Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Shaheed Nandkumar Patel University

2023-09-30T17:25:33Z

SquadW:

{{Short description|University in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Shaheed Nandkumar Patel University
| image = SNPV Raigarh.jpg
| established = {{Start date|2020|01|22}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| city = [[Raigarh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.8569204|83.4088993|type:edu_region:IN-CG|display=title,inline|format=dms}}
| campus_type = Urban
| website = {{URL|https://snpv.ac.in}}
| image_size = 270px
| caption = Shaheed Nandkumar Patel University
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng = The faithful gain knowledge
| affiliation = UGC, NCTE
| chancellor = [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]]
| vice_chancellor = Professor Dr. Lalit Prakash Pateriya
| address =
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| province = [[Raigarh District]]
| postalcode = 496001
| location =
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]
| logo = SNPV Raigarh logo.png
| logo_size = 150px
}}

'''Shaheed Nandkumar Patel Vishwavidyalaya''' (University) is an Indian state university in [[Raigarh]], [[Chhattisgarh]]. It was established by the Gazette notification on 22 January 2020 of the Chhattisgarh Act, The Chhattisgarh Vishwavidyalaya (Amendment) Act, 2019, and opened in January 2020. The university is on the site of the [[Kirodimal Institute of Technology]]'s Raigarh Building, close to Garhumaria, Odisha Road, Raigarh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शहीद नंदकुमार पटेल विश्वविद्यालय का द्वितीय कुल उत्सव |url=https://www.naidunia.com/lite/chhattisgarh/raigarh-second-kul-festival-of-raigarhs-shaheed-nandkumar-patel-university-on-november8-7839370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=jantaserishta |title=खैरागढ़ यूनिवर्सिटी और शहीद नंदकुमार पटेल विश्वविद्यालय के बीच हुआ समझौता |url=https://www.jantaserishta.com/amp/local/chhattisgarh/mou-signed-between-khairagarh-university-and-shaheed-nandkumar-patel-university-2699887 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=jantaserishta.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-25 |title=आज अस्तित्व में आएगा शहीद नंदकुमार पटेल विवि रायगढ़,प्रो.चंद्राकर बने कुलसचिव |url=https://www.naidunia.com/lite/chhattisgarh/bilaspur-shaheed-nandkumar-patel-university-raigad-prof-chandrakar-became-registrar-today-6581797 |access-date=2023-09-28 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|University|India|Government}}
* [[Education in Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Education in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://snpv.ac.in}}
* {{Google maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/SHAHEED+NANDKUMAR+PATEL+VISHWAVIDYALAYA/@21.8569204,83.4088993,17.64z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3a2725e0768e0031:0xebb7a4906d94c9bf!8m2!3d21.8574806!4d83.4108022!16s%2Fg%2F11p7766fzw?entry=ttu|source=lnms |title=Shaheed Nandkumar Patel University |work= |publisher= |via=Google Maps |date= |access-date= }}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2020]]
[[Category:Universities in Chhattisgarh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-university-stub}}

List of monarchs of Punjab

2023-09-17T13:46:57Z

SquadW: Created an insightful manuscript.

{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title = Maharaja
| realm = Punjab
| coatofarms = Khanda.svg
| coatofarmscaption = '''[[Khanda (Sikh symbol)|Khanda]] Emblem of Sikh Empire'''
| image = Duleep Singh00.jpg
| caption = '''Last to reign [[Duleep Singh]]''' 15 September 1843 – 29 March 1849
| first_monarch =
* Udayana 6th century – 5th century BC (first known ruler)
* [[Chandragupta Maurya]] 322–297 BC (Emperor of the first unified [[Maurya Empire|Indian Empire]])
| last_monarch = [[Duleep Singh]] 1843–1849 (as Maharaja of [[Punjab]])
| style = [[Maharaja]] [[Sultan]] [[Raja]] [[Nawab]] [[Sardar]]
| residence = [[Attock Fort]] [[Qila Mubarak|Bhatinda Fort]] [[Rohtas Fort]] [[Akal Takht]] [[Takht Kesgarh Sahib]] [[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib]] [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]] [[Hazur Sahib Nanded|Takht Sri Hazur Sahib]] [[Derawar Fort]] [[Lahore Fort]] [[Phillaur Fort]] [[Darbar Mahal]] [[Pharwala Fort]] [[Qila Mubarak, Patiala|Qila Mubarak]] [[Multan Fort]] [[Sheikhupura Fort]]
| appointer = Hereditary
| began = 11th century BC
| ended = 29 March 1849
| pretender = none (House extinct)}}
This article lists the '''monarchs of [[Punjab]]''' from the ancient kingdom of [[Sindhu-Sauvīra]] around 1000 BC until the deposition of the [[Sikh Empire]] in 1849.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://www.amazon.com/PUNJAB-PUNJABIS-PUNJABIYAT-Hardcover-KHUSHWANT/dp/9387561402 |title=PUNJAB, PUNJABIS & PUNJABIYAT (HB) [Hardcover] KHUSHWANT SINGH |publisher=Aleph Book Company |isbn=978-93-87561-40-3 |location=New Delhi |language=English}}</ref>

== Sindhu-Sauvīra ==
{{Main|Sindhu-Sauvīra}}
* Udayana or Udrayana or Rudrayana (6th to 5th century BC)
* Kesikumara (5th century BC)

== Achaemenid Empire (513 – 338 BC) ==
[[File:Achaemenid (greatest extent).svg|thumb|right|The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent]]{{Main|Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid dynasty}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:120px;"| Name
! Image
! Comments
! Dates
|-
| [[Darius I]]
| [[File:Darius In Parse.JPG|100px]]
| [[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]] in addition to [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]. Cousin of Cambyses II and Bardiya.
| 513–486 BC
|-
| [[Xerxes I]]
| [[File:Xerxes I relief.jpg|100px]]
| [[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]] in addition to [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]
| 486–465 BC
|-
| [[Artaxerxes I of Persia|Artaxerxes I]]
| [[File:Artaxerxes I at Naqsh-e Rostam.jpg|100px]]
| [[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]] in addition to [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]
| 465–424 BC
|-
| [[Xerxes II]]
|
| [[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]] in addition to [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]. Assassinated by his half-brother and successor, Sogdianus.
| 424 BC (45 days)
|-
| [[Sogdianus of Persia|Sogdianus]]
|
| [[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]] in addition to [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]
| 424–423 BC
|-
| [[Darius II]]
| [[File:Darius II (reduced shadow).jpg|100px]]
| [[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]] in addition to [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]. His birth name was Ochus.
| 423–405 BC
|-
| [[Artaxerxes II of Persia|Artaxerxes II]]
| [[File:Artaxerxes II relief detail.jpg|100px]]
| [[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]]. Ruling for 47 years, Artaxerxes II was the longest reigning Achaemenid king. His birth name was Arses.
| 405–358 BC
|-
| [[Artaxerxes III]]
| [[File:Artaxerxes III on his tomb relief.jpg|100px]]
| [[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]] in addition to [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]], having re-conquered the land after it was lost during the reign of Artaxerxes II. His birth name was Ochus.
| 358–338 BC
|-
|}

== Pauravas ==
{{Main|Pauravas}}
* [[Porus]] (before 326 BC, probably 338 BC – between 321 and 315 BC)

== Macedonian Empire (326 – 316 BC) ==
[[File:Macedonia (ancient kingdom, greatest extent).svg|thumb|right|The Macedonian Empire at its greatest extent]]{{Main|Macedonian Empire}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+
! width="17%" !scope="col" |Name
! scope="col" width="21%" |Reign
! scope="col" width="25%" |Succession
! scope="col" width="37%" |Life details
|- style="height:6em"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA;" |[[Alexander the Great|'''Alexander III''' "the Great"]]
|326 – 323 (3 years)
|Son of Philip II
|356 – 10/11 June 323 (aged 33)<hr />Conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire; died of illness at [[Babylon]]{{sfn|Gilley|2010|p=198}}
|- style="height:6em"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA;" |'''[[Philip III Arrhidaeus]]'''
|323 – 317 (6 years)
|Son of Philip II; co-ruler with Alexander IV
|{{circa|358}} – 317 (aged 41){{snf|Errington|1990|p=60}}<hr />Owing to his diminished mental capacity, Philip never ruled in his own right and instead went through a series of regents; executed by Olympias.{{sfn|Adams|2010|pp=216-218}}
|- style="height:6em"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA;" |'''[[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]]'''
|323 – 316 (7 years)
|Son of Alexander III; co-ruler with Philip III
|323 – 316 (aged 13)<hr />Due to his age, Alexander never ruled in his own right. Alexander III's mother, [[Olympias]], guarded him until her execution in 316; murdered by [[Cassander]].{{sfn|Adams|2010|pp=216-218}}
|}

== Maurya Empire (322 – 184 BC) ==
[[File:Mauryan Empire Orthographic.png|thumb|right|The Maurya Empire at its greatest extent]]{{Main|Maurya Empire}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
! colspan=2 | Ruler!!Reign!!Notes
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya]]||[[File:Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu.png|100px]] ||322–297 BCE|| Founder of first Indian united empire.
|-
|[[Bindusara]]||[[File:I42 1karshapana Maurya Bindusara MACW4165 1ar (8486583162).jpg|100px]] ||297–273 BCE||Known for his foreign diplomacy and crushed of [[Vidarbha]] revolt.
|-
|[[Ashoka]]||[[File:Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|100px]] ||268–232 BCE||Greatest emperor of dynasty. His son [[Kunala]] was blinded and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson. Also known for [[Kalinga War]] victory.
|-
|[[Dasharatha Maurya]]||[[File:Dasaratha Maurya inscription on entrance of Vadathika cave.jpg|100px]] ||232–224 BCE||Grandson of Ashoka.
|-
|[[Samprati]]||||224–215 BCE||Brother of Dasharatha.
|-
|[[Shalishuka]]||[[File:Mauryan Empire. temp. Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BC.jpg|100px]]||215–202 BCE||
|-
|[[Devavarman (Maurya)|Devavarman]]||||202–195 BCE||
|-
|[[Shatadhanvan]]||||195–187 BCE|| The Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
|-
|[[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihadratha]]||||187–184 BCE|| Assassinated by his Commander-in-chief [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] in 185 BCE.
|-
|}

== Indo-Greeks (200 – 20 BC) ==
[[File:AtlasIndoGreek.jpg|thumb|right|map of Indo-Greeks and their expansion into India]]{{Main|Indo-Greek Kingdom}}
{| class="wikitable" colspan="2" style="margin:auto; margin:0 auto; font-size:80%;"
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#ccf; font-size:100%;"| '''Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings, their coins, territories and chronology''' Based on [[Bopearachchi]] (1991)<ref>O. Bopearachchi, "Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, Catalogue raisonné", Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1991, p. 453</ref>
|- style="font-size:100%; text-align:center; background:#ccf;"
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccf; font-size:100%;"|
| colspan="2"|[[Greco-Bactrian]] kings
| colspan="6"|[[Indo-Greek]] kings
|- style="background-color:#cdcdcd; background-color:#cdcdcd;"
! Territories/ dates !! West [[Bactria]] !! East [[Bactria]]!! [[Paropamisade]] !! [[Arachosia]]!! [[Gandhara]] !! [[Punjab region|Western Punjab]]!! [[East Punjab|Eastern Punjab]]!![[Mathura]]
|-
| 200–190 BC
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]][[Image:DemetriusCoin.jpg|50px]]
|colspan=4|
|-
|190–185 BC
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ddcdcd;"|[[Euthydemus II]][[File:EuthydemusIICoin.jpg|50px]]
|colspan=6|
|-
|190–180 BC
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]][[File:Coin of the Bactrian king Agathokles.jpg|50px]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Pantaleon]][[File:Coin of King Pantaleon.jpg|50px]]
|colspan=4|
|-
|185–170 BC
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Antimachus I]][[Image:AntimachusMedaille.jpg|50px]]
|colspan=4|
|-
|180–160 BC
|colspan=2|
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Apollodotus I]][[File:Coin of Indo-Greek king Apollodotos I.jpg|50px]]
|colspan=3|
|-
|175–170 BC
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Demetrius II of India|Demetrius II]][[File:Demetriosii.jpg|50px]]
|colspan=5|
|-
|160–155 BC
|colspan=2|
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Antimachus II]][[File:Coin of Antimachus II.jpg|50px]]
|colspan=3|
|-
|170–145 BC
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Eucratides I|Eucratides]][[File:Monnaie de Bactriane, Eucratide I, 2 faces.jpg|50px]]
|colspan=3|
|-
|155–130 BC
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Yuezhi]] occupation, loss of [[Ai-Khanoum]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddcdcd;"|[[Eucratides II]][[File:Coin of Eukratides II.jpg|50px]] [[Plato of Bactria|Plato]][[File:Coin of Plato of Bactria.jpg|50px]] [[Heliocles I]][[File:HelioclesCoin.jpg|50px]]
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Menander I]][[Image:Menander Alexandria-Kapisa.jpg|50px]]

|-
|130–120 BC
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|[[Yuezhi]] occupation
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Zoilos I]][[Image:ZoilosI-525.jpg|50px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Agathokleia]][[File:Coin of Agathokleia.jpg|50px]]
| rowspan="9" style="background:#cdcdcd;"|
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[File:Yavanarajya inscription.jpg|70px]] [[Yavanarajya inscription|Yavanarajya inscription]]
|-
|120–110 BC
|colspan=2|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Lysias Anicetus|Lysias]][[Image:Lysias-150.jpg|50px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Strato I]][[File:Coin of Agathokleia & Strato.jpg|50px]]

|-
|110–100 BC
|colspan=2|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Antialcidas]][[Image:Antialcidas.JPG|50px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Heliokles II]][[File:Helioclesii.jpg|50px]]

|-
|100 BC
|colspan=2|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Polyxenos Epiphanes Soter|Polyxenos]][[File:Polyxenos.jpg|50px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Demetrius III Aniketos|Demetrius III]][[Image:Demetrius Aniketou.jpg|50px]]

|-
|100–95 BC
|colspan=2|
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Philoxenus Anicetus|Philoxenus]][[File:Philoxenos.jpg|50px]]

|-
|95–90 BC
|colspan=2|
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Diomedes Soter|Diomedes]][[File:Diomedes2.jpg|50px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Amyntas Nikator|Amyntas]][[File:Coin of Amyntas Nicator.jpg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Epander]][[File:Epander.jpg|50px]]

|-
|90 BC
|colspan=2|
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Theophilos (king)|Theophilos]][[Image:Theophilos-634.jpg|50px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Peukolaos]][[File:Peukolaos coin.jpg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Thraso]][[File:Thraso coin simulation.jpg|50px]]
|-
|90–85 BC
|colspan=2|
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Nicias (Indo-Greek king)|Nicias]][[Image:Nikias.jpg|50px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Menander II]][[Image:MenanderDikaiou.jpg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Artemidoros]][[File:Coin of Artimedoros.jpg|50px]]

|-
|90–70 BC
|colspan=2|
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Hermaeus]][[Image:HermaeusCoin.jpg|50px]]
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Archebius]][[File:Coin of Indo-Greek king Archebios.jpg|50px]]

|-
||
|colspan=2|
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|[[Yuezhi]] occupation
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|[[Maues]] ([[Indo-Scythian]])
|colspan=2|
|-
|75–70 BC
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Telephos Euergetes|Telephos]][[File:Telephos.jpg|50px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Apollodotus II]][[File:Coin of Appollodotos II.jpg|50px]]
||
|-
|65–55 BC
|colspan=2|
|colspan=3|
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Hippostratos]][[Image:Hippostratos.jpg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Dionysios Soter|Dionysios]][[File:Dyonisos coin.jpg|50px]]
||
|-
|55–35 BC
|colspan=2|
|colspan=3|
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Azes I]] (Indo-Scythian)
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Zoilos II]][[Image:ZoilosIICoin.JPG|50px]]
||
|-
|55–35 BC
|colspan=2|
|colspan=4|
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Apollophanes]][[File:Coin of Apollophanes.jpg|50px]]
||
|-
|25 BC – AD 10
|colspan=2|
|colspan=4|
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdcdcd;"|[[Strato II]] and [[Strato III]][[File:Stratoii.jpg|50px]]
||
|-
||
|colspan=2|
|colspan=4|
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|[[Zoilos III]]/ [[Bhadayasa]][[File:Bhadrayasha coin.jpg|50px]]
|-
||
|colspan=2|
|colspan=4|
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|[[Rajuvula]] (Indo-Scythian)
|}

== Northern Satraps ==
[[File:Map of the Northern Satraps (Northern Sakas).jpg|thumb|right|Northern Satraps in early 1st century]]{{Main|Northern Satraps}}
{| class="nowraplinks" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" width="900px" rules="all" style="background:#fbfbfb; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; font-size:90%; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse"
|- bgcolor="#DEB887"
! Ruler !! Image!! Title !! Approx. dates !! Mentions
|-
| [[Hagamasha]] || [[File:Hagamasha.jpg|50px]]|| Satrap || 1st century BCE ||In the archaeological excavations of [[Sonkh]], near [[Mathura]], the earliest coins of the Kshatrapa levels were those of Hagamasha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartel |first1=Herbert |title=On The Cusp Of An Era Art In The Pre Kuṣāṇa World |publisher=BRILL |page=[https://archive.org/details/OnTheCuspOfAnEraArtInThePreKuaWorldDMSrinivasanEdBrill_201807/page/n330 324] |url=https://archive.org/details/OnTheCuspOfAnEraArtInThePreKuaWorldDMSrinivasanEdBrill_201807 |language=English}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hagana (Satrap)|Hagana]] || [[File:Hagana and Hagamasha.jpg|50px]]|| Satrap || 1st century BCE ||
|-
| [[Rajuvula]] || [[File:Rajuvula_coin_with_Greek_legend.jpg|50px]]|| Great Satrap || early 1st century BCE ||
|-
| [[Bhadayasa]] || [[File:Bhadrayasha_coin.jpg|50px]]|| Satrap || 1st century CE ||Possible successor of Rajuvula in Eastern Punjab
|-
| [[Sodasa]] || [[File:Hagamasha.jpg|50px]]|| Satrap || 1st century CE ||Son of Rajuvula in Mathura
|-
| [[Kharapallana]] ||[[File:Ksatrapena_Vanasparena_Kharapallanena.jpg|15px|center|Ksatrapena Vanasparena Kharapallanena]] || Great Satrap || c. CE 130 ||Great Satrap for Kushan ruler [[Kanishka I]]
|-
| [[Vanaspara]] || [[File:Ksatrapena_Vanasparena_Kharapallanena.jpg|15px|center|Ksatrapena Vanasparena Kharapallanena]]|| Satrap || c. CE 130 ||Satrap for Kushan ruler [[Kanishka I]]
|}

== Indo-Parthians (15 BC – 50 AD) ==
[[File:Map of the Indo-Parthians.png|thumb|right|Indo-Parthians at their greatest extent, c. 40 CE]]{{Main|Indo-Parthian Kingdom}}
* [[Gondophares|Gondophares I]] (c. 19 – 46) [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231146/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/par_rel/print/i_gondopharesI.jpg Coin]
* [[Sarpedones|Gondophares II Sarpedones]] (first years AD – c. 20 AD)[https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231140/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/par_rel/print/i_sarpedones.jpg Coin]
* [[Abdagases I]] (first years AD – mid-1st century AD) [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231147/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/indoparthian/i_ipr_abdagases_o.jpg Coin]
* [[Gadana|Gondophares III Gudana]], previously [[Orthagnes]] (c. 20 AD – 30 AD)
* [[Sases|Gondophares IV Sases]], (mid-1st century AD)

== Kushan Empire (50 – 350 AD) ==
{{Main|Kushan Empire}}
* [[Kujula Kadphises]] ({{Circa|50|90}}) [[File:Kujula Kadphises. Laureate Julio-Claudian style.jpg|50px]]
* [[Vima Takto]] ({{Circa|90|113}}), alias Soter Megas or "Great Saviour." [[File:Coin of Vima Takto.jpg|50px]]
* [[Vima Kadphises]] ({{Circa|113|127}}) First great Kushan Emperor [[File:Vima Kadphises with ithyphallic Shiva.jpg|50px]]
* [[Kanishka the Great]] (127 – {{Circa|151}}) [[File:Kanishka I Greek legend and Helios.jpg|50px]]
* [[Huvishka]] ({{Circa|151|190}}) [[File:Huvishka Maaseno.jpg|50px]]
* [[Vasudeva I]] ({{Circa|190|230}}) Last great Kushan Emperor [[File:VASUDEVA I.jpg|50px]]
* [[Kanishka II]] ({{Circa|230}} – 247) [[File:Coin of KanishkaII.jpg|50px]]
* [[Vashishka]] ({{Circa|247}} – 267) [[File:Vasishka.jpg|50px]]
;"Little Kushans";
* [[Kanishka III]] ({{Circa|267}} – 270) [[File:Kanishka III Circa AD 267-270.jpg|50px]]
* [[Vasudeva II]] ({{Circa|270}} – 300) [[File:Coin of VasudevaII.jpg|50px]]
* [[Mahi (Kushan)|Mahi]] ({{Circa|300}} – 305)<ref name="Katariya">[https://books.google.com/books?id=P7TpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 The Glorious History of Kushana Empire, Adesh Katariya, 2012, p.69]</ref> [[File:Mahi Kushan 4th century CE.jpg|50px]]
* [[Shaka (Kushan)|Shaka]] ({{Circa|305}} – 335)<ref name="Katariya"/> [[File:Kushan Empire Shaka Circa AD 325-345.jpg|50px]]
* [[Kipunada]] ({{Circa|335}} – 350)<ref name="Katariya"/> [[File:Kipunada.jpg|50px]]

{{Kushans}}

== Gupta Empire (335 – 495 AD) ==
[[File:GuptaEmpire300-550.png|thumb|right|Locator map of the Gupta Empire]]{{Main|Gupta Empire}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
! colspan=2 | Ruler!!Reign (CE)!!Notes
|-
|[[Sri-Gupta I]]||[[File:Maharaja Sri Gupta inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg|100px]]||{{Circa|late 3rd century CE}}|| Founder of the dynasty.
|-
|[[Ghatotkacha (king)|Ghatotkacha]]||[[File:Maharaja Sri Ghatotkacha inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg|100px]]||280/290–319 CE||
|-
|[[Chandragupta I|Chandra-Gupta I]]||[[File:Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I on a coin.jpg|100px]]||319–335 CE||His title ''Maharajadhiraja'' ("king of great kings") suggests that he was the first emperor of the dynasty. It is not certain how he turned his small ancestral kingdom into an empire, although a widely accepted theory among modern historians is that his marriage to the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power.
|-
|[[Samudragupta|Samudra-Gupta]]||[[File:SamudraguptaCoin.jpg|100px]]||335–375 CE||Defeated several kings of northern India, and annexed their territories to his empire. He also marched along the south-eastern coast of India, advancing as far as the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] kingdom. In addition, he subjugated several frontier kingdoms and tribal oligarchies. His empire extended from [[Ravi River]] in the west to the [[Brahmaputra River]] in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to central India in the south-west; several rulers along the south-eastern coast were his tributaries.
|-
|[[Kacha (king)|Kacha]]||[[File:Kachagupta of the Gupta Empire circa AD 335.jpg|100px]]||mid 4th century CE|| Rival brother/king, possibly an usurper, there are coins who attest him as ruler; possibly identical with [[Samudragupta|Samudra-Gupta]].
|-
|[[Ramagupta|Rama-Gupta]]||||||
|-
|[[Chandragupta II|Chandra-Gupta II Vikramaditya]]||[[File:ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg|100px]]||375–415 CE|| Continued the expansionist policy of his father [[Samudragupta]]: historical evidence suggests that he defeated the [[Western Kshatrapas]], and extended the Gupta empire from the [[Indus River]] in the west to the [[Bengal]] region in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to the [[Narmada River]] in the south.
|-
|[[Kumaragupta|Kumara-Gupta I]]||[[File:KumaraguptaFightingLion.jpg|100px]]||415–455 CE|| He seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, which extended from [[Gujarat]] in the west to [[Bengal]] region in the east.
|-
|[[Skandagupta|Skanda-Gupta]]||[[File:Skandagupta Circa 455-480 CE.jpg|100px]]||455–467 CE||It is stated that he restored the fallen fortunes of the Gupta family, which has led to suggestions that during his predecessor's last years, the Empire may have suffered reverses, possibly against the [[Pushyamitras]] or the [[Hunas]]. He is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors.
|-
|[[Purugupta|Puru-Gupta]]||||467–473 CE||
|-
|[[Kumaragupta II|Kumara-Gupta II Kramaditya]]||[[File:Kumaragupta II Kramaditya Circa 530-540 CE.jpg|100px]]||473–476 CE||
|-
|[[Buddhagupta|Buddha-Gupta]]||[[File:Budhagupta in Malwa Circa 476-495 CE.jpg|100px]]||476–495 CE||He had close ties with the rulers of [[Kannauj]] and together they sought to run the [[Alchon Huns]] ([[Hunas]]) out of the fertile plains of Northern India.
|-
|}

== Kidarite Huns (390 – 455 AD) ==
[[File:Asia 400ad-kidarites.jpg|thumb|right|Kidarite Huns at their greatest extent, c. 400 AD]]{{Main|Kidarites}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
|Yosada||c.335 CE{{sfn|Cribb|Donovan|2014|p=4}}
|-
|(Unknown)||fl. 388/400
|-
|Varhran (II)||fl. c. 425
|-
|[[Goboziko]]||fl. c. 450
|-
|}

== Alchon Huns (470 – 550 AD) ==
[[File:India 500 AD.jpg|thumb|right|Alchon Huns at their greatest extent under Mihirakula, c. 500 CE]]{{Main|Alchon Huns}}
* [[Toramana]] (c. 470 – 515 CE)
* [[Mihirakula]] (c. 515 – 540 CE)
* [[Toramana II]] (c. 530 – 550 CE)

== Taank Kingdom (550 – 822) ==
{{Main|Taank Kingdom}}
The Taanks (Takkas) were people from a variety of clans forming a kingdom. The rulers of the kingdom are only known from sources of chronicles and minted coins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tod|first=James|title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han, Or, The Central and Western Rajpoot States of India|publisher=Madras: Higginbotham and Co. 1873.|year=1829|isbn=9788120603509}}</ref> During this rule (630 AD), Lahore was said to have been visited by the Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang|Hieun Tsang]]. He described it as a great [[Brahmin]] city.

''Note:'' Not listed chronologically.

* Ratapat
* Bahurpal
* Sahajpal
* Madanpal

== Chamba State (550 – 1948) ==
{{Main|Chamba State}}
* Raja Yugakar Verman
* Raja Vidagdha Verman
* Raja Dodaka Verman
* Raja Vichitra Verman
* Raja Dhariya Verman
* Raja Salavahana Verman
* Raja Soma Varman
* Raja Asata Varman
* Raja Jasata Verman
* Raja Dhala Verman
* Raja Udayan Varman
* Raja Anand Verman
* Raja Ganesa Verman
* Raja Pratap Singh Verman, (from 1559 to 1586)
* Raja Vir Vahnu Verman (1586 to 1589)
* Raja Balbhadra Verman (1589 to 1641) as Chamba.

* 1690 - 1720 Udai Singh (b. ... - d. 1720)
* 1720 - 1735 Ugar Singh
* 1735 - 1794 Raj Singh (b. 1735 - d. 1794)
* 1794 - 1808 Jit Singh (b. 1775 - d. 1808)
* 1808 - 1844 Charhat Singh (b. 1803 - d. 1844)
* 1844 - 1870 Shri Singh (b. 1839 - d. 1870)
* 1870 - Apr 1873 Gopal Singh (b. 18... - d. 1893)
* 17 Apr 1873 – 22 Jan 1904 Sham Singh (b. 1866 - d. 1905)
* 22 Jan 1904 – 22 Sep 1919 Bhuri Singh (b. 1869 - d. 1919)
* 22 Sep 1919 - 7 Dec 1935 Ram Singh (b. 1890 - d. 1935)
* 7 Dec 1935 – 15 Aug 1947 Tikka Lakshman Singh (b. 1924 - d. 1971)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rulers.org/indstat1.html|title=Indian states before 1947 A-J|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>

== Brahmin dynasty (632 – 712) ==
{{Main|Brahmin dynasty}}
* [[Chach of Alor|Chach]] ({{reign|{{circa|632|671}}}})
* [[Chandar of Sindh|Chandar]] ({{reign|{{circa|671|679}}}})
* [[Raja Dahir|Dāhir]] ({{reign|{{circa|679|712}}}} from [[Aror|Alor]])

== Umayyad Caliphate (712 – 750) ==
{{Main|Umayyad Caliphate}}
[[File:Umayyad Caliphate (greatest extent).svg|thumb|right|Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent ({{Circa|750}})]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Caliph || Reign
|- style="background:silver;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|'''Caliphs of Damascus'''
|-
| [[al-Walid I|al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik]] || 712 – 23 February 715
|-
| [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] || 23 February 715 – 22 September 717
|-
| [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] || 22 September 717 – 4 February 720
|-
| [[Yazid II|Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik]] || 4 February 720 – 26 January 724
|-
| [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]] || 26 January 724 – 6 February 743
|-
| [[al-Walid II|al-Walid II ibn Yazid]] || 6 February 743 – 17 April 744
|-
| [[Yazid III|Yazid III ibn al-Walid]] || 17 April 744 – 4 October 744
|-
| [[Ibrahim ibn al-Walid]] || 4 October 744 – 4 December 744
|-
| [[Marwan II|Marwan II ibn Muhammad]] (ruled from [[Harran]] in the [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|Jazira]]) || 4 December 744 – 25 January 750
|}

== Abbasid Caliphate (750 – 855) ==
{{Main|Abbasid Caliphate}}
[[File:Abbasid Caliphate (greatest extent).svg|thumb|right|Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent (c. 850), Abbasids ruled Persia until the start of [[Anarchy at Samarra|Anarchy]] in 861]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Image/Coin
!Regnal name
!Personal name
!Born
!Reigned from
!Reigned until
!Died
!Parents
|-
|[[File:Balami - Tarikhnama - Abu'l-'Abbas al-Saffah.jpg|center|90px]] [[File:Dirhem of al-Saffah, AH 132-136.jpg|100px]]
|[[As-Saffah|'''Al-Sāffaḥ''']]
|Abul-'Abbās 'Abdallah
|721
|25 January 750
|colspan=2|10 June 754
|
* [[Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah]]
* Rayta bint Ubaydallah al-Harsia
|-
|[[File:Abu Jaafar al-Mansur (cropped).jpg|center|90px]] [[File:Abbasid Dinar - Al Mansur - 140 AH (758 AD).JPG|100px]]
|'''[[Al-Mansur]]'''
|Abu Ja'far 'Abdallah
|714
|10 June 754
|colspan=2|775
|
* [[Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah]]
* [[Sallamah Umm Abdallah|Sallamah]]
|-
|[[File:Abbasid al-Mahdi dirham Kirman 166AH.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Al-Mahdi]]'''
|Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad
|744/745
|775
|colspan=2|4 August 785
|
* [[Al-Mansur]], Abbasid Caliph
* [[Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari]]
|-
|[[File:Dirhem of Al-Hadi, AH 170.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Al-Hadi]]'''
|Abu Muhammad Musa
|764
|August 785
|colspan=2|14 September 786
|
* [[Al-Mahdi]], Abbasid Caliph
* [[Al-Khayzuran|Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta]]
|-
|[[File:Harun al-Rashid cropped.png|center|90px]] [[File:Gold dinar of Harun al-Rashid, AH 170-193.jpg|100px]]
|[[Harun al-Rashid|'''Al-Rashid''']]
|Harun
|763/766
|14 September 786
|colspan=2|24 March 809
|
* [[Al-Mahdi]], Abbasid Caliph
* [[Al-Khayzuran|Al-Khayzuran bint 'Atta]]
|-
|[[File:Abbasid Dinar - Al Amin - 195 AH (811 AD).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Al-Amin]]'''
|Muhammad
|787
|March 809
|colspan=2|24/25 September 813
|
* [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]], Abbasid Caliph
* [[Zubaidah bint Ja`far|Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn al-Mansur]]
|-
|[[File:Mamun sends an envoy to Theophilos (cropped).png|center|90px]] [[File:Coin of the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Al-Ma'mun]]'''
|Abu al-Abbas 'Abdallah
|13/14 September 786
|September 813
|colspan=2|9 August 833
|
* [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]], Abbasid Caliph
* [[Marajil]]
|-
|[[File:Byzantine emissaries to the Caliph (cropped).jpg|center|90px]] [[File:Abbasid Dinar - Al-Mu'tasim-225h.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Al-Mu'tasim]]'''
|Abū Ishaq Muhammad
|October 796
|9 August 833
|colspan=2|5 January 842
|
* [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]], Abbasid Caliph
* [[Maridah bint Shabib]]
|-
|[[File:Deaths of Al-Wathiq and Muhammad B. Baiis Jalis (recto), Death of Anbakh (verso), Folio from a Tarikh-I Alfi Manuscript LACMA M.78.9.4 (1 of 2).jpg|90px]]
[[File:Dinar of al-Wathiq, AH 227-232.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Al-Wathiq]]'''
|Abu Ja'far Harun
|811–813
|5 January 842
|colspan=2|10 August 847
|
* [[Al-Mu'tasim]], Abbasid Caliph
* [[Qaratis|Umm Harun Qaratis]]
|-
|[[File:Al-Mutawakkil.png|alt=|119x119px]]
[[File:Dinar of Al-Mutawakkil, AH 232-247.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Al-Mutawakkil]]'''
|Ja'far
|February/March 822
|10 August 847
|colspan=2|11 December 861 (assassinated)
|
* [[Al-Mu'tasim]], Abbasid Caliph
* [[Shuja al-Khwarazmi|Umm Ja'far Shuja]]
|-
|[[File:Dirhem of al-Muntasir, AH 247-248.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Al-Muntasir]]'''
|Abu Ja'far Muhammad
|November 837
|855
|colspan=2|7 or 8 June 862
|
* [[Al-Mu'tasim]], Abbasid Caliph
* [[Shuja al-Khwarazmi|Umm Ja'far Shuja]]
|-
|}

== Hindu Shahi Kingdom (822 – 1026) ==
{{Main|Hindu Shahi}}
* Lalliya Kallar (822 CE – 850 CE)
* Kamala Toramana (850 – ??)
* Bhimadeva (?? – ??)
* Spalapati (?? – ??)
* Samanta (around 900 – 950)
* Jayapala (964 – 1001)
* Anandpal (1001 – 1010)
* Trilochanpala (1010 – 1021)
* Bhimpala (1021 – 1026)

== Emirate of Multan (855 – 1010) ==
[[File:Map of the Multan Emirate.png|thumb|right|Emirate of Multan centered around the city of Multan]]{{Main|Emirate of Multan}}
=== Munnabih dynasty (855 – 959) ===
* Muhammad Munabbih III (855 – 864)
* Asad Qureshi (892 – early 900s, probably 918)
* Hassan II (late 800s)
* Ahmed II (late 800s – early 900s)
* Munabbih I (912 – 913)
* Muhammad Munabbih IV (913 – 920)
* Munabbih II (920 – 930)
* Fahad Munabbih (930 – 940)
* Harun Munabbih (940 – 959)

=== Lodi dynasty (959 – 1010) ===
* Jalam bin Shayban (959 – 985)
* Hamid ibn Shayban (985 – 997)
* Nasr ibn Hamid (997 – ??)
* Abul Fateh Daud ibn Nasr (?? – 1010)

== Ghaznavid Empire (1010 – 1186) ==
{{Main|Ghaznavids}}
[[File:Ghaznavids (greatest extent).svg|thumb|right|Map of the Ghaznavid dynasty at its greatest extent]]
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! width="5%" | #
! width="20%" | Laqab
! width="20%" | Personal Name
! width="15%" | Reign
! width="15%" | Succession right
! width="25%" | Notes
|-
| 1
| Yamin ad-Dawlah Abu Qasim {{Nastaliq|یمین الدولہ ابو لقاسم}} ''Right-hand man of the State''
| [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]]
| 1010–1030
| first son of Sabuktigin
|
|-
| 2
| Jalal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|جلال الدولہ}} ''Dignity of the State''
| [[Mohammad Ghaznavi|Muhammad]]
| 1030 ''1st reign''
| second son of Mahmud
|
|-
| 3
| Shihab ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|شھاب الدولہ}} ''Star of the State''
| [[Ma'sud I of Ghazni|Masud I]]
| 1030–1041
| first son of Mahmud
| Was overthrown, imprisoned and executed, following the [[battle of Dandanaqan]]
|-
| —
| Jalal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|جلال الدولہ}} ''Dignity of the State''
| [[Mohammad Ghaznavi|Muhammad]]
| 1041 ''2nd reign''
| second son of Mahmud
| Raised to the throne following the removal of Masud I.
|-
| 4
| Shihab ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|شھاب الدولہ}} ''Star of the State''
| [[Maw'dud Ghaznavi|Mawdud]]
| 1041–1048
| son of Masud I
| Defeated Muhammad at the battle of Nangrahar and gained the throne.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=22-24}}
|-
| 5
| ? {{Nastaliq|?}}
| [[Mas'ud II of Ghazni|Masud II]]
| 1048
| son of Mawdud
|
|-
| 6
| Baha ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|بھاء الدولہ }} ''Splendor of the State''
| [[Ali of Ghazna|Ali]]
| 1048–1049
| son of Masud I
|
|-
| 7
| Izz ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|عز الدولہ}} ''Glory of the State''
| [[Abd al-Rashid of Ghazna|Abd al-Rashid]]
| 1049–1052
| fifth son of Mahmud
|
|-
| 8
| Qiwam ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|قوام الدولہ}} ''Support of the State''
| [[Toghrul of Ghazna|Toghrul]]
| 1052–1053
| Turkish mamluk general
| Usurped the Ghaznavid throne after massacring Abd al-Rashid and eleven other Ghaznavid princes.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=45}}
|-
| 9
| Jamal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|جمال الدولہ}} ''Beauty of the state''
| [[Farrukh-Zad of Ghazna|Farrukh-Zad]]
| 1053–1059
| son of Masud I
|
|-
| 10
| Zahir ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|ظھیر الدولہ}} ''Help of the State''
| [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]]
| 1059–1099
| son of Masud I
|
|-
| 13
| Ala ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|علاء الدولہ}} ''Blessing of the State''
| [[Mas'ud III of Ghazni|Mas'ūd III]]
| 1099–1115
| son of Ibrahim
|
|-
| 11
| Kamal ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|کمال الدولہ}} ''Perfection of the State''
| [[Shir-Zad of Ghazna|Shir-Zad]]
| 1115–1116
| son of Masud III
| Murdered by his younger brother Arslan ibn Mas'ud.{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=90}}
|-
| 12
| Sultan ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|سلطان الدولہ}} ''Sultan of the state''
| [[Arslan ibn Mas'ud|Arslan-Shah]]
| 1116–1117
| son of Masud III
| Took the throne from his older brother Shirzad, but faced a rebellion from his other brother Bahram Shah, who was supported by the sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire, [[Ahmad Sanjar]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1977|p=93-95}}
|-
| 13
| Yamin ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|یمین الدولہ }} ''Right-hand man of the state''
| [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]]
| 1117–1157
| son of Masud III
| Under Bahram-Shah, the Ghaznavid empire became a [[Tributary state|tributary]] of the [[Great Seljuq Empire]]. Bahram was assisted by [[Ahmad Sanjar]], sultan of the Great Seljuq empire, in securing his throne.{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=297}}
|-
| 14
| Muizz ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|معزالدولہ }} ''Honor of the State''
| [[Khusrau Shah of Ghazna|Khusrau Shah]]
| 1157–1160
| son of Bahram-Shah
|
|-
| 15
| Taj ad-Dawlah {{Nastaliq|تاج الدولہ}} ''Crown of the state''
| [[Khusrau Malik]]
| 1160–1186
| son of Khusrau-Shah
|
|-
|}

== Ghurid Empire (1186 – 1206) ==
{{Main|Ghurid dynasty}}
[[File:Ghurid dynasty (greatest extent).svg|thumb|right|Map of the Ghurid dynasty at its greatest extent by the year 1202]]
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:5%;"|Coinage
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Titular Name(s)
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Personal Name
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Reign
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ghurids (Ghur & Ghazna). Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. AH 558-599 AD 1163-1203. Baldat Herat mint. Dated AH 599 (AD 1202-3).jpg|100px|Ghurids (Ghur & Ghazna). Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. AH 558–599 AD 1163–1203. Baldat Herat mint. Dated AH 599 (AD 1202–3).]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Abul-Fateh'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان ابوالفتح}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad]] {{Nastaliq|غیاث‌ الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1163–1203
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Mu'izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg|100px|Coin of [[Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad]], AH 599–602 1171–1206 CE]] [[File:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam. AH 599-602 AD 1171-1206. Pagoda coin with. Lakshmi seated facing.jpg|100px|Indian coinage ([[Pagoda (coin)|Pagoda]]) of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad. ''Obverse'': [[Lakshmi]] seated facing. ''Reverse'': ''śri maha/[mi]ra mahama/da sama'' in [[Devanagari]].]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Shahāb-ud-din Muhammad Ghori'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان شهاب‌ الدین محمد غوری }}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad]] {{Nastaliq|معز الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1173–1206
|}

== Qabacha of Multan ==
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Titular Name(s)
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Personal Name
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Reign
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Kaba-cha'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان قباچه}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]] {{Nastaliq|ناصرالدین قباچه}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1206–1228
|-
|}
== Delhi Sultanate (1206 – 1526) ==
{{Main|Delhi Sultanate}}
===Mamluk dynasty (1206 – 1290)===
[[File:Map of the Mamluk Empire.jpg|thumb|right|Delhi Sultanate under Mamluk dynasty]]{{Main|Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name of ruler
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth Date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death Date
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
!End of reign
!Notes
|-
|1
|[[Qutbuddin Aibak]]
|1150
|14 November 1210
|25 June 1206
|14 November 1210
|
|-
|2
|[[Aram Shah]]
|''unknown''
|June 1211
|December 1210
|June 1211
|Son of Aibak
|-
|3
|[[Iltutmish]]
|''unknown''
|30 April 1236
|June 1211
|30 April 1236
|Son-in-law of Aibak
|-
|4
|[[Ruknuddin Firuz]] (Firuz I)
|''unknown''
|19 November 1236
|April/May 1236
|November 1236
|Son of Iltutmish
|-
|5
|[[Razia Sultan]]
|''unknown''
|15 October 1240
|November 1236
|20 April 1240
|Daughter of Iltutmish
|-
|6
|[[Muiz ud din Bahram]]
|9 July 1212
|15 May 1242
|May 1240
|15 May 1242
|Son of Iltutmish
|-
|7
|[[Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah]]
|''unknown''
|10 June 1246
|May 1242
|10 June 1246
|Son of Ruknuddin Firuz
|-
|8
|[[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] (Mahmud I)
|1229 or 1230
|18 February 1266
|10 June 1246
|18 February 1266
|Grandson of Iltutmish
|-
|9
|[[Ghiyas ud din Balban]]
|1216
|1287
|February 1266
|1287
|Turkish noble in the court of Iltutmish
|-
|10
|[[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]]
|1269
|1 February 1290
|1287
|1 February 1290
|Grandson of Balban
|-
|11
|[[Shamsuddin Kayumars]]
|1285/1287
|13 June 1290
|1 February 1290
|13 June 1290
|Son of Qaiqabad
|}

===Khalji dynasty (1290 – 1320)===
[[File:Map of the Khalji Sultanate.png|thumb|right|Delhi Sultanate under Khalji dynasty]]{{Main|Khalji dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|12
|[[Jalal-ud-din Khalji]] (Firuz II)
|1220
|19 July 1296
|13 June 1290
|19 July 1296
|
|-
| –
|Ruknuddin Ibrahim
|''unknown''
|after 1296
|July 1296
|November 1296
|Son of Jalal-ud-din Khalji. He ruled for a short time, not always indicating his names on the lists.
|-
|13
|[[Alauddin Khalji]]
|c. 1266
|4 January 1316
|November 1296
|4 January 1316
|Nephew of Jalal-ud-din Khalji
|-
|14
|[[Shihabuddin Omar]]
|1310 or 1311
|April 1316
|5 January 1316
|April 1316
|Son of Alauddin Khalji
|-
|15
|[[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]]
|1299
|9 July 1320
|14 April 1316
|1 May 1320
|Son of Alauddin Khalji
|}

=== Outside of the dynasties (1320) ===

{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|16
|[[Khusrau Khan]]
|''unknown''
|1320
|10 July 1320
|5 September 1320
|He ruled for a short time, not founding a dynasty.
|}

===Tughluq dynasty (1320 – 1414)===
[[File:Map of the Tughlaqs.png|thumb|right|Delhi Sultanate under Tughluq dynasty]]{{Main|Tughluq dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" |Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|17
|[[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] (Tughluq I)
|''unknown''
|1 February 1325
|8 September 1320
|1 February 1325
|
|-
|18
|[[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] (Muhammad II)
|c. 1290
|20 March 1351
|1 February 1325
|20 March 1351
|Son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
|-
|19
|[[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] (Firuz III)
|1309
|20 September 1388
|23 March 1351
|20 September 1388
|Son-in-law of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
|-
|20
|[[Tughluq Khan]] (Tughluq II)
|''unknown''
|14 March 1389
|20 September 1388
|14 March 1389
|Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
|-
|21
|[[Abu Bakr Shah]]
|''unknown''
|after 1390
|15 March 1389
|August 1390
|Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
|-
|22
|[[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III]] (Muhammad III)
|''unknown''
|20 January 1394
|31 August 1390
|20 January 1394
|Son of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
|-
|23
|[[Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah]]
|''unknown''
|8 March 1394
|22 January 1394
|8 March 1394
|Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
|-
|24
|[[Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq|Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq]]
|''unknown''
|February 1413
|March 1394
|February 1413
|Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
|-
| –
|[[Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq]]
|''unknown''
|1398 or 1399
|January 1395
|1398 or 1399
|Brother of Tughluq Khan. Mahmud Shah's anti-king, claimant to the throne, sub-ruler.
|}

===Sayyid dynasty (1414 – 1451)===
[[File:Map of the Sayyid Dynasty.png|thumb|right|Delhi Sultanate under Sayyid dynasty]]{{Main|Sayyid dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|25
|[[Khizr Khan]]
|''unknown''
|20 May 1421
|28 May 1414
|20 May 1421
|
|-
|26
|[[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]]
|''unknown''
|19 February 1434
|21 May 1421
|19 February 1434
|Son of Khizr Khan
|-
|27
|[[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]] (Muhammad IV)
|''unknown''
|January 1445
|February 1434
|January 1445
|Grandson of Khizr Khan
|-
|28
|[[Alam Shah]]
|''unknown''
|July 1478
|January 1445
|19 April 1451
|Son of Muhammad Shah
|}

===Lodi dynasty (1451 – 1526)===
[[File:Map_of_the_Lodis.png|thumb|right|Delhi Sultanate under Lodi dynasty]]{{Main|Lodi dynasty}}
{| class=wikitable width="100%"
! width="3%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S/N
! width="20%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! width="10%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! width="15%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Beginning of reign
! width="13%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|End of reign
! width="26%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|29
|[[Bahlul Lodi]]
|1420
|12 July 1489
|19 April 1451
|12 July 1489
|
|-
|30
|[[Sikandar Lodi]] (Sikandar II)
|17 July 1458
|21 November 1517
|17 July 1489
|21 November 1517
|Son of Bahlul Lodi
|-
|31
|[[Ibrahim Lodi]]
|1480
|21 April 1526
|November 1517
|21 April 1526
|Son of Sikandar Lodi
|}

== Timurid Empire (1398 – 1421) ==
{{Main|Timurid Empire|Timurid dynasty}}
[[File:Timurid Empire (greatest extent).svg|thumb|right|Locator map of the Timurid Empire, c. 1400]]
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:27%;"| Titular name
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:25%;"| Personal name
! style="background:#f0dc82; width:25%;"| Reign
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Amir'' {{Nastaliq| امیر}} ''Timur Lang'' {{Nastaliq| تیمور لنگ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Timur|Timur Beg Gurkani]] {{Nastaliq| تیمور بیگ گورکانی}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1398–1405
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Amir'' {{Nastaliq| امیر}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pir Muhammad bin Jahangir Mirza]] {{Nastaliq|پیر محمد بن جہانگیر میرزا }} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1405–1407
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Amir'' {{Nastaliq| امیر}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Khalil Sultan|Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah]] {{Nastaliq| خلیل سلطان بن میران شاہ}} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1405–1409
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Amir'' {{Nastaliq| امیر}} 
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shahrukh Mirza]] {{Nastaliq| شاھرخ میرزا }} 
| style="text-align:center;"|1405–1421
|-
|}

== Chiefs of Pothohar ==
{{Main|List of rulers of Pothohar plateau}}
=== House of Khokhars ===
{{Main|Khokhar}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Ruler !! Reign !! Note
|-
| '''[[Nusrat Khokhar]]''' ||?? ‐ 1394 || died fighting the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid forces]]
|-
| '''[[Shaikha Khokhar]]''' ||1394 - 1420 ||
|-
| '''[[Jasrat Khokhar]]''' || 1420 - 1442 || Had capital at [[Sialkot]]<ref>{{cite book |title=A Short History of Jammu Raj: From Earliest Times to 1846 A.D. |first1=Sukh Dev Singh |last1=Charak |publisher=Ajaya Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhtIAAAAIAAJ&q=jasrath+khokhar+delhi}}</ref>
|}
=== House of Gakhars ===
{{Main|Gakhars}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Ruler !! Reign !! Note
|-
| '''Jhanda Khan Ghakkar''' || unknown - c.1493 || Established city of [[Rawalpindi]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Asghar|title=Pakistan tourism directory, '86: everything about tourism|publisher=Holiday Weekly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-x0zAAAAMAAJ|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505202041/https://books.google.com/books?id=-x0zAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''Tatar Khan Ghakkar''' || unknown - 1519 || Made alliance with Babur
|-
| '''Hathi Khan Gakkar''' || 1519 - 1526 ||
|-
| '''[[Sarang Gakhar|Sarang Khan Gakhar]]''' || 1526 - 1545 || Died fighting against [[Sher Shah Suri]] at Rawat<ref>''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]: The Muhammadan Period'' by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson, Volume IV, p. 493</ref>
|-
| '''Adam Khan Gakhar''' || 1546 - 1555 || Under Mughal Empire
|-
| '''Kamal Khan Gakhar'''|| 1555 - 1566 ||
|-
| '''Said Khan Gakhar''' || 1563 - 1597 || founded [[Saidpur, Islamabad|Saidpur village]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Saidpur has history, heritage of three eras |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/594268-saidpur-has-history-heritage-of-three-eras |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''Nazar Khan Gakhar''' || Unknown || Commander of 500
|-
| '''Allah Quli Khan Gakhar''' || 1681 - 1705 ||
|-
| '''Muqarrab Khan Gakhar''' || 1705 - 1769 || Last effective ruler of Pothohar<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Ammad |title=A forgotten tale: Bagh Jogian speaks of neglect, disinterest, threats from urbanisation {{!}} Footloose {{!}} thenews.com.pk |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/652594-a-forgotten-tale |website=www.thenews.com.pk |access-date=22 September 2022 |language=en |date=3 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Langah/Multan Sultanate (1445 – 1540) ==
[[File:Map of the Langah Sultanate circa 1475 CE.png|thumb|right|Langah Sultanate at its peak in 1475]]{{Main|Langah Sultanate}}
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Titular Name(s)
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:17%;"| Personal Name
! style="background:#f0dc88; width:7%;"| Reign
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Qutbu'd-Din'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان قطب الدین}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Rai Sahra Langah {{Nastaliq|رائے ساحرہ لنگہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1445–1469
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Husseyn I'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان حسین اول}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Husseyn Langah I|Husseyn Shah Langah]] {{Nastaliq|حسین لنگہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1469–1498
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Mahmud I'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان محمود اول}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Budha Khan Langah {{Nastaliq|بدھا خان لنگہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1498–1518
|-
| style="text-align:center;|''Sultan Husseyn II'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان حسین دوم}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Husseyn Langah {{Nastaliq|حسین لنگہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1518–1526
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Sultan Mahmud II'' {{Nastaliq|سلطان محمود دوم}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Mahmud Khan Langah {{Nastaliq|محمود خان لنگہ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1426–1540
|-
|}

== Mughal Empire (1526 – 1540) ==
[[File:Mughal Empire (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|right|Mughal Empire at its greatest extent]]{{Main|Mughal Empire|Mughal dynasty}}
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="width:8%;"| Portrait
! style="width:12%;"| '''Titular Name'''
! style="width:18%;"| Birth Name
! style="width:9%;"| Birth
! style="width:20%;"| Reign
! style="width:13%;"| Death
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1 [[File:Babur of India.jpg|frameless|106x106px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Babur {{Uninastaliq|بابر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Babur|Zahir Ud-Din Muhammad Ghazi]] {{Uninastaliq|ظہیر الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|14 February 1483 [[Andijan, Uzbekistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
(4 years 8 months 9 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530 (aged 47) [[Agra, India]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2 [[File:Humayun Emperor.jpg|104x104px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Humayun {{Uninastaliq|ہمایوں}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Humayun|Nasir Ud-Din Baig Muhammad Khan]] {{Uninastaliq|ناصر الدین بیگ محمد خان}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6 March 1508 [[Kabul, Afghanistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|26 December 1530  – 17 May 1540
|}

== Sur Empire (1540 – 1556) ==
[[File:The Sur Empire at its height.png|thumb|right|Sur Empire at its height under Sher Shah Suri]]{{Main|Sur Empire}}
{| class=wikitable
! width="4%" bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|S. n.
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Picture
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Name
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Birth date
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Death date
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Reign
! bgcolor="#CEDFF2"|Notes
|-
|1st
|[[File:Shershah.jpg|70px]]
|[[Sher Shah Suri]]
|1472 or 1486
|22 May 1545
|6 April 1538/17 May 1540<ref name=BangGMS>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin|article=Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah}}</ref><ref name="p.83">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.83</ref> — 22 May 1545<ref name="p.83"/>
|
|-
|2nd
|[[File:Islam Shah Suri.jpg|70px]]
|[[Islam Shah Suri]]
|1507
|22 November 1554
|26 May 1545<ref name="p.90-33">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.90–93</ref> — 22 November 1554<ref name="p.90-33"/>
|Son of Sher Shah Suri.
|-
|3rd
|
|[[Firuz Shah Suri]]
|4 May 1542
|1554
|1554<ref name="p.94">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.94</ref>
|Son of Islam Shah Suri.
|-
|4th
|
|[[Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)|Muhammad Adil Shah]]
|unknown
|1557
|1554<ref name="p.94"/> — 1555<ref name="p.94-96">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.94–96</ref>
|Son-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
|-
|5th
|
|[[Ibrahim Shah Suri]]
|unknown
|1567/1568
|1555<ref name="p.94-96"/>
|Brother-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
|-
|6th
|
|[[Sikandar Shah Suri]]
|unknown
|1559
|1555<ref name="p.94-96"/> — 22 June 1555<ref name="p.94-96"/>
|Brother-in-law of Sher Shah Suri.
|-
|7th
|
|[[Adil Shah Suri]]
|unknown
|April 1557
|22 June 1555<ref name="p.94-96"/> — 1556<ref name="p.94-96"/>
|Brother of Sikandar Shah Suri.
|}

== Mughal Empire Restored (1556 – 1747) ==
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="width:8%;"| Portrait
! style="width:12%;"| '''Titular Name'''
! style="width:18%;"| Birth Name
! style="width:9%;"| Birth
! style="width:20%;"| Reign
! style="width:13%;"| Death
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2 [[File:Humayun Emperor.jpg|104x104px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Humayun {{Uninastaliq|ہمایوں}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Humayun|Nasir Ud-Din Baig Muhammad Khan]] {{Uninastaliq|ناصر الدین بیگ محمد خان}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6 March 1508 [[Kabul, Afghanistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|22 February 1555  – 27 January 1556

(10 years 3 months 25 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|27 January 1556 (aged 47) [[Delhi]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3 [[File:Emperor Akbar the Great.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Akbar {{Uninastaliq|اکبر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar|Abu'l Fath Jalal Ud-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|ابوالفتح جلال الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|15 October 1542 [[Umerkot|Umerkot, Pakistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605
(49 years 9 months 0 days)

| style="text-align:center;"|27 October 1605 (aged 63) [[Agra, India]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4 [[File:Jahangircrop.jpeg|107x107px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Jahangir {{Uninastaliq|جہانگیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahangir|Nur Ud-Din Baig Muhammad khan Salim]] {{Uninastaliq|نورالدین بیگ محمد خان سلیم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|31 August 1569 [[Agra, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627
(21 years 11 months 23 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|28 October 1627 (aged 58) [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir, India]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5 [[File:Shah Jahan of Mughal empire.jpg|130x130px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan {{Uninastaliq|شاہ جہان}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan|Shahab Ud-Din Muhammad Khurram]] {{Uninastaliq|شہاب الدین محمد خرم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1592 [[Lahore, Pakistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658
(30 years 8 months 25 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|22 January 1666 (aged 74) [[Agra, India]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6 [[File:The Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Aurangzeb {{Uninastaliq|اورنگزیب }}'''
'''Alamgir {{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Aurangzeb|Muhi Ud-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|محی الدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|3 November 1618 [[Gujarat, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
(48 years 7 months 0 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7 [[File:Azam shah (cropped).jpg|125x125px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Azam Shah {{Uninastaliq| اعظم شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Azam Shah|Qutb Ud-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|قطب الدين محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|28 June 1653 [[Burhanpur]], [[India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707

| style="text-align:center;"|20 June 1707 (aged 53) [[Agra]], [[India]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8 [[File:Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Bahadur Shah {{Uninastaliq|بہادر شاہ}}'''
'''Shah Alam {{Uninastaliq|شاہ عالم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah I|Abul-Nasr Sayyid Qutb-ud-din Mirza Muhammad Muazzam]] {{Uninastaliq|ابوالنصر سید قطب الدین مرزا محمد معظم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|14 October 1643 [[Burhanpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712
(4 years, 253 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712 (aged 68) [[Lahore, Pakistan]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9 [[File:Jahandar Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Jahandar Shah {{Uninastaliq|جہاندار شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahandar Shah|Mu'izz-ud-Din Beg Muhammad Khan Bahādur]] {{Uninastaliq|معیز الدین بیگ محمد خان بہادر }}
| style="text-align:center;"|9 May 1661 Deccan, India
| style="text-align:center;"|27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713
(0 years, 350 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|12 February 1713 (aged 51) [[Delhi]], India
|-bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| style="text-align:center;"|10[[File:Farrukhsiyar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Farrukhsiyar {{Uninastaliq|فرخ سیر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Farrukhsiyar|Abu'l Muzaffar Muīn-ud-Dīn Muhammad Shāh Farrukhsiyar Alim Akbar Sāni Wālā Shān Pādshāh-i-bahr-u-bar]] {{Uninastaliq|ابوالمظفر معین الدین محمد شاہ فرخ سیار علیم اکبر ثانی والا شان پادشاہ البحر البر}} Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|20 August 1685 [[Aurangabad, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719
(6 years, 48 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|19 April 1719 (aged 33) [[Delhi]], India
|-bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| style="text-align:center;"|11[[File:Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Rafi ud-Darajat {{Uninastaliq|رفیع الدرجات}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Rafi ud-Darajat|Abu'l Barakat Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi ud-Darajat Padshah Ghazi Shahanshah-i-Bahr-u-Bar]] {{Uninastaliq|ابوالبرکات شمس الدین محمد رفیع الدراجات پادشاہ غازی شہنشاہ البحر البر}} Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|1 December 1699
| style="text-align:center;"|28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719
(0 years, 98 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719 (aged 19) [[Agra, India]]
|- bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| style="text-align:center;"|12[[File:Shah Jahan II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan II {{Uninastaliq|شاہ جہان دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan II|Rafi-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi-ud-Daulah]] {{Uninastaliq|رفیع الدین محمد رفیع الدولہ}} Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|5 January 1696
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719
(0 years, 105 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|18 September 1719 (aged 23) [[Agra, India]]
|- bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| style="text-align:center;"|13[[File:Muhammad Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Muhammad Shah {{Uninastaliq|محمد شاہ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhammad Shah|Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah Roshan Akhtar Bahadur Ghazi]] {{Uninastaliq|ناصر الدین محمد شاہ روشن اختر بہادر غازی}} Puppet King Under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|7 August 1702 [[Ghazni|Ghazni, Afghanistan]]
| style="text-align:center;"|27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748
(28 years, 212 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|26 April 1748 (aged 45) [[Delhi]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14[[File:Ahmad Shah Bahadur of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Ahmad Shah Bahadur {{Uninastaliq|احمد شاہ بہادر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Abu-Nasir Mujahid ud-din Muhammad Ahmad Shah Bahadur Ghazi]] {{Uninastaliq|ابو ناصر مجاہد الدین محمد احمد شاہ بہادر غازی}}
| style="text-align:center;"|23 December 1725 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754
(6 years, 37 days)
| style="text-align:center"|1 January 1775 (aged 49) [[Delhi]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|15[[File:Alamgir II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Alamgir II {{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Alamgir II|Aziz Ud-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|عزیز اُلدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|6 June 1699 [[Burhanpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759
(5 years, 180 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|29 November 1759 (aged 60) Kotla Fateh Shah, India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|16[[File:Shah_Jahan_III_of_India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan III {{Uninastaliq|شاہ جہان سوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan III|Muhi Ul-Millat]] {{Uninastaliq|محی اُلملت}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1711
| style="text-align:center;"|10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760
(282 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|1772 (aged 60–61)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|17[[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Alam II {{Uninastaliq|شاہ عالم دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar ]] {{Uninastaliq|عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم}}
| style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788
(27 years, 301 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) [[Delhi]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|18[[File:Mughal_Emperor_Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Jahan IV {{Uninastaliq|جہان شاه چہارم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah]] {{Uninastaliq| بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جہان شاہ }}
| style="text-align:center;"|1749 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788
(63 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|1790 (aged 40–41) [[Delhi]], India
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
| style="text-align:center;"|19[[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Shah Alam II {{Uninastaliq|شاہ عالم دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar ]] {{Uninastaliq|عبدالله جلال الدین ابوالمظفر هم الدین محمد میرزا علی گوهر شاه علم دوم}} Puppet King under the [[Maratha Empire]]
| style="text-align:center;"|25 June 1728 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806
(18 years, 339 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 (aged 78) [[Delhi]], India
|- bgcolor="#F2D4CE"
| style="text-align:center;"|20[[File:Akbar Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Akbar Shah II {{Uninastaliq|اکبر شاہ دوم}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar II|Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi]] {{Uninastaliq|سلطان ابن سلطان صاحب المفاضی ولی نعمت حقی خداوند مجازی ابو ناصر معین الدین محمد اکبر شاہ پاد شاہ غازی}} Puppet King under the [[East India Company]]
| style="text-align:center;"|22 April 1760 [[Mukundpur|Mukundpur, India]]
| style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837
(30 years, 321 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837 (aged 77) [[Delhi]], India
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|21[[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| style="text-align:center;"|'''Bahadur Shah II Zafar {{Uninastaliq|بہادر شاہ ظفر}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah II|Abu Zafar Siraj Ud-Din Muhammad]] {{Uninastaliq|ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد}}
| style="text-align:center;"|24 October 1775 [[Delhi]], India
| style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857
(19 years, 360 days)
| style="text-align:center;"|7 November 1862 (aged 87) [[Rangoon, Myanmar]]
|}
== Bhangi Misl (1716 – 1802) ==
{{Main|Bhangi Misl}}
* Chhajja Singh Dhillon (1716 – ??)
* Bhuma Singh Dhillon (?? – 1746)
* Hari Singh Dhillon (1746 – 1766)
* Jhanda Singh Dhillon (1766 – 1774)
* Ganda Singh Dhillon (1774 – 1776)
* Charhat Singh Dhillon (1776 – 1776)
* Desu Singh Dhillon (1776 – 1782)
* Gulab Singh Dhillon (1782 – 1800)
* Gurdit Singh Dhillon (1800 – 1802)

== Sial Chieftaincy (1723 – 1818) ==
{{Main|Sial dynasty}}
* Walidad Khan Sial 1723 – 1747
* Inayatullah Khan Sial 1747 – 1787
* Kabir Khan Sial 1787 – 1798
* Ahmad Khan Sial 1798 – 1818

== Singhpuria Misl (1733 – 1816) ==
{{Main|Singhpuria Misl}}
* Kapur Singh 1733 – 1753
* Khushal Singh 1753 – 1795
* Buddh Singh 1795 – 1816

== Durrani Empire (1747 – 1758) ==
[[File:Durrani Empire (greatest extent).svg|thumb|right|Durrani Empire at its greatest extent]]{{Main|Durrani Empire|Durrani dynasty}}
{{Succession table monarch
| name1 = '''[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]'''
| nickname1 = the Father of the Nation
| native1 =
| life1 = 1720/1722 – 4 June 1772
| reignstart1 = 1747
| reignend1 = 1758
| notes1 = Established the [[Durrani dynasty]] and the [[Durrani Empire]]; Considered founder of modern Afghanistan
| family1 = Durrani
| image1 = Portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani.jpg
| alt1 = Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan
}}

== Maratha Empire (1758 – 1761) ==
[[File:MarathaEmpire1759.png|thumb|right|Maratha Empire at its peak in 1759]]{{Main|Maratha Empire}}
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
! style="width:12%;"| Chhatrapati
! style="width:9%;"| Birth
! style="width:20%;"| Reign
! style="width:13%;"| Death
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|June 1726
| style="text-align:center;"|1758 – 1761
| style="text-align:center;"|11 December 1777
|-
|}

== Durrani Empire Restored (1761 – 1809) ==
{{Succession table monarch
| name1 = '''[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]'''
| nickname1 = the Father of the Nation
| native1 =
| life1 = 1720/1722 – 4 June 1772
| reignstart1 = 1761
| reignend1 = 4 June 1772
| notes1 = Established the [[Durrani dynasty]] and the [[Durrani Empire]]; Considered founder of modern Afghanistan
| family1 = Durrani
| image1 = Portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani.jpg
| alt1 = Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan
| name2 = '''[[Timur Shah Durrani]]'''
| nickname2 =
| native2 =
| life2 = December 1746 – 20 May 1793
| reignstart2 = November 1772
| reignend2 = 20 May 1793
| notes2 = Son of Ahmad Shah Durrani {{hr}} Preserved the Durrani Empire following the death of his father after fighting off civil war in 1772, and multiple rebellions
| family2 = Durrani
| image2 = Temur-Shah.jpg
| alt2 = Timur Shah Durrani of Afghanistan
| name3 = '''[[Zaman Shah Durrani]]'''
| nickname3 =
| native3 =
| life3 = 1770–1844
| reignstart3 = 20 May 1793
| reignend3 = 25 July 1801 {{small|(''deposed'')}}
| notes3 = Son of Timur Shah Durrani {{hr}} Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed
| family3 = Durrani
| image3 = Shah-Zaman-Khan.jpg
| alt3 = Zaman Shah Durrani of Afghanistan
| name4 = '''[[Mahmud Shah Durrani]]'''
| nickname4 = Shah Mahmud
| native4 =
| life4 = 1769 – 18 April 1829
| reignstart4 = 25 July 1801
| reignend4 = 13 July 1803 {{small|(''deposed'')}}
| notes4 = Son of Timur Shah Durrani {{hr}} Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed
| family4 = Durrani
| image4 = Mahmud Shah Durrani.jpg
| alt4 = Mahmud Shah Durrani of Afghanistan
| name5 = '''[[Shah Shujah Durrani]]'''
| nickname5 = Inayat-i-llahi, Shuja ul-Mulk, Muhammad Bahadur
| native5 =
| life5 = 4 November 1785 – 5 April 1842
| reignstart5 = 13 July 1803
| reignend5 = 3 May 1809 {{small|(''deposed'')}}
| notes5 = Son of Timur Shah Durrani {{hr}} Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed, and making multiple attempts to reclaim his throne
| family5 = Durrani
| image5 = Lithograph of Shah Shujah in 1843.jpg
| alt5 = Shah Shujah Durrani of Afghanistan
}}

== Ramgarhia Misl (1748 – 1808) ==
{{Main|Ramgarhia Misl}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!Portrait
! class="unsortable" |Reign
!Ref.
|-
|[[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] {{Small|(1723 – 20 April 1803)}}
|[[File:Jassa Singh Ramgarhia as a youth, historical miniature portrait.jpg|218x218px]]
|1748 – 1803
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |volume=3: M-R |pages=107–8}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jodh Singh Ramgarhia]] {{Small|(died August 1815)}}
|[[File:Depiction of Jodh Singh Ramgarhia from a late 18th century painting.jpg|293x293px]]
|1803 – 1808
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|}

== Singh Krora Misl (1748 – 1808) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! colspan="2" |Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!Portrait
! class="unsortable" |Reign
!Ref.
|-
|1
| colspan="2" |Sham Singh {{Small|(died 1739)}}
|[[File:Fresco of Kartorh Singh (left) and Sham Singh (right) from Gurdwara Baba Atal.jpg|150x150px]]
|? – 1739
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |publisher=Publication Bureau, Patiala Punjabi University |year=1993 |pages=175–185 |chapter=Chapter 13 - The Karorsinghia Misal}}</ref>
|-
|2
| colspan="2" |Karam Singh
|?
|?
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|3
| colspan="2" |Karora Singh {{Small|(died 1761)}}
|?
|? – 1761
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|4
| colspan="2" |[[Baghel Singh]] {{Small|(died 1802)}}
| [[File:Detail of Sardar Baghel Singh Karorasinghia from a Janamsakhi painting of Guru Nanak and Bhai Mardana laying with their feet towards the Kaaba in Mecca, Punjab Hills, manuscript dated to 1793.jpg|282x282px]]
|1761 – 1802
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|5 (disputed)
|Jodh Singh {{Small|(born 1751)}}
|Sukhu Singh
|?
|1802 – ?
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|6
| colspan="2" |Rattan Kaur {{Small|(died 1848)}}
|?
|? – 1848
|<ref name=":0" />
|}
== Dallewalia Misl (1748 – 1807) ==
* Gulab Singh Khatri 1748 – 1759
* Gurdiyal Singh 1759 – 1764
* Tara Singh Ghaiba 1764 – 1807
== Nakai Misl (1748 – 1810) ==
*[[Heera Singh Sandhu|Heera Singh Sandhu Nakai]] (r. 1748–1767; d. 1767)
*Sardar Nar Singh Nakai (r. 1767-1775; d. 1775)
*[[Ran Singh Nakai]] (r. 1775-1784; d. 1784)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46356/page/n193/mode/2up|title = History and Philosophy of the Sikh Religion|year = 1914}}</ref>
*Bhagwan Singh Nakai (r. 1784-1789; d. 1789)
*Gyan Singh Nakai (r. 1789-1807; d. 1807)
*[[Kahan Singh Nakai]] (r. 1807–1810; d. 1873).
== State of Bahawalpur (1748 – 1955) ==
[[File:Bahawalpur map.png|thumb|right|State of Bahawalpur alongside other Princely states and British Indian provinces and presidencies]]{{Main|State of Bahawalpur}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Nawab Amir of Bahawalpur||Tenure
|-
| Bahawal Khan Abbasi I || 1748 – 1750
|-
| Mubarak Khan Abbasi II || 1750 – 1772
|-
| Bahawal Khan Abbasi II || 1772 – 1809
|-
| Sadeq Khan Abbasi II || 1809 – 1827
|-
| Bahawal Khan Abbasi III || 1827 – 1852
|-
| Sadeq Khan Abbasi III || 1852 – 1853
|-
| Fath Mohammad Khan Abbasi || 1853 – 1858
|-
| Rahim Yaar Khan Abbasi || 1858 – 1866
|-
| [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan IV|Sadeq Khan Abbasi IV]] || 1866 – 1899
|-
| [[Mohammad Bahawal Khan V|Bahawal Khan Abbasi V]] || 1899 – 1907
|-
| [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V|Sadeq Khan Abbasi V]] || 1907 – 1955
|-
|}

== Patiala State (1761 – 1947) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!Portrait
! class="unsortable" |Reign
!Enthronement
!Ref.
|-
! colspan="6" |'''Sardars'''
|-
|1
|[[Ala Singh]] {{Small|(1691 or 1695 – 1765)}}
|[[File:Detail of a mural of Ala Singh of Patiala State from the Sheesh Mahal of the Qila Mubarak.jpg|235x235px]]
|1709 – 1765
|?
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |year=1993 |pages=188–215 |chapter=Chapter 14 - The Phulkian Misl}}</ref><ref name=":1">ANNE-COLOMBE “SAT KAUR” LAUNOIS. “Essence Du Pouvoir de Pattâlâ: Les Estrades Royales Du Qila Mubârak.” ''Arts Asiatiques'', vol. 62, 2007, pp. 46–62. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|43486550}}. Accessed 15 Feb. 2023.</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Maharajas
|-
|2
|Amar Singh {{Small|(7 June 1748 – February 1781)}}
|[[File:Miniature painting of Raja Amar Singh of Patiala, ca.1830.jpg|221x221px]]
|1765 – 1781
|?
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|3
|Sahib Singh {{Small|(18 August 1773 – 26 March 1813)}}
|[[File:Detail of an equestrian portrait of Raja Sahib Singh of Patiala State.jpg|198x198px]]
|1781 – 1813
|?
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|4
|Karam Singh {{Small|(12 October 1797 – 23 December 1845)}}
|[[File:Painting of Maharaja Karam Singh in the Audience Hall of Qila Mubarak, Patiala.png|228x228px]]
|1813 – 1845
|30 June 1813
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|5
|[[Maharaja Narinder Singh|Narinder Singh]] {{Small|(26 October 1824 – 13 November 1862)}}
|[[File:Photograph of Maharaja Narinder Singh (alt. spelt as 'Narendra Singh') of Patiala State with attendants, by Jean Baptiste Oscar Malitte, ca.1860.jpg|151x151px]]
|1845 – 1862
|18 January 1846
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|6
|[[Mahendra Singh of Patiala|Mahendra Singh]] {{Small|(16 September 1852 – 13 or 14 April 1876)}}
|[[File:Mahendra Singh, Maharaja of Patiala in the 1870s.jpg|219x219px]]
|1862 – 1876
|29 January 1863
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|7
|[[Maharaja Rajinder Singh|Rajinder Singh]] {{Small|(25 May 1872 – 8 November 1900)}}
|[[File:Portrait of Sir Rajinder Singh Maharaja of Patiala.jpg|199x199px]]
|1876 – 1900
|6 January 1877
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|8
|[[Maharaja Bhupinder Singh|Bhupinder Singh]] {{Small|(12 October 1891 – 1938)}}
|[[File:BHUPINDER-SINGH, MAHARAJA OF PATIALA (18432128650).jpg|257x257px]]
|1900 – 1938
|?
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|9
|[[Yadavindra Singh]] {{Small|(7 January 1913 – 17 June 1974)}}
|[[File:MAHARAJA OF PATIALA (18615125252).jpg|215x215px]]
|1938 – 1974
|?
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="6" |Titular
|-
|10
|[[Amarinder Singh]] {{Small|(born 11 March 1942)}}
|[[File:Capt. Amarinder Singh.png|233x233px]]
|1974 – ?
|?
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Quint |first1=The |title=Punjab Live: Modi Congratulates Amarinder, Wishes Him Happy B'Day |url=https://www.thequint.com/punjab-elections-2017/2017/03/10/punjab-election-results-counting-day-aap-congress-akali-bjp |access-date=11 March 2017 |website=The Quint}}</ref><ref name="who">{{cite news |title=Who is Capt Amarinder Singh? Everything you need to know |work=The Indian Express |agency=Express Web Desk |url=http://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-assembly-elections-2017/who-is-capt-amarinder-singh-everything-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref>
|}

== Jind State (1763 – 1948) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!Portrait
! class="unsortable" |Reign
!Enthronement
!Ref.
|-
! colspan="6" |'''Sardars'''
|-
|1
|Sukhchain Singh {{Small|(1683 – 1758)}}
|?
|? – 1758
|?
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |year=1993 |chapter=Chapter 14 - The Phulkian Misl}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Rajas
|-
|2
|Gajpat Singh {{Small|(15 April 1738 – 11 November 1789)}}
|[[File:Miniature painting of Raja Gajpat Singh, founder of Jind State.jpg|181x181px]]
|1758 – 1789
|?
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Vijender |title=Jind royal family scion passes away |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/jind-royal-family-scion-passes-away/articleshow/67294584.cms |access-date=2023-02-07 |issn=0971-8257 |quote=The first king of the estate was Raja Gajpat Singh who died in 1789. After that Raja Bhag Singh took charge as king in 1789 and died in 1819. Next, Raja Fateh Singh ruled from till February 3, 1822, followed by Raja Sangat Singh from July 30, 1822, to November 1834. He was followed by Raja Sarup Singh till January 1864, Raja Raghubir Singh till 1887, Maharaja Ranbir Singh till 1948 and Rajbir Singh in 1948,” Bhardwaj added.}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|3
|Bhag Singh {{Small|(23 September 1760 – 16 June 1819)}}
|[[File:Miniature portrait painting of Raja Bagh Singh of Jind State.jpg|199x199px]]
|1789 – 1819
|November 1789
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|4
|Fateh Singh {{Small|(6 May 1789 – 3 February 1822)}}
|[[File:Miniature portrait painting of Raja Fateh Singh of Jind State.jpg|199x199px]]
|1819 – 1822
|?
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|5
|Sangat Singh {{Small|(16 July 1810 – 4/5 November 1834)}}
|[[File:Raja Sangat Singh.jpg|214x214px]]
|1822 – 1834
|30 July 1822
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|6
|[[Swarup Singh of Jind|Swarup Singh]] {{Small|(30 May 1812 – 26 January 1864)}}
|[[File:Miniature painting of Raja Swarup Singh of Jind State, seated on a terrace in a European-style chair, ca.1850–60.jpg|186x186px]]
|1834 – 1864
|April 1837
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|7
|[[Raghubir Singh Jind|Raghubir Singh]] {{Small|(1832 – 7 March 1887)}}
|[[File:Maharaja Raghbir Singh of Jind photographed 1875.jpg|215x215px]]
|1864 – 1887
|31 March 1864
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
|-
|8
|[[Ranbir Singh Jind|Ranbir Singh]] {{Small|(11 October 1879 – 1 April 1948)}}
|[[File:Portrait photograph of Raja Ranbir Singh of Jind State, ca.1903.jpg|199x199px]]
|1887 – 1948
|27 February 1888
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Satyawan |title=Jind monuments a picture of neglect |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana-tribune/jind-monuments-a-picture-of-neglect-31417 |access-date=9 September 2023 |quote=}}</ref>
|-
|}
== Nabha State (1763 – 1947) ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!Portrait
! class="unsortable" |Reign
!Enthronement
!Ref.
|-
! colspan="6" |'''Sardars'''
|-
|1
|Hamir Singh {{Small|(died 1783)}}
|[[File:Painting of a nimbate Sardar Hamir Singh of Nabha holding a flower and leaning on a bolster.jpg|150x150px]]
|1754 – 1783
|?
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="6" |Rajas
|-
|2
|Jaswant Singh {{Small|(1775 – 22 May 1840)}}
|[[File:Miniature painting of Raja Jaswant Singh of Nabha seated and leaning against a bolster, inscribed in Perso-Arabic script.jpg|218x218px]]
|1783 – 1840
|?
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|3
|Devinder Singh {{Small|(5 September 1822 – 14/15 November 1865)}}
|[[File:Miniature painting of Raja Devinder Singh of Nabha seated on a chair.jpg|210x210px]]
|1840 – 1846
|15 October 1840
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|4
|Bharpur Singh {{Small|(5 October 1840 – 9 November 1863)}}
|[[File:Equestrian painting of a nimbate Raja Bharpur Singh of Nabha, containing Persian inscriptions on border.jpg|150x150px]]
|1846 – 1863
|?
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|5
|Bhagwan Singh {{Small|(30 November 1842 – 31 May 1871)}}
|[[File:Maharaja Bhagwan Singh of Nabha (reg. 1863-71) standing in an interior.webp|195x195px]]
|1863 – 1871
|17 February 1864
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="6" |Maharajas
|-
|6
|[[Hira Singh Nabha|Hira Singh]] {{Small|(19 December 1843 – 24 December 1911)}}
|[[File:A ruler of Punjab, probably Hira Singh, the maharajah of Nabha, India, Punjab state, former kingdom of Nabha, ca.1850–1900.jpg|208x208px]]
|1871 – 1911
|10 August 1871
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|7
|[[Ripudaman Singh]] {{Small|(4 March 1883 – 14 December 1942)}}
|[[File:Photograph of Maharaja Ripudaman Singh of Nabha seated and holding sword.jpg|258x258px]]
|1911 – 1923
|24 January 1912
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|8
|[[Pratap Singh Nabha|Partap Singh]] {{Small|(21 September 1919 – 22 July 1995)}}
|[[File:Photograph of Maharaja Partap Singh of Nabha seated on a chair.jpg|180x180px]]
|1923 – 1948
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|}
== Kapurthala State (1772 – 1947) ==
{| class="wikitable"
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!Portrait
! class="unsortable" |Reign
!Ref.
|-
! colspan="5" |'''Sardars'''
|-
|1
|[[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] {{Small|(1718–1783)}}
|[[File:Equestrian painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on horseback in-front of his haveli with a fly-whisk attendant, circa late 18th century.jpg|188x188px]]
|1777 – 20 October 1783
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kapurthala |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808230543/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |archive-date=8 August 2018 |access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=KAPURTHALA |language=en-US |work=Royal Family of India |url=http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/kapurthala/ |access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref>
|-
|2
|Bagh Singh Ahluwalia {{Small|(1747–1801)}}
|[[File:Bhag Singh Ahluwalia.jpg|222x222px]]
|20 October 1783 – 10 July 1801
|{{citation needed}}
|-
! colspan="5" |Rajas
|-
|3
|[[Fateh Singh Ahluwalia]] {{Small|(1784–1837)}}
|[[File:Raja Fateh Singh Ahluwalia of Kapurthala.jpg|150x150px]]
|10 July 1801 – 20 October 1837
|<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=History {{!}} Kapurthala Web Portal {{!}} India |url=https://kapurthala.gov.in/history/ |access-date=25 December 2020 |publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref name=":3">[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AFH9527.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej.] Cunningham, Joseph Davey, 1812-1851., Garrett, H. L. O. ed. (Herbert Leonard Offley), 1881-1941</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Lepel Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/ranjitsingh00grif |title=Ranjit Singh |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon press |year=1892}}</ref>
|-
|4
|Nihal Singh {{Small|(1817–1852)}}
|[[File:Sin foto.svg|200x200px]]
|20 October 1837 – 13 September 1852
|
|-
|5
|[[Randhir Singh of Kapurthala|Randhir Singh]] {{Small|(1831–1870)}}
|[[File:The jirkuz of the Raja of Kapurthala.jpg|207x207px]]
|13 September 1852 – 12 March 1861
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="5" |Raja-i Rajgan
|-
|–
|[[Randhir Singh of Kapurthala|Randhir Singh]] {{Small|(1831–1870)}}
|[[File:The jirkuz of the Raja of Kapurthala.jpg|207x207px]]
|12 March 1861 – 2 April 1870
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|6
|Kharak Singh {{Small|(1850–1877)}}
|[[File:Photograph of Kharak Singh of Kapurthala State.jpg|234x234px]]
|2 April 1870 – 3 September 1877
|
|-
|7
|[[Jagatjit Singh]] {{Small|(1872–1949)}}
|[[File:Jagatjit Singh by Panjab Digital Library.jpg|185x185px]]
|3 September 1877 – 12 December 1911
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="5" |Maharajas
|-
|–
|[[Jagatjit Singh]] {{Small|(1872–1949)}}
|[[File:Jagatjit Singh by Panjab Digital Library.jpg|185x185px]]
|12 December 1911 – 15 August 1947
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="5" |Titular
|-
|–
|[[Jagatjit Singh]] {{Small|(1872–1949)}}
|[[File:Jagatjit Singh by Panjab Digital Library.jpg|185x185px]]
|15 August 1947 – 19 June 1949
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|8
|Paramjit Singh
|
|
|
|-
|9
|[[Sukhjit Singh (Soldier)|Sukhjit Singh]]
|[[File:Brig. Sukhjit Singh.jpg|191x191px]]
|
|
|}
== Sikh Empire (1799 – 1849) ==
[[File:Sikh Empire 1799-1849.svg|thumb|right|Sikh Empire at its greatest extent under Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]{{Main|Sikh Empire}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!S. No.
!Name
!Portrait
!colspan=2|Birth and death
!colspan=3|Reign
!colspan=2|Note
|-
|1
|[[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]
|[[File:Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lion of the Punjab.jpg|101x101px]]
|13 November 1780 ([[Gujranwala]])
|27 June 1839 ([[Lahore]])
|12 April 1801
|27 June 1839
|{{age in years and days|1801|04|12|1839|06|27}}
|The first Sikh ruler
|Stroke
|-
|2
|[[Kharak Singh|Maharaja Kharak Singh]]
|[[File:Painting of Yuvraj Kharak Singh, Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, seated on a chair.jpg|75x75px]]
|22 February 1801 ([[Lahore]])
|5 November 1840 ([[Lahore]])
|27 June 1839
|8 October 1839
|{{age in years and days|1839|06|27|1839|10|8}}
|Son of Ranjit Singh
|Poisoning
|-
|3
|[[Nau Nihal Singh|Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh]]
|[[File:Painting of Nau Nihal Singh seated on a blue oval rug against a bolster with a yellow shawl reaching up to the back of his head, ca.1840.jpg|97x97px]]
|11 February 1820 ([[Lahore]])
|6 November 1840 ([[Lahore]])
|8 October 1839
|6 November 1840
|{{age in years and days|1839|10|8|1840|11|6}}
|Son of Kharak Singh
|Assassinated
|-
| 4
|[[Chand Kaur|Maharani Chand Kaur]] {{small}}
|[[File:Maharani Chand Kaur.jpg|75px]]
|1802 ([[Fatehgarh Churian]])
|11 June 1842 ([[Lahore]])
|6 November 1840
|18 January 1841
|{{age in years and days|1840|11|06|1841|01|18}}
| Wife of Kharak Singh and the only female ruler of Sikh Empire
|Abdicated
|-
|5
|[[Sher Singh|Maharaja Sher Singh]]
|[[File:Sher Singh, emperor of the Sikhs.jpg|102x102px]]
|4 December 1807 ([[Batala]])
|15 September 1843 ([[Lahore]])
|18 January 1841
|15 September 1843
|{{age in years and days|1841|01|18|1843|09|15}}
|Son of Ranjit Singh
|Assassinated
|-
|6
|[[Duleep Singh|Maharaja Duleep Singh]]
|[[File:Maharajah Duleep Singh dressed for a State function, c. 1875.jpg|75px]]
|6 September 1838 ([[Lahore]])
|22 October 1893 ([[Paris]])
|15 September 1843
|29 March 1849
|{{age in years and days|1843|09|15|1849|03|29}}
|Son of Ranjit Singh
|Exiled
|-
| 7
|[[Jind Kaur|Maharani Jind Kaur]] {{small|([[regent]]; nominal)}}
|[[File:Maharani Jind Kaur.jpg|75px]]
|1817 ([[Gujranwala]])
|1 August 1863 ([[Kensington]])
|15 September 1843
|29 March 1849
|{{age in years and days|1843|09|15|1849|03|29}}
|Wife of Ranjit Singh
|Exiled
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Pew Research Center

2022-12-11T08:07:26Z

SquadW: Crafted a new article format.

{{Short description|Think tank based in Washington, D.C., US}}
{{Use mdy dates}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Pew Research Center
| image = Pew Research Center.svg
| caption =
| established = {{start date and age|2004}}
| chairman = [[Robert Groves]]
| head = Michael Dimock
| staff = 160+<ref name="PRC" />
| endowment =
| debt =
| budget = Revenue: $36 million Expenses: $43 million ([[Fiscal year|FYE June 2021]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/YE2021-Pew-Research-Center-Form-990-Public-Disclosure-Copy.pdf | title=Pew Research Center | website=Pew Research Center | access-date=April 28, 2023 | archive-date=January 11, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111042300/https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/YE2021-Pew-Research-Center-Form-990-Public-Disclosure-Copy.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
| parent = [[The Pew Charitable Trusts]]
| location = [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| address = 1615 L Street, NW Suite 800
| website = {{URL|http://www.pewresearch.org}}
}}
The '''Pew Research Center''' (also known as Pew) is a [[nonpartisanism in the United States|nonpartisan]] [[America]]n [[think tank]] based in [[Washington, D.C.]] It provides information on [[social issue]]s, [[public opinion]], and [[demographic]] trends shaping the United States and the world.<ref name="PRC" /> It also conducts [[public opinion polling]], [[demographic]] research, random sample survey research and [[Panel data|panel based surveys]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our survey methodology in detail|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/u-s-survey-research/our-survey-methodology-in-detail/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Pew Research Center Methods|language=en-US|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301105951/https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/u-s-survey-research/our-survey-methodology-in-detail/|url-status=live}}</ref> media [[content analysis]], and other empirical [[social science]] research.

The Pew Research Center does not take policy positions, and is a [[subsidiary]] of [[The Pew Charitable Trusts]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lesley |first=Alison |title=Pew Research Finds Jews & Hindus are More Educated & Richer |url=http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/christianity/pew-research-finds-jews-hindus-are-more-educated-richer |access-date=December 28, 2015 |publisher=World Religion News |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623033152/https://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/christianity/pew-research-finds-jews-hindus-are-more-educated-richer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news |title=Company Overview of The Pew Charitable Trusts |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/board.asp?privcapId=3534933 |access-date=December 29, 2015 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623004719/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/board.asp?privcapId=3534933 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
In 1990, the [[Times Mirror Company]] founded the Times Mirror Center for the People & the Press as a research project, tasked with conducting polls on politics and policy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Times Mirror Center for People and Press {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/organization/?39547/Times-Mirror-Center-People-Press |website=www.c-span.org |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222051657/https://www.c-span.org/organization/?39547/Times-Mirror-Center-People-Press |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Andrew Kohut]] became its director in 1993, and [[The Pew Charitable Trusts]] became its primary sponsor in 1996, when it was renamed the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Our History|url = http://www.pewresearch.org/about/our-history/|website = Pew Research Center|access-date = February 21, 2016|archive-date = May 4, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190504141027/https://www.pewresearch.org/about/our-history/|url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2004, the trust established the Pew Research Center in Washington, D.C. In 2013, Kohut stepped down as president and became founding director, and Alan Murray became the second president.<ref>{{cite news |last=Memmott |first=Mark |title=Alan Murray Of 'The Wall Street Journal' Named Pew Research Center's President |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/11/02/164189724/alan-murray-of-the-wall-street-journal-named-pew-research-centers-president |access-date=December 28, 2015 |publisher=National Public Radio |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603073546/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/11/02/164189724/alan-murray-of-the-wall-street-journal-named-pew-research-centers-president |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2014, Michael Dimock, a 14-year veteran of the Pew Research Center, was named president.<ref>{{cite news|last = Massella|first = Nick|title = Michael Dimock Named President of Pew Research Center|url = http://www.adweek.com/fishbowldc/michael-dimock-named-president-of-pew-research-center/134203|access-date = December 28, 2015|publisher = FishbowlDC|date = October 14, 2014|archive-date = December 2, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070947/https://www.adweek.com/fishbowldc/michael-dimock-named-president-of-pew-research-center/134203|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Funding==
The Pew Research Center is a [[Nonprofit organization|nonprofit]], [[Tax exemption|tax-exempt]] [[501(c)(3) organization]] and a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder.<ref name="bloomberg" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Company Overview of The Pew Charitable Trusts |url=http://501c3lookup.org/PEW_RESEARCH_CENTER |access-date=December 29, 2015 |publisher=501c3Lookup.org |archive-date=January 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114083734/http://501c3lookup.org/PEW_RESEARCH_CENTER/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For its studies focusing on demographics of religions in the world, the Pew Research Center has been jointly funded by the [[Templeton Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/jesinst/pdf/Grim-globalReligion-full.pdf|title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010|publisher=Pew Research Center|page=7|quote=This effort is part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project, which analyzes religious change and its impact on societies around the world. The project is jointly funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation|access-date=November 19, 2016|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525150456/https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/jesinst/pdf/Grim-globalReligion-full.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer/about|title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=June 6, 2018|archive-date=May 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523190604/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer/about|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Research areas==
[[File:Public trust in government.webp|thumb|350px|right|Public trust in government poll]]

The center's research includes the following areas:<ref name=PRC>{{cite web | url = https://www.pewresearch.org/about/ | title = About Pew Research Center | author = Pew Research Center | date = n.d. | access-date = June 16, 2021 | archive-date = July 22, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180722043102/http://www.pewresearch.org/about/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name = "Pew Research Topics Main List">{{cite web | url = https://www.pewresearch.org/topics-categorized/ | title = Research Topics | author = Pew Research Center | date = n.d. | access-date = June 16, 2021 | archive-date = June 16, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210616151150/https://www.pewresearch.org/topics-categorized/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
* U.S. politics and policy
* Journalism and media
* Internet and technology
* Science and society
* Race and ethnicity
* Religion and public life
* Global attitudes and trends
* U.S. social and demographic trends

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.pewresearch.org/}} – Pew Research Center
* {{official website|http://www.pewtrusts.org/}} of the Pew Charitable Trusts

{{social surveys}}

[[Category:2004 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Intelligent Community Forum]]
[[Category:Think tanks established in 2004]]
[[Category:Public opinion research companies in the United States]]
[[Category:Social statistics data]]
[[Category:The Pew Charitable Trusts]]
[[Category:Think tanks based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Migration studies]]

List of children of the prime ministers of India

2022-11-30T12:03:12Z

SquadW: Shared a new page on the website.

#REDIRECT [[List of children of prime ministers of India]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Stanford University Press

2022-06-27T09:34:30Z

SquadW: Wrote an enlightening manuscript.

{{Short description|American university press}}
{{Infobox publisher|image=Stanford University Press logo.svg|caption=Stanford University Press|founded=1892|country=United States|headquarters=[[Redwood City, California]]|distribution=[[Ingram Academic]] (US) Combined Academic Publishers (UK)<ref>{{Cite web| title = Marston Book Services| access-date = 2017-12-04| url = http://www.marston.co.uk/marston-client-list/}}</ref>|publications=[[Book]]s|imprints=Redwood Press
Stanford Briefs
Stanford Business Books|website= {{URL|https://www.sup.org}}}}
'''Stanford University Press''' ('''SUP''') is the [[publishing house]] of [[Stanford University]]. It is one of the oldest [[university press|academic presses]] in the United States and the first university press to be established on the West Coast. It is currently a member of the [[Association of University Presses]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaupnet.org/about-aaup/aaup-history/687-founding-of-aaup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115204121/http://www.aaupnet.org/about-aaup/aaup-history/687-founding-of-aaup|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-15|title=Founding of AAUP|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Our Members |url=https://aupresses.org/membership/membership-list/ |access-date=January 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Association of University Presses]]}}</ref> The press publishes 130 books per year across the humanities, social sciences, and business, and has more than 3,500 titles in print.

== History ==
[[David Starr Jordan]], the first president of Stanford University, posited four propositions to [[Leland Stanford|Leland]] and [[Jane Stanford]] when accepting the post, the last of which stipulated, "That provision be made for the publication of the results of any important research on the part of professors, or advanced students. Such papers may be issued from time to time as 'Memoirs of the Leland Stanford Junior University.'" In 1892, the first work of scholarship to be published under the Stanford name, ''The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789-1833'', by Orrin Leslie Elliott, appeared with the designation "No. 1" in the "Leland Stanford Junior University Monographs Series." That same year, student Julius Andrew Quelle established a printing company on campus, publishing the student-run newspaper, the ''Daily Palo Alto'' (now the ''[[The Stanford Daily|Stanford Daily]]'') and Stanford faculty articles and books. The first use of the imprint "Stanford University Press" was in 1895, with ''The Story of the Innumerable Company'', by President Jordan. In 1915, Quelle hired bookbinder John Borsdamm, who would later draw fellow craftspeople to the press, including master printer and eventual manager Will A. Friend.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2017/10/accent-on-quality.html|title=Accent on Quality|website=Stanford University Press Blog|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref> In 1917, the university bought the printing works, making it a division of Stanford.
[[File:SUP colophon.jpg|thumb|The original Stanford University Press colophon.|alt=The words "Stanford University Press" superimposed on a line drawing of one of the gates to the main quad|left|333x333px]]

In 1925, SUP hired William Hawley Davis, Professor of English, to be the inaugural general editor at the press. In the following year, SUP issued its first catalog, listing seventy-five published books.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sup.org/about/|title=About the Press|website=www.sup.org|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2017/11/09/press-celebrates-125th-anniversary/|title=Stanford University Press celebrates 125th anniversary|last=University|first=Stanford|website=Stanford News|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> University President [[Ray Lyman Wilbur]] established a Special Committee in 1927 comprising the editor, the press manager, the sales manager, and the comptroller in service of the press, whose "principal object is to serve in the publication of University publications of all sorts and to promote human welfare generally."<ref name=":0" />

[[File:The Press Gang.jpg|thumb|A 1929 photo of the Stanford University Press staff.|alt=A group of people in front of a building|400px]]
The first press director, Donald P. Bean, was appointed in 1945. By the 1950s, the printing plant ranked seventh nationally among university presses with respect to title output. The head book designer in the late 1950s and 1960s was printer and typographer [[Jack Stauffacher]], later an [[American Institute of Graphic Arts|AIGA]] medalist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aiga.org/medalist-jackstauffacher|title=2004 AIGA Medalist: Jack Stauffacher|website=AIGA {{!}} the professional association for design|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref>

In 1999, the press became a division of the [[Stanford University Libraries]]. It moved from its previous location adjacent to the Stanford campus to its current location, in Redwood City, in 2012–13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.stanford.edu/news/2014/01/redwood-city-moves-complete|title=Redwood City moves complete}}</ref>

Stanford Business Books, an imprint for professional titles in business, launched in 2000, with two publications about [[Silicon Valley]]. The press launched the Briefs imprint in 2012, featuring short-form publications across its entire list.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sup.org/books/imprints/?imprint=Stanford%20Briefs|title=Stanford Briefs Thumbnails|last=Press|first=Stanford University|website=www.sup.org|language=en|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2015/02/on-the-merits-of-brevity.html|title=On the Merits of Brevity|website=Stanford University Press Blog|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref> With funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, SUP debuted a publishing program for [[Digital scholarship|born-digital interactive scholarly works]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2015/01/taking-digital-scholarship-to-the-presses.html|title=Taking Digital Scholarship to the Presses|website=Stanford University Press Blog|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sup.org/digital/|title=Stanford Digital Projects|website=www.sup.org|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> That same year, it launched its trade imprint, Redwood Press, with a novel by [[Bahiyyih Nakhjavani|Bahiyyah Nakhjavani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/newsbrief/index.html?record=39|title=Stanford University Press Launches Trade Imprint|website=PublishersWeekly.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref>

In April 2019, the provost of Stanford University announced plans to cease providing funds for the press, drawing widespread criticism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Proposed-Cut-of-Stanford-U/246200 |title=Proposed Cut of Stanford U. Press's Subsidy Sparks Outrage |last=Kafka |first=Alexander C. |website=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/04/29/stanford-moves-stop-providing-funds-its-university-press |title=Stanford Moves to Stop Supporting Its University Press |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanforddaily.com/2019/04/29/stanford-community-outraged-at-su-press-defunding-over-1000-sign-petitions/|title=Stanford community outraged at SU Press defunding, over 1,000 sign petitions|last=Miller|first=Elise|website=The Stanford Daily|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> Following protests from Stanford faculty and students, as well as the wider academic and publishing community,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupresses.org/news-a-publications/news/1770-association-stands-in-support-of-stanford-university-press|title=Association Stands in Support of Stanford University Press|website=www.aupresses.org|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref> the subsidy for the 2019–20 academic year was reinstated, with additional options for future fundraising on the press's part to be discussed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Facing-Blowback-Stanford/246211|title=Facing Blowback, Stanford Partly Reverses Course and Pledges Press Subsidy for One More Year|last=Kafka|first=Alexander C.|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=2019-05-07|language=en-US|issn=0009-5982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanforddaily.com/2019/05/01/provost-compromise-a-step-in-the-right-direction-on-su-press-defunding-but-not-enough-say-faculty/|title=Provost compromise a 'step in the right direction' on SU Press defunding, but not enough, say faculty|last=Miller|first=Elise|website=The Stanford Daily|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/05/01/stanford-backs-down-year-ending-support-university-press|title=Stanford backs down -- for a year -- on ending support for university press|website=www.insidehighered.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanforddaily.com/2019/05/02/op-ed-graduate-students-on-sups-future/|title=Op-Ed: Graduate students on SUP's future|website=The Stanford Daily|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>

== Imprints ==

=== Redwood Press ===
Redwood Press publishes books written for a trade audience, spanning a variety of topics, by both academics and non-academic writers.

=== Stanford Briefs ===
Stanford Briefs are essay-length works published across SUP's various disciplines.

=== Stanford Business Books ===
The Stanford Business Books imprint is home to academic trade books, professional titles, texts for course use, and monographs that explore the social science side of business.

== Digital publishing ==
SUP's digital projects initiative, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, advances a formal channel for peer review and publication of born-digital scholarly works in the fields of digital humanities and computational social sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sup.org/digital/|title=Stanford Digital Projects|website=www.sup.org|language=en|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref>

== Notable series ==

*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Asian%20America Asian America]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Cold%20War%20International%20History%20Project Cold War International History Project]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=The%20Collected%20Poetry%20of%20Robinson%20Jeffers The Collected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=The%20Complete%20Works%20of%20Friedrich%20Nietzsche The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=The%20Cultural%20Lives%20of%20Law Cultural Lives of the Law]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Cultural%20Memory%20in%20the%20Present Cultural Memory in the Present]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Innovation%20and%20Technology%20in%20the%20World%20Economy Innovation and Technology in the World Economy]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Meridian:%20Crossing%20Aesthetics Meridian: Crossing Aesthetics], founded by [[Werner Hamacher]]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Post*45 Post*45]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=South%20Asia%20in%20Motion South Asia in Motion]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Square%20One:%20First-Order%20Questions%20in%20the%20Humanities Square One: First-Order Questions in the Humanities]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Stanford%20Studies%20in%20Comparative%20Race%20and%20Ethnicity Stanford Studies in Comparative Race and Ethnicity]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Stanford%20Studies%20in%20Human%20Rights Stanford Studies in Human Rights]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Stanford%20Studies%20in%20Jewish%20History%20and%20Culture Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Stanford%20Studies%20in%20Middle%20Eastern%20and%20Islamic%20Societies%20and%20Cultures Stanford Studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic Societies and Cultures]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Studies%20in%20Asian%20Security Studies in Asian Security]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Studies%20in%20Social%20Inequality Studies in Social Inequality]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Studies%20of%20the%20Walter%20H.%20Shorenstein%20Asia-Pacific%20Research%20Center Studies of the Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center]

==Notable publications==

*''The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789–1833'', by Orrin Leslie Elliott
**The first book published in the Leland Stanford Junior University Monographs series
*''The Story of the Innumerable Company'', by David Starr Jordan
**The first book published with the Stanford University Press imprint
*''Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States'', by [[LeRoy Abrams]]
*''[[Between Pacific Tides]]''[[Between Pacific Tides|, by]] [[Ed Ricketts]] and Jack Calvin (1939)
**The 1948 edition would feature a foreword by [[John Steinbeck]]
*''[[De arte venandi cum avibus|The Art of Falconry]]'', by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, translated and edited by [[Casey Albert Wood|Casey A. Wood]] and F. Marjorie Fyfe
*''The Ancient Maya'', by [[Sylvanus Morley|Sylvanus Griswold Morley]] (1946)
*''Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist'', by William Walter Greulich and S. Idell Pyle
*''[[Essays (Montaigne)|The Complete Essays of Montaigne]]'', translated by Donald M. Frame
*''Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision'', by [[Roberta Wohlstetter]] (1962)
*''[[Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949]]'', by [[Lucien Bianco]]
*''The Many-Splendored Fishes of Hawaii'', by Gar Goodson
*''The Sexual Contract'', by [[Carole Pateman]] (1988)
*''The Collected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers'', 5 vols., edited by Tim Hunt (1988–2002)
**Stanford University Press would also publish ''The Collected Letters of Robinson Jeffers'', 3 vols., edited by James Karman (2009–15)
*''[[Epic of Gilgamesh|The Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', translated with an introduction and notes by Maureen Gallery Kovacs (1989)
*''Fiction in the Archives: Pardon Tales and their Tellers in Sixteenth Century France'', by [[Natalie Zemon Davis]] (1990)
*''A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War'', by Melvyn P. Leffler (1992)
*''[[Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life]]'', by [[Giorgio Agamben]] (1998)
*''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', by Friedrich Katz (1998)
*''The Silicon Valley Edge: A Habitat for Innovation and Entrepreneurship'', edited by [[Chong Moon Lee|Chong-Moon Lee]], [[William F. Miller]], Marguerite Gong Hancock, and Henry S. Rowan (2000)
**The inaugural title in the Stanford Business Books imprint
*[[Dialectic of Enlightenment|''Dialectic of Enlightenment'', by Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno]] (2002)
*''[[Zohar|The Zohar]]'', 12 vols., translated with commentary by Daniel Matt (2003–17)
*''The Physics of Business Growth'', edited by Edward Hess and Jeanne Liedtka (2012)
**The inaugural title in the Stanford Briefs imprint
*''[[Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia]]'', by [[Dariusz Jemielniak]] (2014)
*''The Woman Who Read Too Much'', by Bahiyyah Nakhjavani (2015)
**The inaugural title in the Redwood Press imprint
*''The Burnout Society'', by [[Byung-Chul Han]] (Briefs, 2015)
*''Enchanting the Desert'', by Nicholas Bauch (2016)
**The inaugural digital project published by supDigital
*''Crook County: Racism and Injustice in America's Largest Criminal Court'', by Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve (2016)
*''The Omnibus'' Homo Sacer, by Giorgio Agamben (2017)

== Major awards ==
Major award won by the press and its publications are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sup.org/books/awards/ |title = Stanford University Press Awards |website = www.sup.org |language = en-US |access-date = 2019-05-15 }}</ref>
*[[Bancroft Prize]] (1962): ''Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision''
*Bancroft Prize (1993): ''A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War''
*René Welleck Prize, [[American Comparative Literature Association]] (1996): ''The Problem of a Chinese Aesthetic''
*Bryce Wood Book Award, [[Latin American Studies Association]] (2000); Albert J. Beveridge Award, [[American Historical Association]] (1999): ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa''
*Aldo and Jeanne Scaglione Prize for Comparative Literary Studies, [[Modern Language Association]] (2003): ''The Rhetoric of Romantic Prophecy''
*Gold Medal, [[California Book Awards]], Commonwealth Club of California (2009): ''Asian American Art: A History, 1850–1970''
*[[Nautilus Book Award]] (2010): ''Companies on a Mission''
*National Jewish Book Award, [[Jewish Book Council]] (2010): ''From Continuity to Contiguity: Toward a New Jewish Literary Thinking''
*National Jewish Book Award in Women's Studies, Jewish Book Council (2010): ''Memoirs of a Grandmother: Scenes from the Cultural History of the Jews of Russia in the Nineteenth Century'', Volume 1
*Yonatan Shapiro Book Prize, Association of Israel Studies (2011); National Jewish Book Award in Sephardic Culture, Jewish Book Council (2011): ''Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine''
*National Jewish Book Award in Sephardic Culture, Jewish Book Council (2014): ''Sephardi Lives: A Documentary History, 1700–1950''
*National Jewish Book Award in Women's Studies, Jewish Book Council (2014); Fenia and Yaakov Leviant Memorial Prize, Modern Language Association (2015): ''A Question of Tradition: Women Poets in Yiddish, 1586–1987''
*[[PROSE Awards|Prose Award]] for Excellence in Social Sciences (2017); [[American Sociological Association]] Distinguished Scholarly Book Award: ''Crook County: Racism and Injustice in America's Largest Criminal Court''
*[[Independent Publisher Book Awards|Independent Publisher Book Award]] (2018): ''Witnesses of the Unseen: Seven Years in Guantanamo''
*Hayek Book Prize, [[Manhattan Institute for Policy Research]] (2018): ''The High Cost of Good Intentions:'' ''A History of U.S. Federal Entitlement Programs''
*Palestine Book Award, [[Middle East Monitor]] (2018): ''Brothers Apart: Palestinian Citizens of Israel and the Arab World''
*Gold in Success/Motivation/Coaching, Axiom Business Book Award (2019): ''Life Is a Startup: What What Founders Can Teach Us about Making Choices and Managing Change''
*Gold in Autobiography/Memoir III (Personal Struggle/Health Issues), Independent Publisher Book Award: ''Nisei Naysayer: The Memoir of Militant Japanese American Journalist Jimmie Omura''
*Joseph Levenson Pre-1900 Book Prize, [[Association for Asian Studies]] (2019): ''A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule''

== 1933 murder case ==
In 1933, David Lamson, a sales manager at SUP, was accused of murdering his wife, Allene, at their home on the Stanford campus.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://stanfordmag.org/contents/was-it-murder |title=Was It Murder?|website=stanfordmag.org |access-date=2019-05-07 }}</ref> [[Janet Lewis]], wife of Stanford poet [[Yvor Winters]], campaigning for Lamson's acquittal, wrote a pamphlet emphasizing the dangers of using circumstantial evidence. Lamson was ultimately released after being tried four times.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://malefactorsregister.com/wp/the-ordeal-of-david-lamson/ |title=The Ordeal of David Lamson |website=malefactorsregister.com }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Literature|California}}
* [[List of English-language book publishing companies]]
* [[List of university presses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official}} of the Stanford University Press

{{Stanford University}}

[[Category:Stanford University|Press]]
[[Category:Stanford University Press books| ]]
[[Category:University presses of the United States]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies based in California]]
[[Category:Companies based in Palo Alto, California]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1892]]
[[Category:1892 establishments in California]]

Fan (2016 film)

2016-03-01T16:29:19Z

SquadW: Fan (film)

#REDIRECT [[Fan (film)]]
{{R from move}}