8i2mJu57qriD6vQMUackgP5Yu7hlkE6Vj5y61AubARAc+5L+oObeRFJSlYa+NvAlSe8ZyKSVGqruRxpLTMal6hd9aQ==&FilePath=93ZZBm8LWEXfg+HAlQix2fE2t8z/pgnoBhDlYdZCxzXmG8GlihX6H9UP1HygCn3pCkAF2zPFXFQNqA4krKa1Aw== |publisher=environmentclearance.nic.in|access-date=4 July 2024}}
* {{cite report |first1=Dr. P. |last1=Chandramohan |date=2021 |title=Environmental Impact Assessment & Environmental Management Plan Report for Development of Greenfield Non-Major Port at Ramayapatnam in Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://pcb.ap.gov.in/APPCBDOCS/Tenders_Noti/Rites%20EIA%20Report_compressed.pdf |publisher= |access-date=4 July 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613155204/https://pcb.ap.gov.in/APPCBDOCS/Tenders_Noti//Rites%20EIA%20Report_compressed.pdf |url-status=dead }}

{{Ports in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh]]

B. B. Chimmanakatti

2026-04-18T22:56:32Z

Srivatsan: Done...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = B B Chimmanakatti
| office = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Badami (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Badami]]
| term_start = May 2023
| predecessor = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| office3 =
| term_start3 = 1978
| term_end3 = 1985
| constituency2 = [[Badami (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Badami]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 1994
| term_end2 = 2004
| predecessor2 = M K Pattanashetti
| successor2 = M K Pattanashetti
| constituency1 = [[Badami (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Badami]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = M K Pattanashetti
| successor1 = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Badami]], [[Bagalkot]], [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician, Agriculturist
| children = 1 son (Bhimsen Chimmanakatti) and 3 daughters<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference at kla.kar.nic.in |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14thWhoSwho/68.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821152953/http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14thWhoSwho/68.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2021 |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''Balappa Bhimappa Chimmanakatti''' is a politician from the state of [[Karnataka]]. He is a leader of [[Indian National Congress]]. He won as MLA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimmanakatti Balappa Bhimappa - MLA from Badami (23) Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/mla/chimmanakatti-balappa-bhimappa.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Badami Election Result 2018 Live: Badami Assembly Elections Results (Vidhan Sabha Polls Result)|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/badami-election-result/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Elections 2018: Terdal Assembly Constituency - Past Results, Demographics and Latest News|url=https://www.news18.com/election-result-2013/karnataka/terdal-assembly-elections-results-2013/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=News18}}</ref> in 2013 from [[Badami (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Badami]] assembly constituency. In 2018 assembly elections, then Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]] contested elections from [[Badami (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Badami]] and hence Chimmanakatti did not contest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ಪಕ್ಷಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ನಾನು ಚಹಾ ಮಾಡೀನಿ....ಜಮಖಾನಾ ಹಾಸೇನಿ...|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/i-served-welfare-of-the-party/articleshow/62593636.cms|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahesh|date=2018-04-12|title=ಬಾದಾಮಿಯನ್ನು ಸಿದ್ದರಾಮಯ್ಯಗೆ ಚಿಮ್ಮನಕಟ್ಟಿ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದ್ದೇಕೆ?|url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/karnataka/elections-2018-why-chimmanakatti-forced-to-hand-over-constituency-to-siddaramaiah-138548.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=kannada.oneindia.com|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cong strategy in Karnataka: 12 MLAs dropped; party-hoppers, migrants, tainted turn lucky|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/04/16/cong-strategy-in-karnataka-12-mlas-dropped-party-hoppers-migrants-tainted-turn-lucky.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He has been the MLA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Badami Election Result 2018 live updates: Siddaramaiah wins Badami Constituency - declared|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2018-latest/constituency/article/badami-siddaramaiah-sreeramulu-bjp-congress-jds/223509|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=15 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> of [[Badami (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Badami]] in 1978, 1983, 1994, 1999 and 2013. He is the founder<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Kalidas Education society, Badami {{!}} Shri Kalidas Education Society was established in year 1977 on a firm foundation of religious moral, intellectual and cultural values. A group of member with the great commitment and enthusiastic under the leadership of Shri B. B. Chimmankatti. Ex- Minister of Karnataka. It was difficult movement to all section of Children to get the education as it aims at imparting liberal Education to children, irrespective of caste, color and creed.|url=https://kalidaseducationsociety.com/|access-date=2020-06-18|language=en-US|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618132417/https://kalidaseducationsociety.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> of Shri Kalidasa educational society in [[Badami]], [[Bagalkot district]]. He secured victory over Shanthagouda Thirthgouda Patil from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] with a margin of 9725 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka Election 2023: Congress' Chimmanakatti wins Badami |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-election-result-2023-congress-chimmanakatti-wins-badami-by-a-margin-of-nearly-10-000-votes-11683974779847.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-05-13 |title=Badami Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate B.b.chimmanakatti Wins From Badami |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/badami-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601742 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

BB Chimmanakatti was disappointed when the Congress decided to field [[Siddaramaiah]] from [[Badami]] which raised concerns about a potential defeat in Chamundeshwari. Chimmanakatti openly expressed his dissatisfaction over not receiving a ticket as it was given to another Kuruba leader Siddaramaiah. Nonetheless, he was eventually reassured and Siddaramaiah managed to secure a narrow victory with a margin of 1,696 votes against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate, [[B. Sriramulu|B Sriramulu]]. in 2013, Chimmanakatti had won the election with a more substantial margin of over 15,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-01 |title=With Siddaramaiah's exit, Congress aspirants up their ante in Badami |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/with-siddaramaiahs-exit-congress-aspirants-up-their-ante-in-badami/articleshow/99162885.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His son won [[Badami Assembly constituency|Badami]] seat which he represented 5 times.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka Election results 2023 {{!}} Congress leads in five out of eight seats in Bagalkot, BJP leads in three |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/2023-karnataka-assembly-poll-results-congress-leads-in-five-out-of-eight-seats-in-bagalkot-bjp-leads-in-three/article66845737.ece |access-date=2023-09-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chimmanakatti, B B}}
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Bagalkot]]
[[Category:People from Bagalkot district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1983–1985]]

Danapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:25Z

Srivatsan: Stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Danapur
|type= SLA
| map_image = 186-Danapur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Patna district|Patna]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|186]]
|established = 1957
| electors = 376,759
|abolished = 
}}
[[File:Patna district assembly.png|thumb|Danapur in Patna district]]
'''Danapur''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It comes under [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pataliputra]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Masaurhi, Maner, Phulwari, Paliganj and Bikram.<ref name="election2013">[http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/danapur.php Danapur Assembly Constituency] 20 December 2013</ref>

==Overview==
Danapur comprises CD Block [[Danapur]]-Cum-[[Khagaul]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref> The diara (riverine) area is also part of Danapur assembly constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/yearning-for-vikas-in-danapur-diara/articleshow/49530280.cms|title=Yearning for ‘vikas’ in Danapur diara}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/diara-residents-vote-for-growth/articleshow/69402923.cms|title=Diara residents vote for growth}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Danapur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/danapur.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Jagat Narayan Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Sewak Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Budh Deo Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Budh Deo Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Vijendra Rai
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|-
|1996^
|[[Vijay Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2002^
|[[Rama Nand Yadav]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Asha Devi Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Ritlal Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: [[Danapur]]<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Danapur">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Danapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04186.htm |access-date=10 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210062548/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04186.htm |archive-date=10 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Kripal Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:119877}}
|percentage = 54.41
|change = {{increase}}14.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ritlal Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:90744}}
|percentage = 41.19
|change = {{decrease}}7.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shailesh K.R Dhiraj
|votes = {{formatnum:2786}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3242}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change = {{increase}}0.22
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29133}}
|percentage = 13.22
|change = {{increase}}4.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:220307}}
|percentage = 58.47
|change = {{increase}}5.98
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = 14.55
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2020]]: [[Danapur]]<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ritlal Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:89895}}
|percentage = 48.44
|change = +8.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Asha Devi Sinha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:73971}}
|percentage = 39.86
|change = -3.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Deepak Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|votes = {{formatnum:7731}}
|percentage = 4.17
|change =
|2 = change
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ganesh Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:2265}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2315}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change = -0.71
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15924}}
|percentage = 8.58
|change = +5.46
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185563}}
|percentage = 52.49
|change = +0.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: [[Danapur]]<ref name="Danapur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Danapur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/danapur |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210062704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/danapur |archive-date=10 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Asha Devi Sinha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:72192}}
|percentage = 43.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Raj Kishor Yadav
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:66983}}
|percentage = 40.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tinku Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:13002}}
|percentage = 7.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narsingh Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3246}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Momin Front
|candidate = Akash Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1518}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3267}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5209}}
|percentage = 3.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:166986}}
|percentage = 51.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2010]]: [[Danapur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Asha Devi Sinha]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 59,425
|percentage = 47.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Ritlal Yadav]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 41,506
|percentage = 33.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Sachchidanand Rai]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 11,495
|percentage = 9.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Vijay Singh Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,608
|percentage = 2.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Binod Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,969
|percentage = 2.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 17,919
|percentage = 14.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,25,050
|percentage = 40.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2000===
* [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] (RJD) : 64,085 votes<ref name="danapur2000">{{cite web|title=Bihar Election Results 2000|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/2000-election-results.html|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* [[Rama Nand Yadav]] (BJP): 46,530 votes

====2002 bypoll====
* [[Rama Nand Yadav]] (RJD): 75,935 votes {{fact|date=June 2025}}
* SatyanaranSinha (BJP): 17,928 votes

===1977===
* Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav (INC): 33,989 votes<ref name="election1977">{{Cite web|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1977|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
* Chhabila Singh (JNP): 29,292 votes

===1972===
* Budh Deo Singh (INC): 23,150 votes<ref name="election2021">{{Cite web|title=Danapur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/danapur-bihar-assembly-constituency|access-date=2021-09-20|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
* Keshav Prasad (SOP): 15,843 votes
* Ram Swarath Singh (NCO): 9,550 votes
* Tej Narain Prasad (Bharatiya Jana Sangh): 5,456 votes

===1957===
* Jagat Narayan Lal (INC): 7,042 votes{{fact|date=June 2025}}
* Radhey Shyam Singh (IND): 6,074 votes

==See also==
* [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
* [[Danapur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Patna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Gopal Krishna Pillai

2026-03-29T17:48:01Z

Srivatsan: refine page as per guidelines and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{For|the Malayalam film actor|G. K. Pillai (actor)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gopal Krishna Pillai
| image = File:The Special Secretary, Department of Commerce, Shri G.K. Pillai at the inauguration of a National Seminar on Government Procurement, jointly organised by the Department of Commerce (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 30 November 1949
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]] [[IIT Madras]]
| spouse = Sudha Pillai
| occupation = Civil Servant ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| office = [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]]
| term_start = 30 Jun 2009
| term_end = 30 Jun 2011
| predecessor = [[Madhukar Gupta]]
| successor = [[R. K. Singh]]
}}

'''Gopal Krishna Pillai''' or '''G. K. Pillai''' (born 30 Nov 1949) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer and the former [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]] in the Government of India. He was born into a [[Nair]] family in Kerala. He was educated at [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]], [[Bangalore]], and at the [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]]. He then obtained an M.Sc from [[IIT Madras]]. He belongs to the Kerala cadre of the 1972 batch of I.A.S.

==Career==

G.K. Pillai held diverse positions in the state government of Kerala such as:
* District Collector of Kollam from 1982 to 1985
* Special Secretary for Industries, especially the traditional industries of cashew, coir and handlooms
* Secretary of Health
* Principal Secretary to the Chief Minister of Kerala.<ref name='Business Standard 2009-06-12'>{{cite news | author=Aditi Phadnis | author-link=Aditi Phadnis |author2=Rituparna Bhuyan | title=Newsmaker: Gopal Krishna Pillai | date=2009-06-12 | publisher=Business Standard | url =http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/newsmaker-gopal-krishna-pillai/360843/ | pages =1 | access-date = 2009-12-19 }}</ref><ref name='TOI 2009-06-12'>{{cite news | title=G S Pillai new home secretary | date=2009-06-12 | work=The Times of India | url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/G-S-Pillai-new-home-secretary/articleshow/4646049.cms | access-date = 2009-12-19 }}</ref>

==Media spotlight==

In February 2016, Pillai claimed to media that there was political interference in the controversial [[Ishrat Jahan case]].<ref name="GKPillai">{{cite news |title=Ishrat Jahan case: Former Home Secy GK Pillai claims 'political' interference in 2004 encounter |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ishrat-jahan-case-former-home-secy-pillai-claims-political-interference-in-2004-encounter-2644486.html |date=26 February 2016|access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> Pillai's claims were corroborated by another former official in March 2016, bringing the Ishrat Jahan case into media spotlight once again.<ref name="RVSMani">{{cite news|title=Ishrat Jahan case: Former under secy says he was forced to file second affidavit, burnt with cigarettes |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ishrat-jahan-case-former-under-secy-says-he-was-forced-to-file-second-affidavit-burnt-with-cigarettes-2651104.html |date=1 March 2016 |access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*"[https://archive.today/20130907130048/http://www.bureaucracyindia.in/g-k-pillai/ An exclusive interview with G K Pillai, Ex-Home Secretary of India]". BUREAUCRACY INDIA, Retrieved 2011-06-30

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01TKiMKv_ew Interview with Karan Thapar]". The Wire, Retrieved 2023-07-08 (Modi Has Betrayed Oath of Office; Hindus Must Speak out Against Treatment of Muslims in Modi’s India)

==External links==
https://www.adaniports.com/About-us/Board-of-Directors/Gopal-Krishna-Pillai

{{Adani Group}}
{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Gopal Krishna}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Home secretaries of India]]

Mohan Chand Sharma

2026-03-29T04:24:31Z

Srivatsan: further reworked page for consistency additionally and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Indian police officer (1965–2008)}}{{Infobox police officer
|other_names=M. C. Sharma AAA
|known_for=[[Batla House encounter]]
|department=[[Delhi Police]]
|service_years=1989-2008
|rank=[[File:Police Inspector insignia.png|40px]] [[List of police to ranks in India|Police Inspector]]
|awards=[[File:Ashoka Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]
|honorific prefix=[[List of police ranks in India|Police Inspector]]
|name=Mohan Chand Sharma
|honorific suffix=[[Ashok Chakra Award|AC]]
|image=Mohan Chand Sharma.jpg
|caption=Official Portrait, 1989
|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1965|9|23}}
|birth_place=[[as Chaukhutia]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|2008|9|19|1965|9|23}}
|death_place=[[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
|relatives=Maya Sharma (Wife)
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}

'''Mohan Chand Sharma''' [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]] (23 September 1965 – 19 September 2008) was an Indian police officer who was killed during the [[Batla House encounter case|2008 Batla House encounter]] in [[New Delhi]]. He was posthumously awarded the Gallantry medal [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra Award]], [[India]]'s highest peacetime military decoration, on 26 January 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-27 |title=Ashok Chakra conferred to 'encounter cop' MC Sharma on R-Day |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/ashok-chakra-conferred-to-encounter-cop-mc-sharma-on-r-day/story-qCKDVMaoXWw6Eg7NlLeALN.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Sharma, a [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]], was born in [[Chaukhutia]] [[Masi, Almora|Masi]] region of [[Almora]] in [[Uttarakhand]]. He joined the [[Delhi Police]] as a [[Sub Inspector of Police|sub-inspector]] in 1989, and continued to serve for 19 years. He was a part of the Special Cell, an anti-[[terrorist]] unit of the Delhi Police Force.<ref name="expressindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Inspector-Mohan-Chand-Sharma-to-be-cremated/363779/ |title=Delhi cop Sharma cremated with full state honours |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406094804/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Inspector-Mohan-Chand-Sharma-to-be-cremated/363779/ |archivedate=2012-04-06}}</ref>

Sharma, along with [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Rajbir Singh, were credited for gathering [[prima facie]] evidence in the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|Parliament attack in 2001]].<ref>{{cite court|litigants=State vs Mohd. Afzal And Ors.|court=Delhi High Court|date=29 October 2003|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031426/|access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref> Their efforts led to the conviction of mastermind [[Afzal Guru]], who was executed in February 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Rajesh |title=Indian Parliament Attack Planner Hanged |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324590904578292910964921342}}</ref>

Sharma was involved in an encounter with the terrorist [[Zabiuddin Ansari]] aka Abu Hamza at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in 2006, and in the arrest of four [[Jaish-e-Mohammad]] militants in February 2007 after an encounter at DDU Marg, Delhi.

He received a number of awards and decorations during his career, including seven gallantry awards.<ref name="tribune">{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Sandeep |title=Decorated officer Sharma dies |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080920/main2.htm |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=The Tribune |date=20 September 2008}}</ref>

==Death==
On 19 September 2008, Sharma, along with a few [[Delhi Police]] officers, was involved in the [[Batla House encounter case|Batla House encounter]]. In a firefight with [[Indian Mujahideen]]'s [[terrorist]]s, who were involved in the [[13 September 2008 Delhi bombings]], Sharma received bullet injuries to his abdomen, thighs and right arm. He was taken to the nearest hospital, but he died during treatment. According to the autopsy performed at the [[AIIMS]], he died of excessive bleeding.<ref name="pti">{{cite news |title=Blasts-linked militants, policeman killed in Delhi gunbattle |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200809192041.htm |work=The Hindu |agency=Press Trust India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103055544/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200809192041.htm |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

==Batla House case==
He was a part of the 2008 Batla House encounter case with Delhi Police.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/did-you-know-that-dcp-sanjeev-kumar-yadav-gave-his-inputs-to-keep-john-abraham-starrer-batla-house-authentic/articleshow/70394948.cms|title=Did you know that DCP Sanjeev Kumar Yadav gave his inputs to keep John Abraham-starrer 'Batla House' authentic?|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 July 2019 |access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>
He played a major role in this case, and a film was also made about it called ''[[Batla House]]''. in which his character was played by famous Bollywood actor [[Ravi Kishan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/did-you-know-that-dcp-sanjeev-kumar-yadav-gave-his-inputs-to-keep-john-abraham-starrer-batla-house-authentic/articleshow/70394948.cms|title=Did you know that DCP Sanjeev Kumar Yadav gave his inputs to keep John Abraham-starrer 'Batla House' authentic?|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=January 2022|language=en}}</ref>

===Tributes===
A number of high officials paid tribute to Sharma, including [[Home Minister]] [[Shivraj Patil]] and [[Police Commissioner]] Y. S. Dadhwal.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080066025 |title=Braveheart Inspector's death a huge loss |date=21 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023220958/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080066025 |archivedate=23 October 2008}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] praised his "exceptional courage" and called him "an inspiration for our security forces."<ref name="expressindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Manmohan-condoles-Sharma--s-death/363453/ |title=Manmohan, Sonia condole Sharma's death |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406094754/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Manmohan-condoles-Sharma--s-death/363453/ |archivedate=2012-04-06}}</ref> The Prime Minister also sent a message of condolence to Sharma's wife,<ref name="archivepmo">{{cite web |title=PM condoles demise of Inspector M. C. Sharma |url=https://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/pmmessageappeals.php?nodeid=188 |publisher=Prime Minister's Office |access-date=17 August 2021 |date=19 September 2008}}</ref> as did [[Indian National Congress|INC]] president [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref name="expressindia.com"/>

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Ashoka Chakra award recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Mohan}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Delhi Police| ]]
[[Category:Indian police officers killed in the line of duty]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)]]

Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka

2026-03-28T19:38:39Z

Srivatsan: creating a article...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2020}}
'''[[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscriptions in [[Sri Lanka]]''' date from the centuries [[Common Era|BCE]]<ref name="Mahadevan">{{cite book |last=Mahadevan |first = I. |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy - From the Earliest Times to the Sixth century C.E., 2nd Edition |date=2014|pages=44, 65 }}</ref> to the modern era. The vast majority of inscriptions date to the centuries following the 10th century AD, and were issued under the reigns of both Tamil and [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]] rulers alike.<ref name="Pathmanathan">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. xxiv-xxvii, p. xiii</ref> Out of the Tamil rulers, almost all surviving inscriptions were issued under the occupying [[Chola conquest of Anuradhapura|Chola dynasty]], whilst [[#Kotagama_slab_inscription_of_Arya_Chakravarti,_Kegalle|one stone inscription]] and [[#Coins_of_the_Jaffna_Kingdom|coins]] of the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] have also been found.<ref name="Pathmanathan3c">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan|first1=S.|title=The Kingdom of Jaffna|date=1978}} p. 241-243</ref>

Most inscriptions are of a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] or [[Buddhist]] nature, or record the exploits of merchants, soldiers, officials and kings.

The longest Tamil inscription in the island is from the [[#Lankatilaka_Vihara_inscription_of_Bhuvanaikabahu_IV|Lankatilaka Vihara]], for which historian [[K. Indrapala]] states the following:

{{Blockquote
|text="The status of the [[Tamil language]] in the Sinhalese kingdom in the pre-colonial period would be an eye-opener to many. Where necessary, Sinhalese kings or other authorities used the Tamil language for their epigraphic records. In the fourteenth century, a record inscribed in Sinhala on the walls of the [[Lankatilaka Vihara|Lankatilaka Temple]] was provided with a full Tamil translation on the same walls, as if setting an example to future rulers of the country. This Tamil inscription, incidentally, is the longest Tamil epigraph in the island."<ref name="Indrapala6">{{cite book |last1=Indrapala |first1=K.|title=The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity - The Tamils of Sri Lanka 300 B.C.E to 1200 C.E. |date=2005|isbn=0-646-42546-3}} p. 282</ref>
}}

== Early Anurādhapura period (300 BC – 300 AD) ==

=== Anaikoddai seal, Jaffna ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ [[Anaikoddai seal]] (dated to centuries B.C.)
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!!Inscription ([[Tamil language|Tamil]] in the [[Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A steatite seal from a signet ring found in an [[Anaikoddai seal|early Iron Age burial]] in Anaikoddai, [[Jaffna]].
The seal contains both [[Brahmi]] and [[megalithic graffiti symbols]] arranged in a way that suggests that they may be a translation of each other.<ref>Ragupathy, Ponnampalam. [http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php?title=Early_Settlements_in_Jaffna&uselang=en Early settlements in Jaffna]. (1987) p. 119-204</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|
The legend is read as 'Ko Veta'. Ko means 'King' in Tamil and refers to a chieftain here. It is comparable to such names as Ko Ataṉ and Ko Putivira occurring in contemporary [[Tamil Brahmi]] inscriptions of ancient South India.<ref name="Indrapala">{{cite book |last1=Indrapala |first1=K.|title=The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity - The Tamils of Sri Lanka 300 B.C.E to 1200 C.E. |date=2005|isbn=0-646-42546-3}} p. 324-325</ref><ref>Frontline, Reading the past in a more inclusive way - Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne. (2006) https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30208096.ece</ref><ref>Seneviratne, Sudharshan. (1992). Pre-State Chieftains And Servants of the State: A Case Study of Parumaka. p. 108 http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/2078 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203210112/http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/2078 |date=3 December 2024 }}</ref> The Trident symbol is also found after a [[Tamil Brahmi]] inscription of the [[Chera dynasty]] supporting this interpretation.<ref>Bopearachchi, Osmund. [https://www.academia.edu/30766939/_Graffiti_Marks_of_Kodumanal_India_and_Ridiyagama_Sri_Lanka_A_Comparative_Study_Man_and_Environment_XXVII_2_2002_pp._97-105 Graffiti Marks of Kodumanal (India) and Ridiyagama (Sri Lanka) — A Comparative Study] (2002) p. 100</ref>
}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Anaikoddai.jpg|thumb]]
Koveta (read from right to left).
|}

=== Tissamaharama coins with Tamil Brahmi legends ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Tissamaharama coins with Tamil Brahmi legends
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!!Inscription ([[Tamil language|Tamil]] in the [[Tamil Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Locally produced coins with [[Tamil Brahmi]] legends were found in the southern town of [[Tissamaharama]]. They are dated to between 200 BC - 200 AD. The coins are thought to have been issued by Tamil traders settled in Sri Lanka.<ref name="Bopearachchi">{{cite book |last=Bopearachchi |first = Osmund |title=Tamil traders in Sri Lanka and Sinhala traders in Tamil Nadu |date=2008 }} p. 18-21</ref>

| align=left |
{{blockquote|
Coins ending with the [[Tamil Brahmi]] letter 𑀷 (-aṉ).

Coin 1: Uttiraṉ

Coin 2: Kapati Katalaṉ

Coin 3: Mahācāttaṉ

Coin 4: Tisapittaṉ<ref name="Bopearachchi" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Uttiran.png|thumb|Coin 1: Uttiraṉ from Tissamaharama]]
[[File:Kapati Katalan.png|thumb|Coin 2: Kapati Katalaṉ from Tissamaharama]]
|}

=== Tamil letters and words in Prakrit inscriptions ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Tamil letters and words in Prakrit inscriptions
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!!Inscription ([[Prakrit]] with Tamil letters in the [[Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
The letters 𑀴, 𑀵, 𑀶 and 𑀷 are unique to [[Tamil Brahmi]]. They are found in multiple [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words in the earliest [[Prakrit]] inscriptions of Sri Lanka.<ref name="Karunaratne">{{cite book |last=Karunaratne |first = S |title=Epigraphia Zeylanica (EZ) VII |date=1984 }} p. 32-35</ref><ref name="Pushparatnam2">{{cite journal| last =Pushparatnam| first =P. | date =2014 | title = Tamil Brahmi Inscription Belonging to 2200 years ago, Discovered by German Archaeological Team in Southern Sri Lanka |journal=Proceedings of Jaffna University International Research Conference 2014}}p. 544</ref>

The [[Velir|Veḷ]] name is found several times,<ref name="Mahadevan2">{{cite book |last=Mahadevan |first = I. |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy - From the Earliest Times to the Sixth century C.E., 2nd Edition |date=2014|pages=229–231}}</ref><ref name="Sitrampalam">{{cite book |last=Sitrampalam |first = S.K. |title=The Velu of Sri Lankan Brahmi Inscriptions, A Reappraisal, Perspectives in Archaeology|date=1990 }} p. 89-94</ref><ref>Dravidian Etymology Dictionary entry 5545, https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?page=506</ref> mostly associated with the chief title Parumaka.<ref name="Seneviratne" /> Parumaka is the single most common lay title in the entire corpus of ancient [[Brahmi]] inscriptions, occurring over 314 times.

The Tamil kinship term Marumakaṉ which means descendant is also present.<ref name="Mahadevan2" /><ref name="Pushparatnam2" /><ref>Dravidian Etymology Dictionary Entry 4715, https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?page=417</ref>

The word Dameḻa (Tamil) is present in six early Prakrit inscriptions related to Buddhist donations and Tamil Buddhist monks. The 𑀟 letter (often reversed) is used here to represent an early form of the Tamil 𑀵 (ḻa).<ref name="Mahadevan2" /><ref name="Karunaratne" /><ref>{{cite journal| last =Senanayake| first =A.M.P. | date =2017 | title = A STUDY ON SOCIAL IDENTITY BASED ON THE BRAHMI INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EARLY HISTORIC PERIOD IN THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCE, SRI LANKA |url=http://socialaffairsjournal.com/Achive/Spring_2017/3.A_Study_on_Social_Identity_Based_on_the_Brahmi_Inscriptions_by_A.M.P._Senanayake_%20SAJ1(6).pdf |journal= Social Affairs: A Journal for the Social Sciences|volume=1 |issue=6|pages=38 }}</ref>

| align=left |

{{blockquote|1. Parumaka - 𑀧𑀭𑀼𑀫𑀓
Parumaka is derived from the [[Old Tamil|Tamil]] 'Perumakaṉ' which means great man.<ref>University of Madras Tamil Lexicon, p.2881, https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/tamil-lex_query.py?qs=பெருமகன்&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact</ref><ref>Harry Falk, Owner's Graffiti on pottery from Tissamaharama (2014), https://www.academia.edu/11754083/Owners_graffiti_on_pottery_from_Tissamaharama p.74</ref> The variant form Perumaka and the feminine form Parumakaḷ (𑀧𑀭𑀼𑀫𑀓𑀴) are also present with the unique [[Tamil Brahmi|Tamil]] letter ending 𑀴.<ref name="Seneviratne">{{cite book |last1=Seneviratne|first1=Sudharshan.|title=Pre-State Chieftains And Servants of the State: A Case Study of Parumaka|date=1992}} p. 99-130</ref><ref>Yan Oya Middle Basin Mortuary Archaeology Research Project (2013), Donor's evidence https://web.archive.org/web/20160321113718/http://yanoyaarchaeology.com/index.html</ref>

2. Veḷ - 𑀯𑁂𑀴

3. Marumakaṉ - 𑀫𑀭𑀼𑀫𑀓𑀷

4. Dameḻa - 𑀤𑀫𑁂𑀟}}

|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Parumakal 331.png|thumb|Parumakaḷ]]
[[File:Vel 123.png|thumb|Veḷ]]
[[File:Marumakan 1.png|thumb|Marumakaṉ]]
[[File:Dameḻa.png|thumb|Dameḻa]]
|}

'''The following Prakrit inscriptions are included for completion as they are related to Tamils:'''

=== Tamil house-holder inscription, Anurādhapura ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Tamil house-holder inscription, Anurādhapura
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!!Inscription ([[Prakrit]] with Tamil letters in the [[Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Prakrit inscription referring to a Tamil house-holder terrace made by a Tamil Buddhist monk (samaṇa).

| align=left |

{{blockquote|The terrace of the Tamil house-holders caused to be made by the Tamil Samaṇa of Iḷabarata. The seat of Saga. The seat of Nasata. The seat of Ka . . Tissa. The seat of . . . . of Kubira Sujāta. The seat of Kārava, the mariner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paranavitana|first=Senarath |date=1970|title=Inscriptions of Ceylon - Volume I, Inscription no. 94|url=https://www.inscriptions.lk/db/VInscriptionsView/116?showdetail= |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=inscriptions.lk |language=en-US}}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Periya-Puliyankuḷam inscription 1, Vavuniya ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Periya-Puliyankuḷam inscription 1, Vavuniya
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!!Inscription ([[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Prakrit inscription recording a Buddhist donation by a Tamil merchant.

| align=left |

{{blockquote|The cave of the householder Visākha, the Tamil merchant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paranavitana|first=Senarath |date=1970 |title=Inscriptions of Ceylon - Volume I, Inscription no. 356|url=https://www.inscriptions.lk/db/VInscriptionsView/392?showdetail= |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=inscriptions.lk |language=en-US}}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Periya-Puliyankuḷam inscription 2, Vavuniya ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Periya-Puliyankuḷam inscription 2, Vavuniya
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!!Inscription ([[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Prakrit inscription recording a Buddhist donation by a Tamil merchant.

| align=left |

{{blockquote|The work of the flight of steps is of the householder Visākha, the Tamil merchant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paranavitana|first=Senarath |date=1970 |title=Inscriptions of Ceylon - Volume I, Inscription no. 357|url=https://www.inscriptions.lk/db/VInscriptionsView/393?showdetail= |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=inscriptions.lk |language=en-US}}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Kuḍuvil inscription, Amparai ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kuḍuvil inscription, Amparai
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!!Inscription ([[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Prakrit inscription recording a Buddhist donation by a family with a Tamil wife.

| align=left |

{{blockquote|The cave of the merchants who are the citizens of [[Dighavapi]], of the sons of . . . . and of the wife Tissā, the Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paranavitana|first=Senarath |date=1970|title=Inscriptions of Ceylon - Volume I, Inscription no. 480|url=https://www.inscriptions.lk/db/VInscriptionsView/517?showdetail= |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=inscriptions.lk |language=en-US}}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Seruwila inscription, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Seruwila inscription, Trincomalee
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!!Inscription ([[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Prakrit inscription recording a Buddhist donation by a Tamil devotee.<ref>{{cite book |last=Paranavitana |first=Senarath |author-link= |date=1974 |title=Epigraphical Notes 1974: 13.4 |location=Sri Lanka |publisher=Department of Archaeology |page= }}</ref>

| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Talagahagoda Vihara inscription, Matale ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Talagahagoda Vihara inscription, Matale
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!!Inscription ([[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Prakrit inscription mentioning a Tamil Buddhist monk who donated a cave to the Maha Sangha.<ref>Sumanajothi, P. & S. S. Wijesooriya. (1984). Ancient Temples in Matale District. In Historical Matale (pp. 97-130). Matale: The Cultural Board of Matale District</ref>

| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Ihalagala inscription, Anurādhapura ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Ihalagala inscription, Anurādhapura
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!!Inscription ([[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]])
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Prakrit inscription recording a Buddhist donation by a Tamil devotee.

| align=left |

{{blockquote|Success ! The work on this flight of steps is of the female lay-devotee Cittā, mother of Abhaya the Tamil, a resident of Baḍahibadaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paranavitana|first=Senarath |date=1970|title=Inscriptions of Ceylon - Volume II, Part II, Inscription no. 142(B)|url=https://www.inscriptions.lk/db/VInscriptionsView/1301?showdetail= |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=inscriptions.lk |language=en-US}}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

== Late Anurādhapura period (8th–9th centuries AD) ==

=== Abhayagiriya Tamil Buddhist inscription, Anurādhapura ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Abhayagiriya Tamil Buddhist inscription, Anurādhapura
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Fragment of a stone slab with Tamil letters inscribed on it found on the platform of the [[Abhayagiriya]]. It records an act of merit in the Abhayagiri premises: the construction of the floor or platform of a building occupying an area of 256 square feet and a token gift of money. The letters are dated to the 8th century AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan6">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 102-107.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'The Chamber of the Bodhi shrine measuring sixteen feet from the east to the west and sixteen feet from the north to the south that has been constructed and one ''kacu'' and one ''akkam'' (money).'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan6" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Abhayagiri tamil.png|thumb|[[Abhayagiriya]] Tamil inscription - 8th century AD.]]
|}

=== Ruvanvalisaya Tamil Buddhist inscription, Anurādhapura ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Ruvanvalisaya Tamil Buddhist inscription, Anurādhapura
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Three short Tamil inscriptions found in the premises of the [[Ruwanwelisaya]], [[Anuradhapura]]. The inscriptions are found on the pedestals of Dvarapalakas (guardian images). The first inscription dates from the 8th-9th centuries AD. The second dates to the 10th century AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan7">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 108-112.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'1. The niche with a carved image of Arakkan

2. The image of Arakkan carved on the stone

3. The elevated ground of the lay devotees (''upāsakas'').'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan7" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Pankuḷiya Tamil Buddhist inscription, Anurādhapura ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Pankuḷiya Tamil Buddhist inscription, Anurādhapura
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A short Tamil inscription found at Pankuḷiya Vihara, [[Anuradhapura]] recording a donation. It dates to the 9th-10th century AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan8">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 111.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Kecari Araci has made a provision for (giving) alms (for a person). Those who remove this provision shall suffer like a worm in burning oil in a pot.'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan8" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Nānkunāṭṭār Tamil Buddhist Inscription from Anurādhapura ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Nānkunāttār Tamil Inscription from Anurādhapura
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A slab inscription of the Tamil merchant community called the Nānkunāṭṭār. It records an endowment to the Mākkotai Buddhist temple at [[Anuradhapura]]. Mākkotai was a prominent town in [[Kerala]] and suggests that this temple was started by Tamil Buddhists from Kerala.

Dharmapalan was the incumbent monk at this temple. A Sanskrit eulogy to king [[Sena II of Anuradhapura]] (866-901 AD) ends the inscription.<ref name="Pathmanathan9">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 113-123.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'After donating a lamp for 'the Great Lord' (Buddha) and installing the images of the illustrious 'Nākanār' and 'the Lord' we made an endowment for the merit of those among the Tamils of the Nānku-nāṭu who have been lost and those who have died and also those who have become dumb or speechless (because of some calamity).

The endowment will be made apportioning (specified) shares of the assets of those persons (concerned and with contributions from their relatives).

In respect of those who had 'reached the opposite shore' (died?), (ceremonies) shall be conducted for three days at the temple.

We of the Nānkunāṭu caused this inscription to be engraved so that four persons appointed by the Nānkunāṭṭār would in conjunction with the employees of the Mākkotaippaḷḷi (temple) continue to perform this dharma.

Those who violate the provisions of this charity shall be born as crows and dogs.

This endowment (dharma) made by the Tamils (of the Nānku-nāṭu) will be maintained and praised in this wide world surrounded by the ocean, during successive ages.

There is at Mākkotai one Dharmapalan, a spotless ascetic, a firm adherent of the original and pristine dharma, whose flawless thoughts are full of compassion for all beings like unto the meritorious one sat under the Bodhi tree.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan9" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Nankunattar Anuradhapura inscription.png|thumb|Nānkunāṭṭār Tamil inscription, Anuradhapura - 9th century AD]]
|}

=== Two slab inscriptions from Hindu ruins, Anurādhapura ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Two slab inscriptions from Hindu ruins, Anurādhapura
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Two Tamil inscriptions found among the remains of a Hindu temple in [[Anuradhapura]] recording endowments. Sri Sanghabodhi is a popular title of medieval Sinhala kings. The text is dated to the late 9th century AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan9b">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 124-129.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'We, the members of great assembly (pērūrom) of Kumārakanam have received thirty gold coins (ilakkācu) from Cēkkilān Caṅkan, a Ceṭṭi (merchant), on the fifth day of the first half of the month of Mārkali in the fifth year of King Ciri Caṅkapoti Mārāyan. From now on we shall provide one sacred meal a day and burn a perpetual lamp, without causing any dimunition of the capital (invested).'}}

{{blockquote|'Hail prosperity. We, the members of the assembly of the great ūr (pērūrom) of Kumārakanam have received (a deposit of) thirty ilakkācu from the Ceṭṭi merchant Cēkkilān Cennai in the seventh year of King Śrī Caṅkapoti Mārāyar. We shall make an offering of one sacred meal, daily, and burn a perpetual lamp without causing any dimunition of the capital invested.'|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan9b" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Slab 1 Anuradhapura Hindu ruins.png|thumb|Anuradhapura Hindu ruins slab 1 - 9th century AD]]
[[File:Anuradhapura Hindu slab 2.png|thumb|Anuradhapura Hindu ruins slab 2 - 9th century AD]]
|}

== Chola period (993–1070 AD) ==

=== Nilaveli Slab Inscription in the reign of Rajaraja I, Trincomalee===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Nilaveli Slab Inscription, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
An inscription found in a Ganesh temple in [[Nilaveli]] dated to the reign of [[Rajaraja I]] before 993 AD. The name 'Tirukōṇamalai' in the inscription remains the Tamil name for [[Trincomalee]] to this day.<ref name="Pathmanathan10">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 133-140.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'This edict shall be (under the protection of) God Sambhu.

The irrigated and dry lands of Kirikanṭakirikāmam and Urākirikāmam, which have as their boundaries the sea on the east, the (slab of) stone on the south, (the locality of) Ettakampē on the west and the stone carved with the figure of a trident on the north, including trees that are growing up, all objects (such as) temples, trees that are growing and wells sunk below (the ground) within these boundaries (are granted) to the temple (God) of Maccakēsvaram on Kōṇaparvatam (otherwise called) Tirukōṇamalai to meet the daily expenses (in the temple) as long as the sun and moon endure.

The lands of two-hundred and fifty vēli (in extent) within the great boundaries described herein are the lands of the bluenecked great God (Siva) enshrined at the illustrious peak of Kōṇamāmalai.

This grant shall be under the custody of the Panmāhēśvarar.|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan10" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Nilaveli inscription.png|thumb|Nilaveli Tamil inscription, 10th century AD]]
|}

=== Koneswaram inscription of Rajaraja I, Trincomalee ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Koneswaram inscription of Rajaraja I, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Fragmentary inscription from the [[Koneswaram temple]] in the reign of [[Rajaraja I]].
It is dated to before 993 AD as the eulogy of this king is at an earlier stage of development.<ref name="Pathmanathan10" />
| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Koneswaram_inscription_Pandyan_era.jpg|thumb|Koneswaram inscription of Rajaraja I]]
|}

=== Kielekadawala Siva kovil inscription of Rajaraja I, Trincomalee ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kielekadawala Siva kovil inscription of Rajaraja I, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A rock inscription found in front of an abandoned [[Shiva|Siva]] temple in an isolated corner of the Kielekadawala village, [[Gomarankadawala Divisional Secretariat|Gomarankadawala]], [[Trincomalee District|Trincomalee]].<ref name="Thantilage"/>
| align=left |
{{blockquote| A long eulogy dedicated to [[Rajaraja I]] is found in the inscription.<ref name="Thantilage"/>}}
|align=center width="10%"|
|}

=== Padaviya inscription of the reign of Rajaraja I ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Padaviya inscription of the reign of Rajaraja I
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Slab inscription of [[Rajaraja Chola I]] found near the Siva temple Ravikulamanikka-isvaram of Padaviya dated to 1005 AD. It records a eulogy to the Chola king and gifts made to the temple by donors.<ref name="Pathmanathan11">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 141-145.</ref>
| align=left |

{{blockquote|
From the .... year of the reign of the.....king Rajarāja Rājakesari vanmar alias Sri Rájarājatevar, who having conceived in his mind that, like the goddess Tirumakal (Lakshmi), the damsel named the Great Earth had become his own, was pleased to destroy the ships at Kāntalur-c-Cālai, took with the aid of his highly powerful and victorious army, Venkai-nātu, Kanka pāti.. Nulampapāti, Tațikaipāti, Kutamalainatu, Kollam, Kalinkam, the province of Ilam

the conquest of which brought (him) fame in the eight quarters, and Irattapāți Seven and a Half Lakhs, and who carried away the splendour of the Celiyar in the year of his acquiring excessive glory fit for being praised in all the years till the end of time,

the following were granted to the Lord of Iravi-kula-māņikka-isvaram:

The Illustrious Lord Rājarāja....kan, the Lord of......kalpakkam. granted one sacred perpetual lamp

.. ..ciyān. the Lord of .....r, granted one sacred perpetual lamp.

Cattan Pakkan, the Lord of ......r, granted one sacred perpetual lamp.

.........n Tevan granted one sacred perpetual lamp.

....vikkirama......Pattālakan granted one sacred perpetual lamp.

Kantan ....... granted one sacred perpetual lamp.

..... kātan Nakkan granted one evening lamp.

..... tavan Tevan granted one evening lamp. Táran Căttan granted one evening lamp.

..... Tevan granted one evening lamp.

Palavan......nti granted one evening lamp

Nănāteciyan Konnāvil Venkātan granted one bronze gong and one bronze bell

From the 308th day of the 20th year (of the same reign) Cenkulavan Katampan granted one sacred perpetual lamp.

The Lord of Palaipākkam gifted a 'pattam' (jewel) and one 'kalancu' of gold.

The Lord of Marunkur granted .....'kalañcu' of gold.

..... Cattan granted .... kalancu of gold ...... . with the 9 cows

......ulakku (measured) by the Rājakesari......ulakku...

|Translated by [[K. Indrapala]],<ref name="Indrapala5">{{cite book |last1=Indrapala |first1=K.|title=Epigraphia Tamilica: A journal of Tamil Epigraphy|date=1971 |publisher=Jaffna Archaeological Society|pages=35}}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Padaviya Rajaraja I inscription.png|thumb|Padaviya inscription of the reign of Rajaraja I - 1005 AD]]
|}

=== Tirukketisvaram inscription in the reign of Rajaraja I, Mannar ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Tirukketisvaram inscription in the reign of Rajaraja I, Mannar
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
An inscription found at Tirukketisvaram in [[Mannar, Sri Lanka]] dated to the reign of [[Rajaraja I]] (985-1014 AD). It records an endowment to a Hindu temple.<ref name="Pathmanathan12">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 146-165.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Tāli Kumaran, the uṭaiyān of Cirukurranallur of Vēlārnātu in Kshatriyaśikhāmaṇi vāḷanātu, a division of Cōlamaṇṭalam constructed the temple of Rājarāja-iśvaram at Mātottam otherwise called Rājarājapuram in Ilam otherwise called Mummuti cōḷamaṇṭalam.

To this temple, a perpetual grant is made in the following order.

Henceforth he shall remit (to this temple) daily an amount of two vaṭṭam from the incomes collected from those passing through the roads leading to Nakañaikoti nāṭu otherwise called Arumolittēva vaḷanāṭu and the amount collected as tax from the category of lands called piṭilikai.

The (annual) festival lasting for seven days including the day of Vicākam, in the month of Vaiyyāci (May–June) shall be conducted with the amounts accumulated from the taxes from the weavers' looms in this city, from the levy called vaṭṭam and from the incomes collected from crossings and boats.

Moreover, the water cutting ceremony also shall be performed.

The lands situated within the four boundaries.... the Rājarājapperunteru (road) on the west and the hamlet of the artisans on the north, with the exclusion of the house, mansion and garden(s) of Kunran Tāman, a resident of this city, and inclusive of five poles (kōl) to the north, are granted as a tax-free tēvātāṇam to this temple.

Levies shall be collected from the weavers' looms in this city at the rate of one-eighth of an akkam per month and from the sellers and buyers of commodities at the rate of one vaṭṭam per kācu of their value.

From the amounts thus collected sacred meals shall be served thrice daily by cooking two measures for each session and six measures in all for a day. Paddy and oil shall be supplied daily for two young Brahmins conducting worship and to the one who administers the pilgrims' rest....'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan12" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Rajaraja tiruketishwaram 1.png|thumb|Tirukketisvaram inscription in the reign of Rajaraja I (985-1014 AD)]]
[[File:Rajaraja tiruketiswaram.png|thumb|Tirukketisvaram inscription in the reign of Rajaraja I (985-1014 AD)]]
|}

=== Tirukketisvaram inscriptions in the reign of Rajendra Chola I, Mannar ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Tirukketisvaram inscriptions in the reign of Rajendra Chola I, Mannar
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Two fragmentary inscriptions found on a pillar at Tirukketisvaram in [[Mannar, Sri Lanka]] dated to the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1014-1044 AD). One inscription contains the initial portion of a eulogy to the king celebrating his conquests. The other records an endowment to a Hindu temple.<ref name="Pathmanathan13">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 166-177.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail! (Prosperity)

In the....... year of Kō - Parakēcarivarmar, Utaiyār Sri Rājendracola - tēvar, during whose long life (in which) the great Goddess of the earth, the Goddess of Victory in battle and the beautiful and matchless Goddess of Fortune, who had become his great queens, gave him pleasure, while (his own) illustrious queen was prospering -

- conquered with (his) great and warlike army Itaiturai-nāṭu (Raichur Doab), Vanāvasi, the roads (to which are bounded by) continuous walls of trees; Kollippakkai, whose walls were surrounded by culḷi trees; Maṇṇaikkaṭakkam (Karnataka) of unapproachable strength the crown of the King of Ilam, (which is situated in the midst of) the rough sea; the exceedingly beautiful crown of the queen of the King of that (country); the beautiful crown which the Pāṇdya King had left (in the custody of the King of Ilam) with him; the pearl-necklace of Indra; the whole of Ilamaṇṭalam surrounded by the waves of the ocean; the crown praised by many, a family inheritance, which was worn by the King of Keraḷa who had an army of formidable strength...'

'I (Cankaran) Tēvan, the uṭaiyān of Cirukuḷattūr, serving as a member of the body called peruntanam of the illustrious Rājendra Cola Tēvar hāve made this endowment for burning (two) twilight lamp(s) at the shrine of the God (Māhatēvar) of Tiruvirāmiśvaram in Mātōṭṭam otherwise called Rājarājapuram.

(The lamps have to be maintained) when the God of the temple is taken in procession on (the night of the eleventh day of) the dark half of the fortnight, with effect from the (coming) month of Āni (June–July)

(The endowment comprises) two kācu given to the cankarappāṭiyar of this city; one kācu deposited with the betel dealers of this city and one kācu deposited with the plantain dealers of this city.

From the interest accrued from this deposit (twilight lamps shall be maintained)...'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan13" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Rajendra tiruketiswaram inscription .png|thumb|Tirukketisvaram inscriptions of the reign of Rajendra Chola I (1014-1044 AD)]]
[[File:Rajendra tiruketiswaram inscription 2.png|thumb|Tirukketisvaram inscriptions of the reign of Rajendra Chola I (1014-1044 AD)]]
|}

=== Pathirakali Amman temple inscription of Rajendra Chola I, Trincomalee ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Pathirakali Amman temple inscription of Rajendra Chola I, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Fragmentary inscription from the [[Pathirakali Amman Temple]], [[Trincomalee]] recording a eulogy of [[Rajendra Chola I]].
| align=left |

{{blockquote|'Hail. Prosperity- in (his) life of high prosperity, (during which he) rejoiced that, while fortune, having become constant, was increasing, the goddess of the great earth, the goddess of victory in battle, and the matchless goddess of fame had become his great queens, conquered with (his) great and war like army Idaiturai nätu;

Vanaväsi, whose warriors (were protected by) walls of continuous forests;

Kollippäkkai, whose walls were surrounded by sulli (trees);

Mannaikkadakam of unapproachable strength;

the crown of the king of Ilam, who came to close quarters in fighting; the exceedingly beautiful crown of the queen of the king of that (country);

the crown of Sundara and the pearl - necklace of Indra, which the king of the south (ie., the Pändya) had previously given up to that (king of llam);

the whole Ilam mandalam on the transparent sea; the crown praised by many and the garland of the sun, family treasures, which the arrow-shooting (king of) Kerala rightfully wore and the many ancient islands whose old and great guard was the sea, which sounds with conches;

the crown of pure gold, worthy of Lakshmi, which Parasuräma, having considered the fortifications of Sändimattivu impregnable, had deposited (there), when, raging with anger, (he) bound the kings twenty-one times;

the seven and a half lakhs as of Iratta-Pädi, (which was) strong by nature, (the conquest of which was accompanied) with immeasurable fame, (and which he took from) Jayasimha, who, out of fear (and) full of vengeance, turned his back at Muyangi and hid himself;

and the principal great mountains, (which contained) the nine treasures.
|Translated by S. Gunasingam,<ref>{{cite book |last=Gunasingam |first = S. |title=Three Cola Inscriptions from Trincomalee|date=1979 |page=11 |language=en }}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Slab inscription of Rajendra Chola I from Trincomalee Fort ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Slab inscription of Rajendra Chola I from Trincomalee Fort
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Slab inscription from [[Fort Fredrick]] recording a eulogy of [[Rajendra Chola I]].
| align=left |

{{blockquote|'In the year (of his reign) of Kô-Parakesarivarman, alias the Lord Sri Räjendra Côladeva, who conquered with (his) great and warlike army, the camp of Mannai, whose strength (i. e. fortifications) was unapproachable;

the crown of the king of Ilam, who came to close quarters in fighting;

the exceedingly beautiful crown of the queen of that (king) the beautiful crown and Indra's pearl-necklace which the king of the south (i.e. the Pändya) had previously deposited with that (king of Ilam);

the whole Ilamandalam on the transparent sea;

the crown praised by many and the garland (emitting) beautiful rays, - family treasures, which the kings of Kerala, whose armies overcame (opponents), rightfully wore;

(and) many ancient islands, whose old and great guard was the sea, which resounds with conches
|Translated by S. Gunasingam,<ref>{{cite book |last=Gunasingam |first = S. |title=Three Cola Inscriptions from Trincomalee|date=1979 |page=20 |language=en }}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Two fragmentary Chola Inscriptions from Kayts Fort, Jaffna ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Two fragmentary Chola Inscriptions from Kayts Fort, Jaffna
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Two fragmentary Chola inscriptions from [[Kayts]] fort, [[Jaffna District|Jaffna]] recording a eulogy to a [[viceroy]] of [[Rajendra Chola I]] celebrating his conquests.<ref name="Pathmanathan14">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 178-185.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail! Prosperity. (The agent of Rajendra (Cola tevar) who is exercising authority as the supreme commander and seized and took away from Ilam otherwise called mummuṭicola-maṇṭalam the crown that was the inheritance of the Pandya (lineage of) kings, the crown of the King of Ilam, the crown of his queen and his consorts)'

'Hail! Prosperity. (At) Mātōttam otherwise called Irācarácapu(ram), Jayaňkonta Cola Muvēntavēḷār, who is invested with (supreme) authority, conquered the whole of Ilam and took away the King of Ilam and his consort (queen)'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan14" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Kayts fort chola.png|thumb|Two fragmentary Chola Inscriptions from Kayts Fort - 11th century AD]]
|}

=== Siva Devale No. 2 inscription, Polonnaruwa ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Siva Devale No. 2 inscription, Polonnaruwa
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A record of an endowment made to the Siva temple in Pulanari (Tamilised form of [[Polonnaruwa]]).<ref name="Pathmanathan15">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 186-189.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Having received 124 cows he shall supply three ulakku and one alakku of ghee daily for burning lamps perpetually (until the moon and the sun last) at the temple of this God established at Jananātapuram otherwise called Pulanari (a subdivision) of Nikariliccōla- vaḷanāṭu. The cows shall be considered as those that do not grow old or die.'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan15" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Siva Devale No.2 inscription.png|thumb|Siva Devale No.2 Tamil inscription, [[Polonnaruwa]]]]
|}

=== Three fragmentary Chola inscriptions from Polonnaruwa ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Three fragmentary Chola inscriptions from Polonnaruwa
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Fragmentary [[Polonnaruwa]] inscriptions from the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1014-1044 AD) recording endowments to a temple.<ref name="Pathmanathan16">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 190-194.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'A perpetual lamp shall be burned at this shrine by supplying ghee (of the amount of)... ulakku. For that purpose made an endowment of a tirunontā viḷakku (perpetual lamp) and 80 cows for burning it with an uninterrupted supply of ghee at the rate of an uri (half a measure) per day.'

'A lamp of alloyed metal (tarānilal viḷakku), two spans in length (has been granted) and also thirty cows for supplying ghee at the rate of an ulakku per day, with which the lamp should be burned at this temple (ittēvarkku)
'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan16" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Chola inscriptions polonnaruwa.png|thumb|Fragmentary Polonnaruwa Tamil inscriptions]]
|}

=== Three fragmentary Chola inscriptions from Siva Devale No. 2, Polonnaruwa ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Three fragmentary Chola inscriptions from Siva Devale No. 2, Polonnaruwa
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Fragmentary inscriptions from [[Polonnaruwa]] that initially recorded an endowment to the temple 'Vānavanmātēvi - isvaram'. A eulogy to [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1014-1044 AD) is also present.<ref name="Pathmanathan17">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 195-198.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail Prosperity.

In the - year of Parakēcarivarmar uṭaiyār Śri Rājendra Cola tēvar during whose long life in which, the great goddess of the earth, the goddess of victory in battles and the beautiful and matchless goddess of fortune, who had become his great queens, gave him pleasure, while (his own) illustrious queen was prospering, conquered with (his) great and warlike army Iṭaituraināṭu, Vanavāsi, the roads (to) which are bounded by continuous rows of trees and Kollippākkai...'

'(also) the (image) of the deity residing at Vānavanmātēvi - isvaram'

'(Having) set up the image of Alakiya Maṇavāḷar'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan17" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Siva Devale 2 Tamil inscription 1.png|thumb|Tamil inscription 1 from Siva Devale No. 2 - 11th century AD]]
[[File:Siva Devale 2 Tamil inscription 2.png|thumb|Tamil inscription 2 from Siva Devale No. 2 - 11th century AD]]
|}

=== Four short inscriptions from Siva Devale No. 1, Padaviya ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Four short inscriptions from Siva Devale No. 1, Padaviya
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Inscriptions engraved on stones built into the walls at the temple recording endowments. They are dated to the early 11th century in the reign of [[Raja Raja Chola I]] (985-1014 AD).<ref name="Pathmanathan18">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 199-203.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'1. (This) stone (was) laid by Nārāyanan, the ūṭaiyān of
Tiruccirrampalam (Chidambaram).

2. Hail prosperity. This stone was laid by (Varutan Tirumāl..)
This stone was laid by Uttamarālaiyan.

3. Hail prosperity. This stone was laid by Alakan Uttaman
otherwise called Tēci(c) cettiyārāṇa Ayyattunaic cetti.

4. Hail prosperity. This stone was laid by Tani Appan, the
merchant from Pati.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan18" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Siva Devale No. 1 Tamil inscriptions, Padaviya.png|thumb|Siva Devale No. 1 Tamil inscriptions, Padaviya]]
|}

=== Kantaḷāy Chola Lankeswaran inscription, Trincomalee ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kantaḷāy Chola Lankeswaran inscription, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Tamil inscription found in [[Kantalai Divisional Secretariat|Kantaḷāy]], [[Trincomalee District]] in the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1014-1044 AD). It records a meeting in the [[Brahmadeya]] (Brahmin village) when a Chola [[viceroy]] Lankeswaran was ruling.<ref name="Pathmanathan19">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 204-217.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail prosperity. We the members of the great assembly of the brahmadeya called Rājarāja - caturvedimankalam of Rājendracolavaḷanāṭu otherwise called Rājaviccātira-vaḷaṇāṭu, having met in the night of Tuesday, when the star Ayiliyam was ascendant, and which was the twelfth day of the month of Kumbha (Māci) in the tenth year of King Sri Cankavarmar His majesty ColaIlankesvara Tēvar.... mūttavakai-Kōyil Māni, who is the collector of revenues of our úr (town or village)'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan19" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Kantalay Chola Lankeswaran inscription.png|thumb|Kantaḷāy Chola Lankeswaran inscription - 11th century AD]]

|}

=== Mānānkēni Chola Lankeswaran inscription, Trincomalee ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Mānānkēni Chola Lankeswaran inscription, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Tamil inscription found in Mānānkēni, [[Trincomalee District]] in the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1014-1044 AD) when a Chola [[viceroy]] Lankeswaran was ruling. It refers to constructional activity at the [[Koneswaram Temple]].<ref name="Gunasingam2">{{cite book |last1=Gunasingam|first1=S.|title=Two inscriptions of Cola Ilankesvara Deva |date=1974 |publisher=Peradeniya : Akurana Printers}} p. 1-22</ref>
| align=left |

{{blockquote| The inscription is in a fragmented form and cannot be fully translated. It refers to the viceroy Sri Cola Ilankesvara Devar and the Koneswaram temple.}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Sangilikanadarawa Chola inscription, Anuradhapura ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Sangilikanadarawa Chola inscription, Anuradhapura
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Tamil inscription found in Sangilikanadarawa, [[Anuradhapura District|Anuradhapura]] in the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1014-1044 AD). The inscription registers the grant of land and the deposit of some money on interest by a Chola army chief Jayamurinātālavān to a temple.<ref name="Indrapala1965">Indrapala, K. (1965). Dravidian settlements in Ceylon and the beginnings of the kingdom of Jaffna. PhD thesis. University of London. p.107-109</ref>
| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Diyavinna inscription, Sabaragamuwa ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Diyavinna inscription, Sabaragamuwa
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A Tamil inscription found in Diyavinna, [[Sabaragamuwa province|Sabaragamuva]] stating that a person named 'Virabhavanan Dahalabhha Mallam' arrived at this place. His warrior name suggests that he may have been a Chola soldier operating against the [[Principality of Ruhuna|Rohana]] princes in the central highlands. Alternatively, he may just be an adventurer.<ref name="Indrapala1965"/>
| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Sixteen Tamil Buddhist inscriptions from Velgam Vihara, Trincomalee ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Sixteen Tamil Buddhist inscriptions from Velgam Vihara, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
16 Tamil inscriptions recording donations by Tamil Buddhists to the ancient [[Velgam Vehera]] in [[Trincomalee District]] dated to the period of [[Chola]] rule (993-1070 AD).

Eulogies to the Chola kings are also found here.

The temple was renamed and reconstructed as Rajarajapperumpaḷḷi (Great Vihara of [[Rajaraja I]]).

The base mouldings of this vihara are of Dravidian architecture and differ from other Buddhist edifices in the island.

[[Senarath Paranavithana]] describes it as the only known example of 'a Tamil Buddhist paḷḷi' preserved up to the present day.<ref name="Pathmanathan20">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 218-240.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|

'Hail! Prosperity!

While (the Goddess of) Fortune was constantly growing, (and) while the great (Goddess named) Lady Earth, the Lady of Victory in Battle and the damsel (named) Matchless Fame having become his great queens, were rejoicing, [he conquered], in [his] life of high prosperity,

Itaiturai - nātu, Vanavāci, which is encircled by a continuous hedge of forest, Kollippakkai whose ramparts were surrounded by 'culli' (trees), Mannaikkaṭakkam whose fortifications were unapproachable, the crown of the King of Ilam (Ceylon) (protected by the) warlike sea, the exceedingly beautiful crown of his queen and the fine crown and the garland of Intiran (Indra) which the Tennavar (ie, the Pandya ruler) had (previously) deposited with the former (i. e., the King of Ceylon), and the whole of Ila - maṇṭalam (Province of Ceylon) (surrounded) by the clear sea, the crown praised by many and the garland emitting red rays - the heirlooms - which were rightfully worn by the Keraḷan with the victorious army, the many ancient islands whose old great guard was the ocean which makes the conches resound, the crown of pure gold, worthy of Tiru (Laksmi) that had been deposited in Cantimattivu, in view of its strong fortress, by Parasuraman who, roused in war, had uprooted the kings (everywhere) twenty - one times, and.....out of fear and to his great disrepute, turned his back at Muyanki and hid.....'

'(Rajendra Cōla captured) Iraṭtapăṭi Seven and a Half Lakhs (which was) strong by nature, and vast quantities of the nine kinds of treasure, together with the inestimable reputation of Jayacinkan (Jayasinha), who turned his back at Muyanki and hid himself, Cakkarakkottam whose warriors were brave, Maturamaṇṭalam destroyed in a trice, the prosperous (city of) Namanaikkonam with its dense groves, Pañcappaḷḷi with fierce and angry warriors, Mācuṇitēcam with its green fields; a full... together with many (other) treasures (which he carried away), after having captured Intiraratan (Indraratha) of the ancient race of the moon, together with (his) family in the battle at Atinakar (a city), whose great fame knew no decline.....'

'.......the ancient Malaiyur with the strong mountain for its rampart, Māyiruṭinkam, which is surrounded by the deep sea that is the moat, Ilankācākam, which is undaunted in fierce battles, Māppappālam, which is defended by abundant water, Mēviḷimpankam, which is defended by fine walls, Vaḷaippantūru which has 'viḷaippantūru', Talaittakkōlam, which is praised by men proficient in the arts, Māttāmalinkam (which is a place) of fierce and cruel battles, Ilāmuritēcam whose fierce strength makes (those who wage) war disintegrate, Mānakkavāram, in whose extensive flower gardens honey was collecting, Kitāram, of fierce strength, which is guarded by the deep sea'

'Atitta-p-pēraraiyan Sri Palavan (Satyāśrayan) (the uṭaiyān) of Putukkuṭi granted 1 perpetual lamp and 84 cows to Velka-vēram otherwise called Rajaraja-perum paḷḷi in Māṇāvatiḷānāṭu,'

'In the 12th year of King Parakēcari-panmar otherwise called Sri Rajendra Coḷa-tēvar, Tariyanan Puvaṇatēvam of Kōlam granted 1 perpetual lamp and 4 kācu to the tēvar of Velkavēram. May the members of the Sangha in this monastery provide the oil for the lamp.'

'The fifteenth year of the illustrious Rājendra Cōla Tēvar. Granted 35 cows and five buffaloes for the sake of merit, to the Buddha of Rājarājap-perumpaḷḷi otherwise called Velkam Vēram of Manāvāttilā kāmam in Viraparakēcari vaḷaṇāṭu otherwise called Mēvat (tila valanatu) in Mummuticola-maṇṭalam.'

'Hail! Prosperity. In the 15th year of King Parakēcarivarmar Rājendracōla Tēvar who conquered Pūrvatēcam, (the Country of the Ganges and Kaṭāram) Kāyānku uṭaiyān Amutan-Căttan granted ten buffaloes as an offering for (the purpose of supplying) three ulakku (of ghee) daily for (maintaining) one perpetual lamp which was set up, so that it may burn as long as the sun and moon last, for (the benefit of) the Puttar (Buddha) of Velkam Vēram otherwise called Rājarāja-p-perumpaḷḷi at Velkāmam in Irājendracinka vaḷanāṭu otherwise called Abhayāśraya-vaḷanātu.'

'On the fifth day of the ... fortnight, which day was a Thursday and a day on which the naksatra was pucam (Skt. 'Pusya') a standing lamp of alloyed metal was granted. (May) this burn as a sacred perpetual lamp as long as the sun and moon last.'

'The perpetual lamp given by Kantan Yakkan of Erānāṭu.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan20" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Velgam Vihara Tamil inscriptions, 11th century AD.png|thumb|Velgam Vihara Tamil inscription, 11th century AD]]
[[File:Velgam Vihara Tamil inscriptions, 11th century AD b.png|thumb|Velgam Vihara Tamil inscription, 11th century AD]]
[[File:Velgam Vihara Tamil inscription, 11th century AD c.png|thumb|Velgam Vihara Tamil inscription, 11th century AD]]
[[File:Velgam Vihara Tamil inscriptions, 11th century AD d.png|thumb|Velgam Vihara Tamil inscription, 11th century AD]]
[[File:Velgam Vihara Tamil inscriptions, 11th century AD e.png|thumb|Velgam Vihara Tamil inscription, 11th century AD]]
[[File:Velgam Vihara Tamil inscriptions, 11th century AD f.png|thumb|Velgam Vihara Tamil inscription, 11th century AD]]
|}

=== Atakada inscription recording endowment to Saiva Temple ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Atakada inscription recording endowment to Saiva Temple
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Atakada inscription recording an endowment to a Siva temple of the 11th century AD called Uttamacola isvaram in [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka]].<ref name="Pathmanathan21">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 241-244.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'I, Arankan Irāmēsan, have made an endowment to the temple of Uttamacōḷa-īśvaram, of three vēli of land at Teliyalpērru of Kallai and 20 cows for maintaining a perpetual lamp. Besides (a land with) fifty coconut trees has been given for burning five twilight lamps.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan21" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Atakada Tamil inscription, 11th century AD..png|thumb|Atakada Tamil inscription, 11th century AD.]]
|}

=== Four pillar inscriptions from Polonnaruwa ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Four pillar inscriptions from Polonnaruwa
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Four pillar inscriptions found near Siva Devale. No. 5 recording the names of [[Chola]] officials in [[Polonnaruwa]].<ref name="Pathmanathan22">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 245-250.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'1. Tiruppūvaṇi tēvan, the uṭaiyān of Mōkaṇūr

2. Tiyākacintāmaṇi, a mūvēntavēḷān, the chieftain of Tillai.

3. Karpavali, the daughter of Mukari-nātāḷvān

4. Pañcanetivāṇaṇ, the uṭaiyān of Nallūr'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan22" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Four pillar inscriptions from Polonnaruva, 11th century AD.png|thumb|Four pillar inscriptions from Polonnaruva, 11th century AD]]
|}

=== Ainnurruvar Slab inscription from Ataragala, Puttalam ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Ainnurruvar Slab inscription from Ataragala, Puttalam
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Slab inscription found in Ataragala, [[Puttalam District]] recording the construction of a building for Tamil merchants ([[Ainnurruvar]]) attached to a Chola military unit in the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1014–1054).<ref name="Pathmanathan23">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 251-264.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail Prosperity! In the twenty-fourth year of the illustrious King Rajendra Colan, they constructed the elegant building called (temple) Ayirattaññürruvan - ampalam for the Aññurruvar attached to the virar-vēḷam of selected heroes of Irācēntira - Colan.

In the twenty-fourth year of Parakēcari tēvar who conquered Purvatēcam, the country of the Ganges and Kaṭāram, Pelavān araiyan, a leader of the warriors of the Nānādesis, caused to be constructed this strong and beautiful Aññurruvan - ampalam, which is becoming famous as more and more people seek protection under your name'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan23" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Ataragala Tamil inscription.png|thumb|Ataragala Tamil inscription]]
|}

=== Colombo museum Rajendra Chola II inscription ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Colombo museum Rajendra Chola II inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Pillar inscription set up in the reign of [[Rajendra Chola II]] (1054-1063 AD). It records the establishment of a Vishnu temple in the southern part of Anuradhapura, and the donations made to it by an agent of the king.<ref name="Pathmanathan24">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 265-288.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'In the second (regal) year of the heroic (King) Rājendra devar, the celebrated victor at the battle field of Koppam, the chieftain Pallavarāyan Mūvēntavēḷān who resembles Puruşōttaman (Krishna) in beauty, had caused the construction of the Vişnu temple called Mummuṭicola Viṇṇakar in the southern part of Anurādhapura.

This chieftain, who possessed wealth in abundance, also caused to be made a lying-in chamber with a canopy of peacock feathers for the Lord adorned with brilliant ornaments, who was in a tall sitting posture.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan24" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Colombo museum Rajendra Chola II inscription, 1054-1063 AD.png|thumb|Colombo museum Rajendra Chola II inscription, 1054-1063 AD]]
|}

=== Medirigiriya Tamil slab inscription, Polonnaruwa ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Medirigiriya Tamil slab inscription, Polonnaruwa
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Inscription found in [[Medirigiriya]], [[Polonnaruwa District]] dated to 1054 AD in the reign of [[Rajendra Chola II]]. It records donations to a Hindu temple in the area.<ref name="Pathmanathan25">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 289-293.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail prosperity. The second year of King Parakēcari-panmar śri Rājendra Colan.

Valavan Pilāttūaravan who is one (of the warriors) among the Ilaiya Mummuṭicola Aṇukkar and of the perumpaṭai (Great Army), granted 26 cows for burning a perpetual lamp (that he had) granted in the name of his son... Nārāyaṇan to the God of Pantitacōla-iśvaram at Nittavinōtapuram otherwise called Manṭalakiri.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan25" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Medigiriya Tamil inscription - 11th century AD.png|thumb|Medigiriya Tamil inscription - 11th century AD]]
|}

=== Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription, Polonnaruwa ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription, Polonnaruwa
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Inscriptions from the Vanavanmatevi-isvaram, [[Polonnaruwa]] in the reign of [[Athirajendra Chola]] (1067-1070 AD) recording a eulogy to the king and endowments made to the temple. The administration of the temple is also outlined in this inscription.<ref name="Pathmanathan26">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 294-306.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail Prosperity. While (the King's) white parasol was raised, expanding like the moon, diffusing sweet mercy on all creatures that abide on the globe, and affording royal protection; while (his) sceptre rightfully swayed all the quarters; (and) while the matchless wheel (of his authority) rolled about the universe that is invigorated by the rays of the sun, the progenitor of his lineage (kulam); (he) took as his consorts in wedlock (vatuvai) the goddess of the beautiful (lotus) flower (Lakşmi), whose austerities (thus) bore fruit, the goddess of the great earth, the goddess of fame, (who resembles) a parrot in beauty, and the matchless goddess of (victory) in war, and adorned (them) with crowns of brilliant Jewels as his rightful queens while the kings of this vast earth worshipped his feet by turns, and wearing as his ornament qualities of heroism and liberality and having established laws of Manu and his fame, (kankaikonṭa) colp-pallavaraju a vellalan of Mankalappaṭi in Virpēṭṭu-nāṭu, a subdivision of kottam in Colamaṇṭalam, made this endowment of a perpetual lamp (tirunonta vilakku) and five (gold) kācu for burning it daily with one ulakku of oil, at the temple of Vānavan mātēvi-iśvaram situated at Jananatamankalam in Rājarājendracola-valanātu, with effect from the month of Cittirai (April–May).

The administration of this endowment shall be the responsibility of the Brāhmaṇa kramavittan of Kōmatam who conducts worship (at the temple) in his capacity as one among those who perform services (within the innermost precinits) and dressed in garments of silk (as a mark of distinction); Tillaināyaka pattan, a Sivabrahmaṇa of this temple; the uvaccan;... kankaikontacola... ācāriyan; Rājādhirāja Muttakkarai-naṭāḷvān, who is responsible for providing protection in the capacity on an araiyan (leader of a military group); the overseers (kaṇkāṇi) of the māheśvaras (worshippers) at this temple; (the dancers:)... kaňkaikonṭa-colamānikkam, Kāman Tiruvi otherwise called Kōtukula Manikkam, Küttan Irājendra vitaňka-mānikkam, Kōvintan Āṭavallāṇ otherwise called Nārpatteṇṇāyira-māṇikkam, Tēvankāmi otherwise called Rajendracola - māṇikkam, Tēvan Uyyavantān otherwise called Muṭikontacola - mānikkam and those who perform the sacred duties assigned to them, by turns in rotation after them at this temple, those supervising the Māhesvaras, the residents of the nātu (nātřār); those who prepare the sacred offerings (paricārakar) and those conducting worship at the sacred feet of God in the sanctum having agreed to burn a perpetual lamp till the moon and the sun endure, received five kācu and one lamp of bell metal 2 spans and 4 fingers long. This endowment is under protection of the Māhesvaras.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan26" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription 5, 11th century AD.png|thumb|Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription, 11th century AD]]
[[File:Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription, 11th century AD.png|thumb|Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription, 11th century AD]]
[[File:Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription 2, 11th century AD.png|thumb|Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription, 11th century AD]]
[[File:Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription 3.png|thumb|Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription, 11th century AD]]
[[File:Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription 4, 11th century AD.png|thumb|Vanavanmatevi-isvaram inscription, 11th century AD]]

|}

=== Chola inscription from Jaffna Fort ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Chola inscription from Jaffna Fort
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
The oldest Tamil stone inscription found in [[Jaffna]]. The record was originally set up in a Hindu temple in [[Nallur, Jaffna]] between 1018 and 1021 AD in the reign of [[Rajendra Chola I]].

The fragmentary inscription records the donation of livestock to the temple by a donor called Cattan.<ref name="Indrapala3">{{cite book |last1=Indrapala |first1=K.|title=Epigraphia Tamilica: A journal of Tamil Epigraphy|date=1971 |publisher=Jaffna Archaeological Society|pages=52–64}}</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail! Prosperity! While (the Goddess of) Fortune was constantly growing, (and) while the great (Goddess named) Lady Earth, the Lady of Victory in Battle and the damsel (named) Matchless Fame having become his great queens, were rejoicing, in [his] life of high prosperity,'

(Rajendra I)...conquered, with his great and warlike army, Itaiturai-nāṭu (Raichur Doab), Vanāvasi which is encircled by a continuous hedge of forest, Kollippakkal whose ramparts were surrounded by cuḷḷi trees, Maṇṇaikkaṭakkam (Karnataka) whose fortifications were unapproachable, the crown of the king of Ilam (protected by the) warlike sea, the exceedingly beautiful crowns of his queen and the fine crown and garland of Intiran (Indra) which the Tennavar (i.e. the Pandyan ruler) had (previously) deposited with the former (king of Ceylon) and the whole of Ila-mandalam (province of Ceylon) (surrounded) by the clear sea, the crown praised by many and the garland emitting red rays - the heirlooms - which were rightfully worn by the Keralan with the victorious army, the many ancient islands whose old, great guard was the ocean which makes the conches resound, the crown of pure gold, worthy of Tiru (Lakshmi) that had been deposited in Cantimattivu, in view of its strong fortress by Paracuraman who roused in war, had uprooted the kings (everywhere) twenty one times.

The illustrious Rajendra Cola Tevar.........I........an Cattan,......of....(granted) ten (?)......, that neither die nor age, for (obtaining)......ghee,.......till the sun and moon last.....for......lamp.....set up......(at)......Nallur,....(in) Ilam alias Mum.............'
|Translated by [[K. Indrapala]],<ref name="Indrapala3" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Chola era Tamil inscriptions from Thirumangalai, Trincomalee ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Chola era Tamil inscriptions from Thirumangalai, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Three Tamil slab inscriptions dating to the Chola era (993-1070 AD), were found in the ruins of a Siva temple in Thirumangalai, [[Trincomalee District]].<ref>[http://tamildiplomat.com/1000-years-old-tamil-epigraphs-found-ruins-sivan-temple-located-jungles-trincomalee/ 1000 years old Tamil epigraphs found in the ruins of Sivan temple located in jungles of Trincomalee].(2017)</ref>
| align=left |

{{blockquote|
The inscriptions record administrative regulations of the temple as well as donations from officials like Siṟṟampalam Uṭaiyāi, Tiruveṇṇaikkūṭṟaṉ Tiruvarahiruvarańkam and others.<ref name="pushpa2021">{{cite journal |last1=Pushparatnam|first1=P |date=2021 |title=Recently Discovered Ruins of Civaṉ Temple with Tamil Inscriptions at Tirumańkalᾱi Area in Trincomalai District, Sri Lanka|url=https://www.thejsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/JJSA_2021-03-Research-Article-Pushparatnam.pdf|journal=Journal of Jaffna Science Association |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=24–31 |doi= }}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Ainnurruvar Polonnaruva Bolappaḷḷi inscription ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Ainnurruvar Polonnaruva Bolappaḷḷi inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
An 11th century inscription found in the remains of a Saiva temple between the North gate of the medieval city of [[Polonnaruwa]] and the Rankot Vihara.

It records the close connection Tamil merchants ([[Ainnurruvar]]) had with Buddhist shrines (paḷḷi) in the city.<ref name="Pathmanathan27">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 347-350.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail prosperity! This Bolāppaḷḷi of Bagicinakay is the perum paḷḷi of the "Annārruvar of the thousand directions, the Nānātēci of the eighteen countries, who are renowned in all directions".'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan27" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Ainnurruvar Bolappalli inscription, 11th century AD i.png|thumb|Ainnurruvar Bolappaḷḷi inscription, 11th century AD]]
|}

== Polonnaruwa period (1070–1215 AD) ==

Following the expulsion of the Cholas, [[Vijayabahu I|Vijayabāhu I]] retained their administrative structure and made significant changes only at the top.<ref name="Indrapala14" /> The reference to a register of Tamil clerks (''Demaḷa lesdaru pota'') in Vijayabāhu's Panakaduva Copper Plate inscription points to his employment of Tamil officers in the administration. Possibly many of them continued in service from the time of Chola rule.<ref name="Indrapala14">{{cite book |last1=Indrapala |first1=K.|title=The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity - The Tamils of Sri Lanka 300 B.C.E to 1200 C.E. |date=2005|isbn=0-646-42546-3}} p. 251</ref>

=== Vēḷaikkārar slab inscription of Vijayabahu I, Polonnaruwa ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Vēḷaikkārar slab inscription of Vijayabahu I, Polonnaruwa
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
An inscription engraved by Tamil Vēḷaikkārar troops in the 12th century AD celebrating the reign of [[Vijayabahu I]]. The Vēḷaikkārar also pledge to protect the Tooth Relic temple.<ref name="Pathmanathan30b">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 455-482.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail Prosperity. The Tooth Relic temple constructed at Pulastipura, by Deva, the senāpati, on the order of King Sri Vijayabāhu, and the temples in its neighbourhood shall be protected by the combined army of the Veḷaikkāra forces, till the end of this world at the junction of the kalpas. Worship to the Buddha.

King Sanghabodhivarmar otherwise called chakravarttikal Vijayabāhudevar, who was born in the lineage of Ikşvāku of the solar dynasty in the resplendent isle of Lanka, subdued many enemies, entered Anuradhapuram and went through the ceremony of coronation with the blessings of the Sangha for the sake of protecting the Buddhasāsana.

He lived for 73 years and reigned for 55 years in accordance with the ten principles of regal duty after bringing the whole of Lanka under the single canopy of his dominion.

He invited monks from Arumanam (Burma) and effected a purification of the communities of monks of the three nikāyas, conducted three tulābhāra ceremonies and distributed valuables (equal to his weight) among the monks of the three nikāyas.

He caused the Abhayagiri mahāvihāram to be constructed at Pulanari otherwise called Vijayarājapuram by appointing that purpose Nuvarakal Deva, a commander of the army.

Uttoruḷmūḷai is the principal monastery of the Abhayagiri mahāvihāram.

Attached to it is the Daḷadāypperumpalḷi, the permanent repository of the divine lords, the Tooth and Alms Bowl Relics which are like unto the crest jewels of the three worlds.

It is also the image house for the beneficent colossal stone image of buddhamahādevar where the annual festival of applying paint (or collyrium) is performed and bliss is conferred at sight.

The mahāsthavira vyārini Mugalan, the royal preceptor, well versed in all religious doctrines and branches of learning, of exemplary conduct and behaviour, invited us while he was seated at Uttoruḷmūḷai in the presence of the King's ministers and said: "The great temple of the Tooth Relic should be under your protection."

Thereupon, we the members of the great army assembled together, and having invited for the meeting the Valanceyar, who are our patrons, and also the nakarattār and others who always accompany us, invested the temple of the Tooth Relic with the illustrious name mūnrukait tiruvēlaikkaran daḷadāyp perumpaḷḷi and resolved that it should be under our protection and maintenance, and for the purpose of this meritorious duty we undertake the responsibility of assigning one serviceman and one vēli of land from each unit of the army, to protect the villages attached to this shrine, its employees and treasures as well as those who seek refuge therein, even in the event of death and destruction caused to us, to replace the loss to the personnel and property thus assigned and to do everything required for this purpose at all times and as long as our lineage endures.

In order that this undertaking shall continue as long as the moon and the sun endure, we the illustrious Vēḷaikkārar of many categories including the valankai, itankai, cirutanam, pilḷaikaḷtanam, vatukar, malayāḷar and parivārakkontam attested this document with our own hands, and have caused it to be engraved on copper and stone.

Any one who violates this arrangement or persuades others to do so, a person who had become the enemy of the army and had betrayed the mātantiram, one who has committed heinous sins, the ruthless sinner who robs the offerings to the tēvar, pūtar and ascetics and the one who commits sacrilege against the triple gem: the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha, shall enter hell.

Forget not charity. Hail prosperity.'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan30b" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Polonnaruwa Velaikkara Slab Inscription.jpg|thumb|Polonnaruwa inscription of Vijayabahu I - 12th century AD]]
[[File:Polonnaruwa inscription of Vijayabahu I - 12th century AD.png|thumb|Polonnaruwa inscription of Vijayabahu I - 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Palamottai slab inscription in the reign of Vijayabahu I, Trincomalee ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Palamottai slab inscription in the reign of Vijayabahu I, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Slab inscription found among Saiva temple ruins in Palamottai, [[Kantalai Divisional Secretariat|Kantalai]] in the [[Trincomalee District]].

It records donations made to a Siva temple named after [[Vijayabahu I]].<ref name="Pathmanathan31">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 309-320.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail prosperity. In the 42nd year of King (Ciri-Cankabodhi) varmar otherwise called Sri Vijayabāhu - devar. Nankaicāni, the wife of the Brāhmanan Kārāmpiccettu Yajñiya Kramavittan, residing at this village, made this endowment to the God of Vijayarāja - iśvaram otherwise called Ten Kailasam in Kantaḷāy otherwise called Vijayarājacaturvvedimankalam for the merit of her husband after his death.

The endowment consists (of the following items): a crown of six kalancu of gold; a necklace of three kalañcu of gold; 1 kācu (granted) for burning one evening lamp; 8 kācu granted to a person for investment as a permanent deposit for maintaining a garden from the income; one kācu for the purpose of making up any loss to this gold; 2 kācu for making up for further losses; 23 kācu were deposited as an endowment so that the income from this amount could be used for supporting seven women dedicated to the service of God as dancing girls after having placed brand - marks on their foreheads.

This 35 kācu and nine kalancu of gold have been granted so that the perpetual endowment may continue from what is accrued as interest, the capital remaining unspent.

The Vēḷaikkārar of the selected Valankai division of Vikkirama Calāmēkan are assigned the responsibility of administering this endowment without any loss (to the items granted).'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan31" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Palamottai slab inscription .png|thumb|Palamottai slab inscription in the reign of Vijayabahu I]]
|}

=== Padaviya Virasasana inscription ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Padaviya Virasasana inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Tamil slab inscriptions of the [[Ainnurruvar]] merchants based at the merchant town of Padaviya dating to the 12th century AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan32">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 393-411.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'The Five Hundred of the thousand directions of the 18-bhūmi, who protect the entire world, who are adorned with five hundred heroic charters, who are renowned for their might, who are the children of Goddess Paramēśvari of Aiyapolil, who transact their samaya tanmam happily in 18 pattinam having streets with tall sky-scraping mansions, in 32 vēḷāpuram, and in 64 katikati-tāvalam...

...comprising ceṭṭi, ceṭṭi-puttiran, kavarai, kātrivan, kāmuntasvāmi, ōttan, ulpacumpaikkaran, palakai, kōttai,., cinkam, pāpuli-vinkam, ., mañcaraviran, mārvattumālai, ankakkāran, āvanakkāran, ..., konkavā!-700, panmai-300, Parantakavīrar, Attikōcam, Tantaḷi-nańkai-vīrar, Vaṭataḷi-naṇkai-virar, ücitolil- vāriyan, kalutai, and kalutai-më (ykkum pākan)...

...while all these were carrying on their samaya tanmai with the unswerving sceptre as their goal and with their fame known everywhere - so that righteousness may thrive and evil may dissipate,

We, the 18-bhūmi Virakkoti of Pati otherwise called Southern (ten) Aipoḷil-valapattanam including Vikrama kaṭikaittāvaḷam, having assembled in full, namely:

1. Nāṭṭuc cetti Anantan Arankan,

2. Teci valarkka vaḷarkira Korrik kāḷikana valaňkaip perumpaṭai Pillai năṭṭuc ceṭṭi,

3. ... cetti Uttama colan otherwise called ..cetti Vittiyāparaña valankaiyar Kōtukulam āḷvān Civacarancēkara nāṭṭuc cetti,

4. ... Kavarai otherwise called Virakal Coruṭai nātfuc ceṭti,

5. Cankirārru Kulakēcari otherwise called Tēci vaḷerka valkira Teci Matavārnappilḷai otherwise called Tēcic cakkaram otherwise called Matavāranm,

6. Nakkan Peruman otherwise called Teci Ankakkāran,

7. ... Kūrran otherwise called Ciruṭai nănă..,

8. Amūr ... maṭi kanka...,

9. ...ciramuṭai... Anete Antāne,

10. ... cōruṭaiya .. tēcivalarkka vaḷarkira.

11. Curri alias Kāḷikaṇa .,

12. Araiyan ... nānā....

13. Amūrăcan otherwise called by the alternate names Nāṇātēci, Koňku (puto lilan] Valankai .,

14. Tēvaṇ Ācankan .nṭan'

...decided to contribute the money (panam), cloth (pāvāṭai), and all (those) we are entitled to in this town for the lamp service to God Vitankar Valankai-Vēḷaikkaran.

...If anybody dares to do harm to this decision he should be treated as one of pigs and dogs. Thus we made this heroic charter (vira sāsanam). Do not forget charity. This stone of virataḷam was caused to be planted by Anantan Arankan

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan32" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Padaviya Virasasana.png|thumb|Padaviya Virasasana inscription, 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Kulnoor potters' inscription, Trincomalee ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kulnoor potters' inscription, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A Tamil slab inscription dating to the 11th-12th century AD, was found in [[Trincomalee]] in October 2010. It was found on land on the right side of the Koneswaram Road leading to the [[Koneswaram temple]].<ref>[https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=32850 Millennium old Tamil inscription found in Trincomalee]. (2010)</ref>
| align=left |{{blockquote|The inscription records the grant to a leader of a merchant company of pottery makers. According to the slab a village called Kulnoor was granted to the potters.<ref name="Thantilage">{{cite book |last1=Thantilage|first1=A.|title=Five Tamil inscriptions of the Trincomalee district : discoveries during the PGIAR ancient copper metallugy project at Seruwila|date=2016|pages=1–5}}</ref>
}}

|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Trinco Chola insc 1.jpg|thumb|Kulnoor potters' inscription]]
[[File:Trinco Chola insc sel.jpg|thumb|Kulnoor potters' inscription]]
[[File:Trinco Chola insc 2.jpg|thumb|Kulnoor potters' inscription]]
|}

=== Budumuttava Virakkoti inscription ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Budumuttava Virakkoti inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
An inscription by the Virakkoti, a merchant military community who the Sinhala Weerakkody are descended from.

It records an endowment made to a Buddhist temple maintained by Tamil merchants (Annuruvan-paḷḷi) as well to the deity Paramesvari after they were aided in a skirmish by the council of a merchant town in Magala.<ref name="Pathmanathan33">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 351-371.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail prosperity. They who obtained the 500 heroic charters, who are adorned by Lakşmi whose fame as heroes spreads over the entire world and who are of the lineages of śri Vāsudeva, Kandali and Mülabhadra are the children of Paramēśvari of Ayyappolil.

The perumakkaḷ (council) of Vikkiramacalāmēkapuram otherwise called Mākal honoured the patinenpūmi virakkoṭiyar in several ways.

While Valankaiyānṭān, a member of the Virakkoṭiyār, was proceeding with his associates he was obstructed by (some) enemies.

These adversaries were stabbed and our associates were released; while Konkavāḷāṇṭān had, some problems in an encounter, the enemy was caught and handed over to the (Virakkoṭit) tantiram.

Besides, they protected the Virakkotiyar in several ways and conferred the name Viramākalam to the temple of Lōkamātā who begat the Vaiśrāvaṇar (the merchant community).

For all these benefactions made by them, we have decided to grant our lamp - oil and money dues we have been collecting to the deities Paramesvari and Lōkapperum - cettiyār of Aññurruvanpaḷli.

We also relinquished the lamp-oil collected in lieu of the money dues and we shall provide a meal for the collector of the above dues and give six kācu as of old towards his cloth money.

We promise to protect this gift (according to our chivalrous tradition) Do not forget charity. This is the stone (inscription) of the virataḷam.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan33" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Budumuttava Virakkoti inscription ii.png|thumb|Budumuttava Virakkoti inscription]]
|}

=== Vahalkada slab inscription, Anurādhapura ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Vahalkada slab inscription, Anurādhapura
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
An inscription found in the Vahalkada tank in the northern part of [[Anuradhapura District]]. It records a heroic charter of various Tamil merchant and military communities in a merchant town established in the 11th century AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan34">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 372-392.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'The refuge of the whole world, The Viravalanceyar who had obtained the five-hundred heroic charters (virasāsanas), who possess the glittering long spears, who are adorned by Lakşmi who are of the lineages of Sri Vāsudeva, Kandali and Mūlabhadra, who are the children of Paramesvari of Śri Ayyappoḷil, conduct their business with exemplary patience, from the eighteen paṭṭinam with their terraced buildings, which rise so high as to mingle with the shade of moon light, the thirty-two vēlāpuram and the sixty four katikait-tāvalam, in association with the Ceṭṭis, Ceṭṭiputras, the Kavarai of the Kāsyapa lineage, Kāmuṇṭasvāmi, Ankakkārar, Avaṇakkarar... Konkavāḷar 300, and the Korrakkuṭaip panmaiyar 300.

Because of their activities the sceptre of the King is held aloft, virtue prospers, evil disappears and enemies are subdued.

In Kaṭṭaṇēripuram otherwise called Nānātēciya Veerampaṭṭinam established by the Ticai-āyirattu Annārruvar, the paṭṭinam consists of the following (members):

1. Kaṇṭanāṭtuc-ceṭtiyar who kills the enemies of the Tēci and who has the epithet Alakiya Maṇavāḷar who is the "chief of the Tēci" and who successfully withstood the attacks of enemies on three occasions,'

2. Aṭaikkalanāttucceṭṭiyar Vēḷān Ampalakküttan otherwise called Perran Vitviṭankan,

3. Vēlān Ampalakkuttan otherwise called Virakal Ja(na) vārappillai nāṭtuc Cettiyăr,

4. Tēvan utaiyan otherwise called Virakaḷ Cēnaṭṭuc - Ceṭṭiyar.

5. Ceṭṭitēvan who as a warrior does not abandon the Annurruvar who had stood firm on three occasions (of attack),

6. Cōruṭai Appan,

7. Ariñcikulaiccān, the leader of those who carry commodities on their shoulders at Mantai, Kantan Ataimān, the senapati of the warriors of the Tacamati "one-hundred thousand",

8. Kaṇṭan Aṭaimān, the senāpati of the warriors of the Tacamaṭi "one-hundred thousand".

9. Cenkanmälar otherwise called Piññan,

10. Virakaḷ (the hero) otherwise called Ilaviyāṇai, the "superintendent of streets"

11. The leader of the Tēci,

12. Kaṇṭan Jayańkoṇṭān, the chief of the maṭikai,

13. Cēntan Etiraḷan-mallan otherwise called Tēcimatavāraṇam,

14. Cittan Cāttan, the senāpati of the Valanceyar otherwise called Vaḷañceyānṭān,

15. Kōṇan Mātavan who was also called Valankaiyāṇtān,

16. Paṭṭālakan Tēci otherwise called Mummatakkaḷiru,

17. Tēci Cankan otherwise called Viran irranan

18. Māntai Ilancinkam otherwise called Vikkiramātittan of Akkacālai,

19. Kaṇapati Colan otherwise called Pittarā Muriparan.

As this veerampattinam became unstable because of paying an Indemnity, on promise, to Kuttipperumaḷ who was an enemy of the Teci, the nāṭṭuc ceṭṭis of "the eighteen countries" and we the Virakkoṭi and the swordsmen who render service (make this arrangement) so that the paṭṭinam will not perish.

'We pledge to protect this town and not to collect levies from the shops. The Virakkoṭi who are endowed with honours and privileges have set up this stone - slab inscription proclaiming the charter for the (re)-establishment of the (vira) paṭṭinam. Do not forget justice (aram)'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan34" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Vahalkada slab inscription, 11th century AD i.png|thumb|Vahalkada slab inscription, 11th century AD]]
|}

=== Viharehinna merchant inscription, Dambulla ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Viharehinna merchant inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Inscription set up within the premises of Viharehinna temple, [[Dambulla]] dating to the 12th century AD.
It suggests that the Tamil merchant communities had established a reciprocal relationship with the Buddhist monastic establishment.

The name of their merchant town - Tanmacākarap-pattinam - "ocean of dharma", is named after an epithet of the Buddha.

The inscription records details pertaining to the Tamil merchants and their military associates.<ref name="Pathmanathan35">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 412-427.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail Prosperity. The refuge of the entire world.

The Viravalancevar possessing the long luminous and fiery spear, endowed with the edict of the Five Hundred Heroes, famous throughout the world because of their valour and whose faces are adorned by Laksmi are the offspring of the lineages of Sri Vasudeva, Khandhali and Mulabhadra.

They observe steadfastly the noble law of the association (samayam) in the eighteen paṭṭinam (towns), the thirty-two vēḷāpuram (coastal towns) and the sixty-four katikati tāvaḷam (periodic fairs).

They are the children of Paramēśvari of Aiya(p)polil who resides in all towns.

The eighteen paṭṭinam, the thirty-two vēḷāpuram, the sixty four kaṭikait-tāvalam, the ceṭṭiputtirar (members of a community of traders), the Kavarai (a class of traders), the Kātripan (member of a class of traders), the Kāmunṭasvāmi (member of a class of soldiers), the oṭṭan (member of a community of traders), the pacumpaikkāran (he who carries the money bag), the ankakkaran (member of a class of soldiers), the āvanakkāran (member of vendors on the markets), the... vīran (hero), the pāvātai-virar, [heroes (endowed with the privilege of walking on) cloth spread], those who are proficient in Sanskrit and Tamil and those who ride donkeys which never falter, those who conduct their business in conformity with laws so as to enable the sceptre to be held forward prominently so that righteousness shall prevail and evil will disappear, with their fame spreading in all directions.

All these are the Five Hundred of the thousand directions in the eighteen countries and the four quarters (of the earth).

We, the heroes of the eighteen lands including Kanṭiyamuttar, attached to them (make this resolution):

We have been greatly honoured by the perumakkal (governing body) of the Mācēnakamam otherwise called Tanmacākarap-pattinam.

They secured the release of our companion Mutavaḷan Muttan otherwise called Nānātēciyāntān, who was arrested by Vēnāṭutaiyār and put in chains, after paying a ransom in money (āṭankācu).

Besides, they have made silver amulets and presented them to us, and have named this town as eriviran-tanam after our company (kulappeyariṭṭu).

We on our part have decided on reciprocal measures.

We shall give up our right to collect lamp-oil and we as well as the nāṭṭucceṭṭis who have the right to collect money levies in this town shall not collect the fees hereafter and we promise this upon our heroic tradition... We may collect the daily maintenance (pakar coru) allowance and for clothing (pāvāṭai) four kācu according to prevailing custom.

If any one unchivalrously violates this agreement, his post as well as the instrument of authority shall be confiscated and he shall be beaten all over his back and bone joints, and in case such a person dies of agony he will be given a dog's burial.

Having thus agreed we planted the stone and the plank.

''(Attested by us) the patinenpūmi-vīrar.''

''Tiralan... Varakālatara-kaṭṭiluḷḷa nāṭṭucceṭṭi,''

''Tiralan Kampan otherwise called Pillaiccakala Nānātēci iṭṭa Munaivallapa Nāṇātēcik-kon, Nātan namviṭṭumuriyān,''

''Kūttan Kālan otherwise called Nūrāyiran Tacamaṭi-mummata vāraṇappillai,''

''Virakaḷ Murpērarayan Kuttan otherwise called Aññurruva-manṭila- ayirașṭănam,''

''Pirān Cāttan otherwise called Cēnăpatiyānṭān,''

''Kampan Villan otherwise called Cēnāpati Virakāḷai,''

''Nāṭṭarayan Kannan Varuvan Ampalapilḷai-y-āṇtan,''

''Tiruvarankan Eran otherwise called Tēciyāparaṇa-p-pillai.''

Forget not justice.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan35" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Viharehinna merchant inscription, 12th century AD.png|thumb|Viharehinna merchant inscription, 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Kodaliparichan inscription of Vēḷaikkārar Mūvēntavēḷān in the years of Jayabahu I, Vavuniya ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kodaliparichan inscription in the years of Jayabahu I
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
An inscription found near Mangkulam, [[Vavuniya District]] left by Vēḷaikkārar Mūvēntavēḷān dated to the 12th year of [[Jayabahu I of Polonnaruwa|Jayabahu I]] (1122 or 1123 AD).<ref>K. Indrapala, வன்னியில் மூவேந்த வேளானும் வேளைக்காறப் படையினரும், Tamil Mirror, 21 February 2023, p.5</ref>

The inscription records the Vēḷaikkārar warriors building a rest house, pond and well in the land granted to them.

| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Vavuniya tamil inscription 1122 AD.png|thumb|Vavuniya Tamil inscription from 1122 AD]]
|}

=== Kantaḷāy inscription in the years of Jayabahu I, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kantaḷāy inscription in the years of Jayabahu I
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
An inscription found at the Siva temple in [[Kantalai Divisional Secretariat|Kantaḷāy]], [[Trincomalee District]] dated to the 35th year of [[Jayabahu I of Polonnaruwa|Jayabahu I]] (1145 AD).

It records donations made to the temple by the ruling [[Gajabahu II]], a staunch devotee of Siva.

[[Jayabahu I]]'s successors at [[Polonnaruwa]] dated their records in his regal years even after his demise. This is because none of his successors were formally consecrated as rulers til 1153 AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan37">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 328-334.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'In the 35th year of his Majesty (ko), the king of kings Sri Jayabāhu Tēvar, who had the title Abhaya Silamegha. He (Gajabahu II) deposited an amount of ten kācu (gold coins) for making food offerings at the time of the early morning waking - up ceremony at Vijayarāja - iśvaram, which was also called Sri Kailăsam at Vijayarāja(c) caturvvedimankalam otherwise called Kantaḷāy.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan37" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Kantaḷāy gal āsana inscription, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kantaḷāy gal āsana inscription, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A Tamil inscription found in [[Kantalai Divisional Secretariat|Kantaḷāy]], [[Trincomalee District]] dating to the 11th or 12th century AD. The inscription is almost completely worn out, but appears to record an endowment by an unknown king.<ref name="Veluppillaik" />
| align=left |
{{blockquote|The following words and phrases can be made out in this otherwise undecipherable record:

ghee, lamp, arecanut, burnt lime, dry cultivation, tax, endowment, perpetual, cows, portion, elephants, horses and chariots, garland, city, having sold, of the place, having taken by force, warriors, to be high, kali, kaliyuga, who is not afraid of, having invited, north, land, thing, separate, roll, a measure

|Translated by [[A. Veluppillai]],<ref name="Veluppillaik">{{cite book |last1=Veluppillai |first1=A.|title=Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions: Volume 1 |date=1971 |publisher=Peradeniya|pages=38–41}}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Mankanay pillar inscription of Gajabahu II, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Mankanay pillar inscription of Gajabahu II, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Pillar inscription from Mankanay, [[Trincomalee District]] dated to the 43rd regal year of [[Jayabahu I]] (1153 AD).

It records a land grant made by [[Gajabahu II]] to a Vihara through his Tamil official Mintan Korran who wrote this inscription.

An oath is sworn both in the name of the [[Buddha]] and [[Ganesha]].<ref name="Pathmanathan36">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 562-578.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail, prosperity. In the 43rd year of apaiya calāmēkavarmar cakkaravarttikaḷ Śrī Jayabāhu tēvar, perumāḷ Gajabāhu tēvar gave as a land grant to the ālvār of veykavēram (vihara), the fields called tel vecār and kiratu narato vecār, which were previously given to me, Mintan Korran, the superintendent of palanquin bearers attached to the palace, as maintenance land, and the lands adjacent to their four boundaries.

In respect of this King's order (recorded) in the entry, Mānāparaṇa tēvar sent (us) a royal order proclaiming that it was an act of Gajabāhu tēvar. On the receipt of that order this inscription has been set up. Those who cause impediments to this grant shall be in hell. This oath sworn with reference to the Buddha. The oath is sworn with reference to the God Vallavar (Ganapati)'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan36" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Mankanay Pillar inscription.png|thumb|Mankanay Pillar inscription of Gajabahu II - 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Mayilankulam Vēḷaikkārar inscription in the years of Jayabahu I, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Mayilankulam Vēḷaikkārar inscription in the years of Jayabahu I
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Slab inscription found in Mayilankulam, [[Trincomalee District]] dating to the 18th year of [[Jayabahu I]] (1128 AD).

It was left by Kanavati (Ganapati), the leader of the Vēḷaikkārar army and an agent of the ruling [[Vikramabahu I]] (1111–1132 AD).

It records a Buddhist temple (perumpaḷḷi/mahavihara) being put under the custody of the Tamil Vēḷaikkārar soldiers.<ref name="Pathmanathan44">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 489-494.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'In the eighteenth year of his Majesty 'Emperor' Sri Jayabahu devar, Kanavati, the commander of the army (tanṭanātaṇār), who had a tenure for life (tammāna jivitam) named (the temple) after the army of the Vēḷaikkārar of the four divisions (nārpaṭai) garrisoned at Katturai.

Vikkirama Calāmēkan Perumpaḷḷi is to be under the custody of the Vēḷaikkārar.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan44" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Mayilankulam Velaikkarar inscription of Jayabahu I.png|thumb|Mayilankulam Velaikkarar inscription of Jayabahu I - 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Budumuttava pillar inscriptions in the years of Jayabahu I, Kurunegala ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Budumuttava pillar inscriptions in the years of Jayabahu I
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Two pillar inscriptions from Budumuttava, [[Kurunegala District]] dating to 1118-9 AD in the regnal years of [[Jayabahu I]].

The locality at the time was under the control of Manabharana who is identified in the inscription as Virapperumal, the prince of [[Pandya]] lineage.

His mother Mitta (the sister to [[Vijayabahu I]], and grandmother of [[Parakramabahu I]]) was married to a [[Pandya]] prince as recorded in the [[Culavamsa]].

Manabharana's consort Cundhamalli was the daughter of [[Kulottunga I]] suggesting close and friendly relations with the [[Cholas]] in the early years of the 12th century AD.

This first inscription records a donation made by her to a Hindu temple.

The second inscription records a caste dispute between blacksmiths and washermen being resolved by Manabharana's intervention.
It was engraved on the orders of Mākkalingam Kanavati, a Tamil official in the presence of fellow Sinhala officials.<ref name="Pathmanathan51">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 546-561.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'In the eighth year of his Majesty Jayabāhu tēvar, Cuntamalli, the consort of (prince) (Pāṇṭiyaṉār) Virapperumāḷ and a daughter of Kulottunkacola tēvar granted to the temple of Vikkirama calāmēka - iśvaram at Vikkiramacalamēkapuram a standing lamp of alloyed metal (tarānilai viḷakku) of two spans in length and ten kācu (gold coins) for burning it as a perpetual lamp.'

'Hail Prosperity! On the fourth day of the first half of (the month) of (Pankuṇi) (March–April), in the eighth year of the "Emperor" Apaiya Calāmēkan Sri Jayabahu Tēvar.

The "five dignitaries" of Sri Virabāhu devar conducted an inquiry about former custom and having found that the blacksmiths had to be supplied with kottacaḷu, foot-clothes and clothes for covering the faces of dead persons, sent for the washermen, and made them perform the (customary) services.... Our Lord, the illustrious Virabāhu devar.

I Mākkalińkam Kaṇavati caused this inscription to be engraved. Damaran Bhoruvēsi Pay(a)tānki Kallänāvan having caused (this) to be executed, Dāmāra Puruvesi Kācampaṇtārattuḷ and I, Kaḷaccukuḷi Kummaracēna Nampaṇan alias Vijāyābaranan (attest this writing) This is my writing.'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan51" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Budumuttava pillar inscriptions of Jayabahu I.png|thumb|Budumuttava pillar inscriptions of Jayabahu I - 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Puliyankulam pillar inscription of Jayabahu I, Anurādhapura ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Puliyankulam pillar inscription of Jayabahu I
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Tamil Pillar inscription found at Puliyankulam, [[Anuradhapura District]], recording a donation of land to a Buddhist shrine. It is dated to the 12th century AD possibly in the regnal years of [[Jayabahu I]].<ref name="Pathmanathan59">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 625-628.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'In the 4th year of (Jayabā)hu dēvar, we-(Kumaran Cantirama.

and..ti[raiya]n.. natalvan (Ala)kar tevan have granted... land to Buddha Mahadēvar of the Buddha Mahā(vikāram).'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan59" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Rankot Vihara Velaikkaran inscription of Jayabahu I, Polonnaruwa ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Rankot Vihara Velaikkaran inscription of Jayabahu I
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Inscription found close to the Rankot Vihara, [[Polonnaruwa]] issued by a Tamil warrior chief serving under [[Jayabahu I]].<ref name="Pathmanathan43">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 483-488.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'The Vēḷaikkāran Caturyan, the chieftain of Malaimaṇṭalam who is an agent of his Majesty Ceyapāku tēvar, who subdued, in battle, seven hundred leagues of Ilam.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan43" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Rankot Vihara Velaikkaran Matevan inscription.png|thumb|Rankot Vihara Velaikkaran inscription of Jayabahu I - 12th century]]
|}

=== Mailawewa Vēḷaikkārar pillar inscription, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Mailawewa Vēḷaikkārar pillar inscription, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Tamil pillar inscription found in Mailawewa, [[Gomarankadawala Divisional Secretariat|Gomarankadawala]], [[Trincomalee District]] located close to a Buddhist monastery.
| align=left |
{{blockquote|The inscription records about a Buddhist monastery built and maintained by the Tamil [[Velakkara|Vēḷaikkārar]] army during the reign of [[Vikramabahu I]].<ref name="Thantilage"/>}}
|align=center width="10%"|
|}

=== Moragahavela inscription in the reign of Gajabahu II, Polonnaruwa ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Moragahavela inscription in the reign of Gajabahu II, Polonnaruwa
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Pillar inscription at Moragahavela, [[Thamankaduwa Divisional Secretariat|Tammankaduva]] dated in the 28th year of [[Jayabahu I]] (1138 AD), and in the reign of [[Gajabahu II]].

It records a donation of land by a Tamil Vēḷaikkārar soldier to a Buddhist monastery.<ref name="Pathmanathan49">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 529-536.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'In the 28th year of Je(ya)bāhu tēvar, this land of the extent of one vēli at the village of Pātālāy, which has been given to me on service tenure, has been given to the monastery of the Buddha by me, Ulakāyakittaṇ. If any one violates this act of merit he would incur the sin of destroying "the three kōyils". He would incur the sin of violating the codes of (the army of) the three arms. If any one covets this land he would incur the sin of coveting his own mother"'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan49" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Moragahavela inscription of Jayabahu I.png|thumb|Moragahavela inscription of Gajabahu II - 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Mahakirindegama pillar inscription in the reign of Gajabahu II, Anurādhapura ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Mahakirindegama pillar inscription in the reign of Gajabahu II, Anurādhapura
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Pillar inscriptions from Mahakirindegama, [[Anuradhapura District]] dating to the reign of [[Gajabahu II]] in 1133/4 AD. It records a grant of land and fields to Brahmins of a Hindu temple.<ref name="Pathmanathan30">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 335-344.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail Prosperity. The 24th year of Jayabāhu devar. He bought the fields (vayal) and lands of the category of yattālai, which were (formerly) lost by Jayankonṭa Calāmēka Caturvvētimankalam, from Vallapar and granted them to the Brahmins. He gave them (also) the right to irrigate their fields and three units of land called yattālai by drawing from the tank the same amount of water as in the past.

Those who violate this endowment shall be born in hell at the end of the cycle of births. This oath (is sworn) in the name of God Vallabha (Gaṇēsa)'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan30" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Mahakirindegama pillar inscription of Jayabahu I.png|thumb|Mahakirindegama pillar inscription of Jayabahu I - 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Hingurakdamana pillar inscription in the reign of Gajabahu II, Polonnaruwa ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Hingurakdamana pillar inscription in the reign of Gajabahu II, Polonnaruwa
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Pillar inscription from Hingurakdamana, [[Polonnaruwa District]] dated to 1150 AD. It records an endowment made to a Buddhist vihara by a Tamil soldier serving under [[Gajabahu II]].<ref name="Pathmanathan47">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 519-524.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'In the 40th year (of His Majesty),

I.Umpila Ayittan of the group of Akampaṭis of Gajabāhu Tēvar, sold an amanam from the land given to me as life - tenure (Jivitam) at Mānanālāy and donated (the proceeds) to the Buddhasthāna at Pātoṇi-mācār.

Those who violate this (endowment will be committing an act of sacrilege against the Buddhasthāna and shall enter hell.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan47" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Hingurakdamana pillar inscription in the reign of Gajabahu II.png|thumb|Hingurakdamana pillar inscription in the reign of Gajabahu II - 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Kantaḷāy pillar inscriptions of Gajabahu II, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kantaḷāy pillar inscriptions of Gajabahu II
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Two Tamil pillar inscriptions set up on the order of [[Gajabahu II]] as boundary markers in two different localities in [[Kantalai Divisional Secretariat|Kantaḷāy]], [[Trincomalee District]].<ref name="Pathmanathan28">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 321-327.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail prosperity. (This) stone was set up by Kilivai Apimaparaman,

"The army leader of Lanka", at the eastern boundary of Kantaḷāy, which was trampled by the female elephant, on the order of Gajabāhu devar, the "lord of Lanka".'

'Hail Prosperity. This stone (was) planted at Itaiyarkal as a boundary marker between villages, on the ground trampled by the female elephant, on the order of Gajabahu devar, the ruler of Lanka.'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan28" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Kantalay pillar inscriptions of Gajabahu II.png|thumb|Kantaḷāy pillar inscriptions of Gajabahu II]]
|}

=== Polonnaruwa pillar inscription of Gajabahu II ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Polonnaruwa pillar inscription of Gajabahu II
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Fragmentary Tamil inscription recording an endowment made to a Buddhist temple by a Tamil called Atittamahadevan. It dates to 1148 AD in the reign of [[Gajabahu II]].<ref name="Pathmanathan50">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 539-545.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'In the month of cittirai (April–May) during the 15th year since Gajabāhutēvar assumed authority over the government of the kingdom, which was the 38th year (since the consecration) of Jayabahutēvar, Ātittamahātēvan (deposited...). On the income from this amount of 102 kācu shall be supplied (clarified butter) at the rate of one ''uri'' per day for each kācu (...at the shrines) of the Puttatēvar and Vērattāḷvār of the paḷḷi of Pulainari otherwise called Vijayarājapuram. If any one among those who have received this deposit misuses it he shall suffer the sin of transgressing royal orders"'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan50" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Galtampitiya Virakkoṭi inscription ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Galtampitiya Virakkoṭi inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Fragmentary inscription left by Virakkoṭi merchants in Galtampitiya.

The contents suggests that the Virakkoṭi were worsted in a skirmish and arrested by some foes. They were then released on the intervention of the authorities of the virapaṭṭinam (merchant town).

The letters 'Pāṇ' following the word prince suggests a ruler of [[Pandya]] lineage such as Manabharana (the cousin of [[Parakramabahu I]]) was ruling at the time.<ref name="Pathmanathan36b">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 428-430.</ref>
| align=left |

{{blockquote| The inscription has similarities with other Virakkoṭi inscriptions, but is considerably worn out and cannot be fully translated.<ref name="Veluppillaid">{{cite book |last1=Veluppillai |first1=A.|title=Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions: Volume 1 |date=1971 |publisher=Peradeniya|pages=14}}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Galtampitiya Virakkoti inscription.png|thumb|Galtampitiya Virakkoṭi inscription - 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Nainativu Tamil inscription of Parakramabahu I, Jaffna ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Nainativu Tamil inscription of Parakramabahu I (1153–1186 A.D.)
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
[[Parakramabahu I]] (1153–1186 A.D) issued an edict addressed to his local Tamil officials in [[Jaffna]], advising them on how to deal with shipwrecked foreign traders.<ref>Indrapala, K. (1965). Dravidian settlements in Ceylon and the beginnings of the kingdom of Jaffna, pp. 230–231</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'.............we................that foreigners should come and stay at Urathurai, that they should be protected, and that foreigners from many ports should come and gather in our port; as we like elephants and horses, if the vessels which bring elephants and horses unto us get wrecked, a fourth share of the cargo should be taken by the Treasury and the other three parts should be left to the owner; and, if vessels laden with merchandise get wrecked an exact half should be taken by the Treasury and the other exact half should be left to the owner.

This regulation shall be enforced as long as the sun and moon last. This regulation was caused to be inscribed on stone as well as copper. This regulation was framed and issued by Deva Parakramabhujo who is like a wild conflagration unto the dynasty of enemy kings, the overlord of all Sinhala............framed and issued this regulation.'

|Translated by [[K. Indrapala]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Indrapala |first = K. |title=University of Ceylon Review - The Nainativu Tamil Inscription of Parakramababhu I |date=1963 |pages=63–70 |url = http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/1546 |language=en }}</ref>}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Parakramabahu-Tamil.jpg|thumb|[[Parakramabahu I]] (1153–1186 A.D.) [[Nainativu]] Tamil inscription]]
|}

=== Panduvasnuvara inscription of Nissanka Malla ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Panduvasnuvara inscription of Nissanka Malla
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Tamil inscription from [[Panduwasnuwara]] in the reign of [[Nissanka Malla]] (1192 AD), recording his establishment of a Buddhist monastic school (pirivena).<ref name="Pathmanathan54">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 587-603.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'In the fifth year of Parākramapāhu Niccankamallar, the King of Ilankai in the South, the Parākrama atikāri, vanuvēri, the vanquisher of the Five (Pāṇtiyar), a repository of strength and wisdom, who was a grandson of the cenevinātan (sēnāpati) Mēnai, established with pleasure the parākrama atikārip pirivuna to flourish at the town of Sripura nakar so that these-the beautiful temple (kōyil) of the exalted ascetic (munivar) who attained enlightenment, the monastery (alayam), the splendid street exhuming the odour of honey and the cavittam-would become pre-eminent, on the occasion when the sun had gone into the zodiac Capricorn on ponnavantinam (Thursday), which is the seventh day of the fortnight, in the month of Tai (Jan-Feb), the nakşatra being Uttiraṭṭāti.'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan54" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Panduvasnuvara inscription of Nissanka Malla.png|thumb|Panduvasnuvara inscription of Nissanka Malla - 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Jetavana Nānādesi bronze image, Anurādhapura ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Jetavana Nānādesi bronze image, Anurādhapura
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Bronze image of the Nānādesi merchants found in Jetavana, [[Anuradhapura]] with a Tamil inscription reading śri nāṇātēciyan dating to the late 12th century AD.

[[Queen Lilavati]] made an arrangement with the Nānādesi merchants for the maintenance of an alms-hall in Anuradhapura. The same merchants also obtained from the Queen the right to establish and administer a settlement called Madhigaya.<ref name="Pathmanathan39b">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 438-440.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|The expression 'śri nāṇātēciyan' is engraved on the pedestal of the image. The first letter is in Grantha while all others are in Tamil characters of the late 12th century. The inscription, which is engraved in the form of a label, suggests that this particular image was presented to a shrine by the Nānādesis who had a major share in the internal and foreign trade of the island during this period.

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan39b" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Jetavana Bronze image2.png|thumb|śri nāṇātēciyan, 12th century AD]]
|}

=== Ridiyegama Nānādesi Bronze seal, Hambantota ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Ridiyegama Nānādesi Bronze seal, Hambantota
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A bronze seal of the Nānādesi merchants from [[Hambantota]] dating to the 12th century AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan40b">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 441-448.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'The inscription engraved in an admixture of Tamil and Grantha characters reads nānādesin sakai, a compound of two expressions.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan40b" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Nanadesi bronze seal, 12th century AD.png|thumb|Nanadesi bronze seal, 12th century AD]]
[[File:Nanadesi bronze seal, 12th century AD b.png|thumb|Nanadesi bronze seal, 12th century AD]]
|}

== Transitional period (1215–1619 AD) ==

=== Gomarankadawala rock inscription of Magha, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Gomarankadawala inscription of Magha, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Tamil inscription from [[Gomarankadawala Divisional Secretariat|Gomarankadawala]], [[Trincomalee District]] recording the consecration of [[Kalinga Magha]] by a representative of [[Kulothunga Chola III]] dating to the early 13th century AD.<ref>Professor P. Pusparatnam, Rare Tamil inscription found in Trincomalee (2021) https://vanakkamlondon.com/stories/research-stories/2021/11/139704/</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/sri-lanka-59367622|title = இலங்கை தமிழர் வரலாறு: புதிய தகவல்களைக் கூறும் 13ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு கல்வெட்டு|newspaper = BBC News தமிழ்}}</ref>
| align=left |

{{blockquote|The inscription records grants made to a nearby temple, which now lies in ruins. A person called Kalingarayan is stated to have left the inscription, and is claimed to have conquered Ila-mandalam (Lanka) and carried out the consecration of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Gangaraja]] [[Kalinga Magha|Kalinga Vijayabahu]] Devar (Magha).

|Translated by [[K. Indrapala]],<ref>K. Indrapala, A newly discovered inscription relating to Magha's invasion, Sasanam journal, Volume 6, 2022, Krishnagiri</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Magha consecration inscription.png|thumb|Gomarankadawala inscription of Magha]]

|}

=== Thampalakamam Slab inscription of Magha, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Thampalakamam Slab inscription of Magha, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Slab inscription from [[Thampalakamam]], [[Trincomalee District]] issued by an official of [[Kalinga Magha]] dating to the 13th century AD. It records the conversion of the village into a merchant town.<ref name="Pathmanathan41">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 449-453.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'As decided by Māgha uṭaiyār the village of Tampalakāmam has been converted into a habitation of Jagatappakantan tāṇam. The boundaries of the (vīra) taḷam shall be the four boundaries of Tampalakāmam.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan41" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Thampalakamam inscription of Magha, 13th century AD.png|thumb|Thampalakamam inscription of Magha, 13th century AD]]
|}

=== Rankot Vihara Vēḷaikkāran Matevan inscription, Polonnaruwa ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Rankot Vihara Vēḷaikkāran Matevan inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Late 13th century Tamil inscription found in the premises of Rankot Vihara issued by a Tamil Vēḷaikkārar soldier named Mātēvan.

He was appointed a chieftain of a territorial division in [[Polonnaruwa]] by Nanti Kirincatan, an invader with connections to the [[Western Gangas]].<ref name="Pathmanathan45b">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 495-503.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'I, Vēḷaikkāran Mātēvan, who is serving as the executor of orders (āṇatti) and who maintains the records (ōlaikkaran), have been appointed as the chieftain of a mangalam (a territorial division) with the title Uttamacolan by Nanti Kiriñcatan who has the following epithets : kuvalalapura paramēśvaran, kankai kulottaman and kāvēri-vallavar.

Any one who violates this arrangement or insists that I should agree to surrender it on my death will witness the honour of his wife being violated.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan45b" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Rankot Vihara Velaikkaran Matevan inscription 2.png|thumb|Rankot Vihara Vēḷaikkāran Matevan inscription - 13th century AD]]
|}

=== Villunti Kantucuvami Koyil inscription of Buddhapriya, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Villunti Kantucuvami Koyil inscription of Buddhapriya
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A late 13th century inscription from a [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] temple in [[Trincomalee]] left by a Tamil Buddhist agent of the [[Pandya dynasty]]. It records the setting up of a pillar of victory at the entrance hall of a temple and is written in both Tamil and Sanskrit.<ref name="Pathmanathan55">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 604-610.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Buddhapriya of the golden Karacai and the great Madurai set up the pillar of victory at the entrance - hall (mukamantapam) established as a reciprocal measure of gratitude to the (God represented by the) Vēl adorned with (garlands of) flowers for granting to the King the favour of victory.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan55" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Villunti Kantucuvami Koyil inscription of Buddhapriya.png|thumb|Villunti Kantucuvami Koyil inscription of Buddhapriya - 13th century AD]]
|}

=== Welikanda Ainnurruvar slab inscription ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Welikanda Ainnurruvar slab inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
An inscription from [[Welikanda]] recording the establishment of a Buddhist temple (perumpaḷḷi) by the [[Ainnurruvar]] Tamil merchant community. It dates to the 13th century A.D.<ref name="Pathmanathan38c">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 436-437.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail Prosperity. The perumpaḷḷi of the Annurruvar of the thousand directions.'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan38c" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Welikanda Annurruvar inscription, 13th century AD.png|thumb|Welikanda Ainnurruvar inscription, 13th century AD]]
|}

=== Dediyamulla Virakkoti slab inscription, Kurunegala ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Dediyamulla Virakkoti slab inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
One of the six heroic charters pertaining to the merchant towns established by the [[Ainnurruvar]]. Three are from the [[Kurunegala District]].

This inscription records a reciprocal agreement between the town council and the Virakkoti, who are also have said to have donated to a Buddhist shrine (lokapperum chettiyar is taken as an appellation of the Buddha.)

It dates to the 13th century AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan37b">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 431-435.</ref>
| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Dediyamulla Virakotti slab inscription.png|thumb|Dediyamulla Virakkoti slab inscription, 13th century AD]]
|}

=== Mahiyalla Tamil inscription, Kurunegala ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Mahiyalla Tamil inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
15 line Tamil inscription found in Mahiyalla, [[Kurunegala District]]. It is dated to the 13th century AD and thought to be left by a Tamil silk trader.<ref name="Veluppillaik2">{{cite book |last1=Veluppillai |first1=A.|title=Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions: Volume 1 |date=1971 |publisher=Peradeniya|pages=35–36}}</ref>
| align=left |

{{blockquote|
Many of the letters are worn out. The 3rd line mentions ''Kurunakal'', (Kurunegala). the 4th line mentions ''cavayil'' (in the assembly). The word ''pattu'' (silk) is mentioned multiple times. The 8th line refers to ''ilai ven pattu'' (beautifully woven white silk). The last line mentions Atityavarman, a silk trader. The name of [[Rama]] is invoked at the end of the inscription suggesting a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] affiliation.

|Translated by [[A. Veluppillai]],<ref name="Veluppillaik2"/>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Perilamaiyar inscriptions of Padaviya ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Perilamaiyar inscriptions of Padaviya
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Inscriptions from Padaviya issued by the Perilamaiyar, a Tamil agricultural community. They record endowments made to a Hindu temple and are dated to the late 13th century.<ref name="Pathmanathan56">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 611-621.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail prosperity. Those who recite the name of Vicaiyarama -p pērilamaiyar a thousand times at Valakali, the temple of Uttamar (Siva) at the new and prosperous (town of) Pati, with their minds absorbed in the performance of religious observances, daily, will attain the wealth equivalent to that acquired by those who wander up to the extremities of all directions.'

'Hail prosperity. The Iḷamaiyār of Kilaiccēri, who belongs to the group of Vicaiyarāma-p- pērilḷamaiyār made an endowment for providing cooked offerings daily at the three sessions of worship (at the temple of Nāṇātēci Vitankar of the veerampattinam, which is known as Aipolil.'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan56" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Perilamaiyar inscriptions of Padaviya.png|thumb|Perilamaiyar inscriptions of Padaviya - 13th century AD]]
|}

=== Fragmentary inscription from Anurādhapura museum ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Fragmentary inscription from Anurādhapura museum
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Fragmentary inscription recording an endowment made by a merchant to a [[Shiva|Siva]] temple.<ref name="Pathmanathan58">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 623-624.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'The accomplished (vittakan) Irāman Pujankan otherwise called Vijayālaya Vallapan, the merchant who is a lover of the temple(s) of Siva.'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan58" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Fragmentary inscription from Anuradhapura museum.png|thumb|Fragmentary inscription from Anuradhapura museum - 13th century AD]]
|}

(The following three [[Sanskrit]] inscriptions have been included for completion, as they were issued by Tamils.)

=== Padaviya Sanskrit bronze seal ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Padaviya Sanskrit bronze seal
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Bronze seal issued by a Siva temple in Padaviya dated to the 13th century and inscribed in [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha]] script.<ref name="Pathmanathan57">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 622.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail prosperity. This inscription is issued by Mahesa, who has his abode at Sripati-grāma inhabited by the twice-born, and whose feet are adorned by the diadems of Indra and other (god)s.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan57" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Padaviya Sanskrit bronze seal.png|thumb|Padaviya Sanskrit bronze seal]]
|}

=== Vēḷaikkārar Sanskrit Buddhist inscription of Padaviya ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Vēḷaikkārar Sanskrit Buddhist inscription of Padaviya
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Sanskrit inscription issued in Padaviya under the reign of the [[Arya Chakravarti]] dynasty (Setu family) in the late 13th century.

It records a Vihara being built in Padaviya by a Tamil Buddhist general named Lokanatha.<ref name="Pathmanathan46b">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 504-518.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'The Setu family is established in the Buddha dharma, which is unblemished, exalted with many virtues and is adorned with the triple gems (Buddha, Dhamma and the Sangha).

This vihara, glorious with beauty and splendour, with its spire adorned with gems and caused to be built here at Sripati (grāma) by the general named Lokanātha, has been named after the (regiment of) Vēḷaikkārar and placed under their protection. Hail Prosperity.'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan46b" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Sanskrit inscription of Codaganga from Trincomalee ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Sanskrit inscription of Codaganga from Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Fragmentary Sanskrit inscription from the [[Koneswaram temple]], [[Trincomalee]] issued in the name of Codaganga.

He is identified with [[Kulakkottan]] who is recorded in the chronicles of the temple as also having the name Cholakankan (Codaganga). The inscription is dated to the 13th century AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan60">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 629-638.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail Prosperity! Deva Śri Codaganga, secured dominion over the unconquerable Lanka, the forehead ornament of the Earth, through the sport of war. On the occasion of the ritual of flower offering at Gokarna when the nakșatra Hasta was ascendant the sun was in the Mesha lagna...'
|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan60" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Sanskrit inscription of Codaganga from Trincomalee.png|thumb|Sanskrit inscription of Codaganga from Trincomalee - 13th century AD]]
|}

=== Fragmentary inscription from Periyapuliyankulam, Vavuniya ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Fragmentary inscription from Periyapuliyankulam
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Fragmentary Tamil inscription found in Periyapuliyankulam, [[Vavuniya District]] dated to the late 13th century AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan48">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka - Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Kumaran Book House|isbn=978-624-5015-07-8}} p. 525-528.</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'This order is the order of the three tanam. This is sworn in the name of Vallavaraiyan (God Ganesa). Those who destroy this (arrangement) will enter hell.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan48" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Periyapuliyankulam inscription - 13th century AD.png|thumb|Periyapuliyankulam inscription - 13th century AD]]
|}

=== Kankuveli inscription, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kankuveli inscription, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Inscription from [[Kankuveli]] village, [[Trincomalee District]] dating to the 14th century AD.

It records a land grant to the God of [[Koneswaram Temple|Konanāthar]] by the ruling [[Vanniar (Chieftain)|Vanniyar chieftains]] and their officers from seven villages.

The concluding part of the record mentions Mudalimar, Thānaththār and Varippattu as witnesses to the grant.<ref name="Indrapala4" />
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'The Vanniyar of Trincomalee and the seven headmen or the Adipanars of the village of Kankuveli have dedicated this field and other advantages to be derived from that village to their God Konainathan. Whomever intrudes on this gift or takes any of these advantages to himself will grieviously sin. This dedication was confirmed in the presence of two priests of the castes, Eanam and Warrallepattoem...'<ref>{{cite book |last=Navaratnam |first=C.S. |author-link= |date=1968 |title=Koneswaram |location=Manipay |publisher= |page=8 }}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Kotagama slab inscription of Arya Chakravarti, Kegalle ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kotagama slab inscription of Arya Chakravarti
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|

The [[Kotagama inscription]] found in [[Kegalle District]] is a record of victory left by the [[Aryacakravarti dynasty]] of the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] in western Sri Lanka (14th century AD). 'Anurai' is derived from Anuradhapura and is a term used to describe all capitals of the Sinhala kingdom.<ref name="Pathmanathan4b">{{cite book |last=Pathmanathan |first =S. |title=Tamil inscriptions in the Colombo National Museum: Spolia Zeylanica. Vol 47.|date=2010|language=en|pages=69–74}}</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'The women folk of lords of Anurai who did not submit to Ariyan of Cinkainakar of foaming and resounding waters shed tears from eyes that glinted like spears and performed the rites of pouring water with gingerly seed from their bejeweled lotus like hands."'

|Translated by C. Rasanayagam,<ref>{{cite book |last=Rasanayagam |first = C. |title=Ancient Jaffna|date=1926 |page=364 |language=en }}</ref>}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Kotagama Inscriptions.jpg|thumb|[[Kotagama inscription]] as displayed in the National Museum of Colombo, Sri Lanka in December 2011]]
[[File:Kotagama Tamil inscription.png|thumb|Kotagama Tamil inscription - 14th century AD]]
|}

=== Lankatilaka Vihara inscription of Bhuvanaikabahu IV ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Lankatilaka Vihara inscription of Bhuvanaikabahu IV
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
In the 14th century, a record inscribed in Sinhala on the walls of the [[Lankatilaka Vihara]] was provided with a full Tamil translation on the same walls.

It is the longest of all Tamil inscriptions found in Sri Lanka and was issued in the reign of [[Bhuvanaikabahu IV of Gampola]] (1344-1354 AD).

Both inscriptions register the grant of extensive fields and donations to the Buddhist shrine.<ref name="Paranavitana2">{{cite book |last1=Paranavitana |first1=S.|title=University of Ceylon Review - Lankatilaka Inscriptions|date=1960}} p. 1-44</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail! Prosperity!

Whereas our minister, Senā-Langādigārigal (Sena-Lanka-adhikara), intimated to us that an endowment should be assigned to this, so that this illustrious great vihāra should continue to exist in the future, (the lands for its) maintenance caused to be granted to this shrine by us are as follows :-

An allotment of field one yāla (in sowing extent) in the village named Kirivavulai in the district of Cinguruvāṇai; an allotment of field, six yālas (in sowing extent) in New Vadalagodai, which has been established by constructing a dam anew and the digging of channels by us, our chiefs (mudaligal) and the people (acting) together; an allotment of field five yālas (in sowing extent) at Old Vadalagodai; amounting to allotments of field of twelve yālas (in sowing extent) and comprising the forests, gardens, including mango and tamarind trees, and sites for houses within the four boundaries of these villages; an allotment of field one yala (in sowing extent) in the two villages called Cittāvullai and Konvānikkai, caused to be granted, from among the estates which belong to him as inherited villages, by Senā-Langādigārigal; an allotment of field one yāla (in sowing extent) in the field called Yagāllai in Old Vadalagodai, caused to be granted by Vacādigarigal; an allotment of field, one yāla (in sowing extent), in the village called Kasambiliyagodai, caused to be granted by Satruvan-padi-rāyar; an allotment of field, one yala (in sowing extent), in Nārangodai, caused to be granted by Lord Divānā; an allotment of field, twelve amanas (in sowing extent), in Delgottai, caused to be granted by Jayacinga-padi rāyar; a forest called Vidiyela, for supplying oil for sacred lamps, caused to be granted from the Sandānā forest; an allotment of field one yāla (in sowing extent) in Kodavelai, which has been established by the construction of a dam and the digging of channels by the people of the Cinguruvānai district acting together, thus the fields caused to be granted to this shrine by us, our chiefs (mudaligal) and the people together total in extent to seventeen yālas and twelve amanas; these lands, free of taxes, comprising the forests, the gardens including coconut, cappu, mango and tamarind (trees), and sites for houses in the villages within their four bounds ries, were caused to be granted.

By Senā-Langādigarigal himself, have been caused to be granted to this shrine, utensils for religious worship made of gold, silver, bronze, iron and other metals, and two hundred slaves from among the male slaves and female slaves comprising the slaves that he had (received as dowry) at marriage, and those that he had purchased by paying money; and four hundred head of cattle including neat cattle and buffaloes from herds of bulls and calves.

And for the purpose of conducting the sacred services, for offerings of food, for lamps, for garlands, for dances, for audiences and other observances-for the continuance of these-for robes and ornaments for the maintenance of these, to the Omniscient Lord (Buddha) who has been graciously pleased to manifest Himself and remain in this illustrious vihāra, and to the abodes of divinities to these in the shrine thus established, the inhabitants of the realm have all joined together and pledged themselves to pay one panam a year from each house every year, since the shrine has been given the name Lankātilagam - the name of all the inhabitants of the realm.

Accordingly, we and the chiefs (mudaligal) assembled together and having spoken (to that effect made order that it is obligatory to exact this impost even by having seized the earthen vessels (of the household), by taking away gold and jewellery, by seizing them or by (placing people) in restraint.

We also, having assembled and fixed as a matter concerning the computation of dues that, from the outer customs house and from the inner customs-house, there shall be levied a quarter per cent of the value of merchandise from various countries brought by merchants coming through the nine seaports from the eighteen countries, and having caused (this decision) to be engraved on copper, granted (such dues to the shrine).

All incomes derived from the endowments thus granted shall be divided into five shares, out of which three shares will go to the Three Jewels, namely the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha, one share to the go and one share to a kinsman or descendant of Senā-Langādigārigal, who, baving appeared in his linkage, protects this charity and is engaged in the performance of the sacred services-so it has been ordained.

In order that this charity may last as long as the moon and the sun, this order was written on copper as well as stone, and granted.

In this manner shall every one accept (this order) with gratification.

Apart from any loss caused unintentionally, those sinners who, out of deceitful or evil intention, having spoken against this charity, either out of greed for the properties belonging to this shrine, or due to violence, confiscate and take it for themselves, will be burnt in the one hundred and thirty-six hells, and will be unable to see the limit thereof; they will be born as fiends, various classes of beasts and asuras, and suffer torment for a long time; they will become inferior even to the five candala castes, and will become more degraded even than creatures including crows and dogs; they will be born among the eighty-four million classes of animals, at the end of whom is the ant and at the head is the elephant, and will not see the limit of such existence; they will not be able to see Maitreya, the Omniscient One.

On the other hand, those persons of virtuous actions, who, even by a mere word, support this charity and protect it, will obtain the affluence of the six celestial worlds, the affluence of a great universal monarch, the affluence of a territorial magnate in the world of men, the affluence of Brahmas or the affluence of Maras, and in the end shall realise the abundance of Liberation which is called the great cessation into Immortality.

And the founder of this charity, Senā-Langadhigārigal, for the sake of protecting this, makes an exhortation in this manner.

Whoever may be that virtuous person who, even by a mere word, supports and sustains this charity, the dust on the two feet of that noble personage, the excellent minister called Senā-Langadhigarigal places on his head as if it were a fragrant flower.

This pre-eminent minister endowed with fortune of diverse sorts, for the sake of the protection of this charitable foundation bearing the name of Langādilaga, which is (adorned in) diverse manner by images and paintings, with hands placed together on his head, having the fingers thereof illuminated by the lustre of the ten nails, beseeches therefor kings who are flourishing at present as well as kings who would appear in the future, ministers who exist at present and ministers who will come in the future, and also citizens who flourish at present and citizens who will come in the future.'

|Translated by [[Senarat Paranavithana]],<ref name="Paranavitana2" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Lankatilaka Vihara inscription of Bhuvanaikabahu IV.png|thumb|Lankatilaka Vihara inscription of Bhuvanaikabahu IV - 14th century AD]]
|}

=== Galle trilingual inscription of Zheng He ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Galle trilingual inscription of Zheng He
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A stone tablet with an inscription in three languages, [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].

It is dated to 15 February 1409 and was installed by the Chinese admiral [[Zheng He]] in [[Galle]] during [[Treasure voyages|his grand voyages]].

The Tamil inscription records an endowment made to the [[Vishnu]] temple of [[Dondra]] (Lord Tenavarai Nayanar).<ref name="Paranavitana">{{cite book |last1=Paranavitana |first1=S.|title=Epigraphia Zeylanica Vol. III|date=1933}} p. 331-341</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Hail! ..The great king of Cina, the supreme overlord of kings, the full-orbed moon in splendour, having heard of the fame of the Lord, presents [the following] as offerings, in the hands of the envoys Cimvo and Uvincuvin to the sacred presence of the Lord Tenavarai Nayanar in the kingdom of Ilanga.

(And he also) causes this utterance to be heard. 'All living beings who exist in this world are being protected, in happiness, by the compassion of the Lord.

Men, whencesoever they come thither, have their obstacles [to happiness] removed through the divine grace of the Lord of Tenavarai. So, [the following] are presented as offerings to the Lord of Tenavarai; to wit, gold, silver, tulukki, silk, sandalwood and oil for anointing.

The various offerings in detail, are:- one thousand kalancus of gold, five thousand kalancus of silver, fifty pieces of tulukki of different colours, four pairs of banners embroidered with gold thread and (adorned with crystal?) two pairs of the same red in colour, five copper vessels of antique copper for keeping incense, five black stands, ten copper vases for holding flowers, ten black stands, five wick-holders for standing brass lamps, five black stands, six pairs of lotus flowers made of wood and gilt, five gilt caskets for putting agil in, ten pairs of wax candles, two thousand five hundred katti of oil and ten pieces of sandalwood.

These included in the list as enumerated are given as offerings to the sacred presence of the Lord Tenavarai Nayanar.'

|Translated by [[Senarat Paranavithana]],<ref name="Paranavitana" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Gall Trilingual Inscription.jpg|thumb|Galle trilingual inscription, 1409 AD]]
|}

=== Thirukkovil pillar inscription, Amparai ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Thirukkovil pillar inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|

| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Munnesvaram inscription of Parakramabahu VI ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Munnesvaram inscription of Parakramabahu VI
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
[[Munneswaram temple]] inscription recording a grant of land and money to the temple and priests by King [[Parakramabahu VI]] (1412-1467 AD).<ref name="Pathmanathan2">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan|first1=S.|title=The Munnesvaram Tamil Inscription of Parākramabāhu VI|date=1974}} p. 54-69</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Let there be happiness and prosperity:

The king of kings and 'Emperor of the three worlds', Sri Sangha bodi Parakramabahu déver of the solar dynasty who is (like) the serpent to (the king) Pararājasekharan adores the lotus like feet of the Buddha.

In the 10th day of the waxing moon of the month of arpaci (October–November) in the 38th year of his reign His majesty invited the chief priests who propitiate the God of munnēsvaram and inquired of the affairs of the temple from the (learned) Purðhita(r) called vijasamagava panditar and endowed the lands in the temple district of munnēsvaram which formerly belonged to the priests as temple land.

For the performance of worship, he granted to the priests, 22 amanam of field at Illuppa(i) deni(ya) and to the chief priests, 30 amanam of field at kōttaippitti and 8 amaram of field at Tittakkatai with the inhabited localities and forests attached to them.

(Moreover), he provided for the (daily) offering of three measures of cooked rice, curry, betel and incense and a monthly grant of 30 panam to the chief priests and 11 panam for each of the priests to be enjoyed in perpetuity (till the sun and the moon endure) and from generation to generation as a gift free of all taxes.

Those who cause any obstruction to this grant will incur the sin of committing the five most heinous crimes while those who support it will attain the position of the sun.

This proclamation has been issued by Paräkrama (bahu) through the grace of the lord of Munneswaram, the lord of all beings and the ocean of the knowledge of saivism.'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan2" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Munneswaram inscription.png|thumb|Munneswaram inscription of Parakramabahu VI (1412-1467 AD)]]
|}

=== Fragmentary Jaffna inscription of Parakramabahu VI ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Fragmentary Jaffna inscription of Parakramabahu VI
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Fragmentary Tamil inscription of [[Parakramabahu VI of Kotte|Parakramabahu VI]] (1410-1467 AD) in [[Jaffna]].

His adopted son [[Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte|Sapumal Kumaraya]] had conquered the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] in 1450 AD and ruled it as a vassal state for 17 years.

His name is still mentioned in prayers at the [[Nallur Kandaswamy Temple]] which he rebuilt.<ref name="Pathmanathan3">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan|first1=S.|title=The Kingdom of Jaffna|date=1978}} p. 272-275</ref>
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Sri Sanghabodhi-varmar, Tribhuvana-chakravarti (the emperor of the three worlds) Sri Parakramabahu Tevar...In the year....opposite to that of...'

|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan3" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Naimmana inscription of Parakramabahu VI, Matara ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Naimmana inscription of Parakramabahu VI
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Tamil inscription of [[Parakramabahu VI]] found in Naimmana village, [[Matara District]].

It records a grant of fields in Naimmana to feed Brahmins at the alms hall near the shrine of [[Tenavaram temple|Devinuwara]]. It is dated to 1433 AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan4">{{cite book |last=Pathmanathan |first =S. |title=Tamil inscriptions in the Colombo National Museum: Spolia Zeylanica. Vol 47.|date=2010|language=en|pages=39–52}}</ref>

| align=left |

{{blockquote|'On the fifth of the first fortnight of Vaikāci in the year opposite the 20th year of Sri Parakramabāhu dēvar the anniversary of the raising of the glorious umbrella by the great king.

To the alms-hall which carries on daily in the sacred presence of the king (i.e., the officers of the king) the village of Nāymmanai and the gardens and fields including Sungankola, Pagala karamullai and Verduvai (were given).

Be it known that these are to last as long as the Moon and the Sun last.

Should there be any person who have thought of anything detrimental to this they would suffer the consequences of the sin of having slain cows and Brahmins on (the banks of) the Ganges.

Those, who shall cause the maintenance of this, will obtain heaven and final liberation.

For the maintenance permanently of charity towards twelve Brahmins at the alms-hall of the illustrious king of Gods, Sri Parākaramabahu, the sovereign lord of Lanka, granted the pleasant village called Nāymannai.

Should there be any, who from time to time, cause the maintenance of this grant, to them shall there be prosperity through the favour of the Gods.

Should there be, on the other hand, any who would abstract it through greed, they, the meanest (among men) shall be deprived of merit, affluence and fame.'

|Translated by [[A. Veluppillai]],<ref name="Veluppillaij">{{cite book |last1=Veluppillai |first1=A.|title=Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions: Volume 1 |date=1971 |publisher=Peradeniya|pages=66–67}}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Kalutara pillar inscription ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kalutara pillar inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Pillar inscription found in [[Kalutara]] dating to the 15th century AD.
It records an endowment to a [[Kali]] temple.<ref name="Veluppillaib">{{cite book |last1=Veluppillai |first1=A.|title=Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions: Volume 1 |date=1971 |publisher=Peradeniya|pages=44–45}}</ref>

| align=left |

{{blockquote|These are the incomes from gardens and fields granted as heap by the king to the Kali of the five hundred.

These are the incomes of grains granted on behalf of the chief.

|Translated by [[A. Veluppillai]],<ref name="Veluppillaib"/>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Kankuveli Agasthi Stapana Kovil inscription, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Kankuveli Agasthi Stapana Kovil inscription, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|

Pillar inscription recording a grant to the [[Kankuveli]] Agasthi Stapana kovil dating to the 15th century AD.<ref name="Thantilage"/>

| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|
|}

=== Tamil pillar inscription in the reign of Vijayabahu VI ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Tamil pillar inscription in the reign of Vijayabahu VI
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Pillar inscription issued by [[Vijayabahu VI of Kotte]] in 1517 AD. It records the construction of a Kantacuvami temple by an Accutan Nayan.<ref name="Pathmanathan4d">{{cite book |last=Pathmanathan |first =S. |title=Tamil inscriptions in the Colombo National Museum: Spolia Zeylanica. Vol 47.|date=2010|language=en|pages=75–78}}</ref>
| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

=== Thambiluvil inscription of Vijayabahu VI, Amparai ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Thambiluvil inscription of Vijayabahu VI
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
[[Thambiluvil Inscription]] issued by [[Vijayabahu VI of Kotte|Vijayabahu VI]] (1513-1521 AD) recording his endowment of ''vōvil'' to a Siva temple in [[Thambiluvil]], [[Amparai District]].<ref name="Indrapala4" />
| align=left |
{{blockquote|'Sri Sangabodhi, the emperor of the three worlds, Sri Vijayabahu Devar gave vōvil (lake) to Sivanjana Sankarar Temple on the 20th of Thai month on the 10th year of his reign. If anyone violates this Dharma, they will suffer the sin of killing a cow on the banks of the river Ganges.'}}

|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Inscription at Thirukkovil.jpg|thumb|Thambiluvil Inscription along with other inscriptions kept now in [[Thirukkovil Temple]]]]
|}

=== Coins of the Jaffna Kingdom ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Coins of the Jaffna Kingdom
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Coins issued by the [[Aryacakravarti dynasty]] of the [[Jaffna Kingdom]] (1215-1619 AD) with legends reading 'Setu'. The dynasty claimed to be protectors of the Setu and claimed lineage from the [[Iyer|Tamil Brahmins]] of the prominent Hindu temple of [[Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram|Rameswaram]].<ref name="Pathmanathan3a">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan|first1=S.|title=The Kingdom of Jaffna|date=1978}} p. 181</ref>

| align=left |
{{blockquote|

'Setu' செது refers to Ram Setu (Ram's bridge).<ref name="Pathmanathan3a" />}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Setu coin.jpg|thumb|Setu coin]]
[[File:Setu3.png|thumb|Setu coin]]
|}

=== Trincomalee Fort Koneswaram inscription ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Trincomalee Fort Koneswaram inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
An inscription dating from the 16th century prophesying the destruction of the [[Koneswaram Temple]] at the hands of the Portuguese. The temple was subsequently destroyed on 14 April 1622.

The pair of fishes on the inscription likely date to the 13th century, when the [[Pandya dynasty]] had conquered [[Trincomalee]].<ref name="Codrington" />

| align=left |
{{blockquote|
'O King the Portuguese (Paranki) shall later break down the holy edifice built by [[Kulakkottan]] in ancient times and it shall not be rebuilt nor will future Kings think of doing so'
|Translated by C. Rasanayagam,<ref name="Codrington">{{cite book |last=Codrington |first =H. W. |title=The Inscription at Fort Frederick, Trincomalee|date=1927|language=en|pages=448–451}}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Fort Frederick Koneswaram inscription.png|thumb|Fort Frederick Koneswaram inscription]]
|}

=== Tamil inscriptions from Thirumangalai, Trincomalee ===

{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Tamil inscriptions from Thirumangalai, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Two Tamil slab inscriptions dating to the 15th and 16th century, were found in the ruins of a Siva temple in Thirumangalai, [[Trincomalee District]].<ref name="pushpa2021"/>
| align=left |

{{blockquote|
The inscriptions record cows given as donations to the temple.<ref name="pushpa2021"/>}}

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

== Late Kandyan period (1619 - 1815 AD) ==

=== Thirumangalai Temple Bell inscription, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Thirumangalai Temple Bell inscription, Trincomalee
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
A bell belonging to the Thirumangalai temple was found in [[Kankuveli]], [[Trincomalee District]]. An inscription on it dating to the 17th century shows that the temple was under worship for more than 700 years.<ref name="pushpa2021"/>
| align=left |

{{blockquote|The donation by Pattaṉ the son of Pattipeṭi lived in Tirumańkalāi to the Tirumańkalāi Civaṉ temple.<ref name="pushpa2021"/>}}
|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Thirumangalai bell.jpg|thumb|Thirumangalai Temple Bell]]
|}

=== Tamil conch inscription ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Tamil conch inscription
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|

Valampuri conch with bronze attachments. There are figures of a [[Lingam|Shiva linga]], [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] and peacock on the conch and a Tamil inscription dated paleographically to the 16th or 17th century AD.<ref name="Pathmanathan2010">{{cite book |last1=Pathmanathan |first1=S.|title=Tamil inscriptions in the Colombo National Museum|date=2005 |publisher=Colombo Department of national museums|isbn=978-955-5780-27-8|pages=79–85}}</ref>

| align=left |

{{blockquote|The inscription records that the conch was made by Pulan Natar and Cuppiramaniya Natar for Narayan cuvami, and donated to the God [[Kartikeya|Palani]].|Translated by [[S. Pathmanathan]],<ref name="Pathmanathan2010" />}}

|align=center width="10%"|
[[File:Tamil conch.jpg|thumb|Valampuri conch with Tamil inscription]]

|}

=== Veeramunai Copper plates in the reign of Senarat, Amparai ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Veeramunai Copper plates in the reign of Senarat
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Tamil copper plate grants found in [[Veeramunai]], [[Amparai District]]. They record a visit of [[Chetty]] traders from [[Madurai]] with an idol of [[Ganesh]] and a royal princess. It is dated to the reign of King [[Senarat]] in the 17th century AD.<ref name="Indrapala4">{{cite book |last1=Indrapala |first1=K.|title=Cintanai Volume 2|date=1968 |publisher=Peradeniya|pages=37–40}}</ref>
| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|
|}

=== Sammanthurai Copper plates in the reign of Rajasinghe II, Amparai ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Sammanthurai Copper plates in the reign of Rajasinghe II
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Tamil copper plate grants to a Brahmin called Ramanathan found in [[Sammanthurai]], [[Amparai District]]. It is dated to the reign of [[Rajasinghe II]] in the 17th century AD.<ref name="Indrapala4" />
| align=left |

{{blockquote|At the meritorious time of eclipse when the full-moon day and the lunar asterism of vicakam coincided on a Wednesday which was the twenty-ninth day of Cittirai month in the year 1615.

Rajasinha, the king, the Lord, the Lord of kings, the Indra of the Colas from heaven, the illustrious one, the hero and the famous one, had gifted with sacred compassion.

Konavattavanveli, Kottanpattu, including the free amenities which belonged to them, which existed in Pantittivuvelippattu, near Campanturai in Batticaloa area.

Ramanatar, a Brahmin, received, with pouring of water (the gift to be enjoyed by his) family line, children after children.

Anyone obstructing this shall suffer the sin of setting fire at Kãsi, Ramesvaram or the Manik Ganga at Kataragama.

This is the way the copper plates were ordered to be given.

|Translated by [[A. Veluppillai]],<ref name="Veluppillaik63">{{cite book |last1=Veluppillai |first1=A.|title=Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions: Volume 1 |date=1971 |publisher=Peradeniya|pages=63–64}}</ref>}}

|align=center width="10%"|
|}

=== Verugal Copper Plates of the Vanniyar, Trincomalee ===
{| class="wikitable centre"
|+ Verugal Copper Plates of the Vanniyar
|-
! scope="col" align=left| Background !!Translation (English)!! Inscription 
|-
|align=center width="30%"|
Inscription found in [[Verugal]], [[Trincomalee District]] dating to 1722 AD. It records the names of persons who built the four walls of a temple, including Kayilaya-vanniyanar (a ruling [[Vanniar (Chieftain)|Vanniyar]] chieftain) and Timassa, the son of Simayapillai.<ref name="Indrapala4" />

| align=left |

|align=center width="10%"|

|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Commons category|Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka}}

[[Category:Sri Lanka inscriptions]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil history]]
[[Category:Tamil inscriptions]]
[[Category:Tamil language-related lists]]

Vaikuntha

2026-03-28T04:29:59Z

Srivatsan: fix formatting based on references

{{short description|Celestial abode of Vishnu}}
{{Redirect|Parama padam|a variation of board game that is played in South India|Snakes and ladders}}
{{for|aspect of Vishnu|Vaikuntha Chaturmurti}}
[[File:Picture_of_Vaikunda_-_Garuda_eagle_is_the_vehicle_of_Vishnu.jpg|thumb|300x300px|An illustration of Vaikuntha, presided over by Vishnu]]
{{Vaishnavism}}'''Vaikuntha''' ({{langx|sa|वैकुण्ठ|lit=without anxiety / imperfections|translit=Vaikuṇṭha}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhupada |first=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4VOCgAAQBAJ&dq=vaikuntha+without+anxiety&pg=PT1941 |title=Srimad-Bhagavatam, Fourth Canto: The Creation of the Fourth Order |date=1974-12-31 |publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |isbn=978-91-7149-637-9 |pages=1941 |language=en}}</ref> also called '''Vishnuloka''' ({{IAST|Viṣṇuloka}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Makarand Joshi |url=https://archive.org/details/thetamilvedapillaninterpretationoftiruvaymolijcarmanandvnarayanan1989ocr/page/n135/mode/2up |title=The Tamil Veda Pillan Interpretation Of Tiruvaymoli J Carman And V Narayanan 1989 OCR |pages=125}}</ref> is the abode of [[Vishnu]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maehle|first1=Gregor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhYeGdNK0UoC&q=home%20OR%20abode%20%22Vaikuntha%20Vishnu%22%20-lord&pg=PA207|title=Ashtanga Yoga The Intermediate Series: Mythology, Anatomy, and Practice|date=2012|publisher=New World Library|isbn=9781577319870|page=207|quote=Vaikuntha (Vishnu's celestial home)}}</ref> the [[Parabrahman |supreme deity]] in the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition of [[Hinduism]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Orlando O. Espín|author2=James B. Nickoloff|title=An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA539|year=2007|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7|page=539}}</ref><ref name="Flood 1996, p. 17">[[Gavin Flood]], ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/An_Introduction_to_Hinduism.html?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C An Introduction to Hinduism]'' (1996).</ref>{{rp|17}} and his consort, [[Lakshmi]], the supreme goddess of the sect.

According to [[Ramanuja]], Vaikuntha is the ''Parama Padam'' or ''Nitya Vibhuti,'' an "eternal heavenly realm", and is the "divine imperishable world that is God's abode". In Vaishnava literature, Vaikuntha is described as the highest realm above the fourteen ''[[loka]]s'' (worlds), and the place where the devotees of Vishnu go upon achieving [[Moksha|liberation]].<ref name="Flood 1996, p. 17" />{{rp|115}} It is guarded by the twin deities, [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya and Vijaya]], the [[Dvarapala|dvarapalakas]], or gatekeepers of Vaikuntha.<ref name=nityavibhuti>{{cite book|title=The bhakta-bhagawan relationship: paramabhakta parmeshwara sambandha : a collection of essays presented in the "Bhakta-Bhagawan Relationship Conference" organised as part of the Aksharbrahman Gunatitanand Swami bicenten[n]ial celebrations, Amdavad, 1985|author=Ramesh M. Dave, K. K. A. Venkatachari, Śyā. Go Mudgala, Bochasanvasi Shri Aksharpurushottama Sanstha|page=158}}</ref> The army of Vishnu, stationed at Vaikuntha, is led by [[Vishvaksena]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Veṅkaṭanātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=in8PAAAAMAAJ&q=vishvaksena+vaikuntha |title=Yatiraja Saptati of Vedanta Desika |date=1965 |publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref> The planets of Vaikuntha are described as being full of golden palaces and hanging gardens that grow fragrant fruits and flowers.

The planets of Vaikuntha begin 26,200,000 [[yojanas]] (209,600,000 miles) above [[Satyaloka]].<ref>{{citation|title = Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 5.23.9|url = http://vedabase.net/sb/5/23/9/en3|quote = The Vaikuntha planets begin 26,200,000 yojanas (209,600,000 miles) above Satyaloka.|access-date = 2017-05-30|archive-date = 2012-03-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120306060330/http://vedabase.net/sb/5/23/9/en3|url-status = dead}}</ref> This does not refer to physical distance. In most of the extant [[Purana]]s and [[Vaishnava]] traditions, Vaikuntha is located in the direction of the ''Makara [[Rāśi|rashi]],'' which corresponds with the constellation of [[Capricornus|Capricorn]]. One version of the cosmology states that Vishnu's eye is present at the [[south celestial pole]], from where he watches the cosmos.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSpbyjw5DMC&pg=PA273 | title = Sinister Yogis | isbn = 978-0-226-89515-4 | last1 = White | first1 = David Gordon | page=273 with footnote 47| date = 2010-07-15}}</ref>

== Literature ==
[[Image:Vishnu.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Vishnu, ruler of Vaikuntha]]

=== Vedas ===
The Vedas do not mention Vaikuntha, but a verses in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' allude to Vishnu's potential abode:<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qHPXAAAAMAAJ&q=%28Rig+Veda+%281.22.20%29 Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam: With a Short Life Sketch of Lord Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu, the Ideal Preacher of Bhāgavata-dharma, and the Original Sanskrit Text, Its Roman Transliteration, Synonyms, Translation and Elaborate Purports]'' 11, Part 4.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=eIqyv8A9XBAC&q=rigveda+1.22.20%7Cquote%3DThe&pg=PT12 Rigveda (1.22.20)]</ref>

{{Verse translation|tad viṣṇoḥ paramaṁ padaṁ sadā paśyanti sūrayaḥ|The gods are always looking towards the Supreme feet of [[Vishnu]].<ref>[https://hinduismfaq.wordpress.com/2020/06/17/lord-krishna-or-raama-is-not-present-in-vedas/ Frequently Asked Questions on Hinduism by Non Hindus and Hindus Answered!], (June 17, 2020), Consulted: 22 October 2021.</ref>
|attr1=''Rigveda'' (1.22.20)}}

{{Verse translation|pra viṣṇave śūṣametu manma ghirikṣita urughāyāya vṛṣṇe {{!}}
ya idaṃ dīrghaṃ prayataṃ sadhasthameko vimame tribhirit padebhiḥ {{!}}{{!}}
yasya trī pūrṇā madhunā padānyakṣīyamāṇā svadhayāmadanti {{!}}
ya u tridhātu pṛtivīmuta dyāmeko dādhāra bhuvanāni viśvā {{!}}{{!}}
tadasya priyamabhi pātho aśyāṃ naro yatra devayavo madanti {{!}}
urukramasya sa hi bandhuritthā viṣṇoḥ pade parame madhva utsaḥ {{!}}{{!}}
tā vaṃ vāstūnyuśmasi ghamadhyai yatra ghāvo bhūriśṛṅghāayāsaḥ {{!}}
atrāha tadurughāyasya vṛṣṇaḥ paramaṃ padamava bhāti bhūri {{!}}{{!}}|2=3. Let my fortifying thought go forth to Viṣṇu, the mountain-dwelling,
wide-ranging bull, who alone with just three steps measured out this dwelling place here, long and extended,
4. Whose three steps, filled with honey, never becoming depleted, find
elation through their own power, who alone supports heaven and earth in their three parts and all living beings.
5. Might I reach that dear cattle-pen of his, where men seeking the gods find elation, for exactly that is the bond to the wide-striding one: the wellspring of
honey in the highest step of Viṣṇu.
6. We wish to go to the dwelling places belonging to you two [=Viṣṇu and Indra], where there are ample-horned, unbridled cows.
There that highest step of the wide-ranging bull shines down amply.|attr1=''Rigveda'' (1.154.3 - 1.154.6)}}

=== Bhagavata Purana ===
Vaikuntha and its characteristics are described in the [[Bhagavata Purana]], a revered text in [[Vaishnavism]], which was composed between the eighth and the tenth century CE, and maybe as early as the 6th century CE.<ref>Bryant, Edwin Francis, (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC Krishna: A Sourcebook], Oxford University Press.</ref>

American Indologist [[Edwin Bryant (Indologist)|Edwin Bryant]], in his book from 2003, comments about the verses describing Vaikuntha in the text of Bhagavata Purana:

{{quote|In the Bhagavata, the text speaks of Vaikuntha, adorable to all the worlds (X.12.26), as the highest realm where Vishnu resides (XII.24.14). This, too, is the highest region (IV.12.26); beyond the world of darkness and samsāra (the cycle of birth and death) (IV.24.29; X.88.25); the destination of those who have transcended the [[Guṇa|three Gunas]] even while they are still alive (XI.25.22); and beyond which there is no higher place (II.2.18, II.9.9). The peaceful ascetics who reach that place never return (IV.9.29; X.88.25-6). The residents of Vaikuntha do not have material bodies but have pure forms (VII.1.34). These forms are like that of Vishnu (III.15.14ff.), also known as [[Narayana]]. Vishnu/Narayana resides in Vaikuntha with [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of fortune, in palaces with crystal walls. The parks there shine like final liberation itself and contain wish-fulfilling trees, which blossom all year-round. There are fragrant winds, and creepers dripping with honey near bodies of water. Cries of exotic birds mingle with the humming of bees, and magnificent flowers bloom everywhere. Devotees of Vishnu along with their beautiful wives travel in aerial vehicles made of jewels, emeralds and gold, but the beautiful smiling residents of this realm cannot distract the minds of the opposite sex, since everyone is absorbed in [[Krishna]] (III.15.14-25).<ref>Bryant, Edwin Francis, (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=y8Bb0tRW7W4C&dq=krishna+vaikuntha&pg=PT38 Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana], Penguin Classics, UK.</ref>}}

Translation of some verses in Canto 2, by [[Bibek Debroy]]:

{{quote|The illustrious one was pleased through this worship. He showed him his own supreme world and there is nothing superior to this. All the different kinds of affliction do not exist there, nor do confusion and fear. It is a place that is praised by those who have realized their own selves. (BP 2.9.9)}}

{{quote|There is no rajas or tamas there and these do not get mixed up with sattva. Time has no power there. There is no maya there, not to speak of other things. There, those who follow Hari are worshipped by gods and asuras. (BP 2.9.10)}}

{{quote|Their radiance is dark blue. Their eyes are like lotuses with one hundred petals. Their garments are yellow. They are extremely handsome and their bodies are extremely well formed. All of them possess four arms, decorated with shining jewels. The excellent golden ornaments are extremely radiant. (BP 2.9.11)}}

{{quote|They are as radiant as coral, lapis lazuli and lotuses. The earrings seem to bloom and they wear diadems and garlands. (BP 2.9.12)}}

{{quote|On every side of that shining world, there are brilliant arrays of vimanas that belong to the great-souled ones. The complexion of the excellent women is like lightning. The place looks like the sky, covered by arrays of clouds tinged with lightning. (BP 2.9.13)}}

{{quote|In embodied form, Shri tends to the lord’s feet. In many different kinds of splendour, she honours him. She sings about her beloved’s deeds. In turn, bees, which follow spring, sing words of praise about Shri. (BP 2.9.14)}}

{{quote|He saw the lord of all the Satvatas there, Shri’s lord, the lord of sacrifices and the lord of the universe. Sunanda, Nanda, Prabala, Arhana and others were the foremost among his attendants and they served the lord. (BP 2.9.15)}}

{{quote|He showed his favours by glancing towards his servants and that glance was intoxicating. His face beamed with a pleasant smile and his eyes were red. He wore a diadem and earrings and possessed four arms. His garments were yellow and the mark of shrivatsa could be discerned on his chest. (BP 2.9.16)}}

{{quote|He was worshipped astride a supreme throne and was surrounded by the four, sixteen and five powers. His personal powers are with him and so are minor and temporary powers. The lord found delight in his own abode. (BP 2.9.17) |author=|title=|source=}}

It is also said that Vaikuntha is the liberated world or the world after moksha.

[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Seshanarayana (Oleographic print).jpg|thumb|Narayana with Sridevi and Bhudevi, painting by Raja Ravi Varma]]

=== Narayana Upanishad ===
The [[Narayana Upanishad]] mentions the abode:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-08-02 |title=Read Contents |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/narayana-upanishad/d/doc81733.html |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=pratyag ananda brahma purusam pranava svarupam a kara u karo ma kara iti ta anekadha sam etad om iti yam uktva mucyate yogi janma samsara bandhanat om namo narayanayeti mantropasakah vaikuntha bhuvanam gamisyati tad idam pundarikam vijnanan ghanam tasmad taridabha matram brahmanyo devakiputro brahmanyo madhusudanah brahmanyah pundarikakso brahmanyo visnur acyuta iti sarva bhuta stham ekam narayanam karana rupam akaranam param brahma om 

The syllable "om" is directly the Supreme Lord full of bliss. Composed of three sounds "a", "u" and "m", the pranava becomes "om". The yogi who utters the pranava many times becomes free from the bondage of repeated material birth. One who worships the Lord with this mantra Om Namo Narayanaya will certainly go to the transcendental realm of vaikuntha, which is a lotus full of consciousness shining effulgently. The transcendental Lord is known as the son of Devaki, as Madhusudana, as Pundarikaksa, as Visnu and Acyuta. The one Narayana is situated in all living entities. He is the cause of all causes, the supreme brahman.|title=[[Narayana Upanishad]]}}

=== Brihad Bhagavatamrita ===
The [[Brihad Bhagavatamrita]] paints a picture of Vishnu's activities at Vaikuntha:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-11-05 |title=Verse 2.4.112 [Brihad-bhagavatamrita] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/brihad-bhagavatamrita-commentary/d/doc427345.html |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=kadāpi tatropavaneṣu līlayā tathā lasantaṃ niciteṣu go-gaṇaiḥ {{!}} paśyāmy amuṃ karhy api pūrvavat sthitaṃ nijāsane sva-prabhuvac ca sarvathā {{!}}{{!}} 112 {{!}}{{!}}

Sometimes the Lord would go to the gardens in Vaikuṇṭha where He would enact pastimes similar to those of Vraja, and I would see the gardens full of cows. Other times I would see Him sitting majestically on His throne as before. At that time, He would appear just like my Lord Gopāla in all respects.|title=[[Brihad Bhagavatamrita]]|source=Verse 2.4.112}}[[File:Brooklyn Museum - A Vision of Vishnu (Vaikuntha Darshana).jpg|thumb|331x331px| A painting of Vishnu and Lakshmi (Vaikuntha Darshana) - [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]

=== Tiruvaymoli ===
In the work of [[Nammalvar]], Vaikuntha is referred to as ''Tirunatu'' (sacred land) in the [[Tamils|Tamil]] literary tradition. In [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition, this abode is listed as the one hundred and eighth, and the last of the [[Divya Desam|Divya Desams]], the divine realms of Vishnu on earth and beyond.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Raghavan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rI1DEAAAQBAJ&dq=vaikuntham+divyadesam&pg=PT221 |title=Rajaraja Chola: Interplay Between an Imperial Regime and Productive Forces of Society |publisher=Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5458-223-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref> The verses of the [[Tiruvaymoli]] describe this abode as the following:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Makarand Joshi |url=http://archive.org/details/thetamilvedapillaninterpretationoftiruvaymolijcarmanandvnarayanan1989ocr |title=The Tamil Veda Pillan Interpretation Of Tiruvaymoli J Carman And V Narayanan 1989 OCR |pages=125–126}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Even the unthinking clouds, by adorning and filling the sky, applaud the Srivaisnavas proceeding heavenwards. . . (10.9.1)

As some [residents of heaven) gave the fruit of their sacrifices, others worshipfully offered fragrance and lamps; some blew trumpets and conches. . . (10.9.6)

Like a mother overjoyed at the sight of a long absent son, [the Lord’s consorts] are filled with love at seeing [the new arrivals] . . .[and] come with their divine attendants, bringing . . . their greatest treasure, which is Sri Sathakopa, along with fragrant powder, large lamps, and other auspicious articles with which to honor them. (10.9.10)|title=[[Tiruvaymoli]]}}

==See also==
*[[Kailasha]]
*[[Brahmaloka|Satyaloka]]
*[[Kshira Sagara]]
*[[Lakshmi Narayan|Lakshmi Narayana]]
*[[Goloka|Goloka Vrindavana]]
*[[Vaikuntha Chaturdashi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*Dallapiccola, Anna. ''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend''. {{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}.
*Gail, Adalbert J. 1983. "On the Symbolism of Three- and Four-Faced Vishnu Images: A Reconsideration of Evidence." ''[[Artibus Asiae]]'' 44(4):297–307. pp. 298–99.

{{Brahmanda}}{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}{{heaven}}

[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Conceptions of heaven]]
[[Category:Divya Desams]]

Nizhalgal Ravi filmography

2026-03-23T21:13:01Z

Srivatsan: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] is an Indian actor who works mainly in [[Tamil cinema]] and has performed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] films. He started his career in 1980 with the Tamil film ''[[Nizhalgal]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grill-mill-nizhalgal-ravi/article3023583.ece|title=Grill mill -- 'Nizhalgal' Ravi|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 November 2008|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He has acted in 580 films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/02/it-is-500-films-for-nizhalgal-ravi.html|title=It is 500 films for Nizhalgal Ravi|website=www.kollyinsider.com|date=16 February 2012 }}</ref>

==Films==
===Tamil films===
===1980s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Sadhurangam (1990 film)|Sadhurangam]]'' || Tenant || Uncredited role
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Nizhalgal]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1981 || ''[[Aradhanai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadal Meengal]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''Thodarum Charithirangal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1982 || ''[[Manjal Nila]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Thaai Mookaambikai]]'' || Sarangan ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaivellam Nithya]]'' || Thyagu ||
|-
| ''[[Oorum Uravum]]'' || Pounraj ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1983 || ''[[Kal Vadiyum Pookal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mann Vasanai]]'' || School Teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Saatchi (film)|Saatchi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8|1984 || ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Veettu Kannukkutty]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Niraparaadhi]]'' || Jayaprakash ||
|-
| ''[[Nerupukkul Eeram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaazhkai (1984 film)|Vaazhkai]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| ''[[Sanga Natham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Idhu Enga Boomi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Osai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=18|1985 || ''[[Saavi]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Anni (1985 film)|Anni]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bandham (1985 film)|Bandham]]'' || Thomas ||
|-
| ''[[Mannukketha Ponnu]]''|| Military || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Paadum Vaanampadi]]'' || Shyam ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Unnai Thedi Varuven]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vilangu Meen'' || Ranjith ||
|-
| ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]'' || Devarajan's assistant||
|-
| ''[[Sri Raghavendrar]]'' || Venkanna ||
|-
| ''[[Pournami Alaigal]]'' || Inspector Lawrence ||
|-
| ''[[Uthami]]'' || Paranthaman ||
|-
| ''[[Sugamana Raagangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yaar? (film)|Yaar?]]'' || VV Janardhan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaamaakshi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yemaatrathe Yemaaraathe]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thiramai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Needhiyin Nizhal]]'' || James ||
|-
| rowspan=8|1986 || ''[[December Pookal]]'' || Inspector Vinoth ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi Vandhachu (film)|Lakshmi Vandhachu]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Anandha Kanneer]]'' || Rajarama Iyer ||
|-
| ''[[Marakka Matten]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu]]'' || Rajasekar's oldest son ||
|-
| ''Isai Paadum Thendral'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Nee Vazhga]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Panneer Nadhigal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=13|1987 || ''[[Kizhakku Africavil Sheela]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Makkal En Pakkam]]'' || Michael ||
|-
| ''[[Ore Oru Gramathiley]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Velicham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thangachi]]'' || Prakash ||
|-
| ''[[Ullam Kavarntha Kalvan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Vilangu]]'' || Vinod ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi]]'' || Namachivayam ||
|-
| ''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Nayakan]]'' || Surya ||
|-
| ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]'' || Forest ranger ||
|-
| rowspan=9|1988 || ''Makkal Aanaiyittal'' || Lawyer Mohan / Bharathan ||
|-
| ''[[Sudhanthira Naattin Adimaigal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Soora Samhaaram]]'' || Arun ||
|-
| ''[[Raththa Dhanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[En Thamizh En Makkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thambi Thanga Kambi]]'' || Chinna Durai ||
|-
| ''[[Jeeva (1988 film)|Jeeva]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Ithu Engal Neethi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadarkarai Thaagam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=16|1989 || ''[[Enga Veetu Deivam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttravali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sattathin Thirappu Vizhaa]]'' || Gandhi Raman ||
|-
| ''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thendral Sudum]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''Dharma Devan'' || ||
|-
| ''Oru Thottil Sabadham'' || ||
|-
| ''Thendral Puyalanadhu'' || ||
|-
| ''Kaval Poonaigal'' || ||
|-
| ''Padicha Pulla'' || ||
|-
| ''Idhaya Deepam'' || ||
|-
| ''Paasakanal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Manasukketha Maharasa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uthama Purushan]]'' || Rekha's husband ||
|-
| ''[[Nyaya Tharasu]]'' || Thazhamuthu ||
|-
|}

===1990s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=16|1990 || ''[[Aadi Velli (film)|Aadi Velli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neengalum Herothan]]'' || Tiger' Premnath ||
|-
| ''[[Pathimoonam Number Veedu]]'' || Selvam ||
|-
| ''[[Andhi Varum Neram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pattanamthan Pogalamadi]]'' || Muthaiya ||
|-
| ''Satyam Sivam Sundaram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Durga (1990 film)|Durga]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
| ''[[My Dear Marthandan]]'' || Pankaj ||
|-
| ''[[Engitta Mothathay]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Aalay Pathu Malai Mathu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Amman Kovil Thiruvizha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Idhaya Thamarai]]'' || Ranjith ||
|-
| ''[[Adhisaya Manithan]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Puthu Paatu]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Nee Sirithal Deepavali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thiyagu (film)|Thiyagu]]'' || Nana ||
|-
| rowspan=11|1991 || ''[[Sigaram]]'' || Gnanam ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' || Ramadurai ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Pudicha Mappillai]]'' || Muthuraj ||
|-
| ''[[Rasathi Varum Naal]]'' || Inspector Vijay ||
|-
| ''Namma Ooru Mariamma'' || Muthu ||
|-
| ''[[Idhaya Oonjal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Apoorva Nagam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Onnum Theriyatha Pappa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paattondru Ketten]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaasalile Oru Vennila]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aadi Viradham]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=12|1992 ||| ''[[Ilavarasan]]'' || Selvanayagam ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Paarvai]]'' || MLA Inbasekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Matha Gomatha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen]]'' || Periyasamy ||
|-
| ''[[Singaravelan]]'' || "Sincere" Sivamani ||
|-
| ''[[Annaamalai]]'' || Sarkunam ||
|-
| ''[[Kalikaalam (1992 film)|Kalikaalam]]'' || Raghuraman ||
|-
| ''[[Thambi Pondatti]]'' || Balu ||
|-
| ''[[Sivashankari (film)|Sivashankari]]'' || Ganesan ||
|-
| ''[[Brahmachari (1992 film)|Brahmachari]]'' || Ganesan ||
|-
| ''[[Neenga Nalla Irukkanum]]'' || Manickam ||
|-
| ''[[Thilagam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6|1993 ||| ''[[Pudhu Piravi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uzhaippali]]'' || Gajapathy ||
|-
| ''[[Amaravathi (1993 film)|Amaravathi]]'' || Rathnavel ||
|-
| ''[[Moondravadhu Kann]]'' || Sabapathy ||
|-
| ''[[Marupadiyum]]'' || Muralikrishna ||
|-
| ''[[Pathini Penn]]''|| Prabhu ||
|-
| rowspan=7|1994 || ''[[Maindhan (1994 film)|Maindhan]]'' || Ponrasu ||
|-
| ''[[Purushanai Kaikkulla Pottukkanum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Honest Raj]]'' || Kesavan ||
|-
| ''[[Priyanka (1994 film)|Priyanka]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Seevalaperi Pandi]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
| ''[[Veera Padhakkam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10| 1995 || ''[[Kattumarakaran]]'' || Muthazhagu's brother-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Gangai Karai Paattu]]'' || Arjun Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Aasai]]'' || Lt. Col Hariharan ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]'' || Baba ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Petha Magane]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Witness (1995 film)|Witness]]'' || Vikram ||
|-
| ''[[Chakravarthy (1995 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' || Boopathy ||
|-
| ''[[Kolangal (1995 film)|Kolangal]]'' || Ganga's brother-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]'' || Criminal ||
|-
| ''[[Ilaya Ragam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7| 1996 || ''[[Vetri Vinayagar]]'' || Parthiban ||
|-
| ''[[Meendum Savithri]]'' || Narasimman ||
|-
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' || Corrupt Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Mettukudi]]'' || || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Sivasakthi]]'' || Anbu ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumbi Paar (1996 film)|Thirumbi Paar]]'' || Karnal Raja || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Alexander (1996 film)|Alexander]]'' || Gandhirajan ||
|-
| rowspan=11|1997 || ''[[Sakthi (1997 film)|Sakthi]]'' || Sethupathi ||
|-
| ''[[Iruvar]]'' || Ramani's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Kathirunda Kadhal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mappillai Gounder]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' || Prathap ||
|-
| ''Parama Pithaa'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vallal]]'' || Kalingarayan ||
|-
| ''[[Sishya (film)|Sishya]]'' || C.B.I Ashok Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Pasamulla Pandiyare]]'' || Nagaraja ||
|-
| ''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' || Thangarasu ||
|-
| ''[[Periya Manushan]]'' || Indhu's cousin ||
|-
| rowspan=3 |1998|| ''[[Ponmanam]]'' || Poornima's boss ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagavath Singh (film)|Bhagavath Singh]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pooveli]]'' || Chidambaram's Brother ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1999 || ''[[Ponnu Veetukkaran]]'' || Groom ||
|-
| ''[[Endrendrum Kadhal]]'' || Nagaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Nilave Mugam Kaattu]]'' || Prakash's father ||
|-
| ''[[Poomagal Oorvalam]]'' || Boopathy ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjinile]]'' || Karunakaran's father ||
|-
| ''[[Rojavanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'' || Thangarajan ||
|-
| ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' || Sadagoppan || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Suryodayam]]'' || Kaladharan ||
|-
| ''[[Maanaseega Kadhal]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===2000s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=8|2000 || ''[[Mugavaree]]'' || Dhurai's father ||
|-
| ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' || Shiva's father ||
|-
| ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' || Swaminathan ||
|-
| ''[[Budget Padmanabhan]]'' || Seth ||
|-
| ''[[Puthira Punithama]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajakaali Amman]]'' || Guru ||
|-
| ''[[James Pandu]]'' || Chit Fund Company Owner ||
|-
| ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' || [[S. P. Y. Surendranath Arya]] ||
|-
| rowspan=12|2001 || ''[[Nageswari]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Piriyadha Varam Vendum]]'' || Vishwanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]'' || Businessman Ravintharnath ||
|-
| ''[[Citizen (film)|Citizen]]'' || Collector Santhanam ||
|-
| ''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Dosth]]'' || Police inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]'' || Sundaram ||
|-
| ''[[Lovely (2001 film)|Lovely]]'' || Chandru's father ||
|-
| ''[[Thavasi]]'' || Rajadurai ||
|-
| ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' || Ashok's father ||
|-
| ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]'' || Mudaliar ||
|-
| ''[[Aandan Adimai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kottai Mariamman]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10| 2002 || ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Alli Arjuna]]'' || Savithri's father ||
|-
| ''[[Punnagai Desam]]'' || Raja's father ||
|-
| ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' || Vishnu's father ||
|-
| ''[[Enge Enadhu Kavithai]]'' || Rangarajan ||
|-
| ''[[Padai Veetu Amman]]'' || Rathna's father ||
|-
| ''[[Pesadha Kannum Pesume]]'' ||Vikram's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]'' || Kathiresan ||
|-
| ''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]'' || Viji's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' || Shiva and Vishnu's father ||
|-
| rowspan=8| 2003 || ''[[Vaseegara]]'' || Chandrasekhar ||
|-
| ''[[Military (film)|Military]]'' || Professor ||
|-
| ''[[Manasellam]]'' || Malar's elder brother ||
|-
| ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' || Raghu's father ||
|-
| ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' || Meera's father ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || Education officer ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumalai]]'' || Arasu's henchman ||
|-
| ''[[Thathi Thavadhu Manasu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6| 2004 || ''[[Varnajalam]]'' || Shakthivel's brother-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Adi Thadi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]'' || Azhagarsamy' second son-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Attahasam]]'' || Guru and Jeeva's father ||
|-
| ''[[Amma Appa Chellam]]'' || Nanditha's father ||
|-
| ''[[Jananam]]'' || Chandrasekhar ||
|-
| rowspan=7| 2005 || ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]'' || Ramadurai ||
|-
| ''[[Jathi (film)|Jathi]]'' || Deena Dayalan ||
|-
| ''Pesuvoma'' || Muthupandi ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kalluriyin Kathai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thirudiya Idhayathai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || Sundaram ||
|-
| rowspan=9| 2006 || ''[[Saravana]]'' || Saravana's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Amirtham]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Madhu (2006 film)|Madhu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalabha Kadhalan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Thodamale'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]'' || Kannan's father ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaimagan]]'' || Meghala's father ||
|-
| ''[[Thimiru]]'' || Principal ||
|-
| ''[[Desiya Paravai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5| 2007 || ''[[Tholaipesi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' || Thangapaandi ||
|-
| ''[[Thiru Ranga]]'' || Ranga's father ||
|-
| ''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]'' || Vijayaraghavan IPS ||
|-
| ''[[Sivi (film)|Sivi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8| 2008 || ''[[Nenjathai Killadhe (2008 film)|Nenjathai Killadhe]]'' || Psychiatrist ||
|-
| ''[[Vambu Sandai]]'' || Prabhakaran's foster father ||
|-
| ''[[Madurai Ponnu Chennai Paiyan]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' || Durai Raj ||
|-
| ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'' || Gautham's father ||
|-
| ''[[Kuselan]]'' || Himself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Theeyavan]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Sakkarakatti]]'' || Yuvaraj's father ||
|-
| rowspan=10| 2009 || ''[[Kudiyarasu]]'' || Rajasekar ||
|-
| ''[[Indira Vizha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pinju Manasu]]'' || Devi's father ||
|-
| ''[[Mariyadhai]]'' || Viswanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Manjal Veiyil]]'' || Gayathri's father ||
|-
| ''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'' || Ramana ||
|-
| ''[[Madhavi (2009 film)|Madhavi]]'' || Nandha and Mahesh's father ||
|-
| ''Thambivudayaan'' || ||
|-
| ''Kanna Nee Enakkuthanda'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Adhe Neram Adhe Idam]]'' || Karthik's father ||
|-
|}

===2010s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=8| 2010 || ''[[Thambikku Indha Ooru]]'' || Rajasekhar ||
|-
| ''[[Azhagana Ponnuthan]]'' || Karthik's father ||
|-
| ''[[Maanja Velu]]'' || Anjali's father ||
|-
| ''[[Singam]]'' || ACP Rajendran ||
|-
| ''Indrasena'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pournami Nagam]]'' || Honey's father ||
|-
| ''[[Mandabam]]'' || Sathya ||
|-
| ''Mudhal Kadhal Mazhai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=13| 2011 || ''[[Ilaignan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaavalan]]'' || Parthasarathy ||
|-
| ''[[Aadu Puli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kumara'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Varmam (film)|Varmam]]'' || Chidambaram ||
|-
| ''[[Venghai]]'' || Manickavel ||
|-
| ''[[Markandeyan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaada Poda Nanbargal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kadaisivarai Thamilan'' || ||
|-
| ''Ninaivil Nindra Malar'' || ||
|-
| ''Uyir Nanaikirathe'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mudhal Kadhal Mazhai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Osthe]]'' || Thangam Perumaal ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2012 || ''Agam Ariya Aaval'' || ||
|-
| ''Soozhnilai'' || || 500th Film
|-
| ''[[Suzhal (film)|Suzhal]]'' || Lakshmipathi ||
|-
| rowspan=9| 2013 || ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' || Rajamohan ||
|-
| ''Manithanaha Iru'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Singam II]]'' || ACP Rajendran ||
|-
| ''Kaadhale Ennai Kaadhali'' || Ram ||
|-
| ''Kandanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thee Kulikkum Pachai Maram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sandhithathum Sindhithathum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Pesamal Pesinaal'' || ||
|-
| ''Bhuvanakkadu '' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6| 2014 || ''Andavaa Kappathu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'' || Srinivasa Raghavan ||
|-
| ''Hogenakkal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Theriyama Unna Kadhalichitten]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Manam Konda Kaadhal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lingaa]]'' || Zamindar of Rayakottai ||
|-
| rowspan=6| 2015 || ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]'' || Govt Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Maha Maha]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Katham Katham]]'' || SP Ravichandran ||
|-
| ''9 Thirudargal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Andhadhi (film)|Andhadhi]]'' || Nyanasekhar ||
|-
| ''[[Muthukumar Wanted]]'' || Anandhi's father ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 2016 || ''[[Narathan]]'' || Vishnu's father ||
|-
| ''Ennam Pudhu Vannam'' || ||
|-
| ''Unnai Partha Naal'' || ||
|-
| ''Andha Maan'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5| 2017 || ''Ilavatta Pasanga'' || ||
|-
| ''Veera Vamsam'' || ||
|-
| ''Vadasatti'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sathya (2017 Tamil film)|Sathya]]'' || Swetha's father ||
|-
| ''[[Pagadi Aattam]]'' || Karthikeyan ||
|-
| rowspan=6| 2018 || ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' || Inbasekhar ||
|-
| ''[[Pakka (film)|Pakka]]'' || Nadhiya's father ||
|-
| ''[[Ratsasan]]'' || Dr. Nandan ||
|-
| ''[[Diya (film)|Diya]]'' || Krishna's father ||
|-
| ''Roja Maaligai'' || ||
|-
| ''Moondru Rasigarkal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2019 || ''Unmaiyen Velicham'' || ||
|-
| ''Thiruttukkalyanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]'' || Ramanan ||
|-
|}

===2020s===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2020 || ''Hawala'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2021 || ''[[Calls (film)|Calls]]'' || Nandhini's Manager ||
|-
| ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' || Mental Hospital Patient ||
|-
| ''[[Erida (film)|Erida]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2022 || ''[[Cadaver (2022 film)|Cadaver]]'' || Dr. Abraham Abel ||
|-
| ''John Ahiya Naan'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' || Kadambur Sambuvurayar ||
|-
| rowspan=8| 2023 || ''Jambu Maharishi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' || Kadambur Sambuvurayar ||
|-
| ''[[Por Thozhil]]'' || D. Mahendran ||
|-
| ''[[Mark Antony (2023 film)|Mark Antony]]'' || Advocate Selvam ||
|-
| ''[[Raththam]]'' || Rathna Pandian ||
|-
| ''A Home Away from Home'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sooragan]]'' || Varadharajan ||
|-
| ''[[Nandhi Varman]]'' || Chakravarthi ||
|-
| rowspan=4| 2024 || ''[[Vadakkupatti Ramasamy]]'' || Major Chandrakanth ||
|-
| ''Vaa Pagandaya'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Finder Project 1]]'' || Dhayalan ||
|-
| ''[[Iravin Vizhigal]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| rowspan="15" | 2025 || ''[[Seesaw (film)|Seesaw]]'' || Police commissioner ||
|-
| ''[[Baby and Baby]]'' || Dayalan ||
|-
| ''[[Aghathiyaa]]'' || Umar Abdulla ||
|-
| ''[[Asthram (2025 film)|Asthram]]'' || Rudhran ||
|-
| ''[[Sumo (film)|Sumo]]'' || Kani's father ||
|-
|''[[Devil's Double Next Level]]'' || Captain Mc Donald & Auto Basker, Kissa's father ||
|-
| ''[[School (2025 film)|School]]'' || Mastaan ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Narayani |title=School Movie Review: Too many subjects in a forgettable horror flick |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/May/23/school-movie-review-too-many-subjects-in-a-forgettable-horror-flick |work=Cinema Express |date=23 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jinn - The Pet]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Iravu Paravai'' || ||
|-
| ''Kuttram Pudhithu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Thanthra'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kaantha]]'' || Sivalingam Mudaliar ||
|-
| ''Iravin Vizhigal'' || ||
|-
| ''Un Paarvayil'' || Michael Raj ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2026 || ''[[Anantha (film)|Anantha]]'' || Vasudevan ||
|-
|''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]'' || Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu ||
|-
| ''Thiraivi'' || ||
|-
|''[[Anthony (film)|Anthony]]'' || Rev. Church Father ||
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Jana Nayagan]]}} || {{TBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-25 |title='Jana Nayagan': A veteran actor reunites with Thalapathy Vijay after 25 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jana-nayagan-a-veteran-actor-reunites-with-thalapathy-vijay-after-25-years/articleshow/119418771.cms |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role !! Notes
|-
|1986
|''Sravana Sandhya''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sravana Sandhya (1986) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ABJA/info |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Prabhu
|
|-
| 1987 || ''Gowtami'' || ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Inspector Pratap]]'' || Ramki ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Alludugaru]]'' || Gopal ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1991 || ''[[Chaitanya (film)|Chaitanya]]'' || Smuggler ||
|-
| ''[[Jaitra Yatra]]'' || ||
|-
| 1992 || ''Gowramma'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Nippu Ravva]]'' || Engineer ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Allarodu]]'' || Naidu ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1995 || ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Drohi]]'' || Criminal ||
|-
| ''Guntur Gundamma Katha'' || ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Meendum Savithri|Neti Savithri]]'' || Narasimman ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Pattukondi Chuddam]]'' || BP Srinivas Rao ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Vooru Manadiraa]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2008 || ''[[Kathanayakudu (2008 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' || Himself || Special appearance
|-
| ''Terror'' || ||
|-
| ''Andamaina Abaddam'' || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Punnami Naagu (2009 film)|Punnami Naagu]]'' || Honey's father ||
|-
| 2011 || ''Killer'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2012 || ''[[Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?]]'' || Manoj's father ||
|-
| ''[[Nuvvekkadunte Nenakkadunta]]'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Life After Death'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Juliet Lover of Idiot]]'' || Vara's father ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Diya (film)|Kanam]]'' || Krishna's father ||
|}

=== Malayalam films ===
*''Note: He was credited in Malayalam as Kakka Ravi from 1986 to 1996.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Kakka (film)|Kakka]]'' || ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Meenamaasathile Sooryan]]'' || Kunjambu Nair ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1987 || ''Jaithra Yaathra'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Idanazhiyil Oru Kaalocha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Veendum Lisa]]'' || Kalyan || Dubbed in Tamil as ''My Dear Lisa''
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Mouna Daaham]]'' || ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Aavanikunnile Kinnaripookkal]]'' || Raju ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1993 || ''Ithu Manjukaalam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[City Police (film)|City Police]]'' || Sajan Mathew ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1994 || ''[[The City (1994 film)|The City]]'' || Sudhakaran ||
|-
| ''Saraamsham'' || ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[The Prince (1996 film)|The Prince]]'' || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Melvilasom]]'' || Major Ajay Suri || credited as Nizhalkal Ravi
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]'' || C. I. Vetrimaran ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Malayalam film)|Happy Journey]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Little Superman]]'' || Albert ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mayaanadhi]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Vikadakumaran]]'' || Tamil Nadu Police Superintendent ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Erida (film)|Erida]]'' ||Uncle ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Kishkindha Kaandam]]'' ||Dr. Amrith Lal ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-22 |title=Asif Ali-starrer Kishkindha Kaandam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/22/asif-ali-starrer-kishkindha-kaandam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Kannada films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Africadalli Sheela]]'' || Naghuba ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1998 || ''[[Nishyabda]]'' || Vikram Gowda ||
|-
|''[[Simhada Guri]]''|| ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Love Story (2005 film)|Love Story]]'' || || Dubbed in Tamil as ''Uyir Ullavare''
|-
|}

=== Hindi films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Janta Ki Adalat]]'' || DIG Kiran Kumar ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Zulm-O-Sitam]]'' || || Special appearance; Dubbed in Tamil as ''Arjuna''
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]]'' || Sriram Venkat's father ||
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Language
|-
| ||''Appavukkaaga''|| ||rowspan="3" | [[DD Chennai|Doordarshan]] ||rowspan="3" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|1986||''Nallador Veenai''||
|-
|1991||''Rail Sneham''||
|-
|1995–1996||''Rathri''|| ||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1996||''Ivala En Manaivi''||Bhaskar||rowspan="3"|[[DD Podhigai|Doordarshan]] ||rowspan="3"|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|''Doctor Dharani''||
|-
|''Kaveri''||
|-
|1998–2000||''Idhi Katha Kadu''|| ||rowspan="2"|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]||rowspan="2"|[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|1998–1999||''Velagu Needalu''||
|-
|1999||''[[Kasalavu Nesam]]''|| ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] / [[Raj TV]]||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2001–2002||''Marumagal''|| ||[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]||rowspan="2" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2001–2003||''[[Alaigal (TV series)|Alaigal]]''|| Eswaramoorthy ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2002–2004||''Ninne Pelladatha''||Vittal Prasad||[[Gemini TV]]||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|2005–2006||''Deerga Sumangali''|| ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2005||''Aparajitha''|| ||[[Gemini TV]]||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|2008||''Emergency Action''|| ||[[DD Podhigai|Doordarshan]]||rowspan="3"|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2009–2010|| ''[[Thendral]]''||Velayudham||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2012–2014||''[[Suryaputhri]]''|| ||[[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2018–2020||''Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo'' ||Devaraj||[[ETV (India)|ETV]]||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|2019–2020||''[[Run (Indian TV series)|Run]]''||[[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Radhakrishnan (RK)||rowspan=3|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||rowspan=3|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Chithi 2]]''
|Shanmugapriyan
|-
|2021
|''Thirumagal''
|Shanmugapriyan (Special Appearance)
|-
|2022–2023|| ''Vantalakka''||Ramakotayya||[[Star Maa]]||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Language
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020||''[[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye]]''||Maya's father||rowspan="2"|[[Amazon Prime Video]] ||rowspan="2"|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|-
|''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]''||Principal Krishnan Moorthy
|-
|2022||''[[Irai (web series)|Irai]]''||Subbaraj||[[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]]||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|}

==As dubbing artist==
In the Tamil speaking community, the program "KBC" got huge reception, due to the dubbing voice performed by Nizhalgal Ravi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/see-amitabh-hear-nizhalgal-ravi/article27441827.ece|title=See Amitabh, hear 'Nizhalgal' Ravi|date=5 August 2005|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb192006/enter1043172006216.asp|date=19 February 2006|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=8 April 2025|title=The other Big B|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011053848/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb192006/enter1043172006216.asp|archive-date=11 October 2006}}</ref>
;Films
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Films !! Actor !! Notes
|-
|1989 || ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' ||[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] ||
|-
|1993||''[[Captain Magal]]'' ||[[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]] ||
|-
|2008||''[[Final Cut of Director|Bommalattam]]''||[[Nana Patekar]] ||Dubbed film
|-
|2015||''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]''||[[Mithun Chakraborty]] ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2018||''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''||[[Anant Nag]] ||Tamil version only
|-
|''[[Thugs of Hindustan]]''||[[Amitabh Bachchan]]||Tamil version only
|-
|rowspan=4|2019||''[[Kaappaan]]''||[[Boman Irani]] ||
|-
|''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]''||[[Amitabh Bachchan]]||Tamil version only
|-
|''[[Bigil]]'' ||[[Jackie Shroff]] ||
|-
|''[[Aladdin (2019 film)|Aladdin]]'' ||[[Navid Negahban]] ||Tamil version only
|-
|}

;Serials
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Films !! Actors !! Notes
|-
|1995 ||''Chinna Chinna Aasaigal - Judgement'' ||[[Prakash Raj]] ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://youtube.com/kr9iKjt8uPk?feature=shared | title=Chinna Chinna Aasai - Judgment (Episode 10) |publisher=Pyramid Comedy Clips | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>
|-
|2005 ||''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' - Season 2 || [[Amitabh Bachchan]]||Tamil version only
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravi, Nizhalgal}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]

MakeMyTrip

2026-03-21T07:13:15Z

Srivatsan:

{{short description|Indian online travel company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = MakeMyTrip Limited
| logo = Makemytrip_logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image = MakeMyTrip website screenshot.jpg
| image_caption = Screenshot of mobile application
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ|MMYT}}
| founder = [[Deep Kalra]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = Online travel
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list | Deep Kalra ([[chairman]]) | Rajesh Magow ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | Sanjay Mohan ([[Chief technology officer|CTO]]) | Mohit Kabra ([[Chief financial officer|CFO]]) }}
| products = Booking flights, hotels, holidays, buses, trains and cars
| revenue = {{Increase}} US$978 million (FY2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phocuswire.com/makemytrip-fiscal-q4-full-year-2025|title=MakeMyTrip posts record gross bookings for fiscal year 2025|website=PhocusWire}}</ref>
| num_employees = 5,122 (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MakeMyTrip: Number of Employees 2010-2025 {{!}} MMYT |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/MMYT/makemytrip/number-of-employees |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>
| parent =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2000}}
| location_city = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]
| location_country = India
| homepage = {{official URL}}
}}

'''MakeMyTrip Limited''' is an Indian online travel company, headquartered in [[Gurgaon]]. Founded in 2000, it operates an online travel-booking platform for travel services such as airline tickets, hotel reservations, holiday packages, and rail and bus tickets.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Haris |first=Mohammad |date=2023-03-29 |title=MakeMyTrip To Expand Footprint in India, Aims to Grow Franchisees By 50% In 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/business/makemytrip-to-expand-footprint-in-india-aims-to-grow-franchisees-by-50-in-2023-7413127.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The company also maintains offices outside India, including locations in [[New York City|New York]], [[Singapore]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Phuket (city)|Phuket]], [[Bangkok]], [[Dubai]] and [[Istanbul]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web |title=Story of MakeMyTrip, the Revolutionary E-commerce |url=https://www.theceo.in/industry/story-of-makemytrip-the-revolutionary-e-commerce |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=The CEO Magazine India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, MakeMyTrip acquired the [[Ibibo]] Group, which owned sites such as [[Goibibo]] and [[RedBus|Redbus.in]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=MakeMyTrip Limited and ibibo Group to combine |url=https://www.naspers.com/news/makemytrip-limited-and-ibibo-group-to-combine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123070037/https://www.naspers.com/news/makemytrip-limited-and-ibibo-group-to-combine |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2018-10-28 |website=www.naspers.com}}</ref>

== History ==
MakeMyTrip was founded by [[Deep Kalra]] in 2000, initially targeting the United States market with a focus on itineraries between the U.S. and India for the Indian diaspora. In September 2005, it began operations in India with online airline ticketing and later expanded into holiday packages and hotel reservations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=MakeMyTrip Success Story - Becoming India's Top Travel Startup |url=https://startuptalky.com/makemytrip-indian-startup-success-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817115817/https://startuptalky.com/makemytrip-indian-startup-success-story/ |archive-date=2019-08-17 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=StartupTalky |language=en}}</ref>

MakeMyTrip Limited listed on the [[Nasdaq]] on 17 September 2010 following an [[initial public offering]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=A new journey begins for MakeMyTrip |url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/13/slide-show-1-makemy-trip-fixes-ipo-at-usd-14-a-share-lists-on-nasdaq.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815233101/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/13/slide-show-1-makemy-trip-fixes-ipo-at-usd-14-a-share-lists-on-nasdaq.htm |archive-date=2010-08-15 |access-date=2018-10-23 |work=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> In 2011, the company acquired Luxury Tours and Travel Pte Ltd (Singapore), ITC Group's travel business, and ETB Group—expanding its presence in Southeast Asia and parts of Europe. In 2012, it introduced RoutePlanner, a tool for searching routes and modes within India.<ref>{{cite web |last=NextBigWhat |title=MakeMyTrip launches routeplanner – competes directly with iXiGo? |url=http://www.nextbigwhat.com/makemytrip-routeplanner-ixigo-competition-297/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117211124/http://www.nextbigwhat.com/makemytrip-routeplanner-ixigo-competition-297/ |archive-date=17 November 2012 |website=www.nextbigwhat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-05 |title=MakeMyTrip launches new travel application |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/makemytrip-launches-new-travel-application/article20573721.ece1 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In September 2014, it established a US$15 million innovation fund to invest in sector start-ups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=MakeMyTrip's early-stage investment fund is an extension to M&A strategy: Magow |url=https://www.vccircle.com/makemytrips-early-stage-investment-fund-extension-ma-strategy-magow/ |website=VCCircle}}</ref>

In April 2015, MakeMyTrip acquired MyGola; the deal was made through the innovation fund.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamurthy |first=Krithika |date=21 April 2015 |title=MakeMyTrip acquires travel startup Mygola |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/makemytrip-acquires-travel-startup-mygola/articleshow/47002233.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In July 2015, MakeMyTrip invested in the travel information and hotel review portal HolidayIQ and picked up approximately 30% stake in the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chanchani |first=Madhav |date=2015-06-23 |title=MakeMyTrip picks up 28% stake for 95 crore in HolidayIQ to boost hotels & holidays business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/makemytrip-picks-up-28-stake-for-95-crore-in-holidayiq-to-boost-hotels-holidays-business/articleshow/48176508.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728085437/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-07-23/news/64772617_1_holidayiq-hotels-and-packages-makemytrip |archive-date=2015-07-28 |access-date=2019-01-02 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In the same month, it invested $5 million in a startup called Bona Vita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Samiksha |date=2015-07-30 |title=MakeMyTrip invests $5M in travel start-up Bona Vita, acquires 67% stake |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/249057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910131346/http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/249057 |archive-date=2015-09-10 |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2016, the China-based travel booking company [[Ctrip]] agreed to invest $180 million in MakeMyTrip.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=B. S. |date=2016-01-08 |title=Ctrip buys $180-mn stake in MakeMyTrip |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ctrip-buys-180-mn-stake-in-makemytrip-116010800020_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109070257/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ctrip-buys-180-mn-stake-in-makemytrip-116010800020_1.html |archive-date=2016-01-09 |access-date=2019-01-02 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Later that year, MakeMyTrip and [[Ibibo|Ibibo Group]], India's largest travel booking portals, merged via a stock swap. [[Naspers]] became the largest shareholder of MakeMyTrip after the transaction.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=MakeMyTrip Limited and ibibo Group to combine |url=https://www.naspers.com/news/makemytrip-limited-and-ibibo-group-to-combine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123070037/https://www.naspers.com/news/makemytrip-limited-and-ibibo-group-to-combine |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2018-10-28 |website=www.naspers.com}}</ref> In 2019, Ctrip increased its stake in MakeMyTrip to 49% by acquiring 42% of the company from Naspers through a stock swap transaction. As a result, Naspers obtained a 5.6% stake in Ctrip worth $1.3 billion.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 April 2019 |title=China's Ctrip hikes stake in MakeMyTrip fivefold to 49% |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/chinas-ctrip-hikes-stake-in-makemytrip-fivefold-to-49/articleshow/69065451.cms |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The company acquired the [[Mumbai]]-based corporate travel management company Quest2Travel for an undisclosed amount in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rajiv |date=2019-04-30 |title=MakeMyTrip Acquires Corporate Travel Firm Quest2Travel |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/makemytrip-acquires-corpo-rate-travel-firm-quest2travel/53289/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501032822/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/makemytrip-acquires-corpo-rate-travel-firm-quest2travel/53289/1 |archive-date=2019-05-01 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> The company launched myPartner in 2020, a platform for travel agents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MakeMyTrip opens up its hotel inventory to offline travel agents |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/makemytrip-opens-up-its-hotel-inventory-to-offline-travel-agents/articleshow/77741624.cms |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> In May 2021, the company partnered with ⁣[[Amazon Pay]] for providing travel services on Amazon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abrar |first=Peerzada |date=1 November 2021 |title=MakeMyTrip and Amazon Pay form strategic tie-up to offer travel services |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/makemytrip-and-amazon-pay-form-strategic-tie-up-to-offer-travel-services-121110101028_1.html |access-date=28 November 2021 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> In April 2022, TripMoney, the fintech arm of MakeMyTrip, announced the acquisition of BookMyForex, an online foreign exchange services provider.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rudra |first=Tapanjana |date=2022-04-05 |title=MakeMyTrip's Fintech Arm Acquires Majority Stake In Foreign Currency Exchange BookMyForex |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/makemytrips-fintech-arm-tripmoney-acquires-undisclosed-majority-stake-in-bookmyforex/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, MakeMyTrip began integrating generative AI features into its platform, such as voice-assisted booking in Indian languages and AI-generated summaries of hotel reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Anumeha |date=2023-05-08 |title=MakeMyTrip collaborates with Microsoft to introduce voice assisted booking in Indian languages |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/makemytrip-adds-ai-voice-chat-to-lure-more-india-travelers/articleshow/100069679.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In January 2024, the company announced an agreement to acquire the expense-management platform Happay from [[Cred (company)|CRED]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Florentyna |first=Anne |date=2024-11-18 |title=MakeMyTrip To Acquire CRED’s Expense Management Platform Happay |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/makemytrip-to-acquire-creds-expense-management-platform-happay/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, it released an updated version of its virtual assistant, Myra.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chawla |first=Ayushmann |date=2025-08-18 |title=MakeMyTrip’s Myra AI Review: How effective is the personal travel assistant? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/makemytrips-myra-ai-review-personal-travel-assistant-to-help-you-declutter-101755499699704.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Also in 2025, the company mapped more than 2,000 hotels and homestays near over 100 national parks in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhawan |first=Bulbul |date=2025-08-26 |title=How Homestays Can Help Fix India's 200,000-Room Shortage |url=https://skift.com/2025/08/25/how-homestays-can-help-fix-indias-200000-room-shortage/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Skift |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2025, MakeMyTrip [[Share repurchase|repurchased]] over 34 million Class B shares held by [[Trip.com Group]], reducing the latter's shareholding in the company from 45.34% to 16.90%.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 July 2025 |title=MakeMyTrip completes share repurchase to cut China-based Trip. com's stake |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/makemytrip-completes-share-repurchase-to-cut-china-based-trip-coms-stake/articleshow/122247317.cms |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In March 2026, MakeMyTrip announced it was evaluating a potential listing on Indian domestic stock exchanges ([[BSE Limited|BSE]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]]), which would complement its existing NASDAQ listing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/makemytrip-evaluates-india-listing-after-more-than-a-decade-on-nasdaq-126031601318_1.html|title=MakeMyTrip evaluates India listing after more than a decade on Nasdaq|work=Business Standard|date=16 March 2026}}</ref> The company also acquired a majority stake in [[Flamingo Transworld]], a group holiday packages company with a strong presence in western and central India, and made a strategic minority investment in Atlys, a visa processing platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/company-announcements/makemytrip-sharpens-india-focus-with-flamingo-acquisition-atlys-stake-and-local-listing-plan|title=MakeMyTrip Sharpens India Focus With Flamingo Acquisition, Atlys Stake, and Local Listing Plan|website=TipRanks|date=2026}}</ref>

== Initial public offering ==
MakeMyTrip's initial public offering on the [[NASDAQ]] in August 2010 priced shares at US$14, at the top of the US$12–14 range. The company offered 5 million shares and raised approximately US$80.5 million, with [[Morgan Stanley]] as the sole book-runner.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/makemytrip-fixes-ipo-at-14-a-share-lists-on-nasdaq-110081300042_1.html|title=MakeMyTrip fixes IPO at $14 a share, lists on Nasdaq|work=Business Standard|date=13 August 2010}}</ref> On the first day of trading, shares surged approximately 80% to US$25.16, making it the best-performing IPO in the United States that year. The offering valued the company at approximately US$478 million and was the first IPO by an Indian company in the U.S. since July 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/interview-it-s-a-fairytale-nasdaq-listing-for-makemytrip-1423091|title=It's a fairytale Nasdaq listing for MakeMyTrip|website=DNA India|date=2010}}</ref>

== Products and services ==
MakeMyTrip provides flight, hotel, bus, and train ticket booking, as well as holiday packages. The company launched mobile applications for booking travel in 2012. {{as of|June 2023|post=,}} the company had 146 active franchisees.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Haris |first=Mohammad |date=2023-03-29 |title=MakeMyTrip To Expand Footprint in India, Aims to Grow Franchisees By 50% In 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/business/makemytrip-to-expand-footprint-in-india-aims-to-grow-franchisees-by-50-in-2023-7413127.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Following its founding in 2000, MakeMyTrip's initial service was air ticketing for travel to and from India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-19 |title=MakeMyTrip, Ibibo merge to create mega online travel co |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/makemytrip-ibibo-merge-to-create-mega-online-travel-co/articleshow/54926855.cms |access-date=2023-08-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A significant expansion occurred in 2017 when the company merged with Ibibo Group, the parent company of rival travel site [[Ibibo|Goibibo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-18 |title=MakeMyTrip acquires ibibo Group for nearly Rs 12,000 crore |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-makemytrip-acquires-ibibo-group-for-nearly-rs-12000-crore-7175 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Zee Business}}</ref>

The company's hotel booking service, operated through MMTand Goibibo, was launched in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Regina Anthony |date=2008-12-14 |title=Online travel firms see spurt in business |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/cVpGtqMItbVoZEPzewp9EM/Online-travel-firms-see-spurt-in-business.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> As of 2020, it had over 60,000 accommodation properties in India and 5,00,000 outside the country listed on its site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-25 |title=MakeMyTrip taps offline agents to bring back business, post-COVID-19 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/makemytrip-taps-offline-agents-to-bring-back-business-post-covid-19-5753201.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

Its bus ticketing operations are primarily handled through its subsidiary, [[redBus]], an online bus ticketing platform which it acquired from the Ibibo Group.<ref>{{Cite news |title=MakeMyTrip-owned RedBus plans integrated end-to-end online travel solutions |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/makemytrip-owned-redbus-plans-integrated-end-to-end-online-travel-solutions-122041200805_1.html |work=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> redBus partners with bus operators in India, [[South America]], and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahay |first=Priyanka |date=2016-07-11 |title=redBus acquires majority stake in Peru-based Busportal |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/Pu4kVmtaCxQXPA9IkCHMCP/redBus-acquires-majority-stake-in-Perubased-Busportal.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

MakeMyTrip also operates TripMoney, a fintech arm offering foreign exchange services, travel insurance, and travel-related financial products. In 2022, TripMoney acquired BookMyForex, an online foreign exchange platform. The company offers car rental services for airport transfers, local sightseeing, and intercity travel. In 2025, MakeMyTrip launched an updated version of its AI-powered virtual assistant, Myra, which handles over 55,000 daily conversations in multiple Indian languages across the travel booking lifecycle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/makemytrips-myra-ai-review-personal-travel-assistant-to-help-you-declutter-101755499699704.html|title=MakeMyTrip's Myra AI Review: How effective is the personal travel assistant?|website=Hindustan Times|date=18 August 2025}}</ref>

== Market position ==
MakeMyTrip is the largest online travel agency in India, with an estimated market share exceeding 60% in the Indian OTA segment as of 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stocksmantra.com/market-share-of-indian-online-travel-agencies-flight-hotel-train-and-bus-bookings/|title=Market Share of Indian Online Travel Agencies|website=StocksMantra|date=2025}}</ref> The company's platforms receive approximately 36 million monthly visits. Its primary competitors include [[EaseMyTrip]], [[Cleartrip]] (owned by [[Flipkart]]), [[Yatra (website)|Yatra]], and [[Ixigo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skift.com/2025/01/09/makemytrip-dominates-travel-search-in-india-can-it-hold-on-to-its-lead/|title=MakeMyTrip Dominates Travel Search in India. Can It Hold On to Its Lead?|website=Skift|date=9 January 2025}}</ref> In FY2025, the company reported record gross bookings of US$9.8 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phocuswire.com/makemytrip-fiscal-q4-full-year-2025|title=MakeMyTrip posts record gross bookings for fiscal year 2025|website=PhocusWire}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.makemytrip.com}}
{{Finance links
| symbol = MMYT
| sec_cik = MMYT
| google = Nasdaq:MMYT
| yahoo = MMYT
| bloomberg = MMYT:US
| reuters = MMYT.OQ
| nasdaq = MMYT
}}
{{Travel ticket search engines}}

[[Category:Indian travel websites]]
[[Category:Travel ticket search engines]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2000]]
[[Category:2010 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Online travel agencies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Travel and holiday companies of India]]
[[Category:Online companies of India]]

Gurdwara

2026-03-17T18:33:10Z

Srivatsan: general update details for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|Place of worship in Sikhism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Golden temple india.jpg|thumb|271x271px|[[Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab]], [[India]] ]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

A '''gurdwara''', '''gurudwara''', or '''gurudwar''' ({{langx|pa|ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ|gurdu'ārā|door of the [[Sikh gurus|guru]]}}) is a place of assembly and [[place of worship|worship]] in [[Sikhism]], but its normal meaning is "place of guru" or "home of guru". [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] also refer to gurdwaras as ''Gurdwara Sahib''. People from all faiths and religions are welcomed in a gurdwara. Each gurdwara has a ''[[Darbar Sahib Hall|Darbar Sahib]]'' where the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] is placed on a {{lang|pa-Latn|takht}} (an elevated throne) in a prominent central position. Any congregant (sometimes with specialized training, in which case they are known by the term [[granthi]]) may recite, sing, and explain the verses from the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], in the presence of the rest of the congregation.

All gurdwaras have a {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]}} hall, where people can eat free [[lacto-vegetarian]] food served by volunteers at the gurdwara.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Gurdwara|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ritesrituals/gurdwara_1.shtml|work=BBC.co.uk|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 March 2013|archive-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111153725/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ritesrituals/gurdwara_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> They may also have a medical facility room, library, nursery, classroom, meeting rooms, playground, sports ground, a gift shop, and finally a repair shop.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gurdwara Requirements|url=http://www.worldgurudwaras.com/gurudwaras/gurdwara-requirements|work=WorldGurudwaras.com|access-date=18 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220923/http://www.worldgurudwaras.com/gurudwaras/gurdwara-requirements|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref> A gurdwara can be identified from a distance by tall flagpoles bearing the [[Nishan Sahib]], the Sikh flag.

The best-known gurdwaras are in the Darbar Sahib complex in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]],{{sfn|The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica|2014}} including [[Golden Temple]] (Sri Harmandir Sahib), the spiritual center of the Sikhs and [[Akal Takht]], the political center of the Sikhs.{{sfn|The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica|2014}}

==History==

=== Dharamsals ===

==== Origin ====
Sikhs believe that Guru Nanak was ordained directly by [[God in Sikhism|God]] to construct ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamsals]]'' (places of worship; meaning ‘abode of righteousness’), as per the B.40 [[Janamsakhis|Janamsakhi]]:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dhillon |first=Balwant Singh |date=November 1997 |title=Dharamsala: An Early Sikh Religious Centre |url=https://sikhinstitute.org/gurd_legi/ch_4.htm |website=Institute of Sikh Studies |access-date=2023-06-21 |archive-date=2023-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621165835/https://sikhinstitute.org/gurd_legi/ch_4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780226615936 |pages=52}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=Go, Nanak [answered God]. Your Panth will flourish. The salutation of your followers shall be: 'In the name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. The salutation of the Vaisnava Panth is: 'In the name of Rama and Krisna'. The salutation of the Sanyasi Panth is: 'In the name of Narayan I bow before you'. The Yogi's salutation is: 'Hail to the primal One'. The Muslims' cry is: 'In the name of the One God peace be with you'. You are Nanak and your Panth will flourish. Your followers shall be called Nanak-panthis and their salutation will be: 'In the name of the true Guru I fall at your feet'. I shall bless your Panth. Inculcate devotion towards Me and strengthen men's obedience to their dharma. As the Vaisnavas have their temple, the yogis their asan, and the Muslims their mosque, so your followers shall have their dharamsala. Three things you must inculcate in your Panth: repeating the divine Name, giving charity, and regular bathing. Keep yourself unspotted while yet remaining a householder.|author=B.40 Janamsakhi translated by W.H. McLeod|title=''The Evolution of the Sikh Community'' (1975)|source=page 30}}
The above statement separates the institution of Sikh dharamsals from those of other faiths, ordaining it as an independent institution based upon Sikhism alone.<ref name=":0" /> The first centre was built in [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]], on the banks of [[Ravi River]] in the [[Punjab region]] by the first Sikh guru, [[Guru Nanak Dev]] in the year 1521. It now lies in the [[Narowal District]] of west Punjab (Pakistan). During the time of Guru Nanak, Sikh places of worship were known as dharamsals where ''[[kirtan]]'' was conducted by the early Sikh congregation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |date=2021-04-03 |title=Ideological basis in the formation of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee and the Shiromani Akali Dal: exploring the concept of Guru-Panth |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656 |journal=Sikh Formations |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1–2 |pages=16–33 |doi=10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656 |s2cid=234146387 |issn=1744-8727 |quote=Guru Nanak himself was not content to leave the ethical principles that he expounded in his life as merely theoretical constructs, but instead sought to institutionalize them during the last two decades of his life at Kartarpur. He referred to the earth (dhartī) as ‘the place to practice righteousness’ (dharamsāl, GGS 7) and his own village was conceived as a place of justice where the divine will was carried out. Thus, the original place of worship established by him came to be known as dharamsālā (‘abode of righteousness’) where early Sikhs gathered to sing devotional hymns (kīrtan), which was the principal corporate activity of the community at Kartarpur. |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2022-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123062932/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2021.1873656 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The worship centres were built as a place where Sikhs could gather to hear the guru give spiritual discourse and sing religious [[hymns]] in the praise of {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Waheguru]]}}.

==== Spread ====
Guru Nanak would arrange early Sikh followers into various ''sangat'' congregations or parishes and instructed them to erect a dharamsal dedicated to spreading their Guru's message and teachings in their local area.<ref name=":0" />

[[Bhai Gurdas]] states the following:<ref name=":0" />

{{Blockquote|text=“Wherever Guru Nanak visited, that place became a place of worship. The most important centres including those of the jogis visited by the Guru became spiritual centres. Even houses have been turned into dharamsalas where kirtan was sung on the eve of Vaisakhi.”|author=Bhai Gurdas}}

Guru Nanak set-up an important dharamsal in the new-found [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]] after settling there.<ref name=":0" /> Other important dharamsals were located in [[Khadur Sahib|Khadur]], [[Goindval|Goindwal]], [[Amritsar|Ramdaspur]], [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]], [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur (Doaba)]] and [[Sri Hargobindpur]], all of whom had been directly founded upon the instruction of a Sikh guru.<ref name=":0" /> When the Manji system and the later Masand systems of preachers and dioceses was set-up, they were directed to found a dharamsal in their dedicated area of missionary work.<ref name=":0" /> Passionate early Sikhs would found dharamsals at various places across the [[Indian subcontinent]] and in [[Afghanistan]] as a means of expressing their devotion to the faith.<ref name=":0" /> [[Udasi]]s were commanded by Guru Hargobind and his successors to found dharamsals in the distant reaches of the subcontinent far from the nucleus of Sikh centrality and rejuvenate the abandoned, dilapidated, or struggling dharamsals which had been founded by Guru Nanak and his followers in faraway places, which struggled due to their extreme distance from the central Sikh authority located mainly in Punjab.<ref name=":0" /> Guru Tegh Bahadur founded new dharamsal centres during his missionary tours of the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa region of Punjab]] and in [[Northeast India|northeastern India]].<ref name=":0" /> Dharamsals were also established on trade routes utilized by Sikh [[Khatri]] merchants, especially upon the routes between [[Chittagong|Chitagong]]-to-[[Kabul]] plus [[Agra]]-to-[[Burhanpur|Burhampur]].<ref name=":0" />

==== Structure and operation ====
The dharamsals were simple constructions and modest buildings, usually just consisting of a single humble room to house the local devotees of a locality for prayers.<ref name=":0" /> This was especially true in the rural areas, villages, and small towns where most of the local [[Sikhs|Sikh]] congregations consisted of simple peasants with little means of wealth.<ref name=":0" /> They were not built upon a specific axis because Sikhs believe God is omnipresent and the entire Earth is divine and equally fitting as such.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] was installed at dharamsals after its codification and introduction in 1604.<ref name=":0" /> The dharamsals likely did not contain intricate and ornate furniture, fittings, and other decorative accessories, unlike modern-day gurdwaras.<ref name=":0" /> Dharamsals incorporated a body of water for public bathing due to the importance placed upon ''isnan'' (customary bathing in the [[Amrit Velā|morning]]) in Sikhism.<ref name=":0" /> Wherever natural sources of water were not readily available, a ''baoli'' (step-well), bucket well, or ''rahat'' ([[Saqiyah|Persian wheel]]) would be implemented and installed in the courtyard of the structure or near a pool of water.<ref name=":0" /> The dharamsals incorporated a [[Langar (Sikhism)|''langar'']] (communal kitchen) and lodge, especially the ones on important highways and trade routes, where persons could eat and stay without discriminated based upon their religious or caste-background.<ref name=":0" /> This facilitated the fast spread of [[Sikhism]] throughout the Punjab.<ref name=":0" /> Some dharamsals contained a hospital ward where the sick and injured could receive treatment.<ref name=":0" /> Other dharamsals incorporated carpentry workshops to construct beds and other needed furniture.<ref name=":0" /> The dharamsals often contained a school where one could learn [[Gurmukhi]], [[Sikh music]], and interpretation of [[Sikh scriptures]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Gurdwaras ===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Templo dorado-Amritsar-India048.JPG|The [[Harmandir Sahib]] in [[Amritsar]], India, known informally as the Golden Temple, is the holiest gurdwara of [[Sikhism]], next to [[Akal Takht]], a Sikh seat of power.
File:Hazur Sahib, Nanded, Maharashtra, September 2012.jpg|Shri [[Hazur Sahib Nanded|Hazoor Sahib]] is a gurdwara in [[Nanded]], [[Maharashtra, India]]; is one of the five {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Takht (Sikhism)|takhts]]}}.
File:Front view of Gurudwara Bangla Sahib, Delhi.jpg|[[Gurudwara Bangla Sahib]] is one of the most prominent [[Sikhism|Sikh]] gurdwara in [[Delhi, India]] and known for its association with the eighth [[Sikh Guru]], [[Guru Har Krishan]], as well as the pool inside its complex, known as the "Sarovar."
</gallery>

As the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] population continued to grow, [[Guru Hargobind]], the sixth Sikh guru, introduced the word "gurdwara". Gurdwaras evolved out of the earlier Dharamsal centres.<ref name=":0" />

The etymology of the term ''gurdwara'' is from the words {{lang|pa-Latn|gur}} ({{lang|pa|ਗੁਰ}}) (a reference to the Sikh gurus) and {{lang|pa-Latn|dwara}} ({{lang|pa|ਦੁਆਰਾ}}) (gateway in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]), together meaning 'the gateway through which the guru could be reached'.<ref name=SGPC/> Thereafter, all Sikh places of worship came to be known as gurdwaras. According to Raj Sadosh, the term ''Gurdham'' refers to a place that had been visited by the Sikh gurus.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sadosh |first=Raj |date=17 April 1999 |title=Greeting card from Pakistan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr17/punjab.htm#2 |access-date=30 December 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref>

The use of '[[sahib]]', as sometimes appended in the term ''Gurdwara Sahib'', derives from a [[loanword]] of Arabic origin, meaning "companion" or "friend".<ref>{{OED|sahib, ''n.''}}</ref>

[[Kanwarjit Singh Kang]] classifies gurdwaras into two distinct categories:<ref name=":25">{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Kanwarjit Singh |title=Punjab Art and Culture |publisher=Atma Ram & Sons |year=1988 |isbn=9788170430964 |pages=81 |chapter=16. The Sikh Shrines of Anandpur Sahib}}</ref>

# Community gurdwaras - which are constructed by Sikhs to meet their religious and social requirements (includes ones constructed outside of India)<ref name=":25" />
# Historical gurdwaras - which are constructed by Sikhs at sites of historical importance in the [[history of Sikhism]] (these gurdwaras tend to be more famous)<ref name=":25" />

[[File:Nishan sahib golden temple.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.90|alt=Nishan Sahib flags on tall poles over Harmandir Sahib in India|Nishan Sahib flags on poles at Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar.]]
Some of the prominent Sikh shrines established by the Sikh gurus are:
* [[Gurdwara Janam Asthan|Nankana Sahib]], established in the 1490s by first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak Dev, Punjab, Pakistan.
* [[Sultanpur Lodhi#Historical Gurudwaras|Sultanpur Lodhi]], established in 1499 became the Sikh centre during Guru Nanak Dev time Kapurthala District, Punjab (India).
* [[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur|Kartarpur Sahib]], established in 1521 by the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak Dev, near River Ravi, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan.
* [[Khadur Sahib]], established in 1539 by the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev ji, near River Beas, Amritsar District, Punjab, India.
* [[Goindwal Sahib]], established in 1552 by the third Sikh Guru, Guru Amar Das ji, near River Beas, Amritsar District Punjab, India.
* Sri Amritsar, established in 1577 By the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das ji, District Amritsar, Punjab India.
* [[Tarn Taran Sahib]], established in 1590 by the fifth Sikh Guru, [Guru Arjan Dev ji], District Tarn Taran Sahib, Punjab India.
* [[Kartarpur, India|Kartarpur]] Sahib, established in 1594 by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, near river Beas, Jalandhar District, Punjab India.
* [[Sri Hargobindpur]], established by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, near river Beas, Gurdaspur District, Punjab India.
* [[Kiratpur Sahib]], established in 1627 by the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind, near river Sutlej, Ropar District, Punjab, India.
* [[Anandpur Sahib]], established in 1665 by the ninth Sikh Guru, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], near river Sutlej, Punjab, India.
* [[Gurudwara Paonta Sahib|Paonta Sahib]], established in 1685 by the tenth Sikh Guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], near river Yamuna, Himachal Pradesh India.

By the early 20th century, a number of Sikh gurdwaras in British India were under the control of the [[Udasi]] [[mahant]]s (clergymen).<ref name="HSSingha2000">{{cite book | author = H. S. Singha|title=The encyclopedia of Sikhism|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|page=13}}</ref> The [[Gurdwara Reform Movement]] of the 1920s resulted in [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] taking control of these gurdwaras.<ref name="Rajit2003">{{cite book | author=Rajit K. Mazumder | title=The Indian army and the making of Punjab | year=2003 | publisher = Orient Blackswan | isbn=978-81-7824-059-6 | pages=213–218}}</ref>
[[File:Ranjit Singh at Harmandir Sahib - August Schoefft - Vienna 1850 - Princess Bamba Collection - Lahore Fort.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] listening to [[Guru Granth Sahib]] being recited near the [[Akal Takht]], one of the five {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Takht (Sikhism)|takhts]]}}, and the [[Golden Temple]], holiest gurdwara of [[Sikhism]], in [[Punjab, India]] (painting by
Ágoston Schoefft, 1850).}}]]

===Panj Takht===
The {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Panj Takht]]}} which literally means five seats or thrones of authority, are five gurdwaras which have a very special significance for the Sikh community.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/special-train-to-connect-all-five-takhats-first-run-on-february-16/articleshow/29908402.cms|title=Union railway ministry: Special train to connect all five Takhats, first run on February 16 | Chandigarh News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 February 2014 |access-date=2021-01-25|archive-date=2024-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129145548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/special-train-to-connect-all-five-takhats-first-run-on-february-16/articleshow/29908402.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> They are result of the historical growth of the religion of [[Sikhism]] and represent the centers of power of the religion.
* [[Akal Takht|Akal Takht Sahib]], (the Throne of the Timeless One) established by [[Guru Hargobind]] in 1609 is situated in the complex of [[The Golden Temple]], [[Amritsar]], [[India]]{{sfn|The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica|2014}}
* [[Takht Sri Kesgarh Sahib]], located in Anandpur Sahib, [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA16|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=16|access-date=2017-12-21|archive-date=2024-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129145623/https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib]], located in [[Bathinda]], Punjab, India<ref>{{cite web | title=Railways halts survey to finalise the Talwandi Sabo rail route | website=hindustantimes.com | date=25 August 2015 | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/railways-halts-survey-to-finalise-the-talwandi-sabo-rail-route/story-KoJo34oRxxAXtXoAmZTcFL.html | access-date=7 October 2015 | archive-date=12 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212231031/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/railways-halts-survey-to-finalise-the-talwandi-sabo-rail-route/story-KoJo34oRxxAXtXoAmZTcFL.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib|Takhat Sri Harimandir Patna Sahib]], in the neighborhood of [[Patna Sahib]], [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/five-jathedars-visit-patna-kick-off-17-preparations/articleshow/48137108.cms|title=Five jathedars visit Patna, kick off '17 preparations | Patna News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=19 July 2015 |access-date=2021-01-25|archive-date=2021-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206011636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/five-jathedars-visit-patna-kick-off-17-preparations/articleshow/48137108.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Hazur Sahib Nanded|Takht Sri Hazur Sahib]], located on banks of the [[River Godavari]] in [[Nanded]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020427/windows/site.htm Hazoor Sahib — a salute to the saviour][[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]</ref>

==Description==
A gurdwara has a main hall called a [[Darbar Sahib Hall|darbar]], a community kitchen called a {{lang|pa-Latn|langar}},<ref name="SGPC" /> and other facilities. The essential features of a gurdwara are these public spaces, the presence of the holy book and eternal Sikh guru the [[Guru Granth Sahib|Granth Sahib]],<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ritesrituals/gurdwara_1.shtml "BBC - Religions - Sikhism: The Gurdwara"], BBC.co.uk, 2010.</ref> the pursuit of the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada]] (the Sikh code of conduct and convention), and the provision of daily services:
* {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Shabad (hymn)|Shabad]]}} {{lang|pa-Latn|[[kirtan]]}}: singing hymns from the Granth Sahib. Strictly speaking only Shabads from Guru Granth Sahib, [[Dasam Granth]], and the compositions of [[Bhai Gurdas]] and [[Bhai Nand Lal]], can be performed within a gurdwara.
* {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Paath]]}}: religious discourse and reading of [[Gurbani]] from the Guru Granth Sahib, with its explanations. There are two types of discourse: {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Akhand Paath]]}} and {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Sadharan Paath]]}}.
* {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Sangat (term)|Sangat]]}} and {{lang|pa-Latn|pangat}}: providing a free community kitchen called a langar<ref name=SGPC/> for all visitors, regardless of cultural, religious, regional, caste, or class affiliations.

[[File:Typical.darbar.sahib.png|thumb|200px|right|A typical [[Darbar Sahib Hall|Darbar Sahib]] layout. Men and women usually sit on separate sides.]]
Other ceremonies performed there include the Sikh marriage ceremony, {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Anand Karaj]]}}; some of the rites of the death ceremony, {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Antam Sanskar]]}}; and most of the important [[Sikh Festivals]]. The {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Nagar Kirtan]]}}, a Sikh processional singing of holy hymns throughout a community, begin and conclude at a gurdwara.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ritesrituals/weddings.shtml "BBC - Religions - Sikhism: Weddings"] ,
BBC.co.uk, 2010.</ref>

Gurdwaras around the world may also serve the Sikh community in other ways, including acting as libraries of Sikh literature and schools to teach children Gurmukhi, housing the [[Sikh scriptures]], and organizing charitable work in the wider community on behalf of Sikhs. Many historical gurdwaras associated with the lives of the Sikh Gurus have a sarovar (eco-friendly pool) attached for bathing.

Gurdwaras have no [[Cult image|idols]] or statues.

==Customs==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
Your First Visit to a Sikh Gurdwara.webm|Instructional video on what to expect on a visit to a Sikh Gurdwara, by Sikh Dharma International.
Gurudwara Paonta Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|[[Gurudwara Paonta Sahib]], view inside a typical gurdwara.
</gallery>
Many gurdwaras are designed to seat men on one side and women on the other, although designs vary, and the divided seating is far from mandatory. They do not generally sit together but on separate sides of the room, both at an equal distance from the Guru Granth Sahib, as a sign of equality. Worshippers are offered {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Karah Parshad]]}} (sweet flour and [[ghee]]-based food offered as {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Prasad (food offering)|prashad]]}}) in the hall, which is usually given into cupped hands by a {{lang|pa-Latn|[[sewadar]]}} (gurdwara volunteer).

In the {{lang|pa-Latn|[[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]}} room, food is cooked and served by the volunteers in the community. Only [[lacto-vegetarian]] food is served in the langar hall, to suit the visitors from different backgrounds so that no person may be offended. All people belonging to different faiths sit together to share a common meal, regardless of any dietary restrictions. The main philosophy behind the {{lang|pa-Latn|langar}} is two-fold: to provide training to engage in {{lang|pa-Latn|seva}} and an opportunity to serve people from all walks of life, and to help banish all distinctions between high and low or rich and poor.

==Architecture==

[[File:Guru Nanak Gurdwara Smethwick.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.20|220px|alt=|[[Guru Nanak Gurdwara Smethwick]] in [[Sandwell]], one of the first and largest gurdwaras in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].]]

Gurdwara buildings do not have to conform to any set architectural design. The only established requirements are: the installation of the [[Guru Granth Sahib|Granth Sahib]] under a canopy or in a canopied seat, usually on a platform higher than the specific floor on which the devotees sit, and a tall Sikh pennant flag atop the building.

In the 21st century, more and more gurdwaras (especially within India) have been following the [[Harimandir Sahib]] pattern, a synthesis of [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Sikh architecture]]. Most of them have square halls, stand on a higher plinth, have entrances on all four sides, and have square or octagonal domed sanctums usually in the middle. During recent decades, to meet the requirements of larger gatherings, bigger and better ventilated assembly halls, with the sanctum at one end, have become accepted style. The location of the sanctum, more often than not, is such as to allow space for circumambulation. Sometimes, to augment the space, [[verandah]]s are built to skirt the hall. A popular model for the dome is the ribbed lotus, topped by an ornamental pinnacle. Arched copings, [[kiosk]]s and solid domelets are used for exterior decorations.

==Spiritual significance==

===Meditating by the Guru Granth Sahib===
[[File:Painting of the interior of a Sikh temple (gurdwara), Punjab, ca.1875.jpg|thumb|Painting of the interior of a gurdwara, Punjab, ca.1875]]
It is the duty of all Sikhs to engage in personal and communal meditation, {{lang|pa-Latn|[[kirtan]]}} and the study of the holy scriptures. Meditating and understanding the meaning of texts from the Granth Sahib is important for the proper moral and spiritual development of a Sikh. One must study Gurmukhi script and be able to read [[Gurbani]] to understand the meaning of the text. A Sikh has to revert to the Granth Sahib for the all spiritual guidance in one's life.

===Holy congregation and reflecting on Gurbani===
[[File:InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Darbar Sahib Hall|Darbar Sahib]] of a gurdwara.]]
It is believed that a Sikh is more easily and deeply engrossed by [[Gurbani]] when engaged in congregation gatherings. For this reason, it is necessary for a Sikh to visit gurdwara. On joining the holy congregation, Sikhs should take part and obtain the benefit from the combined study of the holy scriptures. No one is to be barred from entering a gurdwara regardless of their religious or regional background and are welcomed in.

===Voluntary service (Seva)===
[[File:Communal lunch in Keshgarh Sahib.jpg|thumb| Khalsa principles of [[Deg Tegh Fateh|Deg]] to cook food ([[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]) in huge amount]]
[[Selfless service|Seva]] is an important and prominent part of the Sikh religion. [[Dasvand]] forms a central part of Sikh belief (of [[Vand Chhako]]) and literally means donating ten percent of one's harvest, both financial and in the form of time and service such as seva to the gurdwara and anywhere where help is needed. All Sikhs therefore get involved in this communal service whenever an opportunity arises. This in its simple forms can be: sweeping and washing the floors of the gurdwara, serving water and food ([[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]]) to or fanning the congregation, offering provisions or preparing food and doing other 'house keeping' duties.

===Community life and other matters===
[[File:Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Birmingham - 2019-04-28 - Andy Mabbett - 02.jpg|thumb|An office block repurposed as a Gurdwara, opened in Birmingham, England, in April 2019]]
Sikhism offers strong support for a healthy communal life, and a Sikh must undertake to support all worthy projects which would benefit the larger community and promote Sikh principles. Importance is given to [[Inter-faith dialogue]], support for the poor and weak; better community understanding and co-operation.

==Learning and other facilities==
Many gurdwaras also have other facilities for Sikhs to learn more about their religion, such as libraries, complexes for courses in Gurmukhi, [[Sikhism]] and Sikh scriptures, meeting rooms, and room-and-board accommodation for those who need it. Gurdwaras are open to all people, regardless of sex, age, sexuality or religion, and are generally open all hours of a day. Some gurdwaras also provide temporary accommodations ({{lang|pa-Latn|serais}}) for visitors or devotees. The gurdwara also serves as a community centre and a guest house for travellers, occasionally a clinic, and a base for local charitable activities. Apart from morning and evening services, the gurdwaras hold special congregations to mark important anniversaries on the Sikh calendar. They become scenes of much éclat and festivity during celebrations in honour of the birth and death ({{lang|pa-Latn|Joythi Joyth Samaey}}) anniversaries of the Gurus and [[Vaisakhi]].

==See also==
*[[Panj Takht]]
*[[List of gurdwaras]]
*[[List of Sikh festivals]]
*[[Nanak Shahi bricks]]
*[[Sangat (Sikhism)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="SGPC">
[http://www.sgpc.net/historical-gurdwaras/index.asp "Historical Gurdwaras"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611211006/http://sgpc.net/historical-gurdwaras/index.asp |date=2010-06-11 }},
Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, Punjab,
India, www.SGPC.net, 2005.
</ref>}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|author= ((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica))|year=2014| url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Harmandir-Sahib }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gurudwaras}}
*[http://www.jattdisite.com/scraps/historical-gurudwaras/ All Historical Gurudwaras]
*[https://siliguritourism.com/siliguri-gurudwara/ Siliguri Gurudwara]
*[https://www.worldgurudwaras.com/ World Gurudwaras]

{{Place of worship}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gurdwaras| ]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Sikh practices]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Old Goa

2026-03-16T19:24:42Z

Srivatsan: slightly improved page after review and cleaned formatting

{{About|2nd capital of Portuguese India|the town in North Goa |Goa Velha|the UNESCO World Heritage Site|Churches and Convents of Goa}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Old Goa
| native_name = {{Transliteration|kok|Pornnem Gõy, Adlem Gõy}} ([[Konkani in the Roman script|Konkani]]) {{native name|pt|Velha Goa}}
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| imagesize = 250px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = 1. Capela de Santa Catarina. 2. Igreja de São Francisco de Assís. 3. Sé Catedral de Santa Catarina. 4. Basílica do Bom Jesus. 5. Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário. 6. Igreja de São Caetano.
| mapsize = 150px
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.503|N|73.912|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Goa|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Talukas of Goa|Sub District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa District|North Goa]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ilhas]]
| subdivision_name4 = {{flag|Portugal}}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1510
| founder = [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]
| named_for = "Old Goa" in Portuguese
| government_type = Panchayat
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total = 2550
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type2 = Religions<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/626734-goa-velha-goa.html | title=Goa Velha Census Town City Population Census 2011-2020 | Goa}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Dominant
| demographics2_info1 = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| postal_code_type = Postcode
| postal_code = 403403
| area_code = 0832
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| demographics1_title2 = Also Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| demographics1_title3 = Historical
| demographics1_info3 = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| demographics2_title2 = Minor
| demographics2_info2 = [[Hinduism]]
| demographics2_title3 = Historical
| demographics2_info3 = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
}}

'''Old Goa''' ([[Konkani in the Roman script|Konkani]]: {{Transliteration|kok|Pornnem Gõy; Adlem Gõy}}; {{langx|pt|Velha Goa|translation='Old Goa'}}) is a [[historical site]] and [[city]] situated on the southern banks of the [[River Mandovi]], within the [[Tiswadi]] ''taluka'' (''Ilhas'') of [[North Goa district]], in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Goa]].

The city was established by the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] in the 15th century AD. After the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]], it served as capital of [[Portuguese India]]n possessions, such as Mumbai/Bombay (''[[Bom Bahia]]'') territory and the state of Kochi/Cochin (''[[Cochin State|Cochim]]''), until its abandonment in the 18th century AD due to a [[Plague (disease)|plague]]. Under Portuguese rule, it is said to have been a city of nearly 200,000 people, from whence the [[spice trade]] was carried out across the [[Portuguese East Indies]]. The deserted city, containing churches and convents of outstanding architectural and religious importance, has been declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by the [[UNESCO]].<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/234 |title = Churches and Convents of Goa |website = UNESCO World Heritage Convention |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 18 Jun 2023}}</ref> Old Goa is approximately {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=off}} east of the current state capital of [[Panjim]] ({{langx|pt|Nova Goa|translation='New Goa'}}).

==Etymology==
[[File:Jezuchea Povitr Kallzacho Putllo, Adlea Goeam.JPG|thumb|Statue dedicated to the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]] erected opposite the Cathedral of the [[Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]], on the occasion of 400 years of the establishment of the [[Archdiocese]] in 1957]]
The name "Old Goa" was first used in the 1960s in the address of the [[Romi Konkani]] monthly magazine, dedicated to spread the devotion of the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]], ''[[Dor Mhoineachi Rotti]]'', which was shifted to the [[Basilica of Bom Jesus]] in 1964. Postal letters were returned to the sender, as the name "Old Goa" was unknown then, according to then- and long-time editor of the monthly, the great Goan historian late Father [[Moreno de Souza]], S.J.

The village panchayat uses the name Sé-Old Goa, while the [[lndia Post]] and the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] use the name Velha Goa.

The place is popularly called ''Saibachem Gõy'' (referring to Saint [[Francis Xavier]] as ''Saib'', i.e., Master), ''Pornnem Gõy'', ''Adlem Gõy'', or simply just ''Gõy'' in Konkani.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

Velha Goa should not be confused with [[Goa Velha]] lying a few miles away. The names ''Vhoddlem Gõy'' and ''Thorlem Gõy'' ("Big Goa") refer to Goa Velha; while ''Gõy'', besides referring to Velha Goa ("Old Goa"), also generally refers to the entire [[Goa]] state.<ref>Fr. Moreno de Souza, S.J. ''Dor Mhoineachi Rotti''. July 2001.</ref>

==History==
The city was founded in the 15th century as a port on the banks of the [[Mandovi]] river by the rulers of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]]. It was built to replace Govapuri, which lay a few kilometres to the south and had been used as a port by the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] kings. Old Goa was the second capital after [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] of the rule of [[Adil Shahi Dynasty]]. It was surrounded by a moat and contained the [[shah]]'s palace, [[mosques]], and [[temples]]. The city was [[Conquest of Goa (1510)|captured by the Portuguese]] and was under [[Portugal|Portuguese]] rule from 1510 as the administrative seat of [[Portuguese India]].

The viceroy's residence was transferred in 1759 to the future capital, [[Panjim]] (a village about 9 kilometres to its west). Few remnants, if any, of the pre-Portuguese period remain at Old Goa.

During the mid-16th century, the Portuguese colony of Goa, especially Velha Goa, was the center of [[Christianisation]] in the East.<ref>{{harvnb|de Mendonça|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA67 67]}}</ref> The city was evangelized by all religious orders, since all of them had their headquarters there.<ref>{{harvnb|Meersman|1971|p=107}}</ref> The population was roughly 200,000 by 1543. Malaria and cholera epidemics ravaged the city in the 17th century and it was largely abandoned, only having a remaining population of 1,500 in 1775. It was then that the viceroy moved to Panjim. It continued to be the ''de jure'' capital of Goa until 1843, when the capital was shifted to Panjim (Ponnjê in Konkani, Nova Goa in Portuguese and Panaji in Hindi). The abandoned city came to be known as "Velha Goa" (in Portuguese, 'Old Goa'), to distinguish it from the new capital Nova Goa ([[Panaji|Panjim]]) and probably also [[Goa Velha]] (also meaning "Old Goa"), which was the Portuguese name for the town on the old site of Govapuri.

Velha Goa was incorporated into the Republic of India after its [[Annexation of Goa|annexation in 1961]], with the rest of Goa. It retains its religious significance in modern-day Goa, notably in its relations with Roman Catholicism. The Archbishop of Goa and Daman holds title as the [[Patriarch of the East Indies]]. Unlike the [[patriarch]]s and the [[major archbishop]]s of the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], the Patriarch of the East Indies only enjoys honorary title and is fully subject to the [[Pope]]. He has a place in the [[Latin Church]] similar to the [[Patriarch of Venice|Patriarchs of Venice]] and [[Patriarch of Lisbon|Lisbon]]. This title was conferred upon the Archbishop of Goa as part of a settlement between the [[Holy See]] and the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] government concerning the link between religious and political aspects of its territories.

==Churches of Old Goa==
Old Goa contains churches including the [[Se Cathedral]] (the seat of the [[Archbishop of Goa]]), the [[Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi]], the [[Chapel of Our Lady of the Mount]], the Church of St. Caetano and, notably, the [[Basilica of Bom Jesus]] which contains the relics of [[Saint Francis Xavier]], who is celebrated every year on 3 December with novenas beginning on 24 November.

[[File:Old Goa church view.jpg|thumb|alt=Old Goa Church view]]

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:St. Francis Church at Velha Goa.jpg|[[Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi|Church of St. Francis of Assisi]]
File:Old Goa Church 01.jpg|[[Basilica of Bom Jesus]]
File:Capela de Santa Catarina, Velha Goa, 2.jpg|Chapel of Saint Cathrine
File:St Cajetan Goa.jpg|Church of São Caetano in Old Goa
File:Old Goa, Se Cathedral 2.jpg|[[Se Cathedral]]
File:St-Anne-church-talaulim.jpg|Saint Anne's Church
File:Old Goa, Ruins of Church of St. Augustine.jpg|[[Church of St. Augustine, Goa|Church of Saint Augustine]] (now in ruins)
File:Old Goa,Church of Lady of Rosary.jpg|Church of Lady of Rosary
File:A Capela da Nossa Senhora de Monte.JPG|[[Chapel of Our Lady of the Mount]]
File:Igreja de São João de Deus, Velha Goa.jpg|Church of Saint John of God
File:Capela Real de São António, Velha Goa.jpg|Royal Chapel of St. Anthony
File:Old Goa church view.jpg|alt=Old goa church view|[[Basilica of Bom Jesus]]
</gallery>

==Location==
{{Geographic location|Centre=Velha Goa|North=[[Mandovi River]] and [[Piedade, Goa|Piedade]] in [[Divar|Divar Island]]|Northeast=[[Mandovi River]] and [[Divar|Divar Island]]|East=[[Ella, Goa|Ella]]|Southeast=[[Ella, Goa|Ella]]|South=[[Bainguinim]]|Southwest=[[Bainguinim]]|West=[[Bainguinim]] and [[Chimbel]]|Northwest=[[Mandovi River]] and [[Divar|Divar Island]]}}

==See also==
{{Commons}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Church of St. Anne, Talaulim]]
*[[Fort Bassein]]
*[[Goa]]
*[[Daman District, India|Damaon]]
*[[Velhas Conquistas]]
*[[Portuguese India]]
*[[Cumbarjua]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=50em}}
*{{Cite book
| last = de Mendonça
| first = Délio
| year = 2002
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC
| title = Conversions and citizenry: Goa under Portugal 1510–1610
| publisher = Concept Publishing Company
| isbn = 978-81-7022-960-5
| access-date = 2011-12-05}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Meersman
| first = Achilles
| year = 1971
| title = The ancient Franciscan provinces in India, 1500–1835
| publisher = Christian Literature Society Press
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050111053756/http://www.naturalnirvana.com/India/IndianStates/Goa/Old-Goa.htm History of Old Goa] (archived)
*[http://indiatourism.ws/goa/old_goa/ Old Goa] – India tourism {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616031244/https://indiatourism.ws/goa/old_goa/ |date=16 June 2023 }}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Old Goa| ]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in North Goa district]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]

Hatia–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Express

2026-03-14T10:48:54Z

Srivatsan: data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Hatia – SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014|02|15}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Hatia}} '''(HTE)'''
| stops = 25
| end = {{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}} '''(SMVB)'''
| distance = {{convert|1885|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 32h 50m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities = Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18637/18638
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Bengaluru cantonment - Hatia) Express route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Hatia–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[South Eastern Railway zone]], that runs between {{stnlnk|Hatia}} and [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal]] in India. It is currently being operated with 18637/18638 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1832&did=1501480869167CEBD40B0B10F3CE00BE82C2DBE5F4FA8.web91 DIVERSION OF TRAINS]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/trains-cancelled-diverted-for-restoration-works/article19404685.ece Trains cancelled, diverted for restoration works]</ref><ref>[http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2523&id=0,4,268 TRAIN SERVICES RESUMED IN TITLAGARH-RAYAGADA RAILWAY SECTION]</ref>

== Service==

The 18637/Hatia–SMVT Bengaluru Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1890 km in 34h 15m. The 18638/SMVT Bengaluru–Hatia Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 1890 km in 36h 45m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Hatia}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Rourkela Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jharsuguda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sambalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Titlagarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rayagada}}
* {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tirupati}}
* {{stnlnk|Krishnarajapuram}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with max speed of 160 km/h. The train consists of 16 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 3 General Unreserved
* 2 End-on Generator

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Bangalore Cantonment to [[Visakhapatnam]]. From Visakhapatnam, trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro Steel City Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive up til Hatia.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 1 times:

* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Bangalore Cantonment railway station]]
* [[Hatia railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22006 18637/Hatia - Bengaluru Cantt. Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22765 18638/Bengaluru Cantt. - Hatia Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hatia-Bangalore Cantonment Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2014]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Mundasupatti

2026-03-13T04:56:05Z

Srivatsan:

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Ram Kumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mundasupatti.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ram Kumar
| writer = Ram Kumar
| based_on = {{based on|''Mundasupatti'' (short)|Ram Kumar}}
| producer = [[C. V. Kumar]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vishnu Vishal]]
*[[Nandita Swetha]]
}}
| cinematography = P. V. Shankar
| editing = [[Leo John Paul]]
| music = [[Sean Roldan]]
| studio = [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]] [[Star Studios|Fox Star Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|06|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Mundasupatti''''' ({{Translation|Turban village}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical fiction|historical]] [[comedy film]] written and directed by Ram Kumar, and produced by [[C. V. Kumar]] under his banner [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]] and [[Star Studios|Fox Star Studios]]. It stars [[Vishnu Vishal]] and [[Nandita Swetha]], with [[Anandaraj]], [[Kaali Venkat]] and Ramdoss (later known as [[Munishkanth]]) in supporting roles. The film is set in 1982 in a village where people believe bad luck will befall them if they are photographed. The story illustrates what happens when two photographers visit the village.

''Mundasupatti'' is based on the eponymous short film Ram Kumar directed in 2011 for the reality series ''Naalaya Iyakkunar.'' [[Principal photography]] commenced in August 2013 and ended by October 2013, taking place primarily in [[:ta:சக்கிமங்கலம்|Sakkimangalam]]. The technical crew includes composer [[Sean Roldan]], cinematographer P. V. Shankar and editor [[Leo John Paul]].

''Mundasupatti'' released on 13 June 2014. The film received a positive critical response and became a box office success. It received two nominations at the [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]].

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2021}}
In 1982, Gopi, a [[Sathyamangalam]]-based photographer, and his assistant Azhagumani arrive at a remote village called Mundasupatti on an assignment. The natives of this village are superstitious; they fear getting photographed, believing it will lead to death.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vishnu Vishal]] as Gopi
* [[Nandita Swetha]] as Kalaivani
* [[Anandaraj]] as Komalapatti Zamindar Ekambaram
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Azhagumani
* [[Munishkanth|Ramdoss]] as Eswaran alias Munishkanth
* Gajaraj as Kalaivani's father
* Aadesh Bala as Shanmugam
* Pasupathi Raj as Meesakkarar
* Madurai Mohan
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]]
* Master Rahul
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as the fake [[swami]]
* Kovai Uma as Kalaivani's mother
* Kambam Meena as Karpagam
* [[Vinod Sagar]] as Mokkaiyan
* Winner Ramachandran
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Ram Kumar had shot about 10 short films for the reality series ''Naalaya Iyakkunar'', including ''Mundasupatti'' (2011). When ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' (2012), based on a short film released, he said he was inspired to make his own film. He took a year off to work on the script and to select his actors. He called it a challenge to convert the script for a short film into a full-length one and stated that he had added new characters for the feature film version.<ref name="newindianexpress2">{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=23 May 2014 |title=Director Ram Kumar on his film Mundasupatti |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/director-ram-kumar-on-his-film-mundasupatti/chennai/10826 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000715/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/director-ram-kumar-on-his-film-mundasupatti/chennai/10826 |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |website=[[Indulge Express]]}}</ref> The film was jointly produced by [[C. V. Kumar]] of [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]] and [[Star Studios|Fox Star Studios]] as part of a two-film deal announced in early August 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=7 August 2013 |title=Tamil filmmaker strikes a two-film deal with Fox Star Studios |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/tamil-filmmaker-strikes-a-two-film-deal-with-fox-star-studios/story-cp1jAg5aMfDipEkDfcPXuN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305063312/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/tamil-filmmaker-strikes-a-two-film-deal-with-fox-star-studios/story-cp1jAg5aMfDipEkDfcPXuN.html |archive-date=5 March 2025 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by P. V. Shankar, and editing by [[Leo John Paul]].<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=30 April 2014 |title=Vishnu Says Mundasupatti brings out his Lighter Side |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vishnu-Says-Mundasupatti-brings-out-his-Lighter-Side/2014/04/30/article2196514.ece1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222164948/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Vishnu-Says-Mundasupatti-brings-out-his-Lighter-Side/2014/04/30/article2196514.ece1 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
[[Vishnu Vishal]] was cast in the lead role, as the director wanted "someone who is funny, but very subtly so".<ref name="newindianexpress2" /> Vishal, who had till then mainly played characters that were emotional,<ref name="gulfnews1">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Mythily |date=12 June 2014 |title=From the pitch to the screen, Vishnu's journey was never planned |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/from-the-pitch-to-the-screen-vishnus-journey-was-never-planned-1.1345772 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007183452/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/from-the-pitch-to-the-screen-vishnus-journey-was-never-planned-1.1345772 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> felt it was "very refreshing" to attempt a full-length comedy role,<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite news |date=13 June 2014 |title=Take a fun trip to Mundasupatti |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Take-a-fun-trip-to-Mundasupatti/articleshow/36444765.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613163923/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Take-a-fun-trip-to-Mundasupatti/articleshow/36444765.cms |archive-date=13 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and added that "for the first time, I could relate to my character".<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> [[Nandita Swetha]] was signed as the lead actress,<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2013 |title=Nandita in Fox Star's next in Tamil |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-26/news-interviews/41454106_1_rowthiram-fame-attakathi-fame-nandita-idharkuthane-aasaipattai-balakumara |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829040700/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-26/news-interviews/41454106_1_rowthiram-fame-attakathi-fame-nandita-idharkuthane-aasaipattai-balakumara |archive-date=29 August 2013 |access-date=13 June 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as Ram wanted "someone who is dusky" for the role, adding that he was impressed by her performance in ''[[Attakathi]]'' (2012).<ref name="newindianexpress2" /> [[Kaali Venkat]], who had been part of the original short film, played the assistant to Vishal's character.<ref name="gulfnews1" /><ref name="indiatimes1" />

[[Munishkanth|Ramdoss]], previously seen in small roles, was given the role of Munishkanth, an aspiring actor; according to him, the role gave him "a lot of scope for acting".<ref name="indiatimes1" /> Ramdoss previously voiced the character in the short film because the actor who played Munishkanth was unable to commit to dubbing; after the feature film's release, "Munishkanth" became Ramdoss's stage name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=29 June 2017 |title='I washed cars for a living' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/tamil/2017/Jun/28/i-washed-cars-for-a-living-1621945.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305113841/https://www.newindianexpress.com/tamil/2017/Jun/28/i-washed-cars-for-a-living-1621945.html |archive-date=5 March 2025 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 28 August 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2013 |title=CV Kumar-Fox Star 'Mundasupatti' shoot starts today! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/cv-kumar-fox-star-mundasupatti-shoot-starts-today-news-tamil-ni2khyfhchc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134013/http://www.sify.com/movies/cv-kumar-fox-star-mundasupatti-shoot-starts-today-news-tamil-ni2khyfhchc.html |archive-date=31 August 2013 |access-date=13 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by October 2013.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=395780066572902400 |user=TheVishnuVishal |title=Wrapped up MUNDAASUPATTI..it was a marathon shoot..was such a learnin experience with the new team..thanks @vijayvyoma for d opportunity:) |author=VISHNU VISHAL - VV |author-link=Vishnu Vishal |access-date=5 March 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/4Vf8l |archive-date=5 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot in a single [[Shooting schedule|schedule]] lasting 57 working days.<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> Filming took place primarily in [[:ta:சக்கிமங்கலம்|Sakkimangalam]], which has houses that are over 100 years old.<ref name="newindianexpress2" />

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Sean Roldan]]. The lyrics for all the songs were written by Muthamil, except one which was written by GKB.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2014 |title=Mundasupatti (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/mundasupatti-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/866170392 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209003803/https://music.apple.com/in/album/mundasupatti-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/866170392 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=MUNDASUPATTI – Sean Roldan Tamil Audio Cd (FACTORY SEALED PACK) |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/mundasupatti-sean-roldan-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022522/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/mundasupatti-sean-roldan-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref> It was the first film project he had signed on, although two of his soundtrack albums were released before ''Mundasupatti''.<ref name="sify-2014">{{Cite web |date=16 March 2014 |title=C.V. Kumar introduces Sean Roldan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/c-v-kumar-introduces-sean-roldan-news-tamil-odpkr9caghj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316023630/http://www.sify.com/movies/c-v-kumar-introduces-sean-roldan-news-tamil-odpkr9caghj.html |archive-date=16 March 2014 |access-date=5 July 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XD7_f6ebsOQ |title=Music Director Sean Roldan at Mundasupatti Movie Press Meet |date=9 May 2014 |language=ta |publisher=Tamil Star |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127130336/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XD7_f6ebsOQ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Since, the film is set in the 1980s, the music had to replicate the feel of that particular era.<ref name=":0" /> The score was recorded and mastered at the [[Studios 301]] in [[Sydney]], with Steve Smart as the [[Mastering (audio)|mastering engineer]].<ref name=":2" /> The soundtrack rights were purchased by [[Think Music]]. The album was launched on 9 May 2014 at [[Suryan FM]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2014 |title='Mundasupatti'- Audio and trailer launched |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mundasupatti-audio-and-trailer-launched-news-tamil-oe3jWDgdiba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815151549/http://www.sify.com/movies/mundasupatti-audio-and-trailer-launched-news-tamil-oe3jWDgdiba.html |archive-date=15 August 2015 |access-date=13 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2014 |title=Mundasupatti audio launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/mundasupatti-audio-launched/articleshow/34364119.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305121014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/mundasupatti-audio-launched/articleshow/34364119.cms |archive-date=5 March 2025 |access-date=5 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Reviewing the album, [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote, "Like Santhosh Narayanan, Sean Roldan is truly on a roll with his inventive spin on conventional Tamil film music".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=29 April 2014 |title=Mundasupatti (Music review), Tamil – Sean Roldan |url=https://milliblog.com/2014/04/29/mundasupatti-music-review-tamil-sean-roldan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630001314/https://milliblog.com/2014/04/29/mundasupatti-music-review-tamil-sean-roldan/ |archive-date=30 June 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> S Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Sean Roldan's rustic songs and background score are definitely the highlights of the film, especially the folk styled Rasa Maharasa and the beautiful melody Idhu Enna".<ref name=":1" /> ''[[Sify]]'' praised the music and background score being "good" and chose "Kadhal Kanave" as the pick of the album.<ref name=":3" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 22:25
| title1 = Uchiyila Udhichavane
| length1 = 2:09
| lyrics1 = Muthamil
| extra1 = Vivek Narayan
| title2 = Kadhal Kanave
| length2 = 4:08
| lyrics2 = Muthamil
| extra2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Kalyani Nair]]
| title3 = Rasa Magarasa
| note3 = Duet Version
| length3 = 3:06
| lyrics3 = Muthamil
| extra3 = Rita, [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Sean Roldan]]
| title4 = Ambala Singam
| length4 = 3:58
| lyrics4 = GKB
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]], Sean Roldan
| title5 = Idhu Enna
| length5 = 2:59
| lyrics5 = Muthamil
| extra5 = Haricharan
| title6 = Rasa Magarasa
| note6 = Solo Version
| length6 = 3:06
| lyrics6 = Muthamil
| extra6 = Sean Roldan
| title7 = Killadi Oruthan
| length7 = 2:59
| lyrics7 = Muthamil
| extra7 = Anthony Daasan
}}

== Marketing and release ==
To promote ''Mundasupatti'', the makers created an interactive application on the website, www.mymundasupattistyle.com that allowed visitors to create their own avatars akin to characters from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2014 |title='Mundasupatti' makers use innovative promotional strategy |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mundasupatti-makers-use-innovative-promotional-strategy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612144822/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mundasupatti-makers-use-innovative-promotional-strategy/ |archive-date=12 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> The idea was well received and had gone viral on social networking sites.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2014 |title=Mundasupatti style goes viral |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140613/entertainment-kollywood/article/mundasupatti-style-goes-viral |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614122955/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140613/entertainment-kollywood/article/mundasupatti-style-goes-viral |archive-date=14 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

A special screening of ''Mundasupatti'' was arranged for distributors and exhibitors couple of days prior to the release. Subsequently, the film opened across nearly 207 screens in Tamil Nadu, which was considered "very high" for a film starring Vishal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2014 |title=Big buzz on 'Mundasupatti' releasing on June 13 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/big-buzz-on-mundasupatti-releasing-on-june-13-news-tamil-ogmpS5fhhai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612210134/http://www.sify.com/movies/big-buzz-on-mundasupatti-releasing-on-june-13-news-tamil-ogmpS5fhhai.html |archive-date=12 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was released on 13 June 2014 alongside five other Tamil releases, but according to ''Sify'', it got "the best of screens and prime shows in multiplexes".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2014 |title=Friday Fury – June 13 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-13-news-tamil-ognltodhadi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817114139/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-13-news-tamil-ognltodhadi.html |archive-date=17 August 2015 |access-date=13 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Mundasupatti'' had its television premiere on 2 October 2014 on [[Star Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2014 |title=Mundasuppatti premieres on TV |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Mundasupatti-premieres-on-TV/articleshow/43528727.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127130308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/mundasupatti-premieres-on-tv/articleshow/43528727.cms? |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=18 October 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
The film received generally positive reviews from critics.<ref name="sify2">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2014 |title=Mundasupatti takes a good opening |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mundasupatti-takes-a-good-opening-news-tamil-ogrllxgibhgdj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619172849/http://www.sify.com/movies/mundasupatti-takes-a-good-opening-news-tamil-ogrllxgibhgdj.html |archive-date=19 June 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Director Ram Kumar, who is the latest promising find from the TV show ''Naalaya Iyakkunar'', certainly knows how to end a joke with a punchline. The film is a tad overlong ... and some of the comedy feels repetitive but Ram Kumar manages to keep things playful and entertaining at all times ... that we look past some of the indulgences".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=13 June 2014 |title=Mundasupatti |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mundasupatti/movie-review/36503707.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623145145/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Mundasupatti/movie-review/36503707.cms |archive-date=23 June 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote, "''Mundasupatti'' is a rip-roaring rocker! It is a full length laugh riot which is fresh and entertaining. The wacky story and treatment of debutant director Ram Kumar, makes it tickling and an absolute fun ride".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2014 |title=Mundasupatti |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mundasupatti-review-tamil-pcmbshbhfjcch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628153427/http://www.sify.com/movies/mundasupatti-review-tamil-pcmbshbhfjcch.html |archive-date=28 June 2018 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and wrote, "They say that a tragedy today is bound to be a comedy tomorrow – an unfortunate incident, a set of beliefs to explain that incident, and the culture of fear and superstition that this broods are all probable misnomers that we all will look back at and have a mighty laugh. Take it a step further by adding situational comedy to an initial tragedy and what we have is a film that succeeds in many levels with the possible muse of timing and pacing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=14 June 2014 |title=Movie review 'Mundasupatti': A tragedy today is bound to be a comedy tomorrow |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140614/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-mundasupatti-tragedy-today-bound-be-comedy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134335/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140614/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-mundasupatti-tragedy-today-bound-be-comedy |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Sinndhuja Ramprasad of ''Silverscreen.in'' wrote, "''Mundasupatti'' is set in the 80s. Fascinatingly so. It is perhaps a bizarrely comical version of a [[Stephen Leacock]] essay, but fashionably vintage and very Indian".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramprasad |first=Sinndhuja |date=14 June 2014 |title=Mundasupatti Review: Camera Shy |url=http://silverscreen.in/reviews/mundasupatti-review-camera-shy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144444/http://silverscreen.in/reviews/mundasupatti-review-camera-shy/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref>

Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "the debutant director has lived up to the expectations, establishing his credentials with his very first effort. The plot is refreshing, the screenplay engaging, the dialogue sparkling with wit and humour. The director moves his narration deftly and with confidence. ''Mundasupatti'' with no big names to boast of, yet again proves it. It's a film not to be missed".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=15 June 2014 |title=No Big Names to Boast of, But a Must-watch Comic Entertainer |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/No-Big-Names-to-Boast-of-But-a-Must-watch-Comic-Entertainer/2014/06/15/article2281264.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812033831/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/No-Big-Names-to-Boast-of-But-a-Must-watch-Comic-Entertainer/2014/06/15/article2281264.ece |archive-date=12 August 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "I wish more had been done with the central conceit. This is not a lazy film by any stretch. But a comedy should be light on its feet. Linger too much, and it can begin to seem out of focus".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=14 June 2014 |title=Mundasupatti: Light, camera, action |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/mundasupatti-light-camera-action/article6114935.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704110209/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/mundasupatti-light-camera-action/article6114935.ece |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> S Saraswathi of ''Rediff.com'' gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars and called the film "an entertaining rom-com" and "a decent attempt by debutant D Ram Kumar", but criticised that "the narration is extremely slow paced and the film too long, taking away some of the fun".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=13 June 2014 |title=Review: Mundasupatti is a decent attempt |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mundasupatti-is-a-decent-attempt/20140613.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721070522/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mundasupatti-is-a-decent-attempt/20140613.htm |archive-date=21 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 and concluded, "''Mundasupatti'' has some delightful moments of freshness to offer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=14 June 2014 |title=Movie review: Mundasupatti has a novel theme dipped in wit |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-mundasupatti-has-a-novel-theme-dipped-in-wit/article1-1229338.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614092154/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-mundasupatti-has-a-novel-theme-dipped-in-wit/article1-1229338.aspx |archive-date=14 June 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Mundasupatti'' collected {{INRConvert|3.1|c|year=2014}} in its opening weekend in Tamil Nadu, which was the highest ever opening for a C. V. Kumar film to that point.<ref name="sify2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2014 |title=Mundasupatti joins the hit brigade, mints Rs 3.1 crore in opening weekend |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/mundasupatti-joins-the-hit-brigade-mints-rs-3-1-crore-in-opening-weekend/article1-1230391.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617231700/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/mundasupatti-joins-the-hit-brigade-mints-rs-3-1-crore-in-opening-weekend/article1-1230391.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
! scope="col" |Event
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Debut Director
| Ram Kumar
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations |url=http://www.siima.in/nominations/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823031215/http://www.siima.in/nominations/ |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners List |url=http://siima.in/2015/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528154228/http://siima.in/2015/winners.html |archive-date=28 May 2016 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[9th Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
| [[Munishkanth|Ramdoss]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzLHeS_VKLw |title=9th Annual Vijay Awards (2015) Episode 1 |date=9 July 2015 |publisher=[[Star Vijay|Vijay Television]] |access-date=5 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225121251/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzLHeS_VKLw |archive-date=25 February 2025 |url-status=dead |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9FUG6zYX7g |title=9th Annual Vijay Awards (2015) Episode 2 |date=9 July 2015 |publisher=[[Star Vijay|Vijay Television]] |access-date=5 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225134136/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9FUG6zYX7g&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=25 February 2025 |url-status=dead |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2015 |title=Vijay Awards 2015 – Complete list of winners |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505133454/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]
| Ram Kumar
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| [[Sean Roldan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes|Best Make Up]]
| Vinoth Sukumaran
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
| James
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Debut Director
| Ram Kumar
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Child Artist
| Rahul
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| ''Mundasupatti''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607040009/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| Ram Kumar
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
|Album of the Year – Tamil
|''Mundasupatti''
|{{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/nominations-tamil/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629062637/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/nominations-tamil/ |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=[[Mirchi Music Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Debut Director
| Ram Kumar
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2015 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் விருதுகள் 2014 |trans-title=Ananda Vikatan Awards 2014 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/102483- |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323171604/https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/102483- |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| [[Edison Awards (India)|8th Edison Awards]]
| Best Retro Actress
| [[Nandita Swetha]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2015 |title=8th Annual Edison Awards 2015 Photos |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2015/02/8th-annual-edison-awards-2015-photos.html/nggallery/image/8th_annual_edison_awards_2015_photos_526f34e |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305091443/https://moviegalleri.net/2015/02/8th-annual-edison-awards-2015-photos.html/nggallery/image/8th_annual_edison_awards_2015_photos_526f34e |archive-date=5 March 2025 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Moviegalleri.net |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2020 |title=[VIDEO] Attakathi actress Nandita Swetha's trendy haircut is going viral |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/video-south-actress-nandita-swethas-trendy-haircut-is-going-viral/649558 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305090841/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/video-south-actress-nandita-swethas-trendy-haircut-is-going-viral/649558 |archive-date=5 March 2025 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Dropped sequel ==
In July 2014, C. V. Kumar announced his plans to make a sequel to ''Mundasupatti'';<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2014 |title=Mundasupatti gets sequel order! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Jul/11/mundasupatti-gets-sequel-order-634539.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250306060315/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Jul/11/mundasupatti-gets-sequel-order-634539.html |archive-date=6 March 2025 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> however it was later dropped.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2019 |title=There were plans for a sequel to Soodhu Kavvum, Thegidi and Mundasupatti: CV Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/there-were-plans-for-a-sequel-to-soodhu-kavvum-thegidi-and-mundasupatti-cv-kumar/articleshow/70091324.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250306060438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/there-were-plans-for-a-sequel-to-soodhu-kavvum-thegidi-and-mundasupatti-cv-kumar/articleshow/70091324.cms |archive-date=6 March 2025 |access-date=5 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010s historical comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Features based on short films]]
[[Category:Films about photographers]]
[[Category:Films about superstition]]
[[Category:Films produced by C. V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sean Roldan]]
[[Category:Films set in 1982]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian historical comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Khanjar

2026-03-06T18:18:31Z

Srivatsan: rework layout for consistency

{{Short description|Traditional dagger originating from Oman}}
{{Italic title}}
{{About|an Omani dagger|a Caucasian dagger|Khanjali}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Khanjar.jpg|thumb|200px|An Omani ''khanjar'', {{circa}} 1924]]

A '''khanjar'''{{efn|{{langx|ar|خَنْجَر}}, {{langx|ku|xencer}}, {{langx|ps|خنجر}}, {{langx|bn|খঞ্জর|khôñjôr}}, {{langx|dv|ޚަންޖަރު|khanjaru}}, {{langx|tr|hançer}}, {{langx|fa|خنجر}}, {{langx|ur|خنجر}}, {{langx|sq|hanxhari}}, {{langx|cnr|ханџар|handžar}}, {{langx|bs|ханџар|handžar}}, {{langx|hr|handžar}}, {{langx|hu|handzsár}}, {{langx|kk|қанжар|qanjar}}}} is a traditional [[dagger]] originating from the [[Sultanate of Oman]]. Worn by men for ceremonial occasions, it is a short curved blade shaped like the letter "J" and resembles a hook.

It can be made from a variety of different materials, depending on the quality of its craftsmanship. It is a popular [[souvenir]] among tourists and is sold in [[souq]]s throughout the region. A national symbol of the [[sultan]]ate, the ''khanjar'' is featured on [[National emblem of Oman|Oman's national emblem]] and on the [[Omani rial]]. It also features in logos and commercial imagery by companies based in Oman.

==History==
Although it is not known when the Omani ''khanjar'' was first created, [[Petroglyph|rock carvings]] epitomizing the dagger were found on gravestones located in the central part of the region of the ''[[Musandam Peninsula#Geography|Ru’us al Jibal]]''. These are believed to have predated the [[Wahhabi movement|Wahhabi]] revival, which occurred in the late 1700s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lancaster |first1=William |last2=Lancaster |first2=Fidelity |date=November 2011 |title=A discussion of rock carvings in Ra's al Khaimah Emirate, UAE, and Musandam province, Sultanate of Oman, using local considerations |journal=Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=166–195 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0471.2011.00338.x }} {{registration required}}</ref> They were also mentioned in an account by Robert Padbrugge of the [[Dutch Republic]], who journeyed to [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] in June 1672.<ref name=Deccan>{{cite news |title=Symbol of manhood |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/277339/symbol-manhood.html |access-date=30 May 2014 |first=Aftab H. |last=Kola |newspaper=Deccan Herald }}</ref>

==Usage and symbolism==
===Composition and manufacturing===
[[File:National emblem of Oman.svg|thumb|The [[national emblem of Oman]] featuring the ''khanjar'' at the centre]]

Depending on the quality of its craftsmanship, the Omani ''khanjar'' can be made using a variety of different metals and other materials. Gold or silver would be used to make ''khanjar'' of the finest quality (e.g. for royalty), while [[brass]] and copper would be used for daggers made by local craftsmen.<ref>{{cite news|title=More needed to be done for the survival of Omani art, crafts|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:OTOB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=141C74C28AF42B30&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=105B9A93AF33E3E3|date=7 October 2012|access-date=3 June 2014|newspaper=Times of Oman|agency=Times News Service}} {{subscription required}}</ref> For instance, a sheath adorned with gold was historically limited to the Omani upper class. White or Ivory handled and sheathed ones are preferred by the [[Sayyids]] or [[Hashemites]] symbolising their status in society. ''Najeeb Altarfayn Saadah'' in Oman and Arabia usually carry two of them.<ref name=old>{{cite news|title=Old & New|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:PTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=1196942B498D5BB8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=105B9A93AF33E3E3|date=27 May 2007|access-date=30 May 2014|first=Betsy|last=Hiel|newspaper=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Traditionally, the dagger is designed by its future owner himself, with the craftsman taking into account the "specifications" and "preferences" stipulated by the former. The time it takes to manufacture a ''khanjar'' can range from three weeks to several months.<ref name=Deccan/>

The most elemental sections of the ''khanjar'' are its handle and blade,<ref name=silver>{{cite journal|last=Hawley|first=Ruth|date=July 1975|title=Omani Silver|journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|volume=6|pages=81–90|jstor=41223172}} {{registration required}}</ref> with the material used in the former playing a significant role influencing the final price of the dagger.<ref name=old/> [[Rhinoceros#Horn trade and use|Rhinoceros horn]] and [[ivory]]<ref name=old/> were once the common standard, as it was "considered the best material" to make the [[hilt]] out of.<ref name=silver/> However, with the international ban on the [[ivory trade]] and rhinoceros horn, the usage of other materials such as wood, plastic, and camel bone has become more prevalent.<ref name=Deccan/><ref name=old/><ref name=silver/> Typically, the top of the hilt is flat, but the one designed for the royal family is in the shape of a cross.<ref name=silver/>

===Custom===
The Omani ''khanjar'' is tucked underneath a waist belt and is situated at the front and centre of the wearer's body.<ref name=rituals>{{cite journal|last=Chatty|first=Dawn|author-link=Dawn Chatty|date=May 2009|title=Rituals of Royalty and the Elaboration of Ceremony in Oman: View From the Edge|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=41|issue=1|pages=10|access-date=3 June 2014|url=http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/qehwp/qehwps173.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040037/http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/qehwp/qehwps173.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{registration required}}</ref> It used to form part of everyday attire;<ref name=iconic>{{cite news|title=Khanjar (Dagger): Truly "Iconic" Omani emblem|url=http://www.timesofoman.com/news/Article-9589.aspx|date=27 February 2013|access-date=30 May 2014|first=Sultana|last=Kamal|newspaper=Times of Oman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530031427/http://www.timesofoman.com/news/Article-9589.aspx|archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> however, it is now carried as a "ceremonial dagger",<ref>{{cite news|title=Holidays in Oman: experience endless beauty|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/travel/oman-holidays/9834727/oman-holiday.html|date=31 January 2013|access-date=5 June 2014|first=Stuart|last=Rogers|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London}}</ref> and worn only for formal events and ceremonies – such as weddings, parades, meetings, and diplomatic functions – among many other occasions.<ref name=Deccan/><ref name=Nizwa>{{cite news|title=Nizwa souk is lower key than most, but just as intriguing|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:SDUB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=116D2FE99292F3DF&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=105B9A93AF33E3E3|date=15 August 1999|access-date=30 May 2014|page=F4|first=Judith|last=Morgan|newspaper=The San Diego Union-Tribune}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Labelled a "ubiquitous sign of masculinity" by John M. Willis in ''The Arab Studies Journal'',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Willis|first=John M.|date=Spring 1996|title=History, Culture, and the Forts of Oman|journal=The Arab Studies Journal|volume=4|issue=1|pages=141–143|jstor=27933683}} {{registration required}}</ref> the ''khanjar'' is a symbol of "manhood, power and authority",<ref name=old/> as well as serving as a status symbol for the person wearing it.<ref name=Deccan/><ref name=iconic/> As a result, it is sometimes given by families to their sons when they reach adolescence,<ref name=iconic/> and is a common wedding gift to the groom.<ref name="mysticism">{{cite news|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:STL2&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=123105DABB834E48&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=105B9A93AF33E3E3|title=A modern air of mysticism in the land of frankincense|last=Turbett|first=Peggy|date=7 September 2008|location=New Jersey|page=3|access-date=31 May 2014|newspaper=The Star-Ledger}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

Although the ''khanjar'' was originally created as a weapon to attack and defend, it is used solely for ceremonial and practical purposes today.<ref name=silver/> The latter situation would occur in the desert, where it is used as a tool for hunting and skinning animals, as well as for slicing ropes.<ref name=Nizwa/> Because of this development, it is now considered a "social taboo" in Oman to pull out one's ''khanjar'' from its [[scabbard]] without blooding it, since the only time men would do this would be to seek vengeance or to defend oneself.<ref name=iconic/>

===Distribution===
While the ''khanjar'' is most prevalent in [[Yemen]] where the majority of the Northern men wear it every day. In Oman it is given its symbolic status there,<ref name=iconic/> it is also worn by men in the [[United Arab Emirates]], forming an integral component of "traditional dress" in those countries.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Picton|first=Oliver James|date=2 February 2010|title=Usage of the concept of culture and heritage in the United Arab Emirates – an analysis of Sharjah heritage area|journal=Journal of Heritage Tourism|volume=5|issue=1|pages=69–84|doi=10.1080/17438730903469813|s2cid=145062963 }} {{registration required}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Karlgård |first1=Tone Simensen |last2=Ball |first2=Marieanne Davy |date=2011 |chapter=Typical souvenirs, originals or copies, how do we know? |url=https://www.interpol.int/Media/Files/Crime-areas/Works-of-art/Stop-heritage-crime |title=Stop Heritage Crime – Good Practices and Recommendations |publisher=Interpol |pages=129 |isbn=978-83-931656-5-0 |oclc=885311043 |access-date=2 June 2014}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It can also be found and is sold in other states in [[Eastern Arabia]], such as the [[Souq Waqif]] in [[Doha]], Qatar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is Qatar the Next Dubai?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/travel/04qatar.html?pagewante&_r=1&|date=4 June 2006|access-date=30 May 2014|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> The ''khanjar'' is a popular keepsake among tourists,<ref name=Deccan/> and is the Sultanate's best-selling memento.<ref>{{cite news|title=Only 15 Readers Got All 30 Answers|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:PBPB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EAF41026483AB57&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=105B9A93AF33E3E3|date=26 March 2000|access-date=3 June 2014|page=12D|first=Cheryl|last=Blackerby|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

===Other uses===
[[File:1 Oman rial reverse.jpg|thumb|The ''khanjar'' is depicted on the reverse of the Omani one [[Omani rial|rial]] note.]]

====Official government====
As the ''khanjar'' is a [[national symbol]] of Oman, it is featured on the [[National emblem of Oman|sultanate's national emblem]].<ref name=Deccan/><ref name=iconic/><ref>{{cite web|title=Oman|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022251/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|access-date=30 May 2014|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA}}</ref> It has been a symbol on the royal crest of the Al Said dynasty since the 18th century,<ref name=old/> which subsequently became the national emblem.<ref name=rituals/> It is also depicted on the [[Omani rial]]<ref name=old/> – the country's currency – specifically on the one rial note,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMxQwXQghgkC&pg=PA769|title=2013 Standard Catalog of World Paper Money – Modern Issues: 1961–Present, Volume 3|publisher=Krause Publications|date=17 February 2012|editor-last=Cuhaj|editor-first=George S.|page=769|isbn=9781440229565}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> as well as on postage stamps issued by the sultanate.<ref name=Deccan/> Furthermore, there are statues of ''khanjar'' on buildings housing [[Politics of Oman|government]] ministries and at various [[roundabout]]s throughout the country.<ref name=Deccan/><ref name=old/>

===Commercial===
The ''khanjar'' was previously shown prominently on the logo<ref name=Deccan/> and planes<ref name=old/> of [[Oman Air]] – the country's [[flag carrier]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Oman to restructure organisation of its civil aviation sector |publisher=Centre for Aviation |date=12 September 2012 |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/oman-to-restructure-organisation-of-its-civil-aviation-sector-83149 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922231153/http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/oman-to-restructure-organisation-of-its-civil-aviation-sector-83149 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> – until it was removed under a rebranding in 2008.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6y34Df6MXf8C&pg=PA260E |title=Oman, Culture and Diplomacy |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=1 January 2012 |last=Jones |first=Jeremy |pages=259–260 |isbn=9780748674619 }}</ref> The logo of [[Omantel]] also illustrates a stylized khanjar; it was retained in the logotype's motif after the telecommunications company merged with Oman Mobile in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oman Mobile, Omantel merge, unveil new logo |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:OTOB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=12DC99F37634C520&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=105B9A93AF33E3E3 |date=9 February 2010 |access-date=31 May 2014 |newspaper=Times of Oman |agency=Times News Service }} {{subscription required}}</ref> Moreover, the perfume company [[Amouage]], which is owned by the [[Sultan of Oman]] and his royal family,<ref>{{cite news |title=Oman's royal family scents global profit in luxury perfumes |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/02/25/perfume.amouage.oman/ |date=25 February 2010 |access-date=31 May 2014 |first=Daniela |last=Deane |publisher=CNN }}</ref> incorporates the dagger into the design of its bottles. The cap on its ''Gold for Men'' perfume bottle resembles the handle of a ''khanjar'', complementing the ''Gold for Women'' cap which evokes the dome of Ruwi Mosque.<ref>{{cite news |title=The smell of luxury |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?sec=lifeliving&file=%2f2011%2f9%2f4%2flifeliving%2f9222302 |date=4 September 2011 |access-date=31 May 2014 |first=Kee Hua |last=Chee |newspaper=The Star |location=Malaysia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531015427/http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?sec=lifeliving&file=%2F2011%2F9%2F4%2Flifeliving%2F9222302 |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Oman}}

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Shotel]], the traditional Ethiopian sickle sword
* [[Firangi (sword)|Firangi]]
* [[Janbiya]]
* [[Qolxad or Jile (dagger)|Jile]]
* [[Keris]]
* [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]]
* [[Khanjali]], a dagger from the Caucasus
* [[Kilij]]
* [[Pulwar]]
* [[Sabre]]
* [[Scimitar|Saif]]
* [[Sgian-dubh]]
* [[Shamshir]]
* [[Dhu al-Fiqar|Zulfiqar]]
{{Div col end}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Khanjars}}
* [https://alain-dailyphoto.blogspot.com/2008/02/khanjar-al-ain-palace-museum-khanjar-is.html Khanjar photos] at Alain-Dailyphoto Blogspot
* [http://www.omanair.com/en/about-us/press-releases/amman-oman-air’s-new-destination Press release] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105131932/https://www.omanair.com/en/about-us/press-releases/amman-oman-air%E2%80%99s-new-destination |date=5 November 2019 }}) showing the ''khanjar'' on [[Oman Air]]'s old logo

{{Knives}}

[[Category:Arab inventions]]
[[Category:Culture of Oman]]
[[Category:Daggers]]
[[Category:Edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:Indo-Persian weaponry]]
[[category:Weapons of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[category:Weapons of the United Arab Emirates]]

St. Angelo Fort

2026-03-06T11:13:38Z

Srivatsan: improve layout for consistency

{{Short description|Monument in south India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{about|the fort in Kannur, India||Castel Sant'Angelo (disambiguation)}}{{confuse|Fort St Angelo of Malta}}
{{moresources|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = St. Angelo Fort, [[Kannur]]
| native_language = [[Malayalam]]
| other_name = Fortaleza de Santo Ângelo de Cananor
| image = kannurfort3.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Inside the St. Angelo Fort
| designation1 =
| designation1_date = 1505
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1value = {{IND}}
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value =
| location = [[Kannur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| elevation =
| built =
| architect =
| architecture =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.854200|75.371811|display=inline}}
| locmapin = India Kerala
| map_caption = Location in Northern end of Kerala, India
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

'''St. Angelo Fort''' (also known as '''Kannur Fort''' or '''Kannur Kotta''') is a fort facing the [[Arabian Sea]], situated 3 km from [[Canannore (Kannur)]], a city in [[Kerala]] state, [[south India]].

==History==
[[File:Cannonore fort & Bay'; a watercolor by John Johnston, c.1795-1801.jpg|left|thumb|
Cannonore fort & Bay'; a watercolor by John Johnston, c.1795-1801
]]

In 1498, during [[Vasco da Gama]]'s visit to India, the local [[Kolathiri]] king granted the land to [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] to build a settlement in present-day Kerala. On 23 October 1505, he gave the Portuguese leader [[Francisco de Almeida]] the permission to build a fort at the site. The construction activity began the very next day, on 24 October 1505, when Goncalo Gil Barbosa - the Portuguese [[factor (agent)|factor]] of Cannanore (Kannur) - laid the foundation stone. The construction of the wooden fort was completed on 30 October 1505: its first Captain was Lourenco Britto, who led a garrison of 150 Portuguese men, and controlled two ships in the sea. After the fort was completed, Almeida began using the title "Viceroy", and in 1507 he started the construction of a stone fort at the site.<ref name="KMM_1988">{{cite book |author=K. M. Mathew |title=History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497-1600 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&pg=PA165 |year=1988 |publisher=Mittal |isbn=978-81-7099-046-8 |pages=165–166}}</ref>

The fort was later attacked in vain by the local Indian ruler Zamorin and Kolathiri in the [[Siege of Cannanore (1507)]].
[[File:Fort_at_Kannur.jpg|left|thumb|Fort at Kannur]]

In August 1509 Almeida, refusing to recognize [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]'s as the new Portuguese governor to supersede himself, arrested him in this fortress after having fought the naval [[Battle of Diu]]. Afonso de Albuquerque was released after six months' confinement and become governor on the arrival of the grand-marshal of Portugal with a large fleet, in October 1509.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ricardo Bonalume |last=Neto |title=Lightning rod of Portuguese India | work=MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History | publisher=Cowles Enthusiast Media Spring | date=2002-04-01 |page=68 }}</ref>

The fort provided naval supplies for the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] and the [[Portuguese–Mamluk naval war|Portuguese battles against the Mamluk]]. As the local Portuguese settlement at Kannur had no sources of revenue, the fort's expenses were met with funding from Goa, the seat of Portuguese rule in India.<ref name="KMM_1988"/>

On 15 February 1663, the [[Dutch India|Dutch]] captured the fort from the Portuguese.<ref name="KMM_1988"/> They modernised the fort and built the bastions Hollandia, Zeelandia and Frieslandia that are the major features of the present structure. The original Portuguese fort was pulled down later. A painting of this fort and the fishing ferry behind it can be seen in the [[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]]. The Dutch sold the fort to king [[Ali Raja]] of [[Arakkal]] in 1772. In 1790 the British seized it and used it as their chief military station in Malabar until 1947.

The fort is in the Cannanore Cantonment area. It is fairly well preserved as a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. St Angelo's fort is a most important historical monument and a popular tourist attraction. Six Tourism Policeman are posted here for protection duty.

In 2015, thousands of cannonballs weighing several kilos were discovered from the Fort premises. The [[Archaeological Survey of India]], which led the excavation, believes these were buried as part of military preparedness.

==Present status==

The ''[[Mappila Bay|Moppila Bay]] Harbor'' and ''[[Arakkal]] Mosque'' are near the fort. The fort is now well-maintained under the supervision of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. The fort is open to tourists.

<gallery mode=packed heights=160 style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%">
File:St.angelo fort side view.jpg|St. Angelo Fort
File:Kannur Fort gate.jpg|The Fort Gate
File:Kannur-Fort-22.jpg|Kannur fort, inside view
File:Kannur-Fort-10.JPG|The Grave stone of Dutch commandents wife and two children with Dutch inscriptions
File:Kannur-fort-27.jpg|The watchtower
File:kannur-fort-19.jpg|The [[chapel]] inside the fort after the restoration
File:Kannur fort chapel.jpg|Chapel inside the fort different view
File:Kannur-fort-6.jpg|The stairway leads to the top of the fort wall. Note that the entire fort is made with [[laterite]] material.
File:Kannur-Fort-8.jpg|Remains of the early oil lamp [[Cannanore Lighthouse|lighthouse]] inside the fort
File:Kannur-Fort-13.jpg|Inside view of the army barracks
File:kannurfort9a.jpg|Another view from the top of the stable
File:Kannur-Fort-16.jpg|The old entrance to the fort
File:St. Angelo's Fort (4334331332).jpg|Entrance to the fort
File:Kannur-Fort-and-Arabian-Sea.jpg|Kannur Fort and Arabian Sea
File:Kannur fort gun.JPG|A [[cannon]] at Kannur fort
File:Kannur fort.jpg|[[Cannon|Cannons]] at Kannur fort
File:Kannur fort entrance.JPG|Main entrance
File:Kannur fort aerial view.JPG|View from the top
File:St. Angelo Fort, Kannur.JPG|St. Angelo Fort, Kannur
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|St. Angelo Fort}}

{{coord|11.854200|75.371811|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Kannur |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Forts in Kerala]]
[[Category:Portuguese forts in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kannur]]
[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1505]]
[[Category:1505 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1500s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kannur district]]
[[Category:16th-century forts in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Kerala]]

Rungoli

2026-03-04T03:59:29Z

Srivatsan: put up initial data basic info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rungoli
| image = File:Rungoli_1962_Movie_Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Amar Kumar
| writer = [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]
| producer = Rajinder Singh Bedi Amar Kumar
| starring = [[Kishore Kumar]] [[Vyjayanthimala]] [[Durga Khote]]
| cinematography = [[:en:K_Vaikunth|K Vaikunth]]
| editing = [[G. G. Mayekar|G.G. Mayekar]]
| music = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| studio =
| distributor = R. S. B. Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1962}}
| runtime = 176 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''Rungoli''' ({{langx|hi|रंगोली}}; {{langx|ur|رنگولی}}; [[translation]]: ''A Colourful Pattern of Life'', also transliterated as '''''[[Rangoli]]''''') is a 1962 [[Black-and-white]] [[Romance comedy]] Hindi film directed by Amar Kumar. The film had [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Vyjayanthimala]] in the lead with [[Durga Khote]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Iftekhar]] and others appearing in supporting roles.

The film had music by the [[Shankar Jaikishan]] [[Duet|duo]] with [[Hasrat Jaipuri]] and [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] providing the lyrics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/print.asp?page=2011%5C08%5C04%5Cstory_4-8-2011_pg9_12 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416154500/http://dailytimes.com.pk/print.asp?page=2011%5C08%5C04%5Cstory_4-8-2011_pg9_12 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-16 |title=Shankar Jaikishen – Melodious composers with massive orchestra [Part 2] |publisher=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)]] |date=2011-08-04 |author=Dr. [[Amjad Parvez]] |accessdate=2012-08-09 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Sewakram lives a middle-class lifestyle in Bombay(now Mumbai) (India) along with his wife Subhagi, daughter Nirmala([[Vyjayanthimala]]) and son Lattoo. He works in the Flora Fountain branch of the United Commercial Bank. He is very organized and thrifty and plans to get his children educated, married, and also build a house for them. He has entrusted the responsibility of supervising the construction of the house, which he fondly calls his 'Hindustan', to his elder brother, Sadhuram in good faith. Kishore Kumar Shastri([[Kishore Kumar]]) lives a wealthy lifestyle along with his widower dad, a retired Deputy Collector, and runs two businesses for the supply of sand and cement. Once he bumps into Nirmala and becomes besotted with her beauty and charm. He manages to impress everyone in Nirmala's family including her paternal uncle Sadhuram. Realizing the closeness of his daughter to Kishore, who was a suitable match for his daughter, Sewakram meets Kishore's father with the proposal of their marriage. Kishore's father agrees to the proposal on the condition that Sewakram shall pay him Rs. 20,000 as reimbursement of expenses made by him towards his son's education and upbringing. Sewakram agrees to the condition. Meanwhile, oblivious to Sewakram, Sadhuram, in cahoots with the building contractor, Balbhadradas ([[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]]), uses less cement with sand to prepare a spurious mortar mixture in the construction of the house. A large part of the cement meant for the building is either sold or hoarded by the contractor. On completion of the house, while celebrating, Sewakram is gravely injured when an entire floor along with him collapses and he is hospitalized. Kishore tells Nirmala that the accident is entirely due to the misdeeds of her uncle. It is overheard by Sadhuram and in order to get rid of Kishore, he convinces Nirmala that the accident was due to the spurious cement supplied by Kishore. On hearing this Nirmala is heartbroken and refuses to have to do anything with him. Kishore attempts to woo her back, but fails. He promises to Nirmala that he will fight alone to expose the real perpetrators. But, is arrested by the police and held in a cell.

The building construction comes to a standstill as the money runs out. Nirmala gets to know that her father has saved Rs.15,000 towards her marriage expenses. On the insistence of Sadhuram, she persuades her father on the hospital bed to give the amount for resuming construction. Nirmala overhears Sadhuram and Balbhadradas and sees them celebrating the arrest of Kishore and realizes her mistake. Sadhuram forcibly confines her in a room when she declares that she will get Kishore freed on bail. In the meanwhile, Kishore's father realizes his mistake and gets him released on bail. The construction again stops for want of funds. Consequently, Sadhuram sheds crocodile tears before Sewakram's wife that he would rather die than see his younger brother's dream remain unfulfilled. Believing her brother-in-law blindly, she gives all her ornaments to him to complete the construction. Sadhuram sells the ornaments for Rs. 10,000, which is the expected price but tells his sister-in-law that the ornaments only fetched a thousand rupees. Sadhuram promises Nirmala's hand in marriage with a rich trader in exchange for Rs. 5,000, which Nirmala happens to hear. Sadhuram fixes a date to bring his younger brother home from the hospital and also asks the trader to come on the same date to finalize the proposal for marriage. Nirmala arranges an impromptu dance programme to earn some money for the finishing of the building construction in which Kishore also participates. On the appointed day, Kishore gets the go down of the contractor hoarding black-marketed cement, is raided by the police, and consequently gets him arrested. Sadhuram couldn't find Sewakram in the hospital and he is taken by surprise by the arrival of Sewakram at home. By this time Sewakram is aware of the misdeeds of his elder brother. So, as the police arrives along with a handcuffed Balbhadradas to arrest Sadhuram, Sewakram declines to save him. Kishore's father arrives to apologize and finally, the lovebirds are united in holy matrimony.

==Cast==
* [[Kishore Kumar]] as Kishore Kumar Shastri
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Nirmala "Nimmo"
* [[Durga Khote]] as Subhagi
* [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Sadhuram
* [[Nazir Hussain]] as Sewakram
* Brahm Bhardwaj as Doctor
* [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Balabadradas
* [[Iftekhar]] as Police Inspector
* Krishan Kumar as Lattoo
* Sadhana Roychoudhury as Rani
* Jagdev as Mohabbat Rai
* Ulhas as Deputy Shastri
* Vrinda as Balabadradas' wife
* Fazlu

==Songs==
#"Chhoti Si Ye Duniya, Pahachaane Raasate Hain" - [[Kishore Kumar]]
#"Choti Si Ye Duniya Pehchane Raaste Hai" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
#"Hum Tum Ye Khoyi Khoyi Rahe, Chanchal Isharon Se" - Lata Mangeshkar, [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
#"Ek Nazar Kisi Ne Dekha Aur Dil Hua Deewana" - Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar
#"Jaao-jaao Nand Ke Lala Tum Jhoote" - Lata Mangeshkar
#"Rangoli Sajaao Re, Teri Paayal Mere Geet" - Kishore Kumar
#"Sagar Pe Aaj Maujon Ka Raaj, Bechain Hai Nazaara" - Lata Mangeshkar
#"Hum Bechare Pyar Ke Maare, Aur Tum To Tum Ho" - Kishore Kumar
#"Chaau Chaau Bombiyana, Ishq Hai Maraz Purana" - [[Manna Dey]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0056394|Rungoli}}
* [http://www.upperstall.com/films/1962/rangoli Rungoli profile & review] at ''Upperstall.com''

[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1962 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]

Mahulia

2026-03-01T09:09:38Z

Srivatsan: general reworked formatting for consistency and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahulia
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6502|N|86.4163|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 93
| population_total = 2492
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832304
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 79.29%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatsila]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mahulia''' is a village in the [[Ghatshila block|Ghatshila]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ghatshila subdivision]] of the [[East Singhbhum district]], [[Jharkhand]], India.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=420| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|22|35|0|N|86|25|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in East Singhbhum district in Kolhan Division''' (Locations around Jamshedpur are shown in the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration map - see [[Bagbera Colony#Geography|Bagbera Colony]] page) M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|16|42|N|86|43|29|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Baharagora | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Baharagora]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|58|N|86|33|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Dhalbhumgarh| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhalbhumgarh]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|57|24|N|86|17|43|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Boram| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|27|20|N|86|26|19|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dumaria | numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|25|N|86|32|44|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Gurbandha | numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Gurbandha]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|9|30|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Hata| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|0|N|86|35|11|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kokpara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kokpara]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|20|N|86|24|58|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Mahulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8=Mahulia (R)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black 
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|54|54|N|86|23|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Patamda| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Patamda]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos10= right|label10= Potka| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Potka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Jamshedpur| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|28|48|N|86|43|12|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Chakuliya| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chakuliya]] (M) |label-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|33|N|86|29|28|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Burudi| numbered13=T| mark-title13=[[Burudi]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|38|47|N|86|24|16|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= Galudih | numbered14=T| mark-title14=[[Galudih]] (T) |shape-color14= #74C365
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|16|N|86|28|27|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Ghatshila| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Ghatshila]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|36|N|86|8|18|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=Haludpukur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Haludpukur]] (CT) |shape-color16= #A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|40|0|N|86|21|36|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17=Jadugora| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Jadugora]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|22|N|86|27|13|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Musabani| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Musabani]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|21|40|N|86|36|20|E}} |label19= Subarnarekha |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|20|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|0|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21= Dalma |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|86|30|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= 20| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|16|0|N|86|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
It is located at {{coord|22.6502|N|86.4163|E}} at an elevation of 93 m from MSL.<ref>http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Mahulia.html Map and weather of Mahulia</ref>

It is about 30 km from [[Jamshedpur]]. It has its own railway station which serves mainly local trains.

There is a barrage across the Subarnekha River at [[Galudih]].

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map “forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract”. The main rivers draining the district are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref> The area lying between Jamshedpur and Ghatshila is the main industrial mining zone. The rest of the district is primarily agricultural. In the district, as of 2011, 56.9% of the population lives in the rural areas and a high 43.1% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Industrialisation, Page 22: Census findings – Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mahuliya had a total population of 2,492, of which 1,251 (50%) were males and 1,241 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 266. The total number of literate persons in Mahuliya was 1,765 (79.29% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location code: 363598, Pages 170-171: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 December 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Ghatshila block#Language and religion]])

==Transport==
[[National Highway 18 (India)|National Highway 18]] (old number NH 33) passes through Mahulia. Nearest airport is [[Sonari Airport]] and railway station is at [[Ghatsila]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.maplandia.com/india/bihar/purbi-singhbhum/mahulia/ Satellite map of Mahulia]
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Mahulia-70268.htm About Mahulia]

{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Villages in East Singhbhum district]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Ujjayanta Palace

2026-02-21T16:25:50Z

Srivatsan: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|State museum and former royal palace in Tripura, India}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Ujjayanta Palace
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| image = File:Ujjayanta palace Tripura State Museum Agartala India.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = South facade of Ujjayanta Palace, 2014
| map_type =
| former_name =
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1901}}
| location = [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.8374|91.2827|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = Cultural and historical museum
| founder = Maharaja Radha Kishore Manikya
| architect = Sir Alexander Martin ([[Martin Burn|Martin and Burn Co.]])
| visitors =
| director =
| curator =
| publictransit = [[Agartala Railway Station]]
| website =
}}
{{Kingdom of Tripura}}
'''Ujjayanta Palace''' is the state museum of the Indian state of [[Tripura]] and former royal palace of the [[Tripura (princely state)|princely state of Tripura]]. It was built by [[Radha Kishore Manikya|Maharaja Radha Kishore Manikya]] in 1901.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Incredible India {{!}} Ujjayanta Palace |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/agartala/ujjayanta-palace.html |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref> It housed the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]] between 1973 and 2011. The palace primarily showcases the lifestyle, arts, culture, tradition and crafts of communities residing in [[northeast India]], along with many stone sculptures of the [[Manikya dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Historical sites to explore in northeast India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/historical-sites-to-explore-in-northeast-india/photostory/94006390.cms |work=Times of India |date=Sep 5, 2022 |access-date=6 January 2023 }}</ref>

== History ==
===As royal palace===
The original Ujjayanta Palace was built in 1862, {{convert|10|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} away from Agartala, by King biju maharaj (2000-2002). It was devastated by the [[1897 Assam earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1897_06_12.php |title=Historic Earthquakes |website=Earthquake.usgs.gov |access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> The current palace was built in the heart of Agartala city by [[Maharaja]] [[Radha Kishore Manikya]] between 1899 and 1901,<ref name=":0" /> at a then exorbitant cost of 10 [[lakh]] (1 million) [[Indian rupee|rupees]].<ref name=Sajnani>{{Cite book |last=Sajnani |first=Manohar |title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India Vol. I |date=2001 |publisher=Kalpaz |isbn=9788178350172|location=India |pages=339 |language=English}}</ref> It was built by [[Martin Burn|Martin and Burn Co.]]<ref name="NewIndExp">{{cite web |author=Sujit Chakraborty |date=24 September 2013 |title=Tripura's royal mansion to house northeast's biggest museum |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/Tripuras-royal-mansion-to-house-northeasts-biggest-museum/2013/09/24/article1801321.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925183954/http://newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/Tripuras-royal-mansion-to-house-northeasts-biggest-museum/2013/09/24/article1801321.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2013 |access-date=1 August 2016 |newspaper=Newindianexpress.com}}</ref> The name "Ujjayanta" was given by poet [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="Tourism">{{Cite web |title=Tripura Tourism |url=https://tripuratourism.gov.in/single-tour.php?id=1 |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=tripuratourism.gov.in}}</ref> It was the principal residence of the Manikyas until Tripura's [[Tripura Merger Agreement|merger with the Dominion of India]] in October 1949.

===As state assembly building===
The palace was purchased from the royal family by the [[Government of Tripura]] in 1972–73 for Rs. 2.5 million.<ref name=NewIndExp /> It housed the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] until July 2011 when the assembly moved to a new location {{cvt|6|km}} north of Agartala.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110723/jsp/northeast/story_14275480.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818140616/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110723/jsp/northeast/story_14275480.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2016 |title=Tripura Assembly building inaugurated |newspaper=Telegraphindia.com |date=23 July 2011 |access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>

===As state museum===
The palace was given [[seismic retrofitting]] to prevent possible earthquake damage,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/24607806 |title=Retrofitting of heritage building "Ujjayanta Palace" in Agartala – a case study |newspaper=Academia.edu |author=Supratim Bhowmik|display-authors=etal |access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> and was inaugurated as the state museum by [[Vice President of India|Vice-President]] [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] on 25 September 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/northeast-indias-biggest-museum-to-open-on-sep-25-1064171.html |title=Northeast India's biggest museum to open on Sep 25|newspaper=Firstpost.com |date=27 August 2013 |access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref>

The [[government of Tripura]] had initially planned to rename the palace as the "Tripura State Museum". The [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra]] (INPT) protested to Vice-President Ansari.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130920/jsp/northeast/story_17369890.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818152004/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130920/jsp/northeast/story_17369890.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 August 2016 |title=History finds royal quarters |newspaper=Telegraphindia.com |date=20 September 2013 |author=Sekhar Datta |access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tribals-protest-renaming-of-tripura-palace-113091700752_1.html|title=Tribals protest renaming of Tripura palace|author=Press Trust of India|date=17 September 2013|website=business-standard.com |access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]], [[pretender]] to the throne of Tripura, also spoke out against the planned renaming.<ref name="rediff2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/tripura-govt-relents-to-mass-protests-against-renaming-of-palace-/20130923.htm |title=Tripura govt relents to mass protests against renaming of palace |newspaper=Rediff.com |date=23 September 2013 |author= K Anurag |access-date= 2 August 2016}}</ref> In response, the Tripura government decided to keep the original name and to build a statue of Maharaja Radha Kishore Manikya on the museum premises.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Tripura-museum-to-retain-name-of-Ujjayanta-Palace/articleshow/22964765.cms |title=Tripura museum to retain name of Ujjayanta Palace |newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 September 2013 |access-date=2 August 2016}}</ref> The palace received further restorations in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nath |first=Abhijit |date=23 November 2022 |title=Tripura: Ujjayanta Palace To Get Major Facelift In Next Year Under Agartala Smart City Project |work=Northeast Today |location=Website |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/11/23/tripura-ujjayanta-palace-to-get-major-facelift-in-next-year-under-agartala-smart-city-project/ |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Tripura State Museum Agartala Tripura India.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Ujjayanta Palace at night, 2014]]
The palace was designed by Sir Alexander Martin of the Martin and Burn Company in the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-saracenic style]],<ref name="Tourism"/> showing a mix of Mughal, Roman and British influences.<ref name=NewIndExp /> The two-storied palace has three large domes, the largest of which is {{convert|86|ft|m|abbr=on|0}} high, and which rests atop a four-storied central tower. The Ujjayanta Palace compound covers an area of approximately {{Convert|1|km2|acres|abbr=on}} and includes public rooms such as the throne room, [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] hall, library and reception hall.<ref name=Sajnani/>

There are two large artificial ponds on either side of the garden which is decorated with pools and fountains. The grounds cover {{convert|800|acre|km2}} in the heart of Agartala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guide |first=Tourist |date=3 April 2024 |title=Ujjayanta Palace - Famous Places In India |url=https://famousplacesinindia.in/tripura/ujjayanta-palace/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617102728/https://famousplacesinindia.in/tripura/ujjayanta-palace/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Several [[Hindu temple]]s occupy plots adjacent to Ujjayanta Palace, dedicated to [[Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Agartala|Lakshmi Narayan]], Uma-Maheshwari, [[Kali]] and [[Jagannath]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saran |first=Renu |title=Monuments of India |date=19 August 2014 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=9789351652984}}</ref>

== Collection==
Ujjayanta Palace is a multicultural museum with emphasis on art and crafts of the state of Tripura.<ref name="Museum">{{Cite web |title=A Brief Description of Tripura Government Museum, Agartala, India |url=http://tripura.nic.in/museum/ |accessdate=1 October 2015 |publisher=National Informatics Center}}</ref> The museum was established on 22 June 1970<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2013 |title=Tripura museum to retain name of Ujjayanta Palace |newspaper=Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Tripura-museum-to-retain-name-of-Ujjayanta-Palace/articleshow/22964765.cms |accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Inaugural">{{Cite news |date=26 September 2013 |title=Museums are valuable source of history, heritage: Vice president |publisher=Zee News |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/art-and-theatre/museums-are-valuable-source-of-history-heritage-vice-president_143471.html |accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref> and shifted to the current premises on 25 September 2013. It is [[Northeast India|North-east India's]] largest museum with a "national perspective while remaining focused on Tripura and northeast India".<ref name="Inaugural" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=23 November 2022 |title=Tripura: Ujjayanta Palace To Get Major Facelift In Next Year Under Agartala Smart City Project |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/11/23/tripura-ujjayanta-palace-to-get-major-facelift-in-next-year-under-agartala-smart-city-project/ |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

The museum has twenty-two display galleries.<ref name=Inaugural/><ref name=Stone>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/tripuras-royal-mansion-to-house-northeasts-biggest-museum-1131429.html|title=Agartala|accessdate= 1 October 2015|newspaper=First Post}}</ref> The exhibits in the museum are of sculpture, terracotta, bronze images, coins of the Tripuri kingdom, paintings and other historical items excavated from historical sites of Tripura, archaeological antiquities, historical Indian sculptures, paintings and tribal culture. The museum has 1406 collections on display which include 79 stone sculptures, 141 terracotta plaques, 774 coins of gold, silver and copper, 10 copper plate inscriptions, 9 stone inscriptions, 39 images of bronze, 102 textile items, 58 oil paintings, 63 sketches and drawings, and 197 ornaments. The sculpture collections are mostly from [[Udaipur, Tripura|Udaipur]], [[Pilak, Tripura|Pilak]], Jolaibari, and other locations in Tripura.<ref name=Museum/> The new museum also showcases the customs and practices of different tribes of [[Northeast India]]. The objective of the museum is also to make it a "centre for active research and cultural activities".<ref name=Inaugural/>

The most distinctive exhibits are from Pilak, which consist of sculptures of different cultures of Hinduism and Buddhism from the period of 9th to 13th centuries. The well crafted and moulded bronze sculptures are of [[Mukhalinga]], [[Avalokitesvara]], [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], and [[Vishnu]]. The terracotta exhibits are from the Pilak and [[Amarpur, Tripura|Amarpur]] sites, and also from [[Bengal school of art]].<ref name=Museum/><ref name=Stone/>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Ujjayanta Palace}}
* [[Tripura State Tribal Museum]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agartala]]
[[Category:Palaces in Tripura]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 1901]]
[[Category:Neoclassical palaces]]
[[Category:Museums in Tripura]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1970]]
[[Category:State museums in India]]
[[Category:Manikya dynasty]]

Catch-22 (film)

2026-02-21T01:33:54Z

Srivatsan: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|1970 American satirical comedy war film}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Catch-22
| image = Catch-22 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mike Nichols]]
| producer = [[John Calley]] [[Martin Ransohoff]]
| screenplay = [[Buck Henry]]
| based_on = {{basedon|''[[Catch-22]]''|[[Joseph Heller]]}}
| starring = [[Alan Arkin]] [[Martin Balsam]] [[Richard Benjamin]] [[Art Garfunkel]] [[Jack Gilford]] Buck Henry [[Bob Newhart]] [[Anthony Perkins]] [[Paula Prentiss]] [[Martin Sheen]] [[Jon Voight]] [[Orson Welles]]
| music = [[Richard Strauss]]
| cinematography = [[David Watkin (cinematographer)|David Watkin]]
| editing = [[Sam O'Steen]]
| studio = [[Filmways]] [[Paramount Pictures]]
| distributor = Paramount Pictures
| released = {{film date|1970|06|24}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $18 million
| gross = $24.9 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1970/0CT22.php|title=Catch-22, Box Office Information|work=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|access-date=May 23, 2012}}</ref>
}}
'''''Catch-22''''' is a 1970 American [[satirical]] [[comedy]] [[war film]] adapted from the 1961 [[Catch-22|novel of the same name]] by [[Joseph Heller]]. In creating a black comedy revolving around the "lunatic characters" of Heller's satirical [[anti-war]] [[novel]] set at a fictional [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] base during [[World War II]], director [[Mike Nichols]] and screenwriter [[Buck Henry]] (also in the cast) worked on the film script for two years, converting Heller's complex novel to the medium of film.

The cast included [[Alan Arkin]], [[Bob Balaban]], [[Martin Balsam]], [[Richard Benjamin]], Italian actress [[Olimpia Carlisi]], French comedian [[Marcel Dalio]], [[Art Garfunkel]] in his acting debut, [[Jack Gilford]], [[Charles Grodin]], [[Bob Newhart]], [[Anthony Perkins]], [[Austin Pendleton]], [[Paula Prentiss]], [[Martin Sheen]], [[Jon Voight]], and [[Orson Welles]]. Garfunkel's songwriting partner [[Paul Simon]] also appeared, but his scenes were cut.

==Plot==
[[File:AL77A-126 (14334553607).jpg|thumb|262x262px|Photo of plane crash from the film taken by a person on the set]]
Captain [[John Yossarian]], a [[U.S. Army Air Force]] [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25]] [[Bombardier (air force)|bombardier]], is stationed on the Mediterranean base on [[Pianosa]] during World War II. Along with his squadron members, Yossarian is committed to flying dangerous missions, but after watching friends die, he seeks a means of escape.

While most bomber crews are rotated out after 25 missions, Yossarian's commanding officer, [[Colonel Cathcart]], keeps raising the minimum number of missions for this base before anyone can reach it, eventually to an unobtainable 80 missions, a figure resulting from Cathcart's craving for publicity, primarily a mention in the nationally syndicated ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]'' magazine.

Futilely appealing to Cathcart, Yossarian learns that even a [[mental breakdown]] is no release when [[Doc Daneeka]] explains the "Catch-22" the Army Air Force employs: <blockquote>An airman would have to be crazy to fly more missions, and if he were crazy, he would be unfit to fly.

Yet, if an airman were to refuse to fly more missions, this would indicate that he is sane, which would mean that he would be fit to fly the missions. The airman is thus in an impossible "damned if you do, damned if you don't" situation.</blockquote>Yossarian is haunted, in several recurring flashbacks during the film, by the bloody death of [[Snowden (character)|Snowden]], the young turret gunner on his B-25. After Snowden's death, Yossarian temporarily refuses to wear his uniform, which Snowden bled on. He shows up at a medal ceremony naked, and later morosely sits naked in a tree, where he is visited by Lieutenant [[Milo Minderbinder]], who rapidly progresses from squadron supply officer to a capitalistic tycoon involved in black-market money-making schemes. The bomber squadron is populated by many other comically strange characters. [[Major Major Major Major|Major Major]], the squadron's operations officer, is promoted to a squadron commander without ever having flown in a plane and refuses to see anyone in his office while he is in, instructing [[Sergeant Towser]] that people can see him when he's out. The person has to wait in the waiting room until Major Major is gone, then can go right in.

Trapped by this convoluted logic, Yossarian watches as individuals in the squadron resort to unusual means to cope; Milo concocts elaborate black market schemes while crazed Captain [[Captain Aardvark|"Aarfy" Aardvark]] commits murder to silence a girl he has raped. Lieutenant [[Nately]] falls for a sex worker, [[Major Danby]] delivers goofy pep talks before every bomb run, and Captain [[Orr (Catch-22)|Orr]] keeps crashing at sea. Meanwhile, [[Nurse Duckett]] occasionally beds Yossarian.

Nately dies as a result of an agreement between Milo and the Germans, trading surplus cotton in exchange for the squadron bombing its own base. While on a pass, Yossarian shares this news with Nately's romantic partner, who then tries to kill him.

Because of Yossarian's constant complaints, Cathcart and [[Lieutenant Colonel Korn]] eventually agree to send him home, promising him a promotion to major and awarding him a medal for the fictitious saving of Cathcart's life; the only requirement being that Yossarian agrees to "like" the colonels and praise them when he gets home.

Immediately after agreeing to Cathcart's and Korn's plan, Yossarian survives an attempt on his life when stabbed by Nately's partner, who had disguised herself as a janitor. Once recovered, Yossarian learns from Danby and [[Chaplain Tappman]] that Orr's supposed death was a hoax and that Orr's repeated "crash" landings had been a subterfuge for practicing and planning his own escape from the madness. Yossarian is informed that Orr ditched the plane and paddled a rescue raft all the way to Sweden on his last run.

Yossarian decides to abandon the deal with Cathcart, leaps out of the hospital window, takes a raft from a damaged plane and, while a marching band practices for the ceremony to award Yossarian the promotion and medal, he hops into the sea, climbs into the raft and starts paddling.

==Cast==
{{Further|List of Catch-22 characters{{!}}List of ''Catch-22'' characters}}
Main cast (as appearing in screen credits):
{{Div col}}
* [[Alan Arkin]] as [[Yossarian|Captain John Yossarian]] (Bombardier)
* [[Bob Balaban]] as [[Orr (Catch-22)|Captain Orr]] (Bomber Pilot)
* [[Martin Balsam]] as [[Colonel Cathcart|Colonel Chuck Cathcart]] (Group Commander, 256th Bomb Group)
* [[Richard Benjamin]] as Major Danby (Group Operations Officer)
* [[Susanne Benton]] as Dreedle's [[Women's Army Corps|WAC]]
* [[Olimpia Carlisi]] as Luciana, the Alluring Passerby
* [[Marcel Dalio]] as Old Man in Whorehouse
* [[Norman Fell]] as First Sgt. Towser (Major Major's Desk Clerk, later Acting Squadron Commander)
* [[Art Garfunkel]] (billed Arthur Garfunkel) as [[Nately|Lt. Edward J. Nately III]] (Pilot)
* [[Jack Gilford]] as Dr. "Doc" Daneeka (Group Flight Surgeon)
* [[Charles Grodin]] as [[Captain Aardvark|Captain "Aarfy" Aardvark]] (Navigator)
* [[Buck Henry]] as Lt. Colonel Korn (Group XO / Roman policeman)
* [[Bob Newhart]] as [[Major Major Major Major|Captain/Major Major]] (Laundry Officer, later Squadron Commander)
* [[Austin Pendleton]] as Lt. Col. Moodus
* [[Anthony Perkins]] as [[Chaplain A. T. Tappman|Capt. Fr. Albert Taylor "A. T." Tappman]] (Chaplain)
* [[Paula Prentiss]] as Nurse Duckett (Army Medical Nurse Corps)<ref name="paula">{{cite magazine|access-date=12 August 2025|date=12 August 2025|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|magazine=Filmink|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/not-quite-movie-stars-paula-prentiss/|title=Not Quite Movie Stars: Paula Prentiss}}</ref>
* [[Martin Sheen]] as 1st Lt. Dobbs (Pilot)
* [[Jon Voight]] as 1st [[Milo Minderbinder|Lt. Milo Minderbinder]] (Mess Officer)
* [[Orson Welles]] as Brigadier General Dreedle (Wing Commander)
{{Div col end}}

==Production==

===Development ===
[[Orson Welles]] first tried to buy the rights to Heller's novel to independently produce and direct it in 1962, but was unsuccessful. He wound up cast in the role of [[General Dreedle]].

[[Columbia Pictures]] purchased the rights to it in 1965 and attempted to develop the film with [[Richard Brooks]] or [[Richard Quine]] as potential directors, while [[Jack Lemmon]] was considered as Captain Yossarian. Heller grew dissatisfied with the two as he believed they were “incapable of pursuing the wildly satirical (and anti-military) point of view of his novel.” The studio subsequently sold the rights to [[Martin Ransohoff]] at [[Filmways]] in 1967, which had already hired Mike Nichols to direct. Nichols originally announced that principal photography would begin in “late 1967-early 1968” in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[Italy]]. However, the project was delayed for several years as Nichols and [[John Calley]] searched for Italian terrain that had not been destroyed by [[Military history of Italy during World War II|World War II]].

''[[Variety magazine|Daily Variety]]'' in the period 1967-69 reported that [[Andre Previn]] would score the picture and that Nichols sought to cast [[Walter Matthau]] and [[Al Pacino]] in the movie, but none of them participated in the picture. [[Stacy Keach]] was also cast in the film before departing a month prior to filming.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Catch-22 |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23456-CATCH-22?cxt=filmography |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=AFI Catalog}}</ref>

===Filming ===
Nichols eventually decided on [[Mexico]] as the primary shooting location of the film. Production began on January 13, 1969, at an airfield constructed for the film near [[Guaymas]], [[Sonora]], on the [[Gulf of California]]. The filmmakers spent $180,000 building a five-mile highway to the site (which previously could only be accessed by boat) and an additional $250,000 for a 6,000-ft. runway; the airfield today is Guaymas airport. After a week of filming, Nichols sent back 200 of the American extras in order to give the base in the film a more isolated atmosphere. Welles filmed his cameo appearance as General Dreedle in eight days. Some filming also took place at the [[Palazzo Farnese]] and the Palazzo Navona in [[Rome]]. Production concluded in August 1969 after a final two months of interior filming in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]].<ref name=":0" />

[[Paul Simon]] was cast in a part, as was Art Garfunkel, his partner in the musical group [[Simon and Garfunkel]]. Garfunkel's part grew while Simon's part was cut from the final film, a move which contributed to the breakup of the duo, according to Garfunkel.<ref name="simon">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/feb/12/art-garfunkel-paul-simon |title=Art Garfunkel implicates film director Mike Nichols in split with Paul Simon |last=Michaels |authorlink=Sean Michaels (writer) |first=Sean |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 February 2013 |accessdate=2 October 2024}}</ref>

===Adaptation===
The adaptation changed the book's plot. Several [[story arc]]s are left out, and many characters in the movie speak dialogue and experience events of other characters in the book.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ephron|first=Nora|author-link=Nora Ephron|url=https://movies2.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-yossarian.html|title=Yossarian Is Alive And Well in the Mexican Desert|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 16, 1969|access-date=October 23, 2020}}</ref> Despite the changes in the screenplay, Heller approved of the film, according to a commentary by Nichols and [[Steven Soderbergh]] included on a [[DVD]] release.<ref name= "Editor"/> According to Nichols, Heller was particularly impressed with a few scenes and bits of dialogue Henry created for the film, and said he wished he could have included them in the novel.<ref>Nichols and Soderbergh 2001</ref>

The pacing of the novel ''Catch-22'' is frenetic, its tenor intellectual, and its tone largely [[absurdist fiction|absurdist]],<ref name="variety">McCarthy, Todd. [https://variety.com/1969/film/reviews/catch-22-1200422261/ "Catch-22 (Review)."] ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', December 31, 1969.</ref> interspersed with brief moments of gritty, almost horrific, realism. The novel did not follow a normal chronological progression; rather, it was told as a series of different and often (seemingly, until later) unrelated events, most from the point of view of the central character Yossarian. The film simplified the plot,<ref name="Canby"/><ref>Evans 2000, p. 38.</ref> but it preserved the frenetic pacing, intellectual tenor and realistic tone of the novel.

===Aircraft===
[[File:B-25 from movie Catch 22 (4877655203).jpg|thumb|B-25H 43-4432 featured in the film, still airworthy with the [[Experimental Aircraft Association|EAA]] as of 2024.<ref>[https://b-25history.org/aircraft/434432.htm "B-25H 43-4432"] ''B-25 History Project.'' Retrieved 23 July 2024.</ref>]]
{{main|B-25 Mitchell aircraft in Catch-22{{!}}B-25 Mitchell aircraft in ''Catch-22''}}
Paramount assigned a $17 million budget to the production and planned to film key flying scenes for six weeks, but the aerial sequences required six months of camera work, resulting in the bombers flying about 1,500 hours.<ref name= "Orriss p. 189">Orriss 1984, p. 189.</ref> They appear on screen for approximately 10 minutes.<ref name= "Farmer p. 59">Farmer 1972, p. 59.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Most of the aerial footage was unused due to a directorial conflict between Nichols and Tallman, head of the Air Operations and Aerial Unit.|group=Note}}

''Catch-22'' is renowned for its role in saving the [[B-25 Mitchell]] aircraft from possible extinction.<ref>Farmer 1972, pp. 20–21.</ref> The film's budget accommodated 17 flyable B-25 Mitchells, and one hulk was acquired in Mexico, and flown with landing gear down to the [[Guaymas]], [[Sonora]], [[Mexico]] filming location.<ref name= "Editor">Tallman 2008, p. 15 (Editor's Note).</ref> The aircraft was burned and destroyed in the crash landing scene. The wreck was then buried in the ground by the runway, where it remains.<ref>Thompson 1980, p. 75.</ref>

For the film, prop upper turrets were installed, and to represent different models, several aircraft had turrets installed behind the wings representing early (B-25C/D type) aircraft.<ref name= "Farmer p. 59" /> Initially, the camera ships also had mock turrets installed, but problems with buffeting necessitated their removal.<ref>Farmer 1972, p. 23.</ref>

Many of the "Tallmantz Air Force fleet" went on to careers in films and television, before being sold as surplus.<ref>Farmer 1972, pp. 58–59.</ref> Fifteen of the 18 bombers remain intact, including one displayed at the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'s [[National Air and Space Museum]].<ref name="nasm">[http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19860003000 "National Air and Space Museum Collections Database."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402204004/http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19860003000 |date=2011-04-02 }} ''[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum]]''. Retrieved: April 16, 2008.</ref>

===Death on the set===
Second unit director John Jordan refused to wear a harness during a bomber scene and fell out of the open tail turret {{cvt|4000|ft}} into the [[Pacific Ocean]] to his death.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="The 70's movies Rewind">Conant, Richard. [http://70s.fast-rewind.com/ "The 70's movies Rewind."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605201308/http://70s.fast-rewind.com/ |date=2009-06-05}} ''70s.fast-rewind.com''. Retrieved: June 27, 2009.</ref>

==Release==
A half-hour preview of the film was held at the [[San Francisco International Film Festival]] on October 31, 1969.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=15 October 1969 |title=Mike Nichols To Unveil 'Catch' Footage at Frisco|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|page=19}}</ref>

The film had premieres on June 24, 1970, in New York, Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Toronto.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=Catch-22 (advertisement)|date=June 17, 1970|page=12}}</ref>

===Home media===
''Catch-22'' was released for home viewing on VHS and Beta in 1979, Laserdisc in 1982, and SelectaVision CED disc. Some of the music was changed for the 1992 VHS Hi-Fi re-release.

''Catch-22'' was re-released to DVD by [[Paramount Home Entertainment]] on May 21, 2013; a previous version was released on May 22, 2001. The DVD contains commentary by director Mike Nichols moderated by [[Steven Soderbergh]]. [[Shout! Studios]] is scheduled to release the film on 4K Blu-ray on October 28, 2025.

==Reception==
===Critical reaction===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|81|7.2|31|''Catch-22'' takes entertainingly chaotic aim at the insanity of armed combat, supported by a terrific cast and smart, funny work from Buck Henry and Mike Nichols.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Catch-22 (1970) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/catch22 |access-date=November 20, 2022 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]}}</ref> {{MC film|70|11}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/catch-22|title=Catch-22 Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[Fandom (website)#Fandom, Inc.|Fandom, Inc.]]|access-date=November 20, 2022}}</ref>

[[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised the film as "the most moving, the most intelligent, the most humane--oh, to hell with it!--it's the best American film I've seen this year." He felt the film was "complete and consistent", and commended its balance of comedy and seriousness as well as the ensemble cast.<ref name="Canby">{{cite news|last=Canby|first=Vincent|url=https://movies2.nytimes.com/books/98/02/15/home/heller-canby.html|title=A Triumphant 'Catch'|work=The New York Times|date=June 28, 1970|access-date=October 23, 2020}}</ref> In a cover story about Mike Nichols, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' wrote "It is the book's cold rage that he has nurtured. In the jokes that matter, the film is as hard as a diamond, cold to the touch and brilliant to the eye. To Nichols, ''Catch-22'' is 'about dying'; to Arkin, it is 'about selfishness'; to audiences, it will be a memorable horror comedy of war, with the accent on horror."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3597288/some-are-more-yossarian-than-others/|title=Cinema: Some are More Yossarian than Others|magazine=Time|volume=95|issue=24|pages=66–74|date=June 14, 1970|access-date=October 23, 2020}} {{Open access}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 4, calling it "a disappointment, and not simply because it fails to do justice to the Heller novel." Ebert wrote there were "some fine moments" in ''Catch 22'', but he condemned the shift in tone from farcical satire in the first half of the film to gore and violence in the final scenes. He also felt the Arkin was "a tremendously gifted actor" but it was an error for him to play Yosarrian as an edgy paranoid, when "the point of the performance should be precisely that he isn’t nuts". The other cast members were not believable in their roles, apart from Perkins, and as a result "the characters don’t come across as human". Nichols's film used a fashionable anti-war message without, as Ebert wrote, "realizing that for Heller World War II was symbolic of a much larger disease: life."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/catch-22-1970 |title=Catch-22 movie review & film summary (1970) |work=Chicago Sun-Times |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |date=June 1970 |access-date=October 23, 2020}}</ref> Similarly, [[Gene Siskel]] for the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film {{frac|2|1|2}} stars out of four arguing the film "spends too much time accommodating a huge cast", and instead the film should have properly focused on "Yossarian's combat, with the catch into his head where it belongs". Nevertheless, he wrote "The film's technical credits, photography, and special effects are uniformly outstanding. Of the huge supporting cast, Dick Benjamin, Bob Newhart, and Jack Gilford are the best."<ref>Siskel, Gene (June 26, 1970). [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61571700/gene-siskels-review-of-catch-22/ "Movie Review: 'Catch-22'"]. ''Chicago Tribune''. Section 2, p. 1 – via [[Newspapers.com]]. {{Open access}}</ref> [[Charles Champlin]], reviewing for the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', felt that ''Catch-22'' is awfully good, and also a disappointment: Chilly brilliant at its best but flawed at last by its detachment and by its failure to catch fire and give off heat. Its fury is cold and intellectual and cannot reach us or involve us at gut level."<ref>{{cite news|last=Champlin|first=Charles|title=Heller's Novel 'Catch-22' Becomes a Big, Icy Movie|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/165955651/|work=Los Angeles Times|pages=1, 20, 22|url-access=subscription|date=June 28, 1970|access-date=October 23, 2020|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

[[Richard Schickel]] in ''[[LIFE Magazine|LIFE]]'' panned the film, saying it failed to translate what made Joseph Heller's novel a generational phenomenon to the screen. In his review entitled "One of our novels is missing," Schickel wrote:<blockquote>Mike Nichols' movie version of the novel is, in tone, as hot and heavy as the original was cool and light. Charitably, one might say that he was seeking the visual equivalent of the book's verbal style. But he failed abysmally, and in the process he and Writer Buck Henry have mislaid every bit of the humor that made the novel emotionally bearable and esthetically memorable, replacing it with desperately earnest proof they hate war.... [T]he key to the film's almost total failure lies in its restructuring of the novel. It is shot as if it were a single hallucinatory flashback suffered by Yossarian, Heller's Everyman-turned-Bombardier.... Far from seeming wild and free, this dream structure struck me as inhumanly manipulative, for it imposes on both the material and the audience a single, simple point of view: ''I'm crazy, they're crazy, we're all crazy in this crazy world''. The characters can't wiggle free of it and live for so much as a single wayward, truly human moment. We, as an audience, are never allowed to think, feel, respond as we will. We are as trapped at a single level of response as ever we were in those hack war movies Nichols mocks.<ref name="LIFE Magazine">{{cite journal |title=One of our novels is missing |journal=LIFE Magazine |date=4 July 1970 |volume=69 |issue=1 |page=12}}</ref></blockquote>

In later years, film historians and reviewers Jack Harwick and Ed Schnepf characterized the film as deeply flawed, calling Henry's screenplay disjointed, and claimed its only redeeming features were the limited aerial sequences.<ref>Harwick and Schnepf 1989, p. 62.</ref>

=== Box office ===
Upon the initial release, ''Catch-22'' earned US$24.9 million out of the budget of US$18 million, earning it a spot in the top ten box office hits of 1970, but falling short of being profitable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catch-22 (1970) - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Catch-22 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=The Numbers}}</ref> It was director [[Mike Nichols]]' third film, after the acclaimed ''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)|Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]'' and ''[[The Graduate]]''. It was not regarded as a comparable success, earning less money and critical acclaim than the film version of ''[[MASH (film)|MASH]]'', another war-themed [[black comedy]] released earlier the same year. In addition, some critics believed that the film appeared as Americans were becoming more resentful of the bitter and ugly experience of the Vietnam War, leading to a general decline in the interest of war pictures, with the notable exceptions of ''MASH'' and ''[[Patton (film)|Patton]]''.<ref name="Orriss p. 189" /> Critic Lucia Bozzola wrote "Paramount spent a great deal of money on ''Catch-22'', but it wound up getting trumped by another 1970 antiwar farce: [[Robert Altman]]'s ''MASH''."<ref name="variety-bozzola">{{Cite news |last=Bozzola |first=Lucia |date=2007 |title=Catch-22 (overview) |work=[[The New York Times]] |department=Movies & TV Dept. |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/8628/Catch-22/overview |url-status=dead |access-date=April 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019075708/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/8628/Catch-22/overview |archive-date=October 19, 2007}}</ref>

==Adaptations in other media==
A [[Television pilot|pilot episode]] for a ''Catch-22'' television series was aired on ABC in 1973, with [[Richard Dreyfuss]] in the Captain Yossarian role.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130723134103/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/463102/Catch-22/ "Catch 22 (1973)."] ''Turner Classic Movies''. Retrieved: November 20, 2011.</ref>

A six-part ''[[Catch-22 (miniseries)|Catch 22]]'' miniseries, produced by [[Hulu]] and [[Sky Italia]], premiered worldwide in 2019.

There have been other films with "Catch-22" in their names, including the documentary ''Catch-22'' (2007) and the short films ''Catch 22: The New Contract'' (2009) and ''Catch22'' (2010), but they have been unrelated to either the book or film adaptation.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/find?q=Catch-22&s=all "Catch-22."] ''IMDb.'' Retrieved: November 20, 2011.</ref>

==In popular culture==
The anti-war song "Survivor Guilt" by [[punk rock]] band [[Rise Against]] features samples of dialog from the movie, specifically the discussion between Nately and the old man about the fall of great countries and potential fall of the US, and their argument about the phrase "It's better to live on your feet than die on your knees." The same excerpts from the film previously were used by lead singer Tim McIlrath, in the song "Burden", recorded by his former band, Baxter.<ref>[http://www.altpress.com/reviews/entry/rise_against_endgame "Reviews: "File under: Rejuvenated political punk (from Rise Against Endgame)."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317020334/http://www.altpress.com/reviews/entry/rise_against_endgame |date=March 17, 2014}} ''altpress.com'', March 15, 2011. Retrieved: May 22, 2012.</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1970]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Bennighof, James. ''The Words and Music of Paul Simon''. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-27599-163-0}}.
* Evans, Alun. ''Brassey's Guide to War Films''. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books, 2000. {{ISBN|1-57488-263-5}}.
* Farmer, James H. "The Catch-22 Air Force." Air Classics, Volume 8, No. 14, December 1972.
* Harwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies". ''The Making of the Great Aviation Films'', General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
* Nichols, Mike and Steven Soderbergh. "Commentary." ''Catch-22 DVD'' (Special Features). Los Angeles: Paramount Pictures Home Entertainment, 2001.
* Orriss, Bruce. ''When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II''. Hawthorne, California: Aero Associates Inc., 1984. {{ISBN|0-9613088-0-X}}.
* Tallman, Frank. "The Making of Catch-22." ''Warbirds International'', Vol. 27, no. 4, May/June 2008.
* Thegze, Chuck "I See Everything Twice": An Examination of Catch-22, University of California Press.
* Thompson, Scott A. "Hollywood Mitchells." ''Air Classics'', Vol. 16, No. 9, September 1980.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Catch-22 (film)}}
* {{AFI film|23456}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0065528|title=Catch-22}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=16665|title=Catch-22}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|catch22|Catch-22}}
* [https://www.aerovintage.com/tallmantz-aviation/tallmantz-n1203/ Catch-22 camera aircraft history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121054107/http://www.aerovintage.com/N1203.htm |date=2021-11-21 }}

{{Catch-22}}
{{Mike Nichols}}
{{Buck Henry}}

[[Category:Catch-22| (film)]]
[[Category:1970 war films]]
[[Category:1970 black comedy films]]
[[Category:1970 English-language films]]
[[Category:1970s satirical films]]
[[Category:1970s war comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American aviation films]]
[[Category:American black comedy films]]
[[Category:American satirical films]]
[[Category:American war comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American World War II films]]
[[Category:Anti-war comedy films]]
[[Category:Anti-war films about World War II]]
[[Category:English-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films based on military novels]]
[[Category:Films about the United States Army Air Forces]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mike Nichols]]
[[Category:Films about the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Military comedy films]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Buck Henry]]
[[Category:World War II aviation films]]
[[Category:Films set in Italy]]
[[Category:1970 American films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mexico]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rome]]
[[Category:English-language war comedy-drama films]]

[[ja:キャッチ22#映画]]

Ramchandra Suri

2026-02-14T17:58:46Z

Srivatsan: put up some info nd citations...

{{Short description|Indian Jain monk and religious scholar (1896–1991)}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = Deekshayug Pravartak Acharya Vijay
| name = Ramchandra Suri
| honorific_suffix = Maharaj Saheb
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| order = [[Tapa Gaccha]]
| birth_name = Tribhuvan
| birth_date = 3 March 1896
| birth_place = [[Dahevan]], [[Gujarat]], [[British India]]
| father = Chhotalal
| mother = Samarath Ben
| death_date = 9 August 1991
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| initiator = Acharya [[Prem Suri]]
}}
[[File:RamchandraSuri.jpg|thumb|Acharya [[Ramchandra Suri]] of [[Tapa Gaccha]]]]
'''Ramchandra Suri''' (3 March 1896 – 9 August 1991) was an Indian [[Jain monk|Jain monk]] and religious scholar of the [[Tapa Gaccha]] tradition within [[Śvetāmbara Jainism]]. He is remembered within the tradition for his influence on Jain monastic discipline and for shaping a spiritual lineage commonly referred to as the '''Ramchandra Suri Samuday'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ahmedabad-jains-to-celebrate-sainthood-centenary_1634279 |title=Ahmedabad Jains to celebrate sainthood centenary |work=DNA India |date=6 January 2012 |location=Ahmedabad |agency=DNA}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ramchandra Suri was born as '''Tribhuvan''' in Dahevan village (present-day Gujarat) on 3 March 1896 to Chhotalal and Samarath Ben.<ref>{{cite web |last=JaineLibrary |first=Anish Visaria |title=Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature. |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/033271/155 |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

== Initiation and monastic career ==
He was initiated as a monk in 1912 and is described in community sources as having received initiation at '''Gandhar Tirth''' on the Jain calendrical date '''Vikram Samvat 1969, Paush Sud 13'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atma the Self (page preview) |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001179/14 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> He is identified as a First
disciple within the lineage of Acharya [[Prem Suri]].<ref>{{cite web |last=JaineLibrary |first=Anish Visaria |title=Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature. |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/033271/155 |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

Sources associated with his lineage also record that he received the rank of '''Acharya''' on '''Vikram Samvat 1992, Vaishakh Sud 6''' in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atma the Self (page preview) |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001179/14 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

== Teachings and activities ==
A Jain community periodical describes Ramchandra Suri as an influential figure in a sustained religious and legal campaign defending '''''bal diksha''''' (initiation of minors) as a permissible Jain practice, stating that he helped create momentum for the movement through public discourses and travel.<ref name="AhimsaTimes2009">{{cite web |title=Ahimsa Times (June 2009 issue) – discussion of Bal Diksha |url=https://jainqq.org/booktext/Ahimsa_Times_2009_06_SrNo_108/523608 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=jainqq.org |publisher=Ahimsa Times}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 9 August 1991 in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ahmedabad-jains-to-celebrate-sainthood-centenary_1634279 |title=Ahmedabad Jains to celebrate sainthood centenary |work=DNA India |date=6 January 2012 |location=Ahmedabad |agency=DNA}}</ref> Calendrical details for his death are also recorded in lineage publications as '''Vikram Samvat 2047, Ashadha Vad 14'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atma the Self (page preview) |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001179/14 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Following his death, the tradition associated with his disciples and successors is commonly referred to as the '''Ramchandra Suri Samuday'''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ahmedabad-jains-to-celebrate-sainthood-centenary_1634279 |title=Ahmedabad Jains to celebrate sainthood centenary |work=DNA India |date=6 January 2012 |location=Ahmedabad |agency=DNA}}</ref> A centenary celebration connected with his sainthood/monastic leadership was reported in Ahmedabad in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ahmedabad-jains-to-celebrate-sainthood-centenary_1634279 |title=Ahmedabad Jains to celebrate sainthood centenary |work=DNA India |date=6 January 2012 |location=Ahmedabad |agency=DNA}}</ref>

== Works ==
A printed catalogue of the Hemchandracharya Jain Library (Patan) lists multiple Gujarati works and collections of discourses attributed under the name '''Ramchandra Suriji/Ramchandrasuri''', including titles such as ''Ramayan Ma Sanskrutino Adarsh'' (Parts 1–4), ''Samyag Darshan Pravachano'' (discourses; listed with editor/compiler name), and ''Ramayanno Rasasvad''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hemchandracharya Jain Library (Patan) – Catalogue of printed books (page preview) |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/018019/272 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=jainqq.org |publisher=Hemchandracharya Jain Gyanmandir, Patan}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tapa Gaccha]]
* [[Śvetāmbara Jainism]]
* [[Jain monasticism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramchandra Suri}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]

{{Jainism-bio-stub}}

Cluny Women's College

2026-01-29T03:28:00Z

Srivatsan:

{{Short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox university |
| name = Cluny Women's College
| image = Cluny Women's College logo.png
| established = {{start date and age|1998}}
| type = Undergraduate college
| principal =
| address = 8th Mile, Near St Joseph's Convent school
| city = [[Kalimpong]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 734301
| coordinates = {{coord|27|03|55.73|N|88|27|21.93|E|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map =
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[University of North Bengal]]
| website =[https://www.clunycollege.ac.in/ Cluny Women's College]
}}
'''Cluny Women's College''', established in 1998, is a general degree women's college in [[Kalimpong]] in the [[Kalimpong district]] of [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts. It is affiliated to [[University of North Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbu.ac.in/Affiliated%20Colleges.htm?st=|title=Colleges under University of North Bengal|website=nbu.ac.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091951/http://www.nbu.ac.in/Affiliated%20Colleges.htm?st=|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

==Departments==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''Arts Faculty Departments'''
|-
! Departments
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|-
| [[English literature|English]]
|-
| [[Hindi]]
|-
| [[History]]
|-
| [[Geography]]
|-
| [[Sociology]]
|}

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.clunycollege.com/ Cluny Women’s College ]
*[http://www.nbu.ac.in/ University of North Bengal]
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{University of North Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kalimpong district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of North Bengal]]
[[Category:Kalimpong]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

Vachak

2026-01-23T15:48:12Z

Srivatsan: general refine lead further and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Mazandaran province, Iran}}

{{for|the village in Ilam province|Vachak Ab}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Vachak
|native_name = {{langx|fa|واچک}}
|native_name_lang = fa
|settlement_type = Neighborhood
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
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|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Iran
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_label_position =
|coordinates = {{Coord|36|50|20|N|50|49|37|E|dim:1km|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=36.838889&mlon=50.826944&zoom=15#map=15/36.83889/50.82694|website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Vachak, دهستان گلیجان, بخش مرکزی شهرستان تنکابن [Goli Jan Rural District, Central District of Tonekabon County], Tonekabon County, Mazandaran Province, Iran|date=24 October 2024|access-date=24 October 2024|lang=fa}}</ref>
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Iran]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Mazandaran province|Mazandaran]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Iran|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Tonekabon County|Tonekabon]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Bakhsh (administrative division)|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Central District (Tonekabon County)|Central]]
|subdivision_type4 = City
|subdivision_name4 = [[Shirud, Iran|Shirud]]
|established_title =
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|unit_pref = Metric


|area_footnotes =

|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|population_footnotes = <ref name="2006 Mazandaran Province"/>
|population_as_of = 632
|population_total = 400
|population_density_km2 = auto
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|timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
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'''Vachak''' ({{langx|fa|واچک}}){{efn|Also [[romanize]]d as '''Vāchak'''<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3839161|Vachak}}</ref>}} is a neighborhood in the city of [[Shirud, Iran|Shirud]]<ref name="Shirud City"> {{cite web |first=Parviz |last=Davoodi |author-link=Parviz Davoodi |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|تاریخ تصویب}} (Approval date) 1387/03/12 (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=1 June 2008  |script-title=fa:تصویب نامه درخصوص تبدیل روستای شیرود به شهر |trans-title=‌Resolution on the conversion of Shirud village into a city |url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/134722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121194522/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/134722 |archive-date=21 January 2026 |access-date=21 January 2026 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|لام تا کام}} [Lam ta Kam] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|‌وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|کمیسیون سیاسی دفاعی هیأت دولت}} [Political Defense Commission of the Government Board] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شناسه}} [ID] 5447A76A-2146-4DAA-9BCC-5590CA2FED22.}}</ref> in the [[Central District (Tonekabon County)|Central District]] of [[Tonekabon County]], [[Mazandaran province|Mazandaran]] province, [[Iran]].

==Demographics==
===Population===
At the time of the 2006 census, Vachak's population was 632 in 189 households, when it was a village in [[Goli Jan Rural District]].<ref name="2006 Mazandaran Province"> {{cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1385 : استان مازندران |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2006: Mazandaran Province |language=fa |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920090640/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls |archive-date=20 September 2011 |format=Excel |access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> In 2008, the villages of [[Bala Shirud]], [[Beramsar]], [[Hemmatabad, Tonekabon|Hemmatabad]], [[Kaseh Gar Mahalleh]], [[Khezr Konar]], [[Kochanak]], [[Lapa Sar]], [[Lashtu]], [[Mian Daj Mahalleh]], [[Mohammadabad, Tonekabon|Mohammadabad]], [[Mojtame-ye Meskuni Farhangian]], [[Pain Shirud]], [[Ramj Mahalleh]], [[Rashidiyeh]], [[Shaghuz Kaleh]], [[Sharifabad, Tonekabon|Sharifabad]], [[Tamijanak]], Vachak, and [[Zaruj Mahalleh]] were merged to form the city of [[Shirud, Iran|Shirud]].<ref name="Shirud City"/>

==See also==
{{Portal-inline|Iran}}
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Mazandaran Province|state=collapsed}}

{{Tonekabon County|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Populated places in Tonekabon County]]

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mazandaran province]]

{{Tonekabon-geo-stub}}

Jiyen Krishnakumar

2026-01-14T04:28:32Z

Srivatsan: stub.

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|image = Jiyen Profile Photo.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Photo taken at the set of Ananthankaadu Movie Set
|other_names= G. N. Krishnakumar
|name = Jiyen Krishnakumar
|birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
|occupation = Film director
|spouse =
|children =
|years active = 2010-present
|
}}

'''Jiyen Krishnakumar''' is an Indian film director who has worked on [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language]] films. He became known for the crime thriller ''[[College Days (2010 film)|College Days]]'' (2010), and has gone on to make feature films including ''[[Kaanchi (2013 film)|Kaanchi]]'' (2013), socio-political action thriller ''[[Tiyaan]]'' (2017), Tamil thriller ''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' (2023), mystery drama ''[[Ayel]]'' (2024), and the upcoming Malayalam-Tamil bilingual political thriller ''[[Ananthankaadu]]'' (2025), produced by Mini Studio.

==Career==
Jiyen Krishnakumar began his career working on Malayalam films, notably making two films with [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] — ''[[College Days (2010 film)|College Days]]'' (2010) and ''[[Kaanchi (2013 film)|Kaanchi]]'' (2013). His third film ''[[Tiyaan]]'' (2017), was produced on a larger budget, and featured [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] in the leading role alongside Indrajith. With minimal promotions, the film opened to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/may/29/tiyan--is-a-pan-indian-movie-1610112.html|title='Tiyan is a pan-Indian movie'|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/2017/07/02/the-reason-why-tiyaan-never-had-any-promotions.html|title=The reason why 'Tiyaan' never had any promotion | Video|website=OnManorama}}</ref> In 2023, Jiyen's first Tamil film ''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' starring [[RJ Balaji]] and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/run-baby-run-actor-rj-balaji-says-i-want-to-break-out-of-comedy-and-act-in-new-genres-interview-2328578-2023-01-31|title=Run Baby Run actor RJ Balaji says 'I want to break out of comedy and act in new genres' | Interview|website=India Today}}</ref>

His next release will be ''Paramaguru'', an action drama film starring [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] in the lead role. The film began production in 2019 and was delayed owing to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/13/sasikumars-next-with-debutant-jiyen-krishnakumar-titled-paramaguru-14262.html|title=Sasikumar's next with debutant Jiyen Krishnakumar titled Paramaguru|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> He has also agreed terms to work on another film for Prince Pictures following the favourable response to ''Run Baby Run''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/run-baby-run-makers-sign-one-more-film-with-director-jiyen-krishnakumar/articleshow/97791488.cms?from=mdr|title='Run Baby Run' makers sign one more film with director Jiyen Krishnakumar|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;As director
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Writer !!Language !! Notes
|-
| 2010 ||''[[College Days (2010 film)|College Days]]'' ||Himself|| Malayalam ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kaanchi (2013 film)|Kaanchi]]'' ||[[B. Jeyamohan]] ||Malayalam ||
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Tiyaan]]'' || [[Murali Gopy]] ||Malayalam ||
|-
| 2023 ||''[[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' || Himself||Tamil ||
|-
| TBA ||Ayel || Himself||Malayalam||Post Production
|-
| TBA || ''[[Ananthankaadu]]'' || [[Murali Gopy]] || Malayalam Tamil ||Post Production
|-
|TBA||''Paramaguru'' || Himself||Tamil ||Post Production
|-
|TBA|| Untitled Prince Pictures Next Project || Himself || Tamil ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8192059}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnakumar, Jiyen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]

Bengaluru–Chennai Expressway

2026-01-11T07:10:49Z

Srivatsan:

{{short description|Indian expressway connecting Bengaluru and Chennai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

{{infobox road
| header_type = UC
| country = IND
| type = NE
| route = 7
| name = Bengaluru–Chennai Expressway
| map =
| map_notes =
| image = Map Bengaluru-Chennai Expressway.svg
| length_km = 258
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = [[Hoskote]], [[Bengaluru North district]], [[Karnataka]]
| terminus_b = [[Sriperumbudur]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| junction =
| formed =
| established = 9 December 2024 (Hoskote-[[Bethamangala]])<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news|title=Bengaluru-Chennai expressway opens to traffic|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Dec/09/bengaluru-chennai-expressway-opens-to-traffic|work=The New Indian Express|date=9 December 2024|access-date=9 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> August 2025 (full completion)<ref name="TH">{{cite news|title=T.N. stretch of Bengaluru-Chennai Expressway may be completed by August 2025|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tn-stretch-of-bengaluru-chennai-expressway-may-be-completed-by-august-2025/article68853150.ece|work=The Hindu|date=11 November 2024|access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref> the completion now extended to july 2026.
| history =
| states = * [[Karnataka]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Tamil Nadu]]
| towns = * [[Hoskote]], [[Bengaluru North district]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Malur]], [[Kolar district]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Bangarapet]], [[Kolar district]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Kolar Gold Fields]], [[Kolar district]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Bethamangala]], [[Kolar district]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Venkatagirikota]], [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Palamaner]], [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Bangarupalem]], [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Chittoor]], [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Ranipet]], [[Ranipet district|Ranipettai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Walajapet]], [[Ranipet district|Ranipettai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Arakkonam]], [[Ranipet district|Ranipettai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Sriperumbudur]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)
| districts = * [[Bengaluru North district]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Kolar district]], [[Karnataka]]
* [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Ranipet district|Ranipettai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| alternate_name =
}}

The '''Bengaluru–Chennai Expressway''', or '''National Expressway 7 (NE-7)''', is a partially operational {{cvt|258|km}} long, four-[[lane]] (expandable to 8)-wide [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled expressway]] between two of the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|major metro cities of India]], [[Bengaluru]], the capital of [[Karnataka]] and [[Chennai]], the capital of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It will run from [[Hoskote]] in [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Bengaluru Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] to [[Sriperumbudur]] in [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]]. It will pass through three states-Karnataka, [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Tamil Nadu It allows vehicles to reach a maximum speed limit of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2557950.ece |title=Project report on Chennai Expressway may get ready by March |date=21 October 2011 |accessdate=16 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502054001/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2557950.ece |archive-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The road was designated as a [[Expressways of India|National Expressway]] on 1 January 2021.<ref name="NHAI">[http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2021/224170.pdf Gazette notification dated 1 January 2021]</ref> The total project value is around {{INRConvert|17930|c}}.<ref>{{cite news|author1= Akram Mohammed|title=Expressway to reduce travel time between Bengaluru, Chennai|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/dec/18/expressway-to-reduce-travel-time-between-bengaluru-chennai-1913089.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=December 18, 2018|access-date=March 23, 2023|language=en}}</ref>

Construction on the expressway began after [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] laid the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for it in May 2022.<ref name="ETI">{{cite news|last=Vivan|first=Sridhar|title=PM Modi officially lays the foundation stone for the Bengaluru-Chennai expressway|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/pm-modi-officially-lays-the-foundation-stone-for-the-bengaluru-chennai-expressway/91829030|work=ET Infra|date=22 May 2022|access-date=9 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> and was supposed to finish by the latter half of 2023.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yamin|first=C.S.|title=Bengaluru-Chennai expressway to be ready by 2023-end, says Nitin Gadkari|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengaluruchennai-expressway-to-be-ready-by-2023-end-says-nitin-gadkari-101694144481560.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=8 September 2023|access-date=9 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> However, due to land acquisition and funding issues, work progressed at a slow pace. Hence, its deadline was rescheduled to January 2024, then March 2024, and was changed again to the end of 2024. Finally, the {{cvt|71|km}}-long Karnataka section of the expressway opened in December 2024, while the rest till Chennai was scheduled to be completed by August 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru-Chennai Expressway to be operational in January 2024: Nitin Gadkari |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/bengaluru-chennai-expressway-to-be-operational-in-january-2024-nitin-gadkari/article67282263.ece |website=The Hindu |date=7 September 2023 |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Sharma, Anurakti|title=Bengaluru-Chennai Expressway to be completed by March 2024|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/bengaluru-chennai-expressway-to-be-completed-by-march-2024-article-96781453/amp|work=Times Now|date=6 January 2023|access-date=10 January 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TNIE"/><ref name="TH"/><ref name="TMRG">{{cite web |title=Bangalore–Chennai Expressway – Information & Status |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhai-bangalore-chennai-expressway-information-route-map-status/ |website=Metro Rail Guy |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>

The expressway will bring significant socio-economic benefits and foster growth and development in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, thus resulting in overall advantage to not only southern India, but also whole of the nation as one of the crucial economic corridors. The most direct benefit that the expressway will bring is the travel time and distance reduction, from the existing 7-8 hours and around 350 km to only 2-3 hours and 260 km.<ref name="TN">{{cite news|last=Abbas|first=Ajmal|title=Bengaluru to Chennai in 2.5 hrs; Why Bangalore-Chennai Expressway is a Game Changer for South India|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-to-chennai-in-2-5-hrs-why-bangalore-chennai-expressway-is-a-game-changer-for-south-india-article-100231531|work=Times Now|date=14 May 2023|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> The regions adjoining the expressway will be developed as industrial areas and real estate hubs, serving as sources of massive employment, opportunities and trade, with the expressway serving as an important artery. Owing to its immense significance in linking the two major capitals of Bengaluru and Chennai, additional space in between the lanes has been reserved for future use, so that the expressway can be expanded progressively in three phases to cater more traffic. Initially, upon completion in August 2025, it will have four lanes. Then, it is estimated to be expanded to six lanes by 2037, and ultimately, to eight lanes by 2041, making it similar to the [[Delhi-Mumbai Expressway]]. Foreign investment and land prices have already been rapidly rising for both industrial and real estate activities in the three states, ever since the project was finalised in 2022.<ref name="HC">{{cite news|last=Ramamirtham|first=Anuradha|title=Chennai Bangalore Expressway: Route map, project cost, toll|url=https://housing.com/news/bengaluru-chennai-expressway-key-facts/|work=Housing.com|date=10 December 2024|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> Notable places include Hoskote, the town where the expressway originates, Melpadi in [[Vellore district]], Ponapanthangal in [[Ranipet district]] and Sriperumbudur, the ending point of the expressway, in Tamil Nadu, which will be major intersection points for transfers and projects. The [[State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu#SIPCOT Estates|Ranipet SIPCOT Estate]] has already received heavy investments from both domestic and foreign companies, such as [[Tata Motors]]' new vehicle manufacturing plant, to come up there by 2026-27.<ref name="TMRG"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Estate in Bangalore & Chennai to get elevated with the upcoming Bangalore-Chennai Expressway! |url=https://www.sulekha.com/real-estate/real-estate-in-bangalore-chennai-to-get-elevated-with-the-upcoming-bangalore-chennai-expressway-636957-blog |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.sulekha.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="ZN">{{cite news|last=Rana|first=Lakshya|title=Tata Motors' New Rs 9,000 Crore Plant In Tamil Nadu To Produce Luxury SUVs, Sports Cars|url=https://zeenews.india.com/auto/tata-motors-new-rs-9000-crore-plant-in-tamil-nadu-to-produce-luxury-suvs-sports-cars-2800319.html|work=Zee News|date=30 September 2024|access-date=9 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
To bolster socio-economic growth and development, trade, investment, connectivity and tourism, the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] (MoRTH) introduced the idea of a direct expressway that would link two of the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|major metro cities of India]], [[Bengaluru]] and [[Chennai]], the capitals of [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] in 2011. These two cities also have some of the busiest traffic circulations in the nation, in terms of all three common modes of transport-road, rail and air. This traffic is also rising rapidly as these two cities grow in terms of both population and development. Currently, the [[Highways in India|National Highways]] lying in between the two cities have become constrained today, and are catering to extra traffic more than their designs. Most of them could not be expanded as well any longer because of urbanisation and forest areas along them. These problems lead to increased risks of accidents and mishaps, making travel unsafe and unfit for future traffic. Hence, in order to mitigate these issues and solve everything for the future, along with promoting development especially in the regions, cities and towns lying between the two cities, this plan of an expressway came into light, at an initial cost of around {{INRConvert|7000|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Feasibility Study Report of Bangluru-Chennai Expressway|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/590042082/Feasibility-Study-Report-of-Bangluru-Chennai-Expressway|website=Scribd|date=30 August 2022|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> However, despite including it in the [[National Highways Development Project]] (NHDP), nothing seriously was considered after 2011, because of land acquisition, funding and planning issues, until the plan was formally included in the [[Bharatmala Pariyojana]] in 2015. Then, land acquisition of {{cvt|2650|ha}} for the project began from December 2018,<ref>{{cite news|last=Shivakumar|first=C.|title=Land acquisition process for Chennai-Bengaluru Expressway begins|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/Jul/10/land-acquisition-process-for-chennai-bengaluru-expressway-begins-2168027.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=10 July 2020|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> after it was announced in March 2014,<ref>{{cite news|title=Land acquisition begins for Chennai-Bangalore expressway|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Land-acquisition-begins-for-Chennai-Bangalore-expressway|work=Projects Today|date=14 March 2024|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> and was concluded by January 2021, the same month when the project was declared as a [[Expressways of India|National Expressway]], numbered NE-7.<ref name="NHAI"/> The project was sanctioned under the [[2020 Union budget of India|2020 Union Budget]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Everything You Wanted To Know About The 262-km Greenfield Chennai-Bengaluru Expressway|url=https://indiainfrahub.com/featured/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-262-km-greenfield-chennai-bengaluru-expressway/|work=India Infra Hub|date=2 February 2020|access-date=9 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> Then, the bidding process was started by the [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) in November 2020, after segmenting the project into a total of 10 packages.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vivan|first=Sridhar|title=NHAI invites tenders for Bengaluru-Chennai Expressway|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/nhai-invites-tenders-for-bengaluru-chennai-expressway/articleshow/79010077.cms|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=3 November 2020|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> In February 2021, the initial plan of making the expressway with eight lanes got reduced to four lanes, so that it could be developed in the future progressively based on traffic and demand.<ref>{{cite news|title=Construction of India's first greenfield Chennai-Bengaluru expressway to begin soon; downgraded to 4 lanes|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/article/construction-of-india-s-first-greenfield-chennai-bengaluru-expressway-to-begin-soon-downgraded-to-4-lanes/715566|work=Times Now|date=3 February 2021|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> All bids were finalised with confirmed contractors by March 2021,<ref>{{cite news|title=RCC Wins Bangalore – Chennai Expressway's PH3 Package 4|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/03/17/rcc-wins-bangalore-chennai-expressways-ph3-package-4/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=17 March 2021|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> and the deadline for completion was set to 2023.<ref name="TNIE2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/feb/02/chennai-bangalore-expressway-work-to-start-in-six-months-nirmala-sitharaman-2097828.html|title = Chennai-Bangalore Expressway work to start in six months: Nirmala Sitharaman| date=2 February 2020 }}</ref> The [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the project was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in May 2022, and construction officially began thereafter.<ref name="ETI"/>

Due to some delays in between caused by land acquisition and funding hurdles, work progressed with a slow pace.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joseph T.|first=Anto|title=Chennai-Bengaluru National Highway: Why it's work-in-slow-progress|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Feb/06/chennai-bengalurunational-highway-why-itswork-in-slow-progress-2544803.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=6 February 2023|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> The pace increased since 2023 after deadlines were fixed for completion by January 2024, March 2024 and lastly to the end of 2024, and due to a close watch kept by the MoRTH to track its progress.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai to Bengaluru in Just 2 Hours From December With Greenfield Expressway|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/chennai-to-bengaluru-in-just-2-hours-from-december-2024-with-greenfield-expressway-article-107557386|work=Times Now|date=9 February 2024|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=S.K.|first=Nrupathunga|title=Bengaluru-Chennai expressway to be ready by this year: Gadkari|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-chennai-expressway-to-be-ready-by-this-year-gadkari-2906165|work=Deccan Herald|date=22 February 2024|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> Work carried on at its best in the Karnataka section with sufficient speed, while the Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu sections lagged comparatively. Henceforth, in July 2024, after inspection, the Union Minister of MoRTH, [[Nitin Gadkari]], announced that the Karnataka section of the expressway would be finished before December 2024, and would be inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, while the rest of the section till Chennai would be completed by August 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM will inaugurate Bengaluru-Chennai highway before December, says Nitin Gadkar|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/pm-will-inaugurate-bengaluru-chennai-highway-before-december-says-nitin-gadkari/article68367324.ece|work=The Hindu|date=4 July 2024|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> In November 2024, the Karnataka section was finished, with just finishing touches being done, and it was announced that it would be inaugurated by November-end.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karthik|first=Aknisree|title=71-km stretch of Bengaluru-Chennai Expressway to open by Nov-end|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Nov/06/71-km-stretch-of-bengaluru-chennai-expressway-to-open-by-nov-end|work=The New Indian Express|date=6 November 2024|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> Finally, the {{cvt|71|km}}-long section from [[Hoskote]], the starting point, to [[Bethamangala]] in Karnataka formally opened for traffic on 9 December 2024, while its official inauguration is yet to be done, and the remaining stretch till [[Sriperumbudur]], the ending point in Tamil Nadu, is on track to be opened by August 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru-Chennai Expressway's Karnataka stretch opens for public, people take long rides|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengaluruchennai-expressways-karnataka-stretch-opens-for-public-people-take-long-rides-101733731170223.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=9 December 2024|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TH"/>

== Construction ==
The [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) has divided the construction work of the expressway into three phases, with a total of 10 construction packages, with another proposed package as the 11th package, which is planned to be extended till [[Maduravoyal]] in [[Chennai]] from its terminating point near [[Sriperumbudur]], in order to connect the [[Chennai Port]] onward from Maduravoyal through the [[Chennai Port-Maduravoyal Expressway]], by widening the existing stretch of [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] (NH-48) (formerly NH-4). It will be executed simultaneously by 6 construction companies. The following tables list the packages, their length, and their contractors.<ref name="TMRG"/>

===Phase-1===
In the state of [[Karnataka]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=75%
!Sr. No
!Package
!Length in [[km]]
!Contractor
|-
| 1.
| [[Hoskote]]–[[Malur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|26.4
| [[Dilip Buildcon]]<ref name="package 1 & 2">{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/dilip-buildcon-declares-l-1-bidder-for-rs-2-349-cr-road-projects-stk-up-4-121022400579_1.html |title=Dilip Buildcon declared L1 bidder for projects worth Rs 2,439 crores |work=Business Standard |date=24 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2.
| [[Malur]]–[[Bangarapet]]
| style="text-align:center;"|27.1
| [[Dilip Buildcon]]<ref name="package 1 & 2" />
|-
| 3.
| [[Bangarapet]]–[[Bethamangala]]
| style="text-align:center;"|17.5
| KCC Buildcon
|}

===Phase-2===
In the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=75%
!Sr. No
!Package
!Length in [[km]]
!Contractor
|-
| 1.
| [[Bethamangala]]–[[Baireddipalle]]
| style="text-align:center;"|25.0
| Montecarlo Construction
|-
| 2.
| [[Baireddipalle]]–[[Bangarupalem]]
| style="text-align:center;"|31.0
| Apco Infratech<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/highways-and-roads-infrastructure/-apco-will-build-nhai-s-b---luru-chennai-expressway-segment/26197 |title=Apco will build NHAI's Bangalore-Chennai Expressway segment |work=Construction World |date=18 March 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 3.
| [[Bangarupalem]]–[[Gudipala]]
| style="text-align:center;"|29.0
| [[Dilip Buildcon]]
|}

===Phase-3===
In the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=75%
!Sr. No
!Package
!Length in [[km]]
!Contractor
|-
| 1.
| [[Gudipala]]–[[Walajapet]]tai
| style="text-align:center;"|24.0
| Montecarlo Construction
|-
| 2.
| [[Walajapet]]tai–[[Arakkonam]]
| style="text-align:center;"|24.5
| KCC Buildcon
|-
| 3.
| [[Arakkonam]]–[[Kanchipuram]]
| style="text-align:center;"|25.5
| DP Jain & Co.
|-
| 4.
| [[Kanchipuram]]–[[Sriperumbudur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|32.1
| Ramalingam Construction Co.
|}

== Impact ==

The most significant impact the expressway will give is the drastic reduction in both travel time and distance between [[Bengaluru]] and [[Chennai]], from the present 7-8 hours and 340-350 km to only 2-3 hours and 260 km, significantly helping commuters with the ease of travel and slashing road transport risks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Sonali|title=Bengaluru-Chennai expressway to slash travel time to 3 hours: 71-km stretch to open on...|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bengaluru-chennai-expressway-to-slash-travel-time-to-3-hours-71-km-stretch-to-open-by-november-end-3117043|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=8 November 2024|access-date=3 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> This will lead to dramatic decline in carbon dioxide emissions, fuel consumption and pollution, mitigate traffic, increase speed, secure enhanced connectivity as a new direct and alternative traffic-free fast route, and promote environmental safety and sustainability. The expressway is being built with green spaces in between and on either sides of the road lanes, also with wildlife crossings through overbridges and underpasses to not let wildlife be negatively affected in any way. The project is also compensating with the green cover affected due to construction by planting new trees along its alignment.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nandini|first=Kapoor|title=Chennai-Bangalore Expressway: Revolutionizing Transportation and Economy|url=https://www.drivespark.com/off-beat/chennai-bangalore-expressway-future-of-sustainable-transport-gen-039895.html|work=DriveSpark|date=3 October 2023|access-date=10 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>

Apart from a drastic jump in both foreign investment and real estate activities along the expressway, ever since the project was finalised in 2022, notable places that have attracted a significant share of these include [[Hoskote]], the starting point of the expressway, [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]], [[Chittoor]], [[Arakkonam]], [[Kanchipuram]] and [[Sriperumbudur]], the ending point of the expressway. Overall, [[Tamil Nadu]] has attracted the most investments so far, other than [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Specifically, the major and renowned domestic and foreign companies that have invested along the expressway's route are [[Tata Motors]], who has finalised to set up a {{INRConvert|9000|c}} car manufacturing plant in [[State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu#SIPCOT Estates|Ranipet SIPCOT Estate]], which lies in Nemili Taluk of [[Ranipet district]], close to the expressway and near to the Ponapanthangal-Panapakkam road or SH-127A. It will build luxury, sports, electric and conventional fuel cars, mostly for [[Jaguar Land Rover]]. This has resulted in dramatic land price increase of 25 times than before around the upcoming factory area. The plant will create over 5,000 jobs, manufacture over 250,000 initially and ultimately over 1 million units or cars annually and will be ready by the end of 2026.<ref name="ZN"/> Another notable company is Hong Fu, a globally renowned [[List of companies in Taiwan|Taiwanese shoe manufacturer]] that manufactures shoes and associated sportwear, footwear and travel accessories like bags for global brands, like [[Nike Inc.|Nike]], [[Puma (brand)|Puma]] and [[Converse (brand)|Converse]], who has invested over {{INRConvert|1000|c}} for a new footwear plant in the same SIPCOT area. It will create over 20,000 jobs, and will be ready there by 2028-29.<ref>{{cite news|title=Taiwan footwear firm Hong Fu Industrial Group to invest Rs 1,000 crore in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/Apr/08/taiwan-footwear-firmhong-fu-industrial-group-to-invest-rs-1000-crore-in-tamil-nadu-2439368.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=8 April 2022|access-date=9 December 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soulsearchers.co.in/dharmakshetra-project.htm |title=Keezhveeranam - soul searchers - Maitreya - Dharmakshetra Real estate Project }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/20/stories/2010062061820400.htm |title=Karnataka / Bangalore News : Chennai Expressway to be ready in three years |work=The Hindu |date=20 June 2010 |accessdate=13 November 2010 |archive-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624104352/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/20/stories/2010062061820400.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Further future prospects are also on the anvil, with plans by more firms like [[Mahindra and Mahindra|Mahindra]], [[Bajaj Auto]] and also [[Nissan]] to set up new plants along the expressway's alignment, making the three states one of the most attractive sources of employment, opportunities and trade for socio-economic progress and development of the entire nation, with the expressway acting as a crucial artery among other expressways.<ref name="TN"/><ref name="HC"/>

== Bengaluru-Chennai Economic Corridor ==
The expressway is an integral core part of the larger and broader project of '''Bengaluru-Chennai Economic Corridor (BCEC)''', under which the project will act as a lifeblood towards promoting all other associated projects and developments in the regions lying between [[Bengaluru]] and [[Chennai]], spread in the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. The economic corridor is one of the many economic corridors (ECs) of India, that are being developed to promote nationwide infrastructure development and bring overall socio-economic prosperity, with expressways serving them as their arteries or core components as the driving force for building adjoining regions and places as new economic, industrial and special investment hubs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/chennai-bengaluru-industrial-corridor/135090.html | title=Chennai Bengaluru Industrial Corridor - A Game-Changer for South India's Economy | work=Magicbricks Blog | date=17 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tnpscthervupettagam.com/articles-detail/industrial-corridors-of-tamil-nadu?cat=gk-articles | title=Industrial Corridors of Tamil Nadu }}</ref>

== Future plans ==
It plans to expand to Mangaluru, becoming the [[Mangaluru]]-[[Bengaluru]]-[[Chennai]] expressway corridor, which will run parallel to NH 75 and NH 73, connecting two major ports. The route stretches from near Dobbaspet (on the Bengaluru Ring Road) to Bantwal (on the Mangaluru Ring Road), covering a length of approximately 240 to 275 kilometers. As the expressway is being built with additional space or a provision of expansion to cater to the future traffic, it will be expanded progressively from the current four lanes to six lanes by 2037, and ultimately to eight lanes by 2041, making it similar to the [[Delhi-Mumbai Expressway]].<ref name="TMRG"/> To promote greater connectvity beyond the expressway's range, the [[Government of India]] has envisioned a Bengaluru–[[Mangalore|Mangaluru]] Expressway, by expanding the existing [[National Highway 275 (India)|National Highway 275]] (NH-275) from [[Mysuru]] to [[Mangaluru]].<ref>[http://morth.nic.in/index2.asp?slid=44&sublinkid=17&lang=1 Project Report on Indian National Expressway Network]</ref> A Mangaluru–Chennai Expressway through Bengaluru has also been proposed. Once this plan is realised, it will directly link Mangaluru with Chennai as a new economic corridor between the two cities, linking the western and eastern coasts together.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-08 |title=Greenfield express corridor from Mangalore to Chennai on the anvil - Times Of India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/Greenfield-express-corridor-from-Mangalore-to-Chennai-on-the-anvil/articleshow/20768502.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708125927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-26/mangalore/40205907_1_oscar-fernandes-road-construction-ministry |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-07-08 |access-date=2023-01-10 }}</ref>

==Status updates==
* '''Aug 2018:''' Land acquisition was announced to start soon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/notice-issued-to-get-land-for-highway/articleshow/65603347.cms|title=Notice issued to get land: Notice issued to get land for highway | Chennai News - Times of India|work=The Times of India |date=30 August 2018 }}</ref>
* '''Dec 2018:''' ₹1,370 crores were already spent by the [[Government of India]] on pre-construction activities of this ₹17,930 crores expressway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/dec/18/expressway-to-reduce-travel-time-between-bengaluru-chennai-1913089.html|title=Expressway to reduce travel time between Bengaluru, Chennai|date=18 December 2018 }}</ref>
* '''Feb 2019:''' More than 60% of land required for 262 km expressway was now acquired. Work was announced to begin in six months. The deadline of the Expressway was set to 2023.<ref name="TNIE2"/>
* '''Nov 2020:''' Acquisition of required 2,650 hectares of land was nearly done. Tenders were invited for 3 out of total 10 packages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/nhai-invites-tenders-for-bengaluru-chennai-expressway/articleshow/79010077.cms|title = NHAI invites tenders for Bengaluru-Chennai Expressway}}</ref>
* '''Feb 2021:''' The expressway was later shortened to be 4 laned instead earlier planned 8 lanes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/feb/03/chennai-bluru-expressway-downgraded-due-to-traffic-alternative-road-2258761.html|title = Chennai-Bengaluru expressway downgraded due to traffic, alternative road| date=3 February 2021 }}</ref> [[Dilip Buildcon]] Ltd declared lowest bidder for Package 1 (Hoskote - Malur) and Package 2 (Malur - Bangarapet).
* '''Sep 2021:''' Dilip Buildcon Ltd receives Letter of Agreement (LoA) from [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) for construction of the expressway.
*'''Jan 2023:''' The expressway will be completed by March 2024.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Sharma, Anurakti|title=Bengaluru-Chennai Expressway to be completed by March 2024|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/bengaluru-chennai-expressway-to-be-completed-by-march-2024-article-96781453/amp|work=Times Now|date=6 January 2023|access-date=10 January 2023|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Jan 2023:''' As of 26 January, around 15% work has been completed on the expressway.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Shivakumar, C.|title=Chennai-Bengaluru expressway: 14km road work complete|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Jan/26/chennai-bengaluru-expressway-14km-road-work-complete-2541479.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 January 2023|access-date=26 January 2023|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Nov 2024:''' 65% of work has been completed & entire work in Karnataka state side is completed. Entire work expected to be completed by August 2025.<ref name="TH"/>
* '''Dec 2024:''' The Karnataka section was opened, and the rest of the expressway is on track to be completed by August 2025.<ref name="TNIE"/>

==See also==
* [[Chennai Port–Maduravoyal Expressway]]
* [[Chittoor–Thatchur Expressway]]
* [[Bangalore–Mysore Infrastructure Corridor|Bengaluru–Mysuru Infrastructure Corridor]]
* [[Expressways of India]]
* [[Bharatmala]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]
* [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangalore-Chennai Expressway}}
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Expressways in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Proposed expressways in India]]
[[Category:Expressways in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Expressways in Andhra Pradesh]]

Janki Ballabh Shastri

2025-12-31T07:44:12Z

Srivatsan: done.

{{Short description|Indian Hindi writer, including poet and critic (1916-2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{More citations needed |date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Janki Ballabh Shastri

| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1916|2|5}}
| birth_place = Maigra, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bihar]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|4|7|1916|2|5}}
| death_place = [[Muzaffarpur]], Bihar, India
| occupation = Writer, including poet and critic
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Acharya Janki Ballabh Shastri''' (5 February 1916 – 7 April 2011) was an Indian Hindi writer, including poet and critic.

He declined to accept [[Padma Shri]] in 2010 stating his disciples and younger generation deserve the award more than him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_renowned-hindi-poet-acharya-janaki-ballabh-shastri-refuses-to-accept-padmashri-award_1339537|title=Acharya Janaki Ballabh Shastri agrees to accept Padmashri award|author=|date=26 January 2010|website=dnaindia.com}}</ref> He also refused the [[Padmashri]] in 1994.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

==Early life==
Janki Ballabh Shastri was born at Maigra village in Gaya district in a [[Bhumihar Brahmin]] family.

==Career==
Shastri has written many well-known stories, novels, plays, biographies, essays, [[ghazal]]s and songs.

Among his famous works are "Bandi Mandiram", "Kakali", ''Radha'' (an epic running in seven volumes), ''Roop Aaroop'', ''Teer Tarang'', ''Meghgeet'', "Gaatha", ''Pashani'', ''Tamsa'', ''Iravati'', ''Kalidas'' (novel), ''Ek kiran so Jhaian'' (short stories), "Trai" and "Unkaha Niral".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/02/18/stories/2005021801150200.htm|title=The Hindu : Entertainment Delhi / Music : A mesmerising evening|last=ndziy|date=|website=www.hinduonnet.com|access-date=26 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506071949/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/02/18/stories/2005021801150200.htm|archive-date=6 May 2005|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Awards==
Shastri has been a recipient of various awards, including the [[Rajendra Shikhar Award]], [[Bharat Bharti Award]] and [[Shiv Poojan Sahay Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muzaffarpurtimes.com/aachrya_janki_ballabh_shastri.htm |title=M U Z a F F a R P U R T I M e S . C O M |accessdate=2010-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429030709/http://www.muzaffarpurtimes.com/aachrya_janki_ballabh_shastri.htm |archivedate=29 April 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}`
* Bihar state text book (1986) publication Hindi class 9th and 10th (Dinesh kumar)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Janki Ballabh}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Bihar]]
[[Category:Epic poets]]
[[Category:Ghazal]]
[[Category:Hindi dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novelists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male biographers]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Musicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Novelists from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]

Krishne Gowda

2025-12-18T06:27:04Z

Srivatsan: done

{{Short description|Indian actor (1941–2021)}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|name =
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = March {{birth date text|1941}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|2021|5|25|1941|3||df=y}}
|occupation = Actor
}}
'''Krishne Gowda''' was an [[India]]n actor and performer.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Gowda was born in March 1941 in Bairasandra, India. He started acting on stage at a very young age. He used to work alongside his father and, before entering the television and film industry, he acted in hundreds of plays. Through his career, Gowda was seen in supporting roles, and largely he did his father's role. His acting in late [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara's]] ''[[Halunda Tavaru]]'' remains one of his memorable performances.

=== Later life and death ===
He won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|State Award]] for the Best [[Supporting actor|Supporting Actor]] (Male) for his outstanding performance in ''Karimaleya Kaggatthalu'' in 1993.
Gowda died on 25 May 2021, due to [[cardiac arrest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/actor-krishne-gowda-dies-80-after-suffering-cardiac-arrest-836725|title=Actor Krishne Gowda Dies at 80 after Suffering Cardiac Arrest|first=Prakash|last=Upadhyaya|date=25 May 2021|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/karnataka-theatre-artiste-krishne-gowda-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-989858.html|title=Karnataka theatre artiste Krishne Gowda dies of cardiac arrest|date=25 May 2021|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm5675254}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, Krishne}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
{{India-screen-actor-stub}}
{{India-stage-actor-stub}}

2006 Doda massacre

2025-12-14T08:11:16Z

Srivatsan: reworked article per standard format

{{Short description|Killing of 35 Hindus in Kashmir by Islamist militants}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Doda Massacre
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Doda District]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| target = [[Hindu]]s
| date = 30 April 2006
| time =
| timezone =
| type = [[Mass murder]]
| motive = [[Islamist Terrorism]]
| fatalities = 57
| injuries =
| perps = [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]
}}
The '''2006 Doda massacre''' was a mass murder of 57 [[Hindu]] civilians in two separate incidents, carried out by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] [[militants]] in the [[Doda district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India on 30 April 2006.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Attacks==
{{Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}
Two separate attacks took place on 30 April 2006 in close by areas.

In the first attack, twenty-two unarmed [[Hindu]] villagers, mostly shepherds or their families, were lined up and gunned down in Thawa village in Kulhand area of Doda district.<ref>{{cite news|title=34 killed in held Kashmir|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/190393/34-killed-in-held-kashmir|access-date=25 February 2017|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|location=Pakistan|date=2 May 2006}}</ref> The victims included a 3-year-old girl.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|last1=Swami |first1=Praveen |last2=Puri |first2=Luv |title=Serial terror strikes claim 35 lives in Doda and Udhampur |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/02/stories/2006050212520100.htm |access-date=25 February 2017 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309201444/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/02/stories/2006050212520100.htm |archive-date=9 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ten to twelve people wearing fake [[Indian Army]] uniforms carried out the massacre. The doctor who was sent to do the post mortem examination suffered a heart attack on seeing the bodies and was admitted to the hospital.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=S. P.|title=22 Hindus massacred in Doda|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060502/main1.htm|access-date=25 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location=Chandigarh|date=2 May 2006}}</ref>

The second attack occurred in the Lalon Galla village in Basantgarh area of [[Udhampur district]]. Thirty-five Hindu shepherds were kidnapped and shot dead on the same day.<ref name="hindu" />

The attacks were believed to have been an attempt to derail the impending talks between the Indian government and the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 May 2006 |title=Militants massacre 34 Hindus in Indian Kashmir |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-05-01/militants-massacre-34-hindus-in-indian-kashmir/1743472 |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref>

==Perpetrators==
The killings received widespread condemnation, including from the President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] accused unidentified "terrorists" of carrying out [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Doda massacre part of ethnic cleansing: BJP |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/02/stories/2006050204491000.htm |access-date=25 February 2017 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630145640/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/02/stories/2006050204491000.htm |archive-date=30 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Others accused the Kashmiri militant group [[Hizbul Mujahideen]].<ref name="hindu" /> India blamed the Pakistan-based terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and called it "cross border terrorism".<ref>{{cite news |date=1 May 2006 |title='Militants' kill Kashmir Hindus |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4961464.stm |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref>

In 2007, Australian government attributed the massacre to [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], which it declared to be a [[terrorist organisation]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-09-07 |title=Criminal Code Amendment Regulations 2007 (No. 12) (SLI No 267 of 2007) |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_reg/ccar200712n267o2007414/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Australasian Legal Information Institute |publisher=UTS and UNSW Faculties of Law}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doda massacre, 2006}}
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 2006]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in India]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2006 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:2000s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2006]]
[[Category:Doda district]]
[[Category:April 2006 in India]]
[[Category:2006 murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Hindus in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba attacks]]

Indian Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area

2025-12-09T09:06:40Z

Srivatsan: new.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Ethnic San Francisco sidebar}}

The [[San Francisco Bay Area]] has the second-largest Indian-American population in the United States after the [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|New York metropolitan area]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-10-us-metropolitan-areas-with-the-highest-population-of-indians.html|title=Cities With the Largest Indian-American Populations|website=WorldAtlas|date=7 March 2019}}</ref> The Bay Area Asian Indian population is primarily concentrated in the [[Santa Clara Valley]], with [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] having the highest population of Asian Indians in raw numbers as 2010, while [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[Dublin, California|Dublin]], [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], [[Pleasanton, California|Pleasanton]] and [[San Ramon, California|San Ramon]] have the largest concentrations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.baiadc.org/demographics.html|title=Demographics|website=Bay Area Indian American Democratic Club}}</ref> The South Bay-based [[California's 17th congressional district|17th congressional district]], represented by Indian-American [[Ro Khanna]] has the largest Asian Indian population of any congressional district in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://proximityone.com/cd11311dp1.htm|title=113th Congressional Districts Demographic Economic Patterns General Demographics|website=proximityone.com}}</ref> In 2010, Indian-Americans were the fastest growing minority population in the Bay Area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2011/05/12/indian-american-population-is-fastest-growing-minority-group/|title=Indian-American population is fastest-growing minority group|date=May 12, 2011}}</ref> The Indian population in the city of [[San Francisco]] itself is still small compared to other Asian groups, but grew by 109% during the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/2022/san-francisco-asian-population/|title=Six maps show how San Francisco's Asian population has changed|date=April 11, 2022}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Early history ===
The San Francisco Bay Area has long been one the main centers of immigration from the Indian subcontinent, with many Indian immigrants, mainly from [[Punjab]] entering [[San Francisco]] in the early 20th century. It is estimated that about 3,000 people from India entered through the [[Angel Island (California)|Angel Island Immigration Station]] before the [[Immigration Act of 1917]] barred immigrations from the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kqed.org/w/pacificlink/history/angelisland/india.html|title=Immigration From India|website=KQED}}</ref> During this period, the vast majority of Indian immigrants entering the country were Punjabi Sikhs, making up an estimated 85-90% of the Indian immigrant population.,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gonzales|first1=John Jr.|title=Asian Indian Immigration Patterns: The Origins of the Sikh Community in California
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2545683|journal=The International Migration Review|year=1986|volume=20|issue=1|pages=40–54|doi= 10.2307/2545683|jstor=2545683|access-date=|url-access=subscription}}</ref> with many of them immigrating due to the similarities of the California landscape to that of their native northwestern Punjab.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gonzales|first1=John Jr.|title=Asian Indian Immigration Patterns: The Origins of the Sikh Community in California
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2545683|journal=The International Migration Review|year=1986|volume=20|issue=1|pages=40–54|doi= 10.2307/2545683|jstor=2545683|access-date=|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The greatest flow of Indian-Americans to California prior to the 1917 restriction would occur from 1907 to 1911, once more Indians started choosing to immigrate to California over fellow British colony Canada due to stories of harsh conditions in the latter country. From San Francisco, many Sikhs would then go to the [[Sacramento Valley]] and take up jobs as farmers. This early 20th century influx of Indians into California, happening at the same time as larger migrations from [[East Asia]] led to heightened exclusionary sentiment from whites in San Francisco, most prominently the [[Asiatic Exclusion League]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hess|first1=Gary|date=Nov 1974|title=The Forgotten Asian Americans: The East Indian Community in the United States|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638433|journal=Pacific Historical Review|volume=43|issue=4|pages=576–596|doi= 10.2307/3638433|jstor=3638433|access-date=|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Most of these migrants would settle in the Central Valley, but they would establish a Bay Area presence in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] and outer parts of the area such as [[Oakley, California|Oakley]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://localnewsmatters.org/2022/08/26/ten-maps-that-show-where-asian-american-communities-reside-in-the-bay-area/|title=Ten maps that show where Asian American communities reside in the Bay Area|website=Local News Matters}}</ref> By 1911, this short burst of Indian immigration would already start leveling off.

Indians based in San Francisco played a role in the [[Indian independence movement]], with a group of San Francisco-based labors creating the [[Ghadar Movement|Hindustan Gadar Party]] in 1913, publishing the internationally distributed newspaper ''Gadar'' from the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/american-roots-of-the-indian-independence-movement/|title=American Roots of the Indian Independence Movement|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 August 2012}}</ref> During the first half of the 20th century, many Indians came to study at the [[University of California, Berkeley]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/global/973378/south-asian-history-is-hidden-around-berkeley-two-indian-americans-are-bringing-it-into-the-light|title=South Asian history is hidden around Berkeley. Two Indian Americans are bringing it into the light
|website=Scroll.in}}</ref> including independence movement leader [[Jayaprakash Narayan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.berkeleysouthasian.org/uc-berkeley.html/|title=South Asian Students at UC Berkeley|website=Berkeley South Asian History Archive}}</ref>

=== Contemporary era ===
Despite these arrivals, manifestations of Indian culture were still relatively rare in the Bay Area, with San Francisco only having three Indian restaurants in 1965, with one of them being run by a British immigrant couple.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jayashanker|first1=Laresh|date=Winter 2017|title=Chinese and Indian Restaurants in the San Francisco Bay Area since the 1960s|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26412724
|journal=California History|volume=94|issue=4|pages=23–44|doi= 10.1525/ch.2017.94.4.23|jstor=26412724|access-date=|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Restaurants were normally staffed by Indian and Pakistani graduate students. Indians, particularly Guajarati Patels, started to gain a foothold in owning San Francisco's SROs and hotels,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiacurrents.com/from-surat-to-san-francisco-how-the-patels-cornered-the-hotel-business/|title=From Surat to San Francisco: How The Patels Cornered The Hotel Business|website=India Currents}}</ref> with the Ford Hotel on 6th Street in the Tenderloin being the first Patel-owned hotel in the United States and the Patel ownership of hotels expanding throughout the 1950s and 1960s as more immigrants entered due to the [[Luce-Celler Act]] increasing the quota of Indians allowed into the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiawest.com/surat-to-san-francisco-how-the-patels-started-the-hotel-business/|title= Surat To San Francisco: How The Patels Started The Hotel Business|website=India West}}</ref>

Mass Indian migration into the Bay Area would restart after the passage of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|Hart–Celler Act]] in 1965, which removed the quota system of immigration. The change in the immigration system also coincided with quick growth of the American high technology industry in [[Silicon Valley]]. The combination of these two events would lead to a massive surge of Asian immigrants in the Bay Area - Silicon Valley companies would create 175,000 jobs between 1975 and 1990, while the Bay Area's foreign-born population would double in that same time period to 350,000.<ref>{{cite report |author=AnnaLee Saxenian |date=1999 |title=Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.ppic.org/wp-content/uploads/content/pubs/report/R_699ASR.pdf |publisher=Public Policy Institute of California |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> By 1993, 23% of the foreign-born engineers in the Bay Area were Indians and 87% of the Indians working in Silicon Valley had arrived only since 1970. This workforce was also highly educated, with 55% of Indian engineers having a graduate degree.

Migration by tech workers started to increase in particular in the 1970s after many small computer companies were founded in India due to a decision by IBM to unbundle its computer hardware, mainframe operating system and applications software lines. Because of strict rules against joint ventures and high trade barriers, Indian firms started to send engineers to partner with American companies in lieu of join ventures. Tech worker migration would accelerate in the 1990s, with the Y2K scare in particular leading tech companies to hire low-cost engineers from India.<ref>{{cite report |author=R. Sean Randolph and Niels Erich |date=November 2009 |title=Global Reach Emerging Ties Between the San Francisco Bay Area and India |url=http://www.bayareaeconomy.org/files/pdf/GlobalReachExecSumOnlyWeb.pdf |publisher=Bay Area Council Economic Institute |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Music ===
Tech workers are not the only Indians migrating to the Bay Area. In 1967, [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical musician]] [[Ali Akbar Khan]] established the first US location of the [[Ali Akbar College of Music]] in Berkeley. Later relocated to [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]], the college would become a center of a broader Hindustani classical music scene in the Bay Area, with artists such as [[Zakir Khan (comedian)|Zakir Khan]] and [[Chitresh Das]] basing themselves there.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=Culture and arts from India infuse the Bay Area |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/Culture-and-arts-from-India-infuse-the-Bay-Area-11083890.php |website=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
[[File:Indian cricket fans (7238216686).jpg|thumb|Diaspora in the Bay Area celebrating [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]]'s [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 World Cup]] victory]]
[[Cricket]] in the region is mostly followed by South Asians, with the Bay Area represented by the [[San Francisco Unicorns]] in [[Major League Cricket]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jasti |first=Nischal |date=2024-06-24 |title=Cricket culture finds footing in Bay Area |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2024/06/23/cricket-culture-finds-footing-in-bay-area/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=The Mercury News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notable Indian-Americans from the San Francisco Bay Area ==
* [[Avantika Vandanapu]], actress
* [[Parag Agrawal]], former CEO of [[Twitter]]
* [[Aneesh Chaganty]], film director
* [[Chitresh Das]], musician
* [[Kamala Harris]], [[Vice President of the United States]]
* [[Maya Harris]], executive director of the ACLU of Northern California and sister of Kamala Harris
* [[Ro Khanna]], U.S. Representative from [[California's 17th congressional district]]
* [[Ali Akbar Khan]], musician
* [[Vinod Khosla]], co-founder of [[Sun Microsystems]] and founder of [[Khosla Ventures]]
* [[Narinder Singh Kapany]], physicist, invented fiber optics
* [[Neal Mohan]], CEO of [[YouTube]]
* [[Bharati Mukherjee]], novelist
* [[Shantanu Narayen]], CEO, chairman and president of [[Adobe Inc.]]
* [[Sundar Pichai]], CEO of [[Alphabet Inc.]] and [[Google]]
* [[Shefali Razdan Duggal]], [[List of ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands|Ambassador of the United States to the Netherlands]]
* [[Dalip Singh Saund]], first [[Asian American]] U.S. representative, studied at [[University of California Berkeley|UC Berkeley]]
* [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], musician
* [[Savita Vaidhyanathan]], former mayor of [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]]
* [[Ashwini Bhave]], Bollywood and Marathi Actress

{{Portal|India|San Francisco Bay Area}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Indian Americans by location}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

[[Category:Indian-American culture in California]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture by city|San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Demographics of California]]
[[Category:Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:South Asian–American culture]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in San Francisco]]

Gola, Ramgarh

2025-11-29T01:24:38Z

Srivatsan: Added

{{other uses|Gola (disambiguation){{!}}Gola}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gola
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.5372|N|85.7171|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8076
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Gola (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 829110
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06522
| registration_plate = JH
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ramgarh (Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramgarh]]
| website = {{URL|ramgarh.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gola''' is a village in the [[Gola (community development block)|Gola]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ramgarh subdivision]] of the [[Ramgarh district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=320| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|42|0|N|85|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ramgarh district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre, P: power plant Abbreviation used- TPP: thermal power project Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|38|31|N|85|19|15|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Balkundra | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Balkundra]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|36|50|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2= Barkakana| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Barkakana]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|44|45|N|85|33|20|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Ara| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Ara, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|47|15|N|85|33|09|E}} | label-pos4=bottom|label4= Barughutu| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Barughutu]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|42|5|N|85|31|27|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bongabar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bongabar]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|35|N|85|39|17|E}} | label-pos6=bottom|label6= Chitarpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chitarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|36|50|N|85|17|1|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Hesla| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Hesla, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|19|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Jainagar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Jainagar, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|47|21|N|85|35|24|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Kedla| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Kedla]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|43|30|N|85|30|40|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kuju| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Kuju, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|39|11|N|85|24|35|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11= Lapanga| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Lapanga, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|47|39|N|85|28|12|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Mandu| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Mandu, Jharkhand]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|40|42|N|85|30|25|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Marar| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Marar, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|43|20|N|85|28|26|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Orla| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Orla, Jharkhand]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|40|27|N|85|16|48|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Patratu| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Patratu]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|41|50|N|85|29|49|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Sanri| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Sanri]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|39|11|N|85|20|50|E}} | label-pos17=top|label17= Saunda| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Saunda]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|40|52|N|85|31|19|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Seota| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Seota]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|36|36|N|85|40|48|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Sewai| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Sewai]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|39|15|N|85|25|57|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Sirka| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Sirka, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|50|8|N|85|29|39|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Taping| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Taping, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|44|39|N|85|28|32|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Topa| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Topa]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|37|20|N|85|30|51|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23=Ramgarh Cantonment| numbered23=M| mark-title23= [[Ramgarh Cantonment]] (M) |label-size23=13 |label-color23=#800000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|36|35|N|85|28|20|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bhadani Nagar| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Bhadani Nagar]] (R) |shape-color24= #C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|39|23|N|85|21|50|E}} | label-pos25=bottom|label25= Bhurkunda| numbered25=R|mark-title25=[[Bhurkunda]] (R) |shape-color25= #C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|31|50|N|85|36|9|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Dulmi| numbered26=R|mark-title26=[[Dulmi]] (R) |shape-color26= #C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|47|51|N|85|34|28|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Ghatotand| numbered27=R|mark-title27=[[Ghatotand]] (R) |shape-color27= #C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|32|13|N|85|43|1|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Gola| numbered28=R|mark-title28=Gola, Ramgarh (R) |shape-color28=black| label-size28=13|label-color28=black 
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|37|55|N|85|42|40|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29=Rajrappa| numbered29=T| mark-title29= [[Rajrappa]] (T) |shape-color29= #74C365
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|38|45|N|85|17|35|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Patratu |labela30 = Super TPP| numbered30=P| mark-title30= [[Patratu Super Thermal Power Project]] |shape-color30=#967117
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|40|55|N|85|19|32|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31=CCL Barka|labela31= Sayal Area |numbered31=0 | mark-title31=[[Barka Sayal Area]] | label-size31=12| shape-color31=#AA6666
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|40|0|N|85|27|1|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32=CCL Argada Area |numbered32=0 | mark-title32=[[Argada Area]] | label-size32=12| shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|51|0|N|85|26|28|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33=CCL |labela33=Hazaribagh Area |numbered33=0 | mark-title33=[[Hazaribagh Area]] | label-size33=12| shape-color33=#AA6666
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|42|40|N|85|30|10|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34=CCL Kuju Area |numbered34=0 | mark-title34=[[Kuju Area]] | label-size34=12| shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|35|30|N|85|40|45|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35=CCL Rajrappa Area |numbered35=0 | mark-title35=[[Rajrappa Area]] | label-size35=12| shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|47|30|N|85|45|0|E}} |label36= Bokaro |labela36= River |label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36= 0| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|14|0|E}} |label37= Damodar|labela37= River |label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37= 0| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|34|0|N|85|44|0|E}} |label38= Bhairavi|labela38= River|label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38= -90| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none}}

===Location===
Gola is located at {{coord|23.5372|N|85.7171|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Ramgarh has a vibrant coal-mining sector. The map alongside provides links to five operational areas of [[Central Coalfields]] spread across [[South Karanpura Coalfield]], [[Ramgarh Coalfield]] and [[West Bokaro Coalfield]]. Four of the six CD blocks in the district have coal mines – Patratu, Ramgarh, Mandu and Chitarpur. The high concentration of census towns in these blocks are noticeable on the map. Only two blocks, Gola and Dulmi, are totally rural areas. Ramgarh district lies in the central part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The [[Damodar River|Damodar valley]] covers most of the district. The forested areas in highlands to the north and the south of the valley can be seen in the map (mark the shaded areas).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 7-8: Physiography, Drainage, Pages 8-11: Minerals and mining|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 9 February 2021}}</ref>"Chotanagpur has a charm of its own… The entire area forms one of the most charming series of views imaginable. The far-off hills in the background in exquisite tints of blue or purple as the light falls, the nearer hills picturesquely shaped and luxuriant in every shade of green with their bold escarpments in black or grey, and the brown plains below furnishing their quota of colours."<ref>’’Bihar" by Ram Chandra Prasad, Page 5, National Book Trust, First edition 1983, ISBN 81-237-0151-9</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Gola police station serves the Gola CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ramgarh| title = District Police Profile - Ramgarh| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 5 February 2021| archive-date = 28 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210128091035/https://jhpolice.gov.in/ramgarh| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Gola CD block are located at Gola.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2016_PART_B_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map of Ramgarh district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 5 February 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gola had a total population of 8,076, of which 4,236 (52%) were males and 3,840 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,070. The total number of literate persons in Gola was 5,559 (79.35% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2016_PART_B_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 369211, page 118|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 5 February 2021}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[National Highway 320 (India)|National Highway 320]], running from [[Ramgarh Cantonment]] to [[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]], passes through Gola.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=5 February 2021|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Gola Road has a station on the [[Barkakana-Muri-Chandil line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/tatanagar-barkakana-passenger-58023/6494/168/1219 | title= Tatanagar-Barkakana Passenger | work= Time Table |publisher= IndiaRailInfo| access-date = 6 February 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ramgarh District}}

[[Category:Villages in Ramgarh district]]

India–Singapore relations

2025-11-26T20:55:11Z

Srivatsan: reworked details additionally and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Indo-Singaporean|India|Singapore|mission1=High Commission of India, [[Singapore]]|mission2=High Commission of Singapore, [[New Delhi]]|envoytitle1=Indian High Commissioner to [[Singapore]]|envoy1=Periasamy Kumaran|envoytitle2=Singaporean High Commissioner to [[India]]|envoy2=Simon Wong Wie Kuen}}'''Bilateral relations''' between the [[Republic of India]] and the [[Republic of Singapore]] have traditionally been strong and friendly, with the two nations enjoying extensive cultural and commercial relations. India and Singapore have signed the [[India–Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement|Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement]] (CECA) and strategic-relationship agreement in order to increase trade, investments and economic cooperation, and expanded bilateral cooperation on [[maritime security]], training forces, joint naval exercises, developing military technology and fighting [[terrorism]].<ref name="SO" /><ref name="O" /><ref name="sgi1" />[[File:PM Modi in a meeting with Singapore PM Lee Hsien Loong at Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Singapore's Former Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] with the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].]]

== Background ==
India and Singapore share long-standing cultural, commercial and strategic relations, with Singapore being a part of the "[[Greater India]]" cultural and commercial region and receiving its name from the [[Sanskrit]] ''singa-puram'' (lion-city).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Suranjan |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Subhadeep |date=2020 |title=India and Singapore: Fifty Years of Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48630157 |journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=16–32 |issn=0973-3248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Temasek/Singapura |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=d24d6da6-0013-4a12-a6bc-68ad1497148e |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref> From 1826 to 1867, Singapore, as part of the [[Straits Settlements]], was administered as a unit of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Singapore’s India connection |url=https://www.todayonline.com/commentary/remembering-singapore-india-connection-history-bicentennial-british |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=TODAY |language=en}}</ref> the port city had a unique importance in helping the British Empire secure the [[Strait of Malacca|eastern entry]] to the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1957-08-01 |title=Suez and the Indian Ocean* |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1957/august/suez-and-indian-ocean |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=U.S. Naval Institute |language=en}}</ref>

More than 500,000 people of Indian origin [[Indian Singaporeans|live in Singapore]]. Following its independence in 1965, Singapore was concerned with China-backed [[communist]] threats as well as domination from [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]] and sought a close strategic relationship with India, which it saw as a counterbalance to [[People's Republic of China|Chinese influence]] and a partner in achieving regional security.<ref name="SO">{{Cite web |title=IPCS Special Report - India-Singapore Relations |url=http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611050126/http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-41.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2007 |access-date=2008-06-18 |publisher=Instituteajkahak of Peace and Conflict Studies}}</ref> Singapore had always been an important strategic trading post, giving India trade access to the [[Far East]]. Although the rival positions of both nations over the [[Vietnam War]] and the [[Cold War]] caused consternation between India and Singapore, their relationship expanded significantly in the 1990s;<ref name="SO" /> Singapore was one of the first to respond to [[India's "Look East" Policy]] of expanding its economic, cultural and strategic ties in [[Southeast Asia]] to strengthen its standing as a [[regional power]].<ref name="SO" />

==Development of bilateral relations==

Diplomatic relations between India and Singapore were established on 24 August 1965, fifteen days after the latter became independent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2017 |title=DIPLOMATIC & CONSULAR LIST |url=https://app1.mfa.gov.sg/dipcon/pdf/dipconopen.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820202434/https://app1.mfa.gov.sg/dipcon/pdf/dipconopen.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2017 |access-date=17 April 2017 |website=MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS |page=103}}</ref> Ever since Singapore's independence, both nations have maintained high-level contacts. Between 1966 and 1971 the [[Prime Minister of Singapore]] [[Lee Kuan Yew]] visited India three times (1966, 1970 and 1971). The then-[[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] visited Singapore in 1968, as did Indian leader [[Morarji Desai]].<ref name="SO" /> Singapore supported India's bid to become a [[U.N. Security Council|permanent member of the U.N. Security Council]] and expand its role and influence in the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN). Singapore also supported India in its [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|war against Pakistan]] in 1965 and the [[Kashmir conflict]].<ref name="SO" />

Military relations between the two nations had been limited due to foreign policy differences in the [[Cold War]] era,<ref name="SO" /> as Singapore was allied with NATO, whilst India established itself as a founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and as the only South Asian country to recognise the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

In 2003, India and Singapore signed a bilateral agreement on expanding military cooperation, conducting joint military training, developing military technology and achieving [[maritime security]].<ref name="SO" /> The [[Singaporean Navy]] and the [[Indian Navy]] have conducted joint naval exercises and training since 1993 such as [[SIMBEX]] and MILAN near India's [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. India and Singapore have also expanded their cooperation in fighting [[terrorism]].<ref name="SO" />

Over the last two decades, Singapore has positioned itself as the hub of India's economic, political and strategic relationships in Southeast Asia. When India announced its Look East policy in 1992, Singapore positioned itself as India's de facto regional sponsor. As Indian Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee commented in 2006, Singapore has become “the hub of its political, economic and security strategy in the whole of East Asia.” <ref>{{Cite web |last=David Brewster |title=India's Defence Strategy and the India-ASEAN Relationship. Retrieved 24 August 2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7716140 |via=academia.edu}}</ref>

According to a 2010 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll, 40% of [[Singaporeans]] approve of India's leadership, with 23% disapproving and 37% uncertain.<ref>{{cite web |last=English |first=Cynthia |date=5 November 2010 |title=U.S. Leadership More Popular in Asia Than China's, India's |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/144269/Leadership-Popular-Asia-China-India.aspx |publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]}}</ref>

After the [[Death and state funeral of Lee Kuan Yew|death of Lee Kuan Yew]] in 2015, India followed with a weekend of national mourning in memory of the founding father of Singapore, and Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited Singapore in November 2015 reaffirming fifty years of bilateral relations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Straits Times - Modi tours engineering hubs at ITE campus |url=http://www.gov.sg/news/content/the-straits-times-modi-tours-engineering-hubs-at-ite-campus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126053254/http://www.gov.sg/news/content/the-straits-times-modi-tours-engineering-hubs-at-ite-campus |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=Government of Singapore |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Commerce==
[[File:UPI-Paynow_India_Singapore.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Singapore's Prime Minister [[Lee Hsien Loong]] with the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] during the Virtual Launch of [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]]-[[PayNow]] Linkage.]]
Singapore is the 8th largest source of investment in India and the largest amongst ASEAN member nations.<ref name="SO" /><ref name="J">{{Cite web |title=India-Singapore Economic and Commercial Relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611085728/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |archive-date=11 June 2008 |access-date=2008-06-18 |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is also India's 9th biggest trading partner as of 2005–06.<ref name="SO" /> Its cumulative investment in India totals US$3 billion as of 2006 and is expected to rise to $5 billion by 2010 and $10 billion by 2015.<ref name="SO" /><ref name="O">{{Cite web |date=2005-07-02 |title=India, Singapore ink pact |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050703001651/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html |archive-date=2005-07-03 |access-date=2008-06-18 |publisher=[[Asia Times]]}}</ref><ref name="GV">{{Cite web |date=2005-06-30 |title=India, Singapore trade to touch $50 bn by 2010 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/30/stories/2005063002400700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127074721/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/30/stories/2005063002400700.htm |archive-date=27 November 2006 |access-date=2008-06-18 |publisher=[[The Hindu|The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2007 |title=India-Singapore Relations AN OVERVIEW |url=http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-41.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606205724/http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-41.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2007}}</ref> India's economic liberalisation and its "Look East" policy have led to a major expansion in bilateral trade, which grew from US$2.2 billion in 2001 to $9 billion – 10 billion in 2006 – a 400% growth in the span of five years – and to $50 billion by 2010.<ref name="SO" /><ref name="O" /><ref name="GV" /> Singapore accounts for 38% of India's trade with ASEAN member nations and 3.4% of its total foreign trade.<ref name="SO" /> India's main exports to
Singapore in 2005 included [[petroleum]], gemstones, jewellery, machinery and its imports from Singapore included electronic goods, organic chemicals and metals. More than half of Singapore's exports to India are "re-exports" – items that had been imported from India.<ref name="SO" /><ref name="J" />

In 2005, both nations signed the [[India–Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement|Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement]] (CECA) and have organised the India-Singapore Parliamentary Forum and the Singapore-India Partnership foundation with active support from the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FICC), the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) and the Singapore Business Federation to promote trade, economic development and partnerships.<ref name="SO" /><ref name="O" /><ref name="J" /> The CECA eliminated [[Tariff|tariff barriers]], double taxation, duplicate processes and regulations and provided unhindered access and collaboration between the financial institutions of Singapore and India.<ref name="SO" /><ref name="O" /> The CECA also enhanced bilateral collaboration related to education, science and technology, [[intellectual property]], [[aviation]] and relaxed [[Visa (document)|visa]] regulations for Indian professionals in [[information technology]], medicine, engineering and financial fields to emigrate and work in Singapore.<ref name="SO" /><ref name="O" /> Singapore has invested in projects to upgrade India's ports, airports and developing [[information technology]] parks and a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ).<ref name="SO" /> India has become Singapore's 4th biggest tourist destination and more than 650,000 Indians visited Singapore in 2006. Both nations have worked to collaborate on aviation, aerospace engineering, space programmes, information technology, [[biotechnology]] and energy.<ref name="SO" />

Singapore and India successfully concluded the second review of the India-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) on 1 June 2018 in the presence of India Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2018 |title=Conclusion of the second review of the India-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement |url=https://www.mti.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Releases/2018/06/Conclusion-of-the-second-review-of-the-India-Singapore-Comprehensive-Economic-Cooperation-Agreement |website=Ministry of Trade and Industry, Government of Singapore}}</ref>

In September 2018, India and Singapore formally launched the third review of CECA which focuses on trade facilitation, e-commerce and customs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2018 |title=Third review of landmark India-Singapore economic deal to focus on trade facilitation, e-commerce and customs |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/third-review-of-landmark-india-singapore-economic-deal-to-focus-on-trade-facilitation-e |website=The Straits Times}}</ref>

CECA is one of the most controversial FTAs Singapore has signed since its independence, particularly in relation to the immigration dimension of the FTA. Many Singaporeans argue that it only marginally boosts Singapore's already high GDP for its size, at the expense of being "one-sided" and "non-beneficial" towards Singaporeans in general.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2019 |title= What the heck is CECA & should you be angry at it, explained |url=https://mothership.sg/2019/11/what-the-heck-is-ceca-should-you-be-angry-at-it-explained/ |website=Mothership}}</ref> Many have noted statistics such as the proportion of EP holders from India increasing from about one seventh in 2005 to about a quarter in 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2021 |title= 1/4 of Singapore's 177,100 employment pass holders from India: Tan See Leng |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/one-quarter-singapore-177100-employment-pass-holders-india-tan-see-leng-083622384.html#:~:text=%22The%20proportion%20of%20EP%20holders,Singapore%20as%20of%20December%202020. |website=Yahoo News}}</ref> and the number of Indian Nationals being more than 10% of the overall population.,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2019 |title= Population of Overseas Indians
|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/images/attach/nris-and-pios_1.pdf. |website=MEA India}}</ref> as an associated effect of the CECA deal. While the Singapore government has publicly stated that these figures are "misleading" and claimed that "all foreign nationals applying for Employment Passes must meet our prevailing criteria" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinecitizenasia.com/2020/08/28/netizens-remain-sceptical-over-governments-clarification-that-ceca-doesnt-allow-indian-nationals-to-become-citizens-of-singapore/|title=Netizens remain sceptical over Government's clarification that CECA doesn't allow Indian nationals to become citizens of Singapore|date=28 August 2020|website=The Online Citizen|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920191352/https://www.onlinecitizenasia.com/2020/08/28/netizens-remain-sceptical-over-governments-clarification-that-ceca-doesnt-allow-indian-nationals-to-become-citizens-of-singapore/|url-status=live}}</ref> Local Singaporeans have noted lived experiences contradictory to the governments statements, ranging from biased hiring practices to immigration to Singapore which lacks proper checks and balances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2025 |title= Are Singaporean workers really losing jobs to Indian expats due to Ceca free-trade deal?|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/world/2025/02/501_295920.html |website=Korea Times}}</ref> Regardless, this issue remains a hotbed in Singapore politics.

India's [[ISRO]] have launched various satellites built by Singaporean universities and organisations. [[Space collaborations between Singapore and ISRO|20 satellites have been launched]] over the course of 13 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2023 |title=Another milestone for Singapore’s space sector with 7 Singapore Satellites launched in India |url=https://www.space.gov.sg/resources/archives/permalink/ |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.space.gov.sg Office for Space Technology & Industry, Singapore |language=en}}</ref>

==Military cooperation==
{{ anchor | Military | Geo | Geostrategic | Strategic}}

In 1994, India and Singapore began their annual naval combat exercise, now called "[[SIMBEX]]" Several warships from India and Singapore took part in this interoperable combat exercise.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India, Singapore kick off major naval exercise in South China Sea - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-singapore-kick-off-major-naval-exercise-in-south-china-sea/articleshow/58736322.cms |website=The Times of India|date=18 May 2017 }}</ref>

In 2003, India and Singapore signed a Defence Cooperation Agreement, allowing Singapore army and air force to conduct training on Indian soil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Singapore, India elevate ties to 'strategic partnership' with signing of key agreements |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-india-elevate-ties-to-strategic-partnership-with-signing-of-key-agreements |website=The Straits Times}}</ref>

On 24 November 2015, India and Singapore signed the agreement for the "strategic relationship" across the board including defence and military, security and intelligence cooperation, political exchanges, enhancing trade and investment, improving financial linkages, improving air connectivity and cooperation in multilateral forums.<ref name="sgi1">{{Cite news |last1=Velloor |first1=Ravi |last2=Sengupta |first2=Nilanjana |author2-link=Nilanjana Sengupta (author) |date=24 November 2015 |title=Singapore, India elevate ties to 'strategic partnership' with signing of key agreements |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-india-elevate-ties-to-strategic-partnership-with-signing-of-key-agreements |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref>

On 29 November 2017, the two countries signed a naval cooperation agreement aimed at boosting maritime security, joint exercises and mutual logistics support. The agreement also permits ships of either navy to refuel, restock and, rearm at each other military bases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eye on China: India and Singapore ink naval pact - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eye-on-china-india-and-singapore-ink-naval-pact/articleshow/61852056.cms |access-date=29 November 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> After signing the agreement, Singapore's Defence Minister Dr. [[Ng Eng Hen]] stated, "not only would we be more comfortable, we would encourage the Indian Navy to visit [[Changi Naval Base|Changi Naval base]] more often".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Som |first=Vishnu |date=29 November 2017 |title=India's Warships Can Now Refuel And Rearm At Singapore Naval Base |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wary-of-china-india-gets-rights-to-use-singapores-latest-navy-base-1781527 |access-date=29 November 2017 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] (RSAF) and the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) regularly conduct joint military training exercises.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2017 |title=RSAF gets 'immeasurable value' training with Indian Air Force: Ng Eng Hen |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/rsaf-gets-immeasurable-value-training-with-indian-air-force-ng-9448722 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808004959/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/rsaf-gets-immeasurable-value-training-with-indian-air-force-ng-9448722 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=1 April 2018 |website=[[Channel NewsAsia]]}}</ref>

India and Singapore also signed the revised Defence Cooperation Agreement to strengthen the existing defence relationship between Indian military and Singapore Armed Forces on 29 November 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-29 |title=India, Singapore vow to deepen defence ties, ensure freedom of navigation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-singapore-vow-to-deepen-defence-ties-ensure-freedom-of-navigation/articleshow/61848424.cms |access-date=2024-11-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Impact of COVID-19 ==
When the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore]] was declared in 2019, India and Singapore unilaterally stopped issuing short-term tourist visas from 11 March and 24 March 2020 onwards respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: India suspends all tourist visas and e-visas for travellers|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/03/11/coronavirus-india-suspends-visa-on-arrival-for-japan-and-south-korea/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-22|title=Singapore tourist ban aims to curb imported coronavirus infections|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3076333/coronavirus-singapores-tourist-ban-aims-curb-imported|access-date=2021-05-04|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> Before Singapore stopped releasing individual case details in April 2020, more than 1,600 Indian nationals were diagnosed with [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kurohi|first=Rei|date=2020-04-23|title=PM Lee, India's PM Narendra Modi discuss Covid-19 situations at home over phone call|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/pm-lee-indias-pm-narendra-modi-discuss-covid-19-situations-at-home-over-phone-call|access-date=2021-05-04|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref> In May 2020, India embarked on a repatriation scheme which would have brought back 1,250 Indian nationals from Singapore,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganapathy|first=Nirmala|date=2020-05-05|title=India embarks on massive coronavirus repatriation|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/india-embarks-on-massive-coronavirus-repatriation|access-date=2021-05-04|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref> while assisted Singapore in repatriating approximately 400 Singaporeans from India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rohit |first=TK |date=2020-10-21 |title=Singapore will reach out to India's proposal on travel bubble, says envoy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/singapore-will-reach-out-to-indias-proposal-on-travel-bubble-says-envoy/article32911980.ece |access-date=2021-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Despite the pandemic, investment flows between the two countries had 'slowed down a little bit' with approximately US$2 billion worth of investments going into India.<ref name=":0" />

As [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|India experienced its second wave of infections beginning March 2021]], India faced an oxygen shortage nationwide to treat COVID-19 patients.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganapathy|first=Nirmala|date=2021-04-27|title=Scramble for oxygen continues as countries pledge help for India|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/scramble-for-oxygen-continues-as-countries-pledge-help-for-india|access-date=2021-05-04|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref> Four cryogenic oxygen tanks donated by [[Tata Group]], which were being used for transporting oxygen across the nation, were airlifted by the [[Indian Air Force]] from Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-24|title=India posts new world record of daily Covid-19 cases, airlifts cryogenic oxygen tanks from Singapore|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/indias-daily-covid-19-death-toll-hits-new-record-as-shortages-bite|access-date=2021-05-04|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Singapore sends oxygen aid to help India fight COVID-19 pandemic|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/singapore-sends-oxygen-aid-to-help-india-fight-covid-19-pandemic-14709168|access-date=2021-05-04|website=CNA|language=en|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504085948/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/singapore-sends-oxygen-aid-to-help-india-fight-covid-19-pandemic-14709168|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] also sent two planeloads of oxygen supplies, and [[Temasek Holdings]], one of the two Singaporean government investment companies, donated medical supplies such as ventilators and oxygen concentrators.<ref name=":1" /> Various ground-up initiatives had started as well in Singapore to raise funds and gather supplies for those affected in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Sundar|first1=Deepa|last2=Arunachalam|first2=Sivakami|date=2021-05-02|title=Ground-up initiatives in Singapore to help India's Covid-19 surge gather momentum|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/community/ground-up-initiatives-in-singapore-gather-momentum|access-date=2021-05-04|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref>

In May, Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] claimed without evidence that a new [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2|COVID-19 variant]] from Singapore was extremely dangerous for children and could result in a third wave in India. Singapore's ministry of health had to clarify there was no Singapore variant nor any evidence of a Covid-19 variant extremely dangerous for kids.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhury|first=Saheli Roy|date=2021-05-20|title=Singapore orders Facebook, Twitter to correct false claims on a 'new' Covid variant|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/20/singapore-rejects-delhi-chiefs-claims-about-new-covid-19-variant.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2021-05-19|title=Singapore says 'no truth' to Kejriwal's new variant claims|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57167542|access-date=2021-05-23}}</ref> It became apparent that the increase in COVID cases came from the [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant]] originating in [[Lineage B.1.617|India.]]<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
* [[Indians in Singapore]]
* [[Singaporeans in India]]

== References ==
{{commons category|Relations of India and Singapore}}
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of Singapore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Singapore relations}}
[[Category:India–Singapore relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Singapore]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Singapore]]

List of stock exchanges in India

2025-11-18T18:07:39Z

Srivatsan: Creating a info basic info!

{{Short description|none}}
'''Stock exchanges in India''' include official operating [[stock exchange|stock]] and [[Commodity market|commodity]] exchanges by [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] and numerous defunct ones.

==Operating stock exchanges==
*[[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) in Mumbai, founded in erstwhile Bombay, is the oldest and one of the two principal large stock exchanges in India. It has a market capitalization of $5.25 trillion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All India Market Capitalization {{!}} BSE Listed stocks Market Capitalization |url=https://www.bseindia.com/markets/equity/EQReports/allindiamktcap.aspx |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref>
*[[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE) in Mumbai, is one of the two principal large stock exchanges in India. It has a market capitalization of $5.32 trillion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Market Cap of NSE Listed Companies |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/market-capitalisation-of-nse-listed-companies-surges-to-5-trillion-from-4-trillion-in-just-6-months-stock-market-11716523589993.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NSE India |url=https://www.nseindia.com/#}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Market Cap of NSE Listed Companies |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/nse-listed-companies-market-capitalisation-surpasses-5-trn-mark-124052301385_1.html}}</ref>
*[[India International Exchange]] (India INX) in GIFT City.
*NSE International Exchange (NSE IX) in GIFT City.
*[[United Stock Exchange of India|United Stock Exchange]] (USE) in Mumbai.
*Metropolitan Stock Exchange (MSE) in Mumbai.
*[[Multi Commodity Exchange]] (MCX) in Mumbai.
*[[National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange|National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange]] (NCDEX) in Mumbai.
*Indian Commodity Exchange (ICEX) in Navi Mumbai.

==Former stock exchanges==
*[[Ahmedabad Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2018)
*[[Calcutta Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2013)
*[[Delhi Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2017)
*[[Gauhati Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2015)
*[[Jaipur Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2015)
*[[Madhya Pradesh Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2015)
*[[Madras Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2015)
*[[OTC Exchange of India|OTC Exchange]] (closed in 2015)
*[[Inter-connected Stock Exchange of India|Inter-connected Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2014)
*[[Pune Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2015)
*[[UP Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2015)
*[[Vadodara Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2015)
*[[Bangalore Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2014)
*[[Cochin Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2014)
*[[Ludhiana Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2014)
*[[Bhubaneshwar Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2005)
*[[Coimbatore Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2009)
*[[Hyderabad Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2007)
*[[Magadh Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2007)
*[[Mangalore Stock Exchange]] (closed in 2004)
*Raipur Stock Exchange (closed in 2018)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<ref>https://www.sebi.gov.in/stock-exchanges.html</ref>
[[Category:Stock exchanges in India]]

Hansi hoard

2025-10-22T20:07:03Z

Srivatsan: brief refine intro for accuracy additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Set of Jain sculptures}}
{{infobox artwork
| title = Hansi hoard
| italic title = no
| image = File:Hansi Hoard.jpg
| caption = Hansi hoard inside Hansi Jain temple
| medium = [[Bronze]]
| year = 8th—9th century
}}
{{Jainism}}

The '''Hansi hoard''' is a collection of 58 bronze images of [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]]s that were accidentally discovered by children on January 19, 1982.<ref>Jaina Bronzes From Hansi, Devendra Handa, Aryan Books International, 2002</ref> The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] excavated the entire hoard, which was located in [[Hansi]], in the [[Hisar district]] of [[Haryana]] state, [[India]]. The collection, found inside [[Asigarh Fort]], dates back to the 8th—9th century, as determined by paleographical analysis, although none of the images are dated.

== History ==
In 1982 [[Archaeological Survey of India]] discovered 58 bronze images of [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]]s inside [[Asigarh Fort]]. These idols date back to 8th-9th century. These idols were buried to keep it safe from invaders. These idols belong to both [[Digambar]] and [[Śvetāmbara]] sect. Some of the images still had coating of sandalwood paste, suggesting that they were in active worship before they were hastily buried in a copper container just before [[Masʽud I|Masud]]’s invasion at Hansi in A.D. 1037.<ref>[http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume5/19.pdf Jainism in Haryana: An Archaeological Perspective, Vivek Dangi, Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 5: 2017]</ref> Among the hoard, there are a few implements of worship and included a Buddhist [[Avalokiteśvara]] image. These idols are currently placed in Punyoday Jain temple, Hansi.{{Sfn|Arora|2007|p=403}}

Initially kept at the Digambar Jain Panchayati temple, they were kept at the [[Chandigarh Museum]]. The idols were then given back to the Jain community on December 30, 1991.

Other well-known hoards of Jain bronzes include [[Akota Bronzes]] of Gujarat; [[Chausa hoard]] and [[Aluara bronzes]] from Bihar.

== Major images ==
The Jain bronzes includes [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]], [[Māllīnātha]], [[Chandraprabha]], [[Mahavira]], parents of [[Tirthankara|Jina]], [[Sarasvati]] and [[Buddha]].{{Sfn|Arora|2007|p=404}}

The image of [[Neminatha]] seated in [[Padmasan]] posture above [[yakshi]] [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] holding her son on left slap flanking with [[yaksha]] Gomedha as her consort sitting in [[lalitasana]] with 6 tirthankars in [[Kayotsarga]] posture engraved in the pedestal.{{Sfn|Arora|2007|p=404}}

The other well-known idol is a large idol of Jain ''shrutidevi'' Sarasvati.{{Sfn|Arora|2007|p=404}}

==Stolen and found ==

In 2005 the idols were mysteriously stolen on Oct 26, 2005.<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rare-idols-stolen-from-jain-temple/cid/846580 Rare idols stolen from Jain temple, Telegraph India, 27.10.2005]</ref> They were later found after a few days. Some of them were found in Mahabir Colony waterworks after 36 days.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051210/haryana.htm#2 Stolen idols recovered from waterworks, Sunit Dhawan, Tribune News Service, December 9, 2005]</ref> Six suspects with prior criminal backgrounds were arrested; they disclosed that they were unable to find buyers.<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051203/haryana.htm#13 Stolen Jain idols found, Tribune News Service, December 2, 2005]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Vasantgarh hoard]]
* [[Akota Bronzes]]
* [[Chausa hoard]]

== References ==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Citation |last=Arora | first=Udai Prakash | author-link=Udai Prakash Arora | url ={{Google books|d4VeYJdww2YC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title= Udayana | publisher=Anamika Pub & Distributors| date=2007|isbn= 9788179751688}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Hansi Hoard}}

{{Jain history}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain sculptures]]

{{Asia-archaeology-stub}}
[[Category:Treasure troves in India]]

Lahori Gate, Red Fort, Delhi

2025-10-18T07:32:36Z

Srivatsan: stub

{{Short description|Entrance of the Red Fort, Delhi, India}}
{{About|the Lahori Gate in Delhi|the one in Lahore|Lahori Gate, Lahore|other uses|Lahori Gate (disambiguation){{!}}Lahori Gate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Lahori Gate with Ramparts - Red Fort - Delhi 2014-05-13 3126.JPG|thumb|Lahori Gate faces the direction of [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]]]
The '''Lahori Gate''' is the main entrance to the [[Red Fort]] in [[Old Delhi]]. The fort is approached through a covered street flanked by arcaded apartments called the [[Chhatta Chowk]]. Situated on the western wall of the fort, the gate received its name because it led to the city of [[Lahore]], (present day [[Pakistan]]). The secondary entrance is the [[Delhi Gate (Red Fort)|Delhi Gate]].

The gateway consists of three stories, each decorated with square, rectangular and [[Multifoil arch|cusped arched]] panels. These are flanked by semi-octagonal towers crowned by two open octagonal pavilions. The whole gate is clad in red sandstone, except the roofs of the pavilions, where white stone is used.
Between the two pavilions is a screen of miniature ''[[chhatri]]''s having seven miniature marble domes. Continuing around the whole wall are flame-shaped battlements.

The gate was provided with a 10.5 high metre [[barbican]] by [[Aurangzeb]] (1658-1707), with its entrance to the north. It is said that [[Shah Jahan]], while under house arrest, wrote to Aurangzeb and criticized his decision: "You have made a fort a bride, and set a veil on it."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fanshawe |first=H. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ4HFt5S8CcC&dq=Gates+in+Delhi&pg=PA6 |title=Delhi, Past and Present |date=1998 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120613188 |pages=1–8 |access-date=25 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Every year since [[Indian Independence Day]] in 1947, the national flag has been raised and the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] has made a speech from the ramparts at the gate. In the 1980s, the security of the area was increased by blocking the tower windows as a security measure against sniper attacks. A lift was also added to the gate.<ref>{{Cite book |surname1=Horton , Finlay , Plunkett |first1=Patrick , Hugh , Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&q=Delhi+Gates&pg=PA92 |title=Delhi |date=2002 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9781864502978 |pages=92–94|access-date=25 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="190px" style="text-align:left">
Ghulam Ali Khan 004.jpg|Painting of Lahori gate by Ghulam Ali Khan, Mughal period, 1852-4
Close up of Red Fort.jpg|Lahori gate in 2013
Lahori Gate - Red Fort - Delhi 2014-05-13 3151-3160 Archive.tif|The Lahori gate of the Red fort
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Society}}
* [[Gates of Delhi]]
* [[List of Gates in Aurangabad, Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat-inline|Lahore Gate (Red Fort)}}
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/redfortdelhi/lahorigate/lahorigate.html columbia.edu]

{{Coord|28.655918|77.238459|display=title}}

[[Category:Red Fort]]
[[Category:Gates of Delhi]]
[[Category:Mughal gates]]

Digital Science Park, Thiruvananthapuram

2025-08-19T04:31:49Z

Srivatsan: Added

{{Short description|First digital science park in India under construction}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}

The '''Digital Science Park''' at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]] being constructed will be first digital [[science park]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കേരളം കുതിക്കും ഡിജിറ്റൽ മികവിൽ ; ഒരുങ്ങുന്നത്‌ ഡിജിറ്റൽ സയൻസ്‌ മേഖല കേന്ദ്രീകരിച്ചുള്ള ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ആദ്യപാർക്ക്‌ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/digital-science-park/1058911 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref> In the 2022−23 state budget, the [[Government of Kerala]] announced four science parks with an investment of Rs 1000 crore to utilize the achievements in the field of science and technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi to lay stone for Digital Science Park in Kerala - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Apr/24/pm-modi-to-lay-stone-for-digital-science-park-in-kerala-2568782.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> The first park among those is being set up close to the [[Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology|Digital University of Kerala]] at [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]] Phase IV-[[Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram|Technocity]]. The foundation stone of the park was laid on 25 April 2023 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-23 |title=PM Modi to lay foundation stone for country's first Digital Science Park |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pm-to-lay-foundation-of-digital-science-park-on-tuesday/article66770869.ece |access-date=2023-04-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Overview==
The park is being constructed on a 13.93-acre land near the [[Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology|Kerala University of Digital Sciences Innovation and Technology]] as part of the [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]] Phase IV-[[Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram|Technocity]]. It is India's first third-generation digital science park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=തറക്കല്ലിട്ടത് രാജ്യത്തെ ആദ്യ ഡിജിറ്റൽ സയൻസ് പാർക്കിന് |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-1.8506625 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Newspaper}}</ref> The construction of the park is expected to be completed in 2026. It will create and use a communications network overlay built on a triple helix integrating universities, industry, and government. The park will initially support commercial and industry units as well as technological startups in the fields of [[robotics]], [[artificial intelligence]], smart hardware, electronics, sustainable materials etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=24 Web |date=2023-04-25 |title=കേരളത്തിന് സന്തോഷമുള്ള ദിവസം; രാജ്യത്തെ ആദ്യ ഡിജിറ്റൽ സയൻസ് പാർക്ക് സംസ്ഥാനത്തേതെന്ന് മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/04/25/pinarayi-vijayan-about-digital-science-park.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Twentyfournews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The park will have two buildings of total area 2 lakh square feet. While the second building would contain administrative functions as well as a centre for digital experiences, the first structure, with a floor area of 1.5 lakh square feet, will have five floors and house centres of excellence comprising research labs and digital incubators. The total cost of the project is estimated at Rs 1515 crore. Apart from the Rs 200 crore sanctioned by the state government, the remaining funds are raised from other sources including industry partners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മൂന്നാം തലമുറ ഡിജിറ്റൽ സയൻസ് പാർക്ക്; മൂന്നു വർഷത്തിനകം പൂർത്തിയാക്കും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2023/04/23/digital-science-park.html |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref> ARM, a UK-based semiconductor and software design company, has signed an agreement with Kerala Digital University for academic, research and start-up related activities. The AI center at the park will focus on responsible AI hardware and software issues. Multinational American technology company [[Nvidia|NVIDIA]] will join as a partner of the project. The Universities of [[University of Manchester|Manchester]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]] have signed [[Memorandum of understanding|MoUs]] with the Digital University to participate in the development of the park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ആദ്യ ഡിജിറ്റല്‍ സയന്‍സ് പാര്‍ക്കിന് തിരുവനന്തപുരത്ത് പ്രധാനമന്ത്രി തറക്കല്ലിട്ടു {{!}} Kerala {{!}} Deshabhimani {{!}} Tuesday Apr 25, 2023 |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/amp/news/kerala/vande-bharat-narendra-modi/1087854 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.deshabhimani.com}}</ref>

== Commencement of Operation ==
The formal commencement of operation of the Digital Science Park was inaugurated on 1 August 2023 by the Chief Minister of Kerala, [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]. The operations of the science [park is carried out the Kabani building of Technopark Phase IV at Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-08-01 |title=Digital Science Park will boost IT-based knowledge industries in State: Pinarayi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/digital-science-park-will-boost-it-based-knowledge-industries-in-state-pinarayi/article67146826.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Technocity, Thiruvananthapuram]]
* [[Technopark, Trivandrum]]
* [[Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-01 |title=Digital Science Park will boost IT-based knowledge industries in State: Pinarayi |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/digital-science-park-will-boost-it-based-knowledge-industries-in-state-pinarayi/article67146826.ece |access-date=}}</ref>

[[Category:Science and technology in Kerala]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Kerala]]

Harpal Singh Cheema

2025-08-15T03:42:32Z

Srivatsan: fixed layout and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harpal Singh Cheema
| image = File:H. S. Cheema.png
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|02|10}}
| birth_place = [[Nabha, Punjab]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Punjabi University]], [[Patiala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Mann ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Punjab (India)|Government of Punjab]]
| predecessor = [[Manpreet Singh Badal]]
| successor =
| governor = [[Banwarilal Purohit]] [[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Mann ministry]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata =
* [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Finance]]
* [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Planning]]
* [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Programme Implementation]]
* [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Excise & Taxation]]<ref name="Mann keeps Home, 26 others, gives Finance to Cheema; Mines to Bains">{{cite news |last1= |title=Mann keeps Home, 26 others, gives Finance to Cheema; Mines to Bains |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bhagwant-mann-keeps-home-harpal-singh-cheema-gets-finance-7830421/ |accessdate=23 March 2022 |date=22 March 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323164504/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bhagwant-mann-keeps-home-harpal-singh-cheema-gets-finance-7830421/ |archivedate=23 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| term_start = 21 March 2022
| term_end =

| office1 =[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Dept. of Cooperation]]
| term_start1 = 21 March 2022
| term_end1 = 4 July 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
| successor1 = [[Bhagwant Mann]]

| office2 = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<ref>[http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/72 Members detail ''punjabassembly.nic.in'']</ref>
| constituency2 = [[Dirba Assembly constituency|Dirba]]
| term_start2 = 11 March 2017
| predecessor2 = Balvir Singh
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| office3 = [[List of Leader of Opposition in Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in Punjab Legislative assembly]]
| term_start3 = 27 July 2018
| term_end3 = 10 March 2022
| governor3={{unbulleted_list|[[V. P. Singh Badnore]] [[Banwarilal Purohit]]}}
| predecessor3 = [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
| successor3 = [[Pratap Singh Bajwa]]
| occupation = Politician
| residence = [[Dirba]]
| alias =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Harpal Singh Cheema''' (born 10 February 1974) is an [[Aam Aadmi Party]] MLA from [[Dirba Assembly constituency]] located in [[Sangrur District]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punjab.gov.in/mlas|title=Government of Punjab, India|website=punjab.gov.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> In March 2022, he became first BobA to be a finance minister of Punjab.<ref>{{cite web | title=Harpal Singh Cheema becomes first Dalit leader to be Finance Minister of Punjab | website= Punjab News Express | date=2022-03-27 | url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/harpal-singh-cheema-becomes-first-dalit-leader-to-be-finance-minister-of-punjab-161857 | ref={{sfnref | Punjab News Express | 2022}} | access-date=2022-03-27}}</ref>
He joined the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] just before the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. He contested and won the election from [[Dirba Assembly constituency]] against a popular Punjabi Kabbadi player Gulzar Singh Moonak from [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and Ajaib Singh Ratolan from [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=2017 Dirba - Punjab Assembly Election Winner, LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates|url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/punjab/dirba/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=India.com|language=en}}</ref> In July 2018 he was appointed leader of opposition of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/aap-replaces-its-punjab-leader-of-opposition-sukhpal-khaira/articleshow/65151328.cms|title=AAP replaces Punjab leader of opposition Sukhpal Khaira with Harpal Singh Cheema - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref>

==Career==
A graduate from Government Ranbir College, [[Sangrur]], and having done his LLB from [[Punjabi University]], [[Patiala]], he also participated in student politics as the campus president of Left-leaning [[Students' Federation of India]] (SFI) while studying law.<ref>{{cite web | author=The Tribune India | title=Three Punjab Cabinet ministers started political innings with Left politics | website=The Tribune | date=2022-03-20 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/three-started-political-innings-with-left-politics-379017 | access-date=2022-03-27}}</ref> He led the Sangrur Bar Association in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Bar politics to leader of oppn in Punjab assembly, AAP’s Cheema emerges as Dalit leader |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/from-bar-politics-to-leader-of-oppn-in-punjab-assembly-aap-s-cheema-emerges-as-dalit-leader/story-fGms0I8JDGtn6iCXdFivQM.html |accessdate=22 June 2020 |publisher=The Hindustan Times |date=27 July 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016113314/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/from-bar-politics-to-leader-of-oppn-in-punjab-assembly-aap-s-cheema-emerges-as-dalit-leader/story-fGms0I8JDGtn6iCXdFivQM.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a lawyer, he is also fighting AAP’s Delhi MLA Naresh Yadav’s case in the district courts over accusations of Quran desecration in Malerkotla in 2016.

==Member of Legislative Assembly, 2017–2022==
In a triangular fight from Dirba, he defeated Congress candidate Ajaib Singh Ratol and [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]’s Gulzar Singh.

In 2017–2018 he was in the Punjab Assembly committee on government assurances. From 2017 to 2019, he was in the committee on welfare of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] and [[Other Backward Class]].<ref name="Playing 20 March 2022">{{cite news |title=The playing 11: CM Bhagwant Mann’s cabinet ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-playing-11-cm-bhagwant-manns-cabinet-ministers-7827473/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2017–2018) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Government Assurances|Committee on Government Assurances]]<ref name="Playing 20 March 2022" />
*Member (2017–2019) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes|Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes]]<ref name="Playing 20 March 2022" />

==Leader of opposition==
In [[Fifteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] [[Aam Aadmi Party]] was the main [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]] party. Since July 2018, Cheema served as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|leader of opposition]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aap-removes-khaira-appoints-harpal-cheema-as-leader-of-opposition/626983.html | title=AAP removes Khaira, appoints Harpal Cheema as leader of opposition | work=The Tribune | date=2018-07-27 | access-date=2018-07-27 | archive-date=27 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727084818/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/aap-removes-khaira-appoints-harpal-cheema-as-leader-of-opposition/626983.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> with [[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]] as the deputy leader of opposition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/mann-made-aaps-punjab-chief-arora-his-deputy.html|title=AAP's new leaders after election}}</ref><ref name="Playing 20 March 2022" /> His term as the leader of the opposition ended with the dissolution of the Fifteenth Punjab assembly on 11 March 2022. The dissolution was necessitated after the results of the election were declared on 10 March.<ref name="Dissolved 11 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Governor dissolves 15th Punjab Assembly |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/states/punjab-governor-dissolves-15th-punjab-assembly-1503051390.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="recommends dissolution 11 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Cabinet recommends Governor for dissolution of 15th Punjab Assembly |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/chandigarh/punjab-cabinet-recommends-governor-dissolution-15th-punjab-assembly-1503051314.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=11 March 2022}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly, 2022–2027==
He was elected as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. He represented the [[Dirba Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pioneer |first1=The |title=Kejriwal promised to end ‘Parcha Raj’, says all fake cases to be dismissed |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/kejriwal-promised-to-end----parcha-raj-----says-all-fake-cases-to-be-dismissed.html |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AAP wins 5 of 7 segments in Hoshiarpur district |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/aap-wins-5-of-7-segments-in-hoshiarpur-district-101646915266540.html |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Cheema took oath as a cabinet minister along with nine other MLAs on 19 March at Guru Nanak Dev auditorium of [[Raj Bhavan, Punjab|Punjab Raj Bhavan]] in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Tribune 18 March 2022">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Ten Punjab ministers to take oath on Saturday |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318092034/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTV 25K 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=25,000 Government Jobs For Punjab: New Chief Minister's 1st Decision |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |agency=Press Trust of India |date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319125442/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In September 2022, Aam Aadmi Party, the ruling party in Punjab, accused BJP of spending ₹1375 Crore in Punjab to bribe the AAP MLAs under [[Operation Kamala|Operation Lotus]]. Punjab's Finance Minister Harpal Singh Cheema said in a press conference, "Our MLAs have been approached with offers of up to Rs 25 crore to break away from AAP. The MLAs were told: “bade bau ji se milwayenge”. These MLAs have also been offered big posts. They were told that if you get more MLAs along, you would be given up to Rs 75 crore."<ref name="Tribune News 13 September 2022">{{cite news |title=BJP trying to topple AAP government in Punjab, offering Rs 25 crore to MLAs: Minister |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/bjp-trying-to-topple-aap-government-in-punjab-says-finance-minister-harpal-cheema-431321 |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=13 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express 13 September 2022">{{cite news |title=BJP is calling AAP MLAs, offering money and threatening to join: Punjab minister |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bjp-aap-mlas-threatening-harpal-cheema-8149086/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cabinet Minister==
As a cabinet minister in the [[Mann ministry]], Cheema was given the charge of five departments of the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]]:<ref name="Tribune News 21 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab portfolios announced; CM Mann keeps Home and Vigilance, Cheema gets Finance, Singla Health, Harbhajan Power |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-portfolios-announced-cheema-gets-finance-and-revenue-harbhajan-eto-power-dr-baljit-women-welfare-and-child-development-379489 |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
# Department of Finance
# Department of Planning
# Department of Programme Implementation
# Department of Excise & Taxation
# Department of Cooperation

On 5 July, Bhagwant Mann announced the [[Mann ministry#Council of Ministers|expansion of his cabinet of ministers]] with five new ministers to the departments of Punjab state government. Cheema's charge of Cooperation ministry ended on 5 July with CM Bhagwant Mann taking the charge of the same. Cheema continued to hold the charge of following departments.<ref name="Tribune News 05 July 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Cabinet expansion: Anmol Gagan gets tourism; Indervir Nijjar local bodies, Chetan Singh health |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-cabinet-expansion-anmol-gagan-gets-tourism-indervir-nijjar-local-bodies-chetan-singh-health-409731 |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=Tribune India News Service |date=5 July 2022}}</ref>
# Department of Finance
# Department of Planning
# Department of Programme Implementation
# Department of Excise & Taxation

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Dirba Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Dirba Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2017}}

{{#section:Dirba Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==Family==
Son of Mehar Singh and Manjeet Kaur, he was born in Cheema village in Dhuri subdivision, he has five siblings, two brothers and three sisters. Now he lives in Sangrur with his wife and a daughter.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[List of Leader of Opposition in Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]] in [[Fifteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly|15th Punjab Assembly]]|years = 2018–2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pratap Singh Bajwa]]}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Cooperation]]
|years=March–July 2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bhagwant Maan]]}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Manpreet Singh Badal]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Finance]]
|years=since 2022}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Manpreet Singh Badal]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Excise & Taxation]]
|years=since 2022}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Manpreet Singh Badal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Planning]]
|years=since 2022}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Manpreet Singh Badal]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Programme Implementation]]
|years=since 2022}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Dirba
| before= Balvir Singh
| after=
| years= since [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheema, Harpal Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Mann ministry]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Punjab, India]]

Rajamudy

2025-07-29T09:28:37Z

Srivatsan: put up initial post from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajamudy
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Rajamudy.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.897032|N|77.180953|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Idukki
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Udumbanchola]]
| government_type = Ward
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Ward Member
| leader_name = Smt. Daisy Vandhanam
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 723
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1648
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685604
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04868
| registration_plate = KL-68
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest Places
| blank1_info_sec1 =[[Upputhode]], [[Thopramkudy]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = Idukki, Legislative Assembly constituency too
| blank1_name_sec2 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec2 = 99.9%
| website =
}}
'''Rajamudy''' is a small village in [[Idukki]] district of [[Kerala]] state, India. It is in the "High Ranges" which lie in the lap of [[Western Ghats]].
.

==History==
Rajamudy ({{langx|ml|രാജമുടി}}), is one of the smallest villages in [[Idukki]] district.

==Geography and demographics==

Rajamudy is in the "High Ranges" of the district of Idukki under [[Vathikudy]] Grama Panchayath as a ward and village at an altitude of {{convert|2372|ft|m}} with coordinates of 9.897032°N and 77.180953°E. It borders with Upputhode in the West-South, Pathinaramkandom in the North-East having a distance of 1.5 kilometers, [[Padamugham]] and [[Mannathara]] in the East respectively 3 to 5 kilometers. Though there is no much precipitous hillocks and hilly-rocky heights as of nearby or other "High Ranges", there are, after the plain town or junction of Rajamudy, vertical agricultural lands down towards North-West plain valley of Upputhode, and a slight steep to North towards the small river that separates Rajamudy-Pathinezhukambani and flows making Rajmudy fertile towards the valley of Upputhode Separating Rajamudy, Upputhode and Karikinmedu. The areas of Rajamudy further extends to the beneath of Mannathara heights towards East thus forming Rajamudy as a lovely and spectacular knoll and hummock with all fecundity for agriculture and safety free from the bout of natural calamities. The district Idukki gets all seasons and climate accordingly; especially rainy and winter seasons give more down pour and cold due its high range hills and forests, but Rajamudy has pleasant and moderate weather.

==Culture==

Dissimilar the other villages and areas of the district Idukki, which is concomitant and interspersed with [[Tamil Nadu]] culture by sharing long borders and other developed districts of central Kerala, the people of Rajamudy has an impulsive and renowned culture san external stimuli developed and conserved by the people itself- Culture of Accordance and Unity beyond segregative notions, attitude, superstitious rituals, following and customs.<ref>[[Castes and Tribes of Southern India|Castes and Tribes of South India]]</ref><ref>http://Dalit%20Christians:Sc%20or%20not?</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115071/Christian-caste Christian Castes] Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBTkAAAAMAAJ&hl=en|title=Struggle for Justice to Dalit Christians|first=Brojendra Nath|last=Banerjee|date=16 February 1997|publisher=New Age International (P) Limited|via=Google Books}}</ref> The custom of Rajamudy is a mixed one as of its bygone harmony could be traced back to the migrant days of the populaces onwards. There were families and people of different religious, caste, colour and creed from migrant days to present days. Though the prominent religion of this small village is [[Christianity]] (RC, [[Church Mission Society|CMS]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], Pentecost), there is no any type of dominance in any realm. There was no such communal segregation or violence and discriminatory attitude from any leading personnel, elected representatives (ERs), religious leaders of Rajamudy so far. The famous Christuraja Church Mass Celebration (Thirunal or Perunnal), Srinaryana Jayanthi and Sobha Yathra etc. everyone cordially invite each other and attend in the celebrations, processions and cultural events. The visit of Christmas Message Propagation Groups (Carol) visiting every house in the Month of December from the Chriistu Raja, CMS and CSI Churches and every house offers refreshments exemplifies the identical culture and accordance of people.

==Languages==

[[Malayalam]], the popular and official governing vernacular language of Kerala is the etymological dialect of the people of Rajamudy. Though there are no illiterates in the village, most of the people use only Malayalam. There are youngsters who use [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]] too. In earlier days there were people who speak the local dialect that was seen among the tribes like Mannan, Urali and Murriken. Nonetheless progressively the contemporaneous generation of those groups speaks and uses the official language of Kerala, Malayalam.

==Economy==

Rajamudy is agrarian in all aspects. Almost all families; 95.9% are regular agriculture-investing families and farming communities only. Thus Rajamudy’s mainstay income is agriculture only. There are few families depend on agro-allied activities and agro-labour too. There are few handful artisan and construction, quarry working-class families. There are no landless or homeless families in Rajamudy. Major crops grown here are black pepper vines, cocoa, coffee-beans, aromatic spices like clove, jathi, sarvasugandhi, edible items like ginger, turmeric, tapioca cassava and commercial crops & tree-based farming items like rubber, coconut trees, areca palm etc. and very few families cultivate vegetables too. And the comestible fruit bearing trees and plants like jack-fruit, guava, elumbi, mango etc. can also be seen here.

==Sports and significance==

Since settlement inception onwards the youths of Rajamudy engage in sports and games; especially Rajamudy is famous for Volleyball Tournaments. A volleyball court had been made in front of the Christuraja Church and for more than two decades, it was the favorite place for all villagers gathered in the evening hours playing in the court and watching the youngsters played. Rajamudy hosted and organized many local, district and state level tournaments. Two ever-rolling Trophies; Vadakel Trophy and Poothakuzhiyil Trophy meant for first and second place-winner prizes exemplify the sports promotion and interests of Rajamudy.
[[File:The GP Stadium at Rajamudy.jpg|thumb|The Stadium at Rajamudy (Gramapanchayath Mini Stadium)]]
Later in 1991 one of the intense longing of the youths and people came true that an exclusive stadium was constructed and inaugurated at Rajamudy under the PRI scheme of VGP facilitated by the then Ward Member Sri. Babu Panachinanickal, place being shared by Sri. Thomas Ouseph, Olickal, Sri. Baby Antony Vazheparambil and the CR Church. It is also a common get together and common conjoint sharing spot for people. And its importance goes further that in this premise, the one and only Anganwadi functions with respectable niceties.

Another area or sports in fame for Rajamudy is the native competition of [[tug-of-war]], for which Rajamudy has always been updated professional team. The teams contested and attended in many district/state level competitions fetching and crediting commendations and prizes.

==Assembly constituency==

Rajamudy falls under the Assembly and Parliament Constituency of Idukki.<ref>[[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)]]</ref> There are 956 voters in this small village which alike support all major national and regional political parties of Kerala.

==Schools and colleges==

Rajamudy has two schools and an Anganvadi. The school that is being run under the Christuraj Church Management (aided) on the Church’s own land established in 1983 closely knitted to its premises under the shadowy and studious calmness is the primogenital one among the two schools of Rajamudy.
And the second school named De-Paul Public School<ref name="depaulidukki">{{cite web|url=http://www.depaulidukki.com |title=De Paul Public School, Rajamudi |publisher=depaulidukki.com|accessdate=2015-05-10}}</ref> situated on the side of Pathinaramkandom-Rajamudy road is the paramount one functions in a multi-storied building with all modern amenities and campus marks Rajamudy gratified and proud. The school with its vast area that has three slanting and aslant sides and fringes makes the school and its campus an illustrious, benign and innocuous one with pleasant and studious atmosphere.
The nearest and old Government School is GHS Pathinaramkandom only (The School was started in 1968 and now it is a higher secondary school), in which most of the Rajamudy children got education up to the 10th Standard. And before the establishment of the school, the children used to go to Parathode for education.
Now Rajamudy is blessed with a professional college Mar Sleeva College of Arts and Science as a culmination of the first-migrant families to present generation wished and intensely longed for.

== Worship Centers ==

===Christu Raja Church===

The believers or followers of [[Syro-Malabar]]<ref name="smcim">{{cite web|url=http://www.smcim.org/church/rajamudy|title=Christuraj Church|publisher=smcim.org|accessdate=2015-05-10|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102911/http://www.smcim.org/church/rajamudy|url-status=dead}}</ref> denomination or churches, who were at Rajamudy till 1970 (totally), attended St.Joseph Church Upputhode, St. Mary’s Church, Murickassery and Holy Family Church, Kiliyarkandom. Priests form these churches visited at the time of necessary to Rajamudy to bless and pray for the believers. And among the migrant families who were the RC backgrounds and others, Sri. Pappachan, Vadakel, Sri. Chandikunju, Paikada, Sri. Thommachan Punnakuzhi and Kuttikattu families were the leading believers who took the initiatives for establishing an exclusive church at Rajamudy for the Syro-Malabar believers. Thus separating land for church ''(mostly by Vadakel family about 3 acres)'' in 1969 onwards the Church (RC) came to establishment at Rajamudy with holy mass (Was not on all weekdays, on Sundays and occasional important ceremonial days). Fr. Mathew Pothanamuzhy was the first vicar of CR Church. Along with the afore-referred leading people, few families started working on the lands in support of the church’s economical needs to be met. It's great and unique thing that the families worked without taking money or they never desired for the same counting equally their communal prerequisite. The Olickal family’s works and others in growing the coconut trees and other trees and black pepper vines and all would never be forgotten. Thus since then the Church being progressively grown and developed to its present status of "Rajamudy’s Raja" in terms of providing basic infrastructural and other facilities to Rajamudy located at the heart of Rajamudy town. Now the church has more than 280 active families and 1000 believers. It is the one and only episcopal or pontifical or papal kind church at Rajamudy.

===CMS Church===

The CMS ([[Church Mission Society]]-[[Anglican Church]]) at Rajamudy (Presently shifted to opposite of the De-Paul school) is one of the oldest worshiping centers of Rajamudy, perhaps the gathering can be stated back even before CR Church. The church was established by the early migrant-Christian families who belong to Cheramar Christian or Converted Christian group. It was started in the late 1960s by few families in their houses as home-gathering and later separating land the gathering came to existing as a church in 1978. The leading families of early and present congregation are Pottankulangarayil, Mudayananickal, Cheenkallel, Vazheparambil, Panamthottathil etc. and their efforts was the real accordance in behind the establishment of the church. There are 27 families under this church with around 150 active members.

===Indian Pentecostal Church (IPC)===
[[File:The IPC Church.jpg|thumb|right|The India Pentecost Church]]
Though the [http://ibc.ac.in IPC] as Church with its own building cannot claim the existence or history as of other two prominent denominations’ churches, the gathering and prayers started in earlier 1970s onwards. The prayer and its beliefs or doctrinal teachings were started in home-gathering on Sundays and infrequent for house-prayers or cottage-meetings. The pastors (Church leader) visit to the believers’ houses often for prayer common (House visit) and special prayers (Fasting prayers) etc. The Church is now located on Rajamudy-Pathinaramkandom road side around 890 meters away from Rajamudy in its own building from 1990s onward with more than 50 families and around 200 members.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Idukki district}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

Schizophrenia Research Foundation

2025-06-12T07:08:42Z

Srivatsan:

{{Short description|Mental health organization in South India}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Schizophrenia Research Foundation
| bgcolor = 
| fgcolor = 
| image = File:Schizophrenia_Research_Foundation.png
| image_border =
| size = 240px
| alt = 
| caption = Stop exclusion; Dare to Care
| map = 
| msize = 
| malt = 
| mcaption = 
| map2 =
| abbreviation = SCARF
| motto =
| formation = {{start date|1984}}
| extinction = 
| type = [[Nongovernmental organization|Non-government organisation]]
| status = 
| purpose = Mental Healthcare and Research 
| location = [[Anna Nagar]], [[Chennai]]
| coords = 
| region_served = South India
| membership =
| language = 
| general = 
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = R Seshasayee
| leader_title2 = Vice Chairman
| leader_name2 = Dr. Thara Rangaswamy
| leader_title3 = Director
| leader_name3 = Dr R Padmavati
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people = [[M. Sarada Menon]] (Founder)
| main_organ = 
| affiliations = [[WHO]], [[MGR Medical University]]
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|https://www.scarfindia.org/}}
}}

[[File:Dr_M_Sarada_Menon.jpg|thumb|right|[[M. Sarada Menon]], the founder of the Schizophrenia Research Foundation (SCARF)]]

'''Schizophrenia Research Foundation''' ('''SCARF''') was founded in 1984 with the primary objective of providing quality care and rehabilitation to those suffering from severe mental disorders. SCARF has a Mental Health Center located in [[Anna Nagar]], [[Chennai]], along with two residential rehabilitation centres at [[Thiruverkadu]] and [[Mahabalipuram]].

==Research==
SCARF has been involved in several studies conducted by the [[World Health Organization]]. Some of its other collaborating partners in mental health research are, [[World Psychiatric Association]], [[Johns Hopkins University]], [[King's College London]], [[Oxfam]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research]], [[AIIMS]], [[NIMHANS]] and [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences|TISS]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scarfindia.org/research/|title = Research}}</ref> Tamil Nadu [[MGR Medical University]] has approved SCARF as a center for doctoral studies in 'Mental health and Social Sciences'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-02-18|title=Scarf: Overcoming a stigma|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/02/01/stories/2004020100250400.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040218040933/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/02/01/stories/2004020100250400.htm|archive-date=2004-02-18|access-date=2021-09-30|website=The Hindu}}</ref> The biennial conference of the foundation, [http://www.iconsofscarf.org/ ICONS], draws response from distinguished researchers from all over the world.

==Academics==
The [[National Board of Examinations]] (NBE) has accredited SCARF as the centre for post-graduate training for [[Diplomate of National Board|DNB]] in psychiatry since 2009. SCARF offers various training and workshop in psychology, social work, nursing and occupational therapy. It offers one year Diploma in 'Mental Health Care and Counselling' in collaboration with [[NIMHANS]] and doctoral research (PhD) in mental health in affiliation with the [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|Dr. MGR Medical University]].

==Awareness==
SCARF is involved in promoting mental health awareness and lobbying for the benefits for the mentally ill patients through educational materials, and an International film festival, [https://www.frameofmind.in Frame of Mind], to improve awareness and deal with stigma. The foundation has also initiated a media award for journalists writing on mental health.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://scarfindia.org Official Website]

{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}{{Schizophrenia}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1984 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Chennai]]
[[Category:Mental health organisations in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Schizophrenia-related organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1984]]
[[Category:Schizophrenia]]

Gujarat IT/ITeS policy 2022–2027

2025-06-09T18:48:21Z

Srivatsan: Stub

{{Short description|Information technology policy of Gujarat}}
{{Infobox project
|projectname =
|location = [[Gandhinagar]]
|state = [[Gujarat]]
|chiefminister = [[Bhupendra Patel]]
|launch_date = {{Start date and age|2022|02|08|df=y}}
|launch_place = [[GIFT City, Gandhinagar]]
|key_people = [[Jitu Vaghani]], Vijay Nehra
|ministry = Science and Technology
|website = {{url|https://dstpolicy.gujarat.gov.in/
}}
|name = Gujarat IT/ITeS policy 2022-2027
|image = Gujarat-CM-Bhupendra-Patel-unveiled-IT-ITES-policy.jpg
|caption = Gujarat Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel unveiled a new IT/ITES policy at GIFT City, Gandhinagar}}

The new Gujarat IT/ITeS policy was unveiled on 8 February 2022 at [[GIFT City, Gandhinagar]] by Chief Minister [[Bhupendra Patel]]. The objective of the policy is to strengthen the [[Information technology]] ecosystem of Gujarat and to generate 1 lakh direct jobs in the IT/ITeS sector.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-09|title=Gujarat unveils new IT policy to generate 1 lakh direct jobs|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/gujarat-it-policy-jobs-investment-capex-7762363/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau&|first=BL Ahmedabad|title=Gujarat launches new IT/ITeS policy, aims to generate 1 lakh jobs in 5 years|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/gujarat-launches-new-itites-policy-aims-to-generate-1-lakh-jobs-in-5-years/article64996320.ece|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|language=en}}</ref> The goal is to improve IT export from 3,000 to 25,000 [[crore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CM Patel launches new IT policy as Gujarat prepares for technological revolution|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/feb/08/cm-patel-launches-new-it-policy-as-gujarat-prepares-for-technological-revolution-2416848.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-08|title=CM Bhupendra Patel Launches New IT Policy of Gujarat|url=https://read.ottindia.app/en/chief-minister-shri-bhupendra-patel-launches-new-it-policy-of-gujarat/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=OTT India|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Key Pointers ==
* Facilitate the creation of world class co-working spaces to enable any IT company to fast track their IT operations in the State.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat unveils new IT policy expecting 8-fold growth in exports|url=https://www.sarkaritel.com/gujarat-unveils-new-it-policy-expecting-8-fold-growth-in-exports/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Sarkaritel.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Establishment of the Gujarat AI School / AI Center of Excellence with the objective to become the foremost source of Industry ready skilled talent for the IT Industry.<ref name=":0" />

=== CAPEX ===
* The policy envisions CAPEX support of 25% up to {{Indian Rupee|50 Cr.|link=yes}} for normal projects and INR 200 Cr. for Mega Projects.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Niyati Parikh|date=Feb 8, 2022|title=Capex support of up to Rs 200 crore in Gujarat IT/ ITes Policy {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/capex-support-of-up-to-rs-200-crore-in-gujarat-it/-ites-policy/articleshow/89427424.cms|access-date=2022-02-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* CAPEX support for Data Center of 25% up to INR 150 Cr. and Power tariff subsidy of INR 1/unit for a period of 5 years.
* CAPEX support for Cable Landing Station (CLS) of 25% up to INR 20 Cr. and Power tariff subsidy of INR 1/unit for a period of 5 years.

=== OPEX ===
* Under the OPEX model, the government will provide support of 15% up to INR 20 Cr. per year for normal projects and INR 40 Cr. per year for Mega Projects<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-10|title=Gujarat's new IT-ITeS policy to create 1 lakh jobs in 5 years|url=https://indbiz.gov.in/gujarats-new-it-ites-policy-to-create-1-lakh-jobs-in-5-years/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=IndBiz {{!}} Economic Diplomacy Division|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Employment ===
* Special initiatives to boost IT employment in the state through Employment Generation Incentive and up to 100% reimbursement of employer's EPF contribution <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-09|title=Gujarat to set up an AI school under new IT/ITeS policy|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/gujarat-to-set-up-an-ai-school-under-new-it-ites-policy/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Analytics India Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Financial support up to INR 50,000 per person through [[Direct Benefit Transfer]] (DBT) to the graduate students and working professionals for skill development<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-08|title=Trending news: New IT Policy of Gujarat: Government has implemented new IT policy, the sector will get a boost|url=https://hindustannewshub.com/tech-news/new-it-policy-of-gujarat-government-has-implemented-new-it-policy-the-sector-will-get-a-boost/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Hindustan News Hub|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Large-scale Information, Education and Communication (IEC) programs targeting school children and general public for improving digital literacy and enhancing awareness of Information Technology.

=== IT Cities / Townships ===
* Incentivizing the development of IT Cities / Townships with CAPEX support up to INR 100 Cr. and relaxations in regulatory & FCI norms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat government rolls out new IT & ITeS policy for five years|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/gujarat-government-rolls-out-new-it-ites-policy-for-five-years/2428951/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Official website|https://dst.gujarat.gov.in}}

[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Gujarat]]

{{econ-policy-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

National Foundation for Teachers' Welfare

2025-05-12T19:44:06Z

Srivatsan: cleaned up intro for accuracy also and updated info per sources

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox organisation
|name = National Foundation for Teachers' Welfare
|image =
|size =
|abbreviation =
|caption =
|formation = 1962
|type =
|headquarters = Directorate of School Education, Saifabad, Hyderabad, 500 004
|location =
|membership =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|staff =
|parent_organisation = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]]
|language =
|website =
}}
[[File:The National Foundation for Teachers’ Welfare is organised the Fund Collection Drive on the eve of Teachers Day, in New Delhi on September 03, 2007 (1).jpg|thumb|Fund Collection Drive on the eve of Teachers Day, New Delhi 2007]]
The '''National Foundation for Teachers' Welfare''' is a [[charitable foundation]] established by the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] in 1962. The organisation is responsible for providing "relief to teachers and their dependants who may be in indigent circumstances". The Foundation receives funding from the Government of India and state members<ref>{{Cite web| title=National Foundation for Teachers' Welfare | url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/NFTW.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417033512/http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/NFTW.pdf | archive-date=2015-04-17}}</ref>

The foundation has provided financial assistance for the children of teachers to study [[engineering]], medicine and management at university<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/applications-for-financialaid-to-teachers-children-invited/article2121730.ece|title=Applications for financialaid to teachers' children invited|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 June 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{School education in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Teaching in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Education (India)]]

Dogachhi

2025-05-05T03:50:07Z

Srivatsan: cleanup

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dogachhi
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.367430|N|88.136450|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1874
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Government of India
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 35
| population_total = 2,562
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742237 (Dogachhi)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03842
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sagardighi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sagardighi]]
| website = {{URL|murshidabad.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dogachhi''' (also spelled Dogachhi) is a village and in Manigram [[gram panchayat]] in [[Sagardighi (community development block)|Sagardighi]] CD Block in [[Jangipur subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=550| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|24|22|0|N|88|6|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the southern portion of Jangipur subdivision, Murshidabad district (including Suti I, Raghunathganj I, Raghunathganj II, Sagardighi CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility Abbreviation- TPS: Thermal Power Station, AMU: Aligarh Muslim University Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|33|50|N|88|3|18|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Ramakantapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Ramakantapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|31|52|N|88|4|6|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Fatellapur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Fatellapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|34|8|N|88|2|13|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Madna| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Madna, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|33|0|N|88|3|46|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Nayabahadurpur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Nayabahadurpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|28|2|N|88|2|2|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Ghorsala| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Ghorsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|27|36|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos6= bottom|label6= Srikantabati| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Srikantabati]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|27|0|N|88|4|45|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Charka| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Charka, Jangipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|26|35|N|88|6|9|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Dafarpur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Dafarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|26|9|N|88|6|24|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Ramnagar| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Ramnagar, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|24|27|N|88|4|4|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Mirzapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mirzapur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|30|30|N|88|4|36|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Giria| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Giria, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|29|11|N|88|4|57|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Mithipur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Mithipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|28|20|N|88|5|37|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Jot Kamal| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Jot Kamal]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|27|54|N|88|5|44|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Osmanpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Osmanpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|0|36|N|88|28|36|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Sahajadpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Sahajadpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|27|45|N|88|6|27|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Khodarampur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Khodarampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|27|21|N|88|7|22|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Donalia| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Donalia]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|26|55|N|88|7|53|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Teghari| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Teghari, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|26|26|N|88|9|9|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Krishna Sali| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Krishna Sali]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|26|0|N|88|10|32|E}} | label-pos20=bottom|label20= Bara Jumla| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Bara Jumla]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|31|6|N|88|2|38|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= AMU: Murshidabad Centre| numbered21=F| mark-title21= [[Aligarh Muslim University: Murshidabad Centre]] (F) |shape-color21=#967117
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|22|9|N|88|6|22|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Sagardighi TPS| numbered22=F| mark-title22= [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]] (F) |shape-color22=#967117
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|28|8|N|88|6|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Jangipur| numbered23=M| mark-title23=[[Jangipur, Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color23= #800000
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|31|5|N|88|1|12|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ahiran| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Ahiran]] (CT) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|24|N|87|59|40|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Bansabati| numbered25=V| mark-title25= [[Bansabati]] (CT) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|31|32|N|87|59|23|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Harua| numbered26=V| mark-title26= [[Harua]] (CT) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|21|38|N|88|6|51|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Manigram| numbered27=V| mark-title27= Manigram (CT) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|22|00|N|88|8|11|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Dogachhi| numbered28=R| mark-title28= Dogachhi (R) |shape-color28=black| label-size27=13|label-color27=black 
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|18|20|N|88|1|48|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Morgram| numbered29=V| mark-title29= [[Morgram]] (CT) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|28|14|N|88|2|58|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Raghunathganj| numbered30=V| mark-title30= [[Raghunathganj]] (CT) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|33|0|N|88|2|1|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Sadikpur| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Sadikpur, Murshidabad]] (CT) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|17|50|N|88|5|5|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Sagardighi| numbered32=V| mark-title32= [[Sagardighi, Murshidabad]] (CT) |shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|17|38|N|88|11|9|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Nurpur| numbered33=V| mark-title33= [[Nurpur, Murshidabad]] (CT) |shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|25|56|N|88|5|4|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34= Rajnagar| numbered34=V| mark-title34= [[Rajnagar, Murshidabad]] (CT) |shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|34|0|N|88|9|0|E}} | label35= Padma River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= 80| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|35|0|N|87|58|20|E}} | label36= Farakka Feeder Canal | label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36= 43| label-pos36=right| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|33|20|N|87|58|40|E}}| label37=Bansloi River| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37= 30| label-pos37=right| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|23|0|N|88|9|0|E}} | label38= Bhagirathi River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38= 40| label-pos38=right| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|20|57|N|88|4|23|E}} | label-pos39= left|label39=Kherur Mosque| numbered39=H| mark-title39= [[Kherur Mosque]] (H)| shape-color39=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|35|0|N|88|10|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Dogachhi is located at {{coord|24.2200|N|88.0111|E|display=inline}}.

Villages Dogachhi in Monigram gram panchayat are: Arazi Balarambati, Balarambati, Bhumihar, Chandpara, Dogachhi, Harirampur, Hatpara, Kantanagar, Karala, Kherur, Kismatgadi and Manigram.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/murshidabad/sagardighi/dogachhi.html | title = Indian Village Directory | work= Dogachhi | publisher = Village Info |accessdate = 3 September 2017}}</ref>

===Area overview===
Jangipur subdivision is crowded with 52 [[census towns]] and as such it had to be presented in two location maps. One of the maps can be seen alongside. The subdivision is located in the [[Rarh region]] that is spread over from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]]. The land is slightly higher in altitude than the surrounding plains and is gently undulating.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref> The river [[Ganges]], along with its distributaries, is prominent in both the maps. At the head of the subdivision is the 2,245 m long [[Farakka Barrage]], one of the largest projects of its kind in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fbp.gov.in/ | title = Farakka Barrage Project | publisher = FBP | access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref> Murshidabad district shares with Bangladesh a porous international border which is notoriously crime prone (partly shown in this map).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://edgeofhumanity.com/2020/12/27/child-labor-illnesses-lost-childhoods-indias-tobacco-industry/ |title = Child labour, illness & lost childhoods, India’s tobacco industry |publisher= Edge of Humanity Magazine, 27 December 2020| access-date = 13 July 2021}}</ref> The subdivision has two large power plants - the 2,100 MW [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] and the 1,600 MW [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka | title= Power Generation | work= Farakka |publisher= NTPC| access-date = 7 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | title = The West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited | work = Sagardighi Thermal Power Project | publisher = WBPDCL | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115439/http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to a 2016 report, there are around 1,000,000 (1 million/ ten lakh) workers engaged in the [[beedi]] industry in Jangipur subdivision. 90% are home-based and 70% of the home-based workers are women.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf| title = Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal | first= Sunirmal| last= Kar| work = Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-poor-man-s-cigarette-1485045757.html | title = The ‘Poor man’s cigarette’ | work = Gurvinder Singh | publisher = The Statesman, 22 January 2017 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Beedi-workers-of-Jangipur-hold-key/article16588097.ece#! | title = Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key | work = Indrani Dutta | publisher = The Hindu, 1 May 2009 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref> As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the [[Ganges]] alone in Murshidabad district. [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|Severe erosion]] occurs along the banks.<ref name="erosion1">{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 5 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The two maps present some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the maps are linked in the larger full screen maps.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Dogachhi had a total population of 2,565, of which 1,297 (50%) were males and 1,271 (49%) were females. There are about 538 houses in Dogachhi village.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 September 2017}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Sagardighi Thermal Power Station===
The [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]] of [[West Bengal Power Development Corporation]], at Manigram, initially had a capacity of 2 x 300 MW, commissioned in 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | title = The West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited | work = Sagardighi Thermal Power Project | publisher = WBPDCL | accessdate = 15 August 2017 | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115439/http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> It was subsequently expanded by 2 x 500 MW. The expansion units were commissioned in 2015<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bhel-commissions-thermal-unit-in-west-bengal-115121500883_1.html | title = Bhel commissions thermal unit in West Bengal | publisher = Business Standard, 15 December 2015 | accessdate = 15 August 2017}}</ref> and 2017<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bhel-commissions-500-mw-thermal-unit-in-west-bengal-117011600703_1.html | title = BHEL commissions 500 MW thermal unit in West Bengal | publisher = Business Standard, 16 January 2017 | accessdate = 15 August 2017}}</ref>

==Transport==
Manigram is a station on the [[Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop]] line.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/azimganj-barharwa-passenger-53433/16075/1801/1381#st | title = 53433 Azimganj Barharwa Passenger | work = Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo | accessdate = 9 August 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
Sagardighi Teachers’ Training College was established at Manigram in 2009. Affiliated with the [[University of Kalyani]], it offers B Ed and D El Ed courses.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SagardighiTeachersTrainingCollege/SagardighiTeachersTrainingCollege.shtml | title = Sagaradighi Teachers’ Training College | work= | publisher = College Admission |accessdate = 3 September 2017}}</ref>

Dogachhi Junior High School at Dogachhi was established in 2008 at Dogachhi. It is a Bengali medium coeducational school teaching from class VI to XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icbse.com/schools/dogachhi-jr-high-school/19072006803 | title = Dogachhi Junior High School | work= | publisher = ICBSE |accessdate = 3 September 2017}}</ref>

Sagardighi Thermal Power School was established at Manigram in 2009. It is a coeducation institution with Bengali and English medium. It has classes from V to XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.acadym.com/School/913880/SAGARDIGHI-THERMAL-POWER-SCHOOL-MANIGRAMXII-MURSHIDABAD | title = Sagardighi Thermal Power School | work = | publisher = Acadym | accessdate = 3 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170921200529/http://www.acadym.com/School/913880/SAGARDIGHI-THERMAL-POWER-SCHOOL-MANIGRAMXII-MURSHIDABAD | archive-date = 21 September 2017 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>

[[Don Bosco English Medium School Monigram]] was established at Manigram in 2005.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Villages in Murshidabad district]]

San Sanana

2025-04-01T18:48:09Z

Srivatsan: added the details first draft

{{Short description|2001 single by Alka Yagnik}}
{{Infobox song
| name = San Sanana
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Alka Yagnik]] and [[Hema Sardesai]]
| language = Hindi
| released = {{Start date|2001|09|13}}
| genre = [[Indi-pop]]
| length = 5:55
| label =
| writer = [[Anu Malik]]
| producer = *Ashish Manchanda
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|75mx2r5EC9k|"San Sanana"}}}}
}}

"'''San Sanana'''" is a 2001 Hindi song by [[Alka Yagnik]] featuring [[Hema Sardesai]]. It was composed by [[Anu Malik]], and was among the songs of the Bollywood film, ''[[Asoka (2001 film)|Asoka]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web | last=Sehgal | first=Chirag | title=Anu Malik Feels Thrilled As Asoka Song San Sanana Goes Global: 'Finally Getting My Reward' | website=News18 | date=17 May 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/anu-malik-feels-thrilled-as-asoka-song-san-sanana-goes-global-finally-getting-my-reward-8893794.html#goog_rewarded | access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref>

In early 2024, the song came to international prominence through [[TikTok]] and other short-form video platforms via the "Asoka makeup trend". It eventually charted on the US [[TikTok Billboard Top 50|TikTok ''Billboard'' Top 50]] where it peaked at number 23 on the chart dated May 25, 2024.<ref name=Billboard>{{cite magazine |title=TikTok Billboard Top 50: Week of May 25, 2024 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/tiktok-billboard-top-50/2024-05-25/ |access-date=30 May 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>

==Personnel==
All credits are adapted from [[Apple Music]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=San Sanana|url=https://music.apple.com/us/song/san-sanana/339363027|access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref>

'''Musicians'''
*[[Alka Yagnik]] – Vocals
*[[Hema Sardesai]] - Vocals

'''Technical'''
*Anu Malik – Composer
*Anand Bakshi – Lyrics
*Ashish Manchanda – Mixing Engineer and Mastering Engineer
==''Asoka makeup trend''==
The song gained international popularity in April 2024 via [[TikTok]] and other short-form video platforms such as [[Instagram Reels]]<ref>{{cite web | last=Yasmin | first=Shahana| title=Asoka makeup challenge: Why are TikTokers suddenly obsessed with a 2001 cult Bollywood film?| website=Yahoo| date=14 May 2024 |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/why-tiktokers-suddenly-obsessed-2001-113010431.html | access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref> through the ''Asoka makeup trend'' also referred to as the ''Asoka makeup challenge''. Makeup artists and internet personalities would lip sync to the lyrics while slowly transforming into an Indian bride, often interspersed with different styles of Indian makeup, looks and clothing, including dressing in the style of [[Kareena Kapoor]]'s character in the 2001 film.<ref name="Sunstar">{{cite web | last=Tugonon | first=Christian | title=Exploring the 'Asoka makeup trend' on TikTok | website=SunStar Publishing Inc. | date=21 April 2024 |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lifestyle/exploring-the-asoka-makeup-trend-on-tiktok | access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> It would culminate in a full reveal of the finished Indian bridal look.<ref name="Sunstar"/> The trend was initiated by Indonesian TikTok creator, Sita Suwarnadwipa where it then spread across TikTok and then to other short-form video platforms.<ref>{{cite web | last=Roy| first=Srijoni Gupta| title=What is the Asoka makeup trend and how can you take part in this TikTok beauty challenge? | website=Prestige | date=11 May 2024 |url=https://www.prestigeonline.com/my/style/beauty/how-to-participate-in-the-asoka-makeup-trend-on-tiktok-instagram/ | access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performance for "San Sanana"
! scope="col"| Chart (2024)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
!scope="row"|US [[TikTok Billboard Top 50|TikTok ''Billboard'' Top 50]]<ref name=Billboard/>
|23
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2001 singles]]
[[Category:Film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2001 songs]]
[[Category:Alka Yagnik songs]]
[[Category:2020s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Internet challenges]]
[[Category:TikTok trends]]

Kadirpur, Ghazipur

2025-01-27T10:47:05Z

Srivatsan: stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kadirpur
| coordinates = {{coord|25.376|83.624|type:adm3rd_globe:earth_region:IN|display=ti}}
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hamlet
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| government_type =
| native_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1765}}
| founder = Zamindar Kadir Khan
| named_for =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| area_total_acre =
| area_total_ha = 117.89
}}
'''Kadirpur''' is a [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Dildarnagar Kamsar]] located in [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Villages in Zamania|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/zamania-population.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bhulekh|url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=2011 Census of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1765]]

{{Ghazipur-geo-stub}}

Baghpur

2024-09-11T11:33:33Z

Srivatsan: Started

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{distinguish|Bhagpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baghpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.25783|N|79.25156|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.10
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1450
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baghpur''' ({{IAST|Bāghpur}}) is a village in [[Bewar, Mainpuri|Bewar]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of the 2011 census, the population was 1,450, residing in 224 households.

== Demographics ==
In 2011 census, Baghpur had a population of 1,450, in 224 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|186}} This population was 57.0% male (768) and 47.0% female (682). The 0-6 age group numbered 250 (137 male and 113 female), or 17.2% of the total population. 313 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 21.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|136–7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Baghpur as having a population of 857 people, in 141 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|182–3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Baghpur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 590 people (331 male and 259 female), in 113 households and 97 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 301 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
According to the data from 2011, Baghpur had 2 primary schools; however, it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|186–91}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]