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Kashmiri language

2026-10-11T10:29:10Z

Sraboni87: Expand history of Kashmiri writing systems

{{Short description|Language from the Dardic subgroup of the Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kashmiri
| nativename = {{uninastaliq|كٲشُر}}, कॉशुर, {{Script|Shrd|𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀}}
| image = File:Kashmiri language in 3different scripts.png||
| imagesize =
| imagecaption = The word "Koshur" in [[Sharada script]] (ancient, liturgical), [[Perso-Arabic script]] (contemporary, official status), and [[Devanagari]] (contemporary)
| pronunciation =
| states = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| region = [[Kashmir division]] and parts of [[Chenab valley]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref name="Ethnologue"/> parts of northern [[Azad Kashmir]]
| ethnicity = [[Kashmiris]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|6.922|1}} million
| date = 2011 census
| ref = e22
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Dardic languages|Dardic]]
| dia1 = [[Kishtwari]], [[Poguli]]
| script = [[Perso-Arabic script]] (contemporary, official status),<ref name="Mouton de Gruyter">{{cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/issuesinsociolin0000unse|url-access = registration|title = Sociolinguistics|year = 1977|publisher = Mouton de Gruyter|access-date = 2009-08-30}}</ref> [[Devanagari]] (contemporary),<ref name="Mouton de Gruyter"/> [[Sharada script]] (ancient/liturgical)<ref name="Mouton de Gruyter"/>
| nation = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]<ref name="Ethnologue2">{{cite web|url = http://www.koshur.org/contents.html|title = Jammu, Kashmir & Ladakh: Ethno-linguistic areas |publisher = koshur.org |access-date = 2007-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=prsindia | date=23 September 2020 | url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/jammu-and-kashmir-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
| iso1 = ks
| iso2 = kas
| iso3 = kas
| glotto = kash1277
| glottorefname = Kashmiri
| notice = IPA
}}
'''Kashmiri''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər|i}})<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> or '''Koshur''' ({{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|كٲشُر}}, कॉशुर, {{Script|Shrd|𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀}}}}, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|/kəːʃur/]])<ref name=":0">{{e20|kas|Kashmiri}}</ref> is a language from the [[Dardic languages|Dardic subgroup]] of [[Indo-Aryan languages]], spoken by around 7 million [[Kashmiris]], primarily in the Indian administered union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

In 2020 the [[Parliament of India]] passed a bill to make Kashmiri an official language of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] along with Dogri, Hindi, English and Urdu. Kashmiri is also among the 22 [[Languages with official status in India|scheduled languages]] of India.

Kashmiri has [[split ergativity]] and the unusual [[V2 word order|verb-second word order]].

== Geographic distribution and status ==
There are about 6.8 million speakers of Kashmiri and related dialects in Jammu and Kashmir and amongst the [[Kashmiri diaspora]] in other states of India.<ref name = "Census2011">{{Cite web|title = Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|access-date=2 July 2018}} The precise figures from the 2011 census are 6,554,36 for Kashmiri as a "mother tongue" and 6,797,587 for Kashmiri as a "language" (which includes closely related smaller dialects/languages).</ref> Most Kashmiri speakers are located in the [[Kashmir Valley]] and [[Chenab valley|Chenab Valley]] of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Koshur">{{cite web|url = http://www.koshur.org/contents.html|title = Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri|publisher = Kashmir News Network: Language Section (koshur.org) |access-date = 2007-06-02}}</ref>

Kashmiri is also spoken in Pakistan, primarily in the territory of [[Azad Kashmir]], where the speakers are mostly concentrated in the [[Neelam Valley|Neelam]] and [[Leepa Valley|Leepa]] valleys and in the district of [[Haveli District|Haveli]].<ref name="Snedden 20152">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-84904-622-0|page=23}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2021}} Their numbers are not known exactly, but in 2012 they were estimated at around 130,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/6485567|title=Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)|last=Shakil|first=Mohsin|date=2012}}</ref> At the [[2017 Census of Pakistan]], as many as 350,000 people declared their first language to be Kashmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447|title=CCI defers approval of census results until elections|last=Kiani|first=Khaleeq|date=2018-05-28|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref>

The Kashmiri language is one of the [[Languages with official status in India|22 scheduled languages]] of [[India]].<ref name="Central Institute of Indian Languages">{{cite web|url = http://www.ciil.org/Main/languages/indian.htm|title = Scheduled Languages of India|publisher = Central Institute of Indian Languages |access-date = 2007-06-02}}</ref> It was a part of the ''eighth Schedule'' in the former constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir. Along with other regional languages mentioned in the ''Sixth Schedule'', as well as Hindi and Urdu, the Kashmiri language was to be developed in the state.<ref name="GAD">{{cite web|url=http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf |title=The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (India) |publisher=General Administrative Department of the Government of Jammu & Kashmir (India) |access-date=2007-06-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507200338/http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J%26K.pdf |archive-date= 7 May 2012 }}</ref>

In 2020, Kashmiri became an official language in the Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] for the first time.<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020| url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ANI|title=BJP president congratulates J-K people on passing of Jammu and Kashmir Official Language Bill 2020|url=http://businessworld.in/article/BJP-president-congratulates-J-K-people-on-passing-of-Jammu-and-Kashmir-Official-Language-Bill-2020/23-09-2020-323945|access-date=2021-06-27|website=BW Businessworld|language=en}}</ref> Before that Urdu was sole official language of [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] since 1889.

Most Kashmiri speakers use [[Urdu]] or [[Indian English|English]] as a second language.<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kas|title=Kashmiri: A language of India|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=2007-06-02}}</ref> Since November 2008, the Kashmiri language has been made a compulsory subject in all government schools in the Valley up to secondary level.<ref name="API-Compulsory">{{cite web|url = http://www.oneindia.com/2008/11/01/kashmiri-made-compulsory-subject-in-schools-1225558278.html|title = Kashmiri made compulsory subject in schools|publisher = One India|access-date = 2016-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jammu And Kashmir State Board Of School Education|url=http://jkbose.ac.in/Default.aspx|website=jkbose.ac.in|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref>

Kashmiri is closely related to [[Poguli language|Poguli]] and [[Kishtwari language|Kishtwari]], which are spoken in the mountains to the south of the Kashmir Valley and have sometimes been counted as dialects of Kashmiri.

==Phonology==

Kashmiri has the following vowel phonemes:<ref>{{cite web|title=Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription|url=http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/transcription.html|access-date=21 May 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|pp=9-16}}

===Vowels===
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!  
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|i}} {{IPA|iː}}
| {{IPA|ɨ}} {{IPA|ɨː}}
| {{IPA|u}} {{IPA|uː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA|e}} {{IPA|eː}} || {{IPA|ə}} {{IPA|əː}}
| {{IPA|o}} {{IPA|oː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Low]]
|
|{{IPA|a}} {{IPA|aː}}||{{IPA|ɔ}} {{IPA|ɔː}}
|}

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! colspan=2|
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n̪|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}⠀{{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪|t}}⠀{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈ}}⠀{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}⠀{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}⠀{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA|t͡sʰ}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA|t͡ʃʰ}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|s}}⠀{{IPAlink|z}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|w}}
| {{IPAlink|l̪|l}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPAlink|r̪|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|}

===Archaisms===

Kashmiri, as also the other Dardic languages, shows important divergences from the Indo-Aryan mainstream. One is the partial maintenance of the three sibilant consonants ''s ṣ ś'' of the Old Indo-Aryan period. For another example, the prefixing form of the number 'two', which is found in Sanskrit as ''dvi-'', has developed into ''ba-/bi-'' in most other Indo-Aryan languages, but ''du-'' in Kashmiri (preserving the original dental stop ''d''). ''Seventy-two'' is ''dusatath'' in Kashmiri, ''bahattar'' in Hindi-Urdu and Punjabi, and ''dvisaptati'' in Sanskrit.<ref name="ref41yomid"/>

Certain features in Kashmiri even appear to stem from Indo-Aryan even predating the Vedic period. For instance, there was an /s/ > /h/ consonant shift in some words that had already occurred with Vedic Sanskrit (This tendency was complete Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian), yet is lacking in Kashmiri equivalents. The word ''rahit'' in Vedic Sanskrit and modern Hindi-Urdu (meaning 'excluding' or 'without') corresponds to ''rost'' in Kashmiri. Similarly, ''sahit'' (meaning 'including' or 'with') corresponds to ''sost'' in Kashmiri.<ref name="ref41yomid"/>

==Writing system==
{{Arabic-script sidebar|Kashmiri}}

There are three [[orthography|orthographical systems]] used to write the Kashmiri language: the [[Perso-Arabic script]], the [[Devanagari script]] and the [[Sharada script]]. The [[Roman script]] is also sometimes informally used to write Kashmiri, especially online.<ref name="Mouton de Gruyter"/>

The Kashmiri language is traditionally written in the [[Sharada script]] after the 8th Century A.D.<ref name="Sharada">{{cite web|url = http://www.ancientscripts.com/sarada.html|title = Sarada|publisher = Lawrence|access-date = 2007-06-02|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080224010903/http://www.ancientscripts.com/sarada.html|archive-date = 24 February 2008|url-status = dead}}</ref> This script however, is not in common use today, except for religious ceremonies of the [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s.<ref name="KOA-Sharada">{{cite web|url = http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html|title = The Sharada Script: Origin and Development|publisher = Kashmiri Overseas Association|access-date = 2009-07-07|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100107211343/http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html|archive-date = 7 January 2010|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Today it is written in Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts (with some modifications).<ref name="Omniglot-Kashmiri">{{cite web|url = http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm|title=Kashmiri (कॉशुर / كٲشُر)|publisher = Omniglot|access-date = 2009-07-07}}</ref> Among languages written in the Perso-Arabic script, Kashmiri is one of the scripts that regularly indicates all vowel sounds.<ref>{{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | last=Daniels & Bright |pages=753–754 }}</ref>

The Perso-Arabic script is recognised as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir government and the [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaw|first=M.K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PP1|title=Kashmir and {{sic|It|'s|nolink=y}} People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|year=2004|isbn=9788176485371|pages=303–304}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mahapatra|first=B.P|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : India : Book 1 Constitutional Languages|publisher=Presses Université Laval|year=1989|isbn=9782763771861|pages=270}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Braj B. Kachru: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri|url=http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html|website=www.koshur.org|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course|url=http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html|website=www.koshur.org|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref>

Nowadays, Kashmiri Perso-Arabic script has come to be associated with [[Kashmiri Muslims]], while the Kashmiri Devanagari script has come to be associated with the [[Kashmiri Hindus|Kashmiri Hindu]] community.<ref name="Indian Express-Perso-Arabic">{{cite web|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872/|title = Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari|publisher = Indian Express|access-date = 2009-07-07}}</ref><ref name="KOA-Devanagari">{{cite web|url = http://www.koausa.org/Languages/devan1.html|title = Devnagari Script for Kashmiri: A Study in its Necessity, Feasibility and Practicality|publisher = Kashmiri Overseas Association|access-date = 2009-07-07|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090103030935/http://www.koausa.org/Languages/devan1.html|archive-date = 3 January 2009|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

===Perso-Arabic script===

====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Name
! [[Transliteration]]
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Isolated glyph
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بے}}}}
| ''bē''
| ''b''
| {{IPA|[b]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ب]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پے}}}}
| ''pē''
| ''p''
| {{IPA|[p]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[پ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پھٔ}}}}
| ''phạ''
| ''ph''
| {{IPA|[pʰ]}}
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پھ}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تے}}}}
| ''tē''
| ''t''
| {{IPA|[t]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ت]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تھٔ}}}}
| ''thạ''
| ''th''
| {{IPA|[tʰ]}}
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تھ}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٹے}}}}
| ''ṭē''
| ''ṭ''
| {{IPA|[ʈ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ٹ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٹھٔ}}}}
| ''ṭhạ''
| ''ṭh''
| {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}}
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٹھ}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ثے}}}}
| ''sē''
| ''s''
| {{IPA|[s]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ث]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|جیٖم}}}}
| ''jīm''
| ''j''
| {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ج]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چیٖم}}}}
| ''chīm''
| ''ch''
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[چ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھٔ}}}}
| ''chhạ''
| ''chh''
| {{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھ}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq| حَے}}}}
| ''hay''
| ''h''
| {{IPA|[h]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ح]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|خَے}}}}
| ''khay''
| ''kh''
| {{IPA|[x], [kʰ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[خ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دال}}}}
| ''dāl''
| ''d''
| {{IPA|[d]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[د]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ڈال}}}}
| ''ḍāl''
| ''ḍ''
| {{IPA|[ɖ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ڈ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ذال}}}}
| ''zāl''
| ''z''
| {{IPA|[z]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ذ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|رے}}}}
| ''rē''
| ''r''
| {{IPA|[r]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ر]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ڑے}}}}
| ''ṛē''
| ''ṛ''
| {{IPA|[ɽ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ڑ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|زے}}}}
| ''zē''
| ''z''
| {{IPA|[z]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ز]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژے}}}}
| ''tsē''
| ''ts''
| {{IPA|[t͡s]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ژ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژھٔ}}}}
| ''tshạ''
| ''tsh''
| {{IPA|[t͡sʰ]}}
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژھ}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سیٖن}}}}
| ''sīn''
| ''s''
| {{IPA|[s]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[س]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|شـیٖـن}}}}
| ''shīn''
| ''sh''
| {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ش]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|صۄاد}}}}
|''sọ̄d''
| ''s''
| {{IPA|[s]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ص]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ضۄاد}}}}
|''zọ̄d''
| ''z''
| {{IPA|[z]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ض]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|طـۄے}}}}
|''tọy''
| ''t''
| {{IPA|[t]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ط]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ظـۄے}}}}
|''zọy''
| ''z''
| {{IPA|[z]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ظ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|عٲن}}}}
| ''ạn''
| '' – ''
| {{IPA|[∅]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ع]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|غٲن}}}}
| ''gạn''
| ''g''
| {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[غ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|فے}}}}
| ''fē''
| ''f''
| {{IPA|[f], [pʰ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ف]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq| قاف}}}}
| ''qāf''
| ''q''
| {{IPA|[k]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ق]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|كـیٖـف}}}}
| ''kīf''
| ''k''
| {{IPA|[k]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ک]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کھٔ}}}}
| ''khạ''
| ''kh''
| {{IPA|[kʰ]}}
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کھ}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|گاف}}}}
| ''gāf''
| ''g''
| {{IPA|[ɡ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[گ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|لام}}}}
| ''lām''
| ''l''
| {{IPA|[l]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ل]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|مـیٖـم}}}}
| ''mīm''
| ''m''
| {{IPA|[m]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[م]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نـوٗن}}}}
| ''nūn''
| ''n, ̃ ''
| {{IPA|[n] , [◌̃]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ن]]}}}}
|-
|{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نـوٗن غۄنہَ}}}}
|''nūn gọnā''
|'' ̃''
|{{IPA|[◌̃]}}
|
{{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ں]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|واو}}}}
| ''wāw''
| ''v/w''
| {{IPA|[w]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[و]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہے}}}}
| ''hē''
| ''h''
| {{IPA|[h]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ہ]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|لۄکُٹ یے}}}}, {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بۆڈ یے}}}}
| ''lọkuṭ yē'', ''boḍ yē''
| ''y''
| {{IPA|[j]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ی]]}}}}, {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ے]]}}}}
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq| گول یایُگ}}}}, {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq| تالٕرؠ}}}}
| ''gōl yāyuk'', ''tālür' ''
| ''ya'', '' ' ''
| {{IPA|[ʲa]}}, {{IPA|[ʲ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|[[ؠ]]}}}}
|}

====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Name
! [[Transliteration]]
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Vowel combined with consonant {{lang|ks|ب}} (''be'')
! Final vowel glyph
! Medial vowel glyph
! Initial vowel glyph
! Isolated vowel glyph
! Unicode diacritic glyph details
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|زَبَر}}}}
| ''zabar''
| ''a''
| {{IPA|[a]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بَ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–َ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–َ }}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَ}}}}
| U+064E ARABIC FATHA
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|مَد}}}}
| ''mad''
| ''ā''
| {{IPA|[aː]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|با}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ا}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ا}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|آ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|آ}}}}
|(آ) U+0622 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOV (Initial & Isolate)
(ا) U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF (Medial & Final)
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَمالہٕ}}}}
| ''amālü''
| ''ạ (ö)''
| {{IPA|[ə]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بٔ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–ٔ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–ٔ }}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|أ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|أ}}}}
| U+0654 ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَمالہٕ مَد}}}}
| ''amālü mad''
| ''ạ̄ (ȫ)''
| {{IPA|[əː]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بٲ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٲ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٲ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٲ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٲ}}}}
| (ٲ) U+0672 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|زیر}}}}
| ''zēr''
| ''i''
| {{IPA|[i]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بِ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–ِ }}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–ِ }}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اِ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اِ}}}}
| U+0650 ARABIC KASRA
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کَشہِ زیر}}}}
| ''kashi zēr''
| ''ī''
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بيٖ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ی}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ـیٖـ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایٖـ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ای}}}}
|(ای) U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH & U+0656 ARABIC SUBSCRIPT ALEF (Initial & Medial)
U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH (Final & Isolate)
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سایہِ}}}}
| ''sāyi''
| ''u',ü''
| {{IPA|[ɨ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بٕ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–ٕ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–ٕ }}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|إ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|إ}}}}
| U+0655 ARABIC HAMZA BELOW
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سایہِ مَد}}}}
| ''sāyi mad''
| ''ū',ǖ''
| {{IPA|[ɨː]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بٟ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–ٟ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–ٟ }}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٳ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٳ}}}}
| (ٳ) U+0673 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA BELOW
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پیش}}}}
| ''pēsh''
| ''u''
| {{IPA|[u]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بُ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–ُ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|–ُ }}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اُ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اُ}}}}
| U+064F ARABIC DAMMA
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کَشہِ واوُک}}}}
| ''kashi wāwuk''
| ''ū''
| {{IPA|[uː]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بوٗ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ـوٗ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ـوٗ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اوٗ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اوٗ}}}}
| (وٗ) U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW & U+0657 ARABIC INVERTED DAMMA
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نیٖمہٕ واوُک}}}}
| ''nīmü wāwuk''
| ''o''
| {{IPA|[o]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بۆ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ـۆ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ـۆ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اۆ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اۆ}}}}
| (ۆ) U+06C6 ARABIC LETTER OE
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|واوُک}}}}
| ''wāwuk''
| ''ō''
| {{IPA|[oː]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بو}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ـو}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ـو}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|او}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|او}}}}
| (و) U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|لٔٹؠ واوُک}}}}
| ''lạṭ' wāwuk''
| ''ọ''
| {{IPA|[ɔ]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بۄ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ـۄ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ۄ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اۄ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اۄ}}}}
| (ۄ) U+06C4 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RING
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|لٔٹؠ واوُک مَد}}}}
| ''lạṭ' wāwuk mad''
| ''ọ̄''
| {{IPA|[ɔː]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بۄا}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ـۄا}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ۄا}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اۄا}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اۄا}}}}
| (ۄ + ا) U+06C4 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH RING & U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|خیٖمہٕ یایُک}}}}
| ''khīmü yāyuk''
| ''e''
| {{IPA|[e]}}
| {{lang|ks|بـٚے}}
| {{lang|ks|ـٚے}}
| {{lang|ks|ـێـ}}
| {{lang|ks|ێـ}}
| {{lang|ks|اےٚ}}
| ( ٚ) U+065A ARABIC VOWEL SIGN SMALL V ABOVE combined with (ے) U+06D2 ARABIC LETTER YEH BARREE
|-
| {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یایُک}}}}
| ''yāyuk''
| ''ē''
| {{IPA|[eː]}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بے}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ـیـ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یـ}}}}
| {{lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اے}}}}
| (ی) U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH
|}

===Devanagari===
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Letter
| '''क''' || '''ख''' || '''ग''' || '''च''' || '''छ''' || '''ज''' || '''च़''' || '''छ़''' || '''ज़''' || '''ट''' || '''ठ''' || '''ड''' || '''त''' || '''थ''' || '''द''' || '''न''' || '''प''' || '''फ''' || '''ब''' || '''म''' || '''य''' || '''र''' || '''ल''' || '''व''' || '''श''' || '''स''' || '''ह'''
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
| {{IPA|[k]}} || {{IPA|[kʰ]}} || {{IPA|[g]}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}||{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}}||{{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}}||{{IPA|[t͡s]}}||{{IPA|[t͡sʰ]}}||{{IPA|[z]}}||{{IPA|[ʈ]}} || {{IPA|[ʈʰ]}} || {{IPA|[ɖ]}} || {{IPA|[t]}} || {{IPA|[tʰ]}} || {{IPA|[d]}} || {{IPA|[n]}} || {{IPA|[p]}} || {{IPA|[pʰ]}} || {{IPA|[b]}} || {{IPA|[m]}} || {{IPA|[j]}} || {{IPA|[r]}} || {{IPA|[l]}} || {{IPA|[w]}} || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || {{IPA|[s]}} || {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
! [[Transliteration]]
| ''k'' || ''kh'' || ''g'' || ''č'' || ''čh'' || ''j'' || ''c'' || ''ch'' || ''z'' || ''ṭ'' || ''ṭh'' || ''ḍ'' || ''t'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''n'' || ''p'' || ''ph'' || ''b'' || ''m'' || ''y'' || ''r'' || ''l'' || ''w'' || ''š'' || ''s'' || ''h''
|}

====Vowels====
There have been a few versions of the devanagari script for Kashmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kashmiri (deva)|url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/devanagari/kashmiri|access-date=2020-11-26|website=r12a.github.io}}</ref>
The 2002 version of the proposal is shown below.<ref>Everson, Michael & Pravin Satpute. (2006). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08250-n3480-kashmiri.pdf ''Proposal to add four characters for Kashmiri to the BMP of the UCS''.]</ref> This version has readers and more content available on the Internet, even though this is an older proposal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Project ZAAN: Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language|url=http://www.koausa.org/Reader/intro.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=www.koausa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Raina|first=Author M. K.|date=2020-05-04|title=One Page Primer on Kashmiri Language|url=http://mkraina.com/one-page-kashmiri-primer/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=M K Raina|language=en-US}}</ref>
This version makes use of the vowels ॲ/ऑ and vowel signs
कॅ/कॉ for the schwa-like vowel {{IPA|[ə]}} and elongated schwa-like vowel {{IPA|[əː]}} that also exist in other Devanagari-based scripts such as Marathi and Hindi but are used for the sound of other vowels.

{| class="wikitable"
! Letter
| '''{{lang|ks-Deva|अ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|आ}}''' || '''ॲ''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ऑ}}'''
|| '''{{lang|ks-Deva|इ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ई}}''' ||'''{{lang|ks-Deva|ॶ}}'''
||'''{{lang|ks-Deva|ॷ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|उ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ऊ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ऎ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ए}}'''
|'''{{lang|ks-Deva|ऐ}}'''|| '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ऒ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ओ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|औ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|-व}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ँ}}'''
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
| {{IPA|[a]}} || {{IPA|[aː]}} || {{IPA|[ə]}} || {{IPA|[əː]}}
|| {{IPA|[i]}} || {{IPA|[iː]}} ||{{IPA|[ɨ]}}
|| {{IPA|[ɨː]}}|| {{IPA|[u]}} || {{IPA|[uː]}} || {{IPA|[e]}} || {{IPA|[eː]}}
|[əi]|| {{IPA|[o]}} || {{IPA|[oː]}} || [ɔː] || {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || {{IPA|[◌̃]}}
|-
! [[Transliteration]]
| ''a'' || ''ā'' || ''ö'' || ''ȫ'' || ''i'' || ''ī'' ||''ü'' ||''ǖ''|| ''u'' || ''ū'' || ''e'' || ''ē'' ||''ai''|| ''o'' || ''ō'' || ''au'' ||''ọ''|| '' ̃''
|-
!Vowel mark indicated on consonant ''k''
||{{lang|ks-Deva|क}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|का}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कॅ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कॉ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कि}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|की}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कॖ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कॗ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कु}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कू}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कॆ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|के}}
|{{lang|ks-Deva|कै}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कॊ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|को}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कौ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|क्व}} ''or'' {{lang|ks-Deva|कव}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कं}}
|}

Tabulated below is the latest (2009) version of the proposal to spell the Kashmiri vowels with Devanagari.<ref>Government of India. (2009). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09369-n3710.pdf ''Proposal to add six characters in the Devanagari block for representation of Kashmiri language in Devanagari script''.]</ref><ref>Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09377-kashmiri-add-cmt.pdf ''Comments on India’s Proposal to Add Devanagari Characters for Kashmiri''.]</ref>
The primary change in this version is the changed stand alone characters ॳ / ॴ and vowel signs {{lang | ks-Deva | कऺ}} / {{lang | ks-Deva | कऻ}} for the schwa-like vowel {{IPA|[ə]}} & elongated schwa-like vowel {{IPA|[əː]}} and a new stand alone vowel {{lang|ks-Deva|ॵ}} and vowel sign {{lang | ks-Deva | कॏ}} for the open-mid back rounded vowel {{IPA|[ɔ]}} which can be used instead of the consonant व standing-in for this vowel.

{| class="wikitable"
! Letter
| '''{{lang|ks-Deva|अ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|आ}}''' || '''ॳ''' || '''ॴ''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|इ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ई}}''' || '''ॶ''' || '''ॷ''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|उ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ऊ}}''' || '''ऎ''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ए}}''' ||'''{{lang|ks-Deva|ऐ}}''' || '''ऒ''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ओ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|औ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ॵ}}''' || '''{{lang|ks-Deva|ँ}}'''
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
| {{IPA|[a]}} || {{IPA|[aː]}} || {{IPA|[ə]}} || {{IPA|[əː]}} || {{IPA|[i]}} || {{IPA|[iː]}} || {{IPA|[ɨ]}} || {{IPA|[ɨː]}} || {{IPA|[u]}} || {{IPA|[uː]}} || {{IPA|[e]}} || {{IPA|[eː]}} ||{{IPA|[əi]}} || {{IPA|[o]}} || {{IPA|[oː]}} ||{{IPA|[ɔː]}} || {{IPA|[ɔ]}} || {{IPA|[◌̃]}}
|-
! [[Transliteration]]<ref name=a-o>The central vowels are typically transcribed {{angle bracket|ạ}} and {{angle bracket|u’}} when transliterating Arabic script, {{angle bracket|ö}} and {{angle bracket|ü}} when transliterating Nagari.</ref>
| ''a'' || ''ā'' || ''ö'' || ''ȫ'' || ''i'' || ''ī'' || ''ü'' || ''ǖ'' || ''u'' || ''ū'' || ''e'' || ''ē'' || ''ai'' || ''o'' || ''ō'' || ''au'' || ''ọ'' || '' ̃''
|-
!Vowel mark indicated on consonant ''k''
||{{lang|ks-Deva|क}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|का}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कऺ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कऻ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कि}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|की}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कॖ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कॗ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कु}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कू}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कॆ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|के}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कै}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कॊ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|को}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कौ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कॏ}}
||{{lang|ks-Deva|कं}}
|}

===Sharada script===

====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Name
![[Transliteration]]
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Isolated glyph
!Remarks<ref name="unicode.org">Pandey, Anshuman. (2009). [http://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09074-sharada.pdf ''Proposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISO/IEC 10646''.]</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Grierson|first=George|url=https://archive.org/details/244194891OnTheSharadaAlphabetJournalOfTheRoyalAsiaticSociety171916SirGeorgeGriersonKCIEMRAS/page/n7/mode/1up|title=On the Sarada Alphabet|year=1916|pages=8-12}}</ref>
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆑𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆑}}
|''kōv kạ''
|''ka''
|{{IPA|[ka]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆑}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤𑆴 𑆒}}
|''khvani khạ''
|''kha''
|{{IPA|[kʰa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆒}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆓𑆓𑆫𑇀 𑆓}}
|''gagar gạ''
|''ga''
|{{IPA|[ɡa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆓}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆓𑆳𑆱𑆴 𑆔}}
|''gāsi ghạ''
|''gha''
|{{IPA|[ɡʰa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆔}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆤𑆳𑆫𑆶𑆓𑇀 𑆕}}
|''nārug ṅạ''
|''ṅa''
|{{IPA|[ŋa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆕}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆖𑆳𑆛𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆖}}
|''tsāṭuv chạ''
|''cha''
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆖}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆗𑇀𑆮𑆛𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆗}}
|''tshvaṭiñ chhạ''
|''chha''
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆗}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆘𑆪𑆴 𑆘}}
|''zayi jạ''
|''ja''
|{{IPA|[d͡ʒa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆘}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆘𑆳𑆯𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆙}}
|''zashiñ jhạ''
|''jha''
|{{IPA|[d͡ʒʰa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆙}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆒𑇀𑆮𑆤 𑆦𑆶𑆛𑆴 𑆚}}
|''khvana phuṭi ñạ''
|''ña''
|{{IPA|[ɲa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆚}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆃𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆛}}
|''ar mām̐ṭa''
|''ṭa''
|{{IPA|[ʈa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆛}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆱𑆫𑇀-𑆩𑆳𑆀𑆜}}
|''sar mām̐ṭha''
|''ṭha''
|{{IPA|[ʈʰa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆜}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝}}
|''ḍuḍ ḍạ''
|''ḍa''
|{{IPA|[ɖa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆝}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆝𑆑 𑆞}}
|''ḍaka ḍhạ''
|''ḍha''
|{{IPA|[ɖʰa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆞}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆤𑆳𑆤𑆓𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆟}}
|''nānaguri ṇạ''
|''ṇa''
|{{IPA|[ɳa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆟}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆠𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆠}}
|''tov tạ''
|''ta''
|{{IPA|[ta]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆠}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆡𑆳𑆯𑆴 𑆡}}
|''thāshi thạ''
|''tha''
|{{IPA|[tʰa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆡}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆢𑆢𑆮𑇀 𑆢}}
|''dadav dạ''
|''da''
|{{IPA|[da]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆢}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆢𑆷𑆚𑇀 𑆣}}
|''dūñ dhạ''
|''dha''
|{{IPA|[dʰa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆣}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆤𑆱𑇀𑆠𑆶𑆮𑇀 𑆤}}
|''nastūv nạ''
|''na''
|{{IPA|[na]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆤}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆝𑆶𑆫𑆴 𑆥}}
|''paḍuri pạ''
|''pa''
|{{IPA|[pa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆦𑆫𑆴𑆚𑇀 𑆦}}
|''phariñ phạ''
|''pha''
|{{IPA|[pʰa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆦}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆧𑆶𑆧𑇀 𑆧}}
|''bub bạ''
|''ba''
|{{IPA|[ba]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆧}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆧𑆳𑆪𑆴 𑆨}}
|''bāyi bhạ''
|''bha''
|{{IPA|[bʰa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆨}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆩𑆾𑆮𑇀 𑆩}}
|''mōv mạ''
|''ma''
|{{IPA|[ma]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆩}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆪𑆳𑆮 𑆪}}
|''yāva yạ''
|''ya''
|{{IPA|[ja]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆪}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆫𑆑 𑆫}}
|''raka rạ''
|''ra''
|{{IPA|[ra]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆫}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆬𑆳𑆮 𑆬}}
|''lāva lạ''
|''la''
|{{IPA|[la]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆬}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆧𑆝𑆶 𑆝𑆶𑆝𑇀 𑆝}}
|''boḍu ḍuḍ ḍạ''
|''ḷa''
|{{IPA|[ɭa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆭}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆮𑆯𑆴 𑆮}}
|''vashi vạ''
|''va''
|{{IPA|[wa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆮}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆯𑆑𑆫𑇀 𑆯}}
|''shakar shạ''
|''sha''
|{{IPA|[ʃa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆯}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆦𑆳𑆫𑆴 𑆰}}
|''phāri ṣạ''
|''ṣa''
|{{IPA|[ʂa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆰}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this consonant.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆱𑆶𑆱𑇀 𑆱}}
|''sus sạ''
|''sa''
|{{IPA|[sa]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆱}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆲𑆳𑆬 𑆲}}
|''hala hạ''
|''ha''
|{{IPA|[ha]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆲}}
|
|}

====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Name
![[Transliteration]]
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Isolated glyph
!Remarks<ref name="unicode.org"/>
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆄𑆢𑆿 𑆃}}
|''ādau a''
|''a''
|{{IPA|[a]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆃}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆎𑆠𑆮𑇀 𑆄}}
|''aitav ā''
|''ā''
|{{IPA|[aː]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆄}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆪𑆼}}
|''yeyev yē''
|''i''
||{{IPA|[i]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆅}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆅𑆯𑆫𑆮𑇀 𑆆}}
|''yisherav yī''
|''ī''
||{{IPA|[iː]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆆}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆮𑆾}}
|''vọpal vō''
|''u''
|{{IPA|[u]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆇}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆮𑇀𑆮𑆥𑆬𑇀 𑆧𑆳 𑆈}}
|''vọpal bā ū''
|''ū''
|{{IPA|[uː]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆈}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉}}
|''r̥enav''
|''r̥''
|{{IPA|[r̩]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆉}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊}}
|''rakhav''
|''r̥̄''
|{{IPA|[r̩ː]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆊}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋}}
|''leyev''
|''l̥''
|{{IPA|[l̩]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆋}}
|The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆬𑆵𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆌}}
|''līsav''
|''l̥̄''
|{{IPA|[l̩ː]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆌}}
| The Kashmiri Language does not possess this vowel.
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆠𑆬𑆮𑇀𑆪𑇀 𑆍}}
|''talavya yē''
|''ē''
|{{IPA|[eː]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆍}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆠𑆳𑆬𑆵 𑆎}}
|''tolī ai''
|''ai''
|{{IPA|[əi]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆎}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆮𑆶𑆜𑆾 𑆏}}
|''vuṭhō ō''
|''ō''
|{{IPA|[oː]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆏}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆃𑆯𑆴𑆢𑆵 𑆐}}
|''ashidī au''
|''au''
|{{IPA|[ɔː]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆐}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶}}
|''aḍi tsandra phyor''
|''am̐''
|{{IPA|[◌̃]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆃𑆀}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁}}
|''mas phyori aṃ''
|''aṃ''
|{{IPA|[n],[m]}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆃𑆁}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂}}
|''dō phyori aḥ''
|''aḥ''
|{{IPA|[h]}}
|𑆃𑆂
|
|}
'''''Vowel mark'''''
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Name
![[Transliteration]]
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Isolated vowel mark
!Vowel mark indicated on consonant pa
!Distinct ways of indicating vowel marks on special consonants
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀}}
|''vahāy''
|''-ā''
|{{IPA|[aː]}}
|𑆳
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆳}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆕}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆕𑆳}}
{{Script|Shrd|𑆘}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆘𑆳}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆛}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆛𑆳}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆟}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆟𑆳}}
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀}}
|''mūnthar''
|''-i''
|{{IPA|[i]}}
|𑆴
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆴}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆩𑆷𑆤𑇀𑆡𑆫𑇀}}
|''ar mūnthar''
|''-ī''
|{{IPA|[iː]}}
|𑆵
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆵}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆒𑆶𑆫𑆶}}
|''khuru''
|''-u''
|{{IPA|[u]}}
|𑆶
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆶}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆑}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆑𑆶}}
{{Script|Shrd|𑆓}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆓𑆶}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆙}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆙𑆶}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆚}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆚𑆶}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆝}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆝𑆶}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆠}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆠𑆶}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆨}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆨𑆶}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆫}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆫𑆶}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆯}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆯𑆶}}
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆃𑆫𑇀 𑆒𑆷𑆫𑆷}}
|''ar khūrū''
|''-ū''
|{{IPA|[uː]}}
|𑆷
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆷}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆑}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆑𑆷}}
{{Script|Shrd|𑆓}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆓𑆷}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆙}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆙𑆷}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆚}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆚𑆷}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆝}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆝𑆷}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆠}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆠𑆷}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆨}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆨𑆷}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆫}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆫𑆷}}

{{Script|Shrd|𑆯}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆯𑆷}}
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆉𑆤𑆮𑇀 𑆉}}
|''r̥enav r̥a''
|''-r̥''
|{{IPA|[r̩]}}
|𑆸
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆸}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆑}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆑𑆸}}
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆫𑆒𑆮𑇀 𑆊}}
|''rakhav ru''
|''-r̥̄''
|{{IPA|[r̩ː]}}
|𑆹
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆹}}
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆑}} = {{Script|Shrd|𑆑𑆹}}
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆬𑇀𑆪𑆪𑆮𑇀 𑆋}}
|''leyev l̥a''
|''-l̥''
|{{IPA|[l̩]}}
|𑆺
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆺}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆬𑆵𑆱𑆮𑇀 𑆌}}
|''līsav l̥̄a''
|''-l̥̄''
|{{IPA|[l̩ː]}}
|𑆻
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆻}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆝𑆷}}
|''hvanḍū''
|''-ē''
|{{IPA|[eː]}}
|𑆼
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆼}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆲𑇀𑆮𑆁𑆘𑆾𑆫𑇀}}
|''hvanjōr''
|''-ai''
|{{IPA|[əi]}}
|𑆽
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆽}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆃𑆑𑆶 𑆯𑇀𑆪𑆷𑆫𑆶}}
|''oku shyūr''
|''-ō''
|{{IPA|[oː]}}
|𑆾
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆾}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆯𑆴 𑆮𑆲𑆳𑆪𑇀}}
|''okushi vahāy''
|''-au''
|{{IPA|[ɔː]}}
|𑆿
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆿}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆃𑆝𑆴 𑆖𑆤𑇀𑆢𑇀𑆫 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆶}}
|''aḍi tsandra phyor''
|''-am̐''
|{{IPA|[◌̃]}}
|𑆀
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆀}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆩𑆱𑇀 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆁}}
|''mas phyori aṃ''
|''-aṃ''
|{{IPA|[n],[m]}}
|𑆁
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆁}}
|
|-
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆢𑆾 𑆦𑇀𑆪𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆂}}
|''dō phyori aḥ''
|''-aḥ''
|{{IPA|[h]}}
|𑆂
|{{Script|Shrd|𑆥𑆂}}
|
|}

== Historical Development of the Writing System ==

Kashmiri has been written using several scripts over the course of its history. The Sharada script was historically used for Kashmiri and Sanskrit texts in the Kashmir region. Over time, the Perso-Arabic script became widely used for writing Kashmiri, influenced in part by the region's long-standing cultural and literary connections with Persian. Today, Kashmiri is commonly written in a modified Perso-Arabic script, while Devanagari is also used by some writers and communities. The Sharada script continues to hold cultural and religious significance, particularly among Kashmiri Pandits. These writing traditions reflect the region's diverse linguistic and cultural history.

==Grammar==
Kashmiri is a [[fusional language]]{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=25}} with [[V2 word order|verb-second (V2)]] word order.<ref>''Koshur: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri'' (2002). Kashmir News Network, pp.80.</ref> Several of Kashmiri's grammatical features distinguish it from other [[Indo-Aryan languages]].{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=ii}}

===Nouns===
Kashmiri nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are no [[Article (grammar)|articles]], nor is there any grammatical distinction for [[definiteness]], although there is some optional adverbial marking for indefinite or "generic" noun qualities.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=25}}

====Gender====
The Kashmiri [[Grammatical gender|gender]] system is divided into masculine and feminine. Feminine forms are typically generated by the addition of a suffix (or in most cases, a [[Morphophonology|morphophonemic]] change, or both) to a masculine noun.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=25}} A relatively small group of feminine nouns have unique [[suppletion]] forms that are totally different from the corresponding masculine forms.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=28}} The following table illustrates the range of possible gender forms:{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|pp=26-28}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Process||Masculine||Feminine||Meaning
|-
|-en’ suffix||dukāndār||dukāndāren’||shopkeeper
|-
|-bāy suffix||māstar||māstarbāy||teacher
|-
|-in’ + vowel change||khar||khərin’||donkey
|-
|-ɨr + vowel change||phot||phɔtɨr||basket
|-
|Adding of affix
|{{IPA|[huːn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہوٗن}}}}
|{{IPA|[huːnʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہوٗنؠ}}}}
|dog
|-
|vowel change||{{IPA|[gagur]}}

{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|گَگُر}}}}
|{{IPA|[gagɨr]}}

{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|گَگٕر}}}}
|rat
|-
|consonant change||{{IPA|[hokʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہۆکھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[hot͡ʃʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہۆچھ}}}}
|dry
|-
|vowel/consonant change||{{IPA|[tot]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تۆت}}}}
|{{IPA|[tət͡s]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تٔژ}}}}
|hot
|-
|suppletive form||{{IPA|[marɨd]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|مَرٕد}}}}
|{{IPA|[zanaːn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|زَنان}}}}
|man/woman
|-
|masculine only||{{IPA|[kaːw]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کاو}}}}
|<nowiki>---</nowiki>||crow
|-
|feminine only||---||{{IPA|[mət͡ʃʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|مٔچھ}}}}
|fly
|}

Some nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Urdu or English, follow a slightly different gender system. Notably, many words borrowed from Urdu have different genders in Kashmiri.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=28}}

====Case====
There are five [[Grammatical case|cases]] in Kashmiri: [[Nominative case|nominative]], [[Dative case|dative]], [[Ergative case|ergative]], [[Ablative case|ablative]] and [[Vocative case|vocative]].{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=31}} Case is expressed via suffixation of the noun.

Kashmiri utilizes an [[Ergative-absolutive language|ergative-absolutive case structure]] when the verb is in simple past tense.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=31}} Thus, in these sentences, the [[Subject (grammar)|subject]] of a [[transitive verb]] is marked in the ergative case and the [[Object (grammar)|object]] in nominative, which is identical to how the subject of an [[intransitive verb]] is marked.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=31}}{{sfn|Wade|1888|p=16}}<ref>Bhatt, Rajesh (2007)."Ergativity in Indo-Aryan Languages", ''MIT Ergativity Seminar'', pp.6.</ref> However, in sentences constructed in any other tense, or in past tense sentences with intransitive verbs, a nominative-dative paradigm is adopted, with objects (whether direct or indirect) generally marked in dative case.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=32}}

Other case distinctions, such as [[Locative case|locative]], [[Instrumental case|instrumental]], [[Genitive case|genitive]], [[Comitative case|comitative]] and [[Allative case|allative]], are marked by [[Preposition and postposition|postpositions]] rather than suffixation.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=39}}

====Noun morphology====
The following table illustrates Kashmiri noun declension according to gender, number and case.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=32}}{{sfn|Wade|1888|pp=10-15}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
!Nom.
| -Ø || -Ø || -Ø || -Ø
|-
!Erg.
| -{{IPA|[an]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَن}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَو}}}}
| -{{IPA|[i]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَو}}}}
|-
!Dat.
| -{{IPA|[as]}} or -{{IPA|[is]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَس}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اِس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[an]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَن}}}}
| -{{IPA|[i]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[an]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَن}}}}
|-
!Abl.
| -{{IPA|[i]}} or -{{IPA|[ɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اِ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|إ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَو}}}}
| -{{IPA|[i]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَو}}}}
|-
!Voc.
| -{{IPA|[aː]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ا}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَو}}}}
| -{{IPA|[ij]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اِے}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَو}}}}
|}

===Verbs===
Kashmiri verbs are declined according to tense and [[Grammatical person|person]], and to a lesser extent, gender. Tense, along with certain distinctions of [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]], is formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem (minus the [[infinitive]] ending - /un/), and in many cases by the addition of various [[Modal verb|modal auxiliaries]].{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|pp=83-84}} Postpositions fulfill numerous adverbial and semantic roles.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=119}}

====Tense====
Present tense in Kashmiri is an auxiliary construction formed by a combination of the [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] and the imperfective suffix -/aːn/ added to the verb stem. The various copula forms agree with their subject according to gender and number, and are provided below with the verb /jun/ (to come):{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=84}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Present
!
!Masculine
!Feminine
|-
!1st Person Sing.
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰus jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھُس یِوان}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰas jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھَس یِوان}}}}
|-
!2nd Person Sing.
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰukʰ jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھُکھ یِوان}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰakʰ jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھَکھ یِوان}}}}
|-
!3rd Person Sing.
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰu jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھُ یِوان}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰe jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|چھےٚ یِوان}}
|-
!1st Person Pl.
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰi jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھِ یِوان}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰa jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھَ یِوان}}}}
|-
!2nd Person Pl.
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰiw jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھِو یِوان}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰaw jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھَو یِوان}}}}
|-
!3rd Person Pl.
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰi jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھِ یِوان}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰe jiwaːn]}} {{Lang|ks|چھےٚ یِوان}}
|}

Past tense in Kashmiri is significantly more complex than the other tenses, and is subdivided into three past tense distinctions.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=86}} The simple (sometimes called proximate) past refers to completed past actions. Remote past refers to actions that lack this in-built perfective aspect. Indefinite past refers to actions performed a long time ago, and is often used in historical narrative or storytelling contexts.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=87}}

As described above, Kashmiri is a [[Split ergativity|split-ergative]] language; in all three of these past tense forms, the subjects of transitive verbs are marked in the ergative case and direct objects in the nominative. Intransitive subjects are marked in the nominative.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=87}} Nominative arguments, whether subjects or objects, dictate gender, number and person marking on the verb.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=87}}<ref>Zakharyin, Boris (2015). "Indo-Aryan Ergativity and its Analogues in Languages of Central and Western Eurasia", ''The Poznań Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences'', PL ISSN 0079-4740, pp.66.</ref>

Verbs of the simple past tense are formed via the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, which usually undergoes certain uniform morphophonemic changes. First and third person verbs of this type do not take suffixes and agree with the nominative object in gender and number, but there are second person verb endings. The entire simple past tense paradigm of transitive verbs is illustrated below using the verb /parun/ ("to read"):{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|pp=89-90}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Simple Past (Transitive)
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
|{{IPA|[por]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پۆر}}}}
|{{IPA|[pərʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پٔرؠ}}}}
|{{IPA|[pər]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پٔر}}}}
|{{IPA|[pari]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پَرِ}}}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd Person
! Non-honorific
|{{IPA|[porutʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پۆرُتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[pəritʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پٔرِتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[pərɨtʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پٔرٕتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[parʲatʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پَرؠتھ}}}}
|-
! Honorific
|{{IPA|[porwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پۆروٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[pəriwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پٔرِوٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[pərwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پٔروٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[pariwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پَرِوٕ}}}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
|{{IPA|[por]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پۆر}}}}
|{{IPA|[pərʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پٔرؠ}}}}
|{{IPA|[pər]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پٔر}}}}
|{{IPA|[pari]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|پَرِ}}}}
|}

A group of irregular intransitive verbs (''special intransitives''), take a different set of endings in addition to the morphophonemic changes that affect most past tense verbs.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|pp=91-92}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Simple Past (Special Intransitive)
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! 1st Person
| -{{IPA|[us]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اُس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[ʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ؠ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[as]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[i]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اِ}}}}
|-
! 2nd Person
| -{{IPA|[kʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[wɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وٕ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[kʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[wɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وٕ}}}}
|-
! 3rd Person
| -Ø
| -Ø
| -{{IPA|[t͡ʃʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[i]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اِ}}}}
|}

Intransitive verbs in the simple past are conjugated the same as intransitives in the indefinite past tense form.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=93}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Simple Past (Intransitive)
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! 1st Person
| -{{IPA|[jas]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یَس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjas]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یَس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
|-
! 2nd Person
| -{{IPA|[jaːkʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یاکھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjiwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یِوٕ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjakʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یَکھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjiwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یِوٕ}}}}
|-
! 3rd Person
| -{{IPA|[joːw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یوو}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
|}

In contrast to the simple past, verb stems are unchanged in the indefinite and remote past, although the addition of the tense suffixes does cause some morphophonetic change.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=94}} Transitive verbs are declined according to the following paradigm:{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|pp=94-95}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indefinite Past (Transitive)
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! 1st/3rd Person
| -{{IPA|[joːw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یوو}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یہِ}}}}
|-
! 2nd Person
| -{{IPA|[joːtʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یوتھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjatʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یَتھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjatʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یَتھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjatʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یَتھ}}}}
|}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Remote Past (Transitive)
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! 1st/3rd Person
| -{{IPA|[eːjoːw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یوو}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjaːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یایہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjaːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یایہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjaːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یایہِ}}}}
|-
! 2nd Person
| -{{IPA|[eːjoːtʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یوتھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|<nowiki>[eːjeːjatʰ]</nowiki>}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یے یَتھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjeːjatʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یے یَتھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjeːjatʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یے یَتھ}}}}
|}

As in the simple past, "special intransitive" verbs take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past:{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|pp=96-97}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indefinite Past (Special Intransitive)
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! 1st Person
| -{{IPA|[aːs]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aːjas]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایَس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aːjas]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایَس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایہِ}}}}
|-
! 2nd Person
| -{{IPA|[kʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[kʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aːjakʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایَکھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aːjiwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایِوٕ}}}}
|-
! 3rd Person
| -{{IPA|[aw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَو}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایہِ}}}}
|}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Remote Past (Special Intransitive)
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! 1st Perso
| -{{IPA|[aːjaːs]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایاس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjaːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یایہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjeːjas]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یے یَس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یے یہِ}}}}
|-
! 2nd Person
| -{{IPA|[aːkʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اکھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjiwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یِوٕ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aːjakʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایَکھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[aːjiwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ایِوٕ}}}}
|-
! 3rd Person
| -{{IPA|[eːjoːw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یوو}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یے یہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjaːjɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یایہٕ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[eːjaːjɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ے یایہٕ}}}}
|}

Regular intransitive verbs also take a different set of endings in the indefinite and remote past, subject to some morphophonetic variation:{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|pp=96-99}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indefinite Past (Intransitive)
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
!1st Person
| -{{IPA|[jas]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یَس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjas]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یَس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
|-
!2nd Person
| -{{IPA|[jaːkʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یاکھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjiwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یِوٕ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjakʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یَکھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjiwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یِوٕ}}}}
|-
!3rd Person
| -{{IPA|[joːw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یوو}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
|}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Remote Past (Intransitive)
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! 1st Person
| -{{IPA|[jeːjaːs]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یاس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjaːs]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یاس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
|-
! 2nd Person
| -{{IPA|[jeːjakʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یَکھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjiwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یِوٕ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjakʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یَکھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjiwɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یِوٕ}}}}
|-
! 3rd Person
| -{{IPA|[jeːjoːw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یوو}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہِ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjaːjɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یایہٕ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jeːjɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یے یہٕ}}}}
|}

Future tense intransitive verbs are formed by the addition of suffixes to the verb stem:{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|pp=100-101}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Future (Intransitive)
! ||Singular||Plural
|-
! 1st Person
| -{{IPA|[mɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|مہٕ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[maw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|مَو}}}}
|-
! 2nd Person
| -{{IPA|[akʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکھ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jiw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یِو}}}}
|-
! 3rd Person
| -{{IPA|[ji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یِہ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[an]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَن}}}}
|}

The future tense of transitive verbs, however, is formed by adding suffixes that agree with both the subject and direct object according to number, in a complex fashion:{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=103}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Future (Transitive)
! ||Singular Object||Plural Object
|-
! 1st Person Sing.
| -{{IPA|[an]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَن}}}}
| -{{IPA|[akʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکھ}}}}
|-
! 1st Person Pl.
| -{{IPA|[ɨhoːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|إہون}}}}
| -{{IPA|[ɨhoːkʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|إہوکھ}}}}
|-
! 2nd Person Sing.
| -{{IPA|[ɨhǝn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|إۂن}}}}
| -{{IPA|[ɨhǝkʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|إۂکھ}}}}
|-
! 2nd Person Pl.
| -{{IPA|[ɨhuːn]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|إہوٗن}}}}
| -{{IPA|[ɨhuːkʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|إہوٗکھ}}}}
|-
! 3rd Person Sing.
| -{{IPA|[jas]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یَس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[jakʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یَکھ}}}}
|-
! 3rd Person Pl.
| -{{IPA|[ɨnas]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|إنَس}}}}
| -{{IPA|[ɨnakʰ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|إنَکھ}}}}
|}

====Aspect====
There are two main [[Grammatical aspect|aspectual]] distinctions in Kashmiri, perfective and imperfective. Both employ a [[participle]] formed by the addition of a suffix to the verb stem, as well as the fully conjugated auxiliary /aːsun/ ("to be")—which agrees according to gender, number and person with the object (for transitive verbs) or the subject (for intransitive verbs).{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=105}}

Like the auxiliary, the participle suffix used with the '''perfective''' aspect (expressing completed or concluded action) agrees in gender and number with the object (for transitive verbs) or subject (for intransitives) as illustrated below:{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=105}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
|
| -{{IPA|[mut]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|مُت}}}}
| -{{IPA|[mɨtʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|مٕتؠ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[mɨt͡s]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|مٕژ}}}}
| -{{IPA|[mat͡sɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|مَژٕ}}}}
|}

The '''imperfective''' (expressing habitual or progressive action) is simpler, taking the participle suffix -/aːn/ in all forms, with only the auxiliary showing agreement.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=107}} A type of [[iterative aspect]] can be expressed by [[Reduplication|reduplicating]] the imperfective participle.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=108}}

===Pronouns===
[[Pronoun]]s are declined according to person, gender, number and case, although only third person pronouns are overtly gendered. Also in third person, a distinction is made between three degrees of proximity, called proximate, remote I and remote II.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=53}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Nominative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
|{{IPA|[bɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بہٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ǝsʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|أسؠ}}}}
|{{IPA|[bɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بہٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ǝsʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|أسؠ}}}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
|{{IPA|[t͡sɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[tohʲ]}} or {{IPA|[tuhʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تۆہؠ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تُہؠ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡sɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[tohʲ]}} or {{IPA|[tuhʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تۆہؠ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تُہؠ}}}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! proximate
|{{IPA|[ji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[jim]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یِم}}}}
|{{IPA|[ji]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[jimɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یِمہٕ}}}}
|-
! remote I
|{{IPA|[hu]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[hum]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُم}}}}
|{{IPA|[hɔ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہۄ}}}}
|{{IPA|[humɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمہٕ}}}}
|-
! remote II
|{{IPA|[su]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سُہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[tim]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تِم}}}}
|/sɔ/ {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سۄ}}}}
|{{IPA|[timɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تِمہٕ}}}}
|}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ergative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
|{{IPA|[me]}} {{Lang|ks|مےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[asi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَسہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[me]}} {{Lang|ks|مےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[asi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَسہِ}}}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
|{{IPA|[t͡se]}} {{Lang|ks|ژےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[tɔhi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تۄہِہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡se]}} {{Lang|ks|ژےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[tɔhi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تۄہِہ}}}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! proximate
|{{IPA|[jemʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|یێمؠ}}
|{{IPA|[jimaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یِمَو}}}}
|{{IPA|[jemi]}} {{Lang|ks|یێمِہ}}
|{{IPA|[jimaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یِمَو}}}}
|-
! remote I
|{{IPA|[humʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|ہُمؠ}}
|{{IPA|[humaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمَو}}}}
|{{IPA|[humi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[humaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمَو}}}}
|-
! remote II
|{{IPA|[tǝmʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|تٔمؠ}}
|{{IPA|[timaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تِمَو}}}}
|{{IPA|[tami]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تَمہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[timaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تِمَو}}}}
|}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Dative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
|{{IPA|[me]}} {{Lang|ks|مےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[asi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَسہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[me]}} {{Lang|ks|مےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[asi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَسہِ}}}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
|{{IPA|[t͡se]}} {{Lang|ks|ژےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[tɔhi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تۄہہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡se]}} {{Lang|ks|ژےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[tɔhi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تۄہہِ}}}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! proximate
|{{IPA|[jemis]}} {{Lang|ks|یێمِس}}
|{{IPA|[jiman]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یِمَن}}}}
|{{IPA|[jemis]}} {{Lang|ks|یێمِس}}
|{{IPA|[jiman]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یِمَن}}}}
|-
! remote I
|{{IPA|[humis]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمِس}}}}
|{{IPA|[human]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمَن}}}}
|{{IPA|[humis]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمِس}}}}
|{{IPA|[human]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمَن}}}}
|-
! remote II
|{{IPA|[tǝmis]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تٔمِس}}}}
|{{IPA|[timan]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تِمَن}}}}
|{{IPA|[tǝmis]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تٔمِس}}}}
|{{IPA|[timan]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تِمَن}}}}
|}

::{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ablative
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
|{{IPA|[me]}} {{Lang|ks|مےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[asi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَسہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[me]}} {{Lang|ks|مےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[asi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَسہِ}}}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
|{{IPA|[t͡se]}} {{Lang|ks|ژےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[tɔhi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تۄہہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡se]}} {{Lang|ks|ژےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[tɔhi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تۄہہِ}}}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! proximate
|{{IPA|[jemi]}} {{Lang|ks|یێمہِ}}
|{{IPA|[jimaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یِمَو}}}}
|{{IPA|[jemi]}} {{Lang|ks|یێمہِ}}
|{{IPA|[jimaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|یِمَو}}}}
|-
! remote I
|{{IPA|[humi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[humaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمَو}}}}
|{{IPA|[humi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[humaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہُمَو}}}}
|-
! remote II
|{{IPA|[tǝmi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تٔمہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[timaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تِمَو}}}}
|{{IPA|[tǝmi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تٔمہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[timaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|تِمَو}}}}
|}

There is also a dedicated genitive pronoun set, in contrast to the way that the genitive is constructed adverbially elsewhere. As with future tense, these forms agree with both the subject and direct object in person and number.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=52}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
|'''1st Sing.'''||{{IPA|[mjoːn]}}
{{Lang|ks|میٛون}}
|{{IPA|[mjəːnʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|میٛٲنؠ}}
|{{IPA|[mjəːnʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|میٛٲنؠ}}
|{{IPA|[mjaːni]}}
{{Lang|ks|میٛانہِ}}
|-
|'''1st Pl.'''||{{IPA|[soːn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سون}}}}
|{{IPA|[səːnʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سٲنؠ}}}}
|{{IPA|[səːnʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سٲنؠ}}}}
|{{IPA|[saːni]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سانہِ}}}}
|-
|'''2nd Sing.'''||{{IPA|[t͡ʃoːn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چون}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃəːnʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چٲنؠ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃəːnʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چٲنؠ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʃaːni]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|چانہِ}}}}
|-
|'''2nd Pl.'''||{{IPA|[tuhund]}}
{{Lang|ks|تُہُنٛد}}
|{{IPA|[tuhɨndʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|تُہٕنٛدؠ}}
|{{IPA|[tuhɨnz]}}
{{Lang|ks|تُہٕنٛز}}
|{{IPA|[tuhnzɨ]}}
{{Lang|ks|تُہنٛزٕ}}
|-
|'''3rd Sing. Prox.'''||{{IPA|[jemʲ sund]}}
{{Lang|ks|یێمؠ سُنٛد}}
|{{IPA|[jemʲ sɨndʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|یێمؠ سٕنٛدؠ}}
|{{IPA|[jemʲ sɨnz]}}
{{Lang|ks|یێمؠ سٕنٛز}}
|{{IPA|[jemʲ sɨnzɨ]}}
{{Lang|ks|یێمؠ سٕنٛزٕ}}
|-
|'''3rd Pl. Prox.'''||{{IPA|[jihund]}}
{{Lang|ks|یِہُنٛد}}
|{{IPA|[jihɨndʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|یِہٕنٛدؠ}}
|{{IPA|[jihɨnz]}}
{{Lang|ks|یِہٕنٛز}}
|{{IPA|[jihnzɨ]}}
{{Lang|ks|یِہنٛزٕ}}

|-
|'''3rd Sing. R I'''||{{IPA|[humʲ sund]}}
{{Lang|ks|ہُمؠ سُنٛد}}
|{{IPA|[humʲ sɨndʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|ہُمؠ سٕنٛدؠ}}
|{{IPA|[humʲ sɨnz]}}
{{Lang|ks|ہُمؠ سٕنٛز}}
|{{IPA|[humʲ sɨnzɨ]}}
{{Lang|ks|ہُمؠ سٕنٛزٕ}}
|-
|'''3rd Pl. R I'''||{{IPA|[huhund]}}
{{Lang|ks|ہُہُنٛد}}
|{{IPA|[huhɨndʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|ہُہٕنٛدؠ}}
|{{IPA|[huhɨnz]}}
{{Lang|ks|ہُہٕنٛز}}
|{{IPA|[huhnzɨ]}}
{{Lang|ks|ہُہنٛزٕ}}
|-
|'''3rd Sing. R II'''||{{IPA|[tǝmʲ sund]}}
{{Lang|ks|تٔمؠ سُنٛد}}
|{{IPA|[tǝmʲ sɨndʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|تٔمؠ سٕنٛدؠ}}
|{{IPA|[tǝmʲ sɨnz]}}
{{Lang|ks|تٔمؠ سٕنٛز}}
|{{IPA|[tǝmʲ sɨnzɨ]}}
{{Lang|ks|تٔمؠ سٕنٛزٕ}}
|-
|'''3rd Pl. R II'''||{{IPA|[tihɨnd]}}
{{Lang|ks|تِہٕنٛد}}
|{{IPA|[tihɨndʲ]}}
{{Lang|ks|تِہٕنٛدؠ}}
|{{IPA|[tihɨnz]}}
{{Lang|ks|تِہٕنٛز}}
|{{IPA|[tihnzɨ]}}
{{Lang|ks|تِہنٛزٕ}}
|-
|}

===Adjectives===
There are two kinds of adjectives in Kashmiri, those that agree with their referent noun (according to case, gender and number) and those that are not declined at all.<ref>''Koshur'' 2002, pp.79.</ref> Most adjectives are declined, and generally take the same endings and gender-specific stem changes as nouns.{{sfn|Wade|1888|p=19}} The declinable adjective endings are provided in the table below, using the adjective /wɔzul/ ("red"):{{sfn|Wade|1888|p=20}}{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=59}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Masculine
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
! singular || plural
! singular || plural
|-
!Nom.
|{{IPA|[wɔzul]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزُل}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzɨlʲ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزٕلؠ}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzɨd͡ʒ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزٕج}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzd͡ʒi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزجہِ}}}}
|-
!Erg.
|{{IPA|[wɔzlɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزلہٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzlʲaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزلؠو}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzd͡ʒi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزجہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzd͡ʒaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزجَو}}}}
|-
!Dat.
|{{IPA|[wɔzlis]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزلِس}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzlʲan]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزلؠن}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzd͡ʒi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزجہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzd͡ʒan]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزجَن}}}}
|-
!Abl.
|{{IPA|[wɔzlɨ]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزلہٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzlʲaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزلؠو}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzd͡ʒi]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزجہِ}}}}
|{{IPA|[wɔzd͡ʒaw]}} {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وۄزجَو}}}}
|}

Among those adjectives not declined are adjectives that end in -lad or -a, adjectives borrowed from other languages, and a few isolated irregulars.{{sfn|Wade|1888|p=20}}

The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are formed with the words ''tsor'' ("more") and ''sitha'' ("most"), respectively.{{sfn|Wade|1888|p=21}}

===Numerals===

Within the Kashmir language, numerals are separated into [[cardinal numbers]] and [[ordinal numbers]].{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=64}} These numeral forms, as well as their aggregative (both, all the five, etc.), [[multiplicative numerals|multiplicative]] (two times, four times, etc.), and emphatic forms (only one, only three, etc.) are provided by the table below.{{sfn|Koul|Wali|2006|p=64}}

::{| class="wikitable"
|-
| ||'''Cardinal'''||'''Ordinal'''||'''Aggregative'''||'''Multiplicative'''||'''Emphatic'''
|-
|'''Suffix'''|| ||-{{IPA|[jum]}} for masculine
-{{IPA|[im]}} for feminine
|<nowiki>-[waj]</nowiki>||-{{IPA|[ɡun]}} or -{{IPA|[ɡon]}} for masculine
-{{IPA|[ɡɨn]}} for feminine
|<nowiki> -[j]</nowiki>
|-
|'''0.'''
|{{IPA|[sifar]
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|صِفَر}}}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''1.'''||{{IPA|[akʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ǝkjum]}} or {{IPA|[ǝkim]}}
{{Lang|ks|أکیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|أکِم}}
| || {{IPA|[oɡun]}} or {{IPA|[oɡɨn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اۆگُن}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اۆگٕن}}}}
|{{IPA|[akuj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکُے}}}}
|-
|'''2.'''||{{IPA|[zɨ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|زٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[dojum] or {{IPA|[dojim]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دۆیُم}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دۆیِم}}}}
|{{IPA|[dɔʃwaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دۄشوَے}}}}
|{{IPA|[doɡun]}} or {{IPA|[doɡɨn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دۆگُن}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دۆگٕن}}}}
|{{IPA|[zɨj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|زٕے}}}}
|-
|'''3.'''||{{IPA|[tre]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترٛےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[trejum]}} or {{IPA|[trejim]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترٛیٚیُم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٛیٚیِم}}
|{{IPA|[treʃwaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترٛیٚشوَے}}
|{{IPA|[troɡun]}} or {{IPA|[troɡɨn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ترٛۆگُن}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ترٛۆگٕن}}}}
|{{IPA|[trej]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترٛێے}}
|-
|'''4.'''||{{IPA|[t͡soːr]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژور}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡suːrjum]}} or {{IPA|[t͡suːrim]}}
{{Lang|ks|ژوٗریُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژوٗرِم}}
|{{IPA|[t͡sɔʃwaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژۄشوَے}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡soɡun]}} or {{IPA|[t͡soɡɨn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژۆگُن}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژۆگٕن}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡soːraj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژورَے}}}}
|-
|'''5.'''||{{IPA|[pãːt͡sʰ]}} or {{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|پانٛژھ}} or {{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژھ}}
|{{IPA|[pɨ:t͡sjum]}} or {{IPA|[pɨ:t͡sim]}}
{{Lang|ks|پٟنٛژیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پٟنژِم}}
|{{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨwaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕوَے}}
|{{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨɡun]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨɡɨn]}}
{{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕگُن}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕگٕن}}
|{{IPA|[pãːt͡saj]}}
{{Lang|ks|پانٛژَے}}
|-
|'''6.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃe]}}
{{Lang|ks|شےٚ}}
|{{IPA|[ʃejum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃejim]}}
{{Lang|ks|شیٚیُم}} or {{Lang|ks|شیٚیِم}}
|{{IPA|[ʃenɨwaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|شیٚنہٕ وَے}}
|{{IPA|[ʃuɡun] or {{IPA|[ʃuɡɨn]}}
{{Lang|ks|شُگُن}} or {{Lang|ks|شُگٕن}}
|{{IPA|[ʃej]}}
{{Lang|ks|شیٚے}}
|-
|'''7.'''
|{{IPA|[satʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[sətjum]}} or {{IPA|[sətim]}}
{{Lang|ks|سٔتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سٔتِم}}
|{{IPA|[satɨwaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتہٕ وَے}}}}
|{{IPA|[satɨɡun]}} or {{IPA|[satɨɡɨn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتہٕ گُن}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتہٕ گٕن}}}}
|{{IPA|[sataj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتَے}}}}
|-
|'''8.'''
|{{IPA|[əːʈʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٲٹھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ɨːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[uːʈʰjum]}}
{{Lang|ks|اٟٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اوٗٹھیُٛم}}

{{IPA|[ɨːʈʰim]}} or {{IPA|[uːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اٟٹھِم}} or {{Lang|ks|اوٗٹھِم}}
|{{IPA|[əːʈʰɨwaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٲٹھٕ وَے}}}}
|{{IPA|[əːʈʰɨɡun]}} or {{IPA|[əːʈʰɨɡɨn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٲٹھٕ گُن}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٲٹھٕ گٕن}}}}
|{{IPA|[əːʈʰaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٲٹھَے}}}}
|-
|'''9.'''
|{{IPA|[naw]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نَو}}}}
|{{IPA|[nəwjum]}} or {{IPA|[nəwim]}}
{{Lang|ks|نٔویُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|نٔوِم}}
|{{IPA|[nawɨwaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نَوٕوَے}}}}
|{{IPA|[nawɨɡun]}} or {{IPA|[nawɨɡɨn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نَوٕگُن}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نَوٕگٕن}}}}
|{{IPA|[nawaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نَوَے}}}}
|-
|-
|'''10.'''
|{{IPA|[dəh]}} or {{IPA|[daːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دٔہ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|داہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[dəhjum]}} or {{IPA|[dəhim]}}
{{Lang|ks|دٔہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|دٔہِم}}
|{{IPA|[dəhɨwaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دٔہہٕ وَے}}}}
|{{IPA|[dəhɨɡon]}} or {{IPA|[dəhɨɡɨn]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دٔہہٕ گۆن}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دٔہہٕ گٕن}}}}
|{{IPA|[dəhaj]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دٔہَے}}}}
|-
|'''11.'''
|{{IPA|[kah]}} or {{IPA|[kaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کَہہ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کاہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[kəhjum]}} or {{IPA|[kəhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کٔہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کٔہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''12.'''
|{{IPA|[bah]}} or {{IPA|[baːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|بَہہ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|باہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[bəhjum]}} or {{IPA|[bəhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|بٔہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|بٔہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''13.'''
|{{IPA|[truwaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترُٛواہ}}
|{{IPA|[truwəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[truwəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترُٛوٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترُٛوٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''14.'''
|{{IPA|[t͡sɔdaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژۄداہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡sɔdəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[t͡sɔdəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ژۄدٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژۄدٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''15.'''
|{{IPA|[pandaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|پَنٛداہ}}
|{{IPA|[pandəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[pandəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پَنٛدٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پَنٛدٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''16.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃuraːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|شُراہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ʃurəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃurəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|شُرٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شُرٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''17.'''
|{{IPA|[sadaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَداہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[sadəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[sadəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|سَدٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سَدٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''18.'''
|{{IPA|[arɨdaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَرٕداہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[arɨdəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[arɨdəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَرٕدٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَرٕدٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''19.'''
|{{IPA|[kunɨwuh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کُنہٕ وُہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[kunɨwuhjum]}} or {{IPA|[kunɨwuhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ وُہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ وُہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''20.'''
|{{IPA|[wuh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|وُہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[wuhjum]}} or {{IPA|[wuhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|وُہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|وُہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''21.'''
|{{IPA|[akɨwuh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکہٕ وُہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[akɨwuhjum]}} or {{IPA|[akɨwuhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ وُہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ وُہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''22.'''
|{{IPA|[zɨtoːwuh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|زٕتووُہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[zɨtoːwuhjum]}} or {{IPA|[zɨtoːwuhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|زٕتووُہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|زٕتووُہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''23.'''
|{{IPA|[trowuh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ترٛۆوُہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[trowuhjum]}} or {{IPA|[trowuhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترٛۆوُہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٛۆوُہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''24.'''
|{{IPA|[t͡sowuh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژۆوُہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡sowuhjum]}} or {{IPA|[t͡sowuhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ژۆوُہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژۆوُہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''25.'''
|{{IPA|[pɨnt͡sɨh]}}
{{Lang|ks|پٕنٛژٕہ}}
|{{IPA|[pɨnt͡sɨhjum]}} or {{IPA|[pɨnt͡sɨhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٕنٛژٕہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پٕنٛژٕہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''26.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃatɨwuh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|شَتہٕ وُہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ʃatɨwuhjum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃatɨwuhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|شَتہٕ وُہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شَتہٕ وُہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''27.'''
|{{IPA|[satoːwuh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتووُہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[satoːwuhjum] or {{IPA|[satoːwuhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|سَتووُہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سَتووُہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''28.'''
|{{IPA|[aʈʰoːwuh]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَٹھووُہ}}}}
|{{IPA|[aʈʰoːwuhjum]}} or {{IPA|[aʈʰoːwuhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَٹھووُہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَٹھووُہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''29.'''
|{{IPA|[kunɨtrɨh]}}
{{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ ترٕٛہ}}
|{{IPA|[kunɨtrɨhjum]}} or {{IPA|[kunɨtrɨhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ ترٕٛہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''30.'''
|{{IPA|[trɨh]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترٕٛہ}}
|{{IPA|[trɨhjum]}} or {{IPA|[trɨhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٕٛہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''31.'''
|{{IPA|[akɨtrɨh]}}
{{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ ترٕٛہ}}
|{{IPA|[akɨtrɨhjum]}} or {{IPA|[akɨtrɨhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ ترٕٛہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''32.'''
|{{IPA|[dɔjitrɨh]}}
{{Lang|ks|دۄیہِ ترٕٛہ}}
|{{IPA|[dɔjitrɨhjum]}} or {{IPA|[dɔjitrɨhjim]}}

{{Lang|ks|دۄیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|دۄیہِ ترٕٛہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''33.'''
|{{IPA|[tejitrɨh]}}
{{Lang|ks|تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہ}}
|{{IPA|[tejitrɨhjum]}} or {{IPA|[tejitrɨhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|تیٚیہِ ترٕٛہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''34.'''
|{{IPA|[t͡sɔjitrɨh]}}
{{Lang|ks|ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہ}}
|{{IPA|[t͡sɔjitrɨhjum]}} or {{IPA|[t͡sɔjitrɨhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژۄیہِ ترٕٛہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''35.'''
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨh]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨtrɨh]}}
{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہ}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہ}}
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhjum]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨtrɨhjum]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہِم}}

{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨtrɨhim]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨtrɨhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ترٕٛہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''36.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃejitrɨh]}}
{{Lang|ks|شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہ}}
|{{IPA|[ʃejitrɨhjum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃejitrɨhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شیٚیہِ ترٕٛہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''37.'''
|{{IPA|[satɨtrɨh]}}
{{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ ترٕٛہ}}
|{{IPA|[satɨtrɨhjum]}} or {{IPA|[satɨtrɨhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ ترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ ترٕٛہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''38.'''
|{{IPA|[arɨtrɨh]}}
{{Lang|ks|اَرٕترٕٛہ}}
|{{IPA|[arɨtrɨhjum]}} or {{IPA|[arɨtrɨhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَرٕترٕٛہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَرٕترٕٛہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''39.'''
|{{IPA|[kunɨtəːd͡ʒih]}} or {{IPA|[kunɨtəːd͡ʒiː]}}
{{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ تٲجِہہ}} or {{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ تٲجی}}
|{{IPA|[kunɨtəːd͡ʒihjum]}} or {{IPA|[kunɨtəːd͡ʒihim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ تٲجِہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''40.'''
|{{IPA|[t͡satd͡ʒih]}} or {{IPA|[t͡satd͡ʒiː]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژَتجِہہ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژَتجی}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡satd͡ʒihjum]}} or {{IPA|[t͡satd͡ʒihim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ژَتجِہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژَتجِہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''41.'''
|{{IPA|[akɨtəːd͡ʒih]}} or {{IPA|[akɨtəːd͡ʒiː]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکہٕ تٲجِہہ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکہٕ تٲجی}}}}
|{{IPA|[akɨtəːd͡ʒihjum]}} or {{IPA|[akɨtəːd͡ʒihim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ تٲجِہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''42.'''
|{{IPA|[dɔjitəːd͡ʒih]}} or {{IPA|[dɔjitəːd͡ʒiː]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دۄیہِ تٲجِہہ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دۄیہِ تٲجی}}}}
|{{IPA|[dɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum]}} or {{IPA|[dɔjitəːd͡ʒihim]}}

{{Lang|ks|دۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|دۄیہِ تٲجِہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''43.'''
|{{IPA|[tejitəːd͡ʒih]}} or {{IPA|[tejitəːd͡ʒiː]}}
{{Lang|ks|تیٚیہِ تٲجِہہ}} or {{Lang|ks|تیٚیہِ تٲجی}}
|{{IPA|[tejitəːd͡ʒihjum]}} or {{IPA|[tejitəːd͡ʒihim]}}

{{Lang|ks|تیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|تیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''44.'''
|{{IPA|[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒih]}} or {{IPA|[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒiː]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژۄیہِ تٲجِہہ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژۄیہِ تٲجی}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihjum]}} or {{IPA|[t͡sɔjitəːd͡ʒihim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ژۄیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژۄیہِ تٲجِہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''45.'''
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒih]}} or {{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒiː]}}
{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہہ}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ تٲجِہہ}} or {{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ تٲجی}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ تٲجی}}
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihjum]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ تٲجِہیُٛم}}

{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨtəːd͡ʒihim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ تٲجِہِم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ تٲجِہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''46.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃejitəːd͡ʒih]}} or {{IPA|[ʃejitəːd͡ʒiː]}}
{{Lang|ks|شیٚیہِ تٲجِہہ}} or {{Lang|ks|شیٚیہِ تٲجی}}
|{{IPA|[ʃejitəːd͡ʒihjum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃejitəːd͡ʒihim]}}

{{Lang|ks|شیٚیہِ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شیٚیہِ تٲجِہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''47.'''
|{{IPA|[satɨtəːd͡ʒih]}} or {{IPA|[satɨtəːd͡ʒiː]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتہٕ تٲجِہہ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتہٕ تٲجی}}}}
|{{IPA|[satɨtəːd͡ʒihjum]}} or {{IPA|[satɨtəːd͡ʒihim]}}

{{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ تٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ تٲجِہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''48.'''
|{{IPA|[arɨtəːd͡ʒih]}} or {{IPA|[arɨtəːd͡ʒiː]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَرٕتٲجِہہ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَرٕتٲجی}}}}
|{{IPA|[arɨtəːd͡ʒihjum]}} or {{IPA|[arɨtəːd͡ʒihim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَرٕتٲجِہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَرٕتٲجِہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''49.'''
|{{IPA|[kunɨwanzaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ وَنٛزاہ}}
|{{IPA|[kunɨwanzəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[kunɨwanzəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''50.'''
|{{IPA|[pant͡saːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|پَنٛژاہ}}
|{{IPA|[pant͡səːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[pant͡səːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پَنٛژٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پَنٛژٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''51.'''
|{{IPA|[akɨwanzaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ وَنٛزاہ}}
|{{IPA|[akɨwanzəːhjum] or {{IPA|[akɨwanzəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''52.'''
|{{IPA|[duwanzaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|دُوَنٛزاہ}}
|{{IPA|[duwanzəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[duwanzəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|دُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|دُوَنٛزٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''53.'''
|{{IPA|[truwanzaːh]}} or {{IPA|[trɨwanzaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترُٛوَنٛزاہ}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٕٛوَنٛزاہ}}
|{{IPA|[truwanzəːhjum] or {{IPA|[truwanzəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترُٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترُٛوَنٛزٲہِم}}

{{IPA|[trɨwanzəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[trɨwanzəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٕٛوَنٛزٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''54.'''
|{{IPA|[t͡suwanzaːh]
{{Lang|ks|ژُوَنٛزاہ}}
|{{IPA|[t͡suwanzəːhjum] or {{IPA|[t͡suwanzəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ژُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژُوَنٛزٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''55.'''
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzaːh]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨwanzaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزاہ}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ وَنٛزاہ}}
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨwanzəːhjum]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم}}

{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨwanzəːhim]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨwanzəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ وَنٛزٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''56.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃuwanzaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|شُوَنٛزاہ}}
|{{IPA|[ʃuwanzəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃuwanzəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|شُوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شُوَنٛزٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''57.'''
|{{IPA|[satɨwanzaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ وَنٛزاہ}}
|{{IPA|[satɨwanzəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[satɨwanzəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ وَنٛزٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''58.'''
|{{IPA|[arɨwanzaːh]}}
{{Lang|ks|اَرٕوَنٛزاہ}}
|{{IPA|[arɨwanzəːhjum]}} or {{IPA|[arɨwanzəːhim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَرٕوَنٛزٲہیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَرٕوَنٛزٲہِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''59.'''
|{{IPA|[kunɨhəːʈʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کُنہٕ ہٲٹھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[kunɨhəːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[kunɨhəːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ ہٲٹھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''60.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃeːʈʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|شیٹھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ʃeːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃeːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|شیٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شیٹھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''61.'''
|{{IPA|[akɨhəːʈʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکہٕ ہٲٹھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[akɨhəːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[akɨhəːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ ہٲٹھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''62.'''
|{{IPA|[duhəːʈʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دُ ہٲٹھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[duhəːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[duhəːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|دُ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|دُ ہٲٹھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''63.'''
|{{IPA|[truhəːʈʰ]}} or {{IPA|[trɨhəːʈʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترُٛہٲٹھ}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٕٛہٲٹھ}}
|{{IPA|[truhəːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[truhəːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترُٛہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترُٛہٲٹھِم}}

{{IPA|[trɨhəːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[trɨhəːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترٕٛہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٕٛہٲٹھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''64.'''
|{{IPA|[t͡suhəːʈʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژُہٲٹھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡suhəːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[t͡suhəːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ژُہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژُہٲٹھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''65.'''
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھ}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھ}}
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰjum]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم}}

{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨhəːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ہٲٹھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''66.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃuhəːʈʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|شُہٲٹھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ʃuhəːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃuhəːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|شُہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شُہٲٹھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''67.'''
|{{IPA|[satɨhəːʈʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتہٕ ہٲٹھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[satɨhəːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[satɨhəːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ ہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ ہٲٹھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''68.'''
|{{IPA|[arɨhəːʈʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَرٕہٲٹھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[arɨhəːʈʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[arɨhəːʈʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَرٕہٲٹھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَرٕہٲٹھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''69.'''
|{{IPA|[kunɨsatatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کُنہٕ سَتَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[kunɨsatatyum]}} or {{IPA|[kunɨsatatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ سَتَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ سَتَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''70.'''
|{{IPA|[satatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[satatjum]}} or {{IPA|[satatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|سَتَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سَتَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''71.'''
|{{IPA|[akɨsatatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکہٕ سَتَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[akɨsatatjum]}} or {{IPA|[akɨsatatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ سَتَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ سَتَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''72.'''
|{{IPA|[dusatatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دُسَتَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[dusatatjum]}} or {{IPA|[dusatatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|دُسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|دُسَتَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''73.'''
|{{IPA|[trusatatʰ]}} or {{IPA|[trɨsatatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترُٛسَتَتھ}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٕٛسَتَتھ}}
|{{IPA|[trusatatjum]}} or {{IPA|[trusatatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترُٛسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترُٛسَتَتِم}}

{{IPA|[trɨsatatjum]}} or {{IPA|[trɨsatatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترٕٛسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٕٛسَتَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''74.'''
|{{IPA|[t͡susatatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژُسَتَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡susatatjum]}} or {{IPA|[t͡susatatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ژُسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژُسَتَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''75.'''
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatʰ]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨsatatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتھ}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ سَتَتھ}}
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatjum]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨsatatjum]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ سَتَتیُٛم}}

{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨsatatim]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨsatatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ سَتَتِم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ سَتَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''76.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃusatatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|شُسَتَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ʃusatatjum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃusatatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|شُسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شُسَتَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''77.'''
|{{IPA|[satɨsatatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتہٕ سَتَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[satɨsatatjum]}} or {{IPA|[satɨsatatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ سَتَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ سَتَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''78.'''
|{{IPA|[arɨsatatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَرٕسَتَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[arɨsatatjum]}} or {{IPA|[arɨsatatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَرٕسَتَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَرٕسَتَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''79.'''
|{{IPA|[kunɨʃiːtʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کُنہٕ شيٖتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[kunɨʃiːtjum]}} or {{IPA|[kunɨʃiːtim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ شيٖتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''80.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃiːtʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|شيٖتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ʃiːtjum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃiːtjim]}}

{{Lang|ks|شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شيٖتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''81.'''
|{{IPA|[akɨʃiːtʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکہٕ شيٖتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[akɨʃiːtjum]}} or {{IPA|[akɨʃiːtim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ شيٖتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''82.'''
|{{IPA|[dɔjiʃiːtʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دۄیہِ شيٖتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[dɔjiʃiːtjum]}} or {{IPA|[dɔjiʃiːtjum]}}

{{Lang|ks|دۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|دۄیہِ شيٖتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''83.'''
|{{IPA|[trejiʃiːtʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتھ}}
|{{IPA|[trejiʃiːtjum]}} or {{IPA|[trejiʃiːtim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٛیٚیہِ شيٖتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''84.'''
|{{IPA|[t͡sɔjiʃiːtʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژۄیہِ شيٖتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡sɔjiʃiːtjum]}} or {{IPA|[t͡sɔjiʃiːtim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ژۄیہِ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژۄیہِ شيٖتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''85.'''
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨʃiːtʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتھ}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ شيٖتھ}}
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtjum]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨʃiːtjum]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ شيٖتیُٛم}}

{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨʃiːtim]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨʃiːtim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ شيٖتِم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ شيٖتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''86.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃejiʃiːtʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|شیٚیہِ شيٖتھ}}
|{{IPA|[ʃejiʃiːtjum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃejiʃiːtim]}}

{{Lang|ks|شیٚیہِ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شیٚیہِ شيٖتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''87.'''
|{{IPA|[satɨʃiːtʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتہٕ شيٖتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[satɨʃiːtjum]}} or {{IPA|[satɨʃiːtim]}}

{{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ شيٖتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ شيٖتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''88.'''
|{{IPA|[arɨʃiːtʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَرٕشيٖتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[arɨʃiːtjum]}} or {{IPA|[arɨʃiːtim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَرٕشيٖتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَرٕشيٖتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''89.'''
|{{IPA|[kunɨnamatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کُنہٕ نَمَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[kunɨnamatjum]}} or {{IPA|[kunɨnamatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کُنہٕ نَمَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''90.'''
|{{IPA|[namatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نَمَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[namatjum]}} or {{IPA|[namatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|نَمَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''91.'''
|{{IPA|[akɨnamatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکہٕ نَمَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[akɨnamatjum]}} or {{IPA|[akɨnamatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکہٕ نَمَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''92.'''
|{{IPA|[dunamatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دُنَمَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[dunamatjum]}} or {{IPA|[dunamatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|دُنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|دُنَمَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''93.'''
|{{IPA|[trunamatʰ]}} or {{IPA|[trɨnamatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترُٛنَمَتھ}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٕٛنَمَتھ}}
|{{IPA|[trunamatjum]}} or {{IPA|[trunamatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترُٛنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترُٛنَمَتِم}}

{{IPA|[trɨnamatjum]}} or {{IPA|[trɨnamatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ترٕٛنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٕٛنَمَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''94.'''
|{{IPA|[t͡sunamatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژُنَمَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡sunamatjum]}} or {{IPA|[t͡sunamatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ژُنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژُنَمَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''95.'''
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatʰ]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨnamatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتھ}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ نَمَتھ}}
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatjum]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨnamatjum]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ نَمَتیُٛم}}

{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨnamatim]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨnamatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ نَمَتِم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ نَمَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''96.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃunamatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|شُنَمَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ʃunamatjum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃunamatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|شُنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شُنَمَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''97.'''
|{{IPA|[satɨnamatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتہٕ نَمَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[satɨnamatjum]}} or {{IPA|[satɨnamatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ نَمَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''98.'''
|{{IPA|[arɨnamatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَرٕنَمَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[arɨnamatjum]}} or {{IPA|[arɨnamatjim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَرٕنَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَرٕنَمَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''99.'''
|{{IPA|[namɨnamatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نَمہٕ نَمَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[namɨnamatjum]}} or {{IPA|[namɨnamatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|نَمہٕ نَمَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|نَمہٕ نَمَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''100.'''
|{{IPA|[hatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ہَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[hatyum]}} or {{IPA|[hatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ہَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ہَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''101.'''
|{{IPA|[akʰ hatʰ tɨ akʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ اَکھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[akʰ hatʰ tɨ ǝkjum]}} or {{IPA|[akʰ hatʰ tɨ ǝkim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ أکِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''102.'''
|{{IPA|[akʰ hatʰ tɨ zɨ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ زٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[akʰ hatʰ tɨ dojum]}} or {{IPA|[akʰ hatʰ tɨ dojim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیُم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکھ ہَتھ تہٕ دۆیِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''200.'''
|{{IPA|[zɨ hatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|زٕ ہَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[du hatyum]}} or {{IPA|[duhatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|دُہَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|دُہَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''300.'''
|{{IPA|[tre hatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترٛےٚ ہَتھ}}
|{{IPA|[trɨ hatyum]}} or {{IPA|[trɨ hatim]}}
{{Lang|ks|ترٕٛہَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ترٕٛہَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''400.'''
|{{IPA|[t͡soːr hatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ژور ہَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[t͡su hatyum]}} or {{IPA|[t͡su hatim]}}
{{Lang|ks|ژُہَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ژُہَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''500.'''
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sʰ hatʰ]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sʰ hatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژھ ہَتھ}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژھ ہَتھ}}
|{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨ hatyum]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨ hatyum]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم}}

{{IPA|[pə̃ːt͡sɨ hatim]}} or {{IPA|[pãːt͡sɨ hatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پٲنٛژٕ ہَتِم}} or {{Lang|ks|پانٛژٕ ہَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''600.'''
|{{IPA|[ʃe hatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|شےٚ ہَتھ}}
|{{IPA|[ʃe hatyum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃe hatim]}}
{{Lang|ks|شےٚ ہَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|شےٚ ہَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''700.'''
|{{IPA|[satʰ hatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|سَتھ ہَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[ʃatɨ hatyum]}} or {{IPA|[ʃatɨ hatim]}}
{{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ ہَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سَتہٕ ہَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''800.'''
|{{IPA|[əːʈʰ ʃatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ٲٹھ شَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[əːʈʰ ʃatjum]}} or {{IPA|[əːʈʰ ʃatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|ٲٹھ شَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|ٲٹھ شَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''900.'''
|{{IPA|[naw ʃatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نَو شَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[naw ʃatjum]}} or {{IPA|[naw ʃatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|نَو شَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|نَو شَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''1000.'''
|{{IPA|[saːs]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|ساس}}}}
|{{IPA|[səːsjum]}} or {{IPA|[səːsim]}}

{{Lang|ks|سٲسیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|سٲسِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''1001.'''
|{{IPA|[akʰ saːs akʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکھ ساس اَکھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[akʰ saːs ǝkjum]}} or {{IPA|[akʰ saːs ǝkim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکھ ساس أکیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکھ ساس أکِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''1002.'''
|{{IPA|[akʰ saːs zɨ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکھ ساس زٕ}}}}
|{{IPA|[akʰ saːs dojum]}} or {{IPA|[akʰ saːs dojim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکھ ساس دۆیُم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکھ ساس دۆیِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''1100.'''
|{{IPA|[akʰ saːs hatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَکھ ساس ہَتھ}}}}

or

{{IPA|[kah ʃatʰ]}} or {{IPA|[kaːh ʃatʰ]}}

{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کَہہ شَتھ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کاہ شَتھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[akʰ saːs hatjum]}} or {{IPA|[akʰ saːs hatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکھ ساس ہَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکھ ساس ہَتِم}}

or

{{IPA|[kah ʃatjum]}} or {{IPA|[kaːh ʃatjum]}}

{{Lang|ks|کَہہ شَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کاہ شَتیُٛم}}

{{IPA|[kah ʃatim]}} or {{IPA|[kaːh ʃatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کَہہ شَتِم}} or {{Lang|ks|کاہ شَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''1500.'''
|{{IPA|[akʰ saːs pãːt͡sʰ hatʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|اَکھ ساس پانٛژھ ہَتھ}}

or

{{IPA|[pandaːh ʃatʰ]}}

{{Lang|ks|پَنٛداہ شَتھ}}
|{{IPA|[akʰ saːs pãːt͡sɨ hatjum]}} or {{IPA|[akʰ saːs pãːt͡sɨ hatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَکھ ساس پانٛژٕ ہَتِم}}

or

{{IPA|[pandaːh ʃatjum]}} or {{IPA|[pandaːh ʃatim]}}

{{Lang|ks|پَنٛداہ شَتیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|پَنٛداہ شَتِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''10,000.'''
|{{IPA|[dəh saːs]}} or {{IPA|[daːh saːs]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دٔہ ساس}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|داہ ساس}}}}
|{{IPA|[dəh səːsjum]}} or {{IPA|[daːh səːsjum]}}

{{Lang|ks|دٔہ سٲسیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|داہ سٲسیُٛم}}

{{IPA|[dəh səːsim]}} or {{IPA|[daːh səːsim]}}

{{Lang|ks|دٔہ سٲسِم}} or {{Lang|ks|داہ سٲسِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''Hundred thousand'''
|{{IPA|[lat͡ʃʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|لَچھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[lat͡ʃʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[lat͡ʃʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|لَچھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|لَچھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''Million'''
|{{IPA|[dəh lat͡ʃʰ]}} or {{IPA|[daːh lat͡ʃʰ]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|دٔہ لَچھ}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|داہ لَچھ}}}}
|{{IPA|[dəh lat͡ʃʰjum]}} or {{IPA|[daːh lat͡ʃʰjum]}}

{{Lang|ks|دٔہ لَچھیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|داہ لَچھیُٛم}}

{{IPA|[dəh lat͡ʃʰim]}} or {{IPA|[daːh lat͡ʃʰim]}}

{{Lang|ks|دٔہ لَچھِم}} or {{Lang|ks|داہ لَچھِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''Ten million'''
|{{IPA|[kɔroːr]}} or {{IPA|[karoːr]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کۄرور}}}} or {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کَرور}}}}
|{{IPA|[kɔroːrjum]}} or {{IPA|[karoːrjum]}}

{{Lang|ks|کۄروریُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کَروریُٛم}}

{{IPA|[kɔroːrim]}} or {{IPA|[karoːrim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کۄرورِم}} or {{Lang|ks|کَرورِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''Billion'''
|{{IPA|[arab]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اَرَب}}}}
|{{IPA|[arabjum]}} or {{IPA|[arabim]}}

{{Lang|ks|اَرَبیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|اَرَبِم}}
|
|
|
|-
|'''Hundred billion'''
|{{IPA|[kʰarab]}}
{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|کھَرَب}}}}
|{{IPA|[kʰarabjum]}} or {{IPA|[kʰarabim]}}

{{Lang|ks|کھَرَبیُٛم}} or {{Lang|ks|کھَرَبِم}}
|
|
|
|} The ordinal number "1st" which is {{IPA|[ǝkjum]}} {{Lang|ks|أکیُٛم}} for its masculine genre and {{IPA|[ǝkim]}} {{Lang|ks|أکِم}} for its feminine genre is also known as {{IPA|[ɡɔɖnjuk]}} {{Lang|ks|گۄڈنیُٛک}} and {{IPA|[ɡɔɖnit͡ʃ]}} {{Lang|ks|گۄڈنِچ}} respectively.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Toushikhani S. k|first=Koul J. lal|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510168|title=Kashir Dictionary Vol 1}}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
Kashmiri is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] and was heavily influenced by [[Sanskrit]], especially early on.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, Volumes 15-16 |date=1911 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |page=690 |language=en |quote=Sanskrit has been actively studied for many centuries, and the Kashmiri vocabulary, and even its grammar, are now largely Indian. So much is this the case that, for convenience' sake, it is now frequently classed as belonging to the north-western group of Indo-Aryan languages, instead of as belonging to the Pisaca family as its origin demands. It cannot be said that either classification is wrong.}}</ref><ref name="Gorekar2002"/> After the arrival of [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic administrative rule in India]], Kashmiri acquired many [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords.<ref name="Gorekar2002">{{cite book |last1=Gorekar |first1=Niẓāmuddīn Es |title=Indo-Islamic Relations |date=2002 |publisher=KnowledgeCity Books |page=67 |language=en |quote=The Kashmiri language was in the beginning greatly influenced by the Sanskrit language, but with the coming of the Muslims and monarchs like Zainu'l-Abedin it began to accept the influence of Persian which was the language of the rulers.}}</ref> In modern times, Kashmiri vocabulary has been imported from [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |date=6 April 2010 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-087775-4 |page=582 |language=en|quote=Kashmiri vocabulary can be broadly categorized into Kashmiri/Dardic, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Hindi/Urdu, Persian, and Arabic origins.}}</ref>

===Preservation of old Indo-Aryan vocabulary===
Kashmiri retains several features of [[Old Indo-Aryan]] that have been lost in other modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi.<ref name="ref41yomid">{{Citation | title=The Literary Heritage of Kashmir | author=K.L. Kalla | year=1985 | publisher=Mittal Publications | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzozRa9wJ9kC | quote=''... Kashmiri alone of all the modern Indian languages preserves the dvi (Kashmiri du) of Sanskrit, in numbers such as dusatath (Sanskrit dvisaptati), dunamat (Sanskrit dvanavatih) ... the latter (Yodvai) is archaic and is to be come across mainly in the Vedas ...''}}</ref> Some vocabulary features that Kashmiri preserves clearly date from the [[Vedic Sanskrit]] era and had already been lost even in Classical Sanskrit. This includes the word-form ''yodvai'' (meaning ''if''), which is mainly found in Vedic Sanskrit texts. Classical Sanskrit and modern Indo-Aryan use the word ''yadi'' instead.<ref name="ref41yomid"/>

===First person pronoun===
Both the Indo-Aryan and Iranian branches of the Indo-Iranian family have demonstrated a strong tendency to eliminate the distinctive first person pronoun ("I") used in the nominative (subject) case. The [[Proto-Indo-European pronouns|Indo-European root]] for this is reconstructed as *eǵHom, which is preserved in Sanskrit as ''aham'' and in Avestan Persian as ''azam''. This contrasts with the ''m-'' form ("me", "my") that is used for the accusative, genitive, dative, ablative cases. Sanskrit and Avestan both used forms such as ''ma(-m)''. However, in languages such as Modern Persian, Baluchi, Hindi and Punjabi, the distinct nominative form has been entirely lost and replaced with ''m-'' in words such as ''ma-n'' and ''mai''. However, Kashmiri belongs to a relatively small set that preserves the distinction. 'I' is ''ba/bi/bo'' in various Kashmiri dialects, distinct from the other ''me'' terms. 'Mine' is ''myon'' in Kashmiri. Other Indo-Aryan languages that preserve this feature include [[Dogri]] (''aun'' vs ''me-''), [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (''hu-n'' vs ''ma-ri''), [[Konkani language|Konkani]] (''hā̃v'' vs ''mhazo''), and [[Braj Bhasa|Braj]] (''hau-M'' vs ''mai-M''). The Iranian [[Pashto language|Pashto]] preserves it too (''za'' vs. ''maa'').<ref name="ref48bubag">{{Citation | title=In hot pursuit of language in prehistory: essays in the four fields of anthropology | author=John D. Bengtson, Harold Crane Fleming | year=2008 | publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008 | isbn=978-90-272-3252-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxcdjUGfx40C | quote=''... However, Gujarati as well as a Dardic language like Kashmiri still preserve the root alternation between subject and non-subject forms (but they replaced the derivative of the Sanskrit subject form ahám by new forms) ...''}}</ref>

===Variations===
There are very minor differences between the Kashmiri spoken by Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="ref16muduc">{{Citation | title=Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world | author=Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie | date=6 April 2010 | publisher=Elsevier, 2008 | isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC | quote=''... Kashmiri occupies a special position in the Dardic group, being probably the only dardic language that has a written literature dating back to the early 13th century ...''}}</ref> For 'fire', a traditional Hindu uses the word {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|اۆگُن}}}} {{IPA|[oɡun]}} while a Muslim more often uses the Arabic word {{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq|نار}}}} {{IPA|[naːr]}}.<ref name="Kasref">{{cite book |title= Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man |last= Krishna |first= Gopi |author-link= Gopi Krishna (yogi) |year= 1967 |publisher= Shambhala |location= Boston |isbn= 978-1-57062-280-9 |page= 212 |url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/7577310/KUNDALINI-the-evolutionary-energy-in-man }}</ref>

== Sample text ==

=== Perso-Arabic script ===
Art. 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]:

{{Lang|ks|{{uninastaliq| سٲری اِنسان چھِ آزاد زامٕتؠ۔ وؠقار تہٕ حۆقوٗق چھِ ہِوی۔ تِمَن چھُ سوچ سَمَج عَطا کَرنہٕ آمُت تہٕ تِمَن پَزِ بٲے بَرادٔری ہٕنٛدِس جَذباتَس تَحَت اکھ أکِس اکار بَکار یُن ۔}}}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kashmiri Language|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/ksh.pdf}}</ref>

{{IPA|[səːriː insaːn t͡ʃʰi aːzaːd zaːmɨtʲ . wʲakaːr tɨ hokuːk t͡ʃʰi hiwiː . timan t͡ʃʰu soːt͡ʃ samad͡ʒ ataː karnɨ aːmut tɨ timan pazi bəːj baraːdəriː hɨndis d͡ʒazbaːtas tahat akʰ əkis akaːr bakaːr jun]}}

"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."

=== Sharada script ===
Verses by Lalleshwari:'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lal Vakh in Sharada script|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lalvakh.png|url-status=live}}</ref>'''

{{Script|Shrd| 𑆏𑆩𑆶𑆅 𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆪 𑆃𑆗𑆶𑆫 𑆥𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆱𑆶𑆪𑆲𑆳 𑆩𑆳𑆬𑆴 𑆫𑆾𑆛𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆮𑆶𑆤𑇀𑆢𑆱𑇀 𑆩𑆁𑆘 𑆱𑆶𑆅 𑆩𑆳𑆬𑆴 𑆑𑆤𑆴 𑆥𑇀𑆪𑆜 𑆓𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆠 𑆖𑆾𑆫𑆶𑆩𑇀 𑆃𑆱𑆱𑇀 𑆱𑆳𑆱 𑆠 𑆱𑆥𑆤𑇀𑆪𑆱 𑆱𑆾𑆤𑇆}}

{{IPA|[oːmuj akuj at͡ʃʰur porum, suj maːli roʈum wɔndas manz, suj maːli kani pʲaʈʰ gorum tɨ t͡sorum, əːsɨs saːs tɨ sapnis sɔn.]}}

"I kept reciting the unique divine word "Om" and kept it safe in my heart through my resolute dedication and love. I was simply ash and by its divine grace got metamorphosed into gold."

{{Script|Shrd|𑆃𑆑𑆶𑆪 𑆏𑆀𑆑𑆳𑆫 𑆪𑆶𑆱 𑆤𑆳𑆨𑆴 𑆣𑆫𑆼 𑆑𑆶𑆩𑇀𑆮𑆪 𑆧𑇀𑆫𑆲𑇀𑆩𑆳𑆟𑇀𑆝𑆱 𑆪𑆶𑆱 𑆓𑆫𑆴 𑆃𑆒 𑆩𑆶𑆪 𑆩𑆁𑆠𑇀𑆫 𑆪𑆶𑆱 𑆖𑇀𑆪𑆠𑆱 𑆑𑆫𑆼 𑆠𑆱 𑆱𑆳𑆱 𑆩𑆁𑆠𑇀𑆫 𑆑𑇀𑆪𑆳 𑆑𑆫𑆼𑇆}}

{{IPA|[akuj omkaːr jus naːbi dareː, kumbeː brahmaːnɖas sum gareː, akʰ suj mantʰɨr t͡sʲatas kareː, tas saːs mantʰɨr kjaː kareː.]}}

One who recites the divine word "Omkār" by devotion is capable to build a bridge between his own and the cosmic consciousness. By staying committed to this sacred word, one doesn't require any other mantra out of thousands others.

== See also ==

* [[Kashmir Valley]]
* [[Kashmiri Wikipedia]]
* [[List of Indian poets#Kashmiri|List of Kashmiri poets]]
* [[List of topics on the land and the people of “Jammu and Kashmir”]]
* [[Shina language]]
* [[States of India by Kashmiri speakers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}86. [[iarchive:newtestament-kashmiri/page/n11/mode/1up|the word koshur(𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀) written on New Testament in Kashmiri, (manuscript)]]

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=R. M |title=The rise, growth, and decline of Indo-Persian literature |year=2013 |publisher=Iran Culture House |location=New Delhi |edition=2nd |oclc=909254259 |chapter=Indo-Persian Literature in Kashmir |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Koul |first1=Omkar N |last2=Wali |first2=Kashi |title=Modern Kashmiri Grammar |year=2006 |publisher=Dunwoody Press |location=Springfield |isbn=1-931546-07-X |url=http://www.koausa.org/iils/pdf/ModernKashmiriGrammar.pdf |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last=Wade |first=TR |year=1888 |title=A Grammar of the Kashmiri Language |publisher=SPCK }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=ks}}{{Commons category|Kashmiri language}}{{Wikivoyage|Kashmiri phrasebook|Kashmiri|a phrasebook}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bhat|first=Roop Krishen|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0270/mode/2up|title=Kashir Kitab level 1 : (state level school reader in Kashmiri for non-Kashmiri speaking students)|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1982}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bhat|first=Roop Krishen|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0907/mode/2up|title=Urdu Kashmiri Reader|publisher=JK Press|year=1988}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ganjoo|first=Triloki Nath|url=https://archive.org/details/kashurhindireadertrilokinathganjoopostgraddeptofkashmiriuniversityofkashmirsrinagar/mode/1up|title=Kạ̄shur-Hindi Reader|publisher=Kạ̄shur Department, University of Kashmir|year=1979}}
*{{Cite book|last=Grierson|first=George Abraham|url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/grierson/|title=A dictionary of the Kashmiri language|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1932|location=Calcutta}}
*{{Cite book|last=Handoo|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2232|title=Hindi-Kashmiri Common Words|last2=Handoo|first2=Lalita|publisher=Central Institute of Indian languages|year=1975}}
*{{Cite book|last=Handoo|first=Jawaharlal|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1685/mode/1up|title=Kashmiri Phonetic Reader|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1973}}
*{{Cite web|title=A pronouncing dictionary of Kashmiri language|url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hassan/|last=Hassan|first=Sheeba|website=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/HindiKashmiriVartalaapaPustikaCentralHindiDirectorate|title=Hindi-Kashmiri Conversational Guide|publisher=Central Hindi Directorate, Government of India|year=1990}}
*{{Cite book|url=http://www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/b82/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR0Tf3Mz3UVKON4u83WZg7D7xQXMrhVmfEiypcWHXuwGkWRfDVYfKvitba8|title=Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary|publisher=Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development ( Government of India )|year=1988|volume=1}}
*{{Cite book|url=http://www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/b20/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR1W_jDPl_NHKVvAhasqpCf8uj1NHro7HCO-I8Ler-MAhhTFmW_yi_H-eZY|title=Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary|publisher=Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development ( Government of India )|year=1988|volume=2}}
*{{Cite book|url=http://www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/b21/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR2fPSVeXv1UqdzPVJ6noV8eTXB3MWC_Su7bm2JQFKdb0PsK1kfc6FYY7nQ|title=Hindi-Kashmiri-English Trilingual Dictionary|publisher=Central Hindi Directorate, Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development ( Government of India )|year=1988|volume=3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hinton|first=James Knowles|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.41962/page/n3/mode/2up|title=A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs & Sayings: Explained and Illustrated From the Rich and Interesting Folklore of the Valley|publisher=Education Society's Press|year=1885|location=Bombay}}
* [[Peter E. Hook|Hook, Peter E.]]. 1976. Is Kashmiri an SVO language? Indian Linguistics 37: 133–142.
*{{Cite web|title=Indo Wordnet : A wordnet of Indian languages|url=https://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/indowordnet/}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kamil|first=Amin|url=https://archive.org/details/achcharzankashmiriainkamil_202003|title=Achar Zan|publisher=Walidarul Kitabat|year=1966}}
*[http://www.jkbose.ac.in/PageDoc/636740481911092689KASHMIRIclass1st.pdf Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class1]
*[http://www.jkbose.ac.in/PageDoc/636740499386298875KASHMIRIclass2nd.pdf Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 2]
*[http://www.jkbose.ac.in/PageDoc/636740508248062112kashmiriclass3rd.pdf Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 3]
*[http://www.jkbose.ac.in/PageDoc/636741365706317992Kashmiriclass6th.pdf Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 6]
*[http://www.jkbose.ac.in/PageDoc/636741976720073368kashmiriclass8th.pdf Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 8]
*[http://www.jkbose.ac.in/PageDoc/636742036684700600Kashmiriclass10th.pdf Kashmiri Language Textbook for Class 10]
*[http://www.koshur.org/contents.html Koshur:] An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri
*{{Cite book|last=Koul|first=Ashok K|title=Lexical Borrowings in Kashmiri|publisher=Indian Institute of Language Studies|year=2008|isbn=9788186323298|location=Delhi}}
*{{Cite book|last=Koul|first=Omkar Nath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2240|title=An Intensive Course in Kashmiri|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1985|isbn=9780781801768}}
*{{Cite book|last=Koul|first=Omkar Nath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2241/mode/2up|title=An intermediate course in Kashmiri Language|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1995|isbn=8173420270}}
*{{Cite book|last=Koul|first=Omkar Nath|url=http://koshur.org/pdf/proverbs.pdf|title=A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs|publisher=Indian Institute of Language Studies|year=1992|isbn=9788186323212|location=Delhi}}
*{{Cite book|last=Koul|first=Omkar Nath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0070/mode/2up|title=kəːʃir dəpitʲ dikʃənəriː ( A dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs )|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=2000}}
*{{Cite book|last=Koul|first=Omkar Nath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2244|title=Nursery Rhymes in Kashmiri|last2=Kumari|first2=B Syamala|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1996}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Koul|first1=Omkar N|url=https://www.academia.edu/7725620|title=English – Kashmiri Administrative Terminology|last2=Bhat|first2=Roop Krishen|last3=Betab|first3=Brij Nath|publisher=Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology|year=2010|location=New Delhi}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Koul|first1=Omkar N|url=https://archive.org/details/kasmirienglishdictionaryomkarkauln.rainas.n.roopkrishenbhatuniversityofmysore_202003_790_b|title=Kashmiri-English Dictionary for Second Language Learners|last2=Raina|first2=S.N.|last3=Bhat|first3=Roop Krishen|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=2000}}
*{{Cite book|url=http://www.csttpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/Library_and_Information_Science_English-Hindi-Kashmiri/html5forpc.html?page=0&fbclid=IwAR16gZHxNoSt7f_zrzKoEbKXV_nyafIMkvKwfkd7aLpwDyJI6i_c7uTdpl0|title=Library and Information Science Glossary (English-Hindi-Kashmiri)|publisher=Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India|year=2018}}
*[https://neabmagazine.com/ "Neab", Kashmiri Language Literary Magazine]
*{{Cite book|last=Raina|first=Soom Nath|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.2242/mode/2up|title=An advance course in Kashmiri|publisher=Central institute of Indian languages|year=2011}}
*[http://www.sangarmal.com/EPaper.aspx "Sangarmal", Kashmiri Language Newspaper]
*{{Cite book|last=Shauq|first=Shafi|title=Kaesher Lugaat ( A dictionary of the Kashmiri Language)|publisher=Ali Mohammad and Sons|year=2017|location=Srinagar}}
*[http://soanmeeraas.in "Soan Meeraas", Kashmiri Language Newspaper]
*{{Cite book|last=Subbiah|first=Pon|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1968/mode/2up|title=Tests of Language Proficiency : Kashmiri|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=2000}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Toshakhani|first1=S. K.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510168/mode/2up|title=Kashir Dikshanri|last2=Kaul|first2=J. Lal|last3=Hajni|first3=Mohiuddin|last4=Pushp|first4=P. N.|last5=Mohiuddin|first5=Akhtar|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|year=1968–1980|volume=1}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Toshakhani|first1=S. K.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510170/mode/2up|title=Kashir Dikshanri|last2=Kaul|first2=J. Lal|last3=Hajni|first3=Mohiuddin|last4=Pushp|first4=P. N.|last5=Mohiuddin|first5=Akhtar|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|year=1968–1980|volume=2}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Toshakhani|first1=S. K.|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241981/mode/1up|title=Kashir Dikshanri|last2=Kaul|first2=J. Lal|last3=Hajni|first3=Mohiuddin|last4=Pushp|first4=P. N.|last5=Mohiuddin|first5=Akhtar|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|year=1968–1980|volume=3}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Toshakhani|first1=S. K.|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241982/mode/1up|title=Kashir Dikshanri|last2=Hajni|first2=Mohiuddin|last3=Pushp|first3=P. N.|last4=Beg Arif|first4=Mirza Ghulam Hassan|last5=Gowhar|first5=Ghulam Nabi|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|year=1968–1980|volume=4}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Toshakhani|first1=S. K.|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.241983/mode/2up|title=Kashir Dikshanri|last2=Hajni|first2=Mohiuddin|last3=Pushp|first3=P. N.|last4=Beg Arif|first4=Mirza Ghulam Hassan|last5=Gowhar|first5=Ghulam Nabi|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|year=1968–1980|volume=5}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Toshakhani|first1=S. K.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.241984/mode/2up|title=Kashir Dikshanri|last2=Hajni|first2=Mohiuddin|last3=Pushp|first3=P. N.|last4=Beg Arif|first4=Mirza Ghulam Hassan|last5=Gowhar|first5=Ghulam Nabi|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|year=1968–1980|volume=6}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Toshakhani|first1=S. K.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510171/mode/2up|title=Kashir Dikshanri|last2=Hajni|first2=Mohiuddin|last3=Pushp|first3=P. N.|last4=Beg Arif|first4=Mirza Ghulam Hassan|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|year=1968–1980|volume=7}}

{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Dardic languages}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmiri Language}}
[[Category:Kashmiri language| ]]
[[Category:Dardic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Verb-second languages]]
[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 13th century]]

Carona Shoes

2026-10-11T10:22:34Z

Sraboni87: Expand history with references on Puma partnership

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}
{{Tone|date=March 2020}}
{{More footnotes|date=March 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Carona Shoes
| former_name = Carona Sahu Shoe Company
| logo =
| type =
| industry = [[Shoes]]
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = 1953
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products =
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = 
}}

'''Carona Shoes''', earlier called the '''''Carona Sahu Shoe Company''''', was incorporated in 1953 and managed by the Sahu family until 1984. In 1984, the company headquarters in D N Road, [[Mumbai]] (near [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]]) was engulfed by fire. In 1984, the company was acquired by the Khataus after which it got the present name. The company used to manufacture [[canvas]] and [[rubber]] footwear. It had its manufacturing facilities in [[Mumbai]] ([[Jogeshwari]]), [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] and [[Ahmedabad]]. In 1989, the company entered into a technical agreement with [[Puma (brand)|Puma AG Rudolf Dassler Sport]], [[Germany]], to manufacture sports and special application shoes. It came out with a public issue in June 1989 to set up a unit in Aurangabad to manufacture sports shoes. In 1995, there was a reshuffle in the management because of a split in the Khatau family. In addition to the labor problem, the company was also not able to cope up with the competition from the unorganised sector for its lower segment products like canvas and rubber footwear. The company was incurring losses. Hence, in 1995, it disposed of its [[Jogeshwari]] plant where operations had been partially suspended since March 1994. Around 800 of its 1200 workers were retrenched through a Voluntary Retirement Scheme. The company renewed its agreement for five years with [[Puma SE|Puma]] in 1995. During the year 1999, the company was registered as a sick company under SICA 1985 and BIFR appointed [[Bank of India]] as its operating agency to expedite the preparation of the Draft of Rehabilitation Scheme (with inputs from India Infoline).

In its prime, Carona was a heritage brand of [[India]] and the second largest footwear company in India. Carona was a brand which thrived during the license control regime in India. The brand thrived along with Bata. In fact, Carona fought head on with the market leader [[Bata Shoes|Bata]]. The shops and the products were extremely similar. When [[Bata (company)|Bata]] launched one style, Carona quickly followed suit. Both Bata and Carona were instrumental in popularizing canvas shoes in India. These shoes were a rage among kids at that time.<ref name="standard"/>

In the nineties, new brands began to enter the market with new designs and fashion. Foreign brands like [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Reebok]] and [[Adidas]] began to market their products aggressively which further worsened the position of Carona.

Bata had the backing of its foreign parent which helped it work through the restructuring exercise, but Carona did not have that backing. Bata was able to sustain itself by launching new models at affordable prices, while Carona was not able to meet the market with new launches. Both Bata and Carona had own showrooms which became expensive to maintain. Carona went in to the BIFR fold in 1998.

== History ==
Carona Shoes was an Indian footwear brand that became known for its canvas and rubber shoes. Originally associated with the name Carona Sahu Shoe Company, the brand operated in a market where it competed with established footwear manufacturers such as Bata. In 1989, Carona entered into a technical agreement with the German sportswear company Puma to manufacture sports and special-application footwear. During the 1990s, increasing competition from international brands and financial difficulties affected Carona's business. Its history reflects the challenges faced by established Indian footwear companies as the country's market became more competitive.

== Puma Partnership and Market Challenges ==

Carona's technical agreement with Puma was part of a broader period of change in India's footwear market. International sportswear brands were expanding their presence, while domestic manufacturers faced increasing competition and pressure to adapt their products and business strategies. According to retail industry analysis by Third Eyesight, Puma initially entered the Indian market through a licensing arrangement with Carona in the early 1990s, but the agreement ended in 1998. Puma subsequently re-entered India through a different business arrangement. Carona's experience illustrates the challenges that established domestic footwear businesses faced as the Indian market became more competitive.

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="standard">{{cite web |title=CARONA LTD. (CARONA) - COMPANY HISTORY|url= https://www.business-standard.com/company/carona-1049/information/company-history|date= |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210902/https://www.business-standard.com/company/carona-1049/information/company-history |archive-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>
}}

*{{cite web|url=http://marketingpractice.blogspot.com/2008/12/carona-rip-1953-2003.html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207112558/http://marketingpractice.blogspot.com/2008/12/carona-rip-1953-2003.html|archive-date=2008-12-07|url-status=dead|title=Marketing Practice: Carona : RIP 1953-2003|accessdate=2015-10-18}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/markets/company/background/company-profile/carona-ltd/1049/|title=IIFL - BSE/NSE, India Stock Market Recommendations, Live Stock Markets, Sensex/Nifty, Commodity Market, Financial News, Mutual Funds|author=indiainfoline.com|publisher=indiainfoline.com|accessdate=2015-10-18}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Shoe companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Bombay State]]

K. L. Rahul

2026-10-11T10:11:39Z

Sraboni87: Expand domestic cricket career with references

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1992)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Fan POV|date=October 2022}}
{{Tone|date=October 2022}}
{{Too many sections|date=April 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}

{{Infobox cricketer
| name = KL Rahul
| image = KL Rahul at Femina Miss India 2018 Grand Finale (cropped).jpg
| caption = KL Rahul in 2018
| fullname = Kannanur Lokesh Rahul
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|04|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]

| height =
| nickname = KL
| batting = Right-handed
| role = [[Wicketkeeper| Wicketkeeper-Batsman]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2014–present
| country = India
| testcap = 284
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testdebutdate = 26 December
| testdebutyear = 2014
| lasttestdate = 17 February
| lasttestyear = 2023
| lasttestagainst = Australia

| odicap = 213
| odidebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| odidebutdate = 11 June
| odidebutyear = 2016
| lastodidate = 11 October
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodiagainst = Afghanistan
| odishirt = 1 (formerly 2, 11)

| T20Icap = 63
| T20Idebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| T20Idebutdate = 18 June
| T20Idebutyear = 2016
| lastT20Idate = 10 November
| lastT20Iyear = 2022
| lastT20Iagainst = England
| T20Ishirt = 1 (formerly 2, 11)
| club1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2010–present}}
| club2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year2 = 2013, 2016
| club3 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year3 = 2014–2015
| club4 =
| year4 =
| club5 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| year5 = {{nowrap|2018–2021}}
| club6 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| year6 = {{nowrap|2022}}–present
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 47
| runs1 = 2,642
| bat avg1 = 33.44
| 100s/50s1 = 7/13
| top score1 = 199
| catches/stumpings1 = 54/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 62
| runs2 = 2,388
| bat avg2 = 49.75
| 100s/50s2 = 6/16
| top score2 = 112
| catches/stumpings2 = 32/2
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 72
| runs3 = 2,265
| bat avg3 = 37.75
| 100s/50s3 = 2/22
| top score3 = 110[[Not out|*]]
| catches/stumpings3 = 23/1
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 90
| runs4 = 6,539
| bat avg4 = 44.18
| 100s/50s4 = 17/31
| top score4 = 337
| catches/stumpings4 = 94/–
| hidedeliveries = true
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/422108.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 24 March
| year = 2023
| family = {{Marriage|[[Athiya Shetty]]|2023}}
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asia Cup|ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2018 Asia Cup|2018 UAE]]|}}
{{Medal|Winner|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023 Pakistan and Sri Lanka]]|}}
}}

'''Kannanur Lokesh Rahul''' ({{lang-kn|ಕೆ.ಎಲ್.ರಾಹುಲ್}}; born 18 April 1992) is an Indian [[Cricket|international cricketer]] who plays as a right-handed [[Wicketkeeper|Wicketkeeper-Batsman]] for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] at the domestic level and is the captain for [[Lucknow Super Giants]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He is a former captain and vice-captain of the [[India national cricket team|Indian Cricket Team]].

He generally plays as an opener in ''Test'' and ''T20I'' game formats and plays in the middle order in the ''ODIs''. Rahul is regular [[Wicket-keeper|wicketkeeper]] in the shorter formats of the game at the international level as well at domestic level. Rahul was a member of the Indian team that won the [[2018 Asia Cup|2018]] and [[2023 Asia Cup|2023]] Asia cup.

He made his international debut in 2014 against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the [[Boxing Day Test|Boxing Day Test-match]] in [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|Melbourne]]. Two years after his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut, Rahul made his [[One Day International|One-Day International]] Debut in 2016 against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]]. Later on the same tour, he made his [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] debut.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=KL Rahul|publisher=ESPNCricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/kl-rahul-422108}}</ref>

Rahul is the first and only Indian cricketer to score an ODI [[Century (cricket)|century]] on his debut. He is the fastest batsman to score an International century across all three formats, he took only 20 innings to achieve this feat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KL Rahul|publisher=Sportskeeda |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/kl-rahul}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Rahul was born on 18 April 1992 to K. N. Lokesh and Rajeshwari in [[Bangalore]]. His father Lokesh who hails from Kannanur, [[Magadi]] taluk, is a professor and former director at the [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka]] (NITK)<ref>{{Cite web|title= CV of Dr. K. N. Lokesh|url=http://civil.nitk.ac.in/sites/default/files/faculty-CV/Lokesh_CV.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512214847/http://civil.nitk.ac.in/sites/default/files/faculty-CV/Lokesh_CV.pdf|archive-date=12 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Directors {{!}} NITK Surathkal|url=https://www.nitk.ac.in/Former_Directors|access-date=26 October 2020|website=www.nitk.ac.in}}</ref> in [[Mangalore]]. His mother, Rajeshwari, is a professor at [[Mangalore University]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.india.com/sports/cricket-kl-rahul-feels-2019-suspension-changed-his-thought-process-helps-him-to-become-better-team-player-4057523/ |title= KL Rahul Feels 2019 Suspension Changed His Thought Process, Helps Him to Become Better 'Team Player' pandemic |newspaper=India.com |access-date=26 March 2021 |date=14 June 2020}}</ref> His father, Lokesh who was a fan of cricketer [[Sunil Gavaskar]], wanted to name his son after Gavaskar's son, but mistook [[Rohan Gavaskar]]'s name for Rahul.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaishankar |first1=Vedam |title=India vs West Indies: KL Rahul's story would probably do a movie scriptwriter proud |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/india-vs-west-indies-kl-rahuls-story-would-probably-do-a-movie-scriptwriter-proud-2926970.html |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=Firstpost |date=1 August 2016}}</ref>

Rahul grew up in [[Mangalore]], completing his high school at NITK English Medium School and pre-university at [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Achal |first1=Ashwin |title=K.L. Rahul: A classy talent with an aggressive streak |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/kl-rahul-a-classy-talent-with-an-aggressive-streak/article27226734.ece |access-date=27 March 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 May 2019}}</ref> He started cricket training at the age of 10, and, two years later, started playing matches for both Bangalore United Cricket Club and his club in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Achal |first1=Ashwin |title=World Cup: Mangalore, Bangalore, England - the Rahul journey! |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/world-cup-k-l-rahul-player-profile-team-india-rahul-dravid-ksca-chinnaswamy-stadium/article27205940.ece |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=Sportstar |date=23 May 2019}}</ref> At age 18, he moved to [[Bangalore]] to study at [[Jain University]] and pursue his cricket career.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/cricket/boxing-day-test-who-is-kl-rahul-india-debutant-1603556.html|title=Boxing Day Test: Who is KL Rahul?|website=www.oneindia.com|date=26 December 2014|access-date=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://m.rediff.com/cricket/report/lokesh-rahul-dad-gavaskar-opener-india-test-team-australia-samuel-jayaraj/20141112.htm|title=Rahul's dad, a Gavaskar fan, happy son is selected for Aus tour as opener|website=Rediff|access-date=10 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Steady climber Lokesh Rahul reaches the top with trip Down Under|date=11 November 2014|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/steady-climber-rahul-reaches-the-top-with-trip-down-under/|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>

On 23 January 2023, Rahul married his long-time partner, Indian actress [[Athiya Shetty]], daughter of actor [[Suniel Shetty]], after dating for more than three years.<ref>{{cite news |title=KL Rahul, Athiya Shetty get married |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/kl-rahul-athiya-shetty-get-married/articleshow/97257986.cms |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=23 January 2023}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Rahul made his [[first-class cricket]] debut for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] in the 2010–11 season. In the same season, he represented his country at the [[2010 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup]], scoring 143 runs in the competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=5324;team=1854;type=tournament |title=Records / ICC Under-19 World Cup, 2009/10 - India Under-19s (Young Cricketers) / Batting and Bowling Averages |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref> He made his debut in the [[Indian Premier League]] in 2013, for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/8733/lokesh-rahul|title=Lokesh Rahul Profile|website=Cricbuzz}}</ref> During the 2013–14 domestic season he scored 1,033 first-class runs, the second highest scorer that season.

Playing for [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] in the final of the [[2014–15 Duleep Trophy]] against Central Zone, Rahul scored 185 off 233 balls in the first innings and 130 off 152 in the second. He was named the player of the match and selected to the Indian Test squad for the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2014–15|Australian tour]] followed.

Returning home after the Test series, Rahul became Karnataka's first triple-centurion, scoring 337 against [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2014-15-775441/karnataka-vs-uttar-pradesh-group-a-775813/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard Karnataka vs Uttar Pradesh Group A 2014/15|year=2015|publisher=ESPN CricInfo}}</ref> He went on to score 188 in the [[2014–15 Ranji Trophy]] final against [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] and finished the season with an average of 93.11 in the nine matches he played.

K. L. Rahul began his first-class cricket career with Karnataka during the 2010–11 season. He made his Indian Premier League debut in 2013 with Royal Challengers Bangalore. During the 2014–15 domestic season, Rahul scored heavily for Karnataka, including a triple century against Uttar Pradesh in the Ranji Trophy. His performances in domestic cricket helped establish him as a candidate for international selection. Over the following years, he represented several IPL franchises, including Sunrisers Hyderabad, Punjab Kings, Lucknow Super Giants, and Delhi Capitals.

==International career==
[[File:K.L. Rahul.jpg|right|thumb|170px|K.L. Rahul amid practice session (2019)]]

===Debut and early career (2014-2021)===
Rahul made his Test debut in the 2014 [[Boxing Day Test]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]. He replaced [[Rohit Sharma]] and was presented with his Test cap by [[MS Dhoni]]. He managed to score only 3 and 1 on his debut. In the next test at [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]] where he opened the innings for the first time, and made his maiden international century, scoring 110 runs.

He was named in the 15-man squad for the [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2015|Indian tour of Bangladesh in June 2015]] but withdrew due to [[Dengue fever]]. He returned to the side for the first Test of the [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015|Sri Lankan tour]] after Murali Vijay was ruled out due to injury, scoring his second Test century and winning the Man of the Match award. During the match, he kept wicket after [[Wriddhiman Saha]] was injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2015/content/story/911249.html|title=Rahul 108 shores up India on fluctuating day|date=20 August 2015|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

In July 2016, Rahul was named in the squad for [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2016|India tour of West Indies]]. In the second series test, Rahul scored 158 runs, his then-highest score in test cricket. In September 2016, he was named in the squad for the home series against [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2016–17|New Zealand]]. After the first test, he was replaced by [[Gautam Gambhir]] due to an injury.

Rahul was selected in the squad against [[English cricket team in India in 2016–17|England in the 2016-17 Test series]] but was injured while training in the nets. He was ruled out of the third test, but he made his comeback to the team in the fourth test but failed to make an impact. In the fifth and final test of the series, Rahul went on to make his fourth test ton, scoring his career-best 199 runs.

Rahul was named in the squad to [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2016|tour Zimbabwe in 2016]]. He made his [[One Day International]] (ODI) debut against [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]] at [[Harare Sports Club]]. Rahul scored an unbeaten 100*(115) on debut, thus becoming the first Indian cricketer to score a century on an ODI debut. He was named the man of the series.<ref name="ODI">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1007649.html |title=India tour of Zimbabwe, 1st ODI: Zimbabwe v India at Harare, Jun 11, 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-v-india-2016/engine/match/1007649.html|title=India 173/1 (42.3 ov, KL Rahul 100*, AT Rayudu 62*, H Masakadza 0/19) – Match over|website=Cricinfo|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) debut later in the same tour. Rahul got out on a [[Golden duck (cricket)|golden duck]] on his T20I debut as India lost the first T20I against Zimbabwe.<ref name="T20I">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1007655.html |title=India tour of Zimbabwe, 1st T20I: Zimbabwe v India at Harare, Jun 18, 2016 |access-date=18 June 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Rahul was named in T20I squad for the [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2016|tour of West Indies in 2016]], where he made his first T20I century, scoring an unbeaten 110 off just 51 balls and became the first player to score a T20I century while batting at number four. However, India lost the match by just one run.

In his 20th international innings, Rahul became the fastest batsman to have scored centuries in all three formats, surpassing the record of [[Ahmed Shehzad]], who took 76 innings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inshorts.com/news/kl-rahul-quickest-to-score-tons-in-all-3-formats-1472353196961|title=KL Rahul quickest to score tons in all 3 formats|website=Inshorts - Stay Informed|language=en|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> On 3 July 2018, Rahul scored his second T20 International ton against England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284241.html|title=Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Batting records / Most runs in innings (by batting position)|work=Cricinfo|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> He is also the first Indian batsman to be dismissed hit-wicket in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/nidahas-trophy-2018-sri-lanka-vs-india-4th-t20i-statistical-highlights/|title=Nidahas Trophy 2018, Sri Lanka vs India, 4th T20I – Statistical Highlights|work=CricTracker |date=12 March 2018|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

On 11 January 2019, [[Hardik Pandya]] and K. L. Rahul were suspended by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) following controversial comments they made on the Indian talk show ''[[Koffee with Karan]]'' earlier in the month.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hardik Pandya and KL Rahul suspended pending inquiry |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/hardik-pandya-and-kl-rahul-suspended-pending-inquiry-1171319 |access-date=11 January 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> They were both sent home ahead of the ODI series [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|against Australia]] and the fixtures of [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2018–19|India's tour to New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/971582 |title=Hardik Pandya and KL Rahul both suspended with immediate effect |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref> On 24 January 2019, after lifting the suspension on Pandya and Rahul, the BCCI announced that Rahul would re-join the squad for India A matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pandya to join India squad in New Zealand, Rahul to play for India A |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/hardik-pandya-to-join-india-squad-in-new-zealand-kl-rahul-to-play-for-india-a-1172531 |access-date=24 January 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

In April 2019, he was named in [[2019 Cricket World Cup squads#India|India's squad]] for the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rahul and Karthik in, Pant and Rayudu out of India's World Cup squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rahul-and-karthik-in-pant-and-rayudu-out-of-india-s-world-cup-squad-1181017 |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=15 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1179330 |title=Dinesh Karthik, Vijay Shankar in India's World Cup squad |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> He played at number 4 in the first two games but got back to opening the innings alongside [[Rohit Sharma]] as [[Shikhar Dhawan]] was ruled out of the rest of the tournament due to injury. Overall, Rahul scored 361 runs with two fifties and one hundred in the tournament and finished as India's third-highest run scorer in the tournament after [[Rohit Sharma]] and [[Virat Kohli]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India vs Sri Lanka: KL Rahul hits maiden World Cup hundred |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket-world-cup-2019/story/india-vs-sri-lanka-kl-rahul-hits-maiden-world-cup-hundred-1563658-2019-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Due to lack of form in the Test format, Rahul was dropped from the Test squad for the Home tests against South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why was K.L Rahul dropped from test squad?|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2019/09/12/Why-was-K-L-Rahul-dropped-from-Test-squad.html|access-date=25 February 2022|website=The Week}}</ref> However, he remained in the limited over sides.

In December 2019, in the first T20I match against the [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2019–20|West Indies]], Rahul scored his 1,000th run in T20I cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1519908 |title=Virat Kohli's 94* leads India to stunning victory |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> He scored 62 (40) in the first T20I against West Indies. He scored 91 (56) in the third T20I, for which he was convicted the Man of the Match. He scored his 3rd ODI century in the 2nd ODI against West Indies. In the 2-match T20I series against Sri Lanka, Rahul scored 45 in the first match and 54 in the second T20I.

In January 2020, Rahul made 80 (52) batting at number five in the second ODI against Australia and was rewarded as the man of the match.<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd ODI: Virat Kohli heaps praise on KL Rahul after 52-ball 80 in Rajkot|url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket-india-vs-australia-2nd-odi-virat-kohli-heaps-praise-on-kl-rahul-after-52-ball-80-in-rajkot-580656|website=India TV news |date= 17 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In India's [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2019–20|tour of New Zealand in 2019–20]], Rahul was declared man of the series in the five-match T20I series for scoring 224 runs at an average of 56. He was also the stand-in captain in the 5th T20I after [[Rohit Sharma]] suffered a hamstring injury during the 1st innings. In the ODI series against New Zealand, he scored 88* (64) in the first ODI and scored his fourth ton in ODIs, 112 (113) in the third ODI.<ref>{{cite news |title=India vs New Zealand: KL Rahul's century in vain, New Zealand sweep ODI series 3-0 |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-new-zealand/india-vs-new-zealand-kl-rahuls-century-in-vain-new-zealand-sweep-odi-series-3-0/articleshow/74080872.cms|website=The Times of India |date= 12 February 2020|language=en}}</ref>

In October 2020, Rahul was named as [[India national cricket team|India]]'s [[Vice-captain (cricket)|vice captain]] for the ODI and T20I series [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020-21|against Australia]]. Rahul had a moderate ODI and T20I series against Australia. He made 77 against Australia in the second ODI and 51 in the first T20I. India lost the ODI series 2–1 but won the T20I series by the same margin.

Rahul was included in the test squad for the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020-21#Test series|Border-Gavaskar Trophy]] but was not picked in the playing XI for the first two Tests. He injured himself during practice and was ruled out of the remaining part of the tour.

As a result, he also missed the [[English cricket team in India in 2020-21|home Test series against England]] in February 2021. He returned to the national side for the T20I and ODI series against England. There was a dip in his form in the T20I series. He returned to form in the ODI series scoring a match-winning 62* and was involved in a 100-run partnership with debutant Krunal Pandya who scored a fifty. He continued his form by scoring 108 runs in the second ODI and was involved in another 100-run partnership with Rishabh Pant.<ref>{{Cite news|title=KL Rahul reveals significance of his unique century celebration|url=https://crickettimes.com/2021/03/ind-vs-eng-kl-rahul-reveals-significance-of-his-unique-century-celebration/|website=CricketTimes.com|language=en-US|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>

Rahul was named to India's test squad for their [[Indian cricket team in England in 2021|tour of England]] in 2021. As [[Shubman Gill]] and [[Mayank Agarwal]] were injured, Rahul opened alongside teammate [[Rohit Sharma]].In the first test at Trent Bridge, Rahul scored 84 and 26. He scored 129 (250) at Lords and was awarded the man of the match in the second test. Rahul displayed excellent technical skills for batting in England, including playing the ball late and leaving the ball well. Rahul scored 315 runs in eight innings of four matches played and was the second-highest run scorer for India in the tour behind Rohit Sharma.<ref>{{Cite news|title=India's Tour of England: KL Rahul breaks records at Lord's|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/statsman-kl-rahul-breaks-records-at-lords-rohit-sharma-test-new-marks-milestones-cricket-stats/article36219228.ece|website=Sportstar the Hindu.com|language=en|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref>

===Vice-captaincy (2021-present)===

In September 2021, Rahul was named to India's squad for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India's T20 World Cup squad: R Ashwin picked, MS Dhoni named mentor |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-s-2021-t20-world-cup-squad-r-ashwin-picked-ms-dhoni-named-mentor-1276821 |access-date=8 September 2021 |work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=8 September 2021 }}</ref> He was the highest run scorer for India in the tournament, scoring 194 runs including three consecutive fifties. He also scored the tournament's joint fastest fifty in just 18 balls against [[Scotland cricket team|Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 November 2021|title=T20 World Cup 2021: Shoaib Malik smashes fastest 50 of tournament, Pakistan book Australia clash in SF|url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/t20-world-cup-2021-shoaib-malik-smashes-fastest-50-of-tournament-pakistan-book-australia-clash-in-sf-2408657.html|access-date=12 November 2021|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=5 November 2021 |title=KL Rahul hits second fastest fifty by an Indian in T20 World Cups in Dubai blitz against Scotland|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/t20-world-cup-2021/story/kl-rahul-hits-2nd-fastest-fifty-by-an-indian-in-t20-world-cups-in-dubai-blitz-against-scotland-1873596-2021-11-05|access-date=12 November 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
After Virat Kohli stepped down as Indian T20i captain, Rahul was appointed the Vice-captain of [[Indian Cricket Team]] in T20i as former Vice-captain Rohit Sharma was appointed the new Captain of T20i format. Later, Rahul was appointed ODI vice-captain as well due to the change of captaincy in the white ball format of the Indian team.

In December 2021, Rahul was named as India's test vice-captain for the [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2021-22|away series against South Africa]] after India's regular vice-captain [[Rohit Sharma]] was ruled out of the series. Rahul was also named as the ODI captain for the [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2021-22#ODI series|One Day series]] of the same tour as India's regular ODI captain [[Rohit Sharma]] was ruled out of the series due to a hamstring injury. In the first test match against South Africa in December 2021, he scored 123 in India's first innings and 23 in India's second innings. For this performance, he was awarded the Man of the Match award.

In the [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2021–22|second test against South Africa]] in January 2022, Rahul [[List of India national cricket captains|captained India]] for the first time in test cricket and became the 34th Test captain of India. He scored a half-century on his captaincy debut. Despite his best efforts, Rahul couldn't lead the team to victory, and India lost the second Test by seven wickets. In the first ODI against South Africa, he made his debut in ODI Captaincy and became the 26th ODI captain of India. However India lost the series 3–0 to South Africa.

[[File:KL Rahul 2022.jpg|thumb|KL Rahul being interviewed during the [[2022 T20 World Cup]]]]
In February 2022, During the second ODI of India against the West Indies, Rahul scored 49 (48) and completed 6000 runs in [[International cricket]] across all formats. In the same ODI, Rahul sustained an upper left hamstring strain and was ruled out of the next ODI as well as the upcoming T20Is series against the West Indies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KL Rahul and Axar Patel ruled out of T20Is against West Indies|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-wi-2021-22-kl-rahul-and-axar-patel-ruled-out-of-t20is-against-west-indies-1300731|access-date=11 February 2022|website=Espncricinfo}}</ref> Rahul was named captain for the [[South African cricket team in India in 2022|South African tour of India in June]], but was later ruled out of the series due to a groin injury.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Rica |title=KL Rahul Out Of SA T20Is Due To Injury, Rishabh Pant To Captain India |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-south-africa-2022/kl-rahul-out-of-sa-t20is-due-to-injury-rishabh-pant-to-captain-india-bcci-sources-3049544 |access-date=8 June 2022 |work=NDTV |date=8 June 202 |language=en}}</ref> After a successful sports hernia surgery, Rahul came back to the team and was named captain for the [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2022|India Tour of Zimbabwe in August]].<ref>{{cite news |title=KL Rahul to lead India vs Zimbabwe after being declared fit by medical team |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/kl-rahul-to-lead-india-vs-zimbabwe-after-being-declared-fit-by-medical-team/articleshow/93506827.cms |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=11 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India vs Zimbabwe: Not good for Shikhar Dhawan to get replaced as a captain by KL Rahul, says Mohammad Kaif |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/india-vs-zimbabwe-not-good-for-shikhar-dhawan-to-get-replaced-as-a-captain-by-kl-rahul-says-mohammad-kaif-11065241.html |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=16 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Rahul was the stand-in captain for the team during the last match played by team India in the [[2022 Asia Cup]] against [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Is Rohit Sharma Not Leading India vs Afghanistan? Stand-In Skipper KL Rahul Answers {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/asia-cup-2022/why-is-rohit-sharma-not-leading-india-vs-afghanistan-stand-in-skipper-kl-rahul-answers-3327760 |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

Due to poor form, in February 2023 he was removed from the Test vice-captaincy, with his spot in the team questioned.<ref>{{Cite web |title= KL Rahul saga: After Venkatesh Prasad, another ex-India bowler criticizes former vice-captain for poor form|date=22 February 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/kl-rahul-saga-after-venkatesh-prasad-another-ex-india-bowler-criticizes-former-vice-captain-for-poor-form-article-98151818 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/amp/buzz/kl-rahul-brutally-trolled-for-his-selection-in-indian-team-in-parody-clip-7147651.html|title=KL Rahul Brutally Trolled For His Selection In Indian Team In Parody Clip|date=23 February 2023|publisher=News18}}</ref>

Rahul made his return to cricket in Asia Cup 2023 against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. Rahul scored an unbeaten century on his return, scoring 111 off 106 balls. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=IND vs PAK, Asia Cup: Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2023-1388374/india-vs-pakistan-9th-match-super-four-1388406/full-scorecard |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Filmy Celeb |language=en-US}}</ref>

Following a successful Asia Cup, Rahul was named in the squad for [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=bcci.tv - WORLD CUP 2023 squad announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556037/india-s-squad-for-icc-men-s-cricket-world-cup-2023-announced}}</ref> Ahead of the World Cup, Rahul was named as the captain for first two ODIs for the series against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. <ref>https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/india-announce-squad-for-odi-series-vs-australia/</ref>

Rahul started his World Cup 2023 campaign scoring an unbeaten 97 against Australia in a tricky chase after India lost 3 wickets at the score of 2.<ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/india-vs-australia-5th-match-1384396/full-scorecard</ref>

==Indian Premier League==

===Debut and early seasons (2013-2017)===
Rahul made his [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) debut for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] (RCB) as a wicket-keeper batsman during the [[2013 IPL|2013 competition]]<nowiki/>. Ahead of the [[2014 IPL]], he was bought by the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] for [[Indian rupee|INR]] 1 crore. Rahul returned to RCB ahead of the [[2016 IPL]] season.

In the 2016 IPL season with [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], Rahul finished the season as the 11th-highest run-scorer and RCB's third, with 397 runs from 14 matches. For his performances in the 2016 IPL season, he was named as wicketkeeper in the ''[[CricInfo]]'' and ''[[Cricbuzz]]'' IPL XI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2016/content/story/1021857.html|title=Morris and Mustafizur, Krunal and Chahal in IPL XI|date=30 May 2016|website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/80264/indian-premier-league-2016-cricbuzzs-team-of-the-tournament|title = Indian Premier League 2016: Cricbuzz's Team of the Tournament| date=30 May 2016 }}</ref> Rahul missed the [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017 season]] due to a shoulder injury.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2017 |title=KL Rahul to miss IPL 2017 due to shoulder injury: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ipl-2017/kl-rahul-to-miss-ipl-2017-due-to-shoulder-injury-report/story-gq0WspIHLeZBcTsLR5wRdO.html |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

===Stint with Punjab Kings (2018 - 2021)===
In the 2018 IPL Auction, he was bought by [[Kings XI Punjab]] (now [[Punjab Kings]]) for INR 11 crore, the joint-third highest price. In the team's first match of the [[2018 IPL|season]], he scored the fastest 50 in IPL history, taking 14 balls to reach the milestone and breaking the record of [[Sunil Narine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/ipl/article/rcb-vs-kkr-match-after-lokesh-rahul-fastest-ipl-fifty-sunil-narine-slams-17-ball-50-in-ipl-2018-match-3/215273|title=RCB vs KKR match: After Lokesh Rahul's fastest IPL fifty, Sunil Narine slams 17-ball 50 in IPL 2018, Match 3|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1136562|title=Rahul floors Daredevils with fastest ever IPL fifty|website=ESPNcricinfo|date=8 April 2018 |access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>

KL in total scored 659 runs in the season at a strike rate of 158.41 and an average of 54.91. He finished the season as third highest run scorer, and he was named in the ''Cricinfo'' and ''Cricbuzz'' IPL XI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2018 |title=Vote for your IPL 2018 team of the tournament |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vote-for-your-ipl-2018-team-of-the-tournament-1148237 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/102276/cb-xi-team-of-ipl-2018|title = CB XI - team of IPL 2018| date=28 May 2018 }}</ref>

Kings XI Punjab retained Rahul for the [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019 season.]] Rahul was named as vice-captain for the season. He scored his maiden IPL century, scoring 100 [[not out]] off 64 balls against [[Mumbai Indians]]. In total KL scored 593 runs in the season with average of 53.90 and strike rate of 135.38.

On 19 December 2019, Rahul was announced as captain of the [[Kings XI Punjab|Punjab]] for the [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 season]], after former captain [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] was traded to [[Delhi Capitals]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/kl-rahul-appointed-kxip-captain-for-ipl-2020/articleshow/72889119.cms|title=KL Rahul appointed KXIP captain for IPL 2020|website=The Times of India|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>

In the match against RCB on 24 September 2020, he scored an unbeaten 132*, then the most runs scored by an Indian batsman in an IPL match.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 2020|title=IPL 2020 Has Its First Century And KL Rahul Is Leading KXIP From The Front|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ipl-2020-has-its-first-century-and-kl-rahul-is-leading-kxip-from-the-front-523618.html|access-date=25 September 2020|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref>

Rahul won the [[Orange Cap]] in IPL 2020 for scoring most runs in IPL 2020 (670 runs). He was also awarded as the Dream 11 Game changer of the season.<ref>{{Cite news|title=IPL 2020: Kings XI Punjab's KL Rahul wins Orange Cap in UAE|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2020-kings-xi-punjab-s-kl-rahul-wins-orange-cap-in-uae/story-IczbFZoD78soTgsqM4asyJ.html|access-date=8 January 2021|work=hindustantimes.com|language=en}}</ref>

KL Rahul was retained as the captain by the [[Punjab Kings]] ahead of the [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021 IPL]] season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab Kings squad for IPL 2021|url=https://www.kxip.in/players|access-date=10 February 2021}}</ref> He scored 626 runs in [[2021 Indian Premier League|IPL 2021]], finishing as the team's highest scorer in the season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com|publisher=Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/punjab-kings/squad/1125/kl-rahul|access-date=23 October 2021|language=en}}</ref>

=== Lucknow Super Giants (2022 - Present)===
Prior to the [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]], Rahul parted ways with the [[Punjab Kings]] and was drafted by [[Lucknow Super Giants]] (LSG) as their captain for INR 17 crore, making him the joint highest paid cricketer in the IPL alongside [[Virat Kohli]].

On 16 April 2022, Rahul scored his first century for Lucknow (103* off 60) against Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/mumbai-indians-vs-lucknow-super-giants-26th-match-1304072/match-report|title=Rahul 103*, Avesh three-for headline dominant Super Giants' fourth win|work=ESPN Cricinfo|date=16 April 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref> He followed this up with another unbeaten century(103* off 62) against the same opposition eight days later.

Rahul led his team to play-offs in the debut season for LSG but ended up losing to [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB)]] in the Eliminator. Rahul was the highest scorer for his team, scoring 616 runs with an average of 51.33 scoring 2 centuries in the season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iplt20.com |url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/lucknow-super-giants/squad-details/1125}}</ref>

Rahul was retained as the captain for Lucknow Super Giants for [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023 season]]. Rahul was ruled out of the tournament mid way after sustaining an injury while fielding in a match against Royal Challengers Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iplt20.com |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3941/kl-rahul-ruled-out-of-tata-ipl-2023-due-to-injury-karun-nair-to-replace-him-at-lucknow-super-giants#:~:text=KL%20Rahul%20ruled%20out%20of,him%20at%20Lucknow%20Super%20Giants}}</ref>

==Career summary==
As of March 2023 Rahul has made 14 international centuries - 7 in [[Test cricket]], 5 in [[One Day International|One-Day Internationals]] and 2 in [[Twenty20 International|T20Is]]. Rahul is the only Indian player to score a century on his ODI debut. He is also the first batter to score a century in T20Is while playing at 4th or lower batting position.

=== List of international centuries by KL Rahul ===
{|
|+'''Key'''
|*
|~ Not Out
|-
|{{Dagger}}
|~ Man of the Match
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Test Centuries by KL Rahul<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/422108.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=STATISTICS / STATSGURU / KL RAHUL / TEST MATCHES|publisher=ESPN CricInfo|access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>
!No.
!Runs
!Against
![[Batting order (cricket)|Pos.]]
![[Innings|Inn.]]
!Test
!Venue
!H/A
!Date
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|1
|110
|{{Cr|Australia}}
|2
|2
|4/4
|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney]]
|Away
|6 January 2015
|Drawn
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/border-gavaskar-trophy-2014-15-754713/australia-vs-india-4th-test-754743/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard at Australia vs. India 4th Test 2014/15|publisher=ESPN CricInfo|date=January 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2
|108 {{Dagger}}
|{{Cr|Sri Lanka}}
|2
|1
|2/3
|[[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium|P Sara Oval, Colombo]]
|Away
|20 August 2015
|Won
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2015-895057/sri-lanka-vs-india-2nd-test-895775/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Sri Lanka2nd Test 2015|date=August 2015|publisher=ESPN CricInfo|access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|3
|158
|{{Cr|West Indies}}
|1
|2
|2/2
|[[Sabina Park|Sabina Park, Kingston]]
|Away
|30 July 2016
|Drawn
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-wi-2016-1018687/west-indies-vs-india-2nd-test-1022595/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard of West Indies vs India 2ndTest 2016|publisher=ESPN CricInfo|year=2016}}</ref>
|-
|4
|199
|{{Cr|England}}
|1
|2
|5/5
|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|M.A Chidambaram, Chennai]]
|Home
|16 December 2016
|Won
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2016-17-1030195/india-vs-england-5th-test-1034817/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard of England vs India 5th Test 2016/17|publisher=ESPN CricInfo|date=December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|5
|149
|{{Cr|England}}
|1
|4
|5/5
|[[The Oval|The Oval, London]]
|Away
|7 September 2018
|Lost
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-england-2018-1119528/england-vs-india-5th-test-1119553/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard of England vs India 5th Test 2018|date=September 2018|publisher=ESPN CricInfo}}</ref>
|-
|6
|129 {{Dagger}}
|{{Cr|England}}
|2
|1
|2/5
|[[Lord's|Lord's, London]]
|Away
|12 August 2021
|Won
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-england-2021-2022-1239527/england-vs-india-2nd-test-1239544/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard of England vs India 2nd Test 2021-2022|publisher=ESPN CricInfo|date=August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|7
|123 {{Dagger}}
|{{Cr|South Africa}}
|1
|1
|1/3
|[[Centurion Park|SuperSport Park, Centurion]]
|Away
|26 December 2021
|Won
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-south-africa-2021-22-1277060/south-africa-vs-india-1st-test-1277079/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard of South Africa vs India 1st Test 2021/22|publisher=ESPN CricInfo|date=December 2021}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ODI Centuries by KL Rahul<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/422108.html?class=2;orderby=start;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=STATISTICS / STATSGURU / KL RAHUL / ONE-DAY INTERNATIONALS|publisher=ESPN CricInfo}}</ref>
!No
!Runs
!Against
![[Batting order (cricket)|Pos.]]
![[Innings|Inn.]]
![[Strike rate (cricket)|S/R]]
!Venue
!H/A/N
!Date
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|1
|100* {{Dagger}}
|{{Cr|Zimbabwe}}
|1
|2
|86.95
|[[Harare Sports Club|Harare Sports Club, Harare]]
|Away
|11 June 2016
|Won
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-zimbabwe-2016-1007647/zimbabwe-vs-india-1st-odi-1007649/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard of Zimbabwe vs India 1st ODI 2016|year=2016|publisher=ESPN CricInfo}}</ref>
|-
|2
|111
|{{Cr|Sri Lanka}}
|1
|2
|94.06
|[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley Cricket Ground, Leeds]]
|Neutral
|6 July 2019
|Won
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-1144415/india-vs-sri-lanka-44th-match-1144526/full-scorecard|title=India vs Sri Lanka 44th Match 2019|publisher=ESPN Cric Info|date=July 2019}}</ref>
|-
|3
|102
|{{Cr|West Indies}}
|2
|1
|98.07
|[[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy International Cricket Stadium|Dr. Y.S.R.R. Stadium, Vishakhapatnam]]
|Home
|18 December 2019
|Won
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-in-india-2019-20-1186986/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-odi-1187022/full-scorecard|title=Full sorecard India vs West Indies 2nd ODI 2019/20|date=December 2019|publisher=ESPN CricInfo}}</ref>
|-
|4
|112
|{{Cr|New Zealand}}
|5
|1
|99.11
|[[Bay Oval|Bay Oval, Mt. Maunganui]]
|Away
|11 February 2020
|Lost
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-new-zealand-2019-20-1187673/new-zealand-vs-india-3rd-odi-1187684/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard of New Zealand vs India 3rd ODI 2019/20|date=February 2020|publisher=ESPN CricInfo}}</ref>
|-
|5
|108
|{{Cr|England}}
|4
|1
|94.73
|[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA Stadium, Pune]]
|Home
|26 March 2021
|Lost
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2020-21-1243364/india-vs-england-2nd-odi-1243394/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard of India vs England 2nd ODI 2020/21|publisher=ESPN CricInfo|date=March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|6
|111*
|{{Cr|Pakistan}}
|4
|1
|104.72
|[[R. Premadasa International Cricket Stadium|Colombo, Sri Lanka]]
|Away
|10-11 September 2023
|Won
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+T20I Centuries by KL Rahul<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/422108.html?class=3;orderby=start;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=STATISTICS / STATSGURU / KL RAHUL / TWENTY20 INTERNATIONALS|publisher=ESPN CricInfo}}</ref>
!No.
!Runs
!Against
![[Batting order (cricket)|Pos.]]
![[Innings|Inn.]]
![[Strike rate (cricket)|S/R]]
!Venue
!H/A/N
!Date
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|1
|110*
|{{Cr|West Indies}}
|4
|2
|215.68
|[[Central Broward Park|Central Broward Park, Lauderhill]]
|Away
|27 August 2016
|Lost
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-wi-2016-1018687/india-vs-west-indies-1st-t20i-1041615/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard India vs West Indies 1st T20I 2016|year=2016|publisher=ESPN CricInfo}}</ref>
|-
|2
|101*
|{{Cr|England}}
|3
|2
|187.03
|[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford, Manchester]]
|Away
|3 July 2018
|Won
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-england-2018-1119528/england-vs-india-1st-t20i-1119543/full-scorecard|title=Full scorecard England vs India 1st T20I 2018|publisher=ESPN CricInfo|year=2018}}</ref>
|}

==See also ==

* [[Sport in India]] – Overview of sports in India
* [[Sports in Karnataka]]
* [[List of cricketers with centuries in all international formats]]
* [[List of centuries scored on One Day International cricket debut]]
* [[List of international cricket centuries at Lord's]]

==Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=422108}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052942/http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/India/Lokesh-Rahul/48900.html Lokesh Rahul] at Wisden India
*[https://twitter.com/klrahul K L Rahul] at [https://twitter.com/ Twitter]

{{Navboxes
|title= India squads
|bg= #0077FF
|fg= orange
|bordercolor=orange
|list1=
{{India Squad 2018 Asia Cup}}
{{India Squad 2019 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2023 Asia Cup}}
{{India 2023 Cricket World Cup squad}}
}}
{{Karnataka cricket squad}}
{{Lucknow Super Giants squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahul, KL}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers who made a century on One Day International debut]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]
[[Category:Lucknow Super Giants cricketers]]

Colonial Cousins

2026-10-11T10:06:28Z

Sraboni87: Expand history of Colonial Cousins' musical style Copy

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2010}}
{{tone|date=July 2018}}
}}
{{short description|Indian musical duo}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Colonial Cousins
| image = Launch of Colonial Cousins’ album ‘Once More’ (cropped).jpg
| caption = Hariharan and Lesle Lewis at the launch of their album ''[[Once More (Colonial Cousins album)|Once More]]'' (2012)
| image_size = 220
| alias =
| origin = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rock music|rock]], [[soundtrack]]
| years_active = 1992–present
| label =
| website =
| current_members = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]]
}}

'''Colonial Cousins''' is an Indian duo, formed by singer [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] and singer-composer [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]], who also have successful solo careers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/21/stories/2003012100350200.htm|title=Harmonious synthesis|date=2003-01-23|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2010-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130357/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/21/stories/2003012100350200.htm|archive-date=2011-06-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their [[eponymous]] first album hit platinum in sales in India alone and consistently headed the Indian music charts in 1996. The duo have received numerous awards, notably the [[MTV Asia Awards#Viewers.27 Choice|MTV Asia Viewers' Choice Award]], 1996, and the US Billboard's Viewers' Award, 1996. On 19 November 1998, the Colonial Cousins released their second album, ''[[The Way We Do It]]''. They also released their third album ''[[Aatma (album)|Aatma]]'' on 1 January 2001. They have scored two [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films, ''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]'' (2009), ''[[Chikku Bukku]]'' (2010). Their fourth album ''[[Once More (Colonial Cousins album)|Once More]]'' was released in 2012.

==History==

=== Formation===
It was during Lewis's jingles career that the idea of Colonial Cousins was conceived. Lewis had called in Hariharan to sing a jingle for him one evening in 1992. The lyrics for the jingle were late coming in. The restless Lewis began crooning something while strumming on his guitar, and Hari felt inspired to jam with an alaap.

Being a ghazal singer in the Indian music industry for over two decades, Hariharan is well versed in Carnatic and Hindustani music. Besides releasing several ghazal albums, Hariharan has also lent his voice to many Hindi and Tamil films, and ended up winning several awards including the National Award as Best Singer for his song "Mere Dushman Mere Bhai" from the film ''Border''.

===Debut album===
In October 1996, under Magnasound Label, the duo released their debut album self-titled ''[[Colonial Cousins (album)|Colonial Cousins]]''. The album broke all records including hitting platinum sales in India. The duo also won the MTV Asia Viewer's Choice Award and then later on collected the US Billboard Viewer's Choice Award too.<ref name="The Hindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004092312750200.htm&date=2004/09/23/&prd=thlf&|title=Colonial Cousins to regale Bangaloreans|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-09-23|access-date=2020-07-25|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103070536/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004092312750200.htm&date=2004/09/23/&prd=thlf&|archive-date=2013-01-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> The song "Krishna" won the [[Star Screen Awards|Star Videocon Award]] for Best Music Video.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan23/films2.htm|title=Screen Videocon Award Winners|magazine=[[Screen India]]|date=1997-01-23|accessdate=2011-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703055056/http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan23/films2.htm|archive-date=2009-07-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The style is essentially fusion, with a lot of songs opening with recognisable Hindustani or Carnatic ragas and then segueing into a more pop style. The musicians who worked on it range from [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]] to sessions musicians who have worked with the likes of [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Boy George]], [[Annie Lennox]] and other well-known Western musicians. It was the first Indian act to be featured on ''[[MTV Unplugged]]''.<ref name="The Hindu1"/>

===''The Way We Do It''===
On 19 November 1998, their second album, a sophomore effort, ''[[The Way We Do It]]'', was a continuation of, and a departure from, that first effort.

The album was a continuation in musical terms to the extent that Lewis and Hariharan had done what they do best individually, and fused it into a format that enriches and complements each other. The album was also a departure sound-wise from their eponymous first album. While that has a softer sound to it, their second album was edgier and groovier.

The album has some singles such as the title track "Way We Do It With You". Srinivas playing on it, "Dekhoon Main Jahan" penned by lyricist Javed Akhtar, "No Longer Mine" and "Lady".

===''Aatma''===
After two-and-a-half years in hibernation, Colonial Cousins, recorded their third album Aatma. Released in April 2001, on the Sony label, the nine-track album was a fusion of Indian vocals and contemporary instrumentation. Besides being busy in playback singing Hariharan had cut a ghazal album ''[[Kaash (album)|Kaash]]'' the previous year, while Lewis had been busy composing jingles and producing music.

There is also a song "I Love You Girl" which Hariharan has dedicated to his daughter Divya.

===''Once More''===
In 2012, 11 years after their previous album, the duo came together to release their brand new album ''[[Once More (Colonial Cousins album)|Once More]]''. To launch their latest album, the duo took to the jostling promenade of Carter Road in the busy suburb of Bandra, Mumbai, in a musical ensemble that worked its way from Otters Club to the amphitheater, all along performing music from their new album on top of a 40-foot canter. The event concluded with the official unveiling of the album ''Once More''.

===''Modhi Vilayadu''===
In 2009, the Colonial Cousins made a debut as music composers for Tamil film ''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]'' directed by Saran. The director of the film required a new trend of music and therefore brought in the Indipop duo, thus opening doors for them to the Tamil Film Industry.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/009200907250331.htm |title=Colonial Cousins' debut in Tamil |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2009-07-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731092252/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/009200907250331.htm |archivedate=2009-07-31 }}</ref>

===''Chikku Bukku''===
Colonial Cousins scored their second soundtrack for the film ''[[Chikku Bukku]]'' (2010). Its audio was released on 13 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2010/chikku-bukku-audio-released-240810.html|title=Chikku Bukku music and trailer released|date=24 August 2010|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]}}
</ref>

Colonial Cousins became known for combining Indian classical music with Western pop and rock influences. Their music brought together traditional Indian melodies, including Hindustani and Carnatic influences, with contemporary arrangements and instruments. Their self-titled debut album, released in 1996, included the song "Krishna" and received significant recognition in the Indian independent music scene. The duo's musical approach reflected the growth of Indian pop music during the 1990s, when artists experimented with blending Indian musical traditions and international styles.

==Discography==
* ''[[Colonial Cousins (album)|Colonial Cousins]]'' (1996)
* ''[[The Way We Do It]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Aatma (album)|Aatma]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Modhi Vilayadu]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Chikku Bukku]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Once More (Colonial Cousins album)|Once More]]'' (2012)
* ''Rediscovered Gems (2015)

==Awards and achievements==
* 1997: MTV Asia Viewer's Choice Award for ''[[Colonial Cousins (album)|Colonial Cousins]]''
* US Billboard Viewer's Choice Award

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.colonial-cousins.blogspot.com Official Blog site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060316145416/http://www.indiacurrents.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=732c6323a1e093b2926f4ab35437a52f The Post “Colonial” Hariharan]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian pop music groups]]
[[Category:Indian musical duos]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Caste politics

2026-10-11T10:01:05Z

Sraboni87: Expand introduction with a reliable reference Copy

{{Short description|Identity politics on caste system lines in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{POV|date=November 2016}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=May 2021}}
{{Lead rewrite|date=May 2021}}
{{Tone|date=May 2021}}
{{Incomprehensible|date=May 2021}}
{{Original research|date=May 2021}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
'''Castes''' in Indian society refer to a social group where membership is decided by birth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Study-reveals-origin-of-Indias-caste-system/articleshow/21754499.cms|title=Study reveals origin of India's caste system|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> Members of such local groups are mostly [[Endogamy|endogamous]], i.e. they tend to enter into marital relationships among themselves. They often have related political preferences.

For political/government purposes, the castes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/govt-says-it-does-not-have-info-on-definition-of-hindu/|title=Govt says it does not know the definition of 'Hindu'|date=11 October 2015|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> are broadly divided into<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/OBCs-form-41-of-population-Survey/articleshow/2328117.cms|title=OBCs form 41% of population: Survey – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>Caste and Democratic Politics in India, ''Anthem South Asian studies'', Editor Ghanshyam Shah, ''Anthem Press'', 2004, p. 261</ref>

* [[Forward Castes]] (30.80% of [[Demographics of India|the population]])<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/indias-population-121-09-crores-hindus-79-8-pc-muslims-14-2-pc-census/|title=Census 2011: Hindus dip to below 80 per cent of population; Muslim share up, slows down|date=27 August 2015|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Muslim-population-growth-slows/article10336665.ece|title=Muslim population growth slows|last1=S|first1=Rukmini|date=25 August 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=21 January 2019|last2=Singh|first2=Vijaita|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[Other Backward Classes]] (OBC) (about 41.0% of the population)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/01quota.htm|title=OBCs make up 41% of population: Survey|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[Scheduled Castes]] (about 19.7% of the population)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
* [[List of Scheduled Tribes of India|Scheduled Tribe]] (about 8.5% of the population)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The Indian Muslims (14.2%), and Christians (2.3%) often function as castes.

Official lists are compiled by states recognizing the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]], [[Scheduled Castes]] and the [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribe]]. The dividing lines can be ambiguous, several castes have demanded a lower rank so that they can avail the privileges offered. The term [[Forward Castes|Upper caste]] also refers to [[Forward castes]], when news reports refer to the Scheduled castes in relation to the two upper groups.

The removal of the boundaries between "civil society" and "political society" meant that caste now played a huge role in the political arena and also influenced other government-run institutions such as police and the judicial system. Though caste seemed to dictate one's access to such institutions, the location of that caste also played a pivotal role. If a lower caste were concentrated enough in one area, it could then translate that pocket of concentration of its caste members into political power and then challenge the [[hegemony]] of locally dominant [[Forward Castes|upper caste]]. Gender also plays a significant role in the power dynamic of caste in politics. Women's representation within the political system seems to also be tied to their caste. Lower, more conservative castes have less female participation in politics than upper, more socially liberal, castes. This has caused a disproportionately large number of upper-caste women to occupy political office when compared to their lower caste counterparts. The hierarchy of caste and its role in politics and access to power and resources has created a society of patron-client relationships along caste lines. This eventually led to the practice of [[vote bank]]ing, where voters back only candidates that are in their caste,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/90-per-cent-of-people-vote-on-caste-lines-Katju/articleshow/18117893.cms|title=90 per cent of people vote on caste lines: Katju|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> or officials from which they expect to receive some kind of benefits.

Historically<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/wquRqpqgRGfDP58kN9BNOM/Caste-matters-everywhere-schools-jobs-or-life-at-large.html|title=Caste matters everywhere: schools, jobs or life at large|last=Kishore|first=Roshan|date=28 January 2016|website=www.livemint.com|language=en|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> it has been very hard to change the structure of '''caste politics in India'''. More recently{{When|date=July 2012}} however, there has been a flux in caste politics, mainly caused by [[economic liberalisation in India]]. Contemporary India has seen the influence of caste start to decline. This is partly due to the spread of education to all castes which has had a democratising effect on the political system. However, this "equalising" of the playing field has not been without controversy. The [[Mandal Commission]] and its quotas system has been a particularly sensitive issue.

It has been argued by Professor Dipankar Gupta that the role of castes in Indian elections have been overplayed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-caste-bogey-in-election-analysis/article5811003.ece|title=The caste bogey in election analysis|last=Gupta|first=Dipankar|date=21 March 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=21 January 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Caste and politics in India have a two-way relationship. Caste identities can influence electoral strategies, candidate selection, political representation, and demands for public resources. At the same time, political participation can reshape caste identities by encouraging different caste groups to form alliances and organise collectively. According to India's NCERT civics textbook, caste-based political mobilisation can provide disadvantaged communities with opportunities to seek greater representation and participation in decision-making. However, electoral outcomes are also influenced by other factors, and caste alone does not determine the political preferences of all voters.

==Colonial history==
{{main|British India}}

The British institutionalised caste into the workings of the major government institutions within India. The main benefactors of this [[indirect rule]] were the upper castes or [[forward castes]], which maintained their [[hegemony]] and monopoly of control and influence over government institutes long after independence from the British. The state of post-colonial India promised development, rule of law, and [[nation building]], but in reality, was a complex network of [[patronage]] systems, which solidified the upper-caste position of dominance over civil service institutions. This network undermined the very promises of 'nation building' that post-colonial India had made and ushered in an area of upper-caste dominance that lasted for the next four decades.

In August 1932, the then Prime Minister of Britain, [[Ramsay MacDonald]], made what became known as the [[Communal Award]]. According to it, separate representation was to be provided for communities such as the [[Dalit]], [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], [[Indian Christians]], [[Anglo-Indians]] and [[Europeans]]. These depressed classes were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from special constituencies in which only voters belonging to these classes could vote.

==Caste and political power==
{{Main|Caste system in India}}
The caste system has traditionally had significant influence over people's access to power. The privileged upper caste groups benefit more by gaining substantially more economic and political power, while the lower caste groups have limited access to those powers. The caste system distributes to different castes different economic strengths. The upper caste groups can then manipulate the economic and political system to transfer economic strength into political power.<ref name="Craig">{{cite journal|last=Craig|first=Jeffrey|title=Caste, Class, and Clientelism: A Political Economy of Everyday Corruption in Rural North India.}}</ref>

===Access to power===
In rural North India, upper and middle-ranking castes dominate the ownership of land. They were able to transfer this control over wealth into political dominance over the [[Panchayat]] decision. The Panchayat is a local government unit that is in-charge of resources disbursement. The dominant caste groups monopolised leadership positions in the Panchayat, thus gaining more opportunities to government contracts, employment and funding.

Access to police and judicial assistance also depends on which caste one belongs to. By bribing, influencing and intimidating the police and judicial officials, the rural north Indian middle and upper castes tend to manipulate the local police and judicial power more successfully. These types of political [[rent-seeking]]'s have also helped secure the supply of rents to dominant castes through other channels such as 'rigging Panchayat elections, capturing electoral booths, and using pre-election intimidatory tactics in elections for the state assembly.'<ref name="Craig" /> Whether an individual or a group can raise enough money for constant bribes depends on the caste-based socioeconomic status. Hence, the advantage in accessing economic resources not only transfers into but also reinforces the political might of the dominant caste groups. Certain scientists and activists, such as [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] [[systems science|systems scientist]] Dr. [[Shiva Ayyadurai|VA Shiva Ayyadurai]], blame caste for holding back innovation and scientific research in India, making it difficult to sustain progress while regressive social organisation prevails.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news|title=Scientist blames caste for India's backwardness in research|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-25/coimbatore/40792839_1_caste-system-inter-caste-marriages-indian-origin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728111537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-25/coimbatore/40792839_1_caste-system-inter-caste-marriages-indian-origin|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2013|access-date=8 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=SpicyIP>{{cite web|last=Reddy|first=Prashant|title=CSIR Tech. Pvt. Ltd: Its controversial past and its uncertain future|url=http://spicyipindia.blogspot.com/2012/05/csir-tech-pvt-ltd-its-controversial.html|access-date=11 March 2013|publisher=SpicyIP.com|date=20 May 2012}}</ref>

Caste, ascribed at birth, is also influenced by where one is born. Political lines in India have often been drawn along caste lines; however, this is only part of the story. Caste is often specific to a particular area. These caste pockets create a locally dominant castes. Because of the political structure in India, local dominance can translate into regional dominance. This concentration of caste population has meant that smaller, less influential castes have the opportunity stake there claims in the political power arena. However, if a non-dominant caste is not concentrated in a particular area, then they are not likely to get any representation without teaming up with another caste to increase their influence. This means, "localised concentration facilitates a space for contesting the domination of State-level dominant caste".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Suhas|first=Pahlshikar|title=Caste Politics Through the Prism of Region}}</ref> For instance, the [[Maratha]]-[[Kunbi]] caste has concentrations of populations all over the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]]. They thus managed to receive maximum representation at the state legislature.(ibid)

Though the caste system factors greatly in determining who makes up the local elites, it also plays a huge role in determining women's influence and representation in the political system. In India's bicameral parliamentary system, women represent a minuscule amount of each house. Of the people's assembly, made up of 545 members, women represent a mere 5.2 percent; and in the State assembly, with 259 members, women make up only 8.8 percent. Both houses have seen an alarming decline in female representatives in the most recent decades. Of the 39 women representatives in the Indian Parliament most were members of higher castes. Caste, which eventually effects class, is one of the most important factors in determining a woman's successful inclusion into the political system. This may be due to the fact that higher castes challenge the role of the traditional Indian woman and so their caste position gives them a greater range of options that are not available to lower more traditional castes. This inflated representation of elite caste in public offices has meant that the impact they have on public policy is disproportionately large in comparison to their actual numbers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rai|first=Shirin|title=Class, Caste and Gender- Women in Parliament in India|journal=IDea's Handbook: Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers|pages=1–8}}</ref>

===Clientelism===
Politics in India highly depended on patron-client ties along the caste lines during the Congress-dominating period. The caste that one belongs to serves as a strong determinant of his or her voting pattern.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kela|first=Shashank|title=Caste, Class and Politics in Contemporary North India}}</ref> In India, different political parties represent the interests of different caste groups. The upper and merchant castes such as Brahmin, Rajput and Kayasth and the rich Muslim groups tend to express their interests through the Congress Party. The agrarian upper caste [[Jats]] tend to vote for the competing parties. Numerically minor parties, represented by the Jan Shangh, receive votes almost exclusively from the upper and trading castes (ibid). However, caste does not solely determine voting behaviours. Discrepancies occur especially for the upper caste groups. (ibid) This means that not everyone from the same caste would vote for only one particular party. The upper caste people have more freedom to vote by political beliefs. The [[Mandal Commission]] covered more than 3000 Other Backward Castes. It is thus not clear which parties are associated with each castes.

Loyal groups of voters usually back a certain candidate or party during elections with the expectation of receiving benefits once their candidate is in office. This practice, called "[[votebank]]", is prolific throughout most regions of the country. Many political parties in India have openly indulged in caste-based [[votebank]] politics. The Congress party used votebank to maintain power; the competing parties constructed votebanks to challenge the Congress dominance of politics.

==Caste politics in flux==
{{See also|Politics of India}}

By the early 1990s there began a shift in caste politics. The continuation of a one party system, which was the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]], composed mostly of upper-caste leadership, came to an end. This was partly due to [[economic liberalisation in India]] which reduced the control the state had on the economy and thus the lower castes, and partly due to an upsurge in caste based parties that made the politics of lower caste empowerment a central part of there political agenda. It should be pointed out that these new political parties emerged not on a national level but on a village and regional level, and were most dominant in North India.

These parties view development programs and rule of law as institutions used by upper caste to control and subjugate lower castes. As a result, these new political parties sought to weaken these institutions and in turn weaken the upper caste domination in the political arena in India. Since 'rule of law' was seen as controlled by upper-castes, these new parties adopted a strategy that had to operate outside of this rule in order to gain political influence and lower-caste empowerment.

===Political corruption===
Corruption thus translated into power and a means to enter the political arena, once only open to upper caste members. [[Corruption in India]] became a way to level the playing field. This struggle for empowerment that was forced to operate outside of the rule of law produced caste-based mafia networks. These mafia-networks began to chip away at upper caste control over state institutions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Witsoe|first=Jeffrey|title=Corruption as Power: Caste and the Political Imagination of the Postcolonial State}}</ref>

However, unlike their predecessor, these ''caste mafia'' groups were not concerned with 'development', but mainly viewed elections and democracy as a way of gaining control of the state, which would enable them to level social inequalities. This new state envisioned a government of "Social Justice" through caste empowerment. Within the context of "social justice" corruption pontificated by the caste mafias became tolerated, and in some cases, as in the province of Bihar, even celebrated.

The very nature of caste politics inherently means that there are no boundaries between "civil society" and "political society", as demonstrated by the proliferation caste mafia. The mafia dons became mayors, ministers, and even members of Parliament. Therefore, there was no alternative to fight against these mafia figures and political brokers. Because rule of law was perceived to be a mechanism of upper caste control, corruption used by caste mafia became popularly accepted, as it was perceived to be a means to achieve lower caste empowerment. The corruption elevated to such a level that nearly all elected officials in some towns and regions were also criminals. The upper castes who had used their control over the state to discreetly plunder its institutions for their own gain, were now replaced by the mafia dons who now openly pillaged the state institutions. Many of these elected ministers/mafia dons were jailed for the illegal practices they employed; however, this was widely touted as the upper castes trying to regain dominance by eliminating "social justice" supporters. Corruption and politics became so common that at a time it was not uncommon for election results to be contested from a prison cell.

Corruption therefore translated into power and a means to enter the political arena, once only open to upper caste members. In this way corruption was seen as a way to level the playing field, and as a result was tolerated and in some villages championed under the banner of "[[social justice]]".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Witsoe|first=Jeffrey|title=Corruption as A Power: Caste and the Political Imagination of the Postcolonial State|journal=Journal of the American Ethnological Society|year=2011|volume=38|issue=1|pages=73–85|doi=10.1111/j.1548-1425.2010.01293.x}}</ref>

In the 1951 election, three ethnic parties challenged the Congress party: the Ram Rajya Parishad, the Hindu Mahasabha, and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. These three sought to gain support from the Hindu majority. The All India Scheduled Caste Federation bid for support from the ex-untouchable castes. Three of the four ethnic parties gradually disappeared because they were not able to obtain enough votes. In the late 1980s, the Congress began to decline. More non-congress parties started to challenge the Congress dominance. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) descended from the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. It attempted to pit Hindus against Muslims. The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and the Janata Dal ( JD) tried to seek support from the Scheduled Castes, and Muslims against the upper castes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chandra|first=Kanchan|title=Ethnic Parties and Democratic Stability|journal=Perspectives on Politics|date=June 2005|volume=3|issue=2|pages=235–252|doi=10.1017/s1537592705050188|citeseerx=10.1.1.483.4574|s2cid=33566400}}</ref>

The intense party competitions that started in the late 1970s have also weakened the influence of caste in Indian politics. Traditionally, Indian political parties have been constructed from top-down. Party leaders relied on preexisted patron-client networks to collect votes. Hence, no parties established fixed organisations to keep constant contacts with the village-level. Since 1977, the number of youth participating in politics has significantly increased. Due to the lack of fixed organisations, political parties had to rely on the young village members for political mobilisation.<ref name="Krishna 2003 1171–1193">{{cite journal|last=Krishna|first=Anirudh|title=What is happening to Caste? A View from Some North Indian Villages|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=November 2003|volume=62|issue=4|pages=1171–1193|doi=10.2307/3591763|jstor=3591763|s2cid=154584196}}</ref> Often, these young villagers exerted more political influence than the upper caste leaders and patrons. The status of these young people in the village depended on how much he could contribute to the economic development of the village. It is easier for the youth to maintain their status by rallying rather than remain loyal to a specific party. This also weakened the influence of caste and clientelism on Indian politics.

In the 1990s, many parties [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), the [[Samajwadi Party]] and the [[Janata Dal]] started claiming that they were representing the backward castes. Many such parties, relying primarily on Backward Classes' support, often in alliance with Dalits and Muslims, rose to power in Indian states.<ref name="country_studies_caste">{{cite web
|title=Caste-Based Parties
|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/116.htm
|publisher= Country Studies US
|access-date=12 December 2006
}}</ref> At the same time, many Dalit leaders and intellectuals started realising that the main Dalit oppressors were the so-called Other Backward Classes, and formed their own parties, such as the [[Indian Justice Party]]. The Congress (I) in Maharashtra long relied on OBCs' backing for its political success.<ref name="country_studies_caste"/> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] has also showcased its Dalit and OBC leaders to prove that it is not an upper-caste party. [[Bangaru Laxman]], the former BJP president (2001–2002) was a former Dalit. [[Sanyasin]] [[Uma Bharati]], former CM of [[Madhya Pradesh]], who belongs to OBC caste, was a former BJP leader. In 2006 [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]] cabinet minister for MHRD of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government was accused of playing caste politics when he introduced reservations for OBCs in educational institutions all around.

In [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party rose to power promising representation of all castes in all important sectors of society.

===Caste-based mobilisation===
Recent evidence suggests that the influence of caste has been declining. Rather than a long-established, unchanging institution, caste is subject to political influence. Changes in political leadership throughout the history of India have led to changes in the structure of the caste system. India's colonial past has shaped caste into a flexible institution, generating a new system that has crucial influences on political mobilisation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rao and Ban|title=The Political Construction of Caste in South India}}</ref> In some regions of India, strategic reconstructions of the caste system have taken place. For instance, the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] was first initiated by urban political entrepreneurs who belonged to the former lower caste groups.<ref name="Krishna 2003 1171–1193"/> The pliable caste system in the post-independence era acts as a tool for identifying marginal groups and political mobilisation . Various political leaderships can alter and influence the caste system to give different groups of people unequal rights in accessing public services and political competition.

===Education===
{{further|Education in India}}

Education spread to the lower castes after India gained independence. The younger generations of all castes have had access to educational resources since the 1980s. The number of the Scheduled and [[Backward Castes]] people receiving education increased at a faster rate than that of the upper caste groups. The spread of education to all castes generated democratising effects. Some representatives of the SC and ST groups obtained access to Congress in the 1950s~1960s (1179). Due to their higher education levels, they are less likely to respond to the upper-caste patrons, but to the needs and interests of the lower castes.

==Politically Important Castes==
===Delhi===
* [[Ahirs]]
* [[Jats]]
* [[Gurjar]]
* [[Tyagis]]
* [[Punjabis]]
* [[Brahmin]]

===Haryana===
* [[Yadav]], [[Ahir]]
* [[Brahmin]]s<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Karnal: Brahmin belt of Haryana to see straight BJP-Cong contest|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/karnal--brahmin-belt-of-haryana-to-see-straight-bjp-cong-contest.html|access-date=2021-02-14|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref> (Brahmin belt of Haryana)
*[[Jats]]
* [[Saini]]
* [[Jangid]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/25-jats-elected-to-haryana-assembly-cong-has-biggest-pie-with-nine/articleshow/71768391.cms|title= 25 Jats elected to Haryana assembly; Congress has biggest pie with nine|website=Times of India|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref>

===Gujarat===
* [[Koli people|Kolis]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Correspondent|first=dna|date=2018-01-11|title=more than 30 Koli community MLAs meet, seek their due from political parties|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-koli-community-leaders-meet-seek-their-due-from-political-parties-2574525|access-date=2021-02-22|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Patidar]]

===Andhra Pradesh, Telangana===
* [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]]<ref name="Aditi_2009"/>
* [[Reddy]]<ref name="Aditi_2009">{{cite book |title=Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7QvviGoJsC&pg=PA182 |editor=Aditi Phadnis |year=2009 |publisher=Business Standard Books |isbn=978-81-905735-4-2 |page=182 }}</ref>
* [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/story/caste-to-play-key-role-in-andhra-pradesh-45081-2009-04-21|title=Caste to play key role in Andhra Pradesh|date=21 April 2009|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

===Bihar===
*[[Yadav]]s
* [[Kurmi]]
* [[Kushwaha]] or [[Koeri]]
*[[Rajput]]
* [[Brahmin]]s ([[Bhumihar]]s and [[Maithil Brahmin|Maithils]])
<ref>{{cite web| url=https://m.timesofindia.com/elections/bihar-elections-2015/news/Bihar-eection-Triveni-Sangh-on-revival-path/articleshow/49640108.cms |title=Bihar election: Triveni Sangh on revival path|first=Abdul|last=Qadir|website=m.timesofindia.com |date=2015-11-03}}</ref><ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/bST8VvV3PLwQoJdLvY63dP/Bihar-still-votes-on-identity-lines.html Bihar still votes on identity lines, Anuja, Apr 30 2014]</ref>

===Uttar Pradesh===
*[[Yadav]]s
*[[Rajput]]
*[[Brahmin]]
*[[Kurmi]]
* [[Chamar]]s
*[[koeri]]
<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/04/will-india-mayawati-hold-dalit-votes-2014415102632355284.html|title=Will India's Mayawati hold on to Dalit votes?|last=Umar|first=Baba|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bjp-narendra-modi-rajnath-singh-adityanath-devendra-fadnavis-upper-hand-for-upper-castes-in-house-4576599/|title=Upper caste gets upper hand|website=Indian Express|date=20 March 2017|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref>

===Jammu & Kashmir===
*Muslims Gujjars
*[[Mohyal Brahmin|Brahmin Sikhs]]
*[[Dogra]] [[Brahmin]]s and [[Rajput]]s

===West Bengal===
* Muslims<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-lok-sabha-elections-2014-is-bengal-s-muslim-vote-bank-headed-for-mandalisation-1975912|title=Lok Sabha elections 2014: Is Bengal's Muslim vote bank headed for Mandalisation?|date=7 April 2014|website=dna|language=en|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>
* Namasudras
* Matua
* Mahishya
* Gorkha

===Karnataka===
* [[Vokkaliga]]/[[Gowda (surname)|Gowda]] in Old Mysuru region (except in Mysuru city, Chamarajanagara, Ballari)
* [[Kuruba]]
* [[Lingayat]]/[[Veerashaiva]] in North Karnataka and Central Karnataka.
* AHINDA (Kannada acronym for minorities, backward classes and dalits) or MOD (Muslims, OBCs and Dalits)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Will-Ahinda-re-emerge/articleshow/19626557.cms|title=Will Ahinda re-emerge? – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/congress-will-help-implement-ahinda-agenda/article4547382.ece|title=Congress will help implement AHINDA agenda|last=Ranganna|first=T. S.|date=26 March 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=21 January 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in Bidar, Kalaburgi and Chamarajanagara.

===Tamil Nadu===

*[[Mudaliar]]
*[[Vanniyar]]
*[[Kongu Vellalar]]
*[[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]]
*[[Mukkulathor]] [[Thevar]]
*Reddiyar

===Punjab===
* [[Dalit]]s <ref>{{cite news|title=Addharmis and Valmikis are two powerful sub-groups among Dalits of Punjab.|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131020/main3.htm}}</ref>
*[[Brahmin]]s and [[Khatri]]s
* [[Saini]]
*[[Jat Sikh]]s,<ref>[http://punjabkhabar.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2591:vote-bank-politics-compelled-to-grant-obc-status-to-Rajputs, jat-sikhs-kainth&catid=17&Itemid=193 Vote bank politics compelled to grant OBC status to Jat Sikhs: Kainth, Chanchal Manohar Singh, April 5, 2013]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> who tend to support [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal (Badal)]]

===Rajasthan ===
* [[Jats]],
*[[Gujjar]]
*[[Jangid]]
*[[Meenas]],
*[[Rajputs]],
*[[Brahmin]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/rajasthan-elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2018-jats-get-maximum-seats-in-the-house-followed-by-rajputs/story-vTNpuW39hTI8MBEyLfzrNP.html|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2018: Jats get maximum seats in the House followed by Rajputs|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=13 December 2018|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref>

===Maharashtra===
*[[Dhangar]]
*[[Kunbi]] (sub caste of Maratha)
*[[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]]
*[[Mahar]]
* [[Mali caste|Mali]]s
*[[Brahmin]]s

===Odisha===
*[[Brahmin]]
*[[Karan (caste)|Karan]]
*[[Khandayat]], [[Chasa (caste)|Chasa]]

===Madhya Pradesh===
*[[Kurmi]]s,
*[[Rajputs]],
*[[Brahmin]],

==Controversial issues==

=== SC/ST Reservation system ===
In 1954, the Ministry of Education suggested that 20 per cent of places should be reserved for the SCs and STs in educational institutions with a provision to relax minimum qualifying marks for admission by 5 per cent wherever required. In 1982, it was specified that 15 per cent and 7.5 per cent of vacancies in public sector and government-aided educational institutes should be reserved for the SC and ST candidates, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/S/I6/0SI60301.htm |title=Archived copy |website=www.education.nic.in |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619063917/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/S/I6/0SI60301.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== OBC Reservation system ===
{{Main|Mandal commission}}

The Mandal Commission, or the Socially Backward Classes Commission (SEBC), was established in India on 1 January 1979 by the [[Janata Party]] government under Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-c0nGTRxRIC&q=mandal+commission+and+mandalisation&pg=PA257|title=Current Trends in Indian Politics|last=Gehlot|first=N. S.|date=1998|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=9788171007981|language=en}}</ref> with a mandate to "identify the socially or educationally backward classes" of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627065912/http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2006|title=Who are the OBCs? at How the Other Half Lives|date=27 June 2006|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> It was headed by the late B.P. Mandal an Indian parliamentarian, to consider the question of reservations for people to redress caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine backwardness. In 1980, based on its rationale that OBCs ("Other backward classes") identified on the basis of caste, economic and social indicators comprised 52% of India's population, the Commission's report recommended that members of Other Backward Classes (OBC) be granted reservations to 27 per cent of jobs under the Central government and public sector undertakings, thus making the total number of reservations for SC, ST and OBC to 49%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.simplydecoded.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Mandal-commission-report.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218232209/http://www.simplydecoded.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Mandal-commission-report.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Though the report had been completed in 1983, the V.P.Singh government declared its intent to implement the report in August 1990, leading to widespread student protests.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ldquoTime-to-curb-number-of-backward-castesrdquo/article14834500.ece|title=Time to curb number of backward castes|date=13 September 2007|work=The Hindu|access-date=21 January 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was thereafter provided a temporary stay order by the Supreme court, but implemented in 1992 in the central government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-mandal-commission-report-25-years-later/|title=Sunday Story: Mandal Commission report, 25 years later|date=1 September 2015|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

The commission estimated that 52% of the total population of India (excluding SCs and STs), belonging to 3,743 different castes and communities, were 'backward'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627065912/http://www.theotherindia.org/caste/who-are-the-obcs.html|archive-date=27 June 2006|title=International Year of Astronomy 2009, United States Node}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bc-dc-or-ec-what-lies-ahead-of-the-census-haphazard-lists-and-multiple-definitions-could-pose-hurdles-in-establishing-identity-during-the-caste-count/cid/518585|title=BC, DC or EC? What lies ahead of the census – Haphazard lists and multiple definitions could pose hurdles in establishing identity during the caste count|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060717-reservation-policy-for-obcs-who-would-benefit-and-the-costs-involved-782759-2006-07-17|title=Reservation policy for OBCs: Who would benefit and what are the costs involved|last1=MishraFarz|first1=Neeraj|last2=Chengappa|first2=Ahmed Raj|date=17 July 2006|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> The number of backward castes in Central list of OBCs has now increased to 5,013 (without the figures for most of the Union Territories) in 2006 as per the [[National Commission for Backward Classes]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-muslim-obcs-and-affirmative-action/233259|title=The Muslim OBCs And Affirmative Action|website=www.outlookindia.com/|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/secc-2011-headed-mandal-2-quotas-2019-2347952.html|title=SECC 2011: Why we are headed for Mandal 2 and more quotas before 2019|website=Firstpost|date=17 July 2015|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Caste system in India]]
* [[Identity politics]]
* [[KHAM theory]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
|last=Kothari
|first=Rajni
|author-link=Rajni Kothari
|title=Caste in Indian Politics
|year=2004
|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]
|isbn=978-81-250-0637-4
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Bayly
|first = Susan
|title = Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age
|url = http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521264340
|date = July 1999
|publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
|isbn = 978-0-521-26434-1
|doi = 10.2277/0521264340
|access-date = 12 December 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013192735/http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521264340
|archive-date = 13 October 2007
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}
*Jain, Meenakshi, Congress Party, 1967–77: Role of Caste in Indian Politics (Vikas, 1991), {{ISBN|0706953193}}
* Bashiruddin Ahmed. ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642818 Caste and Electoral Politics]''. Asian Survey, Vol. 10, No. 11, Elections and Party Politics in India: A Symposium (Nov. 1970), pp. 979–992
* Firstpost News, [http://www.firstpost.com/india/signature-kids-rss-dream-of-perfect-babies-is-fed-by-our-own-nightmarish-hopes-dreams-and-actions-3435522.html Signature kids? RSS formula of perfect babies is fed by our own nightmarish hopes]
* Hussain, G. (2019). Understanding Hegemony of Caste in Political Islam and Sufism in Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 54(5), 716–745. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/</nowiki>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0021909619839430 0021909619839430]
* Hussain, G. (2019). 'Dalits are in India, not in Pakistan': Exploring the Discursive Bases of the Denial of Dalitness under the Ashrafia Hegemony. Journal of Asian and African Studies. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/</nowiki>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/metrics/10.1177/0021909619863455 0021909619863455]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caste Politics in India}}
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Identity politics in India]]

Carona Shoes

2026-10-11T09:36:45Z

Sraboni87: Expand history of Carona Shoes Copy

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}
{{Tone|date=March 2020}}
{{More footnotes|date=March 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Carona Shoes
| former_name = Carona Sahu Shoe Company
| logo =
| type =
| industry = [[Shoes]]
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = 1953
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products =
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = 
}}

'''Carona Shoes''', earlier called the '''''Carona Sahu Shoe Company''''', was incorporated in 1953 and managed by the Sahu family until 1984. In 1984, the company headquarters in D N Road, [[Mumbai]] (near [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]]) was engulfed by fire. In 1984, the company was acquired by the Khataus after which it got the present name. The company used to manufacture [[canvas]] and [[rubber]] footwear. It had its manufacturing facilities in [[Mumbai]] ([[Jogeshwari]]), [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] and [[Ahmedabad]]. In 1989, the company entered into a technical agreement with [[Puma (brand)|Puma AG Rudolf Dassler Sport]], [[Germany]], to manufacture sports and special application shoes. It came out with a public issue in June 1989 to set up a unit in Aurangabad to manufacture sports shoes. In 1995, there was a reshuffle in the management because of a split in the Khatau family. In addition to the labor problem, the company was also not able to cope up with the competition from the unorganised sector for its lower segment products like canvas and rubber footwear. The company was incurring losses. Hence, in 1995, it disposed of its [[Jogeshwari]] plant where operations had been partially suspended since March 1994. Around 800 of its 1200 workers were retrenched through a Voluntary Retirement Scheme. The company renewed its agreement for five years with [[Puma SE|Puma]] in 1995. During the year 1999, the company was registered as a sick company under SICA 1985 and BIFR appointed [[Bank of India]] as its operating agency to expedite the preparation of the Draft of Rehabilitation Scheme (with inputs from India Infoline).

In its prime, Carona was a heritage brand of [[India]] and the second largest footwear company in India. Carona was a brand which thrived during the license control regime in India. The brand thrived along with Bata. In fact, Carona fought head on with the market leader [[Bata Shoes|Bata]]. The shops and the products were extremely similar. When [[Bata (company)|Bata]] launched one style, Carona quickly followed suit. Both Bata and Carona were instrumental in popularizing canvas shoes in India. These shoes were a rage among kids at that time.<ref name="standard"/>

In the nineties, new brands began to enter the market with new designs and fashion. Foreign brands like [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Reebok]] and [[Adidas]] began to market their products aggressively which further worsened the position of Carona.

Bata had the backing of its foreign parent which helped it work through the restructuring exercise, but Carona did not have that backing. Bata was able to sustain itself by launching new models at affordable prices, while Carona was not able to meet the market with new launches. Both Bata and Carona had own showrooms which became expensive to maintain. Carona went in to the BIFR fold in 1998.

== History ==
Carona Shoes was an Indian footwear brand that became known for its canvas and rubber shoes. Originally associated with the name Carona Sahu Shoe Company, the brand operated in a market where it competed with established footwear manufacturers such as Bata. In 1989, Carona entered into a technical agreement with the German sportswear company Puma to manufacture sports and special-application footwear. During the 1990s, increasing competition from international brands and financial difficulties affected Carona's business. Its history reflects the challenges faced by established Indian footwear companies as the country's market became more competitive.

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="standard">{{cite web |title=CARONA LTD. (CARONA) - COMPANY HISTORY|url= https://www.business-standard.com/company/carona-1049/information/company-history|date= |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210902/https://www.business-standard.com/company/carona-1049/information/company-history |archive-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>
}}

*{{cite web|url=http://marketingpractice.blogspot.com/2008/12/carona-rip-1953-2003.html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207112558/http://marketingpractice.blogspot.com/2008/12/carona-rip-1953-2003.html|archive-date=2008-12-07|url-status=dead|title=Marketing Practice: Carona : RIP 1953-2003|accessdate=2015-10-18}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/markets/company/background/company-profile/carona-ltd/1049/|title=IIFL - BSE/NSE, India Stock Market Recommendations, Live Stock Markets, Sensex/Nifty, Commodity Market, Financial News, Mutual Funds|author=indiainfoline.com|publisher=indiainfoline.com|accessdate=2015-10-18}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Shoe companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Bombay State]]

Carona Shoes

2026-10-11T09:35:46Z

Sraboni87: Add history section with references

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}
{{Tone|date=March 2020}}
{{More footnotes|date=March 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Carona Shoes
| former_name = Carona Sahu Shoe Company
| logo =
| type =
| industry = [[Shoes]]
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = 1953
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products =
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = 
}}

'''Carona Shoes''', earlier called the '''''Carona Sahu Shoe Company''''', was incorporated in 1953 and managed by the Sahu family until 1984. In 1984, the company headquarters in D N Road, [[Mumbai]] (near [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]]) was engulfed by fire. In 1984, the company was acquired by the Khataus after which it got the present name. The company used to manufacture [[canvas]] and [[rubber]] footwear. It had its manufacturing facilities in [[Mumbai]] ([[Jogeshwari]]), [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] and [[Ahmedabad]]. In 1989, the company entered into a technical agreement with [[Puma (brand)|Puma AG Rudolf Dassler Sport]], [[Germany]], to manufacture sports and special application shoes. It came out with a public issue in June 1989 to set up a unit in Aurangabad to manufacture sports shoes. In 1995, there was a reshuffle in the management because of a split in the Khatau family. In addition to the labor problem, the company was also not able to cope up with the competition from the unorganised sector for its lower segment products like canvas and rubber footwear. The company was incurring losses. Hence, in 1995, it disposed of its [[Jogeshwari]] plant where operations had been partially suspended since March 1994. Around 800 of its 1200 workers were retrenched through a Voluntary Retirement Scheme. The company renewed its agreement for five years with [[Puma SE|Puma]] in 1995. During the year 1999, the company was registered as a sick company under SICA 1985 and BIFR appointed [[Bank of India]] as its operating agency to expedite the preparation of the Draft of Rehabilitation Scheme (with inputs from India Infoline).

In its prime, Carona was a heritage brand of [[India]] and the second largest footwear company in India. Carona was a brand which thrived during the license control regime in India. The brand thrived along with Bata. In fact, Carona fought head on with the market leader [[Bata Shoes|Bata]]. The shops and the products were extremely similar. When [[Bata (company)|Bata]] launched one style, Carona quickly followed suit. Both Bata and Carona were instrumental in popularizing canvas shoes in India. These shoes were a rage among kids at that time.<ref name="standard"/>

In the nineties, new brands began to enter the market with new designs and fashion. Foreign brands like [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Reebok]] and [[Adidas]] began to market their products aggressively which further worsened the position of Carona.

Bata had the backing of its foreign parent which helped it work through the restructuring exercise, but Carona did not have that backing. Bata was able to sustain itself by launching new models at affordable prices, while Carona was not able to meet the market with new launches. Both Bata and Carona had own showrooms which became expensive to maintain. Carona went in to the BIFR fold in 1998.

== History ==

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="standard">{{cite web |title=CARONA LTD. (CARONA) - COMPANY HISTORY|url= https://www.business-standard.com/company/carona-1049/information/company-history|date= |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210902/https://www.business-standard.com/company/carona-1049/information/company-history |archive-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>
}}

*{{cite web|url=http://marketingpractice.blogspot.com/2008/12/carona-rip-1953-2003.html/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207112558/http://marketingpractice.blogspot.com/2008/12/carona-rip-1953-2003.html|archive-date=2008-12-07|url-status=dead|title=Marketing Practice: Carona : RIP 1953-2003|accessdate=2015-10-18}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/markets/company/background/company-profile/carona-ltd/1049/|title=IIFL - BSE/NSE, India Stock Market Recommendations, Live Stock Markets, Sensex/Nifty, Commodity Market, Financial News, Mutual Funds|author=indiainfoline.com|publisher=indiainfoline.com|accessdate=2015-10-18}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1953]]
[[Category:Shoe companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Bombay State]]

O Kala

2026-10-11T09:32:35Z

Sraboni87: Add plot summary with references

{{Short description|2023 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox film
| name = O Kala
| image = O Kala.jpg
| caption =
| director = Deepak Kolipaka
| writer = Deepak Kolipaka
| producer = {{ubl|Aditya Reddy Kamineni|Ranjith Kumar Kodali|Navya Mahesh M}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Roshni Sahota]]
* Gourish Yeleti
}}
| cinematography = Akhil Velluri
| editing = Satya Giduturi
| music = Neelesh Mandalapu
| studio = {{ubl|Aham Azmi Films|Eternity Entertainment Un-Ltd}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|04|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
}}
'''''O Kala''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama Film|drama film]] written and directed by Deepak Kolipaka. The film was produced by Aditya Reddy Kamineni, Ranjith Kumar Kodali and Navya Mahesh M under the banner of Aham Azmi Films and Eternity Entertainment. It features [[Roshni Sahota]] and Gourish Yeleti in lead roles.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GY" /> The film was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 13 April 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/o-kalas-ott-release-roshni-sahhota-shines-in-the-social-drama-that-is-streaming-on-hotstar/b71a8f657a510 | title=O Kala's OTT release: Roshni Sahhota shines in the social drama that is streaming on Hotstar }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Harika is an MBA graduate who starts an advertising company with the aim of creating employment opportunities. Although her business initially shows promise, financial difficulties and betrayal by her fiancé, Sharan, leave her company facing bankruptcy. Overwhelmed by these setbacks, Harika falls into depression and considers ending her life. At this critical moment, she encounters Harsha, a stranger who helps her reconsider her situation. As their paths cross, Harika begins to confront her emotional struggles and discover a different perspective on life. The film explores themes of depression, resilience, personal setbacks, and the importance of hope during difficult times.

== Cast ==
* [[Roshni Sahota]] as Harika
* Gourish Yeleti as Harsha
* [[Prachi Thakker]] as Pratyusha

== Production ==
The first look poster of the film was released on 9 May 2022 in the presence of [[S. S. Rajamouli]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ragalahari.com/functions/123468/o-kala-movie-first-look-launch-event.aspx | title=O kala Movie First Look Launch Event }}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the film started in 2022.<ref name="GY" >{{cite web | url=https://english.telugustop.com/gourish-yeleti-set-for-movie-debut-with-o-kala-latest-eng-news-1478377 | title=Gourish Yeleti Set for Movie Debut with 'O Kala' | date=28 May 2022 }}</ref><ref name="RS" >{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/roshni-sahota-after-patiala-babes-i-was-sure-that-i-only-want-to-play-lead-roles-on-tv-or-in-films/articleshow/91588634.cms | title=Roshni Sahota: After Patiala Babes, I was sure that I only want to play lead roles on TV or in films | newspaper=The Times of India | date=16 May 2022 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aseq
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Neelesh Mandalapu
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:20
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Aditya Music]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/o-kala/dgUq-y,dSqw_ | title=O Kala - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn | date=30 May 2022 }}</ref>
| producer =
| misc =
}}
{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:20
| title1 = Entha Sokugadu
| music1 = Neelesh Mandalapu
| extra1 = Hemachandra Vedala
| length1 = 3:56
| title2 = O Kala
| music2 = Neelesh Mandalapu
| extra2 = Chinmayee Sripada
| length2 = 5:41
| title3 = Selayeti
| music3 = Neelesh Mandalapu
| extra3 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Abhay Jodhpurkar, Arun Kaundinya
| length3 = 4:15
| title4 = Tholimanchule
| music4 = Neelesh Mandalapu
| extra4 = Abhay Jodhpurkar, Wrisha Dutta
| length4 = 3:28
}}

==Reception==
{{Table to prose|section}}
{| class="wikitable infobox" style="float:right; width:20%; font-size:80%; text-align:center; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding:0;" cellpadding="0"
!colspan=2 style="font-size:120%;"|Professional reviews
|-
!colspan=2 style="background:#d1dbdf; font-size:120%;"|Review scores
|-
!Source
!Rating
|-
|''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/o-kala-telugu-movie-review.html | title=O Kala Telugu Movie Review | date=16 April 2023 }}</ref>
|{{Rating|2|5}}
|-
|''[[ABP Group|ABP Desam]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/ott-webseries-o-kala-movie-review-starring-gourish-yeleti-roshni-sahota-directed-by-deepak-kolipaka-streaming-in-hotstar-ott-87850 | title='ఓ కల' రివ్యూ : డిప్రెషన్‌కు ఆత్మహత్యే పరిష్కారం కాదని చెప్పే సినిమా! | date=14 April 2023 }}</ref>
|{{Rating|1|5}}
|-
|''[[NTV (Telugu)|NTV]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/o-kala-movie-review-350683.html | title=O Kala Movie Review: ఓ కల (డిస్నీ ప్లస్ హాట్ స్టార్) | date=13 April 2023 }}</ref>
|{{Rating|1.5|5}}
|-
|''[[OTT Play]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/o-kala-movie-review-the-roshni-sahota-gourish-yeleti-starrer-has-a-simple-message-told-in-an-endearing-manner/d0d7f8ddcd378 | title=O Kala Movie Review: A sensible drama with good visuals and able performances }}</ref>
|{{Rating|2.75|5}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/o-kala/1260136776 ''O Kala''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:O Kala}}
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2020s Telugu-language films]]

Coronation

2026-10-11T09:29:27Z

Sraboni87: Expand history of coronation ceremonies

{{EngvarB|date=May 2023}}
{{Short description|Ceremony marking the investiture of a monarch}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II on her Coronation Day.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The coronation of [[Elizabeth II]] ([[Coronation of Elizabeth II|1953]]) portrait by [[Cecil Beaton]]]]

[[File:Charles-vii-courronement- Panthéon III.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The coronation of [[Charles VII of France]] (1429), detail of the painting {{lang|fr|Jeanne d'Arc}} (1886–1890) by [[Jules Eugène Lenepveu]]]]

A '''coronation''' is the act of placement or bestowal of a [[coronation crown|crown]] upon a monarch's head. The term also generally refers not only to the physical crowning but to the ceremony wherein the act of crowning occurs, along with the presentation of other items of [[regalia]], marking the formal [[investiture]] of a monarch with regal power. Aside from the crowning, a coronation ceremony may comprise many other rituals such as the taking of special vows by the monarch, the investing and presentation of regalia to the monarch, and acts of homage by the new ruler's subjects and the performance of other ritual deeds of special significance to the particular nation. In certain Christian denominations, such as [[Lutheranism]] and [[Anglicanism]], coronation is a [[Rite (Christianity)|rite]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Lutheran Standard, Volume 7 |date=1967 |publisher=Augsburg Publishing House |pages=1967 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lockwood2023">{{cite web |last1=Lockwood |first1=Frank E. |title=Coronation a religious rite for Anglicans |url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2023/may/06/coronation-a-religious-rite-for-anglicans/ |publisher=[[Arkansas Democrat-Gazette]] |access-date=7 May 2023 |language=en |date=6 May 2023}}</ref> As such, Western-style coronations have often included [[anointing]] the monarch with [[holy anointing oil|holy oil]], or [[chrism]] as it is often called; the anointing ritual's religious significance follows examples found in the Bible. The monarch's consort may also be crowned, either simultaneously with the monarch or as a separate event.

Once a vital ritual among the world's monarchies, coronations have changed over time for a variety of socio-political and religious factors; most modern monarchies have dispensed with them altogether, preferring simpler ceremonies to mark a monarch's accession to the throne. In the past, concepts of royalty, coronation and deity were often inexorably linked. In some ancient cultures, rulers were considered to be divine or partially divine: the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[pharaoh]] was believed to be the son of [[Ra]], the sun god, while in Japan, the [[Emperor of Japan|emperor]] was believed to be a descendant of [[Amaterasu]], the sun goddess. [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] promulgated the practice of [[emperor worship]]; in [[Medieval Europe]], monarchs claimed to have a [[Divine Right of Kings|divine right]] to rule (analogous to the [[Mandate of Heaven]] in [[Dynasties in Chinese history|dynastic China]]). Coronations were once a direct visual expression of these alleged connections, but recent centuries have seen the lessening of such beliefs. The most recent coronation in Europe was [[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla|that of King Charles III and Queen Camilla]] in London in 2023.

Coronations are still observed in the United Kingdom, Tonga, and several Asian and African countries. In Europe, most monarchs are required to take a simple oath in the presence of the country's legislature. Besides a coronation, a monarch's accession may be marked in many ways: some nations may retain a religious dimension to their accession rituals while others have adopted simpler inauguration ceremonies, or even no ceremony at all. Some cultures use bathing or cleansing rites, the drinking of a sacred beverage, or other religious practices to achieve a comparable effect. Such acts symbolise the granting of divine favour to the monarch within the relevant spiritual-religious paradigm of the country.

''Coronation'' in common parlance today may also, in a broader sense, refer to any formal ceremony in relation to the [[Accession day|accession]] of a monarch, whether or not an actual crown is bestowed, such ceremonies may otherwise be referred to as investitures, inaugurations, or enthronements. The date of the act of ''accession'', however, usually precedes the date of the ceremony of ''coronation''. For example, the [[Coronation of Elizabeth II]] took place on 2 June 1953, almost sixteen months after [[Elizabeth II|her]] accession to the throne on 6 February 1952 on the death of her father [[George VI]].

[[File:Karel Leo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Portrait miniature|Miniature]] of [[Charlemagne]] crowned emperor by [[Pope Leo III]], from {{lang|fr|Chroniques de France ou de Saint Denis}}, vol. 1; France, second quarter of 14th century.]]

== History and development ==
[[File:Martorana RogerII2008.jpg|thumb|left|[[Roger II of Sicily]] receiving his crown directly from [[Jesus Christ]], mosaic from [[Martorana]], Palermo]]

The coronation ceremonies in medieval [[Christendom]], both [[Western Christianity|Western]] and [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]], are influenced by the practice of the [[Roman Emperors]] as it developed during [[Late Antiquity]] and by [[Old Testament|Biblical]] accounts of kings being crowned and anointed.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Coronation |volume=7 |pages=185–187 |first=Thomas Macall |last=Fallow}}</ref> The European coronation ceremonies, perhaps best known in the form they have taken in Great Britain (the most recent of which occurred in 2023), descend from rites initially created in [[Byzantium]], [[Visigothic kingdom|Visigothic]] Spain, [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian]] France and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and brought to their apogee during the [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] era.

In non-Christian states, coronation rites evolved from a variety of sources, often related to the religious beliefs of that particular nation. [[Buddhism]], for instance, influenced the coronation rituals of Thailand, Cambodia and Bhutan, while [[Hindu]] elements played a significant role in Nepalese rites. The ceremonies used in modern Egypt, Malaysia, Brunei and Iran were shaped by [[Islam]],{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} while Tonga's ritual combines ancient Polynesian influences with more modern [[Anglican]] ones.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

Coronation ceremonies have evolved over centuries, reflecting changes in religious beliefs, political institutions, and royal traditions. In medieval Europe, these ceremonies often combined religious rites, such as anointing the monarch with holy oil, with the presentation of royal symbols, including crowns and sceptres. The specific rituals varied between kingdoms and developed according to local customs and religious traditions. Over time, some monarchies retained coronations, while others adopted simpler ceremonies to mark a ruler's accession to the throne.

===Antiquity ===
[[File:An ancient coronation.jpg|thumb|An ancient coronation from the [[Indian subcontinent]]]]
{{main|Coronations in antiquity}}
{{further|Sacred king|Diadem|Tiara}}
Coronations, in one form or another, have existed since ancient times, [[Coronation of the pharaoh|like in Ancient Egypt]]. The [[Hebrew Bible]] testifies to particular rites associated with the conferring of kingship, the most detailed accounts of which are found in [[2 Kings]] 11:12<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Kings|11:12}}</ref> and [[2 Chronicles]] 23:11.<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Chronicles|23:11}}</ref>

The {{lang|la|corona radiata}}, the "[[radiant crown]]" known best on the [[Statue of Liberty]], and perhaps worn by the [[Helios]] that was the [[Colossus of Rhodes]], was worn by Roman emperors as part of the cult of [[Sol Invictus]], part of the [[Imperial cult (ancient Rome)|imperial cult]] as it developed during the 3rd century. The origin of the crown is thus religious, comparable to the significance of a [[halo (religious iconography)|halo]], marking the [[sacred king|sacral nature of kingship]], expressing that either the king is [[Imperial cult|himself divine]], or ruling by [[divine right of kings|divine right]].{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

The precursor to the [[crown (headgear)|crown]] was the browband called the [[diadem (personal wear)|diadem]], which had been worn by the [[Achaemenid]] rulers, was adopted by [[Constantine I]], and was worn by all subsequent rulers of the later Roman Empire.

Following the assumption of the diadem by Constantine, Roman and Byzantine emperors continued to wear it as the supreme symbol of their authority. Although no specific coronation ceremony was observed at first, one gradually evolved over the following century. Emperor [[Julian the Apostate]] was hoisted upon a shield and crowned with a gold necklace provided by one of his standard-bearers;<ref name="catholic2"/> he later wore a jewel-studded diadem. Later emperors were crowned and acclaimed in a similar manner, until the momentous decision was taken to permit the [[patriarch of Constantinople]] to physically place the crown on the emperor's head.

The first [[Coronation of the Byzantine emperor|imperial coronation]] was organised by [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]], who was crowned by Patriarch [[Anatolius of Constantinople]] in 457. This Christian coronation ritual was performed by almost all future emperors, and was later imitated by courts all over Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herrin |first=Judith |title=Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire |publisher=Penguin |year=2007 |isbn=978-0713999976 |pages=53–54}}</ref> This ritual included recitation of prayers by the Byzantine prelate over the crown, a further—and extremely vital—development in the liturgical {{lang|la|ordo}} of crowning. After this event, according to the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', "the ecclesiastical element in the coronation ceremonial rapidly develop[ed]".<ref name="catholic2"/>

In some European Celtic or Germanic countries{{clarify|date=April 2013}} prior to the adoption of Christianity, the ruler upon his election was raised on a [[shield]] and, while standing upon it, was borne on the shoulders of several chief men of the nation (or tribe) in a procession around his assembled subjects.<ref name="britannica1"/> This was usually performed three times.<ref name="britannica1"/> Following this, the king was given a [[spear]], and a diadem wrought of silk or [[linen]] (not to be confused with a [[crown (headgear)|crown]]) was bound around his forehead as a token of regal authority.<ref name="britannica1"/>

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Demetre I (Matskhvarishi).jpg|thumb|The coronation of King [[Demetrius I of Georgia]] by the [[angels]], 12th century.]]
[[File:Gangaikonda cholapuram Sculpture-2.jpg|thumb|The coronation of Emperor [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]] by [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], 1014 CE. ]]
According to [[Adomnan of Iona]], the king of [[Dal Riata]], [[Áedán mac Gabráin]], came to the monastery at Iona in 574 to be crowned by [[St Columba]].<ref>Adomnan of Iona. The life of St Columba. Penguin Classics, 1995</ref> In Spain, the [[Visigothic kingdom|Visigothic]] king [[Sisenand]] was crowned in 631, and in 672, [[Wamba, Visigothic king|Wamba]] was the first occidental king to be anointed as well, by the archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|Toledo]]. In [[Kingdom of England|England]], the Anglo-Saxon king [[Eardwulf of Northumbria]] was "consecrated and enthroned" in 796, and [[Æthelstan]] was crowned and anointed in 925. These practices were nevertheless irregularly used or occurred some considerable time after the rulers had become kings, until their regular adoption by the [[Carolingian dynasty]] in France. To legitimate his deposition of the last of the [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian kings]], [[Pepin the Short]] was twice crowned and anointed, at the beginning of his reign in 752, and for the first time by a pope in 754 in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]. The anointing served as a reminder of the baptism of [[Clovis I]] in [[Reims]] in 496, where the ceremony was finally transferred in 816. His son [[Charlemagne]], who was crowned emperor in Rome in 800, passed as well the ceremony to the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and this tradition acquired a newly constitutive function in England too, with the kings [[Harold Godwinson]] and [[William the Conqueror]] immediately crowned in [[Westminster Abbey]] in 1066.

The European coronation ceremonies of the Middle Ages were essentially a combination of the Christian rite of [[anointing]] with additional elements. Following Europe's conversion to Christianity, crowning ceremonies became more and more ornate, depending on the country in question, and their Christian elements—especially anointing—became the paramount concern.<ref name="britannica1"/><ref name="catholic2">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Coronation|last=Thurston|first=Herbert}}</ref> Crowns and [[sceptre]]s, used in coronations since ancient times, took on a Christian significance together with the [[Globus cruciger|orb]] as symbols of the purported divine order of things, with the monarch as the divinely ordained overlord and protector of his dominion. During the [[Middle Ages]], this rite was considered so vital in some European kingdoms that it was sometimes referred to as an "eighth [[sacrament]]".<ref name="catholic1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cheetah.net/~ccoulomb/coronations.html|title=Coronations in Catholic theology|last=Coulombe|first=Charles A|date=9 May 2005|publisher=Charles. A Coulombe|access-date=8 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905061158/http://www.cheetah.net/~ccoulomb/coronations.html|archive-date=5 September 2008}}</ref> The anointed ruler was viewed as a {{lang|la|mixta persona}}, part priest and part layman, but never wholly either.<ref name="britannica1"/> This notion persisted into the twentieth century in [[Imperial Russia]], where the [[Tsar]] was considered to be "wedded" to his subjects through the Orthodox coronation service.<ref name="oldenburg1">{{cite book|last=Oldenburg|first=Sergei S.|title=Last Tsar: Nicholas II, His Reign and His Russia|publisher=Academic International Press|location=Gulf Breeze, Florida|year=1975|volume=I|pages=59–60|isbn=0-686-83125-X}}</ref> [[Coronation stone]]s marked the site of some medieval ceremonies, though some alleged stones are later inventions.

As reported by the [[jurisconsult]] [[Tancred of Bologna|Tancredus]], initially only four monarchs were crowned and anointed, they were the Kings of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Kingdom of France|France]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]]:

{{Verse translation|lang=la|Et sunt quidam coronando, et quidam non, tamen illi, qui coronatur, debent inungi: et tales habent privilegium ab antiquo, et de consuetudine. Alii modo non debent coronari, nec inungi sine istis: et si faciunt; ipsi abutuntur indebite.{{nbsp}}[...] Rex Hierosolymorum coronatur et inungitur; Rex Francorum Christianissimus coronatur et inungitur; Rex Anglorum coronatur et inungitur; Rex Siciliae coronatur et inungitur.|And some [kings] are crowned and some are not, among them, those who are crowned must be anointed: they have this privilege by ancient custom. The others, instead, must not be crowned or anointed: and if they do so unduly it is abuse.{{nbsp}}[...] The King of Jerusalem is crowned and anointed, the Most Christian King of France is crowned and anointed, the King of England is crowned and anointed; the King of Sicily is crowned and anointed.|<ref>Tancredus, ''De Regibus Catholicorum et Christianorum'' 6:18
(https://books.google.it/books?id=CTVgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=%22De+Regibus+Catholicorum+et+Christianorum%22&source=bl&ots=k0cJhidGl5&sig=ACfU3U1AiFuFRM0-YNk9BBZxtg_SGarDRg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS5NHom-b0AhUQ76QKHXH2C2wQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q&f=true {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216001541/https://books.google.it/books?id=CTVgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=%22De+Regibus+Catholicorum+et+Christianorum%22&source=bl&ots=k0cJhidGl5&sig=ACfU3U1AiFuFRM0-YNk9BBZxtg_SGarDRg&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS5NHom-b0AhUQ76QKHXH2C2wQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q&f=true |date=16 December 2021 }})</ref>}}

Crowning ceremonies arose from a worldview in which monarchs were seen as ordained by God{{efn|Christian references include 1 Peter 2:13, 17<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Peter|2:13, 17}}</ref> and Romans 13:1–7.<ref>{{bibleverse|Romans|13:1–7}}</ref> Information on the Islamic viewpoint may be found at Islamic Monarchy, from the Science Encyclopedia website.}} to serve not merely as political or military leaders, nor as figureheads, but rather to occupy a vital ''spiritual'' place in their dominions as well.<ref name="catholic1" /> Coronations were created to reflect and enable these alleged connections; however, the belief systems that gave birth to them have been radically altered in recent centuries by secularism, egalitarianism and the rise of [[constitutionalism]] and democracy. During the [[Protestant Reformation]], the idea of [[Divine Right of Kings|divinely ordained]] monarchs began to be challenged.<ref>{{cite book |title=The English Reformation|last=Dickens|first=A.G.|year=1978|publisher=Fontana/Collins|location=London & Glasgow|page=399|isbn=0-8052-0177-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFN-AAAACAAJ&q=0805201777}}</ref><ref name="ponet1">{{cite book|last=Ponet|first=John|title=A Shorte Treatise of Politike Power|editor=Patrick S. Poole|publisher=Patrick S. Poole|orig-year=1556| year=1994|url=http://fly.hiwaay.net/~pspoole/Ponet1.HTM|access-date=25 September 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080531072801/http://fly.hiwaay.net/~pspoole/Ponet1.HTM |archive-date = 31 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Modern history===
[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Coronation of Napoleon (1805-1807).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[coronation of Napoleon]], in the [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Cathedral of Notre Dame]] on 2 December 1804, by [[Jacques-Louis David]]]]

The [[Age of Enlightenment]] and various revolutions of the last three centuries all helped to further this trend.<ref name="catholic1" /> Hence, many monarchies – especially in Europe – have dispensed with coronations altogether, or transformed them into simpler inauguration or benediction rites. A majority of contemporary European monarchies today have either long abandoned coronation ceremonies (e.g. Spain, last practised in 1494) or have never practised coronations (e.g. Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg). Of all European monarchies today, only the United Kingdom still retains [[Coronation of the British monarch|its coronation rite]].<ref name="catholic2" /> Other nations still crowning their rulers include Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, Lesotho, Swaziland, Thailand, and Tonga, as well as several subnational entities such as the [[Toro Kingdom]]. The [[Papacy]] retains the option of a coronation, but no pope has used it since 1963 after [[Pope John Paul I]] opted for a [[papal inauguration]] in 1978.<ref name="wister1">{{cite web|url=http://pirate.shu.edu/~wisterro/cdi/paul_vi.htm|title=The Coronation of Pope Paul VI|last=Wister|first=Fr. Robert J.|date=4 December 2002|access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref>

=== Canonical coronation ===
A [[canonical coronation]] (Latin: {{lang|la|coronatio canonica}}) is a pious institutional act of the Pope, on behalf of a [[Catholic devotions|devotion]]. This tradition still stands {{as of|2015|lc=y}}; in 2014 Pope Francis crowned [[Our Lady of Immaculate Conception]] of [[Juquila]]. Since 1989, the act has been carried out through the authorised decree by the [[Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]].

== Coronations and monarchical power ==
In most kingdoms, a monarch succeeding hereditarily does not have to undergo a coronation to ascend the throne or exercise the prerogatives of their office. King [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom]], for example, did not reign long enough to be crowned before he [[abdicate]]d, yet he was unquestionably the King of the United Kingdom and [[Emperor of India]] during his brief [[reign]]. This is because in Britain, the law stipulates that in the moment one monarch dies, the new one assumes automatically and immediately the throne; thus, there is no [[interregnum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/RoyalEventsandCeremonies/Accession/Accession.aspx |title=Accession |work=Ceremony and Symbol |author=Royal Household |access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref>

France likewise followed automatic succession, though by tradition the new king ascended the throne when the coffin of the previous monarch descended into the vault at [[Saint Denis Basilica]], and the [[Duke]] of [[Uzès]] proclaimed {{lang|la|"[[The King is dead. Long live the King|Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi]]!"}} ("The King is dead, long live the King!").<ref name="bak1">{{cite book|last=Giesey|first=Ralph E.|title=Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual|editor=Bak, János M|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=1990|chapter=Inaugural Aspects of French Royal Ceremonials|url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft367nb2f3&brand=ucpress|access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref> In Hungary, on the other hand, no ruler was regarded as being truly legitimate until he was physically crowned with [[Holy Crown of Hungary|St. Stephen's Crown]] performed by the archbishop of Esztergom in Székesfehérvár Cathedral (during the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s invasion of Hungary in Pozsony, then Budapest),<ref name="Yonge1">{{cite book|last=Yonge|first=Charlotte|title=A Book of Golden Deeds Of all Times and all Lands|publisher=Blackie and Son|location=London, Glasgow and Bombay|year=1867|chapter=The Crown of St. Stephen|url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/yonge/deeds/crown.html|access-date=21 August 2008}}</ref><ref name="review1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ce-review.org/00/1/nemes1.html|title=Central Europe Review — Hungary: The Holy Crown|last=Nemes|first=Paul|date=10 January 2000|access-date=26 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511145632/http://www.ce-review.org/00/1/nemes1.html|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|An account of this service, written by Count Miklos Banffy, a witness, may be read at ''The Last Habsburg Coronation: Budapest, 1916''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.websitetoolbox.com/tool/post/royalcello/vpost?id=2646769&trail=15 |title=''The Last Habsburg Coronation: Budapest, 1916'' |access-date=15 September 2008 |archive-date=11 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111094956/http://www.websitetoolbox.com/tool/post/royalcello/vpost?id=2646769&trail=15 |url-status=live }}</ref> From [http://www.royaltymonarchy.com/ Theodore's Royalty and Monarchy Website].}} while monarchs of Albania were not allowed to succeed or exercise any of their prerogatives until swearing a formal constitutional oath before their nation's parliament. The same still applies in Belgium.<ref name="belgiumconstitution">{{cite web |url=http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/grondwetEN.pdf |title=The Constitution (Belgium), Article 91 |access-date=25 September 2008 |publisher=Parliament of Belgium |archive-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329134847/http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/publications/constitution/grondwetEN.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following their election, the kings of Poland were permitted to perform a variety of political acts prior to their coronation, but were not allowed to exercise any of their judicial powers prior to being crowned.<ref name="bak2">{{cite book|last=Gieysztor|first=Aleksander|author-link=Aleksander Gieysztor|title=Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual|editor=Bak, János M|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=1990|chapter=Gesture in the Coronation Ceremonies of Medieval Poland|url=http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft367nb2f3&brand=ucpress|access-date=25 September 2008}}</ref>

In the Holy Roman Empire an individual became [[King of the Romans]], thus gained governance of the Empire unless he was elected during his predecessor's lifetime, upon his acceptance of the election capitulation, not his coronation. However, prior to [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] he could not style himself "Emperor" until his coronation by the Pope, resulting in many individuals being "Kings of the Romans" or "Kings of Germany", but not "Emperor". Maximilian received Papal permission to call himself "Elected Emperor of the Romans" when he was unable to travel for his coronation. His successors likewise adopted the title with the last Emperor crowned by the Pope being Maxmilian's grandson Charles V.

== Coronation of heirs apparent ==
[[File:Couronnement de Philippe Auguste.jpg|thumb|Coronation of [[Philip II of France|Philip]], son of King [[Louis VII of France]], as junior king]]

The custom of crowning heirs apparent also originates from the Roman Empire. Many emperors chose to elevate their children directly to ''[[Augustus (title)|augustus]]'' (emperor) instead of leaving them as ''[[Caesar (title)|caesar]]'' (heir apparent). These co-emperors did not exercise real power and are often excluded from the numbering of emperors, as their proclamations only served to settle the succession. The first known coronation of a co-emperor occurred in 367, when [[Valentinian I]] crowned his eight-year-old son [[Gratian]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brightman |first=F. E. |date=April 1901 |title=Byzantine Imperial Coronations |journal=The Journal of Theological Studies |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=359–392 |doi=10.1093/jts/os-II.7.359 |jstor=23949289}}</ref> After the reign of [[Leo I (emperor)|Leo I]], heirs apparent —nominal co-rulers titled ''augustus'' and later ''[[basileus]]''— were also crowned by the [[Patriarch of Constantinople]], as in the case of his six-year-old son [[Leo II (emperor)|Leo II]] in 473.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Boak |first=A. E. R. |year=1919 |title=Imperial Coronation Ceremonies of the Fifth and Sixth Centuries |journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |volume=30 |pages=37–47 |doi=10.2307/310612 |jstor=310612}}</ref>

During the [[Middle Ages]], the [[House of Capet|Capetian]] [[List of French monarchs|Kings of France]] chose to have their [[heir apparent|heirs apparent]] crowned during their own lifetime to avoid succession disputes.<ref name="Bartlett">{{cite book
|last=Bartlett
|first=Robert
|title=England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|location=US
|year=2003
|isbn=0-19-925101-0}}</ref><ref name="Staunton">{{cite book
|last=Staunton
|first=Michael
|title=The Lives of Thomas Becket
|publisher=Manchester University Press
|year=2001|isbn=0-7190-5455-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97F23Rt1P8sC&q=The+lives+of+Thomas+Becket|access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref> This practice was later adopted by [[House of Plantagenet|Angevin]] [[List of English monarchs|Kings of England]], [[List of Hungarian monarchs|Kings of Hungary]] and other European monarchs. From the moment of their coronation, the heirs were regarded as junior kings ({{lang|la|rex iunior}}), but they exercised little power and historically were not included in the numbering of monarchs if they predeceased their fathers. The nobility disliked this custom, as it reduced their chances to benefit from a possible succession dispute.<ref name="Sedlar">{{cite book
|last=Sedlar
|first=Jean W.
|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500
|publisher=University of Washington Press
|location=US
|year=1994
|isbn=0-295-97290-4}}</ref>

The last heir apparent to the French throne to be crowned during his father's lifetime was the future [[Philip II of France|Philip II]]. The only crowned heir apparent to the English throne was [[Henry the Young King]], who was first crowned alone and then with his wife, [[Margaret of France (1158–1197)|Margaret of France]]. [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]] attempted to have his son [[Eustace IV of Boulogne]] crowned in his lifetime but faced serious papal opposition as the Church did not want to be seen as intervening in [[the Anarchy]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Edmund |title=King Stephen |date=2010 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |pages=369–371}}</ref> The practice was eventually abandoned by all kingdoms that had adopted it, as the rules of primogeniture became stronger. The last coronation of an heir apparent, with the exception of [[Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales|that of the Prince of Wales]] in 1969, was the coronation of the future Emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria]] as junior King of Hungary in 1830.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book
|last=Taylor
|first=Alan John Percivale
|title=The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918
|publisher=University of Chicago Press
|location=US
|year=1976
|edition=Paperback
|isbn=0-226-79145-9
|url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1105447
|access-date=23 June 2009
|archive-date=12 September 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912015225/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1105447
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Image gallery==
{{cleanup gallery}}
<gallery class="center">
File:Mounted Band of The Scots Greys, Coronation Parade, 1937 by Harry Greville Wood Irwin.jpg|''Mounted Band of The Scots Greys, Coronation Parade, 1937'' by Harry Greville Wood Irwin. Painted in 1937, depicting the Coronation of [[George VI|King George VI of the United Kingdom]].
File:Pepin le Bref.jpg|Coronation of [[Pepin the Short]]
File:Lvisrdce korunovace 1189.jpg|[[Richard I of England]] crowned king.
File:JanBrienne.jpg|Coronation of [[Maria of Montferrat]] and [[John of Brienne]], [[King of Jerusalem]] and [[Latin Emperor of Constantinople]]
File:Bela4 korunovace.jpg| The coronation of [[Béla IV]] [[King of Hungary]]
File:Coelestin V.jpg|Coronation of Pope [[Celestine V]].
File:Kraków Coronation of Casimir I the Restorer.jpg|Coronation of [[Casimir I the Restorer]]
File:Preussen 1701 Königsberg.jpg|[[Frederick I of Prussia]], being anointed by two Protestant bishops after his coronation at [[Königsberg]] in 1701.
Coronamiento Iturbide.JPG|Coronation painting of [[Agustin de Iturbide|Agustin I of Mexico]] in the [[Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral]] in 1822
File:Coroaçao pedro I 001.jpg|Coronation ceremony of Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil]] in the [[Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro|Imperial Chapel]] in 1822
File:SerovV MiropomazanNikolAlek.jpg| Anointing of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] during his coronation in 1896.
File:The Anointing of Queen Alexandra at the Coronation of Edward VII.JPG|The anointing of [[Alexandra of Denmark|Queen Alexandra]] at the coronation of [[Edward VII]]
File:Abraham Bloemaert - Coronation Scene - 1993.1 - Indianapolis Museum of Art.jpg|Coronation Scene by Dutch painter [[Abraham Bloemaert]]
File:The Coronation of Shah Suleyman, presided over by Sheikholeslam of Isfahan-1666.jpg|Coronation of [[Suleiman of Persia]], the eighth [[Safavid]] [[shah]] (king) of Iran, in 1666
File:Waving from Buckingham Palace Balcony (52877352018).jpg|[[Charles III|King Charles III]] and [[Queen Camilla]] in London immediately after their coronation on 6 May 2023
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Monarchy}}
* [[Accession day]]
* [[Coronations in Africa]]
* [[Coronations in the Americas]]
* [[Coronations in Asia]]
* [[Coronations in Europe]]
* [[Coronations in Oceania]]
* [[Coronation of the British monarch]]
* [[Coronation of the Virgin]]
* [[Coronation anthem]]
* [[Inauguration]]
* [[Anointing]]
* [[Enthronement]]

{{Clear}}

== Bibliography ==

''Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual''. ed. Janos M. Bak. University of California Press 1990. {{ISBN|978-0520066779}}.

{{in lang|de}} [[Bernhard A. Macek]]: ''Die Kroenung Josephs II. in Frankfurt am Main. Logistisches Meisterwerk, zeremonielle Glanzleistung und Kulturgueter fuer die Ewigkeit''. Peter Lang 2010. {{ISBN|978-3-631-60849-4}}.

Zupka, Dušan: ''Power of rituals and rituals of power: Religious and secular rituals in the political culture of medieval Kingdom of Hungary''. IN: Historiography in Motion. Bratislava – Banská Bystrica, 2010, pp. 29–42. {{ISBN|978-80-89388-31-8}}.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}

* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Coronation}}
{{Crowns}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coronation| ]]
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Royalty]]

Jugaadistan

2026-10-11T09:21:07Z

Sraboni87: Add plot summary with references

{{Short description|Indian comedy drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[comedy drama]]
| creator = Divya Rao
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| writer = {{ubl|Anant Tripathi|Parijat Joshi|Tarun Dudeja|Unaiza Merchant}}
| screenplay =
| director = {{ubl|[[Akarsh Khurana]]|Adhaar Khurana}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sumeet Vyas]]
* [[Arjun Mathur]]
* [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Rukshar Dhillon]]
* [[Taaruk Raina]]
* [[Gopal Datt]]
* [[Ahsaas Channa]]
}}
| music = Khamosh Shah
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| executive_producer = Sanjeevkumar Nair
| producer = Rohit Jain
| cinematography = Akash Agrawal
| editor = {{ubl|Jitendra Dongare|Sanyukta Kaza|Vansh Mehta}}
| company = [[Lionsgate|Lionsgate India]]
| network = [[Lionsgate Play]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|03|04|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Jugaadistan''''' is an 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]] television series produced under the banner of [[Lionsgate|Lionsgate India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/jugaadistan-director-akarsh-khurana-peeps-into-college-life-politics-in-new-web-series/81821376.html | title='Jugaadistan' director Akarsh Khurana peeps into college life, politics in new web series }}</ref> The series stars [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Arjun Mathur]], [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]], [[Rukshar Dhillon]], [[Taaruk Raina]], [[Gopal Datt]] and [[Ahsaas Channa]].<ref name="cast" >{{Cite web| url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/cast-of-jugaadistan-opens-up-about-unveiling-the-darker-side-of-student-life/| title=Cast of 'Jugaadistan' opens up about unveiling the darker side of student life|website=Lokmattimes}}</ref> It premiered on [[Lionsgate Play]] on 4 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jugaadistan-to-deadlock-what-to-watch-on-lionsgate-play-in-march-2022/3d370cfcfb247 | title=Jugaadistan to Deadlock: What to watch on Lionsgate Play in March 2022 }}</ref>

== Plot ==

''Jugaadistan'' is an Indian comedy-drama series released in 2022. Set in New Delhi, the series explores college life, campus politics, examinations, friendship, and romance. It follows a group of young people as they navigate academic pressure, political rivalries, personal relationships, and difficult choices that may shape their futures. The story also examines social issues and the challenges faced by young adults in an increasingly competitive environment.

== References ==

* [https://www.primevideo.com/-/id/detail/0SFVDNPTRZT73VGGNXSP92BFTW Prime Video – Jugaadistan]
* [https://tv.apple.com/in/show/jugaadistan/umc.cmc.9omqzbjgqefs1sdk22xv6p18 Apple TV – Jugaadistan]

== Cast ==
* [[Sumeet Vyas]]
* [[Arjun Mathur]]
* [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Rukshar Dhillon]]
* [[Taaruk Raina]]
* [[Gopal Datt]]
* [[Ahsaas Channa]]

== Production ==
The series was announced by [[Lionsgate|Lionsgate India]], consisting of eight episodes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2022/feb/18/sumeet-vyas-and-arjun-mathur-get-together-for-jugaadistan-a-lionsgate-play-original-39144.html | title=Sumeet Vyas and Arjun Mathur get together for Jugaadistan, a Lionsgate Play original }}</ref> [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Arjun Mathur]], [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]], [[Rukshar Dhillon]], [[Taaruk Raina]], [[Gopal Datt]] and [[Ahsaas Channa]] joined the cast.<ref name="cast" /> The [[principal photography]] of the series commenced during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and were primarily shot in [[Delhi]], [[Daryaganj]] and [[Paharganj]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/characters-scenes-ensemble-cast-drew-me-towards-jugaadistan-arjun-mathur-1087407.html | title=Character's scenes, ensemble cast drew me towards 'Jugaadistan': Arjun Mathur }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/interesting-life-lessons-by-akarsh-khurana-in-jugaadistan/articleshow/90053990.cms | title=Interesting life lessons by Akarsh Khurana in 'Jugaadistan' | newspaper=The Times of India | date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> The cast promoted the series on [[IIT Kharagpur|Kshitij 2022]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/actors-and-director-tell-the-jugaadistan-story-at-kshitij-2022-hosted-by-iit-kharagpur/cid/1855788 | title=Actors and director tell the Jugaadistan story at Kshitij 2022 hosted by IIT Kharagpur }}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Table to prose|section}}
{| class="wikitable infobox" style="float:right; width:20%; font-size:80%; text-align:center; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding:0;" cellpadding="0"
!colspan=2 style="font-size:120%;"|Professional reviews
|-
!colspan=2 style="background:#d1dbdf; font-size:120%;"|Review scores
|-
!Source
!Rating
|-
|[[Firstpost]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jugaadistaan-review-sumeet-vyas-arjun-mathurs-political-drama-is-marred-by-mishmash-of-genres-passable-performances-10427821.html | title=Jugaadistaan review: Sumeet Vyas, Arjun Mathur's political drama is marred by mishmash of genres, passable performances-Entertainment News , Firstpost | date=4 March 2022 }}</ref>
|{{NA}}
|-
|[[Hindustan Times]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/jugaadistan-review-scam-1992-meets-dil-dosti-etc-in-this-entertaining-but-flawed-campus-thrillerdrama-101646419400028.html | title=Jugaadistan review: Scam 1992 meets Dil Dosti Etc in enjoyable but flawed show | date=5 March 2022 }}</ref>
|{{NA}}
|-
|[[MissMalini.com]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.missmalini.com/2022/03/5/web-series-review-jugaadistan-shows-real-face-of-college-campus | title=Web Series Review ! जुगाड़ीस्तान !ओटीटी पर थ्रिलर और किलर की बोरिंग कहानियों के बीच फ्रेशनेस लाती है, कैम्पस लाइफ की यह रियलिस्टिक कहानी | date=5 March 2022 }}</ref>
|{{Rating|3.5|5}}
|-
|[[Network18 Group|News18]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jugaadistan-review-sumeet-vyas-arjun-mathurs-show-reflects-realities-of-todays-youth-and-campus-life-4835999.html | title=Jugaadistan Review: Sumeet Vyas, Arjun Mathur's Show Reflects Realities of Today's Youth and Campus Life | date=4 March 2022 }}</ref>
|{{NA}}
|-
|[[OTT Play]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/jugaadistan-review-ahsaas-channa-and-sumeet-vyas-show-does-not-hit-the-spot/5797e76757510 | title=Jugaadistan review: Ahsaas Channa and Sumeet Vyas' show does not hit the spot }}</ref>
|{{Rating|2|5}}
|-
|[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Jugaadistan Review: Engaging Portrayal Of Student Life Ethics And Ethos But Suffers From A Hotchpotch Storyline |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/jugaadistan-review-engaging-portrayal-of-student-life-ethics-and-ethos-but-suffers-from-a-hotchpotch-storyline-movie_reviews-185268|newspaper=Outlook India|location=India}}</ref>
|{{Rating|3.5|5}}
|-
|[[The Times of India]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jugaadistan/season-1/seasonreview/89895300.cms | title=Jugaadistan Season 1 Review : An interesting campus drama that suffers from problem of plenty | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|{{Rating|3|5}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]